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Client Assistance Projects [1975-1978]
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Client Assistance Projects [1975-1978]
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Lex Frieden Collection: Records on Disability Rights
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
Donated Historical Materials
Collection/Office of Origin:
Frieden, Lex, Collection
Series:
Printed Materials
Subseries:
Reference Materials
OA/ID Number:
52138
Folder ID Number:
52138-004
Folder Title:
Client Assistance Projects [1975-1978]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
Ombudsman Vocational
The project staff must be as-
sured direct communication with top
Rehabilitation Process
state agency administrators; but, they
must also respect the client/coun-
selor relationships and resolve practi-
cal problems at a local level.
LESLIE B. COLE
All clients or client-applicants
in the project area must have free
access to the project for advice and
counsel; but, the project staff must
"Ridiculous!" "Right on!" "What
ble methodology. What is most im-
advocate for other services through
do you mean by that?" "How can
portant is that over 2,000 handi-
the existing VR personnel.
they help?" "It's about time!" "Well,
capped persons have already
In the first instance, there have
let's think about it." Do you associ-
benefited in tangible ways.
been numerous professional "anxie-
ate any of these reactions with the
These are pilot projects, first au-
ties" expressed about the potential
position you are now taking when in-
thorized by the U.S. Congress under
interference and monitoring by new
novations for the State-Federal pro-
the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Dur-
project personnel who would have
gram for vocational rehabilitation are
ing debate on the bill in Congress,
very little VR program background.
under discussion? The program is
client assistance projects were con-
However, the first annual reports just
being scrutinized, you know. Mostly,
sidered a controversial program be-
received from the original 11 proj-
perhaps, because it has always held
cause of their association with the
ects indicate that because considera-
great promise for responding to sig-
word "advocacy."
ble time during the first months was
nificant social and personal needs. It
Some felt that the traditional voca-
used in staff education (in both
is a time-tested system and there is
tional rehabilitation program, over
directions), significant respect, confi-
an accountability tract which invites
50 years in existence, had deep com-
dence, and, in some cases, reliance
analysis and, therefore, invites criti-
mitments to the personal welfare of
developed between ombudsmen and
cism. It's also a program which can
handicapped people and, therefore,
agency professional staff. The follow-
survive criticism by offering a re-
needed no other official client advo-
ing quote from one project seems to
sponse and alternatives. That is what
cates "interfering" with the coun-
be representative: "When client as-
this article is all about.
selor/client relationship.
sistance was beginning to organize,
An interesting and remarkably
Others, heeding the public testi-
and they were doing their initial pub-
productive group of projects started
mony of dissatisfied and frustrated
lic relations with counselors and su-
in June 1974. They are known as
handicapped persons and groups,
pervisors, I was worried that they
Client Assistance Projects. As this
argued for an experimental program
would be extremely biased in favor
name indicates, they are consumer
identified with ombudsmen who
of the client. From their statistics
oriented, but, they are administered
would use advocacy rather than ad-
and my own personal experience,
by state vocational rehabilitation
versary methods in overcoming prob-
this was a needless worry.
In all
agencies. That fact alone could raise
lems. Astute foresight was reflected
cases, client assistance can help
a question for some people because a
in several stipulations written into
with client/counselor communica-
main purpose mentioned in the law
the final law with respect to project
tions, thus leading to better services
creating these projects is to person-
organization and operation.
for the handicapped."
ally help clients who are having diffi-
Let's look at these major con-
In the second instance, the lines of
culties in understanding the service
straints and briefly consider the
authority appear to be direct and
system, and, those who are having
problems which might be evoked:
workable although exercised differ-
problems regarding the services
Each project must be directly
ently from project to project. For ex-
which flow through that system. It
funded and administered by the state
ample, one ombudsman adopted a
has been quite a challenge to quickly
vocational rehabilitation agency; but,
policy of communicating only with
establish 11 such projects that are
no project staff can be currently em-
counselors when clients raised a
geographically dispersed around the
ployed or be receiving benefits under
problem, even though there were
country and with each having a flexi-
the VR agency.
natural linkages with supervisors re-
Reprinted from:
AMERICAN REHABILITATION
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Rehabilitation Services Administration
Information, Our
Most Precious
Commodity
And AR is the place to get it.
