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California State GOP Fundraiser 2/6/90 [OA 8310] [1]
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California State GOP Fundraiser 2/6/90 [OA 8310] [1]
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Folder Title:
California State GOP Fundraiser 2/6/90 [OA 8310] [1]
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26
19
6
3
FOR
GEORGE
PRI
BUSH
California's Tribute To President George Bush
Governor
U.S. Senator
George Deukmejian
Pete Wilson
Frank A. Visco
California Republican Party Chairman
Karl M. Samuelian
California Republican Party Finance Chairman
and the
Dinner Co Chairmen
cordially invite you to join with us
at a special gala evening
with
President George Bush
Tuesday, February 6, 1990
Century Plaza Hotel
Los Angeles Ballroom
2025 Avenue of the Stars Los Angeles, California
Reception: 6:30 p.m.
Reply Card Enclosed
Business Attire
Dinner: 7:30 p.m.
Dinner Co Chairmen
Howard P. Allen
Stephen Dart
Michael E. Parker
George L. Angyros
Marvin Harold Davis
Gerald L. Parsky
James P. Baldwin
William Lloyd Davis
Robert E. Petersen
Peter B. Bedford
Robert A. Day, In.
David G. Price
William Belzberg
Tirso Del Junco, M.D.
Kenneth Rainin
Sam Bamieh
Kenneth T. Derr
Meshulam Riklis
Craig Berkman
Michael D. Dingman
Duane R. Roberts
Benjamin F. Biaggini
Hon. Leonard K. Firestone
George R. Roberts
J. Neal Blue
Bradford M. Freeman
Hon. Peter F. Schabarum
Herbert F. Boeckmann, II
Sheldon Gordon
Hon. Rockwell A. Schnabel
Joseph J. Bogdanovich, Sr.
John B. Kilroy, Ir.
Hon. John Seymour
William G. Bone
Donald M. Koll
Anwar Soliman
Katherine E. Boyd
Howard H. Leach
Alex G. Spanos
Donald L. Bren
Gordon b. Luce
Burt Sugarman
Margaret M. Brock
General William Lyon
Kathryn G. Thompson
Christopher Cohan
Howard P. Marguleas
Robert Tuttle
Lodwrick M. book
Parker G. Montgomery
Jerry C. Weintraub
Hon. Mike Curb
David H. Murdock
Gary Winnick
An Evening With
President George Bush
811 West Seventh Street
Suite 320
Los Angeles, California 90017
Acceptance
An Evening with President George Bush
February 6, 1990
Century Plaza Hotel, Los Angeles, California
DINNER CO-CHAIRMAN
Yes, I (we) will be pleased to serve as a Dinner Co-Chairman by sponsoring a table of ten at
$10,000. Table sponsors will be invited to attend the Private Reception with President George
Bush with a photo opportunity prior to the dinner.
Yes, I (we) will be pleased to reserve
tickets at $1,000 per person.
I (we) cannot attend. Enclosed is a contribution in the amount of $
Name
Spouse
Residence Address
City
State
Zip
Employer
Business Address
City
State
Zip
Occupation or Title
Business
If self-employed. Place of Business
Telephone (
)
Social Security #
Birthdate
Please make checks payable to The California Republican Party
Both Corporate and personal contributions are legal and acceptable under California law.
Corporate contributions may only be used in state elections. Personal contributions are
solicited for and will be used in both state and federal elections.
For contributions allocated by the California Republican Party to the "Federal Account,"
contributors will be notified, as appropriate, for the purpose of compliance with federal
contribution limitations. Contributions to the "Cal Plan State Account" for direct candidate
support are limited to $2,500 per fiscal year. Any contribution in excess of this amount will be
allocated to the federal or the General Operating Account. Contributions allocated to the
General Operating Account for non-direct candidate support are not subject to limitations.
Contributions are not charitable deductions for income tax purposes.
An Evening With
President George Bush
811 West Seventh Street, Luite 320
Los Angeles, California 90017
PAID FOR BY THE CALIFORNIA REPUBLICAN PARTY
Grant/Nappo
January 30, 1990
Draft one
A:GOPCAL
REMARKS: CALIFORNIA STATE G.O.P. FUNDRAISER
LOS ANGELES, CA
FEBRUARY 6, 1990
7:15 P.M.
Thank you. Governor Deukmeijian, it's always a pleasure to
see you. I'd like to thank our state party chairman, Frank
Visco, for that warm introduction. And it's great to be here
with the next great governor of California, Pete Wilson. \\\
We've got quite a few celebrities here tonight ...
Frank
Sinatra, Bob Hope, Charlton Heston. When I first saw this star-
studded audience, I thought I had accidently wandered into a
Lakers' game. \\\
I don't think there have been so many celebrities in one
place since the days when visitors were allowed in Tommy
Lasorda's office at Dodger Stadium.
Despite the good time tonight, I've come here to talk to you
about about a serious subject: competitiveness. Making America
#1 in the world. Of course, that means economic strategies for
the global marketplace, and a strong military at the ready. It
means excellence in our schools. And it means political
competition -- and victory -- in the voting booth.
Let me begin with the economy. Everyone here knows the
news: Greatest economic expansion in American peacetime history.
20 million new jobs created since 1982. Lowest unemployment rate
2
in 15 years. And everyone here knows what's needed to keep our
economy strong: the capital gáins tax cut.
It's time we gave American business the tools necessary to
give our competitors a run for the money. A capital gains tax
cut will spur investment, create jobs, and promote opportunity
for all Americans. It's been a hard fight for our proposal, but
it's far from over. Your support has been crucial in the past.
This year, it's critical. And with your help, this year there
will be victory.
And there's another investment we must make for the future
of this country: research and development in technology.
California has long been pushing the envelope on high-tech
research, from Berkeley's work in micromotors and chemical
catalysts, to Cal Poly at Pomona's aerospace design, to Cal State
at Los Angeles' DNA research and U.C.I's bráin imaging research.
Programs like these are the cornerstone of our economic power in
the years to come, and that's why my 1991 budget includes a
record high $71 billion proposal for research and development,
and a permaenet tax crédit for reséarch and experimentation.
A sound education for our children is first and foremost.
Contrary to popular belief, real improvement in our schools in
not simply a matter of spending more. It's a matter of asking
more -- of our students, our teachers, our parents and our
schools. Earlier this week, I announced America's education
goals in the State of the Union address, ones agreed upon with
the Nation's Governors:
3
By the year 2000, every child in America must start school
ready to learn. The United States must increase the high school
graduation rate to no less than 90%. And we're going to make
sure our schools' diplomas mean something: at the critical grades
-- 4th, 8th and 12th -- we must check all our students' progress.
By the year 2000, U.S. students must be first in the world in
math and science skills. Every American adult must be literate.
Every school in America must offer the kids of disciplined
environment that makes it possible for our kids to learn. And
every school in America must be drug-free.
Here in California, Director Bennett has just designated Los
NDCS
Angeles as a "high intensity drug trafficking area" -- because
we've got to get our kids away from savage gangs like the
"Bloods" and the "Crips," get the PCP and the crack off the
streets and out of the schools, get more Federal resources into
the hands of those brave souls out on the front lines. If we are
to compete internationally, we've got to have a drug-free, well-
educated America ready to do the job right.
Effiency and productivity in our workforce are the
cornerstones to our competitiveness strategy. And effiency in
our military is just as important to me. Tomorrow, I'll be
visiting the National Training Center base in Barstow, California
for briefings and exercises, as well as the Strategic Air Command
base near Omaha. Because as the nature of the Soviet threat
changes, so do our defense needs. We'll be looking at closing
some of our bases to improve efficiency, but we will not cut into
4
the muscle of our defense. Our forces will remain robust, well-
trained, highly professional. Our administration will be working
with the Congress -- to ensure that the process is a careful one,
to help the communities affected accomodate the changes, and to
move wisely into this era of challenge.
And as long as we're talking about the future, the modern
era, let's talk about art -- modern art. There's a technique
known as "gerrymandering," and the California version was created
by Congressman Phil Burton of San Francisco in 1982. With a
pencil and a paper, Mr. Burton sat in a restaurant in Sacramento
and drew what he termed "my contribution to modern art." Lines
were drawn across communities, towns, even streets into twisted,
contorted crazy shapes as if by some angst-ridden artist.
Since that night, there have been 180 individual elections
for California's congressional seats, and only once has a seat
changed party control. In 1984, in fact, Republican
Congressional candidates in the state won more votes than the
Democratic candidates, yet won fewer seats. How can any citizen
feel that his vote matters in a situation like this? We've got
to end the charade of Democratic gerrymandering.
The time has come for redistricting reform. It's a return
to a competitive political process, more grass-roots
participation, and higher voter turnout.
We don't need gerrymandering, because Republicans are ready
to fight on the issues. State Democratic Chairman and former
Governor Jerry Brown admitted as much in a debate with your state
5
GOP chairman, Frank Visco, last year when he said that a fair set
of district lines would put the Democrats "out of business."
We can put them out of business -- on the issues. Look at
what Gov. Deukmeijian's Republican administration has
accomplished since 1983: Employment has been cut from 11 percent
to 5.3 percent, and 2.7 million new jobs have been created in
California. That's the same as giving a job to every man, woman
and child living in the entire state of Oregon. A $1.5 billion
budget deficit has been turned into a substantial surplus -- one
with a prudent reserve and no general tax increases.
But the list keeps going: Fourteen new prisons have been
built, education funding has been more than doubled, and drug
education is now included in every school from grades four to
eight. Governor Deukmeijian's Children's Initiative has brought
improved health care, day care and child support collections, as
well as better protection from child abuse. California now has
some of the toughest environméntal laws in the nation, with
thousands of acres of sensitive lands acquired and preserved.
Thanks to common sense policies and strong leadership, California
is better off than it ever has been. Let's keep it that way.
Let's keep it Republican.
We're ready to take on all comers. Republicans welcome
competition, because we are prepared to win -- with Pete
Wilson.
Pete Wilson is a proven winner -- and the voters know it.
In fact, Pete has won more votes in a single election than anyone
6
in the history of the United States Congress -- 5.1 million votes
in the last statewide race. And as he sets his sights on the
governor's chair, there's no stopping him now. A strong
environmentalist, a leader in the war on drugs, and a key member
of my team in the U.S. Senate. But it's time now to elect Pete
Wilson governor.
The choice is clear: a return to the failed policies of the
state Democrats, to the days of practicing yoga and staring at
belly-buttons for policy guidance. or a move forward with the
energetic leadership and clear vision of Pete Wilson. Liberal
policymakers in the 1970s gave us stagflation, record
unemployment, "malaise," the "era of limits"
and a Republican
landslide in 1980. And Republican policies in the 1980s --
Ronald Reagan's policies -- gave us tax cuts, peace through
strength, and the beginning of the greatest peacetime economic
expansion in American history. The choice is clear.
And come 1992, the choice will be crucial. Because after
Pete Wilson wins the gubernatorial race, both Senate seats will
be open and quite a few House races will be very competitive. In
addition, the 1990 Census will give California up to seven new
House seats -- meaning that nearly 1 of every 8 Congressmen in
Washington will represent California. And all existing
California Congressional district lines will have to be redrawn -
- this time not with pencils in a restaurant, but by state-of-
the-art advanced computer programs.
7
So Californians face a large number of competitive races for
the first time in a decade. And as I said, we know we can win on
the issues. We're ready for the fight. The other party is
dependent upon gerrymandered districts and pro-incumbent campaign
laws for their victories. They may have written themselves into
power years ago, but this time, the writing's on the wall.\\\
Pete will be leading a solid team of GOP candidates for
state office to victory. They'll be the ones to keep taxes low,
the environment clean and the economy going strong. And when it
comes time for redistricting, Governor Wilson will need their
support as office holders, and they need your support in the
voting booth.
That's what the battle to end gerrymandering is all about --
it's about sticking to the ideas and principles -- Republican
ideas and principles -- that have brought America to a position
of leadership once again, and California to a new era of
greatness. And our ability to do so depends on putting an end to
the facade of gerrymandered districts. I'm counting on your
support in this battle. I'm counting on your support as we work
to make politics competitive again.
The California Republican Party has a proud history of
victory. In one of the tightest races in the nation, you handed
me a close win here on election night in 1988, and I will never
forget it. This is my first trip as President on behalf of the
California state party, and I wanted the occasion to thank you
for the months -- and for some, years -- of hard work,
8
canvassing, phone calls, working the factories and union halls
for me. You have my gratitude and my appreciation for a job well
done.
And I've come to California to tell you this: I believe in
the wisdom of our policies. I believe in making America as
competitive as possible. And I believe, as do a few others, that
Pete Wilson will be the next governor of California. In the
tradition of Ronald Reagan and George Deukmeijian, let's keep
California great. And keep it Republican.
Thank you, God bless you, and God bless America.
###
916 Sacramento
Tues Feb 6
445-2841
CA CONTACTS:
Lou916-445-1769
818-841-5310
CA Event
Rick Davis
marty Wilson - Sen Wilson
GOP St. Fundrsr
A Gou's St. of St. address
Century Plaza
B GOU'S spchwrts CA
15,000 people
$1, $ 000/plate dinner
joke file
BR w/ teleprompter
6510
213-613-1776
L.A. staff
6:45p Arrive C.P.
40 Celebs photo-op 10 min
7:00 P staff photo
$ 25000 donor
25 clicks
Bel Air Rm
grip + grin
7:15 p General Reception Pacific
$10,000 donors
Pallisad
200 people
Rm
POTUS speaks 8 8-10 after anthent
prayer
If dinner, speaks aftward
1st political event back in CA
Frank Visio
Cal Replacty Charmas
Karl Samuelian
Party Finance Chairman
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
February 2, 1990
INFORMATION
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
THROUGH:
CHRISS WINSTON
FROM:
MARY KATE GRANT meg
SUBJECT:
CALIFORNIA STATE G.O.P. FUNDRAISER
I. SUMMARY
Attached for your review are remarks prepared for the
California Republican Party fundraiser which you will be
attending on Tuesday, February 6 at the Century Plaza hotel in
Los Angeles. Your remarks will be teleprompted, and you will
address a crowd of 1500.
II. DISCUSSION
The theme of the speech is America's future competitiveness,
with references to parts of the State of the Union.
Redistricting reform is a major issue in California and is on the
ballot in the upcoming referendum. As a result, we talk about
"competitiveness in the voting booth" as well.
You also thank the state party for its hard work and show
your support for Pete Wilson's gubernatorial run.
Grant/Nappo
February 2, 1990
Draft five
A:GOPCAL
REMARKS: CALIFORNIA STATE G.O.P. FUNDRAISER
LOS ANGELES, CA
FEBRUARY 6, 1990
7:15 P.M.
Thank you. Governor Deukmeijian, it's always a pleasure to
see you. ((Names of Members of Congress pending)) I'd like to
thank our state party chairman, Frank Visco, for that warm
introduction. And it's great to be here with the next great
governor of California, Pete Wilson.
We've got quite a few celebrities here tonight
Frank
Sinatra, Bob Hope, Cheryl Ladd, Charlton Heston, Jaclyn Smith.
When I first saw this star-studded audience, I thought I had
accidently wandered into a Lakers' game.
I don't think there have been so many celebrities in one
place since the days when visitors were allowed in Tommy
Lasorda's office at Dodger Stadium.
And of course, I see Arnold Schwarzenegger is here -- "Conan
the Republican. But I'm worried that Arnold is taking his new
job as Chairman of my Council on Physical Fitness too seriously.
When I saw his darling new baby daughter, I bent over to kiss
her. She tried to bench-press me. And that's when I realized
that any kid with her own set of free weights doesn't need a
teddy bear.
And there's one more person I'd like to mention tonight.
Even though he's not here, he's a friend of everyone in this
2
room, and tonight he's celebrating his 79th birthday. So for
everyone here, I'd like to say "Happy Birthday, President
Reagan,' best wishes from all of us.
This is my first trip as President on behalf of the
California state party, and I want to thank all of you for the
victory you gave me here on election night. I will never forget
the close win here, and you have my gratitude and my appreciation
for your hard work and commitment. A job well done.
But tonight, I want to talk to you about another job: the
job of preparing America for the future. Last Wednesday, I made
my first State of the Union address to the Nation.
I covered a lot of territory, because our country faces
diverse challenges that will test every American as we enter this
new decade.
Around the world, there is rapid and welcome change, as
people from Panama to Prague strive for democracy. Millions of
people are looking to America for the hope and encouragement they
need as they seek the same freedom, security and opportunity we
enjoy. And America will be there to help.
But if America is to continue its traditional leadership
role, we must be competitive enough to take on the job, and
strong enough and smart enough to do the job right.
Today, economic times in the United States are good.
We are enjoying the greatest economic expansion in American
peacetime history. Twenty-one million new jobs have been created
3
since 1982. And during this expansion, we have seen the lowest
unemployment rate in 15 years.
But to maintain the growth that has provided better lives
for millions of Americans, we have to take steps today to make
sure America becomes even stronger. We have to invest in our
future.
A sound education for our children must be first and
foremost, and it is. We have proposed the largest education
budget in history. But real improvement in our schools is not
simply a matter of spending more. As I said in the State of the
Union, it's a matter of asking more -- of our students, our
teachers, our parents and our schools. And while the federal
government will help meet this national challenge, the states --
the "laboratories of democracy," as Jefferson put it -- will do a
much better job than we ever can. That's why we've announced new
education goals for America, developed with the Nation's
Governors:
By the year 2000, every child in this country must start
school ready to learn and we must increase our high school
graduation rate to no less than 90%. And we're going to make
sure our schools' diplomas mean something: in critical subjects -
- at 4th, 8th and 12th grades -- we must assess our students'
performance. By the year 2000, U.S. students must be first in the
world in math and science skills. Every American adult must be a
literate worker and citizen. Every school in America must offer
the kids of disciplined environment that makes it possible for
4
our kids to learn. And every school in America must be drug-
free.
Here in California, we have just designated Los Angeles as a
"high intensity drug trafficking area" -- to help this great city
rid itself of the scourge of drugs. Gang violence must stop and
we've got to get PCP and crack off the streets and out of the
schools. And it's time we got more Federal resources into the
hands of those brave men and women out on the front lines. If we
are to compete internationally, America must be drug-free, well-
educated and ready to do the job right.
And there's another investment we must make for the future
of this country to keep us competitive: research and development.
California can be proud of the long tradition of high-tech
innovation, scientific breakthroughs and medical advances at its
research institutions -- from Berkeley and the state polytechnic
universities, to Irvine and Stanford. Schools like these will
dream the dreams and create the ideas that will form the
cornerstone of our economic power in the years to come. That's
why my 1991 budget includes a record-high $71 billion proposal
for research and development, and a permanent tax credit for
research and experimentation. California is a pacesetter in the
race for the latest in research and development. And with the
best young minds of the next generation, it's a race America will
win.
Education, a drug free workplace, and research and
development are part of the mix for economic competitiveness.
5
But there is one more important ingredient -- investment.
Savings and investment -- together -- create jobs and promote
opportunity for all Americans.
We've proposed the Savings and Economic Growth Act, which
includes our "Family Savings Account" proposal, and provisions to
allow first-time home buyers to make an early withdrawal from
their IRAs without penalty.
And it does one more thing. It proposes a cut in the rate
on the capital gains tax. Last year, a majority in both Houses
of Congress showed their support of a cut in the capital gains
tax. This year, with your help, we'll pass a capital gains tax
cut to give our competitors a run for the money and keep the
American economy going strong.
But if we are to remain competitive, government -- like the
private sector -- must also reflect the new world emerging around
us. Tomorrow, I'll be visiting the National Training Center base
in Barstow, California for briefings and exercises, and later the
Strategic Air Command base near Omaha.
We must take into account that as the nature of the threats
to American security change, so too must our response. We must
change with the times. We have proposed closing some of our
military bases, but we will not cut into the muscle of our
defense. Our forces will remain robust, well-trained, highly
professional but geared to the new array of challenges in the
90's. Our Administration will work with the Congress -- to
ensure that the base-closing process is a careful one, to help
6
the communities affected accomodate the changes, and to move
wisely into this new era of challenge.
Finally, there is one more kind of competitiveness I'd like
to talk about. Let me tell you a story about a summer night in
1981 when a group of California Democrats sat in a restaurant in
Sacramento with a pencil and paper, redesigning California's
political landscape. They drew what one of them called at the
time their "contribution to modern art." Well, we've got a name
for it, too.\\\ We call it gerrymandering.
Lines were drawn across communities, towns, even streets
into twisted, contorted crazy shapes -- without the slightest
regard for either the will of the people or the rules of
fairness.
Since that night, there have been 180 individual elections
for California's congressional seats, and only once has a seat
changed party control. In 1984, in fact, Republican
Congressional candidates together won more total votes than the
Democratic candidates, yet won nine fewer seats. The 1990 Census
may give California up to seven new House seats -- meaning that
nearly 1 of every 8 Congressmen in Washington will represent
California. And all existing California Congressional district
lines will have to be redrawn -- this time not with pencils in a
restaurant, but by state-of-the-art advanced computers. The
time has come for redistricting reform. We've got to end the
charade of Democratic gerrymandering.)
7
Unlike the Democrats, Republicans don't need gerrymandering,
because Republicans can win on the issues. In fact, we can put
the Democrats out of business -- on the issues. Look at what
Gov. Deukmeijian's Republican administration has accomplished
since 1983: The unemployment rate has been cut from 11 percent
to 5.3 percent, and 2.7 million new jobs have been created in 5.2
California.
But the list keeps going: Fourteen new and expanded prisons
will open in 1991, education funding has been more than doubled,
and drug education is now included in every school from grades
four to eight. California now has some of the toughest
environmental laws in the nation, with thousands of acres of
sensitive lands acquired and preserved. Thanks to common sense
policies and strong leadership, California is better off than it
ever has been. Let's keep it that way. Let's keep it
Republican. Let's elect Pete Wilson.
Pete Wilson is a proven winner -- and the voters know it.
In fact, Pete has won more votes in a single election than anyone
in the history of the United States Congress -- 5.1 million votes
in the last statewide race. Pete is a strong environmentalist, a
leader in the war on drugs, and a key member of my team in the
U.S. Senate. And believe me, we'll miss Senator Wilson. But
come to think of it, I really like the sound of Governor Pete
Wilson.
8
Pete will be leading a solid team of GOP candidates for
state office to victory. With him, they'll be the ones to keep
taxes low, the environment clean and the economy going strong.
People say I'm a cautious guy. I can't understand that. \\\
Well, I'm going to go out on a limb tonight and make a
prediction: 1990 will be a great year for the Golden State
because Pete Wilson will be your next governor.
In the tradition of Ronald Reagan and George Deukmeijian,
let's keep California great. And keep it Republican. 111
Thank you, God bless you, and God bless America.
###
Grant/Nappo
February 1, 1990
Draft four
A:GOPCAL
REMARKS: CALIFORNIA STATE G.O.P. FUNDRAISER
LOS ANGELES, CA
FEBRUARY 6, 1990
7:15 P.M.
Thank you. Governor Deukmeij ian, it's always a pleasure to
see you. I'd like to thank our state X party chairman, Frank
Visco, for that warm X introduction. And it's great to be here
Best 6573 Coleman
Faith
with the next great governor of California, Pete Wilson.
Donorran
We've got quite a few celebrities here tonight
...
Frank
Vision offore
Sinatra, Bob Hope, Charlton Héston. When I first saw this star-
studded audience, I thought I had accidently wandered into a
Joyre Valda 213-624-1930 Valda
Lakers' game.
I don't think there have been so many celebrities in one
place since the days when visitors were allowed in Tommy
Lasorda's office at Dodger Stadium.
This is my first trip as President on behalf of the
60P
California state party, and I want to thank all of you for the
victory you gave me X here on election night. I will never forget X
1990
the close win here, and you have my gratitude and my appreciation political
for a job well done.
almarac
P 76
But tonight, I want to talk to you about another job: the
job of preparing America for the future. Last Wednesday, X made I made
my first State of the Union address tó the Nation.
2
I covered a lot of territory, because our country faces
diverse challenges that will test every American as we enter this
new decade.
Around the world, there is rapid and welcome change, as
people from Panama to Prague strive for democracy. Millions of
people are looking to America for the hope and encouragement they
need as they seek the same freedom and opportunity we enjoy.
And
America will be there to help.
But if America is to continue its traditional leadership
role, we must be competitive enough to take on the job, and
strong enough and smart enough to do the job right.
Today, economic times in the United States are good.
We are enjoying the greatest economic expansion in American
peacetime history. Twenty million new jobs have been created BABA
since 1982. And we see the lowest unemployment rate in 15 years.
But to maintain the growth that has provided better lives
for millions of Americans, we have to take steps today to make
sure America becomes even stronger. We have to invest in our
future.
A sound education for our children must be first and
foremost, and it is. We have proposed the largest education Budget
P 95-6
budget in history. But contrary to popular belief, real
improvement in our schools is not simply a matter of spending
more. As I said in the State of the Union, it's a matter of
state.
of
asking more -- of our students, our teachers, our parents and our Union
P3
3
3
X
schools. And I also announced new education goals for America,
developed with the Nation's Governors:
X
By the year 2000, every child in this country must start
SOTU
school ready to learn and we must increase our high school
0
X
graduation rate to no less than 90%. And we're going to make
X
sure our schools' diplomas mean something: at the critical grades
-- 4th, 8th and 12th -- we must check all our students' progress.
X
By the year 2000, U.S. students must be first in the world in
math and science skills. Every American adult must be literate.
Every school in America must offer the kids of disciplined
X
environment that makes it possible for our kids to learn. And
every school in America must be drug-free.
Here in California, Director Bennett has just designated Los
X
NDCS
Angeles as a "high intensity drug trafficking area"
to help
Exec
this X great city rid itself of the scourge of drugs. We've got to
secmag
Jan
get our kids away from savage gangs like the "Bloods" and the
"Crips," get PCP and crack off the streets and out of the
schools, and get more Federal resources into the hands of those
brave souls out on the front lines. If we are to compete
internationally, America must be drug-free, well-educated and
ready to do the job right.
And there's another investment we must make for the future
of this country to keep us competitive: research and development.
California can be proud of the long tradition of high-tech
innovation, scientific breakthroughs and medical advances at its
YXX
research institutions -- from Berkeley, to Cal Poly, to U.C.I.
4
Schools like these will dream the dreams and create the ideas
that will form the cornerstone of our economic power in the years
to come. That's why my 1991 budget includes a record-high $71 Budget
billion proposal for research and development, and a permanent p.67-68
tax credit for research and experimentation. California is a increase of
7%
pacesetter in the race for the latest in research and
development. And with the best young minds of the next
univ info
generation, it's a race America will win.
Education, a drug free workplace, and research and
development are part of the mix for economic competitiveness.
But there is one more important ingredient -- investment.
Savings and investment -- together -- create jobs and promote
opportunity for all Americans.
We've proposed the Savings and Economic Growth Act, which
includes our "Family Savings Account" proposal, and to provisions
to allow first-time home buyers to make an early withdrawal from
their IRAs.
And it does one more thing. It proposes a cut in the rate Budget
on the capital gains tax. Last year, a majority in both Houses
P47
P
of Congress showed their support of a cut in the capital gains BABH
pz
tax. This year, with your hélp, we'll pass a capital gains tax
cut to give our competitors a run for the money and keep the
press release
06/1/2
American economy going strong.
But if we are to remain competitive, government -- like the
private sector -- must also reflect the new world emerging around
Scheduling
us. Tomorrow, I'll bé visiting the National Training Center base
X7560
(sue weston,
5
in Barstow, California for briefings and exercises, and later X the
Strategic Air Command base near Omaha.
We must take into account that as the nature of the threats
to American security change, so too must our response. We must
change with the times. We have proposed closing some of our
Budget
military bases, but we will not cut into the muscle of our
152-6
defense. Our forces will remain robust, well-trained, highly
professional. Our administration will work with the Congress --
to ensure that the process is a careful one, to help the
communities affected accomodate the changes, and to move wisely
into this new era of challenge.
Finally, there is one more kind of competitiveness I'd like
to talk about. Let me tell you a story about a night in 1982
when the late Congressman Phil Burton sat in a restaurant in
csm
Sacraménto with a pencil and paper, redesigning California's
political landscape. He drew what he called at the time his
"contribution to modern art." Well, we've got a name for it,
too.\\\ We call it gerrymandering.\
Lines were drawn across communities, towns, even streets
into twisted, contorted crazy shapes -- without the slightest
regard for either the will of the people or the rules of
fairness.
Since that night, there have been 180 individual elections
12/30/89
WSJ
for California's congressional seats, and only once has a seat
csm,
changed party control. In 1984, in fact, Republican
06/08/19
Congressional candidates together won more total votes than the
CSM
6
Democratic candidates, yet won fewer seats. The 1990 Census will
give California up to seven new House seats -- meaning that
pol
nearly 1 of every 8 Congressmen in Washington will represent
almanac 2/5/95 Republe
California. And all existing California Congressional district
lines will have to be redrawn -- this time not with pencils in a
csm
restaurant, but by state-of-the-art advanced computer programs.
The time has come for redistricting reform. We've got to end the
charade of Democratic gerrymandering.
Unlike the Democrats, Republicans don't need gerrymandering,
because Republicans can win on the issues. State Democratic
Chairman Jerry Brown admitted as much in a debate with your state
GOP chairman, Frank Visco, last year when he said that a fair set
of district lines would put the Democrats "out of business."
We can put them out of business -- on the issues. Look at
what Gov. Deukmeijian's Republican administration has
accomplished since 1983: Employment has been cut from 11 percent
to 5.3 percent, and 2.7 million new jobs have been created in
California. A $1.5 billion budget deficit has been turned into a
substantial surplus -- one with a prudent reserve and no general
tax increases.
But the list keeps going: Fourteen new prisons have been
built, education funding has been more than doubled, and drug
education is now included in every school from grades four to
eight. California now has some of the toughest environmental
laws in the nation, with thousands of acres of sensitive lands
acquired and preserved. Thanks to common sense policies and
7
strong leadership, California is better off than it ever has
1990
been. Let's keep it that way. Let's keep it Republican.
Let's
Semance
elect Pete Wilson.
P
Pete Wilson is a proven winner -- and the voters know it.
In fact, Pete has won more votes in a single election than anyone
79
in the history of the United States Congress -- 5.1 million votes
Buengston
Bill
in the last statewide race. Pete is a strong environmentalist, a
leader in the war on drugs, and a key member of my team in the
619-260
wilsing
U.S. Senate. And believe me, we'll miss Senator Wilson. But
fact sheets
come to think of it, I really like the sound of Governor Pete
Wilson.
Pete will be leading a solid team of GOP candidates for
Pol affairs 6510
state office to victory. With him, they'll be the ones to keep
taxes low, the environment clean and the economy going strong.
People say I'm a cautious guy. I can't understand that.
Well, I'm going to go out on a limb tonight and make a
prediction: 1990 will be a great year for the Golden State
because Pete Wilson will be your next governor.
In the tradition of Ronald Reagan and George Deukmeijian,
let's keep California great. And keep it Republican. ///
Thank you, God bless you, and God bless America.
###
CALIFORNIA STATE G.O.P. FUNDRAISER / LOS ANGELES, CA
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 6, 1990 / 7:15 P.M.
Thank you. Governor Deukmeijian, it's always a pleasure to
see you. ((Names of Members of Congress pending)) I'd like to
thank our state party chairman, Frank Visco, for that warm
introduction.
We've got quite a few celebrities here tonight ... Frank
Sinatra, Bob Hope, Cheryl Ladd, Charlton Heston, Jaclyn Smith.
When I first saw this star-studded audience, I thought I had
accidently wandered into a Lakers' game.
I don't think there have been so many celebrities in one
place since the days when visitors were allowed in Tommy
Lasorda's office at Dodger Stadium.
And of course, I see Arnold Schwarzenegger is here -- "Conan
the Republican." But I'm worried that Arnold is taking his new
job as Chairman of my Council on Physical Fitness too seriously.
When I saw his darling new baby daughter, I bent over to kiss
her. \\\ She tried to bench-press me. And that's when I realized
that any kid with her own set of free weights doesn't need a
teddy bear.
And there's one more person I'd like to mention tonight.
Even though he's not here, he's a friend of everyone in this
room, and tonight he's celebrating his 79th birthday. So for
everyone here, I'd like to say "Happy Birthday, President
Reagan," best wishes from all of us.\\\
2
This is my first trip as President on behalf of the
California state party, and I want to thank all of you for the
victory you gave us here on election night. I will never forget
the close win here, and you have my gratitude and my appreciation
for your hard work and commitment. A job well done.
But tonight, I want to talk to you about another job: the
job of preparing America for the future. Last Wednesday, I made
my first State of the Union address to the Nation.
I covered a lot of territory, because our country faces
diverse challenges that will test every American as we enter this
new decade.
Around the world, there is rapid and welcome change, as
people from Panama to Prague strive for democracy. Millions of
people are looking to America for the hope and encouragement they
need as they seek the same freedom, security and opportunity we
enjoy. And America will be there to help.
But if America is to continue its traditional leadership
role, we must be competitive enough to take on the job, and
strong enough and smart enough to do the job right.
Today, economic times in the United States are good.
We are enjoying the greatest economic expansion in American
peacetime history.
But to maintain the growth that has provided better lives
for millions of Americans, we have to take steps today to make
sure America becomes even stronger. We have to invest in our
future.
3
A sound education for our children must be first and
foremost, and it is. We have proposed the largest education
budget in history. But real improvement in our schools is not
simply a matter of spending more. As I said in the State of the
Union, it's a matter of asking more -- of our students, our
teachers, our parents and our schools. And while the federal
government will help meet this national challenge, the states --
the "laboratories of democracy," as Jefferson put it -- will do a
much better job than we ever can. That's why we've announced new
education goals for America, developed with the Nation's
Governors:
By the year 2000, every child in this country must start
school ready to learn and we must increase our high school
graduation rate to no less than 90%. And we're going to make
sure our schools' diplomas mean something: in critical subjects -
- at 4th, 8th and 12th grades -- we must assess our students'
performance. By the year 2000, U.S. students must be first in the
world in math and science skills. Every American adult must be a
literate worker and citizen. Every school in America must offer
the kids of disciplined environment that makes it possible for
our kids to learn. And every school in America must be drug-
free.
Here in California, we have designated Los Angeles as a
"high intensity drug trafficking area" -- to help this great city
rid itself of the scourge of drugs. We've got to get PCP and
crack off the streets and out of the schools. And it's time we
4
got more Federal resources into the hands of those on the front
lines. If we are to compete internationally, America must be
drug-free, well-educated and ready to do the job right.
And there's another investment we must make for the future
of this country to keep us competitive: research and development.
California can be proud of the long tradition of high-tech
innovation, scientific breakthroughs and medical advances at its
great research institutions. Schools like these will dream the
dreams and create the ideas that will form the cornerstone of our
economic power in the years to come. That's why my 1991 budget
includes a record-high $71 billion proposal for research and
development. With the best young minds of the next generation on
our side, America will win the race in research and development.
Education, a drug free workplace, and research and
development are part of the mix for economic competitiveness.
But there is one more important ingredient -- investment.
Savings and investment -- together -- create jobs and promote
opportunity for all Americans.
We've proposed the Savings and Economic Growth Act, which
includes our "Family Savings Account" proposal, and provisions to
allow first-time home buyers to make an early withdrawal from
their IRAs without penalty.
