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350963461
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PPF 9: Gifts - M
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350963461
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PPF 9: Gifts - M
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Papers as President, President's Personal File
President's Personal Files
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350963461
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1935-02-28
month
2
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1935
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1935-02-01
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2
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1935
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PRESIDENT'S PERSONAL FILE
PPF 9
Gifts M
Feb. 1935
PPF900483
st
q-m
February 1, 1935
My dear Reno:
The President has received your very
nice letter of January twenty-fourth. He has
asked me to thank you for your kindness in send-
ing your drawing to him and to extend his very
best wishes to you.
Very sincerely yours,
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Reno Mastracci,
516 Clinton Street,
Buffalo,
EAK
New York.
achid
1/35
ok
516 Clinton st.
Buffalo, n.y.
Jan. 24, 1935
Dear President
I am sending you this picture
of Uncle Sam that I bew free hand
I am thirteen years old, in the 8th
gride end d go to School no. 6, and my
teachers name is Miss Raffauf. I
hope you like my picture,
Sincerely yours,
Reno Mastricci
WE DO OUR PART
1934 1 1935
SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN FEB
NRA
SUCCESS
/
2
P.P.7.
February 1, 1935
q-m
My dear Mr. and Mrs. Meis:
The President wishes me to tell you
how much he appreciates your note of birthday
greetings and the besutiful boquet to which you
refer. He is ever so grateful for your kind
thought of him, and, in turn, sends his very
best wishes to you.
Very sincerely yours,
antificial flow
M. A. LeHand
stre Roney
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Mr. and Mrs. H. K. Meis,
Tecumseh,
es
Oklahoma.
2
Tecumseh, Okla, Jan. 28, '35.
Mr. Franklin D. Roosevelt, all
Washington, D, C.2/
pp7. 9-m
& 35
Dear President Roosevelt;- -
We are sending you
this bouquet in honor of
your birthday.
18
These roses have been
patented only recently and
:08-
the
are made of Oklahoma seed
cotton.
I am wishing to have the
privilege of having you
enjoy them first.
We appreciate your policies of
government in general.
Wishing you a happy birthday
and many,many more, We remain
Sincerely yours.
gdb
Mr. of Mrs. H.K. meis.
2
7.
3-6
February 2, 1935
My dear Mrs. Maharon:
Please accept our apologies for the
delay in acknowledging the historical souvenir
which you were good enough to send to the Pres-
ident and Mrs. Roosevelt. They appreciate the
friendly interest which prompted your thought
of them and ask me to express to you their
sincere thanks.
Very sincerely yours,
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Mrs. Merz Maharon,
429 South Second Avenue,
Mt. Vernon,
New York.
gdb
/
2
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
P.P.7.
January 30, 1935.
/ 2, 1935
q-m
From the desk of-
Mrs. Helm
Memorandum for Miss Le Hand:
Mrs. Roosevelt has asked
me to send you this for the President
leased to
to acknowledge. It has been here
eetings and
some time I am afraid, and I have only
ind thought
just been able to find it.
rou refer.
,, in turn,
shes.
urs,
LoHand
$ SECRETARY
George T. McClanun, Esq.,
Fayette,
Missouri.
es
as
fun
/
2
Dear hardy,
ask with end
Emerica a (over)
P.P.7.
Club of all Westchester Utile County of Pie
bruary 2, 1935
an
of
given by the
Members of the Wath at the Library on
South $ nnd Srinnd Anelue, Mount Ternon, !. N.U.
Wire Pres in Alfred
q-m.
cordially innites you tn a
Masira Neand Lecture
Sunday, September two twelth, nineter hundred futenty
President, Mme Myrtle B. Drz and Maharins
at Entr n'rlnrk
Serom
Gounred Gurst, Mincha Mischakoff
on
been pleased to
one
finth
Study
day greetings and
First Dire Pres Ulian Jurian
your kind thought
hich you refer.
1
isks me, in turn,
They long
st wishes.
MyrleBM abaron
ely yours,
M.A. LoHend
Stare Roms
PRIVATE SECRETARY
George T. McClanun, Esq.,
Fayette,
Missouri.
es
as from
/
2
2
To
actid
Mr to Mrs Rooserelt
P.P.7.
q-m.
From 42990 So 2 noXang
mt Vernon , ni Y.
thanks you ever so much for your kind thought
in sending him the cane to which you refer.
He is glad to have it, and asks me, in turn,
to convey to you his very best wishes.
Very sincerely yours,
M. A. LeHend
Stae Rooms
PRIVATE SECRETARY
George T. McClanun, Esq.,
Fayette,
Missouri.
es
as
fun
2
p.p.7.
February 2, 1935
q-m.
My dear Mr. McClanun:
The President has been pleased to
receive your letter of birthday greetings and
thanks you ever so much for your kind thought
in sending him the cane to which you refer.
He is glad to have it, and asks me, in turn,
to convey to you his very best wishes.
Very sincerely yours,
W. A. LeHend
Stare Roms
PRIVATE SECRETARY
George T. McClanun, Esq.,
Fayette,
Missouri.
es
as
fun
2
in
ach of
as
C
Fayethe Ms.
5
Jan -28ᵗʰ1935
p.p7 9-m
Mr Frantilin D. Roosevelt
Washington D.C.
Dear Sir:- as I have had lots
re-
of spare time the last 5 years
is
being out of Employment most of
made
the time. I have been making
to
some Lickory hand made cames
for Armisties Day for the Roger
White Post 273 American Ligion
of which I am a member.
and knowing that you used a
RY
cane and that you have a
Birthday soon. I thought I
would make you a hand made
Howard Co. Black Walnut came.
for it. your Birthday. Hoping you like
Very Truly yours.
Geo T. Mcle lamon.
rappy surnday. yours wring
Dus Miller
as
fiver
/
2
February 2, 1935
p.p.7. q-m. 9-
My dear Mrs. Mara:
The President is much pleased to re-
ceive your birthday greetings and appreciates
your kind thought in sending him the sketch made
by your son. He asks me, in turn, to convey to
you and your family his very best wishes.
Very sincerely yours,
M. A. LeHand
Star Ream
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Mrs. Edward Mara,
21 Jaques Avenue,
Worcester,
Massachusetts.
es
rappy surnday.
Gus Miller
as fun
/
22 2
sketch of Pec To Pres.,President: the in
This picticular
al
is one of many that
p.p.m. q-m. 9
my boy has skitched of
february 4, 1935
you and we thought
you might like it
as he S a guat
I me to tell you
admired of yours
note of birthday
you were kind
Edward is his name
osevelt.
t we cannot do as
and he is 14 yrs old
requests are being
S so extremely busy
and in his first year
le to comply with
send you the Pres-
of High School.
your welfare and
as you can all it ncerely yours,
is done on the back of wak.
a callender, he sits
the die Lelland
PRIVATE SECRETARY
down and sketches on
Miss Betty Main,
293 Fair Street, S.W.,
Atlanta,
rfb
Georgia.
парру surinday. yours welly
Dus Miller
as
fun
/
around. anything that is
many Happy returns
7 The day fun
the entin mara family
which includes 22
voting Denocrate and
along. 21 more coming
Iam Sincerely
mr. Edward mara
21 Jaques ave
Washing
mas
8 mm/ mic
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Miss Betty Main,
293 Fair Street, S.W.,
Atlanta,
rfb
Georgia.
парру yours bruly
Dus Miller
as
fun
/
2
P.P.F.
/
February 4, 1935
9
My dear Miss Main:
The President wishes me to tell you
how much he appreciates your note of birthday
greetings, and the gift which you were kind
enough to enclose for Mrs. Roosevelt.
I am very sorry that we cannot do as
you ask, but so many similar requests are being
received, and the President is so extremely busy
just now, that it is impossible to comply with
them. However, I am glad to send you the Pres-
ident's very best wishes for your welfare and
happiness.
Very sincerely yours,
artificial flowers and Hundwork
the A. Lelland
Stue revern
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Miss Betty Main,
293 Fair Street, S.W.,
Atlanta,
rfb
Georgia.
rappy sunday. yours bruly
Dus Miller
as
fiver
2
1-29-35
Dear President Roosevelt
PPF. q-m
just a Line to wish
you many Happy Birthdays
9 am sovey I bant send you
a Better Presant But I Have
Been sick in Bed since a week
Be for Christmass. of Be for that
9 was in so many towns that
,
dident do so good I make
flowers of do Hand work Lipe
the one I am sending you
for mrs. Roosevelt. I Hope she
will Like it. I am sending you
my Photo. & was Born this way
& rever stood up in my Life +
es
never Had my Hands to my
face I Have no Joints in my
rappy sunday. yours writey
Dus Miller
as
fung
2
)
2
Boudy at all just the way
5
P.P.7. q-m
you see my Pitchure with my
arms Trossed that is the way
I do my work, of my Hands are
twisted Back wards, you see
I Like to travel +9 shure wood
apricate a Letter from you
it
just saying Hope Every Boudy
wood give this Little Lady a
Chance to sell Her own make
of articles. you see that
wood Help me a Lots so I
Y
Could sell my work, + I will
more than apricate that Letter
from you, Hoping you Have
es
Lots of Happy Birthdays & may
god Bless you with your good work
rappy sunday. yours welly
Dus Miller
as fun
2
very Cincearly yours
5
P.P. q-m
Betty main
my address is 293 fair st S.W,
only for a short time atlanta
then am coming up that way ya
n
e
in
n,
RY
es
rappy sivinday. yours bruly
Gus Miller
as fun
/
2
February 4, 1935
PP7. q-m
My dear Mr. Mullen:
The President has been more than
pleased to receive that fine birthday cake
and greatly appreciates your kind thought it
presenting it to him. He asks me, in turn,
to convey his very best wishes to you.
