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FOIA Number:
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This is not a textual record. This is used as an
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George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
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Panama Elections 3/8/90 [OA 6854] [2]
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6
7
THE OLD GUARD
THIRD INFANTRY REGIMENT
1784 - 1984
OG 87.31.
THE OLD CUARD - The History, Customs, and Traditions of the Third United
States Regiment of Infantry
Compiled from material gathered by the historians of the 1st Battalion, 3rd
Infantry in the years 1953 - 1984 and by SFC Thomas M. Heski, historian for
the 3D Battalion 3D Infantry (USAR)
EDITED BY SFC THOMAS M. HESKI AND MAJOR JAMES A. LUNDELL IN HONOR OF THE
BICENTENIAL CELEBRATION OF "THE OLD GUARD'
1784 - 1984
ISG Thomas (The m. red Heshi And
Compliments Co. C., 3rd Bry 3rd Infantry
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Lineage of the Old Guard
3
Historical Summary
4
Pioneer Duty
4
The Battle Record
5
The Peacetime Missions
9
Chronology: A Look at Some Important Dates in Old Guard History
11
Customs, Traditions and Insignia
16
Stations of the old Guard
22
Battle Streamers
31
Battle Honors
32
Commanders and Sergeant Majors
36
Medal of Honor Winners
38
Minnesota's Own
40
Bibliography
41
2
LINEAGE OF THE OLD GUARD
General Anthony Wryne.
HISTORY OF THE THIRD UNITED STATES INFANTRY
3D INFANTRY
(THE- OLD GUARD)
LINEAGE
Constituted 3 June 1784 as the First American Regiment authorized by the Cont-
inental Congress.
LTC Josiah Harmer was placed in command of the regiment, which was to be
comprised of volunteers from the state militias of Pennsylvania, New York, New
Jersey, and Connecticut.
Redesignated 29 September 1789 as the Regiment of Infantry.
This change of name is attributable to the fact that the Constitution had been
ratified, and the government itself was reorganized. LTC Harmer was still in
command.
Redesignated 3 March 1791 as the 1st Infantry.
After the stunning defeat of Harmer's troops in their first major campaign
against the Indians, Congress authorized the establishment of a second regi-
ment of Infantry. The units were given numerical designations.
Redesignated 5 March 1792 as the lot Sub-Legion of the Legion of the U.S.
Following its second major defeat at the hand of the Miami Indians, the young
army faced a major reorganization. Congress adopted the term "Legion" for the
army, and assigned numbers to the four "sub-legions" that comprised the
force. The entire Legion was placed under the command of "Mad Anthony" Wayne,
who whipped the force into fighting shape, and who led it in the victories at
Fort Recovery and Fallen Timbers in 1794.
General Wayne had assigned distinctive colors to each of the Sub-Legions; The
Third Sub-Legion was identified by "yellow binding on their caps, yellow
plumes and block hair." The yellow used by the First Sub-Legion was a buff
shade, similar to the natural buff color of rawhide. During the war of 1812,
Third Infantry soldiers actually used natural rawhide woven into their black
knapsack straps to identify themselves and their unit. This buff and black
knapsack strap became a tradition which was officially adopted by the Old
Cuard.
Redesignated 30 May 1796 ,as the 1st Infantry of the United States Army.
The let Regiment of Infantry regained its former title and became one of four
infantry units in the new United States Army.
3
HISTORICAL SUMMARY
HISTORICAL SUMMARY
Consolidated May-October 1815 with the 5th, 17th, 19th, and 28th Infantry
Regiments to form the 3d Infantry.
In the post-war demobilization of 1815, the unit which had been known as the
First American Regiment, the 1st Infantry, and the 1st Sub-Legion was con-
solidated with four other units to form one of the eight remaining regiments.
Each regiment was assigned a numerical designation based on the position of
ito commanding officer in the officer's seniority system. The commander of
the old 1st Regiment was the third highest ranking colonel, so his regiment
was designated the 3rd Infantry Regiment.
The 3rd Infantry has thus been in continuous service since 1784, save for
eighteen months following its deactivation in Berlin in 1946.
The history of the 3rd US Infantry (The Old Guard) is divided into three sec-
tions. The first concerns itself with the contribution made by the Old Guard
during the westward expansion of the United States. It is titled, "Pioneer
Duty." " The second records the unit's performance in war. It is appropriately
entitled "The Battle Record.' The final section recounts the Old Guard's
traditional role in the peacetime Army. The title of this section is "The
Peacetime Missions."
PIONEER DUTY
The role of the Army began with the organization of the First American Regi-
ment in 1784. For over cix years the First American Regiment was the only
federal Army unit on the frontier, which at the time comprised much of the
area now occupled by the states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan. The unit
built forts all along the Ohio River, providing a peaceful deterrent to Indian
and nettler disputes. Once established, the Regiment made the territory safe
for development, and permitted the frontler to advance further west.
From 1796 to 1803 the 1st Infantry was stationed near the site of Detroit. In
the latter year, a detachment from the 1st began the construction of Ft
Dearborn, a post destined to become the city of Chicago. Within the next few
years, the 1st Infantry's influence was felt to the ends of the continent.
Both CPT Meriwether Lewis (of Lewis and Clark fame), and 1LT Zebulon Pike
(discoverer of Pike's Peak) were members of the unit. Their explorations laid
the groundwork for the future expansion of the frontier.
Following the war of 1812, after the demobilization and reorganization of the
Army, the new 3rd Infantry Regiment (1817) constructed Fort Howard near the
present site of Green Bay, Wisconsin. Eventually, they garrisoned a number of
lesser outposts on the northern frontier. One of these small posts eventually
became Saginaw, Michigan.
As the Northwest Territory was divided and each section progressed toward
statchood, the frontier pushed further westward. 1826 found the 3rd Infantry
in St Louis, Missouri, where, with the assistance of the 1st Infantry, it con-
structed Jefferson Barracks, the guardian of "the Gateway to the West." The
next year, the 3rd constructed and garrisoned Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
Territory, which was named after the Regiment's Commander, COL Henry
Leavenworth.
4
The uniformed pioneers of the 3rd Infantry were scattered throughout the west
during the middle years of the nincteenth century. From the 1830's to the
1880's, during times of pence, there were seldom more than two companies of
the unit at any one post. The Regiment had extended stays in New Mexico Ter-
ritory, in Indian Territory, in Kansas, and in Montana Territory. During
these periods, the troops were used for every imaginable task involved in
making life more bearable, not only for the Army, but for the future civilian
inhabitants of the land. The tasks began with the construction of a network
of forts, and included the building of roads and bridges, dredsing of rivers,
and the stringing of telegraph lines. All of these were undertaken in addi-
tion to the Indian cumpaigns against various tribes.