And it does one more thing. It proposes a cut in the rate
on the capital gains tax. Last year, a majority in both Houses
of Congress showed their support of a cut in the capital gains
tax. This year, with your help, we'll pass a capital gains tax
5
cut to give our competitors a run for the money and keep the
American economy going strong.
But if we are to remain competitive, government must also
reflect the new world emerging around us -- like the National
Training Center base I'll visit in Barstow tomorrow, and later
the Strategic Air Command base near Omaha. We must take into
account that as the nature of the threats to American security
change, so too must our response. Our forces will remain robust,
well-trained, highly professional but geared to the new array of
challenges in the 90's.
Finally, there is one more kind of competitiveness I'd like
to talk about. Let me tell you a story about a summer night in
1981 when a group of California Democrats sat in a restaurant in
Sacramento with a pencil and paper, redesigning California's
political landscape. They drew what one of them called at the
time their "contribution to modern art." Well, we've got a name
for it, too.\\\ We call it gerrymandering.\\
Lines were drawn across communities, towns, even streets
into twisted, contorted crazy shapes -- without the slightest
regard for either the will of the people or the rules of
fairness.
Since that night, there have been 180 individual elections
for California's congressional seats, and only once has a seat
changed party control. In 1984, in fact, Republican
Congressional candidates together won more total votes than the
Democratic candidates, yet won nine fewer seats. The 1990 Census
6
may give California up to seven new House seats -- meaning that
nearly 1 of every 8 Congressmen in Washington will represent
California. And all existing California Congressional district
lines will have to be redrawn -- this time not with pencils in a
restaurant, but by state-of-the-art advanced computers. The
time has come for redistricting reform. We've got to end the
charade of Democratic gerrymandering.
Unlike the Democrats, Republicans don't need gerrymandering,
because Republicans can win on the issues. In fact, we can put
the Democrats out of business -- on the issues. Look at what
Gov. Deukmeijian's Republican administration has accomplished
since 1983: The unemployment rate has been cut from 11 percent
to 5.2 percent, and 2.7 million new jobs have been created in
California.
But the list keeps going: Fourteen new and expanded prisons
will open in 1991, education funding has been more than doubled,
and drug education is now included in every school from grades
four to eight. California now has some of the toughest
environmental laws in the nation, with thousands of acres of
sensitive lands acquired and preserved. Thanks to common sense
policies and strong leadership, California is better off than it
ever has been. Let's keep it that way. Let's keep it
Republican. Let's elect Pete Wilson.
Pete Wilson is a proven winner -- and the voters know it.
He is a strong environmentalist, a leader in the war on drugs,
and a key member of my team in the U.S. Senate. And believe me,
7
we'll miss Senator Wilson. But come to think of it, I really
like the sound of Governor Pete Wilson.
Pete will be leading a solid team of GOP candidates for
state office to victory. With him, they'll be the ones to keep
taxes low, the environment clean and the economy going strong.
People say I'm a cautious guy. I can't understand that. \\\
Well, I'm going to go out on a limb tonight and make a
prediction: 1990 will be a great year for the Golden State
because Pete Wilson will be your next governor.
In the tradition of Ronald Reagan and George Deukmeijian,
let's keep California great. And keep it Republican. 111
Thank you, God bless you, and God bless America.
###
TOMORROW
Why voters are SO crabby in California
N
o other election this year will tell more
government. Now, the pendulum is swinging
by MICHAEL BARONE
about the future of American politics
back. All look back past the Deukmejian, Jerry
than the race for governor in trend-set-
Brown and Reagan administrations and ad-
ting California. America's outpost on the Pacific Rim has
mire the examples of Governors Pat Brown and Earl Warren,
been surging with economic growth and boasts a political
who from the mid-1940s to the mid-1950s built the state's
system that is the product of nearly a century of reforms. Its
freeways, water system, public schools and universities. The
three gubernatorial candidates-Democrats Dianne Fein-
candidates agree that California's schools were turning out
stein, former San Francisco mayor, and Atty. Gen. John Van
better students 25 years ago, when Pat Brown lost to Reagan,
de Kamp, and Republican U.S. Senator Pete Wilson-are
than they do today. In a state where freeway traffic jams have
competent, honest, principled and tested in high office. Yet
spurred record sales of cellular phones, they want to abandon
despite all this, the mood of the state is anything but sunny.
Jerry Brown's "small is beautiful" opposition to new freeways.
While millions cheer democracy and look forward to afflu-
Reinventing political organization. The antipolitics sentiment
ence in Eastern Europe, those who enjoy both in California
has led politicians into new methods of plying their trade that
are cynical and crabby. Why?
could lead to similar changes in other states. Republicans won
The media's message. The work of state government does
the close races in the 1980s with TV spots, targeted direct-
not register with the public. None of the TV stations in Los
mail and absentee-ballot drives. The Democrats countered
Angeles has a bureau in the state capital, Sacramento. In-
with targeted registration of blacks, Hispanics and Asians and
stead, newscasts concentrate on hideous crimes and their
by building old-fashioned precinct organizations. They almost
aftermaths, endless footage of freeway tie-ups and lifestyle
won the state for Michael Dukakis.
stories. In this climate of personal self-absorption and politi-
Neither of those methods is cheap, however, and that has put
cal alienation, candidates and
a premium on fund-raising. Re-
LEVERETT
officeholders must appeal to
publicans retain an advantage,
voters primarily through 30-
raising much of their cash from
second TV ads or targeted di-
tax haters, who were happy to
rect mail, often simplistic in
back a candidate like Wilson
content and negative in tone.
who is pro-choice and against
Mistrust of Sacramento. Legis-
coastal oil drilling. Democratic
lators have cemented themselves
money comes from more sources
in power by drawing pro-incum-
such as Sacramento lobbyists,
bent district lines and raising
Hollywood feminists and per-
lots of money from special inter-
sonal-injury lawyers. As in na-
ests. Well-placed lobby groups
tional politics, Democrats are
can easily work their will. For
less disciplined, and their activ-
instance, the criminal-lawyer
ists and money givers tend to
bar always blocks anticrime pro-
move candidates away from
posals in the Assembly.
mainstream positions. The good
In response, outsiders have
news is that the state will get a
taken to using the referendum
Fix this mess! Californians want more and better roads
competent leader. The bad news
process to bypass Sacramento.
is that voters aren't much
Since the success of tax-cutting Proposition 13 in 1978, ballot
pleased with the process and seem indifferent to the result.
measures have become the central focus of state politics. In
1988, the voters revised campaign-finance rules, mandated
The 10-seat congressional swing
education-spending levels, and chose among auto-insurance
proposals whose proponents spent $80 million on campaigns.
In each case, they took power away from the Legislature,
T
he California governor's race may well decide the balance of
power in the U.S. House through 2002. California is expect-
lobbyists, and Governor George Deukmejian. In theory, this
ed to get 52 House districts from the 1990 census (up from 45
gives power to the people; in practice, it creates unworkable
today), and if Democrats hold the Legislature, as seems likely,
laws and more discontent.
the districts are likely to be drawn by L.A. consultant Michael
The potency of the referendum process at the expense of
Berman-heir to the late master redistricter, Representative
the legislative process is highlighted this year as the guberna-
Phil Burton. A Republican governor could veto such a plan and
torial candidates use referenda to signal voters their stands on
force a compromise, or lead a referendum fight. At stake: As
issues. Republican Wilson is touting the crime-victims initia-
many as 10 congressional seats.
tive on the June primary ballot, while Democrat Van de
Kamp opposes it, saying it jeopardizes the pro-abortion Cali-
A megabuck nightmare in '92
fornia privacy guarantee. Van de Kamp has sponsored an
environmental initiative and one limiting legislators' terms in
T
his year's gubernatorial race could also pave the way for an
office, attacking the Sacramento powers directly. Democrat
astronomically expensive political showdown in 1992. If
Feinstein is boosting a measure to raise tax limits and allow
Senator Wilson is elected governor and if Senator Alan Cran-
more spending on transportation and education.
ston is still reeling from the Charles Keating S&L scandal, the
Consensus on government's role. Despite those differences, a
races for both Senate seats may be wide open in 1992. The last
remarkable agreement exists among the candidates about the
two Senate races here cost more than $50 million. With
need for a more aggressive state government-a trend that
multiple entrants, two simultaneous Senate races in California
augurs important national change. When Californians elected
could dry up California political money that often is exported
Ronald Reagan governor in 1966, it signaled a trend to less
to other candidates around the nation.
40
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, Feb. 5, 1990
Tuesday, January 30, 1990
THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
19~
To Kill a Gerrymander
National standards for reapportionment and citizens' commissions to implement them would do the trick
fect was immediate. In 1982, the
What can Californians do to prevent
ple national standards would ensure that
By William M. Thomas
Democrats' advantage in the California
self-preserving politicians from using com-
community interests, not those of politi-
congressional delegation jumped from 22-
puters to draw politically motivated district
cians, would come first.
21 to 28-17. At the end of the decade, after
lines? They can support national redistrict-
Public access and involvement in the re-
more than 100 races, the ratio is virtually
ing standards that will clarify current case
W
ITH 1990 already here, almost
districting process should also be required
the same, 27-18.
law and previous requirements that
by any national redistricting reform. Infor-
every member of Congress is
Just how thoroughly California's con-
legislative districts be of equal population,
thinking about next November's
mation used to prepare redistricting plans
gressional elections were rigged was
be contiguous and compact, and protect
should be available to the public, and the
elections. I say "thinking" be-
demonstrated in 1984,
minority rights. Standards should require
redistricting plan should be available in
cause few are worried: the con-
when Republican con-
that county and city lines be followed in or-
advance of adoption for public inspection.
gressional reelection rate last
gressional candidates*
der to keep communities intact
Another way to end gerrymandering by
year was 99 percent. And the
collected more votes
Why, for example, should the city of
politicians in California would be to take
main reason for this incredible
than the Democratic
Palmdale in Los Angeles County's Ante-
the power to draw lines out of their hands
rate was that hundreds of con-
candidates, but won
lope Valley, with a population one-tenth
and give it to ordinary citizens. Such a
gressional elections were
fewer seats only 40
that of a congressional district, be divided
proposal has been put forth by the League
rigged when politicians, for
percent.
California's
between three congressional districts?
of Women Voters, the late anti-tax activist
narrow partisan reasons, drew
Shouldn't the citizens of Palmdale, or
Paul Gann, and San Mateo County super-
the district lines after the 1980
any community, be able to speak
visor Tom Heuning. Their proposed citi-
census to make sure they were
zens' commission would be
reelected.
composed of ordinary citi-
Can we insure that broader
interests, rather than just those
Angeles
California's
zens appointed by retired
judges from a list put togeth-
of a small cabal of politicians,
27th
er by broad-based civic orga-
are protected when they re-
Congressional
nizations. This commission
draw the legislative district lines in 1991?
citizens
almost
didn't need to vote.
District
would be required to follow
Yes, we can: by supporting redistricting
strict redistricting standards.
standards that require districts that are
Their representative
Attempting to end politi-
compact, contiguous, and where possible,
was decided behind
Monicoa
cal gerrymandering, over 1
follow existing city and county boundaries,
closed doors back in 1981.
million. Californians have
and by having those standards judged by
While gerrymandering's
signed petitions for ballot
broad-based citizen commissions, not by
most obvious effect is fattening
initiatives to make the state
legislatures. The new lines should preserve
incumbents' reelection margins,
legislature abide by redis-
communities not incumbents UNITED
has other negative conse-
tricting standards or to cre-
Politicians self-interests explain why
quences:
citizen commission to
some California congressional districts
Campaigns become more ex-
look like the creations of tormented mod-
pensive. The tortured gerrymanders
Los
limit the redistricting power
Inglewood
of the state legislature.
which twist, slice, and cut across com-
Angeles
-
ern artists. Each nook, cranny, and bulge
A> citizen commission
represents a pocket of voters who are
munities often scatter voters and ensure
and/or redistricting stan-
Democrats, Republicans, conservatives, or
that only the incumbent is well-known
dards will help loosen in-
liberals. The lines divide towns, cities, and
throughout the district. It is difficult to
cumbents' stranglehold on
counties to concentrate voters of one party
mount grass roots or volunteer campaigns
legislative offices by limiting
in each district.
in modern gerrymandered districts.
their ability to fix elections
The art of drawing legislative district
Candidates become less responsive.
Manhattan
when district lines are
lines to enhance the election of one party
Because it is nearly impossible to defeat an
Beach
drawn. They will help re-
or candidate is called "gerrymandering,"
incumbent, the incumbent is less and less
store competition to the po-
after a governor of Massachusetts, named
concerned with keeping in touch with his
litical process and encourage
Elbridge Gerry,In-1812-Governor Gerry
constituents.
grass-roots and volunteer-
crafted a legislative district resembling a
The California gerrymanders were
driven campaigns rather
salamander, which caused an exasperated
drawn by the late Rep. Phil Burton of San
El Porto.
than negative TV and
legislator to dub the governor's design a
Francisco. With pencil and paper, Mr. Bur-
Beach
mail advertising. Voter
"Gerry-mander."
ton "held court" at a favorite restaurant in
turnout rates will in-
Governor Gerry would no doubt be im-
Sacramento and drew what he termed "my
crease when races be-
pressed by the skill of the legislators who
contribution to modern art.' There have
come more compet-
been.180-individual elec-
Redando
CHARTS BY GUY STUART STAFF
itive and when
tions-for-California's con-
Beach
How California's parties changed
Torrance
every vote mat-
gressional seats since Bur-
ters. A citizen
in US House of Representatives
ton's lines 'were': drawn,
commission and/
and only once has a seat
or redistricting
Democrats
Republicans
changed. party control.
standards. would
The frightening thought
also help to make
is how effectively Burton
our legislators more
22,
21
28
18
engineered California's
politically responsive, as
seats
elections for a decade
new candidates and new
with a stroke of his pencil.
groups will once again be
The districts designed
able to enter the political
in 1991 will be drawn with
process and defeat previously
1982
1982
TODAY
computer accuracy and
invulnerable incumbents.
Before
After
Burton's contorted gerry-
with one strong voice to one congressman,
While it is impossible to completely take
redistricting
redistricting
manders will look like
rather than as slivers of a city to three?
politics out of the redistricting process, the
Source: Almanac of American Politics
child's play in compari-
Wouldn't the costs of campaigning be
narrow self-interest of incumbents should
son. The politicians lick-
lower, and the quality of information about
not be the basis of such decisions. Reform
drew the California districts, because they
ing their chops in Sacramento will be using
candidates higher, if members had com
of the current system can ensure broader
have effectively killed competition in Cali-
advanced computers and programs that
pact districts within community lines in-
political interests are protected.
fornia congressional races.
weren't available 10 years ago. For the first
stead of scattered fragments of territory in
In 1980, the Democrats held 22 Califor-
time, the Census Bureau will be providing
multiple media markets?
Congressman William M. Thomas of Bakers-
nia congressional seats and the Republi-
states with demographic data down to the
Of course, no plan that meets the popu- field, Calif., is vice-chairman of the House Re-
cans held 21. New district lines were
block level; politicians drawing the district
lation-equality and minority representa-
publican Task Force on Reapportionment and
drawn after the 1980 census with an eye to
lines will know the race, incomes, and ages
tion requirements can completely avoid
National Republican Congressional Committee
enhancing Democratic prospects. The ef-
of citizens block by block.
the division of some communities. But sim-
vice chairman for Reapportionment.
Photocopy-Preservation
76
CALIFORNIA
probably worth a couple of points in 1988. In a state with some excruciatingly close races,
Ronald 1
Cranston was reelected in 1986 and Deukmejian won his first term as governor in 1982 by 49%-
ceremon
48% margins. Politicians from both parties have an incentive to innovate and organize where
attorney
they have not before.
staff anc
A case can be made that California's decline in political interest is a sign of health. Hostilities
sticking
between different cultural groups produced a politics of enthusiasm and nomination victories for
post-tax
ideological candidates like Barry Goldwater in 1964 and George McGovern in 1972, neither of
Critics (
whom would have been nominated if they had not won California's then winner-take-all
for it wit
presidential primary; as those hostilities have declined, California primaries have produced
become
more moderate winners, like Pete Wilson and Ed Zschau, and general elections have produced
Deuk
divided government, in which Deukmejian is checked by Speaker Willie Brown, while Bradley is
state WO
balanced by a conservative Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors and Republican
into a cl
Presidents by a supertalented Democratic congressional delegation. The result is a government
unsucce
fiscally restrained and culturally tolerant, but ready at the same time to pump more money into
late Jess
education and to insist on stricter standards for students, sterner restrictions on drug use, and
compen
tougher penalties for crime. California, as it approaches the 1990s, after all, is a story of success
become
and not of failure. Its supple and strong economy, its capacity and willingness to welcome
Californ
newcomers and help them rise, its tolerance of eccentricity but insistence on standards, are all in
defeat 0
the best of American traditions. They show what many Americans in the 1960s and 1970s
new app
forgot, that America works; and if Californians are less interested in politics and less inclined to
1940, fo
call on government than they were in more troubled times, that is perhaps not cause for despair.
prisoner
Presidential politics. For most of the 1980s California did not seem to count much in
These
presidential politics. Its primary, coming at the end of the season, was pivotal in 1964 and 1972.
could h
Since then it has produced such winners as Jerry Brown, Edward Kennedy and Gary Hart for
gnashin
the Democrats, and has been won without serious contest by Ronald Reagan three times. Its
and, wit
1988 winners were Michael Dukakis and George Bush-after they had already clinched their
the 197
nominations. It's possible that California could play a critical role in 1992, but unlikely unless it
leaders,
is rescheduled. Otherwise, it's likely to result in the renomination of George Bush and the
rules to
ratification of whoever has emerged as the leading Democratic opponent of Jesse Jackson-if he
The (
decides to run again for President.
general
In the general election, California may be more pivotal-and could easily have been in 1988 if
Control
the national race had gone a little differently. The fact that California ended up Republican by
likely to
small margins in the close elections of 1960, 1968 and 1976, and that it gave Ronald Reagan two
are rath
easy victories in 1980 (53%-36%) and 1984 (58%-41%) led many to chalk it up as straight
Reagan
Republican. But its liberal trend on cultural issues made it competitive in 1988 and, though it
governo
finally went for George Bush, may already have had its effect on public policy. Republican
Kamp 1
national chairman and Bush campaign manager Lee Atwater noticed the trend in California
may ge
during the primary season, and the even stronger trend in Oregon and Washington, both of
could a
which Dukakis ultimately carried, and it may have contributed to George Bush's calling for a
oppose
"kinder, gentler" nation. Certainly the Bush Republicans are not conceding the black, Hispanic,
sister of
Asian and baby boom voters who are the Democrats' hopes for carrying California.
Brown's
The 1988 election had one additional result worth noting. Despite the carping of West Coast
likely to
politicians about the network projections of the election winner, California has usually produced
One
a higher than average percentage for the loser of the presidential election, and it did so again in
ropes, a
1988. It's possible that Dukakis won a plurality among West Coast voters who went to the polls
politica
on election day, and that Bush's narrow margin was due entirely to absentees.
legislat
Governor. At the beginning of the 1980s, few would have picked George Deukmejian as the
hoping
man who would stand astride California state government for most of the decade; but as the
his lead
decade was ending there he was, in place and on top. His first victory over Tom Bradley in 1982
to 47-3
was by the narrowest of margins; his second in 1986 was won with a higher percentage than
office S
CALIFORNIA
77
te with some excruciatingly close races,
Ronald Reagan ever got in California. Deukmejian is orderly and aloof, a believer in pomp and
is first term as governor in 1982 by 49%-
ceremony; he is not close to other officials, not even Republicans though he spent four years as
ncentive to innovate and organize where
attorney general and 16 years in the legislature in Sacramento. He sticks closely to a tight-knit
staff and, mostly, to his principles. His first term was marked by his stubbornness and success in
ical interest is a sign of health. Hostilities
sticking to his promise of no new taxes; in his second term, when the state was facing a $1 billion
enthusiasm and nomination victories for
post-tax reform shortfall, he proposed a tax increase in 1988 and then had to back away from it.
nd George McGovern in 1972, neither of
Critics charged that the state was neglecting education, highways and research, and would pay
t won California's then winner-take-all
for it with a weaker economy and slower growth in the 1990s. Deukmejian replies that "we have
ed, California primaries have produced
become the gold at the end of the rainbow."
lau, and general elections have produced
Deukmejian also made some mistakes. He angered many by abolishing without any notice the
y Speaker Willie Brown, while Bradley is
state worker health and safety program; organized labor retaliated by pumping crucial money
Board of Supervisors and Republican
into a close state Senate race and putting the issue on the 1988 ballot and winning. And he was
al delegation. The result is a government
unsuccessful in getting Congressman Dan Lungren confirmed as state treasurer to replace the
the same time to pump more money into
late Jesse Unruh. Lungren was blocked in the state Senate, largely because he opposed monetary
nts, sterner restrictions on drug use, and
compensation to victims of the Japanese American internment in World War II. Unruh had
S the 1990s, after all, is a story of success
become a power in the investment world by keeping careful control over the investment of
ts capacity and willingness to welcome
California's pension billions. Probably one of Deukmejian's more notable successes was the
city but insistence on standards, are all in
defeat of Rose Bird and two other Supreme Court justices in the 1986 election, which gave him
any Americans in the 1960s and 1970s
new appointments that would make the California Supreme Court, dominated by liberals since
$ interested in politics and less inclined to
1940, for the first time a bastion of judicial conservatism. And he was proud that the number of
nes, that is perhaps not cause for despair.
prisoners in California, in line with national trends, nearly doubled since he came to office.
fornia did not seem to count much in
These setbacks did not hurt Deukmejian much with the voters, however, and he probably
the season, was pivotal in 1964 and 1972.
could have been reelected in 1990. But he chose to retire instead. This caused considerable
wn, Edward Kennedy and Gary Hart for
gnashing of teeth among Republicans, who fear that the Democrats will regain the governorship
ntest by Ronald Reagan three times. Its
and, with control of the legislature, will control redistricting for the 1990s as Phil Burton did for
h-after they had already clinched their
the 1970s and 1980s. For that reason Senator Pete Wilson was trotted forward by Republican
critical role in 1992, but unlikely unless it
leaders, who were afraid that a little-known candidate couldn't raise the money under the new
renomination of George Bush and the
rules to compete.
nocratic opponent of Jesse Jackson-if he
The one Democrat clearly in the race in early 1989 was John Van de Kamp, who as attorney
general holds an office that is easily portrayed as divorced from politics; a possible contender is
al-and could easily have been in 1988 if
Controller Gray Davis, a former top aide to Brown; a bit more colorful and considerably more
that California ended up Republican by
likely to run is former (1978-87) San Francisco Mayor Dianne Feinstein. All except Feinstein
976, and that it gave Ronald Reagan two
are rather colorless politicians-which seems to be what California has wanted since Ronald
1%) led many to chalk it up as straight
Reagan and Jerry Brown left Sacramento. Leo McCarthy is running again for lieutenant
de it competitive in 1988 and, though it
governor, and the jockeying for other California statewide offices chould be fierce: Van de
I its effect on public policy. Republican
Kamp will not be running for reelection as attorney general, Secretary of State March Fong Eu
Atwater noticed the trend in California
may get a primary opponent, and the new insurance commissioner post set up by Proposition 13
end in Oregon and Washington, both of
could attract multiple entrants. Treasurer Thomas Hayes is a civil servant type who may be
ontributed to George Bush's calling for a
opposed in the primary by Angela (Bay) Buchanan, former Treasurer of the United States and
ns are not conceding the black, Hispanic,
sister of conservative columnist, Pat Buchanan. If he were to win that election he may face Jerry
hopes for carrying California.
Brown's sister Kathleen. These offices may attract some of the state legislators and so there is
oting. Despite the carping of West Coast
likely to be some turnover in the capital.
1 winner, California has usually produced
One who will not be leaving Sacramento, it seems, is Willie Brown. In 1988 he seemed on the
residential election, and it did so again in
ropes, and his prominence in Jesse Jackson's campaign seemed an attempt to make a national
: West Coast voters who went to the polls
political career by a man whose state career seemed in decline. A "Gang of Five" Democratic
ue entirely to absentees.
legislators were prepared to run against him, and Assembly Minority Leader Pat Nolan was
-
have picked George Deukmejian as the
hoping to overturn the Democrats' 44-36 majority. But after the election it was Nolan who lost
ment for most of the decade; but as the
his leadership post and Brown who was stronger than ever. The Democrats increased their lead
Iis first victory over Tom Bradley in 1982
to 47-33, eliminating the leverage of the Gang of Five (who, one might guess, were assigned
was won with a higher percentage than
office space together in the same broom closet), and reducing downward toward zero the
CALIFORNIA
79
n 1990. The Democrats also have a
drinking problem to change his mind. On the Banking Committee for years he looked out for the
now beleaguered savings and loans. He also became known as a good vote-counter, cultivating
ond highest number of popular votes
not so much the strongest, best-known Senators as those who are obscure and in some cases of
rly 40 years in California politics, he
limited talents; and when Robert Byrd moved up to the majority leadership in 1977, Cranston
S suggest. His most recent victory, in
became Democratic whip.
ons and the product of one of the
Since his 1984 campaign, his career has been in something of an eclipse. While he was out on
1984 presidential campaign, he had
the road in 1983 and 1984, he had for the first time a colleague, Pete Wilson, who also looked
ry in a 1983 Wisconsin straw poll-
after the state's economic interests. No longer was Cranston indispensable. In much of 1985 and
e looked gaunt and haggard, though
1986 he was preoccupied with his campaign. In 1987, when the Democrats regained control of
imself ridiculous by dying his hair a
the Senate, Majority Leader Robert Byrd gave him a cold shoulder; he liked to be his own vote
h California: his longtime support of
counter. In 1989, new Majority Leader George Mitchell seems to be using as his lieutenant
es of Ronald Reagan seemed to be
South Dakota's Tom Daschle, who is a contemporary and campaign helper to many of the
vernment spending at home seemed
younger Democrats, while most of the men Cranston started off with are gone. Cranston easily
and entrepreneurs, not governments
beat back opposition from Wendell Ford for the whip post, and he has work that he cares about
Republicans nominated the strongest
as chairman of the Veterans Committee.
sentative Ed Zschau, a successful
In California, Cranston has worked hard on registering voters and developing a new
sues, assertive on foreign policy and
Democratic organization with appeal to Hispanics and Asians. Many assume he will quit in 1992
when he turns 78. Cranston says he is running; he is a physical fitness buff (a champion sprinter
thodically raising money, phone call
into his seventies) and does not seem disposed to retire. If he is not as much at the center of
and John Glenn, with much better
things as he once was, he retains both his idealistic goals and his insider's skills, and there is more
86 raised another $10 million or so
than one tenant in the political graveyard who underestimated his determination and political
nd remained on the campaign trail-
sense.
ey personally on the phone and at
The man who has won more votes in a single election than anyone in the history of the United
= had ads on the air attacking Zschau
States Congress, could walk down just about any street in Washington or in his home state and
im through November. At the same
not be recognized. He is nonetheless a politician of considerable competence and impressive
with all the best things in California,
accomplishments. Pete Wilson grew up in an affluent part of St. Louis, went to Yale, then joined
households on environmental issues.
the Marines and went to law school at Boalt Hall in Berkeley; he moved to San Diego, where he
paigning as a management exercise,
was elected assemblyman in 1966 and mayor in 1971. His reputation was as a moderate
nd an opponent of the death penalty
Republican and an environmentalist, interested in nuts-and-bolts state and local government; he
across his own positive message, and
supported Gerald Ford over Ronald Reagan in the 1976 presidential primary (better not bring
In that environment, turnout was low
up his name with Reagan even now), opposed Proposition 13 in 1978, and finished fourth in the
ut Cranston won 50%-47%.
Republican gubernatorial primary that year, with 9% of the vote. In 1982, still with the
a young journalist he published an
handicap of being well known only in the San Diego media market, which has only 8% of the
: years after World War II he was a
state's voters, he ran in a 13-candidate primary field for Senator, and finished first, with 38% of
liberal political force in the state. He
the vote, as Pete McCloskey was unable to expand beyond his Bay area base, Barry Goldwater
ator in 1968, an office to which he has
Jr. fizzled, and Robert Dornan and Maureen Reagan never got well enough known to be taken
downs: he was defeated for controller
seriously. Wilson was then the beneficiary of the unpopularity of Jerry Brown, and beat him
= Senate seat only when the moderate
52%-45%. Six years later, he beat Leo McCarthy, who grew up in the same St. Francis Wood
by right-winger Max Rafferty who,
neighborhood of San Francisco as Brown, by the almost identical margin of 53%-44%. In the 10
n alleged injury and then threw away
years between his first and his latest statewide race, Wilson increased his vote total from 230,000
to 5.1 million. In the process, he also broke the jinx that has clung to the seat he holds: no one had
operator. He got into politics in the
been reelected to it since 1952.
re interested in arms control than any
How did he do it? His voting record, despite his un-Reaganish past, was mostly pro-Reagan,
ecessarily military, for young people.
with dissents on issues like offshore drilling, clean air and highways. On military issues, he has
leagues in the Senate were men with
been an enthusiastic supporter of the Reagan defense buildup on the Armed Services
) California constituencies-farmers,
Committee and on the floor-which evidently doesn't hurt in California, with its big defense
nions, the entertainment industry, the
industries-and he was one of those ready to move the military into the fight against drugs. He is
y needed help in the Senate. Cranston
an SDI enthusiast and the leading opponent of the Midgetman. In 1985, he showed up in
antee to stay in business, Cranston
pajamas while recovering from surgery to cast a decisive vote for the balanced budget
1 colleague who later admitted to a
constitutional amendment. He has worked for research on Alzheimer's disease and AIDS, and
80
CALIFORNIA
wants government to do more about transportation and child care. George Will called him
turned down by t
rarity: a conservative who understands the discriminating, but vigorous use of government for
The Burton plan
conservative purposes."
will tend to unde:
He has spent much time working for California interests and on California issues. On the
cast in a few high
Agriculture Committee he looks out for California's huge food industry and tries to increase its
in the legislature
exports. He was the lead advocate of amendments to the immigration bill allowing in more
lines.
guestworkers for California growers; he took on the chief sponsor of the immigration bill, Alan
In any case, Bi
Simpson, and won. With less success he tried in 1984 to increase tuna tariffs (the U.S. tuna fleet
The census is ex
is based in San Diego). He worked with Cranston and against some Republicans on the
delegation in his
California wilderness bill, but broke with him over the Mojave Desert wilderness area; he was
draws the lines:
one of the leaders against offshore oil drilling off California's coast. Wilson was the chief Senate
the key is the gc
sponsor of the "wine equity act." He also maintained careful ties with California's entertainment
redistricting, sut
industry, pushing bills to keep the TV networks from sharing syndication profits, to stop foreign
be pressure for a
pirating of films and videocassettes, and to get favorable transition rules for studios in the 1986
safe seats for mc
tax reform. And he has been a staunch supporter of Israel.
well-placed and
To all these issues Wilson has brought a strong intellect, a willingness to work hard and master
This is rather re:
details, and a steely and not terribly pleasant competitiveness. He brought those qualities to
three time zone
campaigning as well. With clockwork precision, he raised a record amount of money, calling in
many of the chits he had accumulated, particularly among Los Angeles's usually Democratic
The People: Est
west side fundraisers. And he spent his money effectively. His opponent was Leo McCarthy,
a
11.19% of U.S. t
similarly quiet but also competent officeholder; a former Assembly speaker and now lieutenant
level. Single ance
governor, who in California's apolitical environment was scarcely known in any substantive way
Polish, Swedish,
to the voters. McCarthy made some mistakes in the spring: he attended a fundraiser at which
married couples;
Voting age pop.
anti-nuclear activist Helen Caldicott called Reagan a lunatic and compared Gorbachev to Jesus
Indian. Register
Christ (statements which McCarthy did not immediately renounce); he was reluctant to release
unaffiliated and
his income tax returns; he was not endorsed by Dianne Feinstein because he opposed
homeporting the battleship Missouri in San Francisco; he was hurt by his opposition to capital
1988 Share of F
punishment and 1986 support of Rose Bird; he was attacked by Wilson for a vote against aid to
the elderly in the legislature. Wilson, meanwhile, was running ads saying he didn't send out
1988 Share of F
newsletters but gave the money for research on Alzheimer's disease. In November, Wilson ran
slightly better in Los Angeles and the South than he had against Brown, while McCarthy did
Total Expend
better than Brown in the Bay area and the Coast. But the overall result was similar, and one
St/Lcl Grants
Wilson would surely settle for if he runs for governor.
Salary/Wages
If Wilson is elected governor, he will get to pick the next Senator himself. But Wilson's
Pymnts to Indi-
successor will serve only two years and so will come up for reelection, to a two-year term, in 1992.
Procurement
Alan Cranston's term expires then too, and so it is possible that California will have two Senate
Research/Othe
races, one with an incumbent with less than two years' service, the other, either with no
incumbent or with one who will be 78 years old. The incentive for ambitious politicians to run
Political Lineu;
must be overwhelming, and the potential total cost of those campaigns must be frightening
March Fong E
perhaps as much as the insurance industry spent in this apolitical commonwealth on the
Gray Davis (D
Senators, Alan
referenda of 1988.
Congressional districting. California's House delegation of 45 is the largest since New York
had that many districts in the 1940s; it is lopsidedly (27-18) Democratic. That is attributed to
1988 President
the redistricting plans drawn up by the late San Francisco Representative Phillip Burton and
Bush (R)
Michael Berman, an aide to Representative Henry Waxman and brother of former Assembly
Dukakis (D)
majority leader and now U.S. Representative Howard Berman. Republican efforts to forge an
1988 Democra
alliance with Hispanic legislators failed when Burton figured out how to draw one more Hispanic
Dukakis
district than the Republican computers did. The Republicans turned to referenda and won at the
Jackson
polls in 1982, only to have Burton draw another plan before Jerry Brown left office, and the
Gore
Republican's efforts to create a commission of retired judges to draw the district lines was
Simon
CALIFORNIA
81
in and child care. George Will called him "a
turned down by the voters in 1984; the final court challenge wasn't dismissed until early 1989.
ninating, but vigorous use of government for
The Burton plan is not quite as unfair as the Republicans claim, however. Any districting plan
will tend to understate Republicans' popular vote strength, because so many of their votes are
ia interests and on California issues. On the
cast in a few high-income, high-turnout areas. And the Republicans' failure to capture majorities
is huge food industry and tries to increase its
in the legislature in the 1980s is due more to their candidates' weaknesses than to the district
its to the immigration bill allowing in more
lines.
e chief sponsor of the immigration bill, Alan
In any case, Burton died in 1983, and by 1989 the focus was on what will happen after 1990.