Very sincerely yours,
Hand
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
William J. Mullen, Esq.,
The Mayflower,
Washington, D. C.
es
rappy avenday. yours wring
Dus Miller
as first
/
2
Recid cake
and
2/4
so
William J. Mullen
Superintendent of Service
Washington, D.C.
February 4. 1935
q-m
The Mayflower
X13-m
My dear Mr. Messier:
The President has received your note
of January twenty-eighth, and has asked me to
assure you of his appreciation of your good
wishes and of your thoughtfulness in sending
the old stamp catalog to him.
Very sincerely yours,
Hause
N. A. Le Hand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Alfred R. Messier, Esq.,
7 Quincy Street,
Worcester,
Massachusetts.
LPB
Happy Birthday. Yourstruly
Dus Miller
as
fun
0.7
9.m
m
February 4. 1935
X13-m
My dear Mr. Messier:
The President has received your note
of January twenty-eighth, and has asked me to
assure you of his appreciation of your good
wishes and of your thoughtfulness in sending
the old stamp catalog to him.
Very sincerely yours,
Hause
M. A. Le Hand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Alfred R. Messier, Esq.,
7 Quincy Street,
Worcester,
Massachusetts.
LPB
Happy Birthday. Yourstruly
Gus Miller
as
fun
/
p.p.7
Worcester, mass.
LPB
9-m
Jan. 28,1935.
My Dear mr. President:
Knowing of your love
for stamps. chwonder if you
could findinterest in this old
stamp catalogue.
clam one who has
1
benifited by the new deal, after
being out of work for three
years.
Dorothy L. Matthes,
1125 Michigan Avenue,
Ann Arbor,
Michigan.
es
Happy Birthday. Yours truly
your any
Gus Miller
as
fun
in within three months el had
after your entering the White House
offers for five job asa Machinest
which is my trade.
chave a wife and two kiddies
who adore their leader a real
leader.
cl have had the honor ofsering
you once in Boston coming
out of the Startler Hotel when
as you. of h. york.
I have a couple of hobbies hut
not stamps of hich cl have
only a few hundred my
Rufren Rozes
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Dorothy L. Matthes,
1125 Michigan Avenue,
Ann Arbor,
Michigan.
es
Happy Birthday. Yours truly
your wrung
Gus Miller
as
fun
bobbiesare old book and travel
posters, of which el have nearly
300 from all over the world and
p.p.7, q-m.
a few war posters.
Wishing you the best of health
to come dremain dear mr.
a happiness for many years
d
S
President your humble
to
american citizen andadmirer
n-
is
acpred R. missier
nued
7 Twincy st.
Wordester, mass,
Please mr. Secretary dont think mea Crank,elam only an administ
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Dorothy L. Matthes,
1125 Michigan Avenue,
Ann Arbor,
Michigan.
es
Happy Birthday Yourstruly
your avery
Gus Miller
as
fun
pp,
February 5, 1935
Pq-m,
My dear Dorothy:
The President has been P leased to
receive your letter of birthday greetings and
wants you to know that he greatly appreciates
your kind thought in sending him the flowers to
which you refer. He, in turn, asks me to con-
vey to you, and to your father and mother, his
very best wishes for their welfare and continued
happiness.
Very sincerely yours,
Puper Rozes
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Dorothy L. Matthes,
1125 Michigan Avenue,
Ann Arbor,
Michigan.
es
Happy Birthday. Yours truly
your any
Dus Miller
as
fung
1125 michigan are.
ann arbor, Michigan
2
January 28, 1935.
and
) P.7,
Franklin D. Roosevelt
of
y
as
- m
It hate House
It ashington D. C.
Dear mr. Roosevelt,
I am enclosing, hereiith,
just a little vremembrasicé
of home- made paper Roses-
as an expression of our
most hearty smere good
wishes to you - our great
and noble President -
for a very Happy Birthday
blessings be with you
may God's richest
this day and always.
With kindest regards
from us all,
the vremain,
Very sincerely,
Dorothy L. matthes
and mother
I
Louise stanger matthes,
(over)
LICETTE TORUSTIN n la
Knox,
es
North Dakota.
Happy Birthday. Yourstruly
your any
Dus Miller
as
fun
1
P.7,
1 m
L
.8
STITE
of
Knox,
es
North Dakota.
Happy Birthday. Yourstruly they
your
Dus Miller
as first
n.2
P.P.F.
P.P.7,
q-m
February 6, 1935
My dear Gus:
The President has been much pleased
to receive your friendly letter of birthday
greetings and greatly appreciates your kind
thought in sending him the picture to which
you refer. He asks me, in turn, to convey to
you his very best wishes.
Very sincerely yours,
M. A. LeHand
Streetlener
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Gus Miller,
c/o Michael Miller,
Knox,
North Dakota.
es
Happy Birthday. Yourstruly
your my
Gus Miller
as fun
Knox, n.Dabata
M
all Jan, 25, 1935
Pusident Franklin D. Roosevelt
Washington D.C.
Dear Mr Pusident:
have many more.
happy birthday and may you
l am wishing you a very
clam interested very much
in art and am sending you
one of my paintings for a
birthday present, I'm not
CWS
very far advanced in the
work but don't have the means
to continue like d wont to.
d am 12 years old and in the
sixth grade, my fathers name,
is michael miller, We live on a
farm do. and have lotes of work to
I have several.brothers and
sisters both older and younger
than dy and we all join in
wishing you again a very
Happy Birthday. Yours truly
Gus Miller
as
fun
p.p.7.
February 6, 1935
q-m
My dear Mr. Morrison:
Your letter of January twenty-ninth
has been received and I want to assure you of
the President's appreciation of your thought-
fulness in sending an autographed copy of your
little book to him, and of the good wishes
which your letter conveys.
Very sincerely yours,
House
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
CWS
Gouverneur Morrison, Rsq.,
107 East Micheltorena Street,
Santa Barbara,
California.
as
fun
EL CORTEZ
SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA
January 29, 1935.
Honorable Franklin D. Roosevelt,
White House,
Washington, D. C.
My dear Mr. Roosevelt:-
It is a privilege and indeed, an honor,
for having the opportunity on this occasion to send
you greetings on your fifty-third birthday.
In honor of your fifty-third anniversary,
I am forwarding by air mail an autographed copy of my
late work, "Junipero Serra, Padre-Pioneer", California's
first apostle and founder of the California Missions,
as a birthday gift.
Mrs. Morrison joins me in wishing you
Many Happy Returns of the Day.
With best wishes to you and Mrs. Roosevelt
on this occasion, -
Respectfully yours,
Author.
Home Address -
107 E. Micheltorena Street,
Santa Barbara, California.
as
fun
P.P.7-
February 6, 1935
q-m
My dear Mr. McCord:
The President wants you to know that
he is ever so grateful for your birthday thought
of him, and asks me to thank you for the photo-
graph with the accompanying cordial greetings.
In turn, he sends his very best wishes to you.
Very sincerely yours,
M. A. LeHand
Stw Boorn
PRIVATE SECRETARY
John Hancock McCord, Esq.,
Fairbanks,
Alaska.
avv
as first
study
J.
@
RECEIVED a HOUSE at WHITE THE
President Roosevelt
The Greatest and most beloved President america everhad
His beloved and Wife and Family,
with Sincere Wishes
For
A Happy Birthday
From her
Faurbanks Alaska
Jany-30.1935 Jany 301935
as fun
/
Feb
9' q-m
December 6, 1935
My dear George:
The President was much pleased to
receive your letter of birthday greetings and
thanks you for your kind thought in sending
him the drawing to which you refer. He, in
turn, asks me to convey his very best wishes
to you.
Very sincerely yours,
M.A.LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
George Menor,
1064 Jackson Street,
Marisette,
es
Wisconsin.
as
fun
/
Vicea druming the very for
P.1.
Marinette Wise
Jan 30, and 1935
P.P.F.
Dear President:-
2/6
as
q-m
l am sending this
picture to you as a birth-
day gift. But l am a
little late in sending it, l
am 14 years of age in the
minth grade at Our Tady
of Goundes High School
This picture that I shew
drawing. l have one
of you is free hand
brother, and two sisters
142 Winter Avenue,
New Castle,
Pennsylvania.
es
as fun
and my father works in
the Paper mill as a roll
wraffer, I hope you well
like this ficture and also
when you have time
me how you like it. l
please write to me telling
am mishing you many
more SHaffy Brithdays
yours truely.
George Menor.
1064 Jackson st.
Mannette marinette Win.
Russell Mead,
142 Winter Avenue,
New Castle,
Pennsylvania.
es
al fust
/
P.1.
P.P.7.
q-m
February 6, 1935
My dear Russell:
The President thanks you ever 80 much
for the drawing you were so kind as to send him
and asks me to tell you that he appreciates your
interest in writing. He, in turn, hends his very
best wishes to you.
Very sincerely yours,
M. A. LeHand
Stae Ram
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Russell Mead,
142 Winter Avenue,
New Castle,
Pennsylvania.
es
al fust
oo
142 Winter are,
new Castle Pa
P
President Roosevelt:- off
Dear Sir:-
I knew you admire
ships, so d am sending you one,
is
I think it is a fine ship. d am ten
years old and think it must be -
fine to be President
all good wishes to you
Russell mead
Y
Wisconsin.
al fust
/
p.p.7.
q-m
February 7, 1935
My dear Kathryn:
The President has received your let-
ter and has asked the to thank you for your
thoughtfulness in sending the photograph of
your little sister and the birthday cake to
him.