From 1904 to 1906, the Old Cuard was involved in the taming of the last
frontier -- Alaska. Stationed at flve forts on the Alaskan mainland, the 3rd
Infantry Was placed under the control of the Army Signal Corps, while it as-
sisted in the development of the first telegraph system in that territory.
The two years that the unit spent in maintaining and repairing the lines
brought official recognition, and an expression of gratitude from the Chief of
the Signal Corps.
The final act of pioneer duty performed by the 3rd. Infantry, was the construc-
tion of Ft Pepperrell, Newfoundland, in 1941.
THE BATTLE RECORD
The very beginnings of the unit's battle record are its darkest. In 1790, the
Regiment of Infantry, and in 1791, the 1st Infantry, suffered defeats at the
hands of the Miami Indians in Ohio. Untrained and undisciplined troops, low
morale, and a lack of coordination between units, combined with inadequate
support channels, and a lack of organization in the War Department, contri-
buted to the ineffectiveness of the force. The defent of 17.91 was BO disas-
trous that Congress was prompted to reorganize and enlarge the entire Army.
The resulting force was known as the Legion of the United States. The legion
was divided into four Sub-Legions, the 1st Sub-Legion being the predecessor of
the present 3rd Infantry. The proven fighter of the Revolution, "Mad Anthony"
Wayne, was placed in command of the Logion.
General Wayne disciplined his troops thoroughly. When he was satisfied that
the Legion was prepared, he launched an expedition against the Miamis (1794).
The Legion was victorious at the battles of Fort Recovery and Fallen Timbers.
That campaign is reflected in the streamer Miami, which is carried with the
3rd Infantry colors.
The War of 1812 found the 1st Infantry operating close to the Canadian
border. The setbacks that followed the first years of the war were reversed
in 1814. In July of that year American forces (including contingents of every
regiment which was to be reorganized into the 3rd Infantry in 1815) defeated
British Regulars on Canadian soil in the battles of Chippewa and Lundy's
Lane. Both of these battles, and the entire campaign in Canada, are reflected
in 3rd Infantry campaign strenmers.
From 1840 to 1842, the 3rd Infantry participated in the Second Seminole Indian
War in Florida. It was a war marked by infrequent skirmishes, high death
rates from disease, and improved military tactics. Under the leadership of
5
Licutenant Colonel Ethan Alan Hitchcock, the soldier's soldier of the era, the
3rd Infantry's reputation as a fighting unit was enhanced both by its opera-
tions in the field, and its behavior in garrison. The streamer Seminoles was
awarded to the Regiment for its service in the war.
There were two major campaigns in the Mexican War of 1846-1847 The
Infantry played a vital role in both of them. The first campaign was 3rd led by
Brigadier General Zachary Taylor. General Taylor was in command of the "Army
of Observation" which had been sent to the Texas-Mexican border when relations
with Mexico deteriorated. The first battle of the war took place on 8 May
1846 when a Mexican force attacked Taylor's army at Palo Alto, Texas. It was
repulsed and followed by an American offensive against Mexican entrenchments
at Resoon de la Palma, Texas. The 3rd Infantry figured prominently in both
engagements. By the 10th of May, the Mexicans had retreated across the Rio
Grande into Mexico.
Taylor's advance into Mexico began on 18 May 1846. The route of march led
directly to Monterey, Mexico, 130 miles from the Texas border. A large and
firmly entrenched force of Mexicans awaited the 3rd in Montercy. On the 21st
September 1846, the 3rd Infantry was part of the first wave to attack the
ty. Enemy artillery positioned at street interrections, and narrow streets
bounded on each side with buildings were filled With-infantrymen. Muskets
extended from every window. In penetrating the first line of defense the
Regiment found itself drawn into a situation in which there was no cover. The
losses that resulted reflect the nature of the barrage that met the unit.
Over forty enlisted men and five officers, including the three senior
officers, were killed. The unit held its ground until a lack of ammunition
made withdrawal a necessity; and even then it remained under Mexican fire
during the night and into the morning of the 21st-22nd. The anniversary of
that day in battle has since been chosen as the unit's Organization Day.
In December 1846, the 3rd was transferred to a force under the command of
General Winfield Scott. The second major campaign began formally on 9 March
1847 when General Scott's army participated in the first large scale amphi-
bious landing undertaken by the US Army. The landing occurred at Vera Cruz on
the eastern coast of Mexico. The 3rd Infantry was among the first ashore.
From Vera Cruz, the Army made straight for Mexico City, 200 miles to the west.
The battles of Cerro Cordo (18 April), Contreras (19-20 August), and
Churubusco (20 August) were fought on the march to the Mexican capital. The
bayonet charges at Cerro Cordo and Churubusco, which were undertaken by the
3rd Infantry, were praised personally by General Scott. Near the gates of
Mexico City, the 3rd stormed the final citadel, the formidable Chapultepec
with bayonets on 13 September. That charge also brought praise from General
Scott. The next day, the 3rd Infantry had the honor of marching at the head
of the line of American troops as it entered the Mexican capital. It was at
this time that General Scott gave the unit its nickname; he turned to his
staff as the 3rd passed in review, and said, "Gentlemen, take off your hats to
the Old Guard of the Army."
The New Mexico Territory was the home of the 3rd Infantry for ten
following its return from Mexico. Twenty-seven separate engagements years with the
Indians are recorded in the unit's records of that time. The final battle was
a night attack by Navajos on Fort Defiance (30 April 1860). The attack was
repulsed by an infantry charge of four companies from the Regiment. The force
returned shortly after dawn, having lost only one man while thoroughly routing
6
the Indians. The campaign streamers New Mexico 1856, 1857, 1858, and 1860
were awarded on the basic of the Old Guard's tour in that territory.
The Civil war broke out while the Regiment was in Texas. When the Regiment
was ordered to Washington, D.C., three companies could not evacuate Texas in
time, and they were captured by Confederate troops of Texas.
The first Union campaign in Virginia began and ended at Bull Run. The Union,
expecting a quick and decisive victory, received a rude awakening. Most of
the volunteer units panicked when faced with the possibility of defent. They
turned and ran. The 3rd Infantry formed part of. the rear guard which halted
the Confederate advance. Skirmishers from the Regiment covered the Union
withdrawl giving order to the retreat, and preventing the defeat from turning
into a rout. A short while after the battle, President Lincoln reviewed the
Provost Cuard of the capital, of which the 3rd was then a part. At the
review, the general accompanying the President turned to Lincoln as they ap-
pronched the position of the Old Cuard and caid, "Mr President, these are the
men that saved your Army at Bull Run." To which the President was heard to
reply, "Yes, I have heard of them.