84 to increase tuna tariffs (the U.S. tuna fleet
The census is expected to give California five or six new seats, to make it the largest state
ston and against some Republicans on the
delegation in history. At least two, in southern California, will be Republican no matter who
r the Mojave Desert wilderness area; he was
draws the lines: there are no Democratic precincts in this rapidly growing territory. Otherwise,
alifornia's coast. Wilson was the chief Senate
the key is the governor's race in 1990. If the Democrats win, they will probably totally control
ed careful ties with California's entertainment
redistricting, subject only to a court case. If Pete Wilson or another Republican wins, there will
om sharing syndication profits, to stop foreign
be pressure for a compromise. There is, at this point, a good government argument for drawing
orable transition rules for studios in the 1986
safe seats for most if not quite all of California's incumbents, since the state has many talented,
of Israel.
well-placed and powerful House members, most of them Democrats but some Republicans too.
tellect, a willingness to work hard and master
This is rather remarkable because it is hard to be a good legislator if you must fly five hours over
mpetitiveness. He brought those qualities to
three time zones to California on weekends and then take the redeye back to Washington.
e raised a record amount of money, calling in
ly among Los Angeles's usually Democratic
The People: Est. Pop. 1988: 28,168,000; Pop. 1980: 23,667,902, up 19% 1980-88 and 18.5% 1970-80;
ectively. His opponent was Leo McCarthy, a
11.19% of U.S. total, 1st largest. 23% with 1-3 yrs. col., 20% with 4+ yrs. col.; 11.4% below poverty
former Assembly speaker and now lieutenant
level. Single ancestry: 8% English, 5% German, 3% Irish, 2% Italian, 1% French, Russian, Portuguese,
nt was scarcely known in any substantive way
Polish, Swedish, Dutch, Scottish, Norwegian. Households (1980): 69% family, 37% with children, 55%
he spring: he attended a fundraiser at which
married couples; 44.1% housing units rented; median monthly rent: $253; median house value: $84,700.
n a lunatic and compared Gorbachev to Jesus
Voting age pop. (1980): 17,278,944; 16% Spanish origin, 7% Black, 5% Asian origin, 1% American
diately renounce); he was reluctant to release
Indian. Registered voters (1988): 14,004,873; 7,052,368 D (50%); 5,406,127 R (39%); 1,546,378
unaffiliated and minor parties (11%).
by Dianne Feinstein because he opposed
isco; he was hurt by his opposition to capital
S attacked by Wilson for a vote against aid to
1988 Share of Federal Tax Burden: $113,203,000,000; 12.80% of U.S. total, largest.
was running ads saying he didn't send out
Izheimer's disease. In November, Wilson ran
1988 Share of Federal Expenditures
Total
he had against Brown, while McCarthy did
Non-Defense
Defense
Total Expend
$102,366m
(11.58%)
But the overall result was similar, and one
$66,020m
(10.07%)
$42,398m
(18.56%)
St/Lcl Grants
11,676m
(10.19%)
11,674m
(10.20%)
2m
(2.16%)
nor.
Salary/Wages
16,380m
(12.20%)
6,240m
(9.31%)
10,140m
ick the next Senator himself. But Wilson's
(9.31%)
Pymnts to Indiv
41,941m
(10.25%)
39,199m
(10.04%)
2,741m
(14.71%)
up for reelection, to a two-year term, in 1992.
Procurement
29,457m
(15.61%)
6,052m
(13.02%)
29,457m
(15.61%)
possible that California will have two Senate
Research/Other
2,913m
(7.80%)
2,855m
(7.70%)
58m
(7.70%)
VO years' service, the other, either with no
The incentive for ambitious politicians to run
Political Lineup: Governor, George Deukmejian (R); Lt. Gov., Leo T. McCarthy (D); Secy. of State,
St of those campaigns must be frightening-
March Fong Eu (D); Atty. Gen., John Van de Kamp (D); Treasurer, Thomas Hayes (R); Controller,
nt in this apolitical commonwealth on the
Gray Davis (D). State Senate, 40 (24 D and 15 R and 1 I); State Assembly, 80 (47 D and 33 R).
Senators, Alan Cranston (D) and Pete Wilson (R). Representatives, 45 (27 D and 18 R).
elegation of 45 is the largest since New York
lly (27-18) Democratic. That is attributed to
1988 Presidential Vote
1984 Presidential Vote
Francisco Representative Phillip Burton and
Bush (R)
5,054,917 (51%)
Reagan (R)
5,467,009
(58%)
y Waxman and brother of former Assembly
Dukakis (D)
4,702,233
(48%)
Mondale (D)
3,922,519
(41%)
ward Berman. Republican efforts to forge an
1988 Democratic Presidential Primary
on figured out how to draw one more Hispanic
1988 Republican Presidential Primary
Dukakis
1,910,808
(61%)
Bush
epublicans turned to referenda and won at the
1,856,273
Jackson
(83%)
1,102,093
(35%)
Dole
plan before Jerry Brown left office, and the
Gore
289,220
(14%)
56,645
(2%)
Robertson
Simon
94,779
(4%)
etired judges to draw the district lines was
43,771
(1%)
82
CALIFORNIA
GOVERNOR
Gov. George Deukmejian (R)
Elected 1982, term expires Jan. 1991; b. June 6, 1928, Menands,
NY; home, Long Beach; Sienna Col., B.A. 1949, St. Johns U., J.D.
1952; Episcopalian; married (Gloria).
Career: Practicing atty., 1952-53, 1958-62; Army, 1953-55;
Atty., Texaco Inc., 1955-58; CA Assembly, 1962-66; CA Senate,
1966-78; CA Atty. Gen., 1978-82.
Office: State Capitol Bldg., Sacramento 95814, 916-445-2841.
Election Results
1986 gen.
George Deukmejian (R)
4,506,601
(61%)
Tom Bradley (D)
2,781,714
(37%)
1986 prim.
George Deukmejian (R)
1,927,290
(94%)
William H. R. Clark (R)
132,126
(6%)
1982 gen.
George Deukmejian (R)
3,881,014
(49%)
Tom Bradley (D)
3,787,669
(48%)
SENATORS
Sen. Alan Cranston (D)
Elected 1968, seat up 1992; b. June 19, 1914, Palo Alto; home, Los
Angeles; Pomona Col., U. of Mexico, Stanford U., B.A. 1936;
Protestant; separated.
Career: Foreign Correspondent, Intl. News Srvc., 1936-38; Lob-
byist, Common Council for American Unity, 1939; Army, WWII;
Real estate business, 1947-67; Pres., United World Federalists,
1949-52; CA Controller, 1958-66.
Offices: 112 HSOB 20510, 202-224-3553. Also 1390 Market St.,
Ste. 918, San Francisco 94102, 415-556-8440; 5757 W. Century
Blvd., #620, Los Angeles 90045, 213-215-2186; and 880 Front St.,
#5S31, San Diego 92188, 619-557-5014.
Committees: Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs (2d of 12 D).
Subcommittees: Housing and Urban Affairs (Chairman); Securi-
ties. Foreign Relations (4th of 10 D). Subcommittees: African
Affairs; East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Chairman); Western
I
Hemisphere and Peace Corps Affairs. Veterans' Affairs (Chairman of 6 D). Select Committee on
t
Intelligence (5th of 8 D).
1
Group Ratings
I
ADA
ACLU
COPE
CFA
LCV
ACU
NTLC
NSI
COC
CEI
a
1988
95
87
91
100
70
0
7
0
29
20
f
1987
75
-
91
75
-
0
-
-
33
21
tl
National Journal Ratings
1
1988 LIB - 1988 CONS
1987 LIB - 1987 CONS
Economic
71%
I
28%
59%
-
37%
N
Social
76%
-
23%
88%
-
10%
ri
Foreign
86%
-
0%
74%
-
19%
CI
at
CALIFORNIA
83
Key Votes
1) Cut Aged Housing $
AGN
5) Bork Nomination
AGN
9) SDI Funding
AGN
2) Override Hwy Veto
FOR
6) Ban Plastic Guns
AGN
10) Ban Chem Weaps
AGN
3) Kill Plnt Clsng Notice AGN
7) Deny Abortions
AGN
11) Aid To Contras
AGN
expires Jan. 1991; b. June 6, 1928, Menands,
4) Min Wage Increase
FOR
8) Japanese Reparations
FOR
12) Reagan Defense $ AGN
ach; Sienna Col., B.A. 1949, St. Johns U., J.D.
married (Gloria).
Election Results
atty., 1952-53, 1958-62; Army, 1953-55;
1955-58; CA Assembly, 1962-66; CA Senate,
1986 general
Alan Cranston (D)
3,646,672
(50%)
($11,037,707)
Gen., 1978-82.
Ed Zschau (R)
3,541,804
(47%)
($11,781,316)
1986 primary
Alan Cranston (D)
1,807,244
(81%)
tol Bldg., Sacramento 95814, 916-445-2841.
Charles Greene (D)
165,594
(7%)
John Hancock Abbott (D)
124,218
(6%)
Two others (D)
142,193
(6%)
e Deukmejian (R)
4,506,601
(61%)
1980 general
Alan Cranston (D)
4,705,399
(57%)
($2,823,462)
Bradley (D)
2,781,714
(37%)
Paul Gann (R)
3,093,426
(37%)
($1,705,523)
e Deukmejian (R)
1,927,290
(94%)
m H. R. Clark (R)
132,126
(6%)
e Deukmejian (R)
3,881,014
(49%)
Sen. Pete Wilson (R)
Bradley (D)
3,787,669
(48%)
Elected 1982, seat up 1994; b. Aug. 23, 1933, Lake Forest, IL;
home, San Diego; Yale U., B.A. 1955, U. of CA at Berkeley, J.D.
1962; Protestant; married (Gayle).
Career: USMC, 1955-58; Practicing atty., 1963-66; CA Assem-
bly, 1966-71, Minor. Whip, 1967-69; Mayor of San Diego, 1971-
up 1992; b. June 19, 1914, Palo Alto; home, Los
83.
Col., U. of Mexico, Stanford U., B.A. 1936;
Offices: 720 HSOB 20510, 202-224-3841. Also 2040 Ferry Bldg.,
d.
San Francisco 94102, 415-556-4307; 11111 Santa Monica Blvd.,
Correspondent, Intl. News Srvc., 1936-38; Lob-
#915, Los Angeles 90025, 213-209-6765; Fed. Bldg., 1130 O St.,
ancil for American Unity, 1939; Army, WWII;
Rm. 4015, Fresno 93721, 209-487-5727; and 401 B St., Ste. 2209,
SS, 1947-67; Pres., United World Federalists,
San Diego 92660, 619-557-5257.
roller, 1958-66.
Committees: Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry (8th of 9 R).
B 20510, 202-224-3553. Also 1390 Market St.,
Subcommittees: Agricultural Production and Stabilization of
cisco 94102, 415-556-8440; 5757 W. Century
Prices; Agricultural Research and General Legislation (Ranking
ngeles 90045, 213-215-2186; and 880 Front St.,
Member); Domestic and Foreign Marketing and Production Pro-
92188, 619-557-5014.
motion. Armed Services (3rd of 9 R). Subcommittees: Conventional Forces and Alliance Defense
(Ranking Member); Manpower and Personnel; Strategic Forces and Nuclear Defense. Governmental
king, Housing and Urban Affairs (2d of 12 D).
Affairs (6th of 6 R). Subcommittees: Investigations; Federal Services, Post Office and Civil Service;
busing and Urban Affairs (Chairman); Securi-
Oversight of Government Management. Special Committee on Aging (5th of 9 R). Joint Economic
tions (4th of 10 D). Subcommittees: African
Committee. Subcommittees: Economic Goals and Intergovernmental Policy; Education and Health;
in and Pacific Affairs (Chairman); Western
National Security and Economics.
irs (Chairman of 6 D). Select Committee on
Group Ratings
ADA
ACLU
COPE
CFA
LCV
ACU
NTLC
NSI
COC
CEI
ACU
NTLC
NSI
COC
CEI
1988
15
46
15
42
70
75
67
100
77
53
0
7
0
29
20
1987
30
-
13
42
-
75
—
-
87
62
0
-
-
33
21
National Journal Ratings
1987 LIB - 1987 CONS
1988 LIB - 1988 CONS
1987 LIB - 1987 CONS
59%
-
37%
Economic
30%
-
69%
29%
I
70%
88%
-
10%
Social
54%
-
45%
50%
-
49%
74%
-
19%
Foreign
13%
-
84%
0%
-
76%
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PAGE
2
2ND STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
National Review Copyright (c) 1989 Information Access Company;
Copyright (c) National Review Inc. 1989
April 7, 1989
Feb
SECTION: Vol. 41; No. 6; Pg. 34
LENGTH: 2840 words
HEADLINE: Beware the gerrymander, my son: creative redistricting
BYLINE: Fund, John H.
BODY:
DURING THE sultry summer of 1981, the nation's political attention was
focused on Washington. President Reagan and House Speaker Tip O'Neill were
locked in fierce combat over the White House's budget and tax-cut proposals.
Reagan ended up winning, and Washington observers predicted a new era of
Republican dominance. But as Reagan accepted the cheers of the conservative
faithful, 2,500 miles away a rumpled political junkie named Phil Burton was
gerrymandering California's 45 congressional districts to ensure continued
Democratic control of the House and help place a decade-long political roadblock
in front of the conservative political agenda.
Phil Burton was a liberal hero who represented the Democratic stronghold
of San Francisco in Congress. He watched with dismay as the Reagan political
juggernaut rolled through Washington. He heard rumors that if the GOP gained
any House seats at all in the 1982 elections, up to thirty House Democrats might
bolt their party and vote with the Republicans to elect a conservative-coalition
Speaker. He vowed to use the power the Democratic state legislature had given
him to dictate the new congressionaldistrict lines so as to prevent that from
ever happening.
Through many warm nights that summer of '81, Burton held court at a back-room
table in Frank Fat's Chinese restaurant in Sacramento, a two-block walk from
the state-capitol building. Proud of his mastery of political demographics,
Burton brazenly held late-night sessions to bargain over the shape of
California's future congressional districts. He would call visiting members of
Congress over to Frank Fat's, spread out his maps, listen to their desires for a
redrawn district, hint at his own plans, and then dismiss them. He would always
promise, "You're in your mother's arms," GOP redistricting consultant Henry
Olsen recalls. "The one thing he didn't tell the Republicans was that their
mother was about to drop them."
When Burton finally unveiled his computer-drawn magic-what he called his
"contribution to modern art"politicians were struck dumb by his genius. One
said that the drawers of the original gerrymander, an 1812 Massachusetts
legislative plan supported by then-Governor Elbridge Gerry, "would have had to
concede the trophy to Phil." One district, drawn specifically for Burton's ally
Howard Berman, was an incredible 385-sided figure that meandered through most of
the San Fernando Valley.
The "Burtonmander" worked just as its creator had hoped it would. It turned a
22 to 21 Democratic edge in the congressional delegation into a 28 to 17
majority after the 1982 election. All 22 Democratic incumbents were given safe
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districts, while only 15 of the 21 Republicans kept their seats. Political
scientist Bruce Cain has shown that Phil Burton's sessions at Frank Fat's
netted the Democrats at least five extra House seats. While that would probably
not have been enough to elect a coalition Speaker, a shift of five seats can
still have a large impact. A recent House Republican conference report showed
that from 1983 through 1987, at least seventy votes on substantive issues of
foreign and domestic policy were decided by five votes or less.
BURTON HIMSELF died of a heart attack in 1983, and so did not see the long-term
success of his artwork. Since the Burton plan was implemented only one of
California's 45 districts has shifted party control. The rest have been frozen
in political time. In 1984, Republicans won 50.5 per cent of the state's
two-party vote for Congress; yet Democrats won 60 per cent of the seats. In
both 1986 and 1988, the GOP won 47 per cent of the vote, and Democrats won 60
per cent of the seats.
Other gerrymanders enacted in 1981 and 1982 in states such as Illinois and
Texas also solidified or expanded Demcratic strength. In the 367 congressional
races both parties entered in 1984, the Republicans won 500,000 more votes, but
the Democrats ended up with thirty more seats.
Partisan gerrymandering largely benefits Democrats, who control both houses
of the state legislature in 28 states. But in many states political
gerrymandering is still held in check by the fact that a governor of the other
party can veto a gerrymander. A more serious problem 15 the prevalence of
bipartisan gerrymandering. Incumbents of both parties now routinely conspire
to draw districts that will re-elect them. The only losers are potential
challengers in both parties-and the voters .
This bipartisan gerrymandering coupled with other protections for
incumbents produced House elections in 1986 and 1988 that were structurally the
most uncompetitive since 1832, according to noted political scholar Walter Dean
Burnham. Both times, only six incumbents-less than 2 per cent of those
running-lost, and in more than four out of five House districts the winner took
home over 60 per cent of the vote.
HE DANGER in the redistricting that will take place
after the 1990 census is that state legislators of both Tparties now have the
data and computers to make even Phil Burton's gerrymander look like the
work of an amateur. Last month, the Census Bureau announced that it will now be
able to provide redistricting officials with census data down to the block
level. "That means I could decide I liked the demographics of people on one
side of a street more than on the other and draw the district line down the
middle between them," says Republican National Committee consultant Tom
Hofeller.
In this light, take a look at some highpoints of the Burton err mander. One of
the most frequently cited ex- amples of creative gerrymandering is
California's 27th CD, held by Democratic Representative Mel Levine. The area
floating apart from the rest of the district is not land-it represents whatever
people were on docked boats in Los Angeles Harbor the day the 1980 census was
taken. Another stylized dragon is called the 32nd CD. The 32nd was a
first-prize winner at the Burton School of Art and is currently in the
possession of Representative Glenn
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Opponents of gerrymandering complain that it is almost impossible to
educate voters about the serious nature of the problem-it is inherently an issue
only for those who follow political "inside baseball." While this is generally
true, there are exceptions. Republican opponents of Phil Burton's handiwork
put an initiative on the June 1982 ballot asking voters to overturn it. After a
fierce campaign, voters rejected the Democratic districting lines by margins of
nearly 2 to 1. The legislature was instructed to prepare new plans.
Unchastened, the Democratic legislature rammed through a new set of district
lines that differed only slightly from the ones the voters had just rejected.
Departing Democratic Governor Jerry Brown signed the legislature's new
gerrymander -dubbed Son of Burton-into law only hours before his Republican
successor, George Deukmejian, was sworn in. When this blatant defiance of the
people's will was challenged, Assembly Speaker Willie Brown had a succinct
reply: "Screw the peopl e!"
Opponents of the Burtonmander did not give up. In 1983, a young Republican
assemblyman and wine grower named Don Sebastiani collected 600, signatures
for a
good government" redistricting plan that largely followed city and county
boundaries. Republicans would clearly have been helped by the new lines, but a
few of their incumbents would have been threatened. Not surprisingly, the State
Supreme Court led by the judicial activist Rose Bird threw the initiative off
the ballot, preserving the status quo. More surprising was the opposition Mr.
Sebastiani encountered from within his own party. = Gerrymanders really do
entrench incumbents of both parties," he says. "I found that out when GOP
incumbents told me not to upset the apple cart."
While everyone acknowledges the existence of gerrymanders, there is vast
disagreement about their importance. Norman Ornstein, a scholar at the American
Enterprise In- stitute, points out that, all 0 a party that wins 52 per cent of
the vote for Congress will probably capture 55 per cent or more of the seats.
"The minority is simply less efficient in being able to translate its overall
support into the maximum number of seats," he contends. Tom Hofeller agrees
that Ornstein has a point, but says gerrymandering still locks players out of
the political arena. "Anyone who says gerrymandering can only play a small
role in reducing political competition should let me draw their state's
districts," Hofeller says. "There wouldn't be another real race for the House
in that state for ten years."
But even some conservatives who believe gerrymandering distorts electoral
outcomes think that very little should be done to correct it. "Trying to define
gerrymandering is even more difficult than defining pornography," says
columnist Malcolm Forbes Jr. "The only way to correct gerrymandering is to
adopt proportional representation. That would have a baleful impact on this
country by increasing instability and encouraging special-interest parties."
While such concerns are certainly valid, gerrymandering on the scale
allowed by the new computers will clearly dilute the ability of millions of
Americans to influence the electoral process. Fewer than two dozen
congressional districts were considered truly marginal by political handicappers
in 1988-that is, winnable by either party under normal circumstances. Elections
have thus largely become pro-forma exercises that inhibit the open and vigorous
political debate that is the essence of democracy.
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Voters have responded to this lack of competitive House elections by not
going to the polls. In the 1986 mid-term election, only 33 per cent of eligible
voters cast ballots in House elections-the lowest turnout since 1942. But they
will still turn out for a hot contest. In Florida, 38 per cent voted in the
lively 1986 U.S. Senate race, but only 25 per cent in that state's h umdrum
U.S.
House elections.
What can be done to limit the corrosive effect of gerrymandering? Until
recently, very little, since the U.S. Su- preme Court had not decided whether
or not the victims of gerrymandering could be granted constitutional relief.
Many critics of gerrymandering have proposed that gerrymanders be curbed
through state constitutional provisions or congressional action that would
strictly implement a set of rules limiting partisan line-drawing, such as
compactness and the use of city and county boundaries. Such standards would be
welcome, but neither Congress nor state legislatures are likely to limit their
own redistricting power. In California, where voters in 1980 passed a
constitutional amendment mandating guidelines on redistricting, the legislature
has completely ignored them.
Another way to reform the redistricting process is favored by President Reagan.
He promises to make an antigerrymandering campaign a top priority now that he
has left office. He told David Brinkley in a farewell interview that "the
Founding Fathers made something of a mistake" in allowing self-interested state
legislators to draw their own districts. President Reagan supports removing
redistricting from the legislature and placing it with a "bipartisan" commission
of prominent citizens. Some ten states currently use some form of commission to
redraw district lines, but since members tend to be appointed by the political
parties, they typically pass bipartisan "incumbent preservation" gerrymanders.
MORE PROMISING avenue of relief was opened up in
1984 when a U.S. District Court in Indiana held in ADavis V. Bandemer that
Indiana Republicans had unfairly gerrymandered the state's legislative
districts. In 1982, Indiana's Democratic slate had won 52 per cent of the
popular vote for the lower house, but only 43 out of one hundred seats.
Bandemer was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which in 1986 ruled that
claims of partisan gerrymandering could be heard by federal courts. A decision
by four Justices further found that gerrymandering that artificially
entrenches one party in power over a period of time was unconstitutional.
However, it ruled that Democrats opposing the Indiana plan, resting their case
on the results of a single election, could not convince the Court that Democrats
were doomed to perpetual minority status. And indeed the effect of the Indiana
gerrymander -unlike the "Burtonmander" and others-was eventually diluted by
population shifts and other factors. By 1988 Democrats were able to win a tie
in the Indiana House even with the gerrymandered districts.
The Court's ruling was a reasonable compromise between the conflicting
constitutional demands of federalism allowing states to design their own
political subdivisions-and the principie that districts should not be drawn so
that they consistently discriminate against members of any particular voting
group, be they black, Hispanic or-GASP!even members of an opposing political
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party.
In late 1986, five months after the ruling in Bandemer, a three-judge
District Court in California finally held a hearing on Badham V. Eu, a
Republican challenge to the 1982 Burtonmander. The 2 to I decision dismissing
the Republican challenge was finally handed down in May 1988. The District
Court basically asserted that since Republicans had clected a state governor and
a U.S. senator, and "given also that a recent former Republican governor of
California has for seven years been President of the United States," Republicans
were still able to "exercise potent power" in the political process as a whole.
But as Professor Gordon Baker, a redistricting specialist for over thirty years,
points out, much the same argument was voiced in the 1960s by segregationists
and others who defended districts with clearly unequal populations that favored
rural interests. They insisted that urban and suburban voters were not really
shut out of the political process since they could still elect candidates on a
statewide basis.
Yet on January 17, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the Republican challenge
to the Burton gerrymander without hearing oral argument or issuing an opinion.
Roy Schotland, a Georgetown University Law School professor, said the Justices
may have decided to affirm the plan because Phil Burton's maps were due to
expire after the 1990 elections anyway. Still, the Court's decision
disappointed those who thought it might finally provide a firm legal precedent
for evaluating future redistricting plans. The Court's upholding of the Burton
maps means that any test case of the gerrymander's limits won't be heard until
after the next congressional-district lines are drawn.
Obviously the Court is still bitterly divided over what restrictions it can
place on legislative majorities seeking political advantage in the drawing of
district lines. Its hesitation is understandable. Creation of a true Ievel
playing field" is impossible and would mean that unclected judges would probably
end up drawing most redistricting plans. But the Supreme Court is Just as
correct in implying that a meaningful political contest can't take place if one
party uses its power to such an extent that it locks the other player out of the
stadium entirely. Professor Baker believes the Supreme Court must set some
standards. "Failure to reverse Badham would tell legislators that after the
1990 census no holds would be barred," he says. "With increasingly
sophisticated computers, voters could be fenced in and out of districts all over
the country with no justification other than keeping the minority party out of
power."
Professor Bernard Grofman, a frequent expert witness for Democrats in
redistricting cases, believes the Court can construct standards that would throw
out egregious gerrymanders such as Burton's but would maintain a sufficiently
high standard to avoid an overload of the judicial system. In 1962, in the
famous Baker V. Carr decision, the Supreme Court ruled that voting districts
must be populated equally. Later in the 1960s the Court also said that courts
may throw out districting plans where there is evidence of racial
discrimination, and this is routinely done today. There is legitimate argument
over the extent to which the federal courts should have intervened in such local
matters. But both decisions are now generally acknowledged as a functional part
of American democracy.
Today, in the last part of the twentieth century, the major danger to
effective democracy is rooted in political gerrymandering and the vast array
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National Review (c) 1989 IAC
of incumbent protections Congress and state legislatures have erected in order
to give themselves de-facto lifetime tenure. The polity can no longer afford to
allow sophisticated computers and abstract redistricting art to limit political
competition and thwart the democratic decisions of the American people. The
political creature known as the gerrymander must be caged and the will of the
people, as reflected in their votes, set free.
GRAPHIC: Cartoon; Map; Caption: Burton's and Sebastiani's versions of 27th CD
SUBJECT: California, administrative and political divisions; Gerrymander,
analysis
NAME: Burton, Philip, political activity; Sebastiani, Don, political
activity
GEOGRAPHIC: California
LOAD-DATE-MDC: June 12, 1989
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3RD STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1986 The Times Mirror Company;
Los Angeles Times
April 21, 1986, Monday, Home Edition
SECTION: Metro; Part 2; Page 1; Column 1; Metro Desk
LENGTH: 1799 words
HEADLINE: WALKING A FINE LINE;
ALATORRE MUST BALANCE VARIED INTERESTS WHILE DRAWING NEW COUNCIL BOUNDARIES
BYLINE: By VICTOR MERINA, Times Staff Writer
BODY:
Seated before the panel of visiting Los Angeles City Council members, the
speaker in the Sun Valley gymnasium carefully delivered his arguments on how to
proceed with the complicated task of reapportioning the city's political
boundaries.
As a sparse audience listened, the auto worker addressing the meeting paused
to look directly at the head of the council's Charter and Elections Committee.
Smiling, he reminded the chairman that the successful redrawing of City Council
district lines may depend largely on the political skills of one man.
"I don't know how you got stuck with this job," he told Richard Alatorre,
"but this can either make you or break you."
That vignette - in a predominantly Latino section of the east San Fernando
Valley that could change dramatically through reapportionment -- reflects the
stature of, and the challenge facing, the chief architect of the city's
redistricting plan.
As a former state assemblyman in charge of the last such exercise at the
state level, Alatorre is no stranger to the political perils or peculiarities of
redistricting. Along with the late Rep. Philip Burton, widely acknowledged
as California's past master of the artful gerrymander, Alatorre once drew the
boundaries of congressional districts on a restaurant tablecloth that was
later sold at a political auction.
Now, as a freshman council member tackling his first major issue, Alatorre
again finds himself dealing with reapportionment -- that complicated and
potentially volatile task of shaping district boundaries. And his fellow council
members, some of them potential rivals for higher office, find their immediate
fortunes tied to Alatorre and his computer. The repositioning of voting
districts can bring about not only new power alignments within the electorate
but also the downfall of incumbents who become victims of constituencies pulled
out from under them.
Already there are grumbles and signs of discord. Voters who reside in those
new districts and council members who will run in them are pressing to find out
what those borders will entail. Latinos, who applauded the election of one of
their own to the City Council five months ago, are now questioning whether
Alatorre can uphold their interests and, at the same time, avoid
gerrymandering his council colleagues into political oblivion.
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(c) 1986 Los Angeles Times, April 21, 1986
Black voters are voicing concerns that a new redistricting plan could
undercut their own political strength, and Asians -- an emerging power base in
local government - are moving quickly to ensure that they are not left out of
any shift in council alignments.
Meanwhile, looming in the background are the courts and he U.S. Justice
Department, which kindled the latest reapportionment controversy by filing a
lawsuit against the City of Los Angeles, accusing local officials of
discriminating against Latinos when they redrew council district boundaries in
1982.
"I knew it was going to be a challenge and it is," Alatorre said. "Most
people don't realize just how important reapportionment is. It determines the
quality and type of representation that people are going to have."
In a city as ethnically diverse as Los Angeles - where the population is
more than 51% black, Asian and Latino -- the council makeup has failed to keep
pace with the burgeoning racial minorities. There are three blacks, one Latino
and one Asian on the 15-member council, and the aim of the new reapportionment
is to help ensure that targeted ethnic groups have a fair shot at representation
beginning with the 1987 elections.
In practical terms, drawing new boundaries can mean not only a different cast
of incumbents but also different priorities when it comes to apportioning public
services, ranging from street cleaning and crime to housing and recreation. The
changes can also tilt the council's political balance on key issues, affecting
overall city policy.
If the importance of reapportionment is lost on most people, the process
itself is equally obscure.
"It's not glamorous. It's frustrating. It's tedious. It's long, and it's hard
to do because you have to balance 50 many interests," Alatorre said in an
interview. "You have to balance the interests of the people versus the interests
of politicians, and you have to balance this group against that group."
Alatorre and his fellow council committee members -- Michael Woo and Hal
Bernson -- have embarked on that balancing act with a promise to produce a new
reapportionment plan by July 31, a proposal that will need at least eight votes
on the council for approval and then probably face a legal challenge.
The remapping will affect all 15 council districts, but it is expected to
touch primarily on the downtown core of the city, as well as Northeast Los
Angeles and portions of the San Fernando Valley, where Latino voters are found
in large numbers.
The Justice Department, in its lawsuit filed last November, charged that the
city violated the 1965 Voting Rights Act by slicing up the Latino community into
seven different council districts and deliberately diluting its voting strength.
Scattering Latino voters over various districts has made it difficult for them
to influence city elections, according to the federal government.
Although city officials steadfastly deny any wrongdoing, the council decided
to redraw the lines -- which divide the city into individual districts of about
200,000 residents -- in an effort to avert a divisive court battle.
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(c) 1986 Los Angeles Times, April 21, 1986
Council President Pat Russell, who headed the earlier redistricting effort,
chose Alatorre to lead the latest attempt, and said his experience with the
state redistricting and his political skills made him "a natural" for the city
job.
Accusations Deflected
It also did not hurt that the new chairman was a Latino whose visibility
could deflect the accusation that the city has engaged in historic
discrimination against Hispanics.
"I don't want my plan to be thrown out by the Justice Department, so that
means I have to make substantial changes," Alatorre said when asked about the
plan. "How dramatic I think that is going to be will be in the eyes of the
beholder. Any change could be dramatic."
Alatorre, who helped draw political boundaries for legislative and
congressional districts in 1982, said no prospective new lines have been drawn
for the city yet, and will not be until public hearings are concluded.
Those public meetings, which began nearly two weeks ago, will continue today
with an afternoon and evening session at downtown City Hall. Earlier meetings
were held in South-Central Los Angeles, as well as the San Fernando Valley, and
another meeting is slated next week in the mid-Wilshire area.
But today's hearings are expected to attract residents from the downtown and
East Los Angeles neighborhoods, where some of the largest concentrations of
minority groups live. "That will be the battleground," Alatorre said of a
possible clash between competing interests groups.
Own Redistricting Plan
Latinos, for example, have long chafed at their lack of council seats despite
representing 27.5% of the city's population. After the Justice Department filed
its lawsuit, a major Latino organization -- the Mexican American Legal Defense
and Educational Fund - joined as a co-plaintiff and proposed its own
redistricting plan to the city.
That plan, summarily rejected by the council, suggested radically altering
council lines to create another district more favorable to Latinos in addition
to the 14th District represented by Alatorre. That realignment would have cut
deeply into the districts of several incumbents, eroding their chances for
reelection and threatening the council's political alliances.
The National Assn. for the Advancement of Colored People also expressed alarm
at the plan to switch the downtown business district from a largely black
district into a new and predominantly Latino one. And it questioned the wresting
of the Crenshaw District from Council President Russell, who is white but enjoys
strong support from blacks.
Join in Lawsuit
The NAACP asked the court to join in the lawsuit to protect the interests of
black voters. Lawyers for Chinese-American residents and businesses quickly did
the same. Both requests were granted last week by U.S. District Judge James
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® ® NEXIS ®
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
11
(c) 1986 Los Angeles Times, April 21, 1986
Ideman, who said that the Justice Department could not be expected to protect
the interests of all groups in pursuing a new reapportionment plan.
Stewart Kwoh, director of the Asian Pacific American Legal Center, said an ad
hoc group representing other segments of the Asian community is also prepared to
enter the legal fray.
"We feel that the Latinos have a valid claim and we support the
(reapportionment) process," Kwoh said, "but since this is going to be a very
political process, unless we have a voice in all the compromising and
negotiating, our interests may be ignored."
Some of Alatorre's own colleagues also are uneasy about exactly what kind of
plan his committee will produce.
"Keep in mind that redistricting comes down to every councilman and
councilwoman for themselves," said one City Hall staff member who asked not to
be identified. "This where it gets to be fun watching the 15 members scramble to
protect themselves."
Increased Attendance
That growing interest at least among council members - has meant
increased attendance at community hearings. Staff members have begun shuttling
back and forth with proposals. Some council members have already met with
Alatorre in his office to talk about their individual districts and what they
feel is important to retain or what they are willing to lose in any
redistricting plan.
Alatorre reiterated that he does not think any incumbents will be ousted -
much to the dismay of some Latino groups.
At the first public hearing in Sun Valley, about a dozen Latinos picketed the
sessions as a "sham" and boycotted the meeting. Others participated but remained
skeptical.
"We really don't believe that the council can put aside all its political
concerns and meet our community needs," said Richard Alarcon, president of the
San Fernando Valley chapter of the Mexican American Political Assn., who said
the solution may rest with the courts.
But Alatorre remains unperturbed, and scoffs at those who worry about back
room deals and who refuse to compromise on a workable plan.
"I'm sure everybody is not going to be happy with the plan," Alatorre said.
"If everybody's happy then you know something is wrong. I'll be very honest with
you, I don't see getting 15 (council) votes for this plan. There's no way.
"But if it can be done, I will come up with a plan, and get the votes to pass
it," he said. Then, waving to the array of maps in his office, he added, "If
they don't like it, they start again with somebody else."
GRAPHIC: Photo, Councilman Richard Alatorre, Los Angeles Times; Map, CURRENT LOS
ANGELES CITY COUNCIL DISTRICTS, Los Angeles Times
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
12
(c) 1986 Los Angeles Times, April 21, 1986
SUBJECT: REAPPORTIONMENT -- LOS ANGELES; ALATORRE, RICHARD
LEXIS® ® NE R NEXIS R
to Warren Burger's majority opinion in Lynch V. Donnel-
wide, the state's impending turmoil threatens to re-
ly. In that opinion, having likened government religious
shape the system of campaign finance just as we are in
displays to Presidential proclamations marking Christ-
the midst of efforts to reform it.
mas and the Jewish High Holy Days, Burger observed
In 1992, for the first time since direct election of
that the fears of religious divisiveness that gave rise to
Senators began, both California Senate seats might be
the First Amendment's religion clauses "are of far less
up for grabs in the same election, along with about a
concern today.
Any notion that these symbols pose
half-dozen brand-new open U.S. House seats and a
a real danger of establishment of a state church is
higher than average number of genuinely competitive
farfetched indeed."