Very sincerely yours,
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Kathryn Murphy,
Delavan,
Wisconsin.
hm
al fust
1
Do elavan, Viscomsin
7
Feb. 4, 1935.
Dear B resident
m
Roosevelt:
my daddy had this cake made
for the P residents Birthday B all. This
is my little sister ann. & he is three
years old, she could. not write a letter
so d am doing it for her l want to
help my daddy so we can help other
children who are side with informatele
PRESIDENTS
BIRTHDAY BALL
1935
DELAVAN, WIS.
es
- paralysis. I had to have mother help me
7
spell those words.
m
may G od bless you with
love K atheyn murphy.
PRESIDENTS
BIRTHDAY BALL
1935
DELAVAN, WIS.
Y
es
Lust name
P.P.7.
q-m.
P.
P.
he
ve
hes.
PRESIDENTS
BIRTHDAY BALL
1935
DELAVAN, WIS.
Y
es
al fusl name
/
P.P.7.
February 7, 1935
q-m.
My dear Bill:
The President is in receipt of your
letter and asks me to tell you how much he ap-
preciates your kind thought in sending him the
sketch to which you refer. He is glad to have
it and, in turn, sends you his very best wishes.
Very sincerely yours,
M. A. LeHand
Stere Ream
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Bill Manni,
762 Morris Park Avenue,
Bronx,
es
New York.
al fust name
drawny 4th of of we Pas,
Dear President Roosevelt,
President the of day after your your election State, as a
great gront purture of yourse thank was Journal on the
it pime Packweek Idended to
your puture kept
re to skitch your picture and grass it
you Suppe like it blook it. From like you I hope
you are a I did my to
763 Marrie Pk. ave
Bill Marine 16yrs old
Drux m.g.
at fust non
February 7, 1935
q-m
My dear Frank:
Your letter of birthday greetings was
received and the President asks me to thank you
ever so much for your kind thought of him and
for the gift to which you refer. He, in turn,
sends you his very best wishes.
I am very sorry that it is not possible
to meet your wishes. Requests for the President's
bot of
signature have become so numerous that it simply
is impossible for him to comply with them. I am
sure you will understand.
small oppice pupplies
Very sincerely yours,
M.A. LeHand
Store Romy
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Frank Ellis McKenzie,
74 Montclair Drive,
Atlanta,
Georgia.
es
at fust non
but of office
January 28 1935
and
2/2"
Frank Ellis McKenzie
74 Montclair Drive,
Atlanta Georgia,
Dear Mr President
I am just a eleven year old boy and will
graduate at E. Rivers School this year , ofcourse
I do not know much about politics , but I think you
have as big a job as Washington had His job was to
build a
buildaa nation yours is to hold a nation together . so
I can see what a big job you have to handle, and I think
you will do as well as Washington did
I am sending you a small present which I hope you
can use I know you will get thousands of other presents
that cost lots more , but no greater admirer will send
them Saying goodbye and hoping you will be our next
President
Sincerely yours
Frank Ellis ThE Kengie
P.S. If it is not asking too much I would like your
autograph.
at fust have
P.P.7
February 7, 1935
q-m
My dear Mrs. Morvish:
The President was especially pleased
to receive your letter of birthday greetings
and thanks you ever so much for your kind thought
in presenting the painting to him. He asks me,
in turn, to convey his very best wishes to you.
Very sincerely yours,
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Stw Runn
Mrs. Margaret Schroeder Morvish,
Box 264,
Sunland,
California.
es
your voice to over when the we radio hear your all
feel impered and more ready
at first had
Suarland California
Hon. Franklin D. Rookevelt akp
Boy264-Ian 28, 1935
President of United States of america Recd
White House
Marling ton D.C.
Dear Mr Prosevelt. have mailed
& you, under seperate cover, vice
parel post, a panting of the
California Redwoods. a great
living any bol of americanium
your very ideals, lofty as they
lomehow you runind me of them,
may seem to some of us, avereal
they shall hive on through give-
of truely american and as such,
nations, like the redwoods a
treasure we shall always reverbece
bsp
of love
my good fortune to go up paint
Every time it is
for just having been There, and
among them, Ifell figger bettr
so it is when we hear
voice over the radio your all
feel impired and more ready
at first had
and best place m this earth to
help make it the greatesh
live & let live.
I am that
conditions I
couldn't shed the painting
properly framed ready to
have sipe. I hustalid & send
it sab all, feeling like Imight
some Hjust couldritorist
be presuming too much, but
of no of still wanting to abudit
the temptation and aftera year
If dicided Ishould somehow
Just knew that both you 8
Mas Roosevelt would understand
tend our best wishes to you
May the children 8 Tex-
bsp
for God a very happy hythday so day that you &
may finish great work
you away ably started on its
Margaret Morvish.
Sincerely your humble friend
at first hand
Ppt
February 8, 1935
My dear Professor Moehlman:
I was very glad indeed to bring to
the attention of the President your letter
of February fourth, and the pamphlet "The
Red River of the North", which you enclosed.
He is most appreciative of the friendly
interest which prompted your thought of him,
and thanks you also for the inscription.
Your desire to be of service will,
you may be sure, be kept in mind, should the
occasion arise.
Very sincerely yours,
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Professor Arthur Henry Moehlman, x
The University School,
The Ohio State University,
Columbus,
Ohio.
bsp
p7
P
9-P
at fust hand
Thank
COPY
February 4, 1935
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Esq.,
The White House,
action
Washington, D. C.
Dear Mr. Roosevelt:
mg-55
Please accept this small token of my admiration. "The kg Red
River of the North" attempts to tell the story of the old frontier's
movements in a particular region. You are now in the process of
correcting some of the destructive tendencies of that surge forward
into new land.
Two summers ago, I sat in the old St. James Hotel in Charleston,
South Carolina, and heard you say "We do our part". I was on an auto
trip to the West Coast and return with the purpose of seeing the various
regions of the country at first hand.
I wanted to drive directly to Washington and offer my sword,
which happens to be a training in regional and social history. But
that seemed a bit presumptuous.
Instead I completed my trip and went back to my work as a
professor of social science in the new University School at Ohio State
University. There I helped the educational advisors of the C.C.C. set
up some objectives and interested myself in consumer protection.
This fall, I was appointed Social Scientist directing Popula-
tion Research for the Ohio State Planning Board, and have gained much
experience.
Perhaps by this time, I have training that may be of some use.
I would like nothing better than to work on the Government Staff as
a regional planner this summer and afterward. Some of the states still
seem to need consultants.
Sincerely,
ARTHUR HENRY MOEHLMAN
at first had
February 4, 1935
Franklin Delans Rossevelt, Esg,
The White House
Washington D.C.
Dear mr. Rousevell;
Please accept This small
Token 1 my admination "Thiked Kins
of The north" attempts In tell The story in
of The old frontin Is movements
a particular region. you are new
in the process of counting some
of The destruction tendencies of that surge
forward nith new land,
Two summers ago I sat
in The old H. James Hotel in Charleston,
smith Carolina and hand you say
" We dr our part"." I was on an
Trip Tr The mest coast and
return into with The purpose of sing
The rains regions 1 The country
at first had
I wanted To duine duity In
r
Washington and offer my sund, which
bappen In he a Training in regional
geography and social history, But
that seemed a bit presumptions,
Instead I completed my Tmp
and ment tack To my work as
a perfessor 1 social science in The
new University Achool at Other Hals numbersity,
Then I helped The educational advisires
1 th C.C.C. set up sture objectives
and interested myself in Consumer
protection ] his fall 2 was appointed social
directing Population Research
for The Ohio state Velanning Board; and
have gamed much if penenes
Vulaps by This time I have Training
that be 1 some use, To work I would m
like Government staff as a regional planner the
nothing may biller Than
The summer and aftervand Some of
states this still selm To need suncerely consultants.
Certher Henry Mochlman
THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH
U
BY
ARTHUR HENRY MOEHLMAN
THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
REPRINTED FROM
THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW
Vol. XXV, No. 1, JANUARY, 1935
Pp. 79-91
To
Franklin Delano Konsell
Creater 1 new Franters
with
respect and admination
m vilution
CWS
AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY
BROADWAY AT 156TH STREET
NEW YORK
d
35.
THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH
Arthur Henry Moehlman
The Ohio State University
T
HE valley of the Red River of the North is not only one of the
premier spring-wheat regions of the world but also one of the
most valuable fields for the investigation of past trends in settle-
ment. Waves of settlers with wide differences in cultural heritage
have worked out their own distinctive interpretations of land utiliza-
tion. An international boundary cuts this vast plain with its uniform
landscape conditions and affords an opportunity for the study of the
effect of political influences upon the opening up of a natural region.
The records are rather recent and complete and available to the stu-
dent of the science of settlement.
The vast waters of Lake Agassiz once filled a shallow basin in the
exact center of the continent of North America. Gradually the lake
retreated until only a river meandered northward to a U-shaped
remnant of the former broad expanse of water. Later, geologically
speaking, tribes of red men hunted the bison herds upon the plains
traversed by the river. Finally, white men transformed this hunting
ground of the nomad into the granary known throughout the world as
the Red River Valley.¹
THE UNITY OF THE VALLEY
The Red River Valley runs north and south in the middle of the
eastern edge of the great interior plains. To the west there is the
gradual ascent to the barrier of the Rocky Mountains; to the east,
the rocky peneplain of the Laurentian Plateau pierced by the Hudson
Bay rivers and the St. Lawrence. The land-surface setting of the
valley thus forms both barriers and avenues of approach to set-
tlers. The valley is located at the meeting place of the chief river
systems of North America, but the water routes are impracticable
for the transport of heavy, cheap freight carried by large boats. The
central location seemed to isolate the area as a center for agricultural
settlement until better means of land transport than wagons appeared.