If you already subscribe,
pass this along to a colleague.
Subscription
NAME-FIRST, LAST
form for
ORGANIZATION
American
Rehabilitation
ADDRESS
CITY
STATE
ZIP CODE
REG.
Send check, payable to SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
to the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
Yearly subscription: $11.75; Foreign: $14.70; per copy: $2.
Calvin Melton
STATE OF FLORIDA
DEPARTMENT OF
Reubin O'D Askew, Governor
Health & Rehabilitative Services
1317 WINEWOOD BOULEVARD
TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA 32301
DATE: February 20, 1978
TO: Participants of the Fourth Annual Meeting of Client Assistance Project Directors
FROM: J. H. Hutchison, Ph.D., Director, Office of Vocational Rehabilitation
RE: Client Assistance and Advocacy Program
This information packet has been put together to inform you of the activities under-
taken, and the relationships developed between the Florida Client Assistance and
Advocacy Program and the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation.
The C.A.A.P. is the result of a statewide expansion of the Client Assistance Project
established in Orlando in 1974.
The Coordinator is now in the Program Office and in addition to carrying out the
purpose and goals of the original project, he is working to develop and strengthen
relationships between OVR and handicapped consumer organizations. A Toll-Free
number (1-800-342-0778) has been established in order for clients/consumers to
contact the C.A.A.P. Contracts have been developed between OVR and consumer
organizations which call for disabled advocates to assist in carrying out the goals
of the Client Assistance and Advocacy Program.
An addendum to the counselor manual has been drafted explaining the C.A.A.P. to
counselors and outlining their responsibilities and relationship to the Program.
In addition, the Agreement of Understanding has been revised to include the
Toll-Free number, two copies will be made, one for the client's file and one to
be given directly to the client.
We are most enthusiastic about the potential of the C.A.A.P. for establishing
itself as an advocate for our clients, OVR, and the philosophy of rehabilitation
itself. If you have any questions regarding our program, please do not hesitate
to contact us.
J. H. Hutchison, Ph.D., , Director
Office of Vocational Rehabilitation
Frank E. Woodrich, Coordinator
Client Assistance E Advocacy Program
Office of Vocational Rehabilitation
JHH/W/br
In establishing a philosophical and working relationship between the Client Assis-
tance and Advocacy Program (C.A.A.P.) and the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation,
it is imperative that one understands the legal basis in which the original Client
Assistance Projects (CAPs) are grounded, as well as their purpose.
LEGAL BASIS
The legal base for our C.A.A.P. is Public Law 93-112, Rehabilitation Act of 1973,
as amended by Title I of Public Law 93-516, Section 112; and 45 CFR 402.45.
PURPOSE
The purpose of establishing the Client Assistance and Advocacy Program is to provide
information and counsel to Vocational Rehabilitation clients and client applicants
of available benefits under the Act, and upon request of such clients or client ap-
plicants, to assist them in their relationships with the personnel, programs, and
facilities providing services to them under the Act.
In Section 112 of the Act, Congress indicates its desire to overcome certain defici-
encies which, according to public testimony, sometimes manifest themselves in the
Vocational Rehabilitation Program, such as: A lack of clear communication between
the counselor and client; poor communication between the administrator of a faci-
lity and the client; and the inability of some clients to understand the require-
ments and procedures of the Program. The emphasis is on service to the severely
disabled.
PHILOSOPHY
Congress further emphasized that programs such as C.A.A.P. should be established on
the basis of mutual cooperation with Vocational Rehabilitation staff. Problems are
to be resolved as quickly and as amicably as possible without assuming an adversary
role. The importance of the close working relationship between the client and the
-1-
Vocational Rehabilitation counselor is not to be diminished by the C.A.A.P. Pro-
gram personnel should not stand in the way of that relationship by supplanting or
reducing it in any way.