For most of the Civil War, the 3rd Infantry was assigned to, and participated
in the campaigns of the Army of the Potomac. In 1864, the Old Guard manned
harbor defenses. in New York City. Two companies saw action in Florida in 1861
and 1862 before joining the rest of the unit in Washington. The Peninsula
Campaign; Manassas; Fredericksburg; Chancellorsville; Antietam and Gettysburg:
the campaigns in Virginia in '62 and 63; and the final drive to Appomattox,
all found the 3rd in the Army of the Potomac, or the short lived Army of
Virginia. For its service during the war, the Regiment displays twelve cam-
paign streamers on its Regimental colors.
Following the Civil War, the regiment returned to the frontier. It was spread
thin over the territory between Western Kansas and the Rocky Mountains. The
campaign streamer Commanches in in tribute to that service. By 1870, most of
the Indian unrest in the area had subsided.
In 1878, the Regiment began a ten year tour in Montana Territory. During this
period, the Regiment was awarded the streamer Montana 1887 for its partici-
pation in battle for that year.
The Old Guard saw battle in the Spanish-American War after a ten year period
of garrison duty at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. Volunteers filled the ranks of
the Regiment when war was declared, and in April of 1898 the Regiment set out
for Cuba. Pausing in Mobile, Alabama, for training, the unit landed in. Cuba
on 22 Jun 1898. It participated in the battle of El Caney on the 1st of July,
and was under fire near San Juan Hill during most of July. Since these en-
gagements were part of the Santingo Compaign, the Regiment was awarded the
streamer of that name. The losses to the unit during this short conflict were
chiefly from disease.
The incident at Leech Lake, Minensota; came just two weeks after the regi-
ment's return to Ft Snelling in September of 1898. A detail was sent/from Ft
Snelling to quell the disturbance. Instead, when the offending "agitators"
were placed under arrest, the angry mood of the Leech Lake reservation erupted
into open conflict. A three day fire fight ensued leaving six soldiers dead
and ten wounded. The disorder quickly evaporated upon the arrival of a
sizuble force of reinforcements from Ft Snelling.
7
Leech Lake was unique in the annals of American 15 for several reasons. The
30-40 caliber Krag-Jorgenson rifle was employed for the first time in combat
in this engagement. The last medal of Honor awarded in the Indian Campaigns
as awarded to Private Oscar Burkhard "for distinguished bravery in action
against hostile Indians."
Most important, on 5 October 1898, the last American soldiers involved in en-
gagements with Indians died in this engagement.
It was just a month after the Leech Lake incident that the Old Guard received
orders to the Philippine Islands. 1 rebellion against the newly granted
American authority in the Philippines (one of the provisions of the peace
treaty with Spain) was undertaken by a group of Filipinos who had been our
allies in the war against Spain. The "insurgents" felt that the U.S. was in-
fringing on their right to self-government. It was called the Philippine In-
surrection, and the 3rd Infantry was stationed in the area surrounding
Manila. The unit, for the most part, were on patrol or in garrison during.
that first guerrilla war fought by US forces on foreign soil.
In 1909, the 3rd returned to the Philippines, to the Island of Mindinao. The
ampaign streamer Jolo 1911 was awarded to the Regiment during this tour.
'hat brought the total number of streamers for service in the Philippines to
five.
There followed a span of almost 30 years before the Old Guard participated
again in war. From January 1941 until September 1943, a contingent of the
Regiment (then divided into three active battalions) was stationed near St.
John's, Newfoundland. The unit's miscion was to protect the port of St.
John's. This mission was part of the continental defense perimeter set up as
a precaution against enemy invasion. For six months the 3rd Battalion lived
on board a troop ship in St. John's harbor, and then lived in tents for
another six months while they constructed Ft Pepperrell. The Old Guard's
service in Newfoundland, and its service as a training and demonstration unit
in training camps in the Southeast, is reflected in the American Thenter
strenmer, which ic of distinctive colors, but is without inscription.
When the Old Guard finally was shipped overseas, in March 1945, the German
resistance had all but collapsed. Even though the Regiment saw no actual
combat, it was awarded the campaign streamer Northern France for its presence
in that area of operations prior to the German surrender.
The Vietnam conflict brought eleven möre streamers to the Regimental Colors.
The gallant service of the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Infantry from 1967 to 1970, and
of the 1th Battalion, 3rd Infantry from 1967 to 1971, continued the unit's
tradition of battle service. The 2nd Battalion was awarded a Valorous Unit
Award (embroidered Saigon-Long Binh) in 1968:- It, too, flies with the Regi-
mental Colors. Both battalions were awarded the Victnamese Cross of Gallentry
with Palm in 1969 and in 1971.
The first old Guard Medal of Honor winner since the Indian Wars, was assigned
to the 2nd Battalion in Victnam. On -3 July 1967, Corporal Michael F. Holland
received mortal wounds when he threw himself on an enemy grenade which threat-
ened his entire squad. The Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously on 15
December 1971.
8
THE PEACETIME MISSIONS
During the years when a unit is not at war, garrison duty and training are the
order of the day. Each tour of peacetime duty has found the 3rd Infantry con-
stantly sharpening the skills necessary for success on the battlefield. The
first of these tours was during 1792-94, when the 1st Sub-Legion, as part of
the Leglon of the United States, was whipped into shape by General "Mad
Anthony" Wayne. This training led to those first victories at Ft. Recovery
and Fallen Timbers.
Perhaps the most significant tour of training duty was the year the 3rd
Infantry spent at the "School for Brigade Drill". at Jefferson Barracks,
Missouri (1843-44). It was then that the unit received its first nickname
"The Buff Sticks" for the outstanding soldierly appearance of its men. The
discipline and training received at the time served the unit well in the War
with. Mexico.
During the unit's first tour at Ft Snelling (1888-1898) it was engaged in
learning and instructing the latest systems of tactics and training. As one
of the few Regular Army units in the area, it conducted the training of
National Guard units in the Northern Midwest. Its state of readiness was
proven by the performance of its missions in Cuba and the Philippines.
The Old Guard's second tour at Ft Snelling (1921-1941) was taken up with the
usual garrison duty, and was supplemented not only by a training program for
the National Cuard units, but one for young men. Over a period of years, the
Civilian Military Training Camp at Ft Snelling trained thousands of young men
in the military skills usually taught to recruits when they first join the
army. The training received from the 3rd Infantry went a long way in prepar-
ing the future soldiers of WWII for their destiny. This experience as a
training cadre was likely responsible for the entire Regiment being assigned
to training missions during the Second World War.
