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Nicolas-Toussaint Charlet conveyed the fascinating complexity of early 19th-century French class structure and social change in "Old Man before a Prie-Dieu." Perhaps the solemn mood of the image relates to the devastating cholera epidemic that swept France in 1832, killing 18,000, mostly poor, Parisians. The central character has placed his walking stick against the prie-dieu on which he leans in front of a side altar in a medieval church. His hair is wild and ungroomed, and his dark wool overcoat, breeches, and silver buckled shoes are worn and unkempt, identifying him as an indigent aristocrat. His piety unites him with the bearded vagabond on the left, who kneels nearly prostrate to join in prayer at the side altar. In the background, a large congregation, including a Norman identifiable by her bonnet, a balding man, and a child, stands and faces the high altar. In contrast to the pious environment of the church, a shoeless street urchin of eight or nine leans in boredom against a column to the right of the aristocrat and stares up at the old man.