House races. The political forces behind this conflu-
The accommodationist view makes sense if one ac-
ence were set in motion last February, when Republican
cepts that the only "establishment of religion" pro-
Senator Pete Wilson, whose term expires in 1994, an-
scribed by the First Amendment is the creation of a
nounced that he was running for Governor in 1990. If
national or state church. That is too big an "if" for me,
Wilson wins the statehouse-he is currently the favor-
but there is no doubt that a triumph for the accommo-
ite-he will appoint his own successor to the Senate
dationist view would discourage holiday horror shows
until the next general election, in 1992, determines
like the litigation over the miracles on Grant Street. But
who will fill the remaining two years of his
so would an acceptance by the Court of the counsel of
Senate term.
Justice Stevens in his dissent (joined by Brennan and
The seat of California's senior Senator, Alan Cran-
Thurgood Marshall) in last summer's ruling: "In my
ston, also will be up in 1992. At 78, tainted by the
opinion the Establishment Clause should be construed
Lincoln Savings and Loan scandal, Cranston is facing
to create a strong presumption against the display of
pressure within his own party to retire. Whatever he
religious symbols on public property. There is always
decides to do, California voters would face two highly
the risk that such symbols will offend non-members of
competitive, extremely expensive Senate races at once.
the faith being advertised as well as adherents who
consider the particular advertisement disrespectful."
ual Senate races have occurred under similar
The life of the law, Holmes said, has not been logic; it
has been experience. Pittsburgh's experience suggests
D
circumstances before, most recently in Minne-
sota in 1978, when two Republicans replaced
that the wiser reading of the law may be Justice
two liberal Democrats. But this time they would
Stevens's.
occur in the biggest and most expensive state in the
nation, where even routine Senate races cost twice as
MICHAEL MCGOUGH is editorial page editor of the Pitts-
much as anywhere else. Further, they would coincide
burgh Post-Gazette.
with an upheaval in the state's House delegation caused
by redistricting. The 1990 Census will give California
six or seven new House seats, which means that nearly
The end of California's political gold rush.
one in every eight Congressmen will represent the
Golden State. Just as significant, all the existing Califor-
in
nia Congressional district lines will have to be redrawn
in response to the changing population numbers
throughout the state.
THE BUCK STOPS
The process of redistricting-which will involve the
new, probably Republican Governor, the almost cer-
tainly Democratic legislature, possibly an independent
commission, and probably the courts-is unlikely to
give either party the advantage that the Democrats
By Norman J. Ornstein and Mark Schmitt
obtained in 1982 after the 1980 Census. But by chang-
ing the constituency of nearly every one of the state's
or the decade since California bequeathed Ron-
45 current Congressmen, then adding several open
F
ald Reagan to the nation, it has been a relatively
seats, redistricting could create a large number of com-
quiet player on the national political scene,
petitive races for the first time in a decade-and, at
calmly re-electing pragmatic, moderate officials
the least, generate panic among incumbents. That in
who appear to lack wider ambitions. But as 1992 ap-
turn will prompt Congressional candidates to spend
proaches, the state is getting ready to set in motion a
far more than the $26.3 million they spent in the
triple play that could transform the game of politics
state in 1988.
throughout the nation.
To top it all off, the California state legislature is
It begins with California's own 1992 elections, which
considering a bill that would move the 1992 Presiden-
promise to be more numerous, competitive, and costly
tial primary from June (where it has been irrelevant to
than any in the history of the state, or any other state.
the nomination in both parties since 1972) to early
For the rest of the nation as well, the 1992 elections will
March, right after Iowa and New Hampshire but before
be stormy and expensive. And because of California's
any other state. Such a move would mean not only that
peculiar role in financing political campaigns nation-
Californians would choose the front-runner for each
14 THE NEW REPUBLIC FEBRUARY 5, 1990
party's Presidential nomination, but also that no candi-
dates-not necessarily a wiser and certainly a less dem-
date who didn't have at least a million dollars in hand
ocratic procedure.
well in advance could even think about running for
With campaign finance reform high on the agenda
President.
for this year's Congressional session, the end of the
In the 1980s California came to serve as the political
California political gold rush offers warnings and les-
piggy bank for the rest of the country. A few years ago a
sons. The bottom line is that politicians in 1992 will be
quick trip to a fund-raiser at Barbra Streisand's Malibu
more obsessed with money than ever before. The sight
ranch netted an easy $1 million for six Senate candi-
of politicians too consumed with fund-raising to govern
dates, but the entertainment community was only the
effectively has been a driving force behind the push to
most visible of the state's money machines. Real estate
reform political money. If reform curtails or eliminates
interests in the Los Angeles area and high-technology
PACs, as seems likely, without also freeing up other
entrepreneurs from Silicon Valley bankrolled Senate
sources of money, it will result in another of those
and Presidential candidates of both parties. Every pro-
unintended consequences, worsening the political sys-
spective candidate for the 1992 Democratic Presidential
tem's obsession with fund-raising.
nomination has already made at least one fund-raising
If money can't come from PACs, the next source on
trip to California. Senate candidates, aware that
the list is wealthy individuals, many of whom happen to
1992 means 34 or 35 contests nationwide, including
live in California. California has been one of the few big
13 in which the incumbent squeaked by with less than
sources of non-PAC money: nationwide it ranked 37th
53 percent of the vote last time, are gearing up for
last year in the percentage of House campaign funds
fund-raising pilgrimages of their own.
that came from PACs, and the PAC percentage in the
But even in California money is not without limits,
Senate race was also among the lowest in the country,
and in 1992 Californians will want to save more of their
despite the staggering costs of that race.
cash for their own state. Its last two Senate general
elections cost a total of $43 million. With primaries in
ith PACs and California money constrained,
both parties, two simultaneous elections in 1992 could
easily surpass $60 million in spending. If California
W
campaign finance reform, if it is to work, has
to create access to other sources of money-
House candidates could find ways to spend $26 million
ideally, sources unconnected to special inter-
in 1988, when not one seat changed parties, they could
est privileges or pressures. It should either create new
easily lay out $40 million or $50 million in the newly
ways for middle-income individuals to contribute easily
competitive, redrawn districts of 1992. That's $110 mil-
to campaigns or provide some form of public financing.
lion just for Congressional races in California. To put
We could do both by restoring a tax credit for small
that prudent estimate in perspective, it would be more
donations to Congressional candidates, up to perhaps
than all the political action committees put together
$250, then supplement it by matching the first $100,000
spent on all the House races in the country in 1988.
or so of such small contributions to each candidate with
Much as a tight supply of money in the economy
federal dollars. The credit and matching funds should
benefits those who are already rich, a tight supply of
apply only to in-state contributions; realizing the havoc
campaign money would help the three kinds of politi-
that a heavy election year in California could cause, the
cians who already have it: millionaires willing to bank-
most valuable reform we could make would be to force
roll their own campaigns, particularly heirs who don't
candidates to rely on their own constituents for funds,
have to work at the businesses that generated their
rather than on industries, ideologues, and interest
millions; incumbents, particularly those legislators
groups concentrated on either coast. These or similar
whose committee spots give them influence over specif-
changes would have the added benefit of enhancing
ic industries and make them prime recipients of PAC
competition by helping challengers to get past the
money; and ideologues on both sides but especially on
threshold of funds that are necessary just to be noticed
the right, who can draw on mailing lists of reliable
in a Congressional race.
cause-minded donors.
Attempts to clean up the messier aspects of American
politics have often backfired, as the 1974 campaign
n Congressional races, neither party, on balance,
finance reforms did, with strange and unintended re-
I
would gain an obvious advantage if money is tight
sults. In retrospect, it is usually explained that the re-
in 1992. But especially if California holds an early
forms foundered on unforeseeable circumstances. But
primary, the normal pattern of a Presidential race
the circumstances that could cause many of today's
could be turned on its head. Only a very few candidates
reform proposals to fail are actually quite foreseeable.
in either party could think about running for President,
It is not too early to start thinking about 1992, not when
which is fine for the Republicans, who presumably al-
an odd coincidence in a single state could set off a new
ready have their Presidential nominee in mind. For the
crisis in campaign finance even before we have figured
Democrats, though, it would restrict the field to a very
out what to do about the last one.
few proven fund-raisers: Lloyd Bentsen, Mario Cuomo,
Bill Bradley, and perhaps Michael Dukakis. Instead of a
NORMANJ. ORNSTEIN is a resident scholar at the Ameri-
few thousand voters in Iowa and New Hampshire, a
can Enterprise Institute. MARK SCHMITT is a research
handful of big donors would winnow the field of candi-
associate at AEI.
16 THE NEW REPUBLIC FEBRUARY 5, 1990
Id
they could no longer
kakis administration and its allied in-
groups that, in turn,
dier
y's
terest groups have allowed the fiscal
and votes at election time. But voters
back. The rest
Anot
crisis to deepen SO as to provoke a
have caught on and have rejected lib-
array of force
ng I
stampede for tax increases.
eralism at the polls.
better at least
a
Edward Lashman, the Dukakis
The formula for electoral success
front of the
k, d
secretary of finance, says that without
popularized by FDR aide Harry Hop-
that "1,000 milit
ose
Id no
a major tax increase the state's notes
kins-"Tax, tax, spend, spend, elect,
by the ill-manne
rant
may fall into the junk-bond category.
elect"-now is discredited, killed by
lie dozens of
sinte)
Mr. Lashman claims the budget has
a new political ethic that holds the
tanks and armo
Neith
been cut to the bone, but he also ad-
line on taxes, forces elected officials
security vans.
units are touring
S giv
mits spending this year is running
to make choices and demands ac-
army parapherm
ng wl
$400 million ahead of last year.
countability.
gas masks, SCO
There also
ment wielded
or
Assault on the Gerrymander
olution. These
chine used by
OX
Opponents of gerrymandering-the
bike of a protes
12-member commission selected by
drawing of district lines to distort the
block army vehi
three retired judges. No party would
the sign says),
will of the electorate-often complain
be allowed to hold a majority on the
fragments "thro
f Repo
it is hard to educate voters about the
commission, any outside group would
nals that ambus
1 grou
problem. They lament it is an "inside
be welcome to submit proposed maps,
China's goven
ving
başeball" issue for political junkies.
and voters would retain the power to
ices fro
Well, it looks as if the public may be
reject any final redistricting plan
S, win
waking up.
through the initiative process.
Dem
kages
A group known as Californians for
na few
The initiative is supported by an
Political Reform has just submitted
try task
impressive number of groups across
By PAUL
Coaliti
more than 950,000 signatures on behalf
the political spectrum, including the
The most endors.
recom
of an initiative to take the drawing of
League of Women Voters and an anti-
the world today
NEG's
California's district lines away from
tax group founded by the late Paul
racy, and the
necticut
self-interested state legislators. The
Gann, co-author of Proposition 13.
human rights.
mpshire
initiative is all but assured of a spot
The initiative's backers are opti-
rights progress
vania, R
on next June's ballot. At least one
mistic, especially since an amazing
ippines and Soul
The legis
other initiative to limit gerrymander-
democratically
sed by th
23,000 individuals contributed money
Latin America
ing may also qualify.
npanies
to place the measure on the ballot. Its
ocratic initiative
er packa
The problem of gerrymandering is
author, San Mateo County Supervisor
adopted and purs
ve toxic
especially acute in California, which
Tom Huening, believes voters have
of zeal in Easte
um, cadm
served as the political canvas for the
tolerated gerrymandering only be-
Union.
acting 0
late Democratic Rep. Phil Burton, a
cause they are largely unaware of it.
Appropriately
ministrati
genius at sketching bizarre-looking
A California Field Poll taken in April
and democracy
aling with
districts. He called his 1982 redistrict-
ministration's
r rèspons
found that 41% of those polled had no
ing plan "my contribution to abstract
of State James
opinion about the current redistricting
rights is always
art." It has virtually ended competi-
Bush Si
plan. However, when voters were
because human
tive races for California's 45 House
read a description of gerrymandering,
important place
Deficit
seats. In 180 races for Congress in the
a whopping 82% disapproved of the
government,
state since 1982, only one seat has
process.
However, des
By a WALL
WASHIN
changed parties.
Today, the major danger to effec-
human rights
signed the
Californians tried to overturn the
tive democracy is rooted in political
the Soviet Union
Burtonmander, but were stymied by
where, the won
Congress pa
gerrymandering and the vast array of
an-arrogant State Supreme Court led
negative trends.
or its holid
incumbent protections Congress and.
The bill,
by: then-Chief Justice Rose Bird. In
including police
state legislatures have erected to gain
and even politic
ation act, ld
June 1982, voters rejected the Burton-
de facto lifetime tenure.
disturbing frequ
about $14.8 b
drawn maps by margins of nearly 2 to
Limitations on political competi-
created democr
Some $6 bill
1; When the Legislature merely
tion and the democratic process
world, some
will come th
changed a few details and reapproved
through the abstract redistricting art
given way to
ernment re
the gerrymander, the court threw off
cuts in spen
produced by vote-counting computers
events in China
from automa
the ballot an initiative to repeal Bur-
are becoming expensive. As Members
viet Union, in
ton II.
perestroika,
ing cuts imp
of Congress have become increasingly
Californians for Political Reform
siya appear to
man deficit-r
certain of re-election, their perform-
mous Leninist
lion through
is now giving voters a chance to
ances have deteriorated. Once again,
one step back.
service.
curb the gerrymander once and for
just as with Proposition 13, Califor-
What then
The deficit
all. Its initiative would take the
nians may lead the nation in bringing
democracy and
0 lower the
power to redistrict away from the
the public's latent dissatisfaction with
What is the value
billion max
state legislature and place it with a
the status quo to the surface.
eradicate death
Gramm-Rudm
ately alleviate
began Oct. 1. E
betterment? The
hasn't calculai
ence in country
how large the
Asides
mocracy is a
The latest (
man rights progi
fice estimate,
Authoritarian Art
coran Gallery, Christina Orr-Cahall,
ficient. Limited
cit actually will
who decided in June to cancel the
pendent judiciar
the savings pr
The art establishment is up in
Mapplethorpe show. The merits of
protect individ
Bush just signe
arms over the Helms amendment, but
this issue aside, the apparent need to
power.
we'd say these folks have some soul-
The problem
ostracize and punish Ms. Orr-Cahall
searching of their own to do. They've
vation of individ
reveals much about the culture of the
just forced out the director of the Cor-
nance of public
U.S. art world.
erty and the
12/20/89
Wall Street Journal
not inescapable.
solved by brief references to
Cambridge,
ourselves." The tensions between the new
Industrial Revolution and the basic pat-
terns of human nature demand serious and
Viable Reform Needed,
continuing intellectual confrontation.
EDWARD A. WYNNE
Not Empty Promises
Professor
In regard to your Dec. 20 editorial on
College of Education
California's reapportionment process ("As-
University of Illinois at Chicago
sault on the Gerrymander" ): While your
Chicago
point is indisputable-that political gerry-
mandering is based on political, rather
Mr. Bartley's article is a remarkable
than public, interest-revision of the reap-
1/3
mixture of sense and nonsense about, argu-
portionment process must offer real and
ably, the single most important issue of
viable reforms instead of empty prom-
our time.
ises.
Mr. Bartley can scarcely be faulted for
Though the proposal submitted for the
his incisive analysis of the emerging "in-
ballot by Californians for Political Reform
formation economy" as the key to a world
is well-intentioned and contains several at-
wide decrease in the power of govern-
tractive components, it unfortunately does
ments, democratic as well as totalitarian,
not offer the impartiality or independence
and of corporations; to a world-wide in
claimed, nor can it guarantee an end to
crease in the influence, even control, ex
gerrymandering.
erted by the citizenry of each nation; and,
Of the other states In which a reappor-
more familiar, to an increase in economic
tionment commission has been used, 75%
interdependence among nations. Nor would
of the plans have been challenged in court,
one wish him to mute his challenge to us to
with almost half being overturned. Bases
respond to the promise of the new age:
for the challenges have ranged from popu-
"The task before us is not to stop the new
lation deviation to racial-vote dilution to
S!
information age, but to take advantage of
gerrymandering-clearly refuting the
its vast opportunities."
claim that a commission will necessarily
His attempt to ground this, alas, in his
function "in the public interest. Moreo-
uncritical enthusiasm for the prosperity of
ver, the proposal offers no real system of
the 1980s and then to tie critical-minded-
checks and balances other than a time-con-
ness to the Malthusian pessimism of an
suming and expensive court challenge, and
earlier age of great change is another mat-
unlike legislators, the appointed commis-
ter.
sioners are not accountable to voters.
First, our prosperity in the 1980s, or the
Because the proposal requires compre-
reverse had history been otherwise, is
hensive plans to be submitted to the com-
nearly irrelevant to the coming of the
mission for evaluation, only those groups
global-information economy.
with adequate financial and staffing re-
Second, Mr. Bartley does a disservice to
sources will realistically be able to submit
RS,
his own end of responding to the hope of
plans. Those groups with the greatest re-
on
fered by the new age when he equates crit
sources primarily will include major politi-
Ka
icism he personally rejects with mere "hy
cal parties and narrowly focused special-
tec
pochondria." Only the unexamined life, as
interest groups-which may be one of the
Socrates noted long ago, is not worth livi
reasons Republican heavy-hitters are
ing. The free and full examination of ideas
backing the measure financially.
Mor
is the first and irreducible requirement for
The current system of reapportionment
eder
fulfilling the promise of the information
may be imperfect, but it does guarantee
com-
economy.
independence by virtue of a built-in system
"-de ISI
JOSEPH PATTISON
of accountability-by both parties in the
U.S.
Osterville, Mass.
state Legislature as well as a gubernato-
rial signature. The system has withstood
their
The piece by Mr. Bartley and one by L.
numerous court challenges in the past dec-
being.
Brent Bozell III, "And Now a Word From
ade-most recently under the conservative
com
the Hypochondriacs,' appearing below Mr.
State Supreme Court this past January.
Bartley's, both champion causes that ulti-
Finally, it is important to note that in
formed
mately will be fought out in the halls of
this decade alone, California voters have
queq B
government of this nation and very possi-
twice rejected ballot proposals mandating
into the
bly thereafter in its streets. The current
reapportionment commissions. Creation of
rp. units
polyglot U.S. population of different nation-
a "pristine" system may sound good on
Reporter
alities, races and social backgrounds
paper but, in reality, offers little in the
rmed
makes a dangerous political mixture for
way of "reform."
any country to assimilate and it will con-
REP. DON EDWARDS
distor
tinue to threaten domestic tranquility for
Chairman
perhaps another century. Messrs. Bartley
California Congressional Delegation
and Bozell should keep this in mind,
DAVID ROBERTI
In many ways a nation-state is akin to a
State Senate President Pro Tempore
large clan. And clans can live amicably in
WILLIE L. BROWN JR.
close proximity if each is careful to make
California Assembly Speaker
allowances for the mores of the other. But
Sacramento, Calif.
that
01
Pepper
and Salt
1
Advice to Advocates
Sa
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
In this country of many
causes
It's hard to say what we're
all for,
So be bold in what you stand
for
E
And careful what you fall
for.
6
-Ruth Boorstin.
yie
No-Fault Assurance?
en
Perfectionism is a curse
and
paid
I'd part with very gladly
Sub-
States,
For the joy of doing every-
year
thing
$156.50.
Just moderately badly.
"Now I know what it feels like to stand up and
Wall
Lillian Jockheck.
01020.
be counted."
Jour
copies
of
Services
Lexington
reserves
Only
titute
final
to
ANNUAL AVERAGE POPULATION CONTROLLED
CPS ESTIMATES FOR CALIFORNIA
Laba Dept
(NUMBERS IN THOUSANDS)
YEAR
CIVILIAN
CIVILIAN
EMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT
NONINSTI-
LABOR FORCE
LEVEL
RATE
TUTIONAL
POPULATION
1970
13532.0
8167.0
7575.0
592.0
7.3
1971
13894.0
8407.0
7669.0
739.0
8.8
1972
14233.0
8653.0
7996.0
656.0
7.6
1973
14590.0
8910.0
8286.0
624.0
7.0
1974
14975.0
9317.0
8638.0
679.0
7.3
1975
15386.0
9539.0
8598.0
941.0
9.9
1976
15824.0
9896.0
8990.0
906.0
9.2
1977
16278.0
10367.0
9513.0
853.0
8.2
1978
16762.0
10911.0
10137.0
775.0
7.1
1979
17214.0
11268.0
10566.0
702.0
6.2
1980
17687.0
11584.0
10794.0
790.0
6.8
1981
18069.0
11812.0
10938.0
875.0
7.4
1982
18427.0
12178.0
10967.0
1210.0
9.9
1983
18725.0
12281.0
11095.0
1187.0
9.7
1984
19162.0
12610.0
11631.0
980.0
7.8
1985
19644.0
12981.0
12048.0
934.0
7.2
1986
20065.0
13332.0
12442.0
890.0
6.7
1987
20512.0
13729.0
12938.0
791.0
5.8
1988
20840.0
14036.0
13292.0
743.0
5.3
NOV 1989
14 14468 468
13,76/,300 707.00 4.9
FEB- 1-24 THU 12:25 AVIA CORP.
P.01
California Republican Party
Frank A. Visco
TRANSMISSION COVER SHEET
Chairman
2-1-90
DATE:
TO:
Jeannie Nappo
The White House
COMPANY:
FAX#:
(202) 456-6218
FROM:
Kelly Bryan
Assistant to the Chairman
FAX#:
805-942-6093
COMMENTS:
Jeannie - per your request attached is the
back-up on the event that J. Brown made his famous statement.
If you have any questions, please contact me at (805) 945-3494.
Kelly Byyan
PAGES INCLUDING COVER PAGE:
4
Any problems or questions with this FAX, please call:
(805) 945-3494
1903 West Magnolia Blvd. Burbank. California 91506 (818) 841-5210
Office of the Chairman Post Office Box 2659 Lancaster. California 93534 (805) 945-3494
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
Joint appearance by Viso of Brown
may 9,1989
University Club in L.A.
Q+A session
"we need some handicapping
because d believe a fair
reapportement would put
the Democrats out of business. 11
Roger Scott, Kelly Bryan
Visco's sec)
no mediapresent
FEB- 1-24 THU 12:26 AVIA CORP.
P.02
REED & DAVIDSON
ATTORNEYS AT LAW
DANA W. REED
888 WEST SIXTH STREET, 12TH FLOOR
CARY DAVIDSON
DRANGE COUNTY OFFICE
LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90017
3151 AIRWAY AVENUE, SUITE M-1
DARRYL R. WOLD
COSTA MESA, CALIFORNIA 92626
or COUNSEL
TELEPHONE (213) 352-9238
TELEPHONE (714) 64H688
FACSIMILE (714) 546-1003
April 17, 1989
Mr. Frank Visco
Chairman
California Republican Party
44822 North Cedar
Lancaster, California 93534
Dear Chairman Visco:
On behalf of the Second Friday Group, I am pleased to confirm
your participation at our upcoming meeting:
Tuesday, May 9, 1989
University Club
640 West Sixth Street
Los Angeles, California
11:30 A.M. - Reception followed by lunch
1:30 P.M. Adjourn
As we discussed, the Second Friday Group is comprised of public
affairs officers and political action committee managers who are
key decision-makers concerning how funds will be spent by their
corporations or associations. The format for the discussion of
"the Political Parties in the Proposition 73 Era" will afford
both you and Mr. Brown five minutes each to present your views on
this topic.
Following these remarks, we expect questions and answers to last
some thirty minutes. Margie McCallister of ARCO will serve as
moderator for the discussion.
We are delighted that you will be participating in our discussion
on May 9th. If you have any further questions, please feel free
to call me at my Los Angeles office, or Margie McCallister at
(213) 486-0273.
Sincerely,
Walter J. Mix III
Director of Research and
Legislative Affairs
WJM:tn
CC: Margie McCallister
FEB- 1-24 THU 12:27 AVIA CORP.
P.03
ARCO
515 South Flower Street
Los Angeles, California 90071
Telephone 213 486 0273
M. M. McCallister
Manager
Political Affairs
May 17, 1989
Mr. Frank Visco
Chairman
California Republican Party
Post Office Box 2659
Lancaster, CA 93534
Dear Frank:
Thank you for joining me and the 2nd Friday Group for
lunch last week in Los Angeles. I have had a number
of favorable phone calls from attendees about the
comments you and Governor Brown shared with us.
As you know, the 2nd Friday Group is an informal,
unaffiliated group of PAC managers, association
representatives and corporate government relations
people from the Los Angeles area. Attached please find
the list of those who attended the lunch.
I understand that ARCO CAP -- ARCO's political
education program -- has contacted your office
requesting that you speak at an employee luncheon
forum at ARCO Plaza. Please let me know if there is
anything I can do to help schedule this event.
I enjoyed meeting you last week and hope to visit with
you again soon.
Sincerely,
Mangin McCallistin
attachment
Attentic Bichtield Company
FEB- 1-24 THU 12:27 AVIA CORP.
P.04
2ND FRIDAY GROUP LUNCHEON
Tuesday, May 9, 1989
University Club of Los Angeles
ATTENDEE LIST
1.
Governor Jerry Brown (guest)
2.
Frank Visco (guest)
3. Susan Ambrose, Hughes
4. Melinda Bittan, Bank of America
5. Doug Boyd, Noble & Campbell
6. Linda Braunschweiger, Union Bank
7. Stuart Byer, FHP
8. Kim Custer, Thomas & Assoc.
9. Jeanene Deardoff, Northrop
10. Ken Fisken, Hospital Council
11. Ed Goldstein, Rockwell
12. Betsy Graves, First Interstate
13. Linda Gwyn, Great Western
14. Kirk Hallahan, Cal. League of Savings Inst.
15. John Hartnet, Cal. League of Savings Inst.
16. Peter Hedrick, Security Pacific
17. Jean Horwatt, Rockwell
18. Jim Jackson, Transamerica
19. Gail Johnson, Ameron
20. Paula Johnston, ARCO
21. Terry Jonisch, Jonisch Communications
22. Sarah Kelly, County Assessor's Office
23. Doyen Klein, Ameron
24. Debbie Kurilchyk, Cong. Chris Cox's Office
25. Steve Lenzi, Auto Club
26. Cal Lockett, Security Pacific
27. Walt Mix, Reed & Davidson
28. Yvonne Nix, ARCO
29. Dave Oppenheim, Great Western
30. Mark Palotay, MCA
31. Pilar Perry, Watson Perry
32. Dennis Sondker, Cal Fed
33. Don Sorensen, Occidental Life
34. Peter Summerville, Coast Savings
35. Lauren Tabor, ARCO
36. Pat Trendacosta, Union Bank
37. George Williams, Pacific Enterprises
38. Debra Von Ehrenberg, Cal Fed
39. Kelly Bryant, Visco staff
40. Kathleen Phipps, Brown staff
41. other - Visco staff
42. other - Nissan representative
43. Margie McCallister, ARCO (host)
JAN 29 '90 17:17 CRP BURBANK
PAGE 02
California Republican Party
1903 West Magnolia Blvd. Burbank, California 91506 . (818) 841-5210
January 19, 1990
Hon. Tim Leslie
State Capitol
Sacramento, CA 95814
Dear Assemblyman Leslie,
I'm writing to invite your participation in a 1990 California
Republican Party Speakers Bureau. Its emphasis will be on
conveying a consistent, repeated message to large numbers of
voters over broadcast talk shows and through the news media. We
intend to set the terms of the election-year debate. If we
succeed, we will win in June and November. In broad outline, our
argument will be:
(1) the choice for the '90s is between either moving forward with
Republican policies that have proven successful, represented by
Pete Wilson, or returning to the failed liberalism of the '70s,
embodied by John Van de Kamp and Jerry Brown,
(2) real ethics reform in government means redistricting reform -
making office holders once more accountable to the voters by
ending the gerrymander, and
(3) Republicans don't need SIDC SD to gerrymander because we've already
won on the issues. Jerry Brown admitted as much during a debate
with CRP Chairman Frank Visco last year when he said a fair set of
district lines would put the Democrats "out of business."
Our immediate campaign will key on four fast-approaching events
the media will cover, which will provide us several opportunities
to be quoted: the 27th A.D. special election (1/30), Bush's State
of the Union Address (1/31), the Bush Los Angeles dinner for CRP
(2/6), and the upcoming CRP Convention in Santa Clara (3/9-11).
The convention's theme is "Fair Representation for the '90s."
Our Speakers would use broadcast talk shows, news conferences,
actualities through the RNC, and one-on-one interviews to convey
our message. These would be backed up by news releases, op-ed
pieces, articles in CRP publications (that would also be sent to
reporters), and talking points and sample letters to the editor
sent to Republican activists statewide.
The Speakers Bureau will be made up of GOP office holders,
JAN 29 '90 17:18 CRP BURBANK
PAGE 03
candidates, and other Republican leaders. I will immediately begin
arranging talk show appearances for Speakers Bureau members and
also arranging for our speakers to be available to give reaction to
the State of the Union address the night of January 31.
I'll call your office to follow up on this letter. I look forward
to working together with you to insure Republican victory in 1990.
Sincerely
John Kurzweil
Communications Director
FORUM
WHEN
YOU'RE A CRIP
(OR A BLOOD)
The
From drive -in restaurants
he drive-by killing is the
fordrive-by killings
sometime sport and occasional initiation rite of city
ago if anythe
gangs. From the comfort of a passing car, the itiner-
could hape personat
ant killer simply shoots down a member of a rival
happening to our citiz
gang or an innocent bystander. Especially common
among L.A.'s Bloods and Crips, the drive-by killing is
the parable around which every telling of the gang
story revolves. Beyond that lies a haze of images: mil-
lion-dollar drug deals, ominous graffiti, and colorfully
dressed marauders armed with Uzis. The sociologists
tell us that gang culture is the flower on the vine of
single-parent life in the ghetto, the logical result of
society's indifference. It would be hard to write a mo-
rality play more likely to strike terror into the hearts
of the middle class.
Many questions, though, go unasked. Who, really,
are these people? What urges them to join gangs?
What are their days like? To answer these questions,
Harper's Magazine recently asked Léon Bing, a jour-
nalist who has established relations with the gangs, to
convene a meeting between two Bloods and two
Crips and to talk with them about the world in which
the drive-by killing is an admirable act.
FORUM 51
The following forum is based on a discussion held at the Kenyon Juvenile Justice Center in south central Los
Angeles. Parole Officer Velma V. Stevens assisted in the arrangements. Léon Bing served as moderator.
LÉON BING
is a Los Angeles-based journalist. She is currently writing a book about teenage life in Los Angeles.
LI'L MONSTER
was a member of the Eight-Trey Gungsters set of the Crips. He is twenty-three years old and currently
on probation; he has served time for first-degree murder, four counts of attempted murder, and two counts
of armed robbery.
RAT-NECK
was a member of the 107-Hoover Crips. He is twenty-eight years old and currently on probation after
serving time for attempted murder, robbery with intent to commit grave bodily harm, assault and battery,
burglary, and carrying concealed weapons.
TEE RODGERS
founded the first Los Angeles chapter of the Chicago-based Blackstone Rangers, affiliated with the Bloods.
He is currently the resident "gangologist" and conflict specialist at Survival Education for Life and Family,
Inc., and an actor and lecturer.
B-DOG
is a pseudonym for a twenty-three-year-old member of the Van Ness Gangsters set of the Bloods. After this
forum was held, his telephone was disconnected, and he could not be located to supply biographical
information.
Getting Jumped In
ready from a set, then you clicked up, or under
his wing, you his protégé, and you get a ride
LÉON BING: Imagine that I'm a thirteen-year-old
in. Now, even though you get a ride in, there's
guy, and I want to get into a gang. How do I go
gonna come a time when you got to stand alone
about it? Am I the right age?
and hold your own.
LI'L MONSTER: There's no age limit. It depends on
BING: Stand alone and hold your own? Does that
your status coming into it. It's like, some people
mean I might have to steal a car or beat up
get jumped in, some people don't.
somebody or commit a burglary? -
BING: Jumped in?
RAT-NECK: Right.
LI'L MONSTER: Beat up.
BING: Is there another way?
B-DOG: Either beat up or put some work in.
RAT-NECK: You can be good from the shoulders.
RAT-NECK: Put some work in, that's mandatory,
LI'L MONSTER: Yeah. Fighting.
you know, a little mis [misdemeanor]-small
TEE: That's one of the best ways. A homeboy says:
type of thing, you know.
I'm young and mean and my mind's more keen
It's like this: say I get this guy comin' up and
And I've earned a rep with my hands
he says, "Hey, Cuz, I wanna be from the set."
And I'm eager to compete with the bangers
Then I'm like, "Well, what you about, man? I
on the street
don't know you-you might be a punk." So I
'Cause I've got ambitious plans.
might send him somewhere, let him go and ma-
nipulate, send him out on a burg' or-
LI'L MONSTER: See, when Tee was comin' up-
he's first generation and we second generation.
BING:-is that a burglary?
Now, if he saw me, he wouldn't be comin'
LI'L MONSTER: Yeah. But then, you might know
from the pants pocket with a gat or a knife, he'd
some person who's got a little juice, and, like, I
be comin' from his shoulders like a fighter.
might say, "You don't got to go through that,
That's what it was established on. Then, later
come on with me. You from the set."
on, come a whole bunch of cowards that can't
come from the shoulders, SO they come from
TEE RODGERS: If you click with somebody that's al-
the pocket-
52
HARPER'S MAGAZINE/MARCH 1989
unloads!
B-DOG: Boy, that stinks, you know?
BING: What's the most popular weaponry?
BING: He went from the Crips to the Bloods?
B-DOG: Whatever you get your hands on.
LI'L MONSTER: Yeah. And he almost lost his life.
TEE: Keep in mind we don't have no target ranges
TEE: When you switch sets, when you go from Cuz
and shit where we get prolific with these guns.
to Blood, or Blood to Cuz, there's a jacket on
B-DOG: Shoot 'til you out of bullets, then back up.
you, and you are really pushed to prove yourself
for that set. Sometimes the set approves it, and
RAT-NECK: Bullet ain't got no name, hit whatever
other times they cast you out. If you don't have
it hit.
loyalty to the first set you belong to, what the
TEE: Wait a minute! That was a hell of a question,
fuck makes us think that you gonna be loyal to
'cause the mentality of the people that gonna
us? That's just too much information. Shit, we
read this be thinkin'-
kickin' it, we hangin', bangin', and slangin'.
But who the fuck are you, and where are you
LI'L MONSTER:-every gang member walks around
really at? Where your heart at?
with that type of gun-
B-DOG: Perpetrated is what he is!
TEE:-and I can hear the police chief saying,
BING: What does that mean?
"That's why we need bazookas!" Look, put it on
the record that everybody ain't got a mother-
TEE: A perpetrator is a fraud, a bullshitter.
fuckin' bazooka-or an Uzi. Okay?
BING: How can someone prove himself?
BING: It's all on the record.
MONSTER: All right, like the cat Iceman. They
B-DOG: There are some people still believe in .22s.
might say, "To prove yourself as a Bounty Hunt-
er you go hit somebody from Eight-Trey."
TEE: Or ice picks. And don't forget the bat.
B-IXXG: If you got that much love.
RAT-NECK: And the lock in the sock!
BING: Hit somebody from the very set he was in?
BING: Are there little peewees, say, nine- to ten-
year-olds, in the sets?
RAT-NECK: Yeah. Then his loyalty is there.
RAT-NECK: Yeah, but we say "Li'l Loc" or "Li'l Ho-
BING: But is it really? Wouldn't someone say,
mie" or "Baby Homie." We never use "peewee"
"Hey, he hit his homeboy, what's to say he
because then people think you're a Mexican.
won't hit us if he changes his mind again?"