Following the end of the war, the 3rd Infantry was assigned to be part of the
American Occupation Force in Berlin. The Regiment remained on that duty until
even the oldest regiment in the Army was caught in the post-war demobiliza-
tion, and it Was deactivated on 20 November 1946.-
On 6 April 1948, the 3rd Infantry Regiment was reactivated on the Capital
Plaza. It had been decided that The Old Guard, as the oldest infantry regi-
ment, would be the ideal choice as the Ceremonial Unit of the Army. It was
felt that infuntrymen, and an infantry unit should be the ceremonial troops in
honor of the Infantrymen who did 50 much in the winning of the war. The cere-
monial mission, in combination with the National Capital defense mission, had
been performed (since 1942) by Military Policemen of the 703rd and the 712th
MP Battalions. Since the 3rd Infantry was inactive, neither troop movements
nor retraining was nécessary. The MP Battalions were inactivated and the per-
sonnel in them were simply transferred into The Old Guard upon its react-
ivation. The men of the 703rd were-transferred to the 1st Battalion, 3rd
Infantry, and those in the 712th became the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Infantry.
Since 1948, the 3rd Infantry has been involved in its present mission. The
1st Battalion has been at Ft Myer since 1948, and at Ft McNair since 1957.
The 2nd Battalion was at Ft McNair from 1948 to 1957. For a time, during the
Korean War, the ceremonial unit was severely decimated by the constant rota-
tion of infantry troops from continental units to units based in Korea. In
9
1899-1902
The 3rd goes "over there" to the Phillipine Islands to assist
in checking the rebellion of Phillipine insurrectionaries, and
restoring peace and stability to a war torn land.
1904-1906
Now in Alaska, soldicr-ecologists from The Old Guard help stop
the senseless slaughter of caribou by commercial interests,
construct part of the first telegraph, built roads, and
policed the Final Frontier.
1909-1912
Another tour in the Phillipines. This time it is a peaceful
mission concentrating on bringing civilization to the Jungle
Islands. There is some trouble with Moro Tribesmen; who have
the notion that it is a sin not to kill white men.
1917
With the Great War raging in Europé, the Old Guard was placed
on security duty on the Mexican border and. training recruits
for "The Great War" On the 3rd Infantry roster for the year
were the names: James A. Van Fleet, later Field Commander in
Korea; Henry H. "Hap" Arnold, Army Air Force Chief of Staff
during WWII; and Matthew B. Ridgeway, Chief of Staff of the
Army during the 1950's.
Sep-Nov 1921
The Old Guard is transferred to its old home at Fort
Snelling, The troops hike from Camp Perry, Ohio, to Ft
Sheridan, Illinois, and from there to Ft Snelling. The 950
mile march is a record one for peacetime. The Regiment is
greatly reduced in strength at this time. First Sergeant
Warren Dorrald is Company L. Each evening he falls himself in,
gives himself the proper commands, nees that his hat is on
straight, and reports to the commanding officer. For the next
twenty years the Old Guard establishes a reputation as
"Minnesota's Own" that continues to the present day.
13 Jan 1941
The 3rd Battalion, 3rd Infantry leaves Ft Snelling and is sent
to Newfoundland, becoming the first American unit shipped out
of the country in anticipation of our entrance into the Second
World War. Its post is Ft Pepperrell, one of the northernmost
outposts in the North American security cordon.
7 Mar 1945
Following the duty in Newfoundland, and after the Regiment was
reunited as a training regiment at Camp Butner, N.C. and Ft
Benning, GA, the Old Guard finally gets to go overseas.
Arriving in France too late to engage in combat, the 3rd is
involved in the processing of POW's in Cermany and is
eventually assigned to Berlin as part of the Army of
Occupation.
20 Nov 1946
The Army's oldest unit is deactivated in Berlin.
6 Apr 1948
The Old Guard in reactivated in :an impressive ceremony on the
Capitol Plaza. The two MP battalions that had been the Army's
ceremonial troops were simply transferred into two battalions
of the 3rd Infantry. They continued with their regular duties
with the added bonus of combat infantryman's pay.
14
fact, Company H, which was a provisional company of basic trainees being
groomed for the ceremonial duties of The Old Guard, was shipped out of Ft Myer
almost immediately after their graduation (1951).
In 1967, the 5th, 6th and 7th Battalions of the 3rd Infantry were activated,
at reduced strength, at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. Assigned to the 6th Infantry
Division, these contingents of The old Guard were used mainly as support
trocps, and, to a lesser degree, as demonstration troops. By the end of 1969,
all three had been deactivated.
The 1st Battalion (Reinforced), 3rd Infantry (The Old Guard) is the only unit
of the historic 3rd Infantry still on active duty. The performance of its
ceremonial mission, the fulfillment of its obligation to present the best
impression of the United States Army to the world, and its constant ob-
servance of Old Guard customs and standards, are all, now, a part of a herl-
tage of over two hundred years of service. Such a mission would be an
honorable duty for any unit. It is a fitting mission for The Old Guard.
205TH INFANTRY BRIGADE
On 24 June 1921, the 205th Infantry Brigade was constituted as part of the
103rd Division, United States Army. The 103rd served in Germany during World
War II.
The post war years were years of reorganization for the unit. It was inac-
tivated 22 September 1945, then redesignated on 15 April 1947 and allocated to
the US Army Reserve. On 18 May 1959, the unit was inactivated at Council
Bluffs, Iowa. The Brigade was reborn. on 16 February 1963 (The 205th Infantry
Brigade) (Separate), one of four Reserve Brigades in the United States Army
Reserves and consisted of a Headquarters and Headquarters Company, three
Infantry Battalions (one of which consisted of the 3rd Battalion 3rd
Battalion. Infantry), one mechanized Infantry Battalion, one artillery and one armor
The 205th Support Battalion was created and activated on 2 January 1964. Its
mission was to provide support for the Brigade in medicine, supply, transport-
ation, and maintenance. At the samë time Troop E. 4th Cavalry was added for
Armor reconnaissance.
On A July 1976, the 205th Infantry Brigade (Sep) was reorganized as a light
Infantry Brigade (Separate) (Light).
As of September 1984 the Brigade contained the 3rd Battalion 3rd Infantry (The
Old Guard) headquartered at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, with companies in Fort
Snelling, Mankato, and Cannon Falls, Minnesota
10
CHRONOLOGY
A LOOK AT SOME
IMPORTANT DATES
IN OLD GUARD HISTORY
CHRCNOLOGY: A LOOK AT SOME IMPORTANT DATES IN OLD GUARD HISTORY
2 Jun 1784
The Continental Congress disbands the last of the Continental
Army with the exception of 80 artillerymen at Fort Pitt and
West Point who are needed to guard supplies remaining from the
Revolution.