Climatically and in its vegetation the Red River lies in a transi-
tional zone. On the north is the taiga form (D') of climate; on the
east and south is the Great Lakes form (BC'r), with severe, humid
winters; on the west is the Great Plains variant (DC'd) of the semi-
arid climates.²
A traveler in the Red River Valley notices distinct limits to the
1 Warren Upham: The Glacial Lake Agassiz, U.S. Geol. Survey Monograph No. 25, 1895.
C. W. Thornthwaite: The Climates of North America According to a New Classification.
Geogr. Rev., Vol. 21, 1931, pp. 633-655.
79
THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW
80
THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH
8I
plain except at Lake Traverse in the south. Here the country
great to be only a little more undulating; and but the closer examination
ponds. Timber supplies were depleted early by the wood-burning
appears reveals an old beach line of Lake Agassiz edge of a drainage
steamers. The prairie vegetation permitted rapid breaking of the
rise of the Coteau des Prairies, Pembina Mountain, and the Tiger
system flowing south to the Gulf of Mexico. Westward is the abrupt
soil by use of the steel plow but necessitated the importation of wood
from the forest lands fringing the valley on the north and east.
Hills, marking the eastern border of the Great Plains, with their semi-
Climate is uniform throughout the valley and presents both
aridity and shorter grass. On the north a limit is formed by the water
advantages and obstacles to settlement. The Red River Valley folk
of the lakes and by the taiga. Southward from the shore of
perspire in summer from the excessive heat, while the winds swirl
surface billows Lake Winnipeg of the Laurentian the eastern Plateau limit of covered the plain by is pine seen forest to be where and muskeg rocky
dust clouds up from the soil. Winter blizzards whip them with
flying grains of snow and make it hard to find the way from house to
intrude. Farther south a gently rolling, forested country dotted with
barn. These are extremes, however. No matter how hot the days are
lakes skirts the plains. Within these rough limits, uniformity of
in summer, the nights are usually cool and refreshing. The tempera-
features exists.³ A pilot flying at high altitude from Lake Traverse to
ture seems to be generally invigorating during the six months when the
land is worked and the harvest gathered. In winter it is consistently
Lake Winnipeg gets an impressive view of the unity of the valley.4
below zero Fahrenheit, but the dry air makes the extreme cold easier
A vast flat sea of land stretches north and south for about 300
to bear than the moderate cold of the humid Great Lakes area. The
miles. East and west the plains extend IO or I5 miles to a distant
climate may be referred to as a CC'd type-subhumid, microthermal,
coast line of higher land. The traveler on the ground sees mirages
with a deficiency of precipitation at all seasons but with moisture
above the flat expanse, silos and barns floating in the air with a thin
enough for agriculture. Thunderstorms bring a large portion of the
strip of blue between them and the horizon. At the margins of the
rainfall, which is heaviest usually in June. Snow covers the prairies
plain are slight billowings where deltas formed by glacial rivers have
a foot deep from December to March. Mean annual precipitation
been heaped into dunes by the winds. A trench dug into the plain
ranges from some 24 inches in the upper valley to I9 inches at Pembina
reveals a deep deposit of yellowish, marly clay, stained black at the
and nearly 22 inches at Winnipeg. The mean wind velocity approxi-
surface by decaying vegetable matter. The margins of the valley
mates that at Chicago, but the lack of cover upon the prairie makes
show deposits of sand and of gravel useful in the laying of permanent
the force of the wind more noticeable. A minimum of thawing in
ways, but the clay forms a nearly universal soil surface of almost
winter permits continuous use of the thin sheet of snow for sled
inexhaustible fertility.
transportation.
The Red River winds SO tortuously across the flat plain that
THE PIONEER FRINGE
passengers on the steamboats used to land on one side of a point,
walk across, and meet the steamer coming around the bend.6 The
Ther 69 flowing fresh. river rising rapidly. many of the settlers passing out
with their cattle and carts toward mountain.
stream has cut a trough with sloping banks not far below the level of
(May 6, 1852.)
noon WN.W
wading about in fort up to knee
the plains like a
the surrounding prairie, and the tributary streams are similar in
sea. (May 13, 1852.)
appearance. Floods occur in spring because of the melting snow in
Ther 59 River has fallen since Saturday. saw a procession of cattle and people
the upper courses and the firm ice at the river's mouth. Large sections
crossing plains to the houses similar to what I saw when the water was rising. (June
of the prairie may be covered by water, as in 1852, 1860, and 1882.
7. 1852.)⁷
Subsurface water is easily obtained by shafts sunk IO or I5 feet.
Dr. Cowan watched the progress of the flood of 1852 on the Red
Alkaline salts in the soil harden the water disagreeably but, as a
River of the North from Fort Garry, and from this diary excerpt it is
compensation, aid in producing crops of high-grade wheat.
apparent that settlement was confined to the riverbanks, where water,
Originally a thick sod covered the plain of the Red River, and the
wood, and soil existed together. At first the prairie, here as elsewhere,
chief cover is still the prairie grasses. Superimposed is a pattern of
repelled the settlers; yet by 1881 farmers had settled the length and
tree lines following the watercourses and the margins of the numerous
breadth of the valley and by 1886 had passed on toward the Rockies
&G. M. Dawson: Report on the Geology and Resources of the Region in the Vicinity of the Forty-
(Fig. 1). To trace the advance of the pioneer fringe" into this area
Ninth Parallel, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, British North American Bound-
is the main object of this paper.
ary Commission, Montreal, 1875, pp. 212 ff.
Air Photos of the Red River Valley, Topographical Survey of Canada, Ottawa, File No. FA807
The frontier of settlement may be thought of as a skirmish line
(70-100).
7 William Cowan: Fort Garry Journals, 1852, MSS (dated in notebook April 21, 1852, to May 28,
5 Upham, op. cit., p. 27.
1853).
Personal communication from W. J. Healy, provincial librarian of Manitoba
82
THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW
100
100
95
Lake
Lake
Manitoba
Winnipeg
1850
1860
marking the advance of tillers of the soil into new uncultivated land.
Stone Fort
Portage
FortGarrype
Fort Garry
The term " pioneer fringe"⁸ describes its form most accurately and
is used synonymously with frontier. Density of population affords a
Pembina
SPJoseph
Pembina
Devils
clue to the location of the frontier but must be used cautiously, check-
ing sparseness of population, indicative of frontier conditions, against
Georgetown
FtAbercrombie
the population maximum that the land is able to support on a power
Lacs
Breckenridge
Traverse
Alexandria
level of culture. In the case of the Red River Valley we can identify
StCloud
Anthony
Wausau
and locate the frontier in terms of an outer limit of two persons a
PSt
EauClaire
F:Ridgeley
square mile.9
Winona
THE FRINGE IN 1850
Sioux
The pioneer fringe was far distant from the plains of the Red
If
River in 1850. It stretched from the tip of Green Bay roughly south-
Westbourne
1870
1881
west across the Mississippi toward the fork of the Platte and Missouri
Fort Garry
Winnipeg
rivers, passing to the north of Portage City, Prairie du Chien, and
S.Joseph
Fembina
St
Vincent
ROUTE
Des Moines, then retreating beyond in a half circle to make a final
Totten-
1
advance up the Missouri beyond Council Bluffs. In advance of the
Georgetow
line proper were islands of settlement, round in form at Wausau and
Duluth
Eau Claire and elongated from Winona to St. Cloud in the direction
Morris
of the Red River Valley. The level of culture here included use of the
St Paul
steamboat and stage for transport and dependence on agriculture
to produce food and shelter, but it still lacked the chilled-steel plow
and the reaper as tools. The fur trade was passing on, and Bottineau,
the scout, advertised land, plows, and wagons for sale.¹⁰ The Red
River Valley had only isolated loci of settlements within its great
area, where nomad tribes hunted the bison herds.
1886
Northwest of the pioneer fringe was Pembina, a cluster of half a
Winnipeg
dozen log dwellings at the fork of the Pembina and the Red rivers.
THE ADVANCE OF THE FRONTIER
Across the line was the Hudson's Bay Company's trading post. The
1850 - 1886
log houses of half-breed hunters were scattered along the streams
toward Pembina Mountain.
Frontier of settlement
Red River settlement centered around Fort Garry at the fork of
Railroads
the Red and the Assiniboine rivers. Above the stone walls of the fort
Roads
floated the red ensign of the Hudson's Bay Company. Directly
Trails
across the river rose the twin towers of the Catholic cathedral, from
which the bells chimed the evening vespers. From this center the
SCALE
I 19,000,000
"serpentine" villages radiated in a rather uniform pattern of white-
9
50
100
200 MILES
0
$0
100
KILOME
washed cabins or stone houses fronting on the river as in old Quebec,
95
GEOGR.
with the farms stretching back in two-mile bands to the common
FIG. I-Maps showing the advance of the frontier of settlement and the chief communications in
haying fields. The dwellings increased in number around Douglas
frontier territory. The population figures were taken from the records of the United States, Dominion
of Canada, North Dakota, and Minnesota censuses together with the early population enumerations in
Point. Windmills used for grinding grain whirled their arms at inter-
Assiniboia. The areas upon which the densities were plotted were drawn from the corresponding
descriptions in the Statutes of Manitoba, Statutes of the Dominion of Canada, and the parish areas
8 Isaiah Bowman: Jordan Country, Geogr. Rev., Vol. 21, 1931, pp. 22-55.
noted in Hind (see footnote 15). Contemporary maps and descriptions were used in the final drawing
9
Compare definition of the criteria used in the "Statistical Atlas, Twelfth Census of the United
of thelines. Theroutelocations were plotted from the annual reports of the Northern Pacific, Canadian
States, Taken in the Year 1900," Washington, 1903, p. 26.