Mexicans say "peewee."
TEE: Look, when he changes sets, he's already got a
TEE: If it's a Blood set, they use a k instead of a c.
jacket on his ass. And when he goes back and
Li'l lok with a k. See, Bloods don't say c's and
takes somebody else out, that cuts all ties, all
Crips don't say b's. To a Blood, a cigarette is a
love.
"bigarette." And Crips don't say "because,"
B-DOG: Can't go to no 'hood. Can't go nowhere.
they say "cecause."
RAT-NECK: There it is.
BING: What prompted you to join, Li'l Monster?
TEE: The highest honor you can give for your set is
LI'L MONSTER: Say we're white and we're rich.
death. When you die, when you go out in a
We're in high school and we been buddies since
blaze of glory, you are respected. When you kill
grammar school. And we all decide to go to the
same college. Well, we all on the same street, all
for your set, you earn your stripes-you put
work in.
those years, and we all just decide to-
RAT-NECK: But once you a Crip-no matter
RAT-NECK:-join the gang.
what-you can't get out. No matter what, WOO-
TEE: What I think is formulating here is that hu-
wah-wham, you still there. I can leave here for
man nature wants to be accepted. A human be-
five years. Then 1 gets out of jail, I gets a new
ing gives less of a damn what he is accepted
haircut, new everything. Then, "Hey, there
into. At that age-eleven to seventeen-all
goes Rat-Neck!" You can't hide your face. You
kids want to belong. They are un-people.
can't hide nothin'! All that immunity stuff-
that's trash. Nobody forgets you.
BING: If you move-can you join another set?
TEE: That's how it goes. Just like L.A.P.D.-once
LI'L MONSTER: A couple weeks ago I was talking to
he retire and shit, that fool still the police! He's
a friend 'bout this guy-I'll call him "Iceman."
still strapped, carrying a gun. He's always a cop.
He used to be from Eight-Trey, but he moved to
Same with us. If you know the words, sing
Watts. Now he's a Bounty Hunter.
along: "When you're a Jet, you're a Jet all the
RORUM
11
way, from your first cigarette to your last dying
cers, athletes can recognize athletes, gay people
day."
can recognize gay people. Well, we can recog-
LI'L MONSTER: There you go.
nize each other. It's simple.
BING: When someone insults you, what happens?
Hangin', Bangin', Slangin'
LI'L MONSTER: Depends on what he saying.
BING: Once you're a Blood or a Crip, do you dress
BING: Say he calls you "crab" or "E-ricket." Or, if
you're a Blood, he calls you a "slob." These are
differently? We hear about guys with their jeans
fighting words, aren't they?
riding low, their underwear showing up top,
wearing colors, and having a certain attitude.
RAT-NECK: It's really just words. Words anybody
use. But really, a lot of that word stuff don't get
TEE: See, a lot of that is media shit. A brother will
people going nowadays.
get up, take his time, spray his hair, put his
French braids in, fold his rag, press his Pendle-
LI'L MONSTER: That's right.
ton or his khaki top, put creases in his pants,
TEE: There was a time when you could say some-
lace his shoes, and hit the streets.
thing about somebody's mama, and you got to
LI'L MONSTER: He's dressed to go get busy!
fight. Not so anymore.
TEE: He's dressed, pressed, he's down!
LI'L MONSTER: Now just ignore the fool.
BING: Is that the way you dress after you're in?
TEE: But if somebody say, "Fuck your dead home-
boys," oh, now we got a problem.
TEE: The reason a lot of brothers wear khaki and
house slippers and shit like that is because it's
LI'L MONSTER: Yeah, that's right.
cheap and comfortable.
TEE: Somebody call me "oo-lah" or "slob," fuck
B-DOG: Ain't no dress code nowadays.
'em. My rebuttal to that is "I'm a super lok-ed
out Blood." There's always a cap back, see what
LI'L MONSTER: Look, Rat-Neck got on a blue hat, I
I'm saying? But when you get down to the ba-
got on this hat, we Crips. B-Dog's a Blood: he
sics, like, "Fuck your dead homeboy," and you
got red stripes on his shoes, and that is that.
name the homeboy, that is death. Oh man, we
Now I can be in the mall, look at his shoes, and
got to take this to the grave.
know he's a Blood. He can look at my shoes—
these B-K's I got on-and say, "He's a Crip."
BING: Well, let's say you're with your homeboys
and someone does say, "Fuck your dead home-
RAT-NECK: But then again, might be none of that.
boys." What happens then?
Might just be ordinary guys.
B-DOG: That's it. The question of the matter is on,
BING: I've always thought that B-K stands for
right there, wherever you at.
"Blood Killers" and that's why Crips wear them.
LI'L MONSTER: He's dead. And if he's not, he's
LI'L MONSTER: It stands for British Knights. I don't
gonna-
buy my clothes because they blue. My jacket
B-DOG:-wish he was.
and my car is red and white. I wear the colors I
want to wear. I don't have no blue rag in my
BING: What does that mean?
pocket. I don't have no blue rubber bands in my
hair. But I can be walking down the street and,
TEE: I cannot believe the readers of this magazine
nine times out of ten, the police gonna hem me
are that naive. The point of the matter is, if he
up, label me a gangbanger-
disrespects the dead homeboys, his ass is gonna
get got. Period. Now let your imagination run
RAT-NECK:-or a dope dealer.
free; Steven Spielberg does it.
LI'L MONSTER: There's only one look that you got to
BING: Why this intensity?
have. Especially to the police. You got to look
black. That's the look. Now B-Dog here's a
TEE: Because there's something called dedication
Blood, and he doesn't even have to be gang-
that we got to get into-dedication to the gang
banging because if I'm in a mall with some of my
mentality-and understanding where it's com-
homeboys, nine times out of ten we gonna look
ing from. It's like this: there's this barrel, okay?
at him crazy. That's how you know. He don't
All of us are in it together, and we all want the
have to have no red on, we gonna look at him
same thing. But some of us are not so highly mo-
crazy. That's the mentality.
tivated to be educated. So we have to get ours
from the blood, the sweat, and the tears of the
TEE: Let me give up this, and you correct me if I'm
street. And if a homeboy rises up-and it is not
wrong: police officers can recognize police offi-
so much jealousy as it is the fear of him leaving
54
HARPER'S MAGAZINE/MARCH 1989
me-1 want to come up with him, but when he
Like some people say, "I don't give a fuck, I'll
reaches the top of the barrel, I grab him by the
smoke my mama!" Well, you know, that's stu-
pants leg and 1-
pidity shit.
TEE and LI'L MONSTER:-pull him back down.
BING: I realize that loyalty is paramount. But what I
want to know is, if a rival set has it out for some-
TEE: It's not that I don't want to see you go home,
but take me with you! As a man, I'm standing
one, does it always mean death?
alone as an individual. But I can't say that to
LI'L MONSTER: Before anybody go shooting, it's go-
him! I got that manly pride that won't let me
ing to be, "What is the problem?" Then we are
break down and say, "Man, I'm scared! Take me
going to find the root of the problem. "Do you
with you-1 want to go with you!" Now, inside
personally have something against Eight-Trey?"
this barrel, we are in there SO tight that every
You say, "No, I just don't like what one of your
time we turn around we are smelling somebody's
homeboys did." Then you all beat him up.
ass or somebody else's stinky breath. There's SO
many people, I got to leave my community to
change my fuckin' mind!
RAT-NECK: Yeah!
There's only one
TEE: That's how strong peer pressure is! It's that
crab-in-the-barrel syndrome. We are just
look you got to have.
packed in this motherfucker, but I want to feel
good. So how? By bustin' a nut. So I fuck my
Especially to the police.
broad, she get pregnant, and now I got another
baby. So we in there even tighter. In here, in
You got to look black.
this room, we can relax, we can kick it, we can
That's the look
laugh, we can say, "Well, shit-homeboy from
Hoover's all right." Because we in a setting
now, and nobody's saying, "FUCK HIM UP,
BLOOD! FUCK HIS ASS! I DON'T LIKE
B-DOG: Beat him up, yeah.
HIM-KICK HIS ASS!" You know what I'm
saying? That's bullshit! We can't just sit down
LI'L MONSTER: Just head it up. Ain't nobody else
and enjoy each other and say, "Are you a man?
going to get in this.
Do you wipe your ass like I wipe my ass? Do you
BING: Head it up?
cut? Do you bleed? Do you cry? Do you die?"
There's nowhere where we can go and just expe-
LI'L MONSTER: Fight. One on one. You know, head
rience each other as people. And then, when we
up. Andthen it's over.
do do that, everybody's strapped.
BING: Are you friends after that?
RAT-NECK: Seems like nothin' else
LI'L MONSTER: Well, you not sending each other
BING: You make it sound inescapable. What would
Christmas cards.
you tell someone coming along? What would
BING: What if you just drive through another gang's
you tell a younger brother?
turf? Are you in danger?
RAT-NECK: I had a younger brother, fourteen years
LI'L MONSTER: Yeah. I mean, I could be sitting at a
old. He's dead now, but we never did talk about
light, and somebody say, "That's that fool, Li'l
it. He was a Blood and I am a Crip, and I know
Monster," and they start shooting. That could
what time it is. I couldn't socialize with him on
be anywhere. Bam! Bam! Bam!
what he do. All he could do is ask me certain
things, like, "Hey, bro, do you think I'm doing
BING: Are you targeted by reputation?
the right thing?" And, well, all I could say is,
LI'L MONSTER: Yeah. That's my worst fear, to be sit-
"Hey, man, choose what you wanna be. What
ting at a light.
can I do? I love you, but what do I look like,
goin' to my mama, tellin' her I smoked you,
B-DOG: That's one of mine, too.
smoked my brother? What I look like? But why
LI'L MONSTER: So I don't stop. I don't pull up right
should I neglect you because you from there?
behind a car. And I am always looking around.
Can't do that. You my love." And if I don't give
a fuck about my love, and I don't give a fuck
B-DOG: Always looking.
about my brother, then I don't give a fuck about
LI'L MONSTER: That's my worst fear because we did
my mama. And then your ass out, when you
SO much of it. You know, you pull up, man,
don't give a fuck about your mama.
block him in, and-
FORUM
55
B-DOG:-that was it.
"What the fuck, you can't go out there
LI'L MONSTER: They put in work. That is my worst
strapped! What's wrong with you?" But I say I
fear. And if you ever ride with me, you notice I
gotta let 'em know what time it is and carry
always position myself where there is a curb.
something, you know, 'cause we don't really
That middle lane is no-man's-land.
know what's going on in New York. But we hear
SO much about New York, how they operate,
B-DOG: That's dangerous.
how rough it's supposed to be. So, okay, we de-
LI'L MONSTER: You know how they say, "Look out
cide we gonna carry a buck knife-something.
for the other guy"? Well, I am the other guy.
So we kickin', walkin', cruisin' the street, ev-
Get out of my way. Give me the starting posi-
erything. And then I see a homeboy standin'
tion. You know, because I can-phew! Claus-
right here next to me.
trophobia. I seen that shit happenin', man. I be
And he come up to us and do some shit like
that shit happenin', man, and I don't never want
this: he take three pennies, shake 'em, and
that to happen to me, just to be sitting at the
throw 'em down in front of his shoe. We, like,
light and they take your whole head off.
what the fuck is this? Is it, you got a beef? Like,
he knew we weren't from there. So we not
BING: Say everybody's fired up to get somebody
lookin' at him, but, like, why the fuck he
from an enemy set, but there's this young kid
throw three pennies down there? Like, was it,
who says, "I can't do that. I don't feel right
"Get off our turf"? But we didn't understand
about it-this is a friend of mine." What's going
his language. Out here, it's like, "What's
to happen?
happenin? What's up, Cuz? What's up, Blood?"
LI'L MONSTER: There's many ways that it can be
But in New York, you lookin' at the damn pen-
dealt with. Everybody can disown him, or ev-
nies, and maybe he come back and hit you.
erybody can just say, "Okay, fine, but you gotta
Maybe if you pick up the pennies, then you got
do something else." See what I'm saying?
a beef with him. Maybe if you don't pick 'em up,
then you supposed to walk off. But shit, we
B-DOG: But he's gonna be disciplined one way or
lookin' at the pennies, and lookin' at him, and
the other.
it's like goddamn! So we walks off and leaves the
RAT-NECK: 'Cause he know everything, man, and
Bronx and goes to Harlem.
he think he gonna ride on up outta here?
Oh, man-that's what you call a gutter. You
get to lookin' around there and thinking, "God-
LI'L MONSTER: So you go home and say, "Yeah,
damn, these my people? Livin' like this? Livin' in
mama. I got out, mama. Everything's cool."
a cardboard box?" I mean, skid row got it goin'
And mama looking at you like-"Son, are you
on next to Harlem. Skid row look like Holly-
sure?" "Cause she knows damn well those moth-
wood to them.
erfuckers ain't gonna let you go that easy.
TEE: Now that's the flip side to those motherfuckers
Kickin' It
who say, "I smoke anybody-I'll smoke my
mama!" We, as homeboys, look at him and
BING: Did you vote in the last election?
say, "Your mama carried you nine months and
TEE: Yeah, I voted. But look at the choice I had:
shitted you out, and if you'll kill your mama, I
Bush bastard and Dumb-kakis.
know you don't give two shakes of a rat's rectum
about me!"
RAT-NECK: A bush and a cock.
RAT-NECK: He'll kill me. He'll smoke me.
BING: Why didn't you vote for Jesse in the primary?
BING: What's going to happen in 1989? Los Ange-
TEE: I truly believe that shit rigged. Everybody I
les has the highest body count ever. More
know voted for Jesse, but-
deaths than in Ireland.
B-DOG:-Jesse was out.
RAT-NECK: Not more than New York. In New York
they kill you for just a penny. I took a trip to
RAT-NECK: It's different for us. Like, what's that
New York one time. This guy wanted me to see
guy's name shot President Reagan? What hap-
what it was like.
pened to that guy? Nothin'!
BING: You mean gang life in New York City?
BING: He's in prison.
RAT-NECK: No, to see how people live-gang life,
LI'L MONSTER: Oh no he's not. He's in a hospital.
the whole environment, the whole everything.
TEE: They're studyin' him.
I was there for two days, right? He took us to
Queens, Harlem, the Bronx-everywhere. We
RAT-NECK: See, they did that to cover his ass.
talked about going out strapped. He said,
They say he retarded or something.
56
HARPER'S MAGAZINE/MARCH 1989
B-DOG: See. if I had shot Reagan, would they have
TEE: It's not my interview.
put me in a mental facility?
BING: I'm trying to understand your motives. Let
RAT-NECK: They would have put you away right
me ask a different question: If a homeboy is
there where you shot him. Bam-judge, jury,
killed, how is the funeral conducted?
executioner.
TEE: You got four different sets here in this room,
TEE: Why is it they always study white folks when
and each set has its own rules and regulations.
they do heinous crimes, but they never study
us? We got black psychiatrists.
RAT-NECK: Okay, like, my little brother just got
killed. You talkin' funeralwise, right? At this
BING: What about all this killing, then?
funeral, Bloods and Crips was there. But didn't
TEE: I'm gonna shut up now, because the way the
nobody wear nothin', just suits. Every funeral
questions are coming, you portray us as animals.
you go to is not really colors.
Gangbanging is a way of life. You got to touch
TEE: Thank you! Yeah!
it, smell it, feel it. Hearing the anger, the frus-
tration, and the desperation of all of us only
RAT-NECK: You just going to give your last respect.
adds to what the media's been saying-and it's
Like my little brother, it really tripped me out,
worse, coming out of our mouths. There has to
the way I seen a big "B" of flowers with red roses
be questions directed with an understanding of
in it, and one tiny blue thing they brought. And
our point of view. Sorry.
these were Bloods!-goddamn! Like one of my
homeboys asked me, "What's happenin', Rat?"
BING: All right. Ask one.
and I said, "Hey, man-you tell me." And I
A Gangbanger's Glossary
Baller: a gangbanger who is making money; also high
Jacket: a record or a reputation, both within the gang
roller
and at the police station
Cap: a retort
Jumped in: initiated into a gang; getting jumped in
Click up: to get along well with a homeboy
typically entails being beaten up by the set members
Crab: insulting term for a Crip; also E-ricket
Kickin it: kicking back, relaxing with your homeboys
Cuz: alternative name for a Crip; often used in a
Loc- out: also lok ed out; from "loco," meaning
greeting, e.g., "What's up, Cuz?"
ready and willing to do anything
Down: to do right by your homeboys; to live up to ex-
Make a move: commit a crime; also manipulate
pectations; to protect your turf, e.g., "It's the job of
Mark: someone afraid to commit a crime; also punk
the homeboys to be down for the "hood"
O.G.: an abbreviation for Original Gangster; i.e., a
Gangbanging: the activities of a gang
gang member who has been in the set for a long time
Gat: gun
and has made his name
Give it up: to admit to something
Oo-lah: insulting term for a Blood; also slob
Hangin', bangin', and slangin': to be out with the
Perpetrate: betray your homeboys; bring shame on
homeboys, talking the talk, walking the walk; slang-
yourself and your set
in' comes from "slinging" or selling dope
Put in work: any perilous activity from fighting to
Head up: to fight someone one-on-one
murder that benefits the set or the gang
Hemmed up: to be hassled or arrested by the police
Set: any of the various neighborhood gangs that fit
'Hood: neighborhood; turf
within the larger framework of Bloods and Crips
Homeboy: anyone from the same neighborhood or
Smoke: to kill someone
gang; a friend or an accepted person; in a larger sense,
Top it off: to get along well with someone; reach an
a person from the inner city; also homie
understanding
FORUM
57
looked around, saw some other guys there, you
C and R Clothiers! And some of the shit is
know? They ain't us, but they came and showed
tailored!
respect, so-move back. Couple of them
BING: You mention your mothers a lot, and I sense
walked by us, looked at us, and said, "That's our
a love that's very real. If you do love your moms
homeboy, that's Rat-Neck's brother."
SO much and you kill each other, then it has to
When he got killed, you know, I had a whole
be the mothers who ultimately suffer the worst
lot of animosity. I'd smoke any damn one of
pain. How do you justify that?
'em, but one thing-one thing about it-it
wasn't black people who did it. That's the one
B-DOG: Your mother gonna suffer while you living,
thing that didn't make me click too much.
anyway. While you out there gangbanging,
Now, if a black person woulda did it, ain't no
she's suffering. My mother's suffering right now.
tellin' where I'd be right now, or what I'd do, or
All my brothers in jail.
how I'd feel. I'd be SO confused I might just
RAT-NECK: My mother's sufferin', sittin' in her liv-
straight out fuck my job, my wife, my kid, what-
ing room, and maybe there's a bullet comin' in
ever, and say, "I don't give a fuck about you-
the window.
bro got killed!"
BING: What do you say to your mother when she
BING: How did he get killed?
says, "All your brothers are in jail, and you're
RAT-NECK: I don't really know the whole rundown.
out there in danger"?
B-DOG: We don't even get into that no more.
R.AT-NECK: She probably don't think about that at
He got a Ph. D. from
all-just so she can cope with it.
B-DOG: Me and my mother don't discuss that no
SWU. That's a Pimp
more, because I been into this for so long, you
know. When me and my mother be together,
and Hustler Degree from
we try to be happy. We don't talk about the
gang situation.
Sidewalk University
LI'L MONSTER: Me and my mother are real tight,
you know? We talk like sister and brother. I
don't try to justify myself to her-any more than
she tries to justify her work or how she makes her
TEE: What Rat-Neck's saying is the respect. We
money to me. What I do may come back to hurt
buried three of our own yesterday, and for each
her, but what she does may also come back to
one we went to the mother to see how she
hurt me. Say I'm thirteen and I'm staying with
wanted it-
my mother, and she goes off on her boss and
loses her job-how does she justify that to me?
LI'L MONSTER:-how she wanted it! That's it!
BING: Well, the loss of a job is not quite the same as
TEE: "Cause the mother carried that baby for nine
an actively dangerous life-style in the streets,
months-that's her child. It's her family, and
wouldn't you agree?
we're the extended family. She got the first
rights on what goes on there. It's the respect fac-
TEE: "An actively dangerous life-style"-that really
tor that lies there, and if the mother says there's
fucks me up. Okay, here we go. "Woman" is a
no colors, you better believe ain't no colors!
term that means "of man." Wo-man. My moth-
er raised me, true enough. Okay? And she was
RAT-NECK: And no cartridges in the coffin
married. There was a male figure in the house.
TEE: If he went out in a blaze of glory, and his mama
But I never accepted him as my father. My
say, "You all bury him like you want to bury
mother can only teach me SO much 'bout being a
him"-oh, then we do it."
man-child in the Promised Land. If, after that,
there is nothing for me to take pride in, then I
BING: How would that be?
enter into manhood asshole backwards, and I
TEE: If he was a baller-you know what I'm say-
stand there, a warrior strong and proud. But
ing-then everybody get suited and booted.
there is no outlet for that energy, for me or my
brothers, so we turn on each other.
BING: Do you mean a sea of colors?
So, Mom sends us to the show, and all we get
EVERYONE: NO! Suits and ties! Shined shoes!
is Clint Eastwood, Superfly, and Sweet Sweet Bad
Ass. Now what goes up on the silver screen
LI'L MONSTER: Jump in the silk!
comes down into the streets, and now you got a
TEE: We own suits, you know! Brooks Brothers,
homeboy. And mama says, "I don't want you to
58
HARPER'S MAGAZINE/MARCH 1989
go to your grave as a slave for the minimum
B-IX G: They want to live better. To buy what they
wage." So you say, "I am going to go get us
want. To get a house.
something, make this better, pay the rent."
The first thing a successful athlete does-and
RAT-NECK: Not worry about where the next meal
you can check me out-is buy his mama a big-
come from.
ass house. That's what we want. And if we have
TEE: To live comfortable and get a slice of Ameri-
to get it from the streets, that's where we go.
can Pie, the American Dream.
BING: Why?
B-DOG: There it is.
TEE: It's the same everywhere. A sorority, a fraterni-
TEE: The Army came out with a hell of a slogan:
ty, the Girl Scouts, camping club, hiking club,
"Be all you can be." And that's it.
L.A.P.D., the Los Angeles Raiders, are all the
We all want the same thing. We've been
same. Everything that you find in those groups
taught by television, the silver screen, to grow
and institutions you find in a gang.
up and have a chicken in every pot, two
BING: So are you saying there's no difference be-
Chevys, 2.3 kids in the family. So we have been
tween the motives of you guys joining a gang
taught the same thing that you have been
and, say, a young WASP joining a fraternity?
taught, but there is certain things that we can
hold on to and other things that-we see them.
RAT-NECK: You got a lot of gangbangers out there
but we just cannot reach them. Most of us are
who are smart. They want it. They got what it
dealing with the reality of surviving as opposed
takes. But the difference is they got no money.
to, "Well, my dad will take care of it."
TEE: I know a homie who had a scholarship to
BING: Are you saying that gangbanging is just an-
USC. But he left school because he found preju-
other version of the American Dream?
dice alive in America, and it cut him out. He
LI'L MONSTER: It's like this. You got the American
said, "I don't have to stand here and take this.
Dream over there, and you reaching for it. But
As a matter of fact, you owe my great-grandfa-
ther forty acres and a mule."
you can't get it. And you got dope right here.
real close. You can grab it easy. Dealing with
LI'L MONSTER: Forget the mule, just give me the
the closer one, you might possibly make enough
forty acres.
money to grab the other one. Then you throw
TEE: So he took to the streets. He got a Ph.D. from
away the dope. That's a big if now.
SWU. That's a Pimp and Hustler Degree from
BING: Seriously, does anybody ever stop dealing?
Sidewalk University.
B-DOG: If you was making a million dollars off of
BING: If it went the other way, what would your life
drugs, you know.what I'm saying, are you gonna
be like?
give that up for a legitimate business?
RAT-NECK: I'm really a hardworking man. I
TEE: This goes back to it. You started out for need,
make bed mattresses now, but I would like to
and now you stuck in it because of greed. That's
straight out be an engineer, or give me a day-
when you play your life away. There comes a
care center with little kids coming through, and
time when you have to stop playing, but as far as
get me the hell away as far as I can. All I want to
the streets go, you are a street player. Now there
do is be myself and not perpetrate myself, try
may come a time when you say, all right, I've
not to perpetrate my black people. Just give me
played, I've had time in the gang, now I got to
a job, give me a nice house-everybody dream
raise up. But if you is so greedy that you cannot
of a nice home-and just let me deal with it.
smell the coffee, then you're cooked.
BING: And how do drugs figure into this?
BING: But if you do get out, do you always have to
come back when your homeboys call?
LI'L MONSTER: Wait a minute. I just want to slide in
for a minute. I want to set the record straight.
LI'L MONSTER: It ain't like you gonna be called
People think gangs and drugs go hand in hand,
upon every month.
but they don't. If I sell drugs, does that make me
a gangbanger? No. If I gangbang, does that
B-DOG: But if you gets called, then you must be
make me sell drugs? No. See, for white peo-
needed, and you must come.
ple-and I am not saying for all white people,
LTL MONSTER: It's like this-and I don't care who
just like what I say about black people is not for
you are, where you started, or how far you got-
all black people-they go for college, the step-
you never forget where you come from.
ping-stone to what they want to get. And some
TEE: That's it.
black people look to drugs as a stepping-stone to
get the same thing.
B-DOG: You never forget where you come from.
FORUM
59
FEB 2 '90 16:23 CRP BURBANK
PAGE 01
California Republican Party
1903 West Magnolia Blvd. . Burbank, California 91506 (818)841-5210
TELECOPIER TRANSMITTAL
DATE: 2/2/90
TO: Teanie Nappo
FROM:
TELECOPIER NUMBER RECEIVING: 202/456-6218
NUMBER OF PAGES (Not including transmittal): 10
SUBJECT: 1984 statement. s Vote
COMMENTS
Hullil (Telecopief Operator)
FEB 2 '90 16:23 CRP BURBANK
PAGE. 02
STATEMENT OF VOTE
GENERAL ELECTION
NOVEMBER 6, 1984
IM the Matter of the
Affidavit and Stutement of Receive
ELECTION FOR GOVERNOR
and Expenditures of
of the State of California,
Republican
held November 8, 1898.
of
Itemized Stateme:
contributed,
Moncher
Campriga
for
5001
eserved
by him-
election:
Voucher
18
No.
&
to-wit:
Sent
fure from Los Angeles to Santa
$3.33
Sent
Hotel heard tend lodging one day-
2.00
Sect.
Railroad fame Barhara to
85
Serv
Hotel Rose, hourd and lodging day-
3.
3.75
S-66
24
Railroad fare from Ventura to San Bernardino
4.25
Selt. 340--Two bele/braus
61
$oot. 25 Railroad late from 8-n Berhardino to Service
0.00
Sent 27 rond Take from San Diego to Riverside
5.35
(ston-over at Santa Ana)
24.07 lodging 38.4-Hote1 7,111 at Riverside for board and
4.00
()
Compiled by March Fong Eu
Secretary of State
FEB 2 '90 16:24 CRP BURBANK
PAGE. 03
Dems
REPS
1.
157,037
95,186
D
2
69,793
158,679
R
3
131,369
0
D
4- 130,109
77,773
D
5
139,692
45,930
D
6
162,511
71,011
D
7
158,306
78,985
D
8
174,316
94,907
D
9.
136,511
51,399
a
10 102,469
56,256
D
"
193,607
59,625
A
12 91,026
155,795
R
13. 139,851
70,666
D
IY 58,384
179,238
d
15 109,590
54,730
D
is 153,377
60,065
D
17. 48,888
128,802
18 128,186
62,339
D
19,
70,278
153,189
20,
62,307
151,732
21, 62,085
173,50%
R R R R R
22 0
1871,981
Z3
140,461
84,093
D
24 97,340
51,010
24,968
20
117,080
69,372
ADDODO
D
25 74,261
D
D
27
116,933
88,896
D
zr
113,076
33,511
Extended Page 3.1
$2
108,777
16,781
D
R
64,378
53,900
D
7.
100,655
41,691
D
32
102,901
62,176
D
33
54,147
147,363
6
3580824 34
87,060
58,467
D
N JOCCILL
I
PAGE. 04
D
MEL
D
of
176,477
712'08
149,955
86,545
175,758
164,257
161,068
177,783
165,643
39,977
149,011
4,423,736
FEB 2 '90 16:24 C R P CRP BURBANK
A\
55 0
36 107,432
37 85,908
rez'et &
39 54,889
8AE'78 c/o
Str'ss
22 60,025
43 50,996
44 99,378
X 45,325
%
FEB 2 '90 16:25
CRP BURBANK
PAGE. 05
2
United States Representative in Congress
First Congressional District
Douglas H
David
Bosco
Redick
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
Del Norte
4,432
2,550
Humboldt
35,801
15,787
Lake
10,857
7,506
Mendocino
19,131
11,029
Napa
16,686
14,234
Sonoma
70,130
44,080
District Totals
157,037
95,186
62.3%
37.7%
Second Congressional District
Gene
Harry
Chappie
Cozza
(Rep-Inc)
(Dem)
Butte
45,142
24,262
Coluse
4,102
1,038
Glenn
6,422
2,045
Lake
706
379
Napa
10,397
4,280
Nevada
3,553
1,353
Shasta
35,878
14,240
Siskiyou
11,392
5,902
Sutter
14,512
3,899
Tehama
11,929
5,538
Trinity
4,043
2,072
Yuba
10,603
4,785
District Totals
158,679
69,793
69.5%
30.5%
Third Congressional District
Robert T
Matsui
(Dem-Inc)
Sacramento
131,369
100%
Fourth Congressional District
Vic
Roger
Roger Conant
Fazio
Canfield
Pope
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(Lib)
Sacramento
58,495
39,811
2,150
Solano
37,048
23,102
983
Yolo
34,566
14,860
906
District Totals
130,109
77,773
4,039
61.4%
36.7%
1.9%
Fifth Congressional District
sala
Tom
Joseph
Henry
Burton
Spinose
Fuhrig
Clark
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(Lib)
(P&F)
San Francisco
139,692
45,930
4,008
3,574
72.3%
23.8%
2.1%
1.8%
FEB
2 '90 16:25
CRP BURBANK
PAGE. 06
3
Sixth Congressional District
Barbara
Douglas
Howard
Boxer
Binderup
Creighton
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(L1b)
Marin
70,480
40,446
3,195
San Francisco
48,457
10,903
1,085
Soleno
22,456
8,063
541
Sonoma
21,118
11,597
753
District Totals
162,511
71,011
5,574
68%
29.7%
2.3%
Seventh Congrassional District
George
Rosemary
Miller
Their
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
Contra Costa
158,306
78,985
66.7%
33.3%
Eighth Congressional District
Ronald V
Charles
Dellums
Connor
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
Alameda
119,755
46,574
Contra Costa
24,561
48,333
District Totals
144,316
94,907
60.3%
39.7%
Ninth Congressional District
Fortney
Peter
JT Eager
Martha
Stark
Beaver
Fuhrig
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(Lib)
Alameda
136,511
51,399
7,398
69.9%
26.3%
3.8%
Tenth Congressional District
Don
Robert P
Perr
Edmon V
Edwards
Herriott
Cardestam
Kaiser
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(L1b)
(A-I)
Alameda
38,304
27,104
1,038
989
Santa Clara
64,165
29,152
1,751
1,674
District Totals
102,469
56,256
2,789
2,663
62.4%
34.3%
1.7%
1.6%
Eleventh Congressional District
Tom
John J 'Jack"
Nicholas W
Lantos
Hickey
Kudrovzeff
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(A-I)
San Mateo
147,607
59,625
3,883
69.9%
28.3%
1.8%
Twelfth Congressional District
Ed
Martin
Bill
Zschau
Carnoy
white
(Rep-Inc)
(Dem)
(Lib)
San Mateo
23,430
9,699
757
Sants Clara
121,900
74,269
4,398
Santa Cruz
10,465
7,058
717
District Totals
155,795
91,026
5,872
61.7%
36.0%
2.3%
FEB
2 '90 16:26
CRP BURBANK
PAGE. 07
4
Thirteenth Congressional District
Norman Y John D 'Jack' John R
Mineta
Williams
Redding
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(Lib)
Santa Clara
139,851
70,666
3,836
65.2%
33%
1.6%
Fourteenth Congressional District
Norm
Ruth 'Pavla'
Fred W
Shumway
Carlson
Colburn
(Rep-Inc)
(Dem)
(Lib)
Alpine
303
128
20
Amador
6,096
2,283
246
El Dorado
31,513
9,415
931
Lassen
6,194
2,164
192
Modoc
3,241
822
90
Nevada
18,257
6,753
965
Placer
41,550
14,598
2,598
Plumas
5,614
2,221
234
San Joequin
63,305
19,404
1,521
Sierra
1,165
596
53
District Totals
179,238
58,384
6,850
73.3%
23.9%
2.8%
Fifteenth Congressional District
Tony
Carol
Richard M
Coelho
Harner
Harris
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(L1b)
Fresno
20,164
9,092
553
Mariposa
3,678
2,615
172
Merced
27,364
11,418
832
Stanislaus
58,384
31,605
1,529
District Totals
109,590
54,730
3,086
65.5%
32.7%
1.8%
Sixteenth Congressional District
Patricia
Leon E
Smith
Bill
Panetta
Ramsey
Anderson
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(Lib)
Monterey
71,786
26,988
1,227
Sen Benito
5,372
3,329
217
San Luis Obispo
19,344
11,763
547
Santa Cruz
56,875
17,985
1,254
District Totals
153,377
60,065
3,245
70.8%
27.7%
1.5%
Seventeenth Congressional District
Charles
'chip'
simon
Fashayan
Lakritz
(Rep-Inc)
(Dem)
Fresno
50,369
14,040
Kern
9,233
8,139
Kings
13,746
7,292
Tulare
55,454
19,417
District Totals
128,802
48,888
72.5%
27.5%
FEB 2 '90 16:26
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PAGE. 08
5
Eighteenth Congressional District
Richard H
Dale L
Lehmen
Even
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
Calaveras
6,201
5,516
Fresno
66,294
25,471
Madera
11,076
8,423
Mono
1,835
1,729
San Joaquin
32,652
14,070
Tuolumne
10,128
7,130
District Totals
128,186
62,339
67.3%
32.7%
Nineteenth Congressional District
Robert J
'Bob'
James C
Charles John
Lagomarsino
Carey IF
Zekan
(Rep-Inc)
(Dem)
(P&F)
Santa Barbara
96,204
43,183
2,472
ventura
56,983
27,095
1,689
District Totals
153,187
70,278
4,161
67.3%
30.9%
1.8%
Twentieth Congressional District
William M
Mike
Thomas
LeSage
(Rep-Inc)
(Dem)
Inyo
5,749
2,202
Kern
90,708
37,278
Los Angeles
26,417
7,407
San Luis Obispo
28,858
15,420
District Totals
151,732
62,307
70.9%
29.1%
Twenty-first Congressional District
Charles
Bobbi
'Charlie'
Robert T
Fiedler
Davis
Leet
(Rep-Inc)
(Dem)
(Lib)
LOS Angeles
78,695
25,171
1,805
ventura
94,809
36,914
2,574
District Totals
173,504
62,085
4,379
72.3%
25.9%
1.8%
Twenty-second Congressional District
Carlos J
Michael B
Moorhead
Yauch
(Rep-Inc)
(Lib)
Los Angeles
184,981
32,036
85.2%
14.8%
Twenty-third Congressional District
Anthony c
Claude
Larry
Beilenson
Parrish
Leathers
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(Lib)
Los Angeles
140,461
84,093
3,580
61.6%
36.9%
1.5%
FEB
2 '90 16:26
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PAGE. 09
6
Twenty-fourth Congressional District
Henry A
Jerry
James
Tim
Waxman
20rg
Green
Custer
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(P&F)
(Lib)
Los Angeles
97,340
51,010
2,780
2,477
63.4%
33.2%
1.8%
1.6%
Twenty-fifth Congressional District
Edward R Roy D 'Bill' Anthony G
Roybal
Bloxom
Bajada
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(Lib)
Los Angeles
74,261
24,968
4,370
71.7%
24.1%
4.2%
Twenty-sixth Congressional District
Howard L
Miriam
Berman
Ojeda
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
Los Angeles
117,080
69,372
62.8%
37.2%
Twenty-seventh Congressional District
Mel
Robert B
Thomas L
Jeff
Levine
Scribner
0'Connor Ir
Avrech
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(P&F)
(Lib)
Los Angeles
116,933
88,896
3,815
3,137
54.9%
41.8%
1.8%
1.5%
Twenty-eighth Congressional District
Julian C
Beatrice M
Don 'Swemgimurti'
Dixon
Jett
Federick
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(Lib)
Los Angeles
113,076
33,511
2,930
75.6%
22.4%
2%
Twenty-ninth Congressional District
Augustus F
'Gus'
Echo Y
Hawkins
Goto
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
Los Angeles
108,777
16,781
86.6%
13.4%
Thirtieth Congressional District
Matthew G
'Marty'
Richard
Houston A
Martinez
Gomez
Myers
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(A-I)
Los Angeles
64,378
53,900
6,055
51.8%
43.3%
4.9%
Thirty-first Congressional District
Mervyn M
Henry C
Dymally
Minturn
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
Los Angeles
100,658
41,691
70.7%
29.3%
FEB
2 '90 16:27
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PAGE. 10
7
Thirty-second Congressional District
Glenn M
Roger E
Marc F
Patrick J
Anderson
Fiols
Denny
McCoy
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(Lib)
(P&F)
Los Angeles
102,961
62,176
2,517
2,051
60.7%
36.6%
1.5%
1.2%
Thirty-third Congressional District
David
Claire K
Gail
Mike
Drsier
McDonald
Lightfoot
Noonan
(Rep-Inc)
(Dem)
(Lib)
(P&F)
LOS Angeles
147,363
54,147
4,738
2,371
70.6%
26%
2.3%
1.1%
Thirty-fourth Congressional District
Estaben E
Paul R
Torres
Jackson
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
Los Angeles
87,060
58,467
59.8%
40.2%
Thirty-fifth Congressional District
Jerry
Kevin
Lewis
Akin
(Rep-Inc)
(P&F)
Los Angeles
7,172
1,669
San Bernardino
169,305
28,321
District Totals
176,477
29,990
85.5%
14.5%
Thirty-sixth Congressional District
George E
John Paul
Brown It
Stark
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
Riverside
29,798
21,858
San Bernardino
74,640
58,354
District Totals
104,438
80,212
56.6%
43.4%
Thirty-seventh Congressional District
Al
David E 'Dave'
McCandless
Skinner
(Rep-Inc)
(Dem)
Riverside
149,955
85,908
63.6%
36.4%
Thirty-eighth Congressional District
Robert K
Michael
'Bob'
Jerry M
Schuyles
Dornan
Patterson
Bright
(Rep)
(Dem-Inc)
(P&F)
Los Angeles
9,641
8,162
274
Orange
76,904
65,069
2,747
District Totals
86,545
73,231
3,021
53.2%
45%
1.8%
3-79385
FEB
2 90 16:27
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PAGE. 11
8
Thirty-ninth Congressional District
William E
'Bill'
Robert E
Dannemeyer
Ward
(Rep-Inc)
(Dem)
Orange
175,788
54,889
76.2%
23.8%
Fortieth Congressional District
Robert E
Carol Ann
Maxine Bell
Badhem
Bradford
Quirk
(Rep-Inc)
(Dem)
(P&F)
Orange
164,257
66,748
3,969
64.4%
34%
1.6%
Forty-first Congressional District
Bill
Bob
Sara
Lowery
Simons
Basse
(Rep-Inc)
(Dem)
(Lib)
San Diego
161,068
85,475
7,303
63.4%
33.7%
2.9%
Forty-second Congressional District
Dan
Mary Lou
John $
Lungren
Brophy
Donohue
(Rep-Inc)
(Dem)
(P&F)
Los Angeles
92,812
30,690
2,850
Orange
84,971
29,335
2,961
District Totals
177,783
60,025
5,811
73%
24.6%
2.4%
Forty-third Congressional District
Ron
Lois E
Phyllis
Packard
Humphreys
Avery
(Rep-Inc)
(Dem)
(Lib)
Orange
58,065
14,670
2,034
San Diego
107,578
36,326
4,844
District Totals
165,643
50,996
6,878
74.1%
22.8%
3.1%
Forty-fourth Congressional District
He
Neill
Hm
Bates
Campbell
Conole
(Dem-Inc)
(Rep)
(Lib)
San Diego
99,378
39,977
3,206
69.7%
28%
2.3%
Forty-fifth Congressional District
Duncan
David W
Patrick
Hunter
Guthrie
Wright
(Rep-Inc)
(Dem)
(Lib)
Imperial
14,992
7,220
370
San Diego
134,019
38,105
3,601
Total
149,011
45,325
3,971
75.1%
22.9%
2%
JAN-31-1990 09:02 FROM UC SAN DIEGO
TO *698188#82024566218 P.01
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO - MAIL SERVICES - SAN DIEGO, CA 92093
# OF PAGES INCLUDING COVER PAGE: 21
FAX #: (202)456-6218
SEND TO: Jeannie Nappo
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TELEPHONE ID#: 98188
BUDGET #: 7517
RETURN AFTER TRANSMISSION TO: Huda Gontkon
MAIL CODE: Q-036
ORIGINATING STATION/PHONE: (619) 534-6774 MACHINE
(619) 534-1167 VOICE
NOTE TO ADDRESSEE:
SHOULD YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS TRANSMISSION,
PLEASE CONTACT:
0362
Yvonne Baskin
TELEPHONE #: (619) 534-3120
COMMENTS:
JAN-31-1990 09:02 FROM LIC SAN DIEGO
TO
*698188#82024566218 P.02
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO
BERKELEY DAVIS IRVINE LOS ANGELES RIVERSIDE SAN DIECO SAN FRANCISCO
CALIFORNIA THAT
SANTA BARBARA SANTA CRUZ
CITY
UNIVERSITY COMMUNICATIONS, Q-036
LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA 92093
January 31, 1990
TO: Jeannie Nappo
FROM: Yvonne Baskin, Science Writer
Attached is information on six key research efforts at UCSD:
Neural Computation or Neural Network Computing
Seismic Safety and Structural Testing
Gene Therapy for Cancer, Heart Disease and Brain Disorders
Molecular and Cellular Biology
Advanced Materials
Global Climate Change
Please call me at (619) 534-0362 if we can provide any further information.