3 Jun 1784
Congress creates "a body of troops to consist of 700
non-commissioned officers and privates properly officered."
Enter the First American Regiment. The Resolve states the
necessity of these troops for "securing and protecting the
north-western frontlers of the United States and their Indian
friends and allies, and for garrisoning the posts soon to be
evacuated by the troops of his Britannic Majesty."
1794
Apparently his majesty does not appreciate our efforts to
build an Army, for his troops still occupy the forts on our
side of the Great Lakes. With Congress smarting from two
straight. defeats at the hands of the British supported
Indians, General "Mad" Anthony Wayne is appointed the
commander of the Legion of the United States. The original
regiment is now called the 1st Sub-Legion. Under "Mad"
Anthony the Legion inflicts defent on the Indians at Fallen
Timbers and Fort Recovery, thus opening the frontier to
peaceful settlement.
5 Dec 1800
Heriwether Lewis is promoted to Captain in the 1st Infantry (a
new name for the 1st Sub-Legion). He has never even heard of
the Louisiana Purchase, much less thought of exploring it.
17 Aug. 1803
A detachment from the 1st Infantry reaches the southern end of
Lake Michigan, having set out a month carlier from Detroit.
They built Ft Dearborn at in place called "Chikago," an Indian
word for skunk.
#06
ILT Zebulon Pike; 1st Infantry, discovers Pike's Peak.
Earlier, he explored the headwaters of the Mississippi, laying
the groundwork for the Lewis and Clark expedition.
1814
The War of 1812 DCCS the Army expanded to 46 infantry
regiments. Men from the 1st, 17th and 19th regiments emerge
victorious at the battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane in
Canada.
1815
Following the post-war- demobilization, the 1st, 17th, 19th,
5th and 28th, infantry regiments are combined to form the new
3rd Infantry. The heritage of those units belongs to the
present day 3rd Infantry.
1817
Major Zachary Taylor takes command of a 3rd Infantry
detachment which has built Ft Howard near Green Bay,
Wisconsin. The Old Guard would again be in Taylor's command
during the Mexican war and when he becomes commander-in-chief.
11
1826
Near St Louis, which is to become the gateway to the West, the
3rd Infantry builds Jefferson Barracks. It becomes the Army's
gateway to the west
May 1827
The commanding officer of the 3rd directs the construction of
Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. In these days of the frontier, it
is not unusual for infantrymen to build bridges, forts, and
roads. The overall term for such details, is pioneer duty.
Oct 1840 -
The entire 3rd Infantry Regiment, numbering around 690 men, is
Apr 1843
sent to Florida to participate in the Seminole Indian War.
9 May 1846
Resaca de la Palma In this, the second battle of the Mexican
War, the 3rd Infantry takes a prominent role in the assault on
the trenches the Mexicans have act up on Texas soil, and takes
part in the pursuit that follows, as the Mexicans retreat
across the Rio Grande.
21 Sep 1846
The first day of the battle of Montercy. One of the most
memorable days in old Guard history sees an effective battle
force of 262 men decimated by 52 casualties, including over
half of the regimental officers. The mission of the day was
to take an enemy battery set up in the streets of the city and
to advance as far as possible after that. The battery was
taken under a murderous hail of musket fire, but the advance
could go no farther. In later years the day was observed by
the officers of the Regiment as a reminder of the valiant
efforts shown on that day in 1846.
18 Apr 1847
At Cerro Gordo, the 3rd conducts -n bayonet assault up the
fortress of El Telegrafo. General Winfield Scott wrote in his
report that
the style of execution
was the most
brilliant and decisive.' In 1922, the Regiment was granted
permission to march with bayonets fixed in commemoration of
the charge.
23 Aug 1847
The second major bayonet assoult undertaken by the 3rd in the
war is at Churubuso:
13 Sep 1847
Chapultepec, the last fortress in the path to Mexico City, is
taken by the brigade which includes the 3rd Infantry.
14 Sep 1847
Victory! The American Army marches into Mexico City. At the
head of the column of troops is the 3rd Infantry. General
Scott doffs his hat as they pass, and he calls them the "Old
Guard of the Army
Fall 1849
Back on frontier duty, six companies (out of ten) help build a
fort at El Paso del Norte, Texas; soon to be called Fort
Blics. Following this, the regiment "cettles down" to eleven
years of protecting settlers, fighting Indians, and guarding
mail and supply wagons throughout the Texas-New Mexico
frontier.
12
April 1861
Enroute to the Texas coast, and from there to Washington,
D.C., the 3rd must pase through San Antonio, which is rumored
to be a den of rebel sentiment. Trouble ic anticipated, but
the Old Guard is not about to take evasive maneuvers. The
regiment marches into town with "colors flying. band playing,
drum major nearly turning himself inside-out with his baton,
and every man as fine ac brass and bullion could make him."
No incidents are reported. All but three companies of the
Regiment make it through the hostile territory. Companies
"A", "F", and "I" are captured by Confederates just short of
the post of Indianola, Texas, where the rest of the Regiment
had set oail for the North.
July 1861
Washington society turns out in carriages and with picnic
lunches to watch the first major battle of the Civil War at
Bull Run. The 3rd Infantry ends up covering the retreat of
the untrained Union volunteers, and deters the rebels from a
follow-up attack on the Capital. Soon after, as part of the
provost yuard Of Washington, the 3rd is reviewed by President
Lincoln. When General McDowell pointed to the 3rd and told
the President "there: are the men that saved your army at Bull
Run," Lincoln replied, "Yes, I have heard of them.
April 1865
After four years of participating in virtually every campaign
of the Army of the Potomac, the 3rd Infantry is present at
Appomattox, and from there returns to Washington to await
another return to the frontier.
1874-1877
After ten years in various posts in Kansas, the Regiment is
part of the large Army contingent sent to the South to enforce
civil rights' legislation. The two main posts in this tour
are Jackson Barracks in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Holly
Springs in Mississippi.
July 1877
The 3rd Infantry is ordered to Pennsylvania to assist in
restoring order to the riot torn city of Wilkes Barre,
following the railroad strike of that year. From there the
regiment begins eleven more years on the Frontier, this time
in Montana.
Spring 1888
The 3rd Infantry Regiment begins ten years of garrison duty at
Fort Snelling, Minnesota.
1893
Taking time out from garrison duties at Ft Snelling, a
detachment of 3rd Infantrymen travel to the Columbian
Exposition in Chicago and demonstrate the latest Army weapons
and tactics in a War Department exhibit.