BASIC CONCEPTS AND SCOPE
The Client Assistance and Advocacy Program should generally be oriented to overcom-
ing individual problems in specific cases and addressing general problems which may
have been created by the system. The Program should be directed primarily to the
needs as perceived by the client regarding the service delivery system and his reac-
tions to that system. The essence of the provision of Assistance and Advocacy ser-
vices is to answer questions and help clients overcome problems related to services
available under the Rehabilitation Act. They should also have a characteristic of
anticipating client problems with the system, and preventing "drop-outs" by introdu-
cing ombudsman services as appropriate. Practical, expeditious, and empathetic res-
ponses must be provided to client requests for assistance.
The C.A.A.P. should not be merely a modified information system or a general clearing-
house for referral. Interpreting the Vocational Rehabilitation Program to the client
should continue to be a responsibility of the Vocational Rehabilitation counselor.
However, if a client and a counselor are not relating well together, either the client
or the counselor might properly take the initiative to seek help from the C.A.A.P.
RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION PERSONNEL
It is important that C.A.A.P. workers understand the Vocational Rehabilitation philo-
sophy, procedures, and constraints, and for Vocational Rehabilitation personnel to
understand and be oriented to the goals of the C.A.A.P. The Client Assistance and
Advocacy workers' role is to address rehabilitation problems related to situations
as clients perceive them. Desirable solutions might come from fresh approaches. A
positive approach and openmindedness may be the essential pattern for all involved.
The Vocational Rehabilitation counselor remains the key figure regarding Vocational
-2-
Rehabilitation services, yet the C.A.A.P. worker may realistically want the counselor
to reconsider some action which has been taken or denied and try to cope with problems
as perceived by the client.
PROGRAM OFFICE SUPERVISION AND MONITORING
Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) holds the State Vocational Rehabilitation
agency as responsible for organizational and operational policies of these programs.
Therefore, the Coordinator of C.A.A.P. is accountable to the Vocational Rehabilitation
Administrator. The Coordinator submits an annual report on operations and outcomes
which is transmitted through the State Agency Administrator to the Secretary of HEW.
It is imperative that the Coordinator of C.A.A.P. have access to the Vocational Re-
habilitation Program Administrator at all times. Needless to say, this should be a
mutual convenience. Resolution of possible programmatic conflicts between the C.A.A.P.
and the Vocational Rehabilitation staff and/or Program should be resolved by appropri-
ate consultation between the Coordinator and the Vocational Rehabilitation Administrator
ADVOCACY APPROACH OF C.A.A.P.
Advocacy activity that interacts with the service delivery system and attempts to ren-
der human service agencies more responsive to the clients they serve, has resulted in
two conflicting viewpoints.
One viewpoint contends that the only kind of advocacy that can possibly succeed is
"external advocacy," or advocacy that operates from outside the system and is exter-
nally supported. A second viewpoint says that "internal advocacy," or advocacy that
is supported internally and works from inside the system, is a better approach.
The Client Assistance and Advocacy Program adopts the latter philosophy. The C.A.A.P.
is an internal advocate primarily because it is supported by the system in which it
works.
-3-
While the C.A.A.P. contends that the Vocational Rehabilitation client needs advocacy
activities and that the system may need some reform or renewal, we feel this can be
best accomplished by activity from inside the system. The C.A.A.P. as an internal
advocate is committed to identifying individuals whose rights and needs are not be-
ing met by the system in which we are employed. Our goals focus on activity that
may change the system to be responsive to the client and his needs.
The C.A.A.P. is committed to negotiation with counselors, supervisors, and service
providers. External advocates often view themselves as adversaries of the system
and are prone to see negotiations as a waste of time. They frequently move quickly
to confrontation. While there appears to be an advantage in confronting the system
from the outside, I believe this advantage is negated by the advantages of advocating
from an internal position such as C.A.A.P.
The great advantage of internal advocacy programs is the access to the environments
or programs in which the clients are served. External advocates must often rely upon
information that is reported to them from other sources. To the extent that an advo-
cate is unable to collect information personally, information upon which they base
their actions may be vague, misleading, or even faulty. Nothing is as sure to erode
the credibility of an advocate more quickly than false data. A cardinal rule for an
advocate is to act only upon reliable information.
There are many good people in the system who are keenly sensitive to client needs.