Pacific, and St. Paul and Minneapolis railroads, from the Dominion's Department of Railways and
10 T. C. Blegen: Minnesota Pioneer Life as Revealed in Newspaper Advertisements, Minnesota
Canals, and from contemporary records.
History, Vol. 7, 1926, pp. 99-121.
83
THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW
84
THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH
85
vals along the river. From Fort Garry settlement extended of north for
about twenty miles to Stone Fort, made up chiefly the farmhouses
line from the Mississippi to the Red, and dots of settlement grew up
of the Selkirk settlers, and west along the Assiniboine, where for about
along the route from St. Cloud to Breckinridge and Georgetown, the
two miles could be seen the dwellings of the pensioners Cheval of the Hudson's
head of navigation. A printing press was even transported north by
Bay Company, and beyond, to the Prairie du Blanc, the half-
OX team from St. Paul to Fort Garry, and the Nor' Wester appeared as
the first newspaper in the Red River Valley.14
breed settlements.¹¹
The level of culture, here, used muscle power for transport and
for food and shelter depended principally on hunting and a primitive
THE FRINGE FROM I860 TO 1870
sort of agriculture that was just beginning. The settlements were
The pioneer fringe now ran from the Menominee River on Green
practically isolated from the outer world, since York boats, canoes,
Bay northwest to a point above the junction of the Crow Wing River
Red River carts, and dog carioles did not give speed, regularity, or
and the Mississippi and there turned directly south on a parallel
cheapness of transport. Cavalcades of Red River carts set forth for
with the 95th meridian to cross the Minnesota near the Blue Earth
the spring and fall bison hunts or to carry trading goods farther west.
River. From there it made a concave curve and struck the Missouri
In autumn the fields along the river were filled with workers reaping
near Sioux City to send fingers of settlement upstream on the James
and stacking the grain. The winter entombed the settlements in drifts
River and the Platte. The frontier of settlement still hesitated at the
of snow, and wolves preyed upon the stock.
edge of the Red River Valley, waiting in the forest area. Life had ad-
vanced beyond that of 1850, since steamboat and stage reached the
THE ADVANCE FROM 1850 TO I860
outer edge of the fringe, and farming machinery was coming into use.
The following decade witnessed certain surges forward within
McCormick had moved west from Virginia to the edge of the plains
the valley. Settlers moved west from Fort Garry to Portage la
where he was needed, and by I860 his factory was turning out 4000
reapers a year at Chicago.
Prairie and from Pembina to Pembina Mountain but did not locate
upon the prairies. In describing the latter settlement of St. Joseph
Beyond the frontier of settlement, life in the loci of the Red River
an observer stated that it was "situated upon the eastern slope of the
Valley was centered around the maintenance of transportation and
communication until one reached the junction of the Red and the
longitudinal ridge of land, called Mount Pembina, which is in places
Assiniboine rivers, where there was more progress in the field of
heavily wooded, and presents an Alleganian appearance. The
settlers at this stage of frontier advance seem to have jumped from the
agriculture. Travelers were put up at stage stations, while wagons
eastern forests to forested areas here and on the west coast. The tools
and horses were changed as at Dayton and Alexandria. Georgetown
served as a transshipping point from wagons or stages to the steam-
of their culture were not yet strong enough to overcome the obstacles
boat, while Fort Abercrombie functioned as a protective center.
of the intervening plains-the heavy sod and the lack of water, wood,
Pembina partially controlled trade, maintained transport and com-
and transport to market.¹³
munication, and carried on some agriculture.
About I857 the Red River Valley became a center of interest, when
An observer of life in the "serpentine" villages radiating from
the cession of the vast Hudson's Bay Company territories to Canada
Fort Garry noted various strata of culture, ranging from the fur traders
was under discussion. Furthermore, a drive northwestward into the
and plains hunters to the steamboat men, freighters, and prosperous
region was actually beginning. Settlers were moving up the Crow
independent farmers. But plains hunting was still a primary source
Wing and Mississippi rivers, and Fort Abercrombie was founded as a
of livelihood, in contrast with farming. Cultivators kept to the river-
military post at the fork of the Ottertail and Bois des Sioux rivers.
banks, repelled by lack of wood, the troublesome Indians, and the
The U.S. Post Office located at Pembina ahead of the army, and ad-
scarcity of markets for their products, although they had better tools
venturers laid out the townsites of Breckinridge and Graham's Point.
brought from St. Paul. Beyond the tentacles of settlement at the
The transport complex of the advancing frontier struck out up
fork, growth was to be noted at Portage la Prairie and some mere
the Red River Valley in 1859. Anson Northrup carried a knockdown
dots at Oak Point on Lake Manitoba and at Islington and Rat Portage
steamboat across the prairies to the Red River, where he put it to-
up the Winnipeg River.¹⁵
gether and steamed down to Fort Garry. The Burbanks built a stage
Many forces conspired to block the seemingly imminent forward
W. Bond: Minnesota and Its Resources, Redfield, 1853, p. 288.
14 The Nor'Wester, Vol. I, No. I, Wednesday, Dec. 28, 1859.
12 Ibid., p. 276.
15 H. V. Hind: Narrative of the Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition of 1857, 2 vols.
13 W. P. Webb: The Great Plains, Boston, 1931, pp. 8-9.
London, 1860; reference in Vol. I, p. 156.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW
THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH
87
86
thrust of the pioneer fringe. The fur trade of the Hudson's Bay Com-
Down the Red River the loci of settlement were growing at Breckin-
pany was threatened by any agricultural advance and held its land
ridge and Wahpeton, at Fort Abercrombie, and at Georgetown.
north of the 49-degree line practically closed to settlement. The
Farther downstream settlers and speculators were hovering near the
Plains Indians went on the warpath in the autumn of 1862 and drove
site of the present Fargo, but then there was a wide gap until Pembina
the pioneers back toward the Mississippi. Then the intersectional
and St. Vincent were reached. Again there was little settlement until
conflict in the South drained men from Minnesota. Settlers even in
the outliers of the farmsteads radiating from Fort Garry were reached.
the years following seemed to trek across these woodless plains to
The little village of Winnipeg was growing, and the nucleus of the
reach the wooded mountains and valleys of the farther West.
future great metropolis of the Canadian Northwest was to be found in
its twenty-five or more buildings. But still the settlers shunned the
plains and clung to the rivers.
ADVANCE OF THE RAILROADS
Settlers were drifting in all along the Red River Valley, but they
The annals of settlement in the valley are scant until 1870, but a
kept to the wooded streams. Young men, packing their guns and
drive forward began in 1869. The Northern Pacific Railway was
fishing lines, often went in advance to spy out the land, while families
ready to strike from Lake Superior across the Red River, and the St.
followed in covered wagons, far ahead of the railroad, away from the
Paul and Pacific was about to resume its progress northwestward
services of doctor and teacher. Alongside were the symbols of the
from St. Paul toward the valley. Not only were the means of penetra-
past, as Red River carts passed lightly over the thick prairie grass, and
tion about to appear but the land north of the 49-degree line was also
Indians on their ponies loped silently past.
being opened to settlement. The Hudson's Bay Company had sold
But the forerunners of the railroads were just gaining full strength.
its territory to the newly created Dominion of Canada, which was
The stage bumped and rocked along the route from St. Cloud to
anxious to fill its land with settlers and hold it against "manifest
Georgetown, while the Selkirk prepared for her first trip to Fort
destiny." A new tool for the conquest of the prairies was being
Garry. These means of transport, joined to the railroads and the
perfected by Oliver-his steel plow, which could easily break their
Dawson Route, brought passengers and freight to the Red River
tough sod. The frontier was now backed by powerful forces.
Settlements.
Thus the pioneer fringe had pushed forward toward the Red River
There at Winnipeg was a foretaste of the future as the Dominion
Valley in the shape of a forked tongue along the headwaters of the
surveyors planned to lay off the plains in sections in the United States
Mississippi and the Minnesota, but it still hesitated in the forests at
fashion and the first Dominion census was being taken. But the news-
the southeastern edge of the prairies. In 1870 the skirmish line ran
papers of Winnipeg still carried the list prices of prime furs beside
from the middle of the west shore of Green Bay to the 93rd meridian
those of agricultural implements.¹⁶
and from there northwest around Lake Mille Lacs to the source of the
During the next few years settlement advanced in the valley,
Crow Wing River. Thence it passed south through the Ottertail
but only in the form of thin lines clinging to the wooded streams and
chain of lakes, turning southwest at a point opposite Lake Traverse
the new railroads. The rails of the St. Paul and Pacific reached
to cross the Minnesota River at the 96th meridian. More venturesome
Breckinridge, and immigrants paralleled and preceded its advance.
dots of settlement advanced beyond the fringe along two lines of
Moorhead and Fargo grew as the Northern Pacific touched and crossed
transport toward the Red River.
the Red River. The Dawson Route from Lake Superior to the Red
Along the advancing frontier could be seen log cabins, with shacks
River helped to swell the tide, and settlers from Ontario took up
and sod houses in the open prairies at the edge of the woods. Slow-
land along the route, on the Boyne River near Pembina Mountain,
moving oxen drew the heavy wagons of the farmers, and first crops
and on the Red River south of Winnipeg.¹⁷ Other settlers located
were sometimes obtained by planting corn and potatoes in cuts made
near Stony Mountain northwest of Winnipeg and out along the Assini-
in the sod with an axe. The breaking plow was coming into use and
boine. The depression of 1873 retarded growth in many ways, though
was often used in common by many neighbors. The railroads were at
a prize crop of wheat by a homesteader on the Sheyenne west of
last striking out steadily toward the Red River. The St. Paul and
Fargo pointed toward the future.