1898
Once again war is declared. In preparation for its assignment
to Cuba, the 3rd encamps at Mobile, Alabama. Its part of the
invasion included a successful attack at El Cancy, and a
supporting role in the battle of Santiago. A contingent was
called out to suppress a rebellion of Chippewa Indians at
Leech Lake, Minnesota. It was the first Indian uprising since
the last Indian battle at Wounded Knee, and the last in the
19th century.
13
1 Jul 1957
A reorganization of the 3rd Infantry is effected, based on the
Pentomic concept. The missions of the unit remain the same
but the personnel of the 2nd Battalion are absorbed by the 1st
Battalion, the term "Battalion" is replaced by the term
"Battle Group," and the 1st Battle Group, 3rd Infantry takes
on the organization that the Old Guard has since had. Company
A in at Ft McNair, and Companies HHC, B, C, D and E are at Ft
Myer. The 2nd Battle Group, 3rd Infantry is reactivated in
Korea.
16 Feb 1963
The 205th Infantry Brigade (Sep), one of four Reserve Brigades
in the United States Army was reborn. It consisted of a
Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Three Infantry
Battalions, (one of which was the 3rd Battalion, 3rd
Infantry), one mechanized Infantry Battalion and one artillery
and armor Battalion.
20 Sep 1963
Another Army-wide reorganization brought the designation
"Battalion" back into use. Under the ROAD (Reorganization
Objective Army Divisions) System, the 1st Battle Group becomes
the 1st Battalion (Reinforced), 3rd Infantry The term
"Reinforced" is attributable to the provision of the ROAD
system that calls for three rifle companies per battalion --
the 1st Battalion, has five. With the activation of H Company
as a support unit (in 1971), the reasoning behind the
designation "Reinforced" becomes even more clear.
15
JSTOMS, TRADITIONS & INSIGNIA
-
HERALDRY AND THE OLD GUARD COAT OF ARMS
The shield is the principal part of the coat of arms. The basic design of the
shield is broken up by lines which are connected. to form various shapes called
charges. The following charges are affixed to the Old Guard Cont of Arms.
The CREST is made up of the torse and the crest. The torse is a
representation of two pieces of silk twisted together to form a wreath on
which the crest rests. The crest represents some facet of the history of the
organization which the coat of arms represents. In heraldry, the crest is
placed on top of a helmet, and the torse holds it in place.
ESCUTCHEON: A shield shaped charge
centered in the shield.
BORDURE: A charge which outlines
an escutcheon
CHIEF: A charge which covers the top
third of the shield.
The ESCUTCHEON of the Old Guard Cont of Arms contains a veri (green) hill,
with gules (red) battlements on the mount, all on a field of argent (white).
These colors are the colors of the Mexican Republic. The hill and battlements
represent the fortresses of Cerro Cordo, Churubusco, and Chapultepec, which
were stormed by the 3rd Infantry in the Mexican War.
The CHIEF of the coat of arms is azure (blue) with three argent (white)
Maltese Crosses. The Maltese Cross was the badge of Sykes' Division, with
which the Old Guard served during the Civil War. The three crosses represent
the numerical designation of the unit.
The BORDURE of our coat of arms is taken from the shield of the United States'
Coat of Arms. This is a singular honor afforded the Old Guard, because of its
distinction as the oldest infantry unit in the Army.
(Heraldic information obtained from; Heraldic Design, by Hubert Allcock;
Tudor Publishing Co., NY, 1962.)
16
HERALDRY (AGLtr 425.5 Coat of ARms 10 Jan 1921)
Arms within a bordure of the United States, a hillvert crowned with
battlements gules on a field argent. On a chief azure three crosses patee of
the flold. Encircling the escutcheon an infantry officer's dress belt (para
2, Special Regulation 12, 1917), with plate in chief proper inscribed with the
motto "Noli Mc Tangere" in base, and in chief "3 Infantry 1784," in front of
an old pattern bayonet and drum major's B baton from the Mexican War crossed in
saltire proper. Crest on a wreath argent and azure an infantry officer's
cocked hat of 1784 with white plume proper.
The Old Guard Coat of Arms depicted here is the informal cont of arms. The
formal coat of arms appears on the organizational colors without the baton,
the bayonet, or the officer's dress belt.
17
COLORS OF THE OLD GUARD
The 3rd Infantry colors, buff and black, can be traced back to the 18th
century. Yellow (buff) hat bindings, yellow plumes and black hair were as-
signed to the 3rd Sub-Legion when that unit was formed in 1792. In 1815, when
the 3rd Infantry Regiment was reorganized, the members of the Regiment felt
themselves to be the inheritors of the old 3rd's traditions, and BO adopted
the colors buff and black as their own. Though the 3rd's roots are more pro-
perly placed with the 1st Sub-Legion (see page 1), the colors mistakenly
adopted in 1815 have remained a firm tradition of the Regiment.
THE UNIQUE BUFF STRAP
The Buff Strap is officially classified as distinctive regimental trimming.
The Old Guard is the only unit in the Army wearing any kind of regimental
trimming.
During the early part of the nineteenth century, members of the 3rd Infantry
Regiment "wove" strips of rawhide (natural buff color) into the black shoulder
straps of their knapsacks. The black and buff colors were in keeping with the
traditional regimental colors, while the effect of the woven strap distin-
guished the 3rd from other units in the Army.
In 1922, the old Guard requested and received permission to display a
"Knapsack Strap" on the left shoulder as the "one distinctive and peculiar
marking of the Regiment." Meant to be a link with those earlier knapsack
straps of the 1800's, the buff strap (as it soon became known) has been worn
continuously since 1922. It is a strip of black leather, 1/2 inch wide, with
a strip of buff leather, 1/4 inch wide "woven" in such a way 50 that two
strips of buff leather 1 3/4" ling appear in front, and three strips of the
same length appear in back.
THE COCKADE STORY
The "cockades," which members of the Old Guard wear on their epaulettes, are
not cockades at all. Officially designated as regimental distinctive
insignia, they are replicas of the "officers cocked hat of the 1784 style"
which is the crest of the 3rd Infantry's Coat of Arms. A cockade is the cloth
badge that is affixed to the left front of the hat. It is under the term
"cockades" that the insignia has been known, however, and the term will no
doubt stick.
The metal devices that the 3rd Infantry now wears first appeared at Fort
Snelling in 1922. A single cockade on the left shoulder was used as a fasten-
ing device for the buff strap. With the development of a self-fastening buff
strap, the use of the cockade was transferred to the overcoat, and later, to
the campaign hat. In 1929 its use was discontinued.
In 1948, following the reactivation of the 3rd Infantry, the cockades returned
to the Old Cuard uniform, one on each epaulette. On 10 April 1959, after
years of unofficial use, the Department of the Army officially designated the
"cockade" as the distinctive insignin of the Old Guard.