These people in the system are natural advocates. Unlike external advocates, internal
advocates are able to discover and relate to these natural advocates. With reference
to requests by clients for administrative reviews and fair hearings, the Client Assis-
tance and Advocacy Program will provide the kind of information, advice, and assistance
that will serve to reduce such requests. However, in the event of an administrative
review, or a fair hearing, the Coordinator of the C.A.A.P. may attend either through
-4-
an invitation extended by the Director of the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation,
or through the request of a client.
In summary, if the cooperative philosophy and ready access between the Coordinator
and the Vocational Rehabilitation Program Administrator is part of this working
relationship, then the C.A.A.P. will establish itself as an advocate for the client,
the counselor, the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, and the philosophy of
rehabilitation.
-5-
AGREEMENT OF UNDERSTANDING
On the basis of information collected by my counselor and me, I may be found eligible
for rehabilitation services and a program planned for me with my help. I understand
that this program can change as circumstances change and my program can be ended if
it is found not likely that I am able to work. I also understand that my counselor
and I will re-evaluate my program from time to time to determine my progress toward
becoming employed. My program will be reviewed at least once a year at which time my
counselor and I have the opportunity to make any changes necessary.
If problems arise that I cannot work out with my counselor or his/her supervisor, I
may call the Client Assistance and Advocacy Program TOLL-FREE at 1-800-342-0778 regarding
my program. They will provide assistance and advice as well as explain my rights to
review by the District Vocational Rehabilitation Program Supervisor. Additionally, I
have opportunity for a fair hearing before the Director of the Office of Vocational
Rehabilitation or his representative.
If I am not found eligible for services, I understand my counselor will discuss the
reasons with me. I will have the opportunity to re-apply for services should there
be a change in my situation. Similar benefits from other agencies both private and
governmental have been discussed with me, and when pertinent, they will be used in
my
rehabilitation program.
I understand that all information given by me or about me will be held conficential by
Vocational Rehabilitation. Release of this information to any person, agency, or organi-
zation will be done only with the assurance that the information will be used only to
further rehabilitation efforts in my behalf.
I understand that all services provided are without regard to race, creed, sex, or
national origin. The provisions of affirmative rights legislation has been explained
to me.
Signature
Date
HRS FORM 56, JAN. 1978
ADDENDUM #2
CLIENT ASSISTANCE AND ADVOCACY PROGRAM
In establishing a philosophical and working relationship between the Client
Assistance and Advocacy Program (C.A.A.P.) and the Vocational Rehabilitation Program,
it is imperative that one understands the legal basis in which the original Client
Assistance Projects (CAP's) are grounded, as well as their purpose.
LEGAL BASIS
The legal base for the C.A.A.P. is P.L. 93-112, Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as
amended by Title I of P. L. 93-516, Section 122; and 45 CFRS 1362.45.
PURPOSE
The purpose of establishing the Client Assistance and Advocacy Program is to
provide information and advisement to all Vocational Rehabilitation clients and
client applicants of all available benefits under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and
upon request of such clients or client applicants, to assist them in their relationships
with the personnel, programs, and facilities providing services to them under this act.
In Section 112 of the Act, Congress indicates its desire to overcome certain
deficiencies which, according to public testimony, sometimes manifest themselves in
the Vocational Rehabilitation program, such as: a lack of clear communication between
the counselor and client; poor communication between the administrator of a facility
and the client; and the inability of some clients to understand the requirements and
procedures of the program. The emphasis is on service to severely disabled people:
PHILOSOPHY
Congress further emphasized that programs such as C.A.A.P. should be established
on the basis of mutual cooperation among regular Vocational Rehabilitation staff.
Problems will be resolved as quickly and as amicably as possible without assuming
an adversary role. The importance of the close working relationship between the
client and the Vocational Rehabilitation counselor is not to be diminished by the
C.A.A.P. Program personnel will not stand in the way of that relationship by
supplanting or reducing it in any way. The Client Assistance and Advocacy Program
should be viewed as a resource for clients, counselors, and the community.