JAN-31-1990
09:03
FROM
UC SAN DIEGO
TO
*698188#82024566218
P.03
exceptions and get better at giving
has studied in minute detail the
"There is a growing sense that
neural network models are actually
back responses. just like a child."
14-nerve cell circuit that controls
some of the major pieces of the
simulations that run slowly. in
Sejnowski has taken advantage
the grinding of food by three teeth
mind-brain puzzle are how on the
scrial fashion. on digital computers.
of this talent of neural nets by
in the lobster stomach.
brink of falling into place: that
"We're lucky at UCSD to have
teaching one to predict how linear
"We know a great deal about
fundamental biological explana-
an excellent group of computer
strands of protein will fold into
this circuit from the molecular
tions for certain psychological
scientists who are willing to work
three-dimensional shapes. The
events right up to the behavioral
phenomena are within reach."
with biologists," Selverston says.
network can now look at the
output. but the truth is that we can't
Churchland says. "I think the
"One of the great strengths of
sequence of chemical units in a
really say how it works or predict
results are going to cause a radical
NCP is the range of talent that it
strand and predict with 65 percent
the effect of removing any single
shift in the way we approach
focuses on the challenge of neural
accuracy how it will fold. So far.
cell in the circuit," he notes. "Yet a
traditional philosophical concerns
computing."
that's the best that either human
very simplified recurrent back-prop
such as the nature of knowledge.
experts or machines can do. and the
network with the right number of
self, free will and responsibility.
network should get better as it
connections learns to produce an
"Welll probably find that some
By Yvonne Baskin, a science specialist
gains experience.
output that is 70 percent identical to
of our long-held notions about
in the University Communications
Critics of the field contend that
that produced by the lobster
human nature are no more accurate
Office.
back-prop models may be clever.
ganglion itscif."
than the pre-Copernican view of
but they are not brainlike-no
Adding specific biological
the heavens."
Photo courtesy of David Amaral.
resident "teacher" has been found
characteristics of lobster neurons to
At the other end of the
Salk Institute.
in the brain. and electrochemical
the model one by one should show
spectrum are engineers who want
signals can't run backward in brain
how important each one is-
to use the principles of neural
tissue the way they can in computer
whether it improves the output by
computing to build machines that
circuits.
one percent or 10 percent.
are more like the brain. Fifteen of
However. even the stemest
Butwill work on simple
the 40 faculty in NCP are computer
critics such as Nobelist Francis
systems tell us anything about the
engineers.
Crick of the Salk Institute who is
human don't know if the
The challenge for engineers is
also a member of the NCP. admit
computational rules of a 10-cell
to develop new computer architec-
that progress is being made.
circuit will hold for circuits of
tures in which information is
Such nets have already
10,000 cells." Selverston says.
processed by thousands or millions
allowed researchers to make useful
"It's reasonable to think there are
of units operating in parallel.
predictions. which can be tested in
some fundamental rules that are
"People have been interested in
the biology lab. about how nerves
conserved in evolution. But
parallel architectures for a long
work. Selverston. Sejnowski and a
complex nervous systems may have
time." Clark C. Guest. assistant
number of other UCSD scientists
developed computational shortcuts
professor of electrical and com-
maintain psrallel research efforts in
or other novel strategies.
puter engineering and a member of
both "wet lab" neurobiology and
"Those of US who work on
NCP. says. "Putting together the
neural computation.
invertebrates have the advantage of
hardware isn't difficult, but
A dozen years ago, for
watching a specific set of nerves
programming it is. It's very
instance, Sejnowski predicted from
interact and seeing a direct motor
difficult and time-consuming to
a model that when 10/0 nerve pulses
output. When you're looking at a
write the software, so highly
in the brain's memory center are
system like vision or memory. you
paralic) machines are not cost-
timed just right. the result should
can't begin to identify all the
effective for most applications.
be a selective weakening of certain
nerves in the circuit and you don't
"Because neural nets don't
connections. This spring. he
really know what output you 're
need traditional software, they offer
reported finding the predicted
getting. You only know what a
a new way of dealing with mas-
activity-called associative long-
person says he remembers or
sively parallel architectures."
term depression-in the brains of
perceives."
Guest's own work involves
rats.
Yet neural networks are pro-
implementing the neural net
Even those who find back-prop
viding the First hope of a conver-
concept using both electronics and
models useful consider them only a
gence between biological mecha-
optics. He uses silicon electronic
first step. Last fall. UCSD cogni-
nisms and psychological events
processors as "neurons." Rather
tive science professor David Zipser
such as visual perception.
than wiring them together in
developed a new learning algorithm
"More is known about the
traditional circuits, however, he has.
called a recurrent back-prop
nerve circuitry. the computational
these processors communicate by
network. In such a net. the output
strategies and the psychological
means of lasers and computer-
layer does not just adjust connec-
mechanisms underlying vision than
generated holograms.
tions in the hidden layer. but
about any other mental process."
The hope is that massively
continuously feeds back informa-
Patricia S. Churchland, 3 philoso-
parallel architectures will make
tion to the input layer, updating
phy professor who helped to
available a powerful new class of
it and keeping it aware of its
organize the NCP. says.
machines for tackling problems that
own internal state. its current
Psychology professor and NCP
have remained intractable using
"thoughts."
member Vilayanur $. Ramachan-
conventional digital computers-
"Recurrence allows you to deal
dran. for instance. has done
from designing robots that move
with the phénomenon of time. to
extensive studies on how humans
around and function in the real
have a memory." Zipser says. "It
perceive the three-dimensional
world to smart computers that
allows you to remember specific
shape of an object from the shading
recognize familiar faces and
past events and integrate those with
on its curved surfaces. From the
respond to spoken requests.
current inputs or perceptions."
neurobiology side. a research team
Another NCP member, assistant
Not an noural nerworks claim
at the Saik institute 15 looking at
professor of computer science and
to be brainlike. Researchers
the properties of neurons in the
engineering Paul R. Kube is
working on invertebrate systems
brain that extract information about
already working on strategies for
such as those of the leech and
3-D shape from shading. And from
computer vision that are inspired
lobster have the advantage of being
the computational approach.
by neural net models of human
able to mimic in silicon the
Scinowski's lab has devised a
vision.
interactions of every nerve in a
network that successfully learns to
The power and speed of the
simple circuit that produces an
compute the curvature of an object
new parallel machines will also
identifiable behavior.
such as a face from the shading on
benefit researchers probing the
Selverston's team. for instance.
its surface.
mind and brain. Most of today's
JAN-31-1990
09:04
FROM
UC
SAN
DIEGO
TO
*698188#82024566218
P.04
P
P
E
C
I
V
E
S
Further, less expensive testing can then be
ing the quake, and this data is fed back into
simulated on the computer model.
Highway
the computer model of the building. This
After making an interim report to Cal-
new data helps refine and improve the com-
trans, Seible will test a sixtyfoot-long sec-
puter model of structural behavior for
tion taken from an abandoned highway
further testing.
south of Fresno. He will use this full-scale
Although Seible and laboratory direc-
test, believed to be the first of its kind ever
Testing
tor Gilbert Hegemier will be testing build-
conducted, to verify his recommendations
ings, they will also be testing the accuracy
to Caltrans.
of computer modeling of structural behav-
The testing and computer modeling is
ior during an earthquake.
somewhat similar to the full-scale testing of
In the past, engineers could test for
the earthquake resistance of buildings and
potential structural damage by either build-
Making
Inroads
C
ALTRANS, THE CALIFORNIA STATE
agency responsible for the high-
way system, has a problem:
7
many parts of the system were
built more than a quarter of a century ago;
some are beginning to show signs of old age
and need to be repaired while large portions
of it may have to be replaced.
At the Charles Lee Powell Structural
Systems Laboratory, the University of Call-
fornia, San Diego is helping Caltrans find a
Engineers learn to design tougher roads and bridges by pushing large chunks of left-
solution to its problem by testing concrete
over highway to the limit
sections of bridge overpasses and finding
better ways of repairing the roads.
other structures that will be conducted in
ing a scale model of a building and subject-
"The bridges have deteriorated over
the huge, box-like laboratory.
ing it to earthquake-like movements, or by
the years because of the de-icing salts,
A key feature of the laboratory is a
modeling the building on a computer. But,
freeze-thaw cycles, and chain beating," says
filty-foot-high concrete wall, called a reac-
neither alternative was as accurate as test-
Frieder Seible, a UCSD associate professor of
tion strong wall, to which structures up to
ing a full-scale structure.
engineering whose team of researchers has
five stories tall will be connected by hydrau-
"We have very little data to go on to
& three-year, $400,000 contract from Cal-
lic actuators, similar to car jacks.
tell us whether our theoretical computer
trans to do the testing and make the
The structure will be subjected to
modeling is doing the job or not," says
recommendations.
simulated earthquakes generated by com-
Hegemier. "These big tests are intended to
"What Caltrans has to do is repair
puter models linked to the actuators and
validate our theoretical procedures. The
these large-scale bridge decks. But, they
programmed on the San Diego Super-
question is: how are these simulation mod-
don't want to just repair them, they want to,
computer.
els doing? Are they doing a good job or are
at the same time, upgrade the rating of
"With our lab we can actually get the
they totally off the mark?
those bridges for higher legal loads."
behavior of the building as it reacts to a
"Structural engineers might disagree
Seible's team applies a new surface to
simulated earthquake over time. That is the
on how a building or a bridge might perform
the concrete sections of highway and then
key point," says Seible, "This type of infor-
under certain circumstances, but after you
slowly stresses them to the point of failure.
mation is extremely difficult to obtain from
do a full-scale test, that disagreement is
This slow-stress test simulates the use and
scaled-down model tests."
reduced to a minimum," he says.
abuse the roads take as tens of thousands of
According to Seible, the system acts as
The Charles Lee Powell Foundation of
trucks and cars whiz over them every day.
a loop. A simulated earthquake is generated
San Diego contributed $1 million toward
The sections are wired with electrodes
from a model in the supercomputer, and the
construction of the laboratory, the National
and other sensing and measuring devices
effects of that quake are observed on an
Science Foundation added another $835,000,
that enable the team to develop an accurate
actual structure built in the laboratory.
and the University of California contributed
computer model of the test on the San
Researchers can observe cracks or other
$165,000.
Diego Supercomputer located at UCSD.
damage to the structure as they occur dur-
JAN-31-1990 09:05 FROM UC SAN DIEGO
TO
*698188#82024566218
P.05
Lessons from the San Francisco Quake
By Warren R. Froelich
1342 words
A gallery of photographs on the wall provides graphic
evidence of the lessons to be learned from the earthquake that
shook the San Francisco area last October.
Row upon row of snapshots on the wall of a conference
room in the Charles Powell Structural Systems Laboratory at
the University of California, San Diego, vividly illustrate the
aftermath of the 15-second temblor that measured 7.1 on the
Richter scale.
One shows the remnants of a Marina district building whose
unreinforced masonry toppled onto a passing car, killing six of
its occupants. Another depicts what was left of the Nimitz
Freeway in Oakland, the infamous double-decker bridge that
gave way under the stress, sandwiching rush-hour commuters
between slabs of concrete. Still others offers views of near-
disasters, of bridges just a few seconds away from the fate of
the Nimitz.
Although the epicenter of the quake was in a geological
fault in Loma Pietra, about 60 miles from San Francisco, it left
the Bay area with 105,000 damaged structures and 67 fewer
lives. Forty-two people were killed in the Nimitz collapse.
But, it could have been worse-a lot worse.
That's Lesson No. 1, according to Gilbert Hegemier,
director of the UCSD structures lab. It was to help engineers
understand the impact of such earthquakes that the $4.5 million
lab was built in 1985.
"We were lucky, really lucky in the case of San Francisco,"
Hegemier said. "The Nimitz itself could have killed 300. What
they got in San Francisco was a trial balloon, a little test."
To Hegemier, the most important lesson of the Oct. 17
quake may have been what the pictures didn't show: If the
temblor had struck a little closer, or lasted a little longer, the
photos on his wall would have been a lot more grim; more
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buildings and bridges would have been demolished, more gas
pipelines would have been broken, more electrical wires would
have been downed and hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people
would have died.
What's needed to prevent a disaster of such magnitude,
Hegemier said, is research to strengthen the existing
structures.
"If it is not given a higher priority," he predicted, "you can
just bet your life this is going to happen again. It may not be San
Francisco; it may be Los Angeles; it may be San Diego."
Hegemier, who has been studying earthquakes since 1971
when a major temblor hit the San Fernando Valley area of Los
Angeles, said that in each quake there is a lesson for the future.
Following the San Fernando earthquake, for example, UCSD
researchers were awarded two contracts to find ways of
reinforcing bridges that might be damaged by quakes. Partly as
a result of that research, a massive effort by Caltrans was
begun to strengthen circular bridge columns and expansion
joints throughout the state.
But retrofitting after disaster is expensive and only goes
so far. It offers only a "Band-Aid" to a potential wound that
could bleed at any moment, Hegemier said.
That leads to Lesson No. 2: In order to prevent the
inevitable fallout from future confrontations with the pent-up
energy that congregates along the earth's moveable plates,
more lab work and increased federal and state funds are needed.
"These labs ought to be cranked up to full power in order
find solutions to these problems before the geological clock
ticks off for the next earthquake," Hegemier said.
The day after last October's quake, Hegemier and two UCSD
colleagues were in San Francisco, taking photographs and
assessing the damage to the Nimitz Freeway and bridges in the
area..
The photographs show the main cause for the collapse of
the freeway's Cypress section--poorly-designed and under-
reinforced joints that connected the roadways to massive,
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concrete support columns. Steel bars that should have provided
reinforcement at the joints failed to withstand the strains of
massive concrete columns that swung back-and-forth in an
pendulum-like rhythm orchestrated by the temblor.
"You can see row after row after row of the same problem,"
Hegemier said, reviewing the photos on wall. "There's no doubt
that the problem was in the joint region. There's one, two, three,
four, five in this picture, all doing the same thing. They're all
deforming in pretty much the same way."
Joints connecting several double-decker bridges, including
the busy Embarcadero bridge along the city's northeast corner,
were shown cracking under the strain.
"What happened here (at The Embarcadero) was that the
ground motion did not continue quite long enough, or you would
have had the same thing (as the Nimitz), # said Hegemier. "No
doubt about it."
Although joints connecting double-decker bridges were
shown to be fragile throughout the San Francisco region,
Hegemier believes the fault did not lie with the structures
themselves, but rather in their design and the analysis that
went into their construction.
Which is the object of Lesson No. 3, perhaps the major
engineering lesson learned from from the disaster.
"There's no reason you can't build a double-decker bridge,"
he said. "You just have to do a good job of design and analysis,
especially analysis."
When the Nimitz Freeway was designed in the early 1950s,
complex calculations to analyze potential stresses were often
performed by slide rule rather than computer. Moreover, the
Nimitz was designed only to withstand a horizontal push of 6
percent of its gross weight. Last October's quake gave the
freeway a sideways shove equal to 20 percent of the bridge's
weight.
"So that bridge experienced three times what it was
designed for," Hegemier said. "You could argue if the ground
motion had been only 6 percent, that thing wouldn't have failed."
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To find out the extent of the problem in the San Francisco
Bay area, the site of 1,500 to 1,600 bridges, engineers were
assigned by Caltrans to identify the most hazardous bridges.
In January, Caltrans engineers announced plans to retrofit
five Bay area freeway bridges by attaching steel
reinforcements to the concrete columns. Tests conducted at UC
Berkeley showed the technique would allow the columns to
withstand 4 million pounds of lateral force - greater than the
earthquake - without collapsing.
But similar problems may be going unnoticed in other
cities, including Los Angeles and San Diego, Hegemier said.
"We get questions all the time about local bridges," he said.
"The answer is, I don't know. We haven't had the time or the
resources to undertake any sort of detailed analysis of the
major structures in San Diego."
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11/15/89
THE NEW YORK TIMES NATIONAL WEDNESDAY. NOVEMBER 15. 1989
Altered Cells Seen as Having
Potential in Parkinson's Battle
By WARREN E. LEARY
a chemical used directly by brain cells
Special to The New York Times
to help them communicate. and other
WASHINGTON, Nov. 14 - Univer-
chemicals involved In transmitting
sity of California scientists said today
brain signals.
that they had injected genetically al-
Stalled by Controversy
tered skin cells into the brains of rats
Fotal transplants have proven most
suffering symptoms of Parkinson's dis-
effective because they use growing
case and had reduced those symptoms.
nerve cells that produce the appropri-
The researchers said their study was
atc neurological chemicals and appear
the first report of behavioral effects of
to replace others damaged by the dis-
the transplant of genetically modified
case. Dr. Gage said fotal cell trans.
cells into the brain,
plants are substantially better than his
In the experiment, reported in the
modified skin cells at reversing Par.
Nov. 15 issue of Proceedings of the Na-
kinson's behavior. But research with
tional Academy of Sciences, research-
fetal cells has been stalled by contro-
ers at the University of Callfornia in
versy over the use of tissue from
San Diego modified rat skin cells to
aborted fetuses.
make them produce L-dopa, one of the
In the California work, the research-
principal chemicals deficient in the
ers took skin cells from rats and used a
brains of Parkinson's disease patients.
modified virus to insert genes that
When the cells were transplanted
produce the enzyme tyrosine hydroxy-
into the brains of rats whose brains
lase. This enzyme acts as a catalyst In
contained lesions that mimic some
convert a common amiun acid, tyro-
Parkinson's symptoms, the animals
sinc, into L-dopa, the brain chemical
showed an average 40 percent reduc-
that is deficient In many Parkinson's
Hon in abnormal behavior.
cases. Other enzymes in the brain con.
"We think this approach has poten-
vert L-dona to dopamine.
tial and should be pursued,' Dr. Fred
The skin cells. converted into L-dopa
H. Gage, the principal researcher. said
factories. were injected into the brains
in a telephone interview. He empha-
of rats that had been purposely Injured
sized that the technique did not repre-
to catise neurological detertoration
sent a cure for Parkinson's and was not
that mimics Parkinson's discuse. Rats
ready for any human testing.
with this damage develop a behavior
Parkinson's disease is a chronic
called neurological asymmetry, which
causes them to walk In circles.
neurologic disorder that affects about
400,000 people in the United States. It is
The modified skin cells produce only
characterized by trembling. difficulty
A small Traction of the L-dopa available
with walking and balance, and eventu-
from normal brain cells. Dr. Gage said.
ally dementia. It typically strikes pco-
adding that this could be one reason the
pleover 40.
physical functions of the test rais were
The technique using modified skin
only partially restored.
cells, If perfected. could be an alterna-
Dr. Don M. Gash. professor of nerve
live to fetal cell implants that have
biology and anatomy at the University
proved effective against Parkinson's in
of Rochester School of Medicine, called
some early research but have raised
the latest work "a very interesting
moral and political questions about
step."
their use. said Dr. Gage and collengues,
"Not only dues this get around the
Including Dr. Theodore Friedmaun of
fetal tissue Issue, It could also lesson
the same institution.
immunological problems associated
Other researchers have implanted
with transplants," Dr. Cash said in #
fetal nerve cells and adrenal gland (is-
telephone Interview. If cells to be modi-
sue into the brains of Parkinson's pa-
fied and transplanted come from the
tients. These transplants attempt to
animal or person to be treated. he said.
make up for A deficiency in departine
it decreases the chances of rejection.
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HEALTH SCIENCES
NEWS
Contact: Yvonne Baskin, (619) 534-3120
EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE 6 P.M. (EST) THURSDAY, DECEMBER 15
1988
BACKGROUND
POTENTIAL DISEASE TARGETS FOR GENE THERAPY
Five years ago, the dream of treating human disease by transplanting
genes focused on rare congenital disorders such as Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome,
thalassemia and inherited immune deficiencies.
Now, even before gene therapy has reached the bedside, the potential
targets have expanded to include such common afflictions as cancer, heart
disease and brain disorders.
Theodore Friedmann, M.D., a University of California, San Diego
pediatrician and molecular biologist, has been working on developing gene
therapy models for the past 20 years, with special emphasis on brain
disorders such as Lesch-Nyhan, a cerebral palsy-like disease.
"Lesch-Nyhan has been for us a model system to demonstrate ways of
inserting new genes into various body tissues to supply missing functions,"
says Friedmann.
The approach involves using disarmed viruses as vectors or carriers to
insert functional genes into bone marrow and, more recently, fibroblasts,
liver and brain cells that can then be returned to the body.
"What we're seeing now is an exciting convergence between this basic
genetic research and a completely new kind of approach to clinical
problems,' Friedmann says.
In September, Friedmann and a team led by Daniel Steinberg, M.D.,
director of UCSD's Specialized Center of Research on Arteriosclerosis,
reported inserting foreign genes into rabbit cells to correct a defect of
cholesterol metabolism. The work, published in the Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, involved the gene for low density lipoprotein
(LDL) receptors and suggested a possible strategy for gene therapy in
inherited heart disease.
Reports in this week's Science by Friedmann and two other UCSD teams
led by Fred H. Gage and Wen-Hwa Lee demonstrate potential genetic
approaches to brain disorders and certain cancers.
"No one is shy about using the words 'gene therapy' anymore,"
Friedmann noted. "It is a certainty now that diseases will be treated at
the level of the genes. Many of the conceptual and public policy hurdles
have now been cleared. The remaining questions are largely technical--w
gene, what vector, what tissue?"
####
Public Affairs Office
University of California, San Diego
JAN-31-1990
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THE
TRIBUNE
San Diego, Thursday, June 29, 1989
'Biological revolution' just
beginning in La Jolla
By Ann Gibbons
The three institutions rate so well in ob-
Tribune Science Writer
taining national funding that the dean of the
When Renato Dulbecco first saw the Salk
UCSD School of Medicine, Gerard Burrow,
Institute in 1964, it was just a hole in the
said: "Our major problem is that people are
ground. The few scientists already on hand
getting too many grants, at a period of time
were working in makeshift labs near the con-
when it is so hard to get grants."
struction sitè, and UCSD was little more than
Their success has inspired the founding of
a graduate school for a few hundred students.
69 biotechnology companies that employ
But the well-known physician became one
about 2,800 people in San Diego, giving the
of a score of scientists to leave prestigious
area the third-largest concentration of
posts at the nation's best universities to stake
biotechnology companies in the nation. Sever-
their careers on the upstart institutions rising
al smaller research institutions also have
on the mesa above the Pacific Ocean.
grown up in the shadow of the "Big Three,"
"It started from nothing, but it was an ad-
including the La Jolla Cancer Research
venture," said Dulbecco, a native of Italy and
Foundation, the Agouron Institute and the
one of seven Nobel Prize-winning scientists
Medical Biology Institute.
to have worked at Salk. "We had a dream. We
Scientists around the world now recognize
could see the technology was developing to
San Diego as one of a half-dozen cities where
scientists have done the most to usher in the
'It started from nothing, but it
age of molecular biology. The researchers
was an adventure. We had #
wield the powerful new tools of biology to
dream.'
study cells and the molecules of which
they're made in organisms as varied as bad-
- Renato Dulbecco
teria, plants and humans.
"La Jolla is definitely one of the
major centers in molecular genetics
look into molecules. We could see that a
in the world." said David Baltimore,
whole new world would follow where the mo-1
a Nobel prize-winning biologist who
lecular techniques would be applied to higher
worked at Salk and who is director of
organisms, especially humans.
the Whitehead Institute for Biomedi-
"We didn't know the details of how that
cal Research at the Massachusetts
would happen, but we were enthusiastic."
Institute of Technology.
In just 26 years, Dulbecco has watched that
Though the booth in molecular and
dream materialize oh Torrey Pines Mesa. As
cellular biology research reflects a
the University of California. the Salk Insti-
worldwide trend, San Diego's institu-
tute for Biological Studies and the Research
tions are unusual for their youth and
Institute of Scripps Clinic rose among the
their rapid expansion. The labs have
eucalyptus and Torrey pines, La Jolla grew.
become world-class research cen-
from a remote scientific outpost into one of
térs, even though they lack an Ivy
the leading centers for molecular and cellu-
League past or the decades-old repu-
lar biology.
tations of leading West Coast schools.
Today, the three institutions are the nucle-
It was a destiny for which they
us of a vibrant biomedical research commit
were designed.
nity - one that has been blessed by what
The early founders, led by Roger
some say is almost an embarrassment of
Revelle, tried to position the new in-
riches.
stitutions so they would become
leaders in what Revelle calls "mod-
ern biology."
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Revelle helped recruit some of the
They are manipulating genes to
Even undergraduates and adult-
top biologists of .the day to join the
understand how they issue the in-
education students who earn the Re-
faculty of the nascent university,
structions that give cells and their
combinant DNA Certificate at SDSU
where a major emphasis was placed
components their identities and func-
have no trouble finding jobs in the
on biology. "It was quite clear by the
tions, whether they are genes that
biotechnology and research com-
end of the 1950s that modern biology
turn on cancer cells in bumans or
munities - if they are good. Bern-
was going to be one of the important
genes that affect a plant's suscepti-
stein said he gets a telephone call a
areas for research and technological
bility to frost or pests.
month from a biotech company offi-
development, which would bring in-
Across the street on the campus,
cial asking if he has any students for
dustrial research to San Diego," he
-architects are completing blueprints
hire.
said.
for a new $50 million science build-
But the degree of success surprises
"In general, the biology depart-
ing that would be large enough for
ment bas gone whole hog into the
even Revelle and Dulbecco. As act-
the university to recruit 40 more fac-
area of molecular biology," Bern-
ing president of Salk, one of Dulbec-
ulty-level biologists and chemists in
stein said. "It helps us build our repu-
co's most challenging tasks has been
the next decade.
tation and turn out students to work
to find laboratory space for new sci-
All of this research is still basic
for biotech companies and in re-
entists he wants to recruit to Salk.
laboratory science. But these new
search."
Today, Dulbecco works In a spa-
tools of molecular biology, Helinski
Administrators at these institu-
cious office on the top floor of the
said, will someday change the meth-
tions said all of this growth is sus-
Salk compound, where he speaks en-
ods of medicine and agriculture,
tainable because they have fared SO
thusiastically of plans for a new $10
leading to new drugs and new indus-
well in federal funding.
million building. When it opens in
trial techniques. "There's no question
UCSD ranked 15th in the nation in
late 1992, its labs should be full of
that gene therapy will be in the phy-
fiscal year 1988 for grants and other
scientists using the tools of molecu-
sician's black bag as an approach to
awards from the National Institutes
lar biology to study AIDS, the im-
mune system, the brain and nervous
disease in the future," Helinski said.
of Health, the major source of feder-
Burrow, dean and vice chancellor
al funding for biomedical research.
systems.
The same thing is happening down
at the School of Medicine, is planning
Officials at Scripps boast that the re-,
the road at the gleaming white cam-
for that day, but he has a surprising
search institute receives more feder-
pus of Scripps, and across the high-
problem. He doesn't have enough lab
al funding than any other private,
space to accommodate all of the
way at UCSD, where new buildings
non-profit biomedical research insti-
already are taking shape.
UCSD scientists winning research
tute in the nation, ranking 31st
"The growth is explosive," said
grants. "If we don't find space for
among all recipients last year.
Richard Lerner; director of the Re-
them, they will go elsewhere," he
UCSD is on particularly sound fi-
said.
search Institute of Scripps Clinic. As
nancial footing because It also re-
he sat in his mahogany-paneled of-
As a result, Burrow is in the midst
ceives state money in proportion to
fice with a view of the Pacific Ocean,
of planning for no fewer than five
the number of students who enroll in
Lerner spoke of his vision of a new
new buildings on a 40-acre site east
the university. Already, one in six of
chemistry department - one that
of the medical school. The buildings
the students on campus majors in bi-
would take shape in a new $20 mil-
would range from a $25 million labo-
ology, and academics predict that
lion building to open in late 1991. Sci-
ratory for basic research to an $11
large numbers will continue to enroll
entists there will study the form and
million neuropsychiatric hospital
in biology and chemistry in the next
function of proteins, complex molec-
where physicians hope to transfer
decade as the university student
ules that carry out the essential work
state-of-the-art techniques straight
body swells from 16,678 to about
from the lab into new treatments for
of cells.
27,000.
At UCSD, workers already are put-
patients.