18
ORGANIZATION DAY - IT'S NOT A BIRTHDAY
hile 3 June 1784 is the date that the Old Guard's ancestor, the First
American Regiment, was constituted, it is a date of no other special histor-
ical significance.
21 September, however, marks the anniversary of the 3rd Infantry's participa-
tion in the battle of Monterrey, during the Mexican campaign of 1846. On that
day, the regiment, while engaged in house to house fighting against a heavily
entrenched and vastly overwelming force, took their objectives while sus-
taining 52 casualties out of an effective strength of 262 men.
The men of the regiment never forgot the heavy toll or the valiant efforts of
that day in Monterrey. In the years after the battle, the date was chosen by
the regiment as one upon which the officers should assemble for its
proper observance." In 1920, Colonel Paul Giddings, the regimental commander,
officially instituted 21 September as a regimental holiday (originally called
3rd Infantry Day") to commemorate the valiant role the regiment played on
that day
(and the)
part the 3rd United States Infantry has played in
t
ilitary history of our country.
Since 1920, Organization Day, has been observed with n parade in the morning,
athletic events in the afternoon, and a dinner-dance in the evening.
REGIMENTAL MOTTO - NOLI ME TANGERE
Translated as "Touch Mc Not," "Don't Trend on Me," or as "Hands Off," the
basic connotation of Noli Me Tangere is the same. It in a traditional hold-
over from the famous motto of the Revolutionary Army, and is shared equally by
the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Infantry.
WE MARCH WITH BAYONETS FIXED
The 3rd Infantry is one of the few units in the Army authorized to pass in
review with bayonets fixed. The practice commemorates the bayonet assault
that the regiment undertook with the 7th Infantry up Telegraph Hill at Cerro
Cordo, Mexico, on 18 April 1847.
The heights of Cerro Gordo were occupied by Mexican artillery and, though the
Americans had artillery positions that could bombard the hill, their only
means of driving the enemy off was a direct assault. General Winfield Scott
wrote in his account of the battle, that the style of execution which I had
the pleasure to witness, was brilliant and decisive. The brigade ascended
(they) drove the enemy from (the breastworks) ... and after some minutes of
sharp firing, finished the conquest with the bayonot."
In 1922, the regimental commander, Colonel Alfred Bjornstad, requested and
received official permission to commemorate the Old Guard's bayonet assault at
Cerro Cordo by. marching his troops with bayonets fixed. Since then the order
"Fix bayonets" has been a distinctive part of all 3rd Infantry parades and
ceremonies.
19
THE NICKNAME THE OLD GUARD
It is related that the 3rd Infantry received its nickname on 14 September 1847
at the gates of Mexico City. The 3rd was given the honor of marching at the
head of the column of American troops entering the defeated capital. As the
regiment passed by the reviewing officers, General Scott turned to his staff
and said, "Gentlemen, take off your hats to the Old Guard of the Army.
THE CHAPULTEPEC BATON
The oldest and most valuable trophy of the Old Guard is the Chapultepec
Baton. It was presented to the 3rd Infantry in 1848 by General Persifor
Smith, the commander of the division of regulars of which the 3rd was a part.
Made of the wood of the flag pole that stood in the Grand Plaza of Mexico
City, and of native Mexican silver, the baton was presented in commemoration
of the 3rd Infantry's part in the Mexican campaign, and especially for its
assoult against the fortress of Chapultepec outside of Mexico City.
Tradition has it that the Chapultepec Baton was presented to a member of the
3rd Infantry Band, who took part in the assault on Chapultepec armed only with
a drum major's baton. Thus, for many years, the baton was in the possession
of the successive drum majors of the band. In later years, the baton was
mounted and was presented as the "Buff Stick Trophy" to the company that won
the annual "Buff Stick Inspection." In recent years, the baton has been dis-
played in the Old Guard Museum.
THE PRESIDENTIAL BATON
During the reconstruction of the White House in 1950-52, there were many
momentos made from the timber that had stood in the presidential mansion since
1815. One of those momentos is the Presidential Baton.
On 10 April 1952, President Harry S: Truman presented a three and one-half
foot baton of 136 year-old white pine to the Old Guard. The presentation was
made in commemoration of the 3rd Infantry's long service to the nation, and
for its service as the Presidential Escort and Army Ceremonial Unit in
Washington, DC.
The name "Presidential Baton" was suggested by members of the 2nd Battalion,
3rd Infantry, stationed at Fort McNair.
CONTINENTAL UNIFORMS
The Continental Color Team is an Old Cuard tradition. Regimental records show
that the color sergeants and the drum major of the 3rd Infantry Band wore
Revolutionary War-style uniforms at Ft Snelling in 1922. A contemporary des-
cription stated that the purpose of the unit was
to recall to the mind of
every member of the 3rd Infantry the long and honorable history of the
20
regiment
from a period which followed closely upon the Revolutionary War. "
The Continental Color Team serves the same function today. The five man unit
is comprised of two armed guards and three color sergeants, who carry the
National Colors, the US Army Colors, and the unit colors of the Third US
Infantry. The blue, white, and red uniforms of the team are exact replicas of
the 1784 style infantry uniforms worn by the Old Guard's predecessor, the
First American Regiment.
21
STATIONS OF THE OLD GUARD
STATIONS OF THE OLD GUARD
1784 - 1973
DATE
SPECIFIC UNIT
LOCATION
Aug 1784
Reg' t. Headquarters
Schuylkill River in Penns.
Oct 1784
Reg' t. Headquarters
Fort Pitt, Pennsylvania
Dec 1784
Reg' t. Headquarters
Fort McIntosh, Penns.
Aug 1785
Heart's Company
Fort Pitt
Sep 1785
Doughty's Company
Fort McIntoch
Oct 1785
Doughty's Company
Fort Harmar, Ohio
Heart's Company
Strong's Company
Zeigler's Company
(later transferred
to Ft. Finncy)
Finney's Company
Fort Finney, Ohio
1786
Furguson's Company
Fort McIntosh
Jul 1786
Mercer's Company
Fort McIntosh
Aug or Sep 1786
McCurdy's Company
Fort Steuben, Ohio
Sep 1786
Hamtramck's Company
Fort Steuben
Oct 1786
Humtramck's Company
Fort Harmar and later Fort Knox
1787
McCurdy's Company
Fort Harmar
Ziegler's Company
Ferguson's Company
Fort Knox
Mercer's G. Company
Fort Finney
Apr 1787
Heart's Company
Fort Franklin, Venango, PA
Dec 1789
Reg' t. Headquarters
Fort Washington, Ohio
Jun 1792
Regiment
Ohio River camp 27 miles from
Pittsburgh
May 1793
Regiment
Fort Washington
Dec 1793
Detachment
Fort Recovery, Ohio
Regiment less
Fort Greenville
Jul 1794
Regiment
Fort Defiance, Ohio
Sep 1794
Regiment
Fort Wayne, Indiana
22
DATE
SPECIFIC JNIT
LOCATION
Jul or Aug 1796
Regiment
Detroit, Michigan
Aug 1803
Regiment
Fort Dearborn, Illinois
Mar 1813
Regiment
Fort Meigs, Ohio
Jun 1813
Regiment
Stony Creek, Canada
Nov 1813
Regiment
French Creek, New York
Jul 1814
Regiment
:
Chippewa, Canada, then to
Lundy's Lane, Canada
Aug 1814
Regiment
Fort Eric, Pennsylvania
Oct 1814
Regiment
Chippewn and Cook Mills, Canada
May 1815
Regiment
Detroit
Jul 1815
Regiment
Fort Mackinac
Jul 1816
Detachment
Regiment less
Fort Dearborn.