15-5
BASIC CONCEPTS AND SCOPE
The Client Assistance and Advocacy Program is generally oriented to overcoming
indivídual problems in specific cases and addressing general problems which may have
been created by the system. The program is directed primarily to the needs as perceived
by the client regarding the. service delivery system and his reactions to that system.
The essence of the provision of Assistance and Advocacy services is to answer questions
and help clients overcome problems related to services available under the Rehabilitation
Act. They should also have a characteristic of anticipating client problems with the
system, and preventing "drop-outs" by introducing ombudsman services as appropriate.
Practical, expeditious, and empathetic responses must be provided to client requests
for assistance.
The C.A.A.P. is not merely a modified information system or a general clearinghouse
for referral. Interpreting the Vocational Rehabilitation program to the client continues
to be a responsibility of the Vocational Rehabilitation counselor. However, if a client
and a counselor are not relating well together, have sought help from the supervisor,
and are still having problems, the client or the counselor might properly take the
initiative to seek help from the C.A.A.P. A Toll-Free number, 1-800-312-0778, has been
established in the Coordinator's office for that purpose.
RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION PERSONNEL
It is important that C.A.A.P. workers understand the Vocational Rehabilitation
philosophy, procedures, and constraints. Also, it is important for Vocational
Rehabilitation personnel to understand and be oriented to the goals of the C.A.A.P.
Client Assistance and Advocacy workers should not be unduly restrained by traditions
since their role is to address rehabilitation problems related to the situations as
clients perceive them. Desirable solutions might come from fresh approaches. A
positive approach and openmindedness will be an essential pattern for all involved.
The Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor will remain as the key figure regarding
Vocational Rehabilitation services, yet the C.A.A.P. workermay realistically want the
counselor to reconsider some action which has been taken or denied and try to cope with
problems as perceived by the client.
15-6
ADVOCACY ACTIVITIES
Advocacy activities are an important function of the Client Assistance and
Advocacy Program (C.A.A.P.). It will utilize disabled members of handicapped consumer
organizations to conduct community education and modification. Advocating for someone
means actively supporting, or pleading their cause. Its derivation is from the
Latin ad, meaning. to, and vocare, meaning to call or to vocalize for. Advocacy
activities in rehabilitation mean insuring disabledpersons their rights to appropriate
services. Our clients need advocacy because they generally do not possess the qualities
to function as advocates for themselves. Lack of money, education, training, confidence,
and influence make it imperative that someone act in the client's behalf. The
rehabilitation counselor must remain as that person. !lowever, the expertise and
knowledge needed to deal with recent federal legislation, combined with the emphasis on
serving the severely disabled, places additional responsibilities on the agency,
counselor, employers, and the community, which advocacy programs may effectively relieve.
Recent legislation has produced terms such as non-discrimination on the basis of
handicap, affirmative action, barrier-free environment, reasonable accommodation, and
Individualized Written Rehabilitation Plans. These terms and their implications have
produced new challenges for the rehabilitation professional and for the community as a
whole.
Before rehabilitation can properly serve people with severe disabilities, it must
be allowed to address the attitudinal and environmental barriers that confront disabled
people. Lack of accessible transportation, barrier-free housing, and attendant care
are just a few of the problems that prevent the mainstreaming of people with disabilities
into community life. By virtue of their good health, non-disabled people are capable
of physical independence and self-determination. This capability makes it difficult
for them to consider the loss of their physical freedom, and virtually impossible for
them to consider realistic ways of circumventing physical disability and developing
alternative methods of achieving independent living. Because of this mentality, the
community must be modified and educated to the personal, social, recreational, educational,
15-7
and vocational needs of disabled people
Through workshops, seminars and in-service training, disabled advocates can
educate clients, counselors, employers and the community as a whole to each of their
responsibilities under Title V of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as well as to the
needs of and potential of severely disabled people through attitude training.
The activities of energetic and competent disabled people will, in itself, serve
to reduce the attitudinal barriers that hinder the mainstreaming of people with
)
disabilities.
The Vocational Rehabilitation program recognizes the importance of advocacy
activities and the development of liaison relationships with consumer organizations
in assuring that Vocational Rehabilitation programs are responsive to the needs of
people with disabilities. Advocates will actually be a part of the local handicapped
community and carry out the following activities:
1. Work with HRS Volunteer Coordinators to enlist volunteers to carry out the
goals of the C.A.A.P.