Pacific was advancing toward Breckinridge by way of Morris, while the
The pioneer fringe really began to penetrate the plains in I875,
Northern Pacific was under construction from Lake Superior past
when Mennonites from southern Russia traveled downstream by
Brainerd toward Fargo. An outlet for crops raised on the plains was
appearing.
16 Canada, Sess. Papers, 1876, No. 7, xli, pp. I02 ff.; Manitoba Daily Free Press, Oct. 14, 1876.
17 Manitoba Daily Free Press, Nov. 9, 1872.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW
THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH
88
89
steamboat and dared to locate on the open plains north of the 49-
Grandin Farm to work in the wheatfields and acquire the capital
degree line and east of Pembina Mountain. Six thousand Mennonites
necessary on the more recent frontiers of settlement.
brought their old culture from the Russian plains to a similar land-
There were many gaps even at the time that James Hill was push-
scape.¹⁸ Settlements in the strassendorf form soon dotted the plains,
ing the railroad forward over the eastern prairies. There were un-
and the land held in common was farmed efficiently according to the
settled spaces from Moorhead to Crookston and again from there to
Old World rules. A deep religious spirit pervaded the communities,
St. Vincent. From Emerson just across the border settlement was
and their communal devotions compensated for the lack of contact
progressing. There was a gap from Winnipeg to the Mennonite settle-
with the outer world. These nearly self-sufficient Mennonite com-
ments in the west prairies, and from there to Grafton.21
munities were established on the plains of the Red River far in advance
However, at the beginning of 1879 a rail line ran from St. Paul to
of the railroads. The inherited culture of these pioneers was perfectly
Winnipeg over the eastern prairies and up to Fargo on the western
adapted to the new environment, and there was no need to revert
prairies, which were also tapped by the east-west rail line from Lake
to the primitive culture met at the edge of the frontier of settlement.
Superior.22 The great surge of settlement reached its full stride, and
South of the 49-degree line the power-machine culture of the
by 1881 our saga was completed.
United States helped to conquer the resistance of the plains by making
The pioneer fringe had figuratively flowed down the Red River
large-scale farms profitable. By 1875 breaking plows were ripping up
Valley, washed against the eastern shore of the old lake basin, and was
the tough prairie sod near Casselton for the Cass-Cheney Farm. The
spilling over the western shore. That is, the frontier in 1881 ran from
bonanza crop reaped attracted a rush of large-acreage purchasers in-
the western tip of Lake Superior, curving northwest above Mille Lacs,
tent on bonanza wheat farming. This accomplished the purpose of
across the Red Lake River to the 49-degree line at the eastern edge of
the two directors of the Northern Pacific who had bought the land for
the Red River region, and thence to the east shore of Lake Winnipeg.
the following reason: "We needed something larger than the small
The frontier crossed from Gimli on Lake Winnipeg to Oak Point on
fields of the homesteader to attract farmers with means and give the
Lake Manitoba. There were scattered settlements northwest from
road something to carry. The steamboats, flatboats, and freight
there toward Riding Mountain, but the real pioneer fringe curved
wagons carried in heavy loads of lumber and tools and began the ex-
south from the west shore of Lake Manitoba through Pembina Moun-
port of wheat in 1876, in addition to the fur bales. Yet a north and
tain, passing east of the Sheyenne River toward the Coteau des
south railroad was needed to tap the wealth of the valley, and that did
Prairies and the Missouri. There appears to have been a gap in the
not materialize until December of 1878.
marshy area between the Morris River and the Boyne later remedied
Meanwhile settlers moved in from the south and east. The western
by railroad and drainage.
prairies near Buxton received settlers from Sætersdalen, Norway,
The density map of five years later shows the pioneer fringe rolling
and these pioneers used all the tools of their old culture from farm
westward beyond Devil's Lake and into the Canadian Northwest,
implements to skis in conquering the plains. The railroad reserves
though some turn back with bitterness in their hearts, as expressed in
often constituted an annoying man-made difficulty for these settlers.
the legend seen on a covered wagon in Alberta (1917): "Fifty miles
Swedes and New Englanders were taking up land along the Park River,
from water, Fifty miles from food, To Hell with Southern Alberta,
halfway between Grand Forks and Pembina. Icelandic settlers even
We're leaving there for good. "23
left the shores of Lake Winnipeg, where the heavy timber and swamp
The Red River Valley, then, was a valuable halting place for the
made progress difficult, and settled near Pembina Mountain close to
far-flung frontier of today. Here men experimented with the prob-
old St. Joseph. They avoided prairies farther to the east because
lems of the Great Plains-the lack of wood and water-under favor-
"logs for houses could be had without the necessity of hauling them
able conditions. The new tools such as railroad plow and reaper were
from a distance" and because "it was sometimes difficult to get water
tried out. Governments tested methods of land survey, land sale, and
on these prairies. Many of the settlers walked south to the huge
railroad subsidy and were faced with the clash between nomads and
18 Alexander Begg and W. R. Nursey: Ten Years in Winnipeg, Winnipeg, 1879, pp. II5 and 122;
farmers. Statesmen wrestled with the problem of extending eastern
Adam Shortt and A. G. Doughty, edits.: Canada and Its Provinces, Edinburgh edit., Vol. 20, Toronto,
culture to new communities, which were often of foreign stock. The
1914, p. 295.
19 J. B. Power: Bits of History Connected with the Early Days of the Northern Pacific Railway
necessity of constructing railroads to the Red River Valley and the
and the Organization of Its Land Department, Collections State Hist. Soc. of North Dakota, Vol. 3,
21 James J. Hill: History of Agriculture in Minnesota, Minnesota Hist. Soc. Collections, Vol. 8,
19I0,pp.337-348;referenceon pp.34-345.
1895-1898, pp. 275-290; reference on p. 285.
20 Sveinbjorn Johnson: The Icelandic Settlement of Pembina County, Collections State Hist.
22 Manitoba Daily Free Press, Dec. 5, 1878.
Soc. of North Dakota, Vol. I, 1906, pp. 89-131; reference on p. 99.
23 Personal communication from J. C. Cameron.
90
THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW
THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH
91
coast brought Canadians in contact with the problems of the Canadian
up land on the plains east of Pembina Mountain. Canadians settled
Shield-too much water, wood, and rock. They overcame the ob-
along the wooded Boyne, while French Canadians broke ground along
stacle, which may assume its old role of binding the Canadians to-
the streams east of the Red River. Swedes, Norwegians, and Danes
gether not by the fur trade as in the past but by the exploitation of
settled in rather solid blocks within the valley. How well have these
minerals.
different stocks adapted themselves to their new environment and
THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND OTHER QUESTIONS
attained unity of action?
The pattern of settlement has a wide range. Along the streams
The Red River Valley is a natural region cut by an international
are long, narrow strips of land with single rows of dwellings at the
boundary. Did the 49-degree line distort the progress of settlement?
edge of the bank or clumps of dwellings with the fields round about
Before 1870 the line appears to have been a barrier to settlement
as at Graham's Point. Upon the prairies homes are scattered through
northward, since entrance of farmers by steamboat and stage was
the sections, but in contrast is the strassendorf of the Mennonites.
hampered by the Hudson's Bay Company. Yet trade and other con-
The "bonanza" farm pattern is again different. What are ideal rural
tact between St. Paul and Fort Garry were not halted even by annoy-
groupings?
ing duties imposed at the boundary. After 1870 the line began to
These pioneers lived on varying economic levels. The huge farms,
exert a more effective influence over trade, as when the Mounted
such as that of the Grandins, represented an immense outlay of capital,
Police ejected the American fur traders. The boundary was used by
while the Norwegian settlers near Buxton operated on a subsistence
both governments as a means of restricting the transport of goods.
level. The Mennonites borrowed heavily to pay the first costs of
Freighting by Red River carts was brought to an end in 1871, and
their settlement. How may pioneers be most efficiently financed?
steamers were debarred in 1880. However, both were being super-
The actual form of progress assumed by this pioneer fringe was
seded by better modes of transportation, and settlement does not
not a steady surge down the valley, as the density maps of 1870 and
seem to have been retarded. Following 1870 the boundary was opened
1881 seem to indicate. Loci of settlement were shot far ahead along
wide to the currents of settlement, except for the land reservations on
the wooded streams and at the river forks to the south and north.
either side. Many United States institutions, such as the quarter
Settlement then filled in along the streams and gave the valley a
section, and also tools were adopted by our friends across the border
skeleton leaf form of settlement, the streams corresponding to the
as an aid in conquering the plains.
veins of the leaf. Patches of settlement began to appear in the inter
During the ten years in which the frontier swept most swiftly
stices on the prairies, but only to the north and south, leaving great
across the Red River Valley (1875-1885) we observe little distortion
gaps in the central area, which were finally filled in to form the picture
in development, except perhaps some retardation because of lack of
seen in 1881. Should communal groups be planned for the pioneer
railroad facilities in Manitoba. That requires further research. The
fringe as holders of the far-flung loci?
pattern of development in this natural region seems to have been
These are some of the questions that arise in a survey of the
little distorted by the presence of an international boundary. The
progress of settlement in the Red River Valley and that appear to
question is raised whether there can be international planning for the
have significance in planning for the utilization of new and old lands.
utilization of a natural region.