Fort Howard Wisconsin
Jun 1821
Reg' t. Headquarters
Fort Howard
Jun 1822
Detachment
Fort Saginaw
Jul 1826
Regiment
Camp Smith
Aug 1826
Regiment
Portage of Fox and Wisc. Rivers
Sep 1826
Regiment
Camp Miller, MO
May 1827
Regiment
Fort Leavenworth
1827
Detachment
Fort Armstrong, Illinois
May 1829
Regiment
Jefferson Barracks
Dec 1830
Companies A, C, E, G,
I, K.
Natchitoches (Arkansas
Territory)
Apr 1831
Companies A, C, E, G,
Kiamiche
I, and X.
Nov 1831
Companies 1, C, E, G
I, and K.
Fort Towson, Arkansas
:
Sep 1831
Companies B, D, F, H
: Fort Jesup, Louisiana
Apr 1836
Companies B, D, F, H
Camp Sabine, Texas
Sep 1836
Companies B, C, F, H
Fort Jesup
23
DATE
SPECIFIC UNIT
LOCATION
Spring 1837
Detachment
Camp Sabine
Nov 1837
Detachment
Sabine Bay, LA
Fall 1838
Regiment
Shreveport, Louisiana
Oct 1840
Headquarters
Fort Brooke, FL
3 companies
Cantonment Morgan and Cedar Key
1 company each:
Fort Pleasant
Fort Robert Gamble
Fort Hamilton
Fort Stansbury
Fort Ocilla
Fort Brooke
April 1843
Regiment
Jefferson Barracks, MO
detachment (K & I)
Fort Leavenworth
Apr or May 1844
Regiment
Camp Wilkins, LA
Jul 1845
Regiment
Corpus Christi, TX
Mar 1846
Regiment
Fort Brown, TX
May 1846
Regiment
Palo Alto, TX
then Reseca de la Palma
then Matamoros
Sep 1846
Regiment
Monterey and Walnut Springs
:
Mar 1847
Regiment
Vera Cruz
Apr 1847
Regiment
Cerro Gordo
Aug 1847
Regiment
Pueblo and Contreras and
Churubusco
Sep 1847
:
Regiment
Chapultepec and Mexico City
Jul 1848
Regiment
Camp Jefferson Davis, Miss.
Oct 1848
Co's. A, B, -C, E, I, K Camp Saldo, Texas
Co's. D, F, G, H
Jefferson Barracks
Apr 1849
Companies D, F, G, H
Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
Jul 1849
Companies D, F, G, H
Santa Fe, New Mexico territory
Sep 1849
Companies A, B, C, E,
El Paso, Texas
I and K
:
1849-1860
Reg't t. Headquarters
Santa Fe
Fort Fillmore, NM
Fort Marcy, NM
Albuquerque, NM
24
DATE
SPECIFIC UNIT
LOCATION
Apr 1860
Reg' t. Headquarters
Fort Defiance, NM
1849-1860
Company A
Fort Carland, NM
Company H
Fort Marcy
Company I
Fort Fillmore
Company K
Fort Los Lunas, NM
Companies B, C, E, C
Fort Defiance
Aug 1860
HQ; B, D, C, H, x
Ft Clark, Texas
Companies A, C, E
Ringgold Barracks.
Companies F, I
Fort McIntosh
Apr 1861
HQ, B, D, C, H, K
Fort Hamilton, NY
Mar 1861
Companies C, E
Fort Hamilton
Apr 1861
Companies C, E
Fort Pickens, FL
Companies A, F, I
Surrendered near Indianola, TX
May 1861
HQ, B, D, G, H, K
Washington, D.C.
Jun 1861
HQ, B, D, G, H, X
Carlisle Barracks and back to
D.C.
Jul 1861
HQ, B, D, G, H, K
Bull Run
Nov 1861
Companies C, E
Pensacola, FL
Jan 1862
Companies C, E
Fort Pickens
Apr and May 1862
Regiment
Yorktown, Virginia
Jun 1862
Regiment
Gaines Mill, Virginia
Jul 1862
Regiment
Malvern Hill, Virginia
Aug 1862
Regiment
Groveton and Bull Run, VA
Sep 1862
Regiment
Antictam, Maryland
Dec 1862
Regiment
Fredericksburg, Virginia
May 1863
Regiment
Chancellorsville, Virginia
Jul 1863
Regiment
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Aug 1863
Regiment
:
Alexandria, Virginia then
New York City (Riot Duty)
Nov 1863
Regiment
:
Rappahannock Station, VA
Dec 1863
Regiment
Fort Hamilton, New York
Fort Richmond, New York
Fort Columbus, New York
25
DATE
SPECIFIC UNIT
LOCATION
Oct 1864
Regiment
Camp Relief, Washington, D.C.
Feb 1865
Regiment
Petersburg, Virginia
Apr 1865
Regiment
Appomatox, Virginia
Jul 1865
Regiment
:
Washington Arsenal, D.C.
Oct 1865
Regiment
St Louis, Missouri
Spring 1866
Regiment
Fort Leavenworth
1866-1874
Reg't. Headquarters
Fort Leavenworth
Fort Riley
Fort Harker
Fort Dodge
Fort Wallace
Fort Hays (and back to Riley)
1866-1874
One or More
Fort Larned, Kansas
Companies
Fort Ellsworth, Kansas
Fort Zara, Kansas
Fort Lyon, Colorado Terr.
Fort Reynolds, Colorado Terr.
Camp Supply, Indian Terr.
May 1874
Regiment
Holly Springs, Mississippi
Sep 1874
Regiment
Jackson Barracks, Louisiana
Jul 1877
Regiment
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Sep 1877