But none of the administrators is
ting the roof tiles on the new 40,000-
"It's not enough to make a discov-
complacent about funding. The fed-
square-foot addition to the Center for
ery," Burrow said. "You have to get
eral budget deficit has made compe-
Molecular Genetics, an $8 million lab
it out into the world, from the bench
tition for basic research funds in-
to bedside to biotech."
that opened in 1987. The center is
creasingly difficult, with only one in
headed by biology Professor Donald
Across town, at San Diego State
four screened applications for funds
Helinski, and draws its faculty from
University, professors are training
being granted by the NIH.
both the medical school and the uni-
students who make up a good part of
To keep that money flowing into
that biotech work force. The school is
versity's science departments.
San Diego, administrators know that
"The biological revolution is just
the only one of the 19 state universi-
one solution is to build lab space.
beginning," said Helinski, as he sat in
ties (excluding the UC campuses) to
That way, they can recruit new
the lobby of the ultramodern glass
offer a doctoral degree in molecular
scientists, who bring grant money
and graystone center. Scientists here
biology, as part of a joint program
with them, and encourage in-house
with UCSD.
are working with genes, the basic he-
scientists to expand their research.
reditary blueprint in all living organ-
The first four graduates of the pro-
Researchers at all three institutions,
isms.
gram were awarded their doctorates
for example, are now preparing to
in May, and immediately were of-
apply for grants that would give
fered post-doctoral research jobs at
them some of the federal money set
UCSD, Scripps and UC San Francis-
aside to "sequence the human
CO, said Sanford Bernstein, a biolo-
genorne" - crack the total genetic
gist who is associate director of the
code of human beings.
Molecular Biology Institute at SDSU.
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Hardly a month goes by, in fact,
"We tell recruits they'll forget
The institutions also have assem-
without an announcement of the re-
what a show shovel looks like," said
bled the expensive tools that are
cruitment of a leading biologist or
Burrow, dean of the UCSD medical
magnets to new recruits, including
chemist, often from a prestigious
school.
the supercomputers at Scripps and
Eastern university or research insti-
James Feramisco was one of the
the San Diego Supercomputer Center
tution.
new recruits from the East Coast. He
at UCSD that are used to model the
"There's no question there's been a
had a bright future at Cold Spring
structure of molecules, such as
major shift over the past two dec-
ades toward the West Coast, despite
Harbor Laboratory on Long Island,
proteins.
where he worked with James Wat-
the opinion of many people who have
"There was sufficient computer
thought the center of gravity intel-
son, a Nobel laureate who sparked a
equipment that I feel like I died and
lectually is in Massachusetts," said
revolution in molecular biology in
went to heaven," said Jeffrey Skol-
W. Maxwell Cowan, vice president
1953 when he and Francis Crick (now
nick, a chemist who left Washington
and chief science officer of the How-
at Salk) discovered the helical struc-
University in St. Louis to come to
ard Hughes Medical Institute in
ture of the DNA molecule, the genet-
Scripps this month.
ic material that is the master molec-
Bethesda, Md., a non-profit scientific
ule of life.
As a new generation of scientists
organization that funds biomedical
move to San Diego, they bring a vi-
research nationwide, including a new
"To leave Cold Spring Harbor re-
tality with them. In turn, they attract
lab at UCSD.
quired some incredible draw, and of
more bright young scientists working
"California institutions, from
all places, San Diego provided it,"
to fill the gaps in the biological pic-
Berkeley, Stanford and UCSF in the
said Feramisco, a molecular biolo-
ture of mankind.
north to San Diego in the south now
gist who studies the genes that cause
collectively represent one of the
cancer.
"I think one of the best services
great intellectual masses in the
I've performed is providing an East
What drew Feramisco to UCSD's
country." Cowan said.
Coast conduit," Feramisco said. "The
No one really knows why the
Cancer Center last year were the
phones ring constantly with people
growth is so explosive on the West
medical school's ambitious plans for
who hear about what's going on in
Coast. but some think there's more of
expansion and recruitment of new
San Diego."
an entrepreneurial spirit and, per-
scientists. "As molecular medicine
haps, more freedom to pursue ideas
comes of age, we want to create an
outside the mainstream. That fresh-
environment that rivals the best of
ness, in fact, was part of the attrac-
the East Coast bloc," he'said.
tion for the founding fathers of UCSD
He was convinced that San Diego
and the Salk Institute, many of whom
had the brain power to do it when he
saw La Jolla as a refuge from the
surveyed the eclectic group of scien-
bureaucracies they had left behind.
tists already here who were experts
"The people who were brought
in studying the workings of the cell
here to make biology happen came
and its molecular components.
with a clean slate," said Paul Salt-
"As science progresses, everything
man, a professor of biology and for-
we do becomes more complicated,'
mer vice chancellor for academic af-
Feramisco said. "The more col-
fairs at UCSD.
leagues you have in the immediate
"We didn't have any of the old
area who know something you don't
futzes hanging around from the 19th
know, the better. You get constant
century threatened by these young
trades of information.
kids and their new ideas. It was a
new community, a new vitality. It
"It's very exciting here - the uni-
was very open, very collaborative.
versity with Salk and Scripps has
There was this crazy intellectual in-
such a broad array of scientists who
cest between these three institu-
think in terms of molecular medi-
tions."
cine, working on everything from sea
The timing was right. All three in-
urchins to humans."
stitutions were growing up just when
There is S0 much collaboration
scientists were unraveling the struc-
among the three institutions, in fact,
ture of DNA and solving some of the
that Burrow is now recruiting a sci-
basic mysteries of the way proteins
entist who will act as a liaison be-
and viruses are built, at a time when
tween the medical school and Salk.
federal funding was ample in the '60s
Scripps and other academic depart-
and early 70s.
ments at UCSD.
And then there's the legendary
weather.
Such state-of-the-art techniques al-
ready have been á boon to agricul-
ture, plant research and medicine.
They have led to diagnostic tests and
prenatal screening for some genetic
diseases, and to the design of new
plants that are more productive and
disease-resistant.
Eventually, scientists hope to use
these tools and their knowledge of
protein structure to make vaccines.
and to correct genetic disorders in
humans - ideally before birth.
In December, scientists at UCSD
took a major step toward creating
just such a genetic treatment for
some cancers by blocking the devel-
opment of tumors in mice, using the
tools of molecular biology.
A team led by Drs. Wen-Hwa Lee
and Theodore Friedmann took tumor
cells and inserted a foreign gene in-
side them, one that works to prevent
certain kinds of cancer. When the
tumor cells with the protective gene
were injected into the flanks of mice,
the tumors did not grow.
But when tumor cells without the
protective gene were inserted in the
mice, tumors grew.
"The real revolution in all of this is
the change in our thinking toward
genetic therapy," Friedmann said.
"Both the medical and molecular bi-
ology communities are now thinking
that, in fact, genetic therapy is feasi-
ble. That's very different from a dec-
ade ago."
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BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH BOOM
All three institutions are hiring new faculty and planning new laboratories to open on
their campuses on Torrey Pines Mesa in the next five years. The numbers of scientists
to be recruited are estimates, and all three institutions make distinctions between
faculty who have special status and other scientists who work in their labs. The total
number of scientists cited are estimates of researchers with advanced degrees.
Existing
Scientists with
Faculty
Institution
faculty
advanced degrees
to recruit
New buildings
Status
Clinical Sciences Bldg. 64,000 sq. ft.
opens 5/91
Neuropsychiatric Hospital 42,000 sq. ft.
two stages
80 in
Complex (two buildings) +13,000 sq. ft.
12/90 and 1/91
520
1,000
the
decade
Satellite Medical Facility 148,000 sq. it.
opens 9/91
Shiley Eye Center 20,000 sq. ft.
opens 1/91
UCSD School
Molecular Biology Research Facility If
of Medicine
(UC and medical school share) 54,000 sq, ft
opens 2/90
UCSD
Biology
60
20 in decade
&
temic
three now
to
iments
Sciences building 110,000 sq. ft.
opens 2/93
(separate from the
15 in decade
Chemistry
43
ichool of Medicine)
six now
30 In
five years
opens
Chernistry Department
late 1991
(300-400
150
500
total
building 85,000 sq. ft.
ground-
sclentists
breaking
in five
fall, 1989
Research Institute
years)
of Scripps Clinic
25 in
opens
five years
New lab building to be
late 1992
46
200
built in two stages
-
(100 total
fund
scientists
first stage 28,000 sq. ft
raising
in five
under
Salk
years)
Institute
way
IFCE: UGSD, Scripps and Salk
Tribune Fred Gales
JAN-31-1990 09:12 FROM LIC SAN DIEGO
TO
*698188#82024566218
P.16
"
California institutions, from Berkeley,
Stanford and UCSF in the north to San Diego in
the south now collectively represent one of the
great intellectual masses in the country.
- Maxwell Cowan
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Bethesda, Md.
"
FEDERAL FUNDS FOR
BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH
The National Institutes of Health the major source of federal
funding for biomedical research, awards funds each fiscal year
to almost 1,700 universities and research centers in the U.S. for
research fellowships and contracts Each of the three
Institutions national rank is shown They also receive money
from the National Science Foundation and private donors, in
addition to other sources.
National Institutes of Health funds (in millions)
Recipient
Fiscal year 1978
Fiscal year 1983
Fiscal year 1988
Total
Rank
Total
Rank
Total
Renk
University of
California,
$23.08
17
$38.91
18
$74.39
15
San Diego
Total
Rank
Total
Rank
Total
Rank
Scripps Clinic
and Research
$12.98
50
$24.62
39
$50.20
31
Foundation
Total
Rank
Total
Rank
Total
Rank.
Salk
Institute
$6.75
86
$14.02
64
$21.47
70
Source: National Institutes of Health
The Tribune
JAN-31-1990
09:12
FROM
UC SAN DIEGO
TO
*698188#82024566218
P.17
STRETCHED TO
THE LIMIT
Extraordinary new machines probe the
ossibilities of new materials.
IRST, UNIVERSITY OF
The ram, known to physicists as
a
California, San Diego engi-
a split Hopkinson Bar pressure
neering technician Jon
system, is 2 sophisticated
Isaacs pressed a buzzet to
derivation of the common
warn his Urcy Hall neigh-
sledge hammer. "But the difference is
IS to expect 2 shock.
that, when you're done, you know exactly
Then the countdown began.
what you did," Isaacs said.
Three
two
one-Isaacs
Taking some of the newest and
ged a makeshift lanyard-WHOMP!
most exotic metals, ceramics and compo-
Like a giant BB through a power-
sites devised in U.S. laboratories and
air rific, a stubby. inch-thick dowel
pushing them to their limits is the busi-
of through a pipe at 300 feet per sec.
ness of UCSD's year-old, federally funded
d,
Center of Excellence for Advanced Mate-
It is one of 86 cen-
The projectile plowed into a
rials.
ters of excellence cre-
perhard, four-foot steel rod. suspended
"The whole thrust of our efforts
ated around the country under
e a battering ram. That rod. which can
here is to understand the fundamental
the Defense Department's Univer-
" an Impact of 300,000 pounds per
causes of the failure modes of these new
sity Research Initiative. They were cho-
ware Inch, crashed into the end of an-
materials," Sia Nemat-Nasser, director of
sen from more than 1,000 proposals in
rei, identical tod
the center and professor of solid and
wide-ranging fields. The first year's bud.
Squeezed In between them was
structural mechanics In the Department
get of $100 million was divided among
aluminum pellet the size of a plump
of Applied Mechanics and Engineering
research arms of the military services.
cath mint. It was squashed like a grape
Sciences, said in a recent interview. "It's
The UCSD center got Its five-year, $6 mll-
three times its original diameter.
not a question of breaking or cracking
lion budget from the Army Research OF
Almost Instantaneously, the fine
these materials. It's a question of under-
fice, through the director of its materials
tails of what Isaacs and University of
standing why the materials behave the
division, George Mayer.
ties and trains graduate and post-graduate
lifornia, San Diego engineer John E.
way they do. That requires a basic under-
The research at UCSD is unclas-
students in advanced materials research.
rectt did to the aluminum tab ap-
standing at the microscopic level and
sified, carries no restrictions on publica-
In order to conduct that to
ared 25 numbers and graphs on a digi-
that requires experiment."
tion and is not military research, although
seatch and training. the center has al-
oscilloscope-computet. Not many
The Center of Excellence for Ad-
some of it may have military applications,
ready assembled an array of instruments,
ITS ago the same stress analysis would
vanced Materials, a multidisciplinary lab-
Nemat-Nasser said. The center also de-
monitors and cameras that probe the new
e taken a day to compute.
oratory, was established in October 1986.
signs new Instruments for other laborato-
materials and record the results. The ma-
Nemet-Nasser
I Storratt (top,
left to right)
exemine
lopkinson ber.
Technician Jon
Issues checks
JAN-31-1990
09:13
FROM
UC SAN DIEGO
TO
*698188#82024566218
P.18
where in industrial and academic
World War It actial reconnaissance lens
research laboratories across the country.
and looking like 2 four-foot slice of ple on
"Getting the material is no problem what-
legs, uses 2 rotating mirror to flash 200
soevee When you've got 2 unique facility,
exposures along a strip of ordinary 35
people are anxious to participate," said
millimeter film at a rate of several million
Nontal-Nater
frames per second. A high-grade ruby 12-
In return, the Information oh
see that was specially designed for the
tained from experiments conducted at
task provides the light. With the aid of
UCSD is helping scientists create newer.
some extremely complicated technology,
customized materials, fashioned to order
the laser rapid-fires the light pulses rc.
for specific tasks-materials, for instance,
quired for photography at such lightning
that can resist the heat of atmospheric
speeds.
friction at several times the speed of
Albert Ellis, now UCSD professor
sound or pliable superconducting cc.
emeritus of applied mechanics and one of
ramies that can be wound Into potent
the scientists and engineers associated
new magnets. Some scientists are touring
with the center, was the first person to
many of these new materials-especially
USC the high-speed photography process,
the new breed of ceramic supercondue-
said Starrett. Other scientists from UCSD,
toes-as potentially revolution.
UC Santa Barbara and the UC-managed
ary stuff that will pave
national labs at Livermore, Calif., and Los
the way for
Alamos, NM. participate in the research.
cheaper
The center also provides private
transportation
industry with an opportunity to collabo-
and electricity.
rate with UCSD on shared research goals.
in some re-
Among the companies already linked to
in this model granular-moterials experiment (above), scientists of the Center of Excellence
spects, the new center com-
the center are Science Applications Inter-
for Advanced Materials simulate the reaction of substances such as send, soil or even grein in
plements UCSD's Charles Lee
national Corp., GA Technologies Inc, Al.
o happer to o variety of outskle forces. Under sodium light, the pressure applied to cylindri-
Powell Structural Systems Laboratory
coa and Alcan.
col sections of photoclastic resin shows up as colored fringer and potterns.
where glant hydraulic jacks stress strue-
Starrett himself has designed
tures # large as five-story buildings to
much of the center's apparatus and, 2c-
the point of collapse. Engineers there try
cording to Nemat-Nasser, there's more to
to understand the strengths and weak-
come. "Were still building machines, so
nesses of full-scale structures and how
there will be much, much more. includ-
both at the same time, which turns out to
pounds per square Inch (psi) and it (the
and why they fall.
Ing 2 high-speed camera capable of taking
be very fruitful because the experiments
new material) doesn't break," Starrett
The Center of Excellence for Ad-
pictures at up to several hundred million
give us Ideas for new apparatus."
said.
vanced Materials does much the same
frames per second."
Among the materials tested at
However, with slightly more
thing at the microscopic level. Here, scl-
the center are ceramics, of which pottery
than 250,000 psi, the ceramic "*" tc.
entists push coin-stzed pleces of material
is 2 common example. But retermies also
duced to powder. "That's what "1" mean
until they collapse. Then they track the
include a whole new generation of mate-
when we say a ceramic doesn't have a lot
fatures running through microscopic tm1 it
state. Today, scientists include just about
of ductility. When you push It too hard, It
perfections such as voids and cracks, to
any hard materials that are neither metal
fragments," Starrett said.
decipher where and how the materials
not plastic. Usually they are oxides, car-
One of the properties of the new
broke down. Here. the ultimate goal is to
Mankind's attempts to
bides, or nittides and they are normally
superconducting ceramics Is their ability
guide modern alchemists toward better,
fired during production. Examples are zir.
improve on the raw
to conduct electricity with reduced resis-
stronger materials with which to build
contum oxide, titanium carbide and sill-
tance loss. hence, their usefulness In elec.
tougher structures.
con nitride
Mankind's attempts to improve
materials that nature
tric motors or for carrying electric
Generally speaking. ceramics are
current. However, superconducting wires
on the raw materials provided by nature
provides go back
extremely hard, lightweight. made of
that snap when bent are not much USC In
go back to the closing of the Stone Age
common raw materials. tolerant of very
motor windings or power lines, There-
when some clever proto-metallurgist
to the closing of
high temperatures and resistant to most
fore. one of the basic problems, according
mixed a little tin with copper and pro-
chemicals. But they have one major flaw
to Nomat-Nasser. is to discover what
duced bronze
"That is the science of materials
the Stone Age
that can be demonstrated by a simple CX-
makes ceramics brittle The next step
periment: drop a piece of pottery on a
would be to climinate that characteristic
processing. or perhaps it is the art of ma-
when some primitive
hard floor. It doesn't bend of bounce In-
and design 2 superconducting ductile cc.
terials processing," Nermat-Nasser said,
metallurgist mixed
stead, in the language of engineers, It
ramic.
"You can change the properties of mate-
"fails catastrophically"-and breaks into
Experiment and imagination are
rials by adding small bits of new mate-
tin with copper and
smithereens.
already producing results that fuel optim-
risk The old-fashioned blacksmith or
To make his point, Starrett dis-
ism that toughness and ductility will
metallurgist used to do it by trial and er.
for: add à little something and, if it works,
produced bronze.
played a tiny pellett of an experimental
eventually be added to the properties of
ceramic-metal blood of aluminum, boron
some ceramics. One new ceramic is so
add 2 little more There's still 2 bit of that
and carbide, almost as strong as the Hop-
clastic that it can be stretched to twice
Icfl.
kinson Bar Itself. "A quarter of 2 million
Its original length.
"But now the move is to under-
Already. there's a "flyer plate ap-
stand at the microscopic level. to do the
paratus" that shoots soup-can-size projec-
computations and the modelling so we
tiles at speeds of 600 feet per second, but
are actually directed toward what WE
Starrett and Nemat-Nasser are working on
want. Wc are Interested in understanding
2 launcher that will fire missiles at more
the failures of these new composite mate-
than half-a-mile per second. They are also
Failure induced breeds success
rials so we can tell you how to tailor
working on a torsional Hopkinson Bar
them by adding how much of what (is
that would twist as it smashed into its tar-
needed) to increase strength. ductility,
get. The twisting, multiaxial testing
T
be Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials is 2 multidisciplinary research pro-
lightness. heat-resistance or whatever else
would be especially important, Nemat-
gram that provides a focal point through which the University of California. San Diego, In.
is needed."
Nasser said, because many of the new
dustry and government liboratories work together to understand and control the behavior
The kind of computer modelling
composites "have certain proferred direc-
of advanced materials to severe environments.
required takes up 2 lot of computer time,
tions" with mechanical properties that
The center specializes to the foacroscopic and microscopic experimental and the-
80 much that the work would be difficult,
vary with the direction of stress In much
cretical modelling of the mechanical résponses and failures of advanced materials under
If not impossible, without access to the
the same way as wood is stronger along
ultrahigh strain
on-campus San Diego Supercomputer
the grain than against it.
In addition, the center provides a forum for scientific exchange and g school for
Center, Nermat-Nasser said.
Most of the equipment is fabri-
advanced interdisciplinary education for the next generation of engineers
To record and analyze the fall.
cated In the UCSD machine shop beneath
In excess of $6 million over five years has been committed to the center through
ures that occur in the experimental mate-
Urey Hall.
the Department of Defense's University Research Initiative program.
rials, scientists use a variety of probes,
"What usually happens when
Sisvouche Nermat-Nassec the centers director, is 2 professor of applied mechanics
some of which are embedded in the sam-
people start up a center like this is that
and engineering sciences with 2 special Interest in solid and structural mechanics. He is
ples and destroyed on Impact. Other in.
they spend the first year or so getting
also Mudybig the fracture and How of solids and earthquake mechanisms and ground
struments use Isser-based. state-of-the-art
everything ready before they start doing
failure
optical devices and electronics.
experiments," Starrett said. "Were doing
JAN-31-1990 09:14 FROM UC SAN DIEGO
TO
*698188#82024566218
P.19
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Worldwide concern is growing among scientists, policy makers and citizens
about potential changes in the earth's climate that could greatly alter food
production and societal activities. The consensus today is that a global
warming of a few degrees may begin to become apparent in the next few
decades, as a result of a greenhouse effect triggered by atmospheric pollution
impeding the planet's ability to radiate heat away into space. Understanding
and predicting the magnitude of such an unprecedented event is an immense
challenge to science.
A wide range of interactive processes--in the atmosphere, the oceans,
the ice caps, the solid earth, and the biosphere--contribute to climate change,
The problem must be attacked by considering the earth as a unified system.
In terms of climate change research, a central role has been assigned to
large numerical models that integrate knowledge received from many lines of
investigation to form mathematical depictions of the climate system. They
serve as the primary tool for predicting its changes and understanding its
variability.
Although the most recent climate models agree on potential global
changes, there is disagreement in the degree of change and regional impacts
resulting from differences in how various processes are factored in the
model. In addition, most present models do not simulate ocean conditions
sufficiently, leaving out a variety of critical factors, such as deep-ocean heat
capacities, seasonal cycling of ocean layers, and oceanic sources and sinks of
aerosols and gases, such as carbon dioxide.
JAN-31-1990 09:15 FROM UC SAN DIEGO
TO
*698188#82024566218
P.20
Global Climate Change/2-2-2
To resolve these research problems and others, a joint global atmosphere
and ocean climate program is under way at UCSD's Scripps Institution of
Oceanography and the UC-managed Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratories. All three institutions have supercomputer resources,
conduct vigorous programs in climate research and closely related disci-
plines, and are currently developing comprehensive global climate models.
The four-year, UC-funded program focuses on three broad areas: climate
modeling, global chemistry, and the rate of climatic change.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography researchers bring to this collabora-
tion expertise in climate forecasting, ocean modeling, remote sensing of
large-scale ocean dynamics, the interactions of atmospheric gases, and
causes of internal variability. Its researchers are already playing major
roles in several international and multidisciplinary global programs,
including the World Climate Resarch Program, the Global Ocean Flux Study,
the Tropical Ocean Global Atmospheric Program, and the International
Geosphere-Biosphere Program.
White House News Summary
Thursday, February 1, 1990 -- 1
2:00 P.M. NEWS UPDATE
TAX BREAKS (Tom Raum, AP) -- President Bush told lawmakers Thursday
his proposals on capital gains, family savings and IRAs would provide
"economic benefits to all citizens." In a letter to Congress, the President
highlighted the new package of measures designed to make his battle for a
reduced capital gains tax more politically palatable
"This package will
help millions of Americans," Bush said, surrounded by top economic aides
who showed up to watch him sign the letter to Congress. In addition to
again seeking a lower tax on capital gains
Bush this year is sweetening
the proposal with two other measures designed to appeal to middle-income
families: A new "family savings account" that would allow couples to save
up to $5,000 a year and individuals up to $2,500 and not pay income tax
on the interest if the deposits are held for at least seven years; and a
proposal to permit up to $10,000 to be withdrawn prematurely from an
IRA, without penalty, to help finance first-time home purchases.
(AP) -- President Bush, starting a new drive for a cut in the capital
gains tax by linking it with two politically appealing tax breaks for
middle-income Americans, Thursday asserted his package would offer
"economic benefits to all citizens." At the same time, White House Chief of
Staff Sununu predicted that the proposal for a lower capital gains
tax
would pick up a dozen or so more votes this year in the Senate.
And, Sununu told reporters at a White House briefing, Democratic criticism
of the President's new $1.2 trillion budget will diminish in the coming
months. "The more they look at it, the more they'll like it," Sununu said.
Sununu briefed reporters after Bush sent to Congress a letter trumpeting
his new proposals on capital gains, family savings accounts and a change
in rules on IRAs to encourage more first-time home buying.
FAMILY SAVINGS/BRADY (AP) -- Treasury Secretary Brady Thursday
urged Congress to adopt the President's proposed tax-free Family Savings
Account as a way to boost America's competitive standing in global
markets. Brady, appearing before the Senate Budget Committee to promote
the tax aspects of the President's 1991 budget request, said the
Administration felt strongly that the new savings accounts, along with a
proposed cut in the capital gains tax, would foster the long-term
investment needed by U.S. businesses to stay competitive. "An important
goal for the 1990s is to increase the rate of growth of America's productive
capacity," Brady said. "More saving is needed to finance increases in our
productive capacity. We believe that the federal government should foster
an environment that is conductive to saving and we have a plan to achieve
this objective."
SOVIET REFORMERS/BAKER (AP) -- Secretary of State Baker, bound for
high-level talks next week in Moscow, Thursday offered Soviet reformers
the full support of the Bush Administration in revamping their political and
economic system. Baker told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that
the democratic revolution sweeping Eastern Europe could be stalled or even
reversed "if we fail to support the principles that brought us this far."
"We seek a more democratic Soviet Union where human rights gains
are made permanent," Baker said. He told the committee the
Administration would offer technical cooperation to assist the Soviet
perestroika program of restructuring the country's sluggish economy.
-more-
White House News Summary
Thursday, February 1, 1990 -- 2
U.S./SOVIETS/BAKER (Reuter) -- Secretary of State Baker said Thursday
the U.S. sought a new strategic relationship with the Soviet Union but
Moscow's policy toward Cuba and Central America was the biggest obstacle
to wide improvement in U.S.-Soviet ties. Baker told the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee the Soviet Union bore a special responsibility to
contribute to peace in Central America because its aid to Cuba and
Nicaragua supported destruction and war, especially in El Salvador.
"Soviet behavior toward Cuba and Central America still remains the biggest
obstacle to a full, across-the-board improvement in relations with the
United States," he said. Baker's remarks came during a wide-ranging
global review that included the Administration's views on the political
upheaval taking place in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
SOVIETS/CHENEY (AP) -- Defense Secretary Cheney predicted Thursday
that the Soviets will likely withdraw from Eastern Europe by the middle of
the decade, but warned against any drastic changes in U.S. strategy. "I
do believe caution is still in order until we have these agreements signed,
sealed and delivered," Cheney told a congressional panel in his first
appearance since President Bush's surprise announcement of deeper cuts in
the levels of U.S. and Soviet combat troops in Central Europe
"The
likelihood of a Warsaw Pact attack into NATO these days is fairly remote,"
Cheney told the Senate Armed Services Committee.
JUSTICE BRENNAN/AOUN REPRESENTATIVE (AP) -- A Supreme Court
justice Thursday refused to let the Bush Administration evict Lebanon
Gen. Aoun's representative from the Lebanese Embassy. Justice Brennan
rejected an emergency request in which government lawyers said Abdallah
Bouhabib's continued occupation of the embassy "is causing increasingly
serious adverse consequences for the nation's foreign policy relations."
FINANCIAL MARKETS/BREEDEN (UPI) -- SEC Chairman Breeden said
Thursday the agency needs more tools to fight fraud in the nation's
financial markets. "What we have today is the ability to deliver a pin
prick or an atom bomb. I'd like to see us have some remedies in
between," Breeden told the securities subcommittee of the Senate Banking
Committee. The subcommittee is reviewing a bill introduced by Sens.
Heinz and Dodd to strengthen the SEC's enforcement powers
Breeden
also is seeking inclusion of a provision to give the SEC power to issue
"cease and desist" orders without having to go to court for a temporary
restraining order to stop the activities of suspected wrongdoers. Breeden
said the new tools are needed to preserve investor confidence in the
nation's markets, which have been rocked in recent years by fraud.
###
DOUG GAMBLE
424-36th Place
Manhattan Beach. CA 90266
Jan. 31/90
(213) 546-6409
TO: KRISTEN GEAR
2 Pages
CALIFORNIA REPUBLICAN PARTY (Mary Kate Grant)
WHEN I FIRST SAW THIS STAR-STUDDED AUDIENCE, 1 WASN'T SURE IF THIS WAS THE
CALIFORNIA REPUBLICAN PARTY EVENT OR A DRESS REHEARSAL FOR THE ACADEMY AWARDS.
THERE ARE $0 MANY CELEBRITIES HERE, 1 THOUGHT I HAD ACCIDENTALLY WANDERED INTO
A LAKERS' GAME.
(A lot of celebs go to watch the L.A. Lakers play basketball.)
I DON'T THINK THERE HAVE BEEN so MANY CELEBRITIES IN ONE PLACE SINCE THE DAYS
WHEN VISITORS WERE ALLOWED IN TOMMY LASORDA'S OFFICE AT DODGER STADIUM.
(This would work well with this particular L.A. crowd.)
1 KNEW WE WERE BACK IN CALIFORNIA WHEN AIR FORCE ONE HAD TO CIRCLE WHILE WAITING
FOR JERRY BROWN'S SPACESHIP TO LAND.
(He's now chairman of the California Democratic Party and still has his "moonbeam"
image.)
MORE
- 2 -
DOUG GAMBLE
TO: KRISTEN GEAR - CALIFORNIA REPUBLICANS (CONT'D)
I THINK THOSE STORIES IN THE PRESS SAYING I HAVEN'T SPENT ENOUGH TIME IN
CALIFORNIA ARE UNFAIR. THE FACT IS, I'M RIGHT ON TOP OF EVENTS IN THIS STATE.
AND I REINTERATED THAT POINT LAST WEEK IN A LETTER TO THE GOVERNOR THAT BEGAN
"DEAR GOVERNOR BROWN
11
I KNOW DAN QUAYLE HAS BEEN SPENDING A LOT OF TIME IN CALIFORNIA. THE OTHER
DAY HE GAVE ME A NEW PHONE NUMBER THAT RINGS STRAIGHT THROUGH TO HIS SURFBOARD.
YES, I IDENTIFY WITH TBIS STATE, BUT THERE'S NO TRUTH TO THE RUMOR THAT I'M
GOING TO STAND IN FRONT OF THE LOS ANGELES CITY HALL AND DECLARE "ICH BIN EIN
CALIFORNIAN."
YOU MAY RECALL IT WAS REVEALED IN 1988 THAT MY FAMILY TREE CAN BE TRACED ALL
THE WAY BACK TO BRITISH ROYALTY. so WHEN IT WAS ANNOUNCED THAT FRANK SINATRA
WOULD BE HERE TONIGHT, SOMEONE SUGGESTED THE EVENT BE BILLED AS "OLD BLUE EYES
MEETS OLD BLUE BLOOD."
FRANK MAY BE RICH AND POWERFUL, BUT HE SENDS OUT FOR PIZZA JUST LIKE EVERYONE ELSE.
OF COURSE HIS IS FLOWN IN FROM ROME.
WHEN TELLY SAVALAS PLAYED "KOJAK" HE MADE THE LOLLIPOP FAMOUS, BUT I ONCE MADE THE
MISTAKE OF REFERRING TO THEM AS "SUCKERS" $0 HE CORRECTED ME. HE SAID "THESE ARE
LOLLIPOPS -- DEMOCRATIC VOTERS ARE SUCKERS."
IT'S TOO BAD RONALD REAGAN COULDN'T BE HERE FOR HIS BIRTHDAY. BARBARA WAS GOING
TO JUMP OUT OF A CAKE.
State of Union 9
- -
EDUCATION IS THE ONE INVESTMENT THAT MEANS MORE
FOR OUR FUTURE BECAUSE IT MEANS THE MOST FOR OUR
CHILDREN. REAL IMPROVEMENT IN OUR SCHOOLS IS NOT
SIMPLY A MATTER OF SPENDING MORE. IT IS A MATTER OF
ASKING MORE -- EXPECTING MORE: OF OUR SCHOOLS, OUR
TEACHERS, OF OUR KIDS, AND OUR PARENTS. THAT'S WHY
TONIGHT I AM ANNOUNCING AMERICA'S EDUCATION GOALS --
GOALS AGREED UPON WITH THE NATION'S GOVERNORS:
BY THE YEAR 2000, EVERY CHILD IN AMERICA MUST
START SCHOOL READY TO LEARN. THE UNITED STATES MUST
INCREASE THE HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION RATE TO NO LESS
THAN 90%. AND WE'RE GOING TO MAKE SURE OUR SCHOOLS'
DIPLOMAS MEANS SOMETHING: AT THE CRITICAL GRADES --
4TH, 8TH AND 12TH -- WE MUST CHECK ALL OUR STUDENTS'
PROGRESS.
BY THE YEAR 2000, U.S. STUDENTS MUST BE FIRST IN
THE WORLD IN MATH AND SCIENCE SKILLS. EVERY AMERICAN
ADULT MUST BE LITERATE. EVERY SCHOOL IN AMERICA MUST
OFFER THE KIND OF DISCIPLINED ENVIRONMENT THAT MAKES IT
POSSIBLE FOR OUR KIDS TO LEARN -- AND EVERY SCHOOL IN
AMERICA MUST BE DRUG-FREE. //
NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED
D-1. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas
(Numbers in thousands)
Unemployed
Civilian labor force
Percent of
Number
State and area
labor force
Oct.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
Sept.
Oct.