2. Upon request, assist clients in acquiring VR services and in moving through
the rehabilitation process.
3. Act as consultants for inquiries on accessibility in their area. Includes
on-site inspection if necessary.
4. Attitude awareness training conducted by schools, churches, businesses, civic
groups, etc.
5. Affirmative action training on Title V conducted for interested groups: RE: 503
for Employers, 504 for schools and social service agencies.
6. Contacting VR counselors and making them aware of the socialization and
recreation resource that handicapped consumer organizations offer their clients.
7. Contacting HRS Staff Training and Development Specialist to offer assistance
in providing them with appropriate information and material for training programs on
disability.
8. Provide input through participation on local city and county committees
addressing concerns of the disabled.
15-8
Monthly reports will provide information to the program Coordinator as to the
activities undertaken and services provided by volunteer advocates in each district.
Activities will be continually modified and updated as need arises.
The counselor should consider the following activities relative to the Client
Assistance and Advocacy Program:
1. Assuring that each client has the Agreement of Understanding explained to
him/her, receives a copy of the signed Agreement of Understanding which informs him/her
of the C.A.A.P.
2. If problems arise between the client and counselor which cannot be worked out,
the following actions might be undertaken by the counselor or the client:
a) Talk with the Vocational Rehabilitation Supervisor
D) - Contact the Client Assistance and Advocacy Program for advice and assistance.
(1-800-342-0778)
3. Providing employers and other interested parties with C.A.A.P.'s toll-free
number for free information on tax incentives for hiring people with disabilities,
tax credit for the removal of architectural barriers, and standards for mailing buildings
accessible to disabled people.
4. Utilization of C.A.A.P. staff and local advocates in identifying community
resources which may be of benefit to the client.
In summary, limited money is forcing agencies to assess critically the services
they will provide The Client Assistance and Advocacy Program can work with consumers
and agency personnel to assess services and 5 when appropriate, organize and mobilize
activities that will bring about programs responsive to the needs of the people they
serve.
15-9
CONTRACT FOR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
BLTWLEN
AND
FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND REHABILITATIVE SERVICES
VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION PROGRAM
THIS AGREEMENT, entered into this
day of
A.D., 1978, by
and between the State of Florida, Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services,
Vocational Rehabilitation Program, hereinafter referred to as DHRS/VRP and
,hereinafter referred to as the "Provider".
WITNESSETH:
WHEREAS, there is a need to furnish client assistance and advocacy services
in the community of
WHEREAS, DHRS/VRP: is authorized to purchase services under Chapter 413,
Florida Statutes (1973), Chapter 20, Florida Statutes, Chapter 75-48, Laws of Florida,
and additionally authorized under Public Law 93-112, Section 112(a)(b).
WHEREAS, DHRS/VRP IS authorized to administer Federal funds under the
aforementioned Laws and Statutes of Florida, and is additionally authorized under Public
Law 93-112, Section 112(a)(b), and subject to pertinent DHEW and OHD Regulations and
policies applicable to Client Assistance Projects and,
IT IS, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual undertaking and the
provisions and conditions hereinafter set forth, DHRS/VRP and Provider mutually agree
to the following:
1. Scope of Services
The Provider will assume responsibility for the following activities:
a) Upon request, assist clients in acquiring DHRS/VRP services and in
moving through the rehabilitation process.
b) Act as consultants for inquiries on accessibility in their area.
Includes on-site inspection when necessary.
c) Conduct one community attitude training session per month with use of
slide tape presentation "Handicapism
d)
Conduct one Affirmative Action training session per month with use of
slide tape presentation "Title V An Overview", for interested groups:
Re: 503 for employers, 504 for recipients of federal financial assistance.
e)
Contacting DHRS/VRP counselors and making them aware of the socialization
and recreation activities the provider offers for their clients.
f) Contacting DHRS/VRP Staff Training and Development Specialists to offer
assistance in providing them with appropriate information and material
for statewide training programs on disability.