The state and local planning boards of the United States are even
The progress of the frontier in the Red River Valley, when viewed
now attempting to solve some of these problems as they shift people
as a whole, accentuates the point that transformation of the landscape
into more favorable areas than those into which they were cast by un-
began to occur when the forces synchronized. Only after 1875 did
controlled movement of the old pioneer fringe.
new tools, presence of transport facilities, population drive, and free-
dom to settle upon the land without disturbance from nomads harmo-
nize. Can such a harmonization be planned?
The speed of advance is striking, since within a short decade
a grassland was transformed into a wheat granary. In contrast with
earlier frontiers, the area was covered with remarkable speed. Is
rapid expansion the wisest path to take, or do we need more control?
The complexity of the pioneer fringe is very apparent as regards
race. German Mennonites emigrated from southern Russia and took
is Ruses
p.p.m
February 8, 1935
My dear Mr. Malagarie:
Your letter of January sixteenth has
been received and is being referred for the con-
sideration of the United States Employment Ser-
vice.
While your thoughtfulness in sending the
spinning wheel to the President and Mrs. Roosevelt
is deeply appreciated, they do not feel that
they can accept it.
I am therefore returning
the wheel to you.
Very sincerely yours,
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
CWS
1
M. Malagarie, Esq.,
Lafayette,
Louisiana.
The spinning where was received
broken and arturued through
Post office Inspector, 1 Feb 8 1935.
& Rises
W named Parel
FROM
# 3935
THE WHITE HOUSE
7 rom in malagania
WASHINGTON, D.C.
1 da Cafayette &
(Small Spenim's wheel
addressed to
The President
M. Malagarie, Esq.,
Lafayette,
Wash Db.
Indiana, La.
Recemied panel to he
returned to pm
Priently birthday
Latanette ha
appreciates your Inkmal
to he returned to sender
be beautiful firmerns
6m mare
newsy his very bees
P
and happiness.
Vary sincerely yours,
Rivey
M. the Leitland
PRIVATE SECTITARY
the More,
1638 Break withland Avenue,
Charge,
Illinois.
Antificial very Roses
P.P.7-
February 8, 1935
q-m -
My dear Mrs. Moore:
The President has been especially
pleased to receive your friendly birthday
greetings and more than appreciates your kind
thought in sending him the beautiful flowers.
He, in turn, asks me to convey his very best
wishes for your welfare and happiness.
Very sincerely yours,
mikeng
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Mrs. Elizabeth Moore,
6606 North Ashland Avenue,
Chicago,
Illinois.
es
Inshing Recid artificial you a very Roses
many more: why as
happy birth day and
Please at cept this humble
tribute made by emyoun
hands for you
may god Bless you.
P.P.7.
Ins Eligabeth more
6606.A ashland any
chicago Ills.
February 8, 1935
9-m
Gentlemen:
The President has asked me to thank
you most cordially for that fine picture you
were so good as to send him. He is glad to have
it and greatly appreciates your kind thought in
sending it to him.
Very sincerely yours,
Star Roun
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Montana Relief Commission,
1st National Bank Building,
Helena,
Montana.
es
P.P.7.
February 8, 1935
q-m
Gentlemen:
The President has asked me to thank
you most cordially for that fine picture you
were so good as to send him. He is glad to have
it and greatly appreciates your kind thought in
sending it to him.
Very sincerely yours,
Star Roun
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Montana Relief Commission,
1st National Bank Building,
Helena,
Montana.
es
p.p.7n
February 11, 1935
q-m
My dear Rosemary:
The President has received your note
and thinks it was very nice of you to send him
a birthday message. He sends you his very best
wishes.
Very sincerely yours,
gave away
M. A. Le Hand
PRIVATE secretary
Rosemary McNally,
568 Fairfield Avenue,
Stamford,
Connecticut.
LPB
Place A BIRTHDAY
GREETING
y 11, 1935
p.p.7. q-m
egg
ally pleased
;reetings and
ciates your
um of photo-
n, asks me
ease
your welfare
ours,
Zo Wand
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Mrs. S. Mitchell,
119 West School Street,
Visalia,
California.
es
To BRING
p.p.7.
"Best of Wishes!"
February 11, 1935
and "Many Returns!"
q-m
To hope that your birthday
is brim full of cheer,
To be a reminder
I'm thinking of you
TODAY and TOMORROW
as especially pleased
and ALL THROUGH
birthday greetings and
THE YEAR!
ch he appreciates your
Ammosemary g
him the album of photo-
mcnaley
He, in turn, asks me
wishes for your welfare
sincerely yours,
Zo Wand 20
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Mrs. S. Mitchell,
119 West School Street,
Visalia,
California.
es
Dear Dr President, 1
l put the H
on myself I am
10 years old. Please
use my hanky.
yours Lovengly
Rosemary McMally
568 Fairfieldave
Stamford, Conn.
118
February 11, 1935
q-m
My dear Mrs. Mitchell:
The President was especially pleased
to receive your friendly birthday greetings and
wants you to know how much he appreciates your
kind thought in sending him the album of photo-
graphs of Giant Forest. He, in turn, asks me
to convey his very best wishes for your welfare
and happiness.
Very sincerely yours,
Zo Wand
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Mrs. S. Mitchell,
119 West School Street,
Visalia,
California.
es
Leahy, Mr. & Mrs. Thomas,
West Phila., Pa.,
Feb. 12,1935, Ack'd.
Birthday greetings. Sends cards and medal to the President. Prayers.
SEE P.P.F. 310-L
9-m
PSA
2.2
February 12, 1935.
Dear Dave:-
Just a note to thank you ever so
much for the books on the life and history
of Barbar The Elephant. They are most amusing.
My best wishes to you,
Always sincerely,
pr71987
Hon. Dave H. Morris, *#
American Embassy,
Brussels,
Belgium.
Brussels
EMBASSY OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Jan 24
my dear Franklin,
my daughter alice
gave me for pmas some
books on The life and
history of B abar I In
Elephant which are written
for children and which
are so amering, That I
am sending you copies
for your infoyment and
profil also.
where
The cares of office bring a
frown or your philosophy
promes tangled, just open
These books at any page
and The charming illustration
with The whichical Teyt
will show you how simple
life is after all. and
it you falter, Take your
graudchildran on your lap
and They will explain it to
you with delight to all
Concerned. yours as Ever
pmt.
February 14, 1935
9-m
Gentlemen:
The President was much pleased to
receive the February issue of "Municipal Utili-
ties" and thanks you for your kind thought in
sending it to him.
Very sincerely yours,
atab
magnyine
Hame
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Municipal Utilities,
500 Shoreham Building,
Washington, D.C.
es
pp.7.
q-m
February 14, 1935
My dear Mr. Miceli:
The President is in receipt of the
drawing which you were so kind as to send him
and wants you to know that he greatly appre-
ciates your thoughtfulness. He asks me to con-
vey his very best wishes.
Very sincerely yours,
Rote
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Ignazio Miceli, Esq.,
212 East 117th St.,
New York, N.Y.
es
p.p.7m
February 14, 1935
9-m
My dear Mr. Martin:
The President is in receipt of the gift
which you were good enough to send him and wants
you to know how much he appreciates your kind
thought.
He asks me to convey his very best wishes
to you.
Very sincerely yours,
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
F. E. Martin, Esq.,
1156 Iris Court,
San Jose,
es
California.
CELLER, Hon. Emanuel,
House of Representatives,
Washington, D. C.
February 14, 1935
Writes Col. McIntyre with reference to the desire of Eli
Dantzig, the famous dance orchestra leader and composer, to
come to the White House to present the President with the ori-
ginal manuscript of his March which Mr. Dantzig dedicated to and
named for the President, and played for the first time at the Presi-
dent's Birthday Ball at the Hotel St. George in Brooklyn, N.Y.
in the presence of Mrs. James Roosevelt, the President's mother,
who expressed keen appreciation of the honor bestowed upon her
son, etc. Mr. Celler would like to accompany Mr. Dantzig when
he makes this presentation.
See P.P.F. 1-B
P.P.F.
9-m
p.p.7. q-m
February 15, 1935
My dear George:
The President was much pleased to
receive your birthday greetings and greatly
appreciates your kind thought in sending the
sketch to him. He asks me to convey his very
best wishes to you and to your family.
Very sincerely yours,
Stare Room
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
George Meshel,
1158 Springdale Avenue,
Youngstown,
Ohio.
es
Happy Birthday fill walders of
Reccd Pencil m and 2/15/88
of the Yres meshel Samily
years old Jan. 30, too
Iam going to be twelve
George
XXX
1158 Springdale are
youngstours
Ohio
es
PSA Im 9-m
February 20, 1935
My dear Miss Meadows:
The President was much pleased to
receive your friendly letter of January
twenty-sixth and more than appreciates your
kind thought in sending him the beautifully
painted birthday greeting card.
+ 11 if 3'm 1
He asks me to convey his very best
wishes to you.
Very sincerely yours,
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
X pp7
9-P
Miss Thelma M.C. Meadows,
c/o M. C. Wisler, X
Nevada City,
California.
es
Read rent" House
ail
Menada City Calif,
Hranklen Wo Has as Roosenelt
January 1935.
P.7.
white Hocepe,
q-m.
Our Beloned President:-
but wish here all in your friends
a very Happy Birthday on
you,
shall fanuary continue 30th Hope on you in
che best of health and
may your optimism
every one in these good
he thouspered to each and
red united States
mgs
the splendid workrobich
are so thankfull for
we all love you and
2. you home accomplished
may God and your
lead you
ever light pach
President find peace and
and may you BurBelond
Contentment at the end
of chat path.
and best wishes for your
with all kind thought
own dear self Roservect Rind
regards, Ilam for Mrs.