1988
1989
1989
1988
1989
1989°
1988
1989
1989
Alabama
1,906.7
1,951.1
1,952.1
129.1
134.8
125.9
6.8
6.9
6.4
Birmingham
444.6
455.4
454.3
25.2
26.7
24.1
5.7
5.9
5.3
Huntsville
135.1
140.1
140.7
6.3
6.9
6.7
4.7
4.9
4.8
Mobile
208.4
211.1
212.3
17.8
17.4
16.3
8.5
8.3
7.7
Montgomery
137.9
139.5
139.1
7.9
9.2
8.4
5.8
6.6
6.1
Tuscaloosa
71.7
73.8
74.5
3.6
3.5
3.6
5.0
4.8
4.8
Alaska
241.0
242.0
236.7
20.6
17.6
16.9
8.6
7.3
7.1
Arizona
1,691.4
1,705.4
1,705.2
110.1
99.5
83.6
6.5
5.8
4.9
Phoenix
1,047.1
1,055.8
1,055.8
56.9
51.2
43.8
5.4
4.8
4.1
Tucson
319.3
321.6
320.2
17.2
17.0
13.8
5.4
5.3
4.3
Arkansas
1,140.2
1,153.1
1,167.1
72.0
64.0
63.8
6.3
5.6
5.5
Fayetteville-Springdale
63.1
63.7
64.9
2.4
1.8
1.8
3.7
2.8
2.7
Fort Smith
93.6
91.2
92.4
6.3
6.3
6.4
6.8
6.9
6.9
Little Rock-North Little Rock
268.8
272.6
277.2
14.4
14.7
14.3
5.4
5.4
5.1
Pine Bluff
38.4
38.7
39.1
2.7
2.3
-2.4
7.0
6.1
6.1
California¹
14,073.8
14,409.5
14,475.2
669.9
714.9
659.4
4.8
5.0
4.6
Anaheim-Santa Ana
1,359.5
1,382.7
1,398.5
40.0
44.4
40.5
2.9
3.2
2.9
Bakersfield
224.9
231.5
233.6
22.7
23.6
24.5
10.1
10.2
10.5
Fresno
298.0
341.3
309.5
28.8
26.2
28.3
9.7
7.7
9.1
Los Angeles-Long Beach
4,116.8
4,152.0
4,208.8
178.3
197.3
175.4
4.3
4.8
4.2
Modesto
158.8
171.0
165.1
15.5
13.7
14.5
9.8
8.0
8.8
Oakland
1,075.2
1,111.8
1,122.3
44.9
46.8
41.6
4.2
4.2
3.7
Oxnard-Ventura
352.2
367.7
367.7
17.9
20.7
18.3
5.1
5.6
5.0
Riverside-San Bernardino
942.7
960.2
970.3
53.2
61.7
55.7
5.6
6.4
5.7
Sacramento
710.8
739.4
743.4
34.0
35.0
32.2
4.8
4.7
4.3
San Diego
1,139.1
1,181.5
1,189.3
45.7
49.2
45.1
4.0
4.2
3.8
San Francisco
886.8
896.8
906.3
28.3
29.2
26.0
3.2
3.3
2.9
San Jose
842.6
842.8
849.6
30.3
31.9
29.7
3.6
3.8
3.5
Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompoc
180.9
180.1
183.6
7.3
7.5
7.0
4.0
4.1
3.8
Santa Rosa-Petaluma
195.5
203.1
202.2
8.0
8.2
7.5
4.1
4.0
3.7
Stockton
196.4
201.2
195.3
16.5
15.0
15.7
8.4
7.5
8.0
Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa
193.1
202.6
201.8
9.6
9.8
9.1
5.0
4.8
4.5
Colorado
1,683.0
1,677.3
1,690.7
100.1
72.6
79.6
5.9
4.3
4.7
Boulder-Longmont
132.3
130.5
132.3
6.3
4.5
4.7
4.8
3.4
3.6
Denver
873.6
864.6
873.0
49.2
36.1
38.5
5.6
4.2
4.4
Connecticut
1,746.0
1,785.0
1,768.0
46.7
61.0
62.5
2.7
3.4
3.5
Bridgeport-Milford
230.6
234.7
232.8
7.8
10.4
10.4
3.4
4.4
4.5
Hartford
423.9
430.2
427.6
10.6
12.7
13.5
2.5
3.0
3.2
New Britain
72.7
73.2
72.8
2.0
2.8
2.9
2.8
3.8
3.9
New Haven-Meriden
276.6
286.4
283.1
7.3
9.8
9.6
2.6
3.4
3.4
Stamford
115.0
117.1
115.4
2.1
3.0
2.8
1.8
2.6
2.5
Waterbury
100.6
102.2
101.2
3.3
4.5
4.7
3.3
4.4
4.6
Delaware
353.1
362.4
366.4
9.9
11.7
12.8
2.8
3.2
3.5
Wilmington
304.2
305.3
309.4
9.4
11.2
12.5
3.1-
3.7
4.0
District of Columbia
334.7
326.6
330.2
17.7
15.9
14.5
5.3
4.9
4.4
Washington
2,198.6
2,280.9
2,285.3
62.7
64.7
60.4
2.9
2.8
2.6
Florida¹
6,189.7
6,197.8
6,284.0
303.8
355.0
358.7
4.9
5.7
5.7
Daytona Beach
152.9
152.7
154.0
6.8
7.7
7.7
4.5
5.0
5.0
Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood-Pompand Beach
639.2
634.9
643.1
25.1
33.1
32.2
3.9
5.2
5.0
Fort Myers-Cape Coral
143.5
145.5
148.5
5.5
5.6
6.3
3.8
3.9
4.2
Jacksonville
465.1
463.8
469.7
23.2
24.4
27.1
5.0
5.3
5.8
Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay
188.4
188.8
190.0
8.9
9.6
9.6
4.7
5.1
5.1
Miami-Hialeah
954.8
956.0
965.1
49.5
61.4
61.2
5.2
6.4
6.3
Orlando
593.2
596.2
602.0
26.1
30.2
31.6
4.4
5.1
5.3
Pensacola
150.6
147.0
149.7
9.3
8.6
10.5
6.2
5.9
7.0
Sarasota
123.2
123.1
125.7
3.9
4.5
4.7
3.2
3.7
3.8
Tallahassee
132.7
132.3
135.5
4.4
5.7
5.6
3.3
4.3
4.1
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater
1,002.0
995.0
1,009.3
44.7
49.0
50.5
4.5
4.9
5.0
West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Delray Beach
423.1
427.2
435.7
21.7
27.6
26.5
5.1
6.5
6.1
See footnotes at end of table.
111
Environment
Steve Interior goldstern
OCS )
343-6416 -
STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA
NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED
D-1. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas-Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Unemployed
Civilian labor force
Percent of
Number
labor force
State and area
Oct.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
Sept.
Oct.
1988
1989
1989°
1988
1989
1989°
1988
1989
1989°
Georgia
3,245.0
3,289.1
3,290.6
182.1
203.7
201.4
5.6
6.2
6.1
5.7
4.9
Athens
78.0
77.1
79.0
3.3
4.4
3.9
4.2
Atlanta
1,523.8
1,554.6
1,554.0
77.8
89.1
87.6
5.1
5.7
5.6
Augusta
183.8
184.5
184.2
10.7
10.4
9.7
5.8
5.6
5.3
Columbus
104.8
104.1
103.2
7.8
6.7
6.4
7.4
6.4
6.2
5.7
5.7
Macon-Warner Robins
134.2
136.3
136.2
6.6
7.7
7.8
5.0
Savannah
115.2
114.7
115.0
7.2
6.6
6.5
6.2
5.8
5.7
Hawaii
513.5
523.7
523.3
15.8
11.6
13.2
3.1
2.2
2.5
Honolulu
379.3
385.7
386.6
10.4
8.0
9.1
2.8
2.1
2.3
4.0
4.0
Idaho
478.4
473.9
476.3
20.8
18.8
19.1
4.4
Boise City
107.7
103.7
106.4
3.3
3.2
3.5
3.1
3.1
3.3
Illinois'
5,799.0
5,974.1
5,954.3
350.4
330.4
373.6
6.0
5.5
6.3
Aurora-Elgin
180.5
189.4
187.6
8.2
9.2
10.0
4.6
4.8
5.3
3.4
4.3
Bloomington-Normal
69.4
74.4
74.4
2.8
2.5
3.2
4.1
Champaign-Urbana-Rantoul
90.0
93.1
93.5
3.3
3.1
3.6
3.7
3.4
3.8
Chicago
3,193.0
3,292.3
3,281.0
182.3
179.5
202.4
5.7
5.5
6.2
Davenport-Rock Island-Moline
182.0
179.9
180.8
14.0
11.3
12.1
7.7
6.3
6.7
6.9
7.6
Decatur
59.0
59.7
60.0
5.3
4.1
4.5
9.0
Joliet
192.9
197.0
196.9
12.2
11.3
13.1
6.3
5.7
6.6
Kankakee
43.6
45.2
45.3
3.6
3.0
3.5
8.2
6.7
7.7
Lake County
280.6
296.0
292.9
10.5
10.4
11.5
3.7
3.5
3.9
5.4
6.2
Peoria
156.5
161.0
160.5
9.7
8.7
9.9
6.2
Rockford
147.9
150.1
150.3
9.2
8.2
9.5
6.2
5.5
6.3
Springfield
109.0
111.3
111.3
5.2
4.7
5.7
4.8
4.2
5.2
Indiana
2,839.4
2,903.0
2,910.9
141.5
135.6
149.0
5.0
4.7
5.1
4.9
5.9
Anderson
60.0
60.5
61.5
3.2
2.9
3.6
5.4
Bloomington
63.9
70.9
67.6
1.9
1.8
1.8
2.9
2.5
2.6
Elkhart-Goshen
98.7
99.9
100.5
4.9
5.0
5.3
5.0
5.0
5.2
Evansville
143.9
146.2
146.2
7.5
7.1
7.4
5.2
4.8
5.1
4.9
5.1
Fort Wayne
202.0
205.0
206.2
10.3
10.1
10.5
5.1
Gary-Hammond
257.1
266.8
267.5
14.5
13.5
14.7
5.7
5.1
5.5
Indianapolis
681.4
695.6
703.4
30.8
27.3
33.2
4.5
3.9
4.7
Lafayette-West Lafayette
68.7
69.3
70.9
1.7
2.1
2.4
2.4
3.0
3.4
4.8
4.7
Muncie
61.6
62.3
61.9
3.2
3.0
2.9
5.2
South Bend-Mishawaka
132.4
137.2
136.6
6.3
6.1
6.6
4.7
4.5
4.8
Terre Haute
60.0
60.2
60.4
3.1
2.7
2.7
5.1
4.4
4.4
lowa
1,536.8
1,494.8
1,526.9
58.5
59.3
59.5
3.8
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
Cedar Rapids
97.1
94.5
96.5
3.1
3.6
3.6
3.2
Des Moines
237.7
231.1
235.3
8.3
8.9
8.2
3.5
3.8
3.5
Dubuque
44.9
43.3
44.3
2.0
2.1
1.9
4.5
4.8
4.2
Sioux City
61.1
59.1
59.9
2.5
2.3
2.0
4.0
3.9
3.4
Waterioo-Cedar Falls
72.4
70.7
72.4
3.2
3.6
3.4
4.4
5.1
4.7
Kansas
1,276.0
1,260.1
1,264.1
57.4
54.2
52.9
4.5
4.3
4.2
Topeka
90.6
89.9
89.5
4.5
4.5
3.8
4.9
5.0
4.2
Wichita
255.2
255.4
259.9
12.1
11.3
15.1
4.8
4.4
5.8
5.4
5.1
Kentucky
1,701.7
1,724.3
1,713.9
103.5
93.8
87.5
6.1
Lexington-Fayette
197.0
201.0
201.3
7.5
5.9
6.2
3.8
2.9
3.1
Louisville
500.2
520.0
507.7
25.3
38.3
22.7
5.1
7.4
4.5
Owensboro
43.5
43.5
44.0
2.7
2.0
2.6
6.2
4.6
5.9
Louisiana
1,918.7
1,918.2
1,927.3
193.3
146.0
124.8
10.1
7.6
6.5
Alexandria
59.8
60.7
60.8
5.5
4.6
3.8
9.2
7.6
6.2
Baton Rouge
269.6
271.3
272.6
24.4
17.5
14.9
9.1
6.4
5.5
Houma-Thibodaux
69.6
68.8
70.0
6.6
4.7
3.9
9.5
6.8
5.6
6.5
5.3
Lafayette
100.4
99.8
102.1
9.2
6.5
5.4
9.1
Monroe
69.0
68.4
69.0
6.7
4.7
4.3
9.6
6.9
6.2
New Orleans
597.1
603.6
605.3
54.4
44.2
35.8
9.1
7.3
5.9
Shreveport
161.1
158.0
159.8
16.2
12.7
14.3
10.0
8.1
8.9
Maine
598.0
625.3
625.4
18.0
19.4
23.3
3.0
3.1
3.7
Lewiston-Auburn
41.9
42.2
43.1
1.6
1.9
2.1
3.8
4.6
4.8
Portland
128.5
134.0
135.5
2.1
2.8
3.3
1.7
2.1
2.5
See footnotes at end of table.
112
STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA
NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED
D-1. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas-Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Unemployed
Civilian labor force
Percent of
Number
State and area
labor force
Oct.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
Sept.
Oct.
1988
1989
1989°
1988
1989
1989°
1988
1989
1989°
Maryland
2,471.4
2,541.5
2,543.8
100.3
103.5
92.9
4.1
4.1
3.7
Baltimore
1,186.5
1,211.4
1,211.1
54.0
54.2
47.7
4.6
4.5
3.9
Massachusetts¹
3,143.3
3,111.9
3,113.3
88.9
133.8
127.9
2.8
4.3
4.1
Boston
1,556.7
1,521.5
1,526.8
38.7
57.9
53.9
2.5
3.8
3.5
Brockton
99.0
99.5
99.1
3.4
5.4
4.9
3.5
5.4
5.0
Fall River
76.0
75.0
75.2
3.3
4.7
4.9
4.3
6.3
6.5
Fitchburg-Leominster
46.5
46.2
46.0
1.8
2.6
2.5
3.8
5.7
5.4
Lawrence-Haverhill
187.4
187.2
188.3
7.2
11.6
11.3
3.8
6.2
6.0
Lowell
152.3
152.8
153.3
5.0
7.8
7.6
3.3
5.1
5.0
New Bedford
85.3
85.0
84.7
3.3
4.9
5.3
3.9
5.8
6.3
Pittsfield
40.5
39.8
40.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
4.2
4.4
4.2
Springfield
250.4
245.4
249.9
7.2
10.9
10.5
2.9
4.4
4.2
Worcester
223.3
224.3
225.9
5.4
9.5
8.9
2.4
4.2
3.9
Michigan¹
4,621.2
4,688.9
4,759.4
306.9
349.5
368.5
6.6
7.5
7.7
Ann Arbor
166.1
165.3
170.3
5.8
8.0
8.7
3.5
4.8
5.1
Battle Creek
65.4
66.0
67.1
4.3
5.0
5.4
6.5
7.6
8.1
Benton Harbor
79.8
79.7
81.6
5.1
6.7
6.9
6.4
8.5
8.4
Detroit
2,207.4
2,246.9
2,273.2
150.5
178.4
181.9
6.8
7.9
8.0
Flint
189.4
192.1
197.0
22.9
18.8
24.6
12.1
9.8
12.5
Grand Rapids
368.3
371.9
379.4
17.6
19.3
21.9
4.8
5.2
5.8
Jackson
66.3
67.4
68.2
4.4
4.8
4.9
6.7
7.1
7.2
Kalamazoo
120.5
120.6
123.5
5.7
6.2
6.7
4.7
5.2
5.5
Lansing-East Lansing
249.3
243.4
254.3
12.4
14.7
14.6
5.0
6.0
5.8
Muskegon
69.7
69.8
70.3
6.1
7.2
7.1
8.7
10.4
10.1
Saginaw-Bay City-Midland
185.4
190.4
192.5
11.6
13.8
14.6
6.2
7.2
7.6
Minnesota
2,359.4
2,353.6
2,375.5
81.2
95.4
86.8
3.4
4.1
3.7
Duluth
106.0
107.0
107.3
5.2
5.8
5.2
4.9
5.4
4.9
Minneapolis-St.Paul
1,405.9
1,408.2
1,419.2
44.9
54.0
49.2
3.2
3.8
3.5
Rochester
61.6
62.5
62.6
1.5
1.8
1.7
2.4
2.9
2.8
St. Cloud
97.1
93.4
97.5
3.5
3.7
3.6
3.6
4.0
3.7
Mississippi
1,140.3
1,167.6
1,163.8
97.2
83.5
75.0
8.5
7.2
6.4
Jackson
197.7
205.3
205.4
12.1
10.4
9.5
6.1
5.0
4.6
Missouri
2,603.0
2,633.9
2,627.5
132.7
135.9
135.8
5.1
5.2
5.2
Kansas City
842.5
845.2
843.4
41.4
40.8
38.9
4.9
4.8
4.6
St. Louis LMA
1,261.5
1,267.8
1,270.0
68.5
65.9
67.7
5.4
5.2
5.3
Springfield
126.2
127.6
127.3
5.0
5.8
5.8
4.0
4.5
4.6
Montana
401.2
402.1
400.0
22.2
20.5
21.2
5.5
5.1
5.3
Nebraska
833.3
811.3
826.4
25.1
23.4
22.7
3.0
2.9
2.7
Lincoln
130.0
127.1
129.1
3.9
2.9
2.8
3.0
2.3
2.2
Omaha
329.3
322.8
329.2
11.0
11.2
11.2
3.3
3.5
3.4
Nevada
601.6
599.7
609.9
25.2
30.2
29.5
4.2
5.0
4.8
Las Vegas
351.8
351.3
359.1
15.9
18.2
17.7
4.5
5.2
4.9
Reno
143.4
140.2
142.1
5.0
6.4
6.2
3.5
4.6
4.4
New Hampshire
615.3
626.8
638.9
14.4
25.1
24.9
2.3
4.0
3.9
Manchester
86.0
85.4
86.9
1.8
3.4
3.3
2.1
3.9
3.8
Nashua
100.4
98.7
101.0
3.2
4.9
4.8
3.2
4.9
4.8
Portsmouth-Dover-Rochester
134.9
133.5
135.5
2.2
3.7
3.7
1.6
2.8
2.7
New Jersey
3,907.3
3,973.6
3,987.4
138.1
170.9
191.5
3.5
4.3
4.8
Atlantic City
175.9
187.6
180.3
8.7
9.0
11.8
4.9
4.8
6.5
Bergen-Passaic
710.9
717.2
722.4
21.9
28.4
31.2
3.1
4.0
4.3
Jersey City
267.7
271.3
273.7
15.6
18.2
20.1
5.8
6.7
7.3
Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon
559.3
564.7
570.6
13.7
16.9
20.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Monmouth-Ocean
466.8
484.0
481.7
14.8
18.9
21.3
3.2
3.9
4.4
Newark
922.7
945.9
952.0
34.8
43.9
49.6
3.8
4.6
5.2
Trenton
170.5
170.2
170.5
4.5
5.9
6.2
2.7
3.5
3.7
Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton
57.4
57.9
58.4
3.7
3.8
4.3
6.4
6.5
7.3
New Mexico
694.3
693.2
701.0
47.5
42.3
41.6
6.8
6.1
5.9
Albuquerque
265.8
263.9
267.6
14.4
12.8
12.7
5.4
4.9
4.7
Las Cruces
57.7
57.1
59.3
3.9
3.6
3.6
6.7
6.3
6.1
Santa Fe
66.4
66.4
67.2
3.1
2.4
2.7
4.6
3.7
4.1
See footnotes at end of table.
113
STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA
NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED
D-1. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas-Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Unemployed
Civilian labor force
Percent of
Number
labor force
State and area
Oct.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
Sept.
Oct.
1988
1989
1989°
1988
1989
1989°
1988
1989
1989°
New York'
8,562.4
8,595.0
8,675.2
360.0
447.8
401.6
4.2
5.2
4.6
15.5
3.5
4.1
3.6
Albany-Schenectady-Troy
425.6
430.2
435.0
14.8
17.5
Binghamton
128.3
126.7
127.9
4.5
6.0
5.1
3.5
4.7
4.0
452.1
457.8
461.2
21.4
26.1
23.0
4.7
5.7
5.0
Buffalo
Elmira
42.5
43.6
44.6
1.6
2.2
2.2
3.7
5.1
4.9
48.0
65.6
59.4
3.3
4.6
4.1
Nassau-Suffolk
1,437.7
1,430.9
1,444.2
New York
3,911.2
3,927.4
3,954.9
179.1
227.1
200.5
4.6
5.8
5.1
3,231.7
3,249.9
3,270.3
159.5
200.3
176.7
4.9
6.2
5.4
New York City
Orange County
135.0
135.4
137.4
4.9
7.3
6.6
3.6
5.4
4.8
129.6
131.6
3.5
4.3
4.0
2.7
3.3
3.0
Poughkeepsie
129.9
510.7
506.9
518.6
17.8
20.6
18.9
3.5
4.1
3.6
Rochester
318.1
316.4
321.8
12.5
13.7
12.4
3.9
4.3
3.8
Syracuse
Utica-Rome
137.7
137.7
139.2
6.3
6.5
5.9
4.6
4.7
4.3
3,402.2
3,445.4
3,446.2
128.8
120.9
105.6
3.8
3.5
3.1
North Carolina'
Asheville
89.6
91.1
90.9
3.1
2.9
2.3
3.4
3.2
2.5
Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill
646.5
661.2
661.0
22.2
21.4
19.4
3.4
3.2
2.9
Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point
531.9
525.4
527.6
17.9
17.7
15.5
3.4
3.4
2.9
410.9
415.4
418.3
11.2
11.2
9.1
2.7
2.7
2.2
Raleigh-Durham
4.2
3.8
North Dakota
327.6
330.9
328.9
13.7
13.9
12.6
4.2
Bismarck
44.2
47.2
46.2
1.8
2.1
1.8
4.2
4.4
3.9
Fargo-Moorhead
85.6
85.6
86.8
1.9
2.2
1.9
2.3
2.6
2.2
Grand Forks
35.0
35.1
35.7
1.2
1.4
1.3
3.5
4.1
3.6
310.2
5.2
4.9
5.6
Ohio'
5,364.6
5,460.3
5,513.0
277.6
268.6
Akron
328.7
336.5
338.5
16.5
15.4
17.3
5.0
4.6
5.1
190.9
196.1
197.2
10.3
11.1
11.2
5.4
5.7
5.7
Canton
Cincinnati
768.5
798.2
801.6
34.2
32.0
36.1
4.4
4.0
4.5
45.0
41.7
48.1
4.8
4.4
5.0
Cleveland
937.2
950.6
960.1
Columbus
720.8
734.2
745.7
32.3
31.5
35.7
4.5
4.3
4.8
Dayton-Springfield
474.9
486.2
496.7
22.8
22.1
30.4
4.8
4.6
6.1
Toledo
314.1
322.5
326.1
16.2
18.0
20.2
5.2
5.6
6.2
228.1
230.1
13.5
13.9
15.1
6.1
6.1
6.6
Youngstown-Warren
223.3
1,539.3
1,525.2
1,519.1
86.2
79.2
73.6
5.6
5.2
4.8
Oklahoma
28.5
27.8
27.6
1.4
1.2
1.1
4.8
4.2
4.2
Enid
Lawton
48.3
48.9
49.6
2.5
2.2
2.3
5.3
4.6
4.6
497.1
490.2
490.5
23.7
22.5
20.7
4.8
4.6
4.2
Oklahoma City
Tulsa
343.4
346.0
344.8
20.7
18.6
17.3
6.0
5.4
5.0
1,411.3
1,419.9
1,416.8
67.5
66.6
64.9
4.8
4.7
4.6
Oregon
Eugene-Springfield
142.2
140.9
143.1
6.9
6.8
6.2
4.8
4.8
4.4
Portland
640.1
643.0
646.4
26.8
26.3
27.9
4.2
4.1
4.3
4.4
4.1
Salem
133.6
134.8
133.6
5.9
6.0
5.5
4.4
Pennsylvania¹
5,807.3
5,862.4
5,857.3
293.7
236.9
258.8
5.1
4.0
4.4
Allentown-Bethlehem
326.2
332.2
332.4
13.7
13.5
15.2
4.2
4.1
4.6
Altoona
59.7
61.2
60.4
4.0
3.1
3.6
6.8
5.1
6.0
3.6
8.9
6.1
6.2
Beaver County
60.3
59.3
59.1
5.4
3.6
Erie
131.5
134.0
133.7
7.9
5.9
6.6
6.0
4.4
4.9
Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle
321.4
331.0
327.4
13.5
12.7
12.4
4.2
3.8
3.8
Johnstown
94.8
96.8
96.2
6.6
6.0
6.0
7.0
6.2
6.3
9.0
6.3
8.2
4.1
2.8
3.6
Lancaster
221.6
224.4
226.1
Philadelphia
2,413.5
2,418.4
2,418.9
100.3
91.8
94.4
4.2
3.8
3.9
Pittsburgh
964.0
979.5
977.5
53.2
38.2
41.2
5.5
3.9
4.2
Reading
175.6
178.4
181.2
6.6
5.8
7.8
3.8
3.3
4.3
Scranton-Wilkes-Barre
361.1
361.0
362.8
21.0
17.4
19.7
5.8
4.8
5.4
Williamsport
59.2
60.7
60.6
3.0
3.0
3.2
5.1
4.9
5.3
219.5
222.9
221.7
9.7
7.7
8.6
4.4
3.5
3.9
York
Rhode Island
532.5
528.1
527.4
15.6
21.3
21.0
2.9
4.0
4.0
Pawtucket-Woonsocket-Attleboro
167.4
166.6
166.3
5.9
8.9
8.3
3.5
5.3
5.0
Providence
348.9
344.0
344.8
9.7
13.3
13.3
2.8
3.9
3.9
South Carolina
1,696.2
1,740.5
1,742.3
72.1
87.3
87.3
4.2
5.0
5.0
Charleston
230.6
238.9
239.1
8.5
10.1
13.6
3.7
4.2
5.7
Columbia
236.4
245.4
245.4
7.3
9.3
7.8
3.1
3.8
3.2
4.0
3.5
Greenville-Spartanburg
343.8
355.0
356.4
11.0
14.3
12.5
3.2
South Dakota
359.9
365.6
368.0
13.9
14.3
14.2
3.9
3.9
3.9
Rapid City
39.3
40.5
40.8
2.0
1.6
1.6
5.1
3.9
4.0
Sioux Falls
73.4
73.4
74.0
2.7
2.3
2.2
3.7
3.1
2.9
See footnotes at end of table.
114
STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA
NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED
D-1. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas-Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Unemployed
Civilian labor force
Percent of
Number
State and area
labor force
Oct.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
Sept.
Oct.
1988
1989
1989°
1988
1989
1989
1988
1989
1989°
Tennessee
2,330.9
2,379.0
2,385.1
121.1
91.1
97.1
5.2
3.8
4.1
Chattanooga
212.6
216.4
217.6
11.4
9.1
9.9
5.4
4.2
4.5
Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol
210.6
214.8
218.5
9.5
7.7
9.1
4.5
3.6
4.2
Knoxville
284.2
284.0
284.5
13.5
11.1
11.0
4.7
3.9
3.9
Memphis LMA
444.8
457.0
455.9
21.3
16.4
17.1
4.8
3.6
3.8
Nashville
517.6
519.6
521.1
20.0
15.9
17.1
3.9
3.1
3.3
Texas1
8,324.3
8,265.6
8,292.7
567.7
521.0
500.1
6.8
6.3
6.0
Abilene
54.3
53.5
53.7
3.1
3.2
3.1
5.7
6.1
5.7
Amarillo
99.9
98.3
97.8
6.1
5.5
4.8
6.1
5.6
4.9
Austin
426.3
419.9
421.3
24.0
21.6
20.5
5.6
5.1
4.9
Beaumont-Port Arthur
163.2
161.9
162.1
15.2
12.8
12.1
9.3
7.9
7.5
Brazoria
83.3
83.8
84.4
5.9
5.5
5.1
7.1
6.6
6.1
Brownsville-Harlingen
99.1
98.6
99.8
11.5
11.2
11.0
11.6
11.3
11.0
Bryan-College Station
60.5
60.9
61.5
2.7
2.3
2.4
4.5
3.8
3.9
Corpus Christi
157.4
156.1
156.7
13.7
12.1
11.3
8.7
7.8
7.2
Dallas
1,460.1
1,443.0
1,450.3
82.0
75.4
72.6
5.6
5.2
5.0
El Paso
244.4
244.9
244.5
25.7
24.0
23.8
10.5
9.8
9.7
Fort Worth-Arlington
687.2
686.4
687.8
40.3
36.7
34.8
5.9
5.4
5.1
Galveston-Texas City
105.8
104.5
103.6
8.4
7.4
7.4
7.9
7.1
7.1
Houston
1,634.3
1,645.2
1,650.8
100.9
93.0
88.7
6.2
5.7
5.4
Killeen-Temple
96.6
96.0
96.3
7.8
6.5
6.6
8.0
6.7
6.8
Laredo
48.0
49.2
50.0
5.6
5.1
4.9
11.6
10.3
9.8
Longview-Marshall
80.5
79.3
79.3
6.8
6.2
5.8
8.4
7.8
7.3
Lubbock
114.2
114.6
115.3
5.7
5.1
4.7
5.0
4.4
4.1
McAllen-Edinburg-Mission
156.4
150.5
153.8
25.3
26.0
25.2
16.2
17.2
16.4
Midland
49.7
48.8
48.8
2.7
2.9
2.7
5.4
5.9
5.5
Odessa
53.0
51.3
51.0
3.9
4.0
3.6
7.4
7.8
7.1
San Angelo
45.7
44.6
44.4
2.7
2.6
2.4
6.0
5.8
5.4
San Antonio
609.0
600.2
602.9
46.0
41.8
40.8
7.5
7.0
6.8
Sherman-Denison
48.5
47.0
47.0
3.2
2.6
2.4
6.5
5.5
5.1
Texarkana
57.3
57.5
58.0
4.3
3.5
3.4
7.5
6.2
5.8
Tyler
74.9
74.6
75.2
5.4
5.1
4.7
7.2
6.9
6.3
Victoria
36.1
36.8
36.4
2.3
2.1
1.9
6.3
5.7
5.2
Waco
93.7
92.1
92.8
5.7
4.9
4.8
6.1
5.3
5.2
Wichita Falls
57.3
56.1
56.1
3.2
3.2
2.9
5.6
5.6
5.1
Utah
769.7
804.8
801.1
30.0
29.3
27.9
3.9
3.6
3.5
Provo-Orem
110.6
114.9
113.7
3.6
3.8
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.2
Salt Lake City-Odgen
501.0
523.4
523.0
19.2
18.8
17.6
3.8
3.6
3.4
Vermont
296.8
304.7
304.6
7.8
10.1
10.6
2.6
3.3
3.5
Burlington
75.4
76.2
76.2
1.4
2.1
2.2
1.9
2.7
2.8
Virginia
3,080.6
3,172.4
3,172.2
114.4
117.8
128.8
3.7
3.7
4.1
Charlottesville
68.0
66.8
68.0
1.9
1.7
1.6
2.8
2.5
2.4
Danville
52.5
54.7
54.3
3.4
3.5
3.3
6.4
6.5
6.0
Lynchburg
70.5
73.2
73.3
3.4
3.9
4.4
4.9
5.4
5.9
Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News
611.0
624.2
619.8
28.0
28.4
30,7
4.6
4.6
5.0
Richmond-Petersburg
445.2
461.0
464.8
14.1
15.9
18.4
3.2
3.5
4.0
Roanoke
121.3
121.4
122.5
4.9
3.8
5.6
4.1
3.1
4.6
Washington
2,327.9
2,385.5
2,411.7
121.2
127.1
124.3
5.2
5.3
5.2
Seattle
1,038.0
1,069.5
1,089.4
45.1
47.0
44.1
4.3
4.4
4.1
West Virginia
744.7
770.5
775.1
72.9
62.2
68.3
9.8
8.1
8.8
Charleston
115.0
120.7
120.5
10.0
7.6
8.0
8.7
6.3
6.7
Huntington-Ashland
124.2
129.0
130.4
8.8
7.2
7.5
7.1
5.6
5.8
Parkersburg-Marietta
71.1
74,1
74.5
4.8
4.4
4.8
6.7
5.9
6.5
Wheeling
71.4
73.3
73.1
5.2
4.1
4.3
7.3
5.6
6.0
Wisconsin
2,598.3
2,635.1
2,647.8
83.0
107.8
106.4
3.2
4.1
4.0
Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah
174.2
174.6
176.6
5.3
7.1
6.7
3,1
4,1
3.8
Eau Claire
73.4
74.4
75.8
2.2
2.8
3.0
3.0
3.8
4.0
Green Bay
107.2
112.1
112.5
3.7
4.5
4.3
3.4
4.0
3.8
Janesville-Beloit
74.0
73.7
73.9
2.4
3.9
3.8
3.2
5.3
5.1
Kenosha
57.3
55.1
54.9
1.8
4.6
4.2
3.2
8.4
7.7
La Crosse
58.2
60.1
61.2
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.7
3.3
3.3
Madison
223.6
225.8
229.5
4.7
5.8
5.9
2.1
2.6
2.6
Milwaukee
765.7
776.4
781.5
22.7
31.3
30.4
3.0
4.0
3.9
Racine
89.4
93.6
93.6
3.1
4.7
4.5
3.5
5.1
4.8
Wausau
61.8
63.8
64.5
1.9
2.6
2.4
3.1
4.1
3.8
Wyoming
231.1
222.8
223.1
13.8
12.5
11.5
6.0
5.6
5.2
1 Data are obtained directly from the Current Population Survey. See the
benchmarked to 1988 Current Population Survey annual averages. Except in the
Explanatory Notes for State and Area Labor Force Data.
11 States designated by footnote 1, estimates for 1989 are provisional and will be
2 Not available.
revised when new benchmark information becomes available. Area definitions are
p = preliminary.
published annually in the May issue of this publication.
NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. Estimates for 1988 have been
115
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
February 1, 1990
President Bush's Proposed
Savings and Economic Growth Act
Today, President Bush transmitted to the Congress the
Savings and Economic Growth Act. This act will increase family
savings, stimulate job-creating long-term investment, and
strengthen the competitive position of American business.
It contains three parts:
Family Savings Account. This new savings program will give
Americans an opportunity to save for their long term goals
in a tax-free manner.
Capital Gains Tax Rate Reduction. This act will provide for
a permanent partial exclusion from tax of gains on long term
investments in productive assets.
Home Ownership Initiative. This will allow millions of
American families an opportunity to save for their first
home through the existing IRA program.
The Savings and Economic Growth Act provides a comprehensive
and balanced program to stimulate our domestic savings rate and
lower the cost of capital to American business. This, coupled
with President Bush's proposed dramatic reduction in the federal
budget deficit, will allow more funds to flow into productive
investment in this country.
The President calls upon the Congress for speedy enactment
of these provisions. The sooner we can provide incentives for
American families to save and for American business to invest for
the long term, the more certain we can be that the current record
setting peacetime recovery will continue.
- 3 -
State of the Jan31,199 Union
In the tough competitive markets around, America faces great
challenges and great opportunities. We know that we can succeed
in the global economic arena of the 90's, but to meet that
challenge we must make some fundamental changes -- some crucial
investments in ourselves.
Yes -- we are going to invest in America. This Administration is
determined to encourage the creation of capital -- capital of all
kinds. Physical capital: Everything, from our farms and
factories to our workshops and production lines, all that is
needed to produce and deliver quality goods and quality services.
Intellectual capital: The source of ideas that spark tomorrow's
products. And of course, our human capital: The talented
workforce we'll need to compete in the global market.
And let me tell you: If we ignore human capital -- we lose the
spirit of American ingenuity -- the spirit that is the hallmark
of the American worker. And the American worker is the most productive
worker in the world.
We need to save more -- expand the pool of capital for the new
investments that mean more jobs, more growth. That's the idea
behind a new initiative I call the Family Savings Plan, which I
will send to the Congress tomorrow.
We need to cut the tax on capital gains encourage risk-takers
-- especially those in our small businesses -- to take those
steps that translate into economic reward, jobs, and a better
life for all of us.
We'll do what it takes to invest in America's future. The budget
commitment is there. The money is there. It's there for
Research and Development, R&D -- a record high. It's there for
our housing initiative HOPE, to help everyone from first-time
homebuyers to the homeless. The money's there to keep our kids
drug-free: 70 percent more than when I took office in 1989.
It's there for space exploration -- and it's there for education:
another record high.
And one more thing: Last fall at the Education Summit, the
Governors and I agreed to look for ways to help make sure kids
are ready to learn -- the very first day they walk into that
classroom. I've made good on that commitment -- by proposing a
record increase in funds -- an extra half a billion dollars --
for something near and dear to all of us: Head Start.
Education is the one investment that means more for our future
because it means the most for our children. Real improvement in
our schools is not simply a matter of spending more. It is a
matter of asking more -- expecting more -- of our schools, our
teachers, of our kids, and our parents and ourselves. That's why
tonight I am announcing America's education goals -- goals
developed with the nation's Governors:
-- By the year 2000, every child must start school ready to
learn.
-- The United States must increase the high school graduation
rate to no less than 90 percent.
--
And we're going to make sure our schools' diplomas mean
something: In critical subjects -- at the 4th, 8th and 12th
grades -- we must assess our students' performance.
-- By the year 2000, U.S. students must be first in the world
in math and science achievement.
-- Every American adult must be a literate worker and citizen.
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