Mob. Mendows
Meorda City,
a Birthday Dooklet
P.S. L handpainted
Wister. Calif.
for you and hapeyou
should receive like it alright to paint a picture for you.
Budley
P.P.M.
February 20, 1935
q-m. 9'
My dear Mr. Misiti:
The President has received your note
of February sixteenth and asked me to thank you
for your kindness in sending the picture to him.
He appreciates your friendly interest.
Very sincerely yours,
Store Room
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Mike Misiti, Esq.,
225 Mill Street,
East Port Chester,
Connecticut.
mgs
COPY
February 20,1935.
My dear Mr. Rook:
Your letter of January twenty-eighth
has been received and the President ap recistes
your kind thought in sendinghim the copy of the
publication "Han and Eggs" to which you refer. He
is indeed grateful for your expressions of loyalty and
support.
By the President's direction, I an
reforring your letter to the Federal Emergency
Rolief /dministrator for consideration.
Very sincerely yours,
11. A. LoHand
Private Secretary
Carl E. Book, En.,
FERA: Has a proposition to put
462 Almyra Avenue,
in side walks and eliminate
Youngstown,
ditches on certain cuburban
Chic.
streets - the property owners to pay for materials
and the FERA to furnish the Labor. Says side-walks are much meded as children
on way to school have been hit by cars. Commende the Pros. on his ro-
lief logislation bu: thinks the CWA has done the most good.
SEE P.P.F. 9-R
P.M am
I
p.p.7. a' m
February 21, 1935
My dear Mr. McCormick-Goodheart:
I am indeed grateful to you for the
fine gift which you presented to me for my
birthday. I did not have this picture - in
fact, I had never seen it before - and I am
particularly happy to have it, especially in
such a delightful condition. Very many thanks.
With my best wishes,
Very sincerely yours,
ad
Mr. Leander McCormick-Goodheart, O.B.E., V.D.,
Langley Park,
Silver Spring,
Maryland.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
Write nice note of thanks
for the President's signature saying
he has not got the picture - in fact,
he had never seen it before and is
particularly happy to have it, es-
pecially in such delightful condition.
He is very grateful for his thought
of him and send best wishes.
M. A. L.
Leander
Commercial Secretary
shington,
rvous
L
ather
British Embarry
ertain
lic man
dential
rse printed
nd Mrs.
LANGLEY PARK
SILVER SPRING, MARYLAND
achd
2/21/35- ad
Respectfully Hered,
M? President,
on the accasion of
your Anthday
January 30th 1935
em
by Leanter m Commits-
shington,
rvous
Candral
ather
ertain
lic man
Ssectary, Acitish Gulasay,
dential
rse printed
Commander, R.N.V.R, whind,
and Mrs.
prt q-m m
February 25, 1935.
Respectfully referred to the
Federal Emergency Rolief Administra-
tor for consideration and acknowledg-
ment.
LOUIS McH. HOWE
Secretary to the President
em
FERA - Let. from MARIE BLOSEL, 619 M St., Centralia, Washington,
2/14 - writer afflicted with lung trouble; is highly nervous
and fears that if confined to a hospital it will harm rather
than aid her condition; in need of financial help for certain
foods, medicines and clothing. Keeps house for a Catholic man
and has found consolation in that faith; encloses two idential
bracelet-like articles of black beads and heart with verse printed
on it.
(Rosaries with note that they are for the Pres.and Mrs.
Roosevelt - retained).
Place on thy heart
ROWN
one drop of the Precious
y
Infant Jesus.
BLOOD of JESUS
its origin to the zeal of
and fear nothing.
p.p.7 q-m.
erite of the Blessed Sacra-
Religious, who died in the
February 25, 1935
WORDS P.P.IX. OF at Beaune, France, May 26,
164
ears.
Th
daughter of St. Teresa was dis-
tinguished for her devotion to the Holy Child
Jesus. Her writings have received ecclesiastical
approbation, and the cause of her beatification
is now pending before the Holy See at Rome.
Her "Life," written in French and English, has
had extensive circulation, and been the means
of attracting many souls to the practice of the
ias received your let-
virtues of the Sacred Infancy, of which her own
saintly career was the faithful mirror.
th and read it with
Inspired from above, Ven. Marguerite of the
Blessed Sacrament made a chaplet consisting of
three Our Fathers in honor of the Holy Family,
a to have the quirt to
and twelve Hail Marys in memory of the twelve
years of the Sacred Infancy of our divine Sa-
than appreciates your
viour. To this chaplet of lifteen beads is attached
a medal of the Holy Infant Jesus. During the
50 it to him.
lifetime of Ven. Sister Marguerite the chaplet
received the approbation of Superiors, and on
August 9, 1855, Pius IX. granted an Indul-
sks me to convey his
or your welfare and
happiness.
Very sincerely yours,
Stre
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Ben C. Mayes, Esq.,
603 Pulliam Street,
San Angelo,
Texas.
LITTLE CROWN
OR
Chaplet of the Holy Infant Jesus.
THIS devotion owes its origin to the zeal of
the Ven. Sister Marguerite of the Blessed Sacra-
ment, a Carmelite Religious, who died in the
p.p.7 q-m
odor of sancity at Beaune, France, May 26,
February 25, 1935
1648, aged 27 years.
This worthy daughter of St. Teresa was dis-
tinguished for her devotion to the Holy Child
Jesus. Her writings have received ecclesiastical
approbation, and the cause of her beatification
is now pending before the Holy See at Rome.
Her "Life," written in French and English, has
had extensive circulation, and been the means
of attracting many souls to the practice of the
virtues of the Sacred Infancy, of which her own
saintly career was the faithful mirror.
as received your let-
Inspired from above, Ven. Marguerite of the
Blessed Sacrament made a chaplet consisting of
th and read it with
three Our Fathers in honor of the Holy Family,
and twelve Hail Marys in memory of the twelve
years of the Sacred Infancy of our divine Sa-
d to have the quirt to
viour. To this chaplet of lifteen beads is attached
a medal of the Holy Infant Jesus. During the
than appreciates your
lifetime of Ven. Sister Marguerite the chaplet
received the approbation of Superiors, and on
August 9, 1855, Pius IX. granted an Indul-
go it to him.
sks me to convey his
very best wishes to you for your welfare and
happiness.
Very sincerely yours,
Stre
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Ben C. Mayes, Esq.,
603 Pulliam Street,
San Angelo,
Texas.
gence of 300 days, applicable to the souls in
purgatory, for its devout recitation.
On the medal the following invocation is said.
"Divine Infant Jesus, I adore Thy Cross, and I
acceptall the crosses Thou wilt be pleased to send
me. Adorable Trinity, I offer Thee for the glory
of the Holy Name of God, all the adorations of
P.P.7 q-m
the Sacred Heart of the Holy Infant Jesus."
Each " Our Father" and Hail Mary" is pre-
February 25, 1935
ceded by the aspiration: "And the Word was
made flesh and dwelt amongst us." On termi-
nating the chaplet, say: " Holy Infant Jesus,
bless and protect us."
The Divine Infant revealed to His faithful
servant how pleasing to Him is this holy prac-
tice; He promised her that He would grant
special graces, above all purity of heart and
innocence, to all who carried the chaplet on
their person and recited it in honor of the
has received your let-
mysteries of His holy infancy. As a sign of
His approval, He showed her these chaplets
ath and read it with
shining with a supernatural light.
Our Lord, likewise, revealed to Ven. Mar-
guerite of the Blessed Sacrament that those who
ed to have the quirt to
piously recite it in memory of His abasements
at Bethiehem, in Egypt and at Nazareth, would
than appreciates your
not fail to experience the divine assistance in
their spiritual and. temporal.necessities.
ag it to him.
BENZIGER BROTHERS, NEW YORK, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO.
asks me to convey his
very best wishes to you for your welfare and
happiness.
Very sincerely yours,
Stre
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Ben C. Mayes, Esq.,
603 Pulliam Street,
San Angelo,
Texas.
p p 7 9-m
February 25, 1935
My dear Mr. Mayes:
The President has received your let-
ter of February seventeenth and read it with
interest. He is delighted to have the quirt to
which you refer and more than appreciates your
kind thought in presenting it to him.
The President asks me to convey his
very best wishes to you for your welfare and
happiness.
Very sincerely yours,
Stre Marry
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
Ben C. Mayes, Esq.,
603 Pulliam Street,
San Angelo,
Texas.
V
Recca
whit
Sanangelo Jepas 2/25 ES
achy -Q
to President of usa
February 17 1935
Franlin D Roosvelt
Washington D.b.
Dear President
as 9 am an old wareout cowboy 9
know the good of Rawhide quirt
9 am sending you one so you will Bu
and as you are in the stock Buisness
Ready for the sping Roundups
vice President John Sarner can tree you
all Bunt it they are my own Make
yours Bin b Mayes
603 Pulliam st
Sanangelo
Texas
IS
Raw for old age Pension
me 71 years old
prt
March 4, 1935
qm)
My dear Mr, Martin:
The President is greatly pleased
to receive the Indian arrow head which you
were good enough to send him and asks me to
tell you how much he appreciates your kind
pizz
q-A
A
thought.
He sends you his very best wishes
to
Addians
#
for your welfare and happiness.
Very sincerely yours,
STae Room
M. A. LeHand
PRIVATE SECRETARY
H. W. Martin, Esq.,
Talco,
Texas.
es
Recidan
V
Indiana.
Calo Talco Tea
The Provident
D ear Please Sir. old acept Man 14 this gift
from born an and raised in years
Telas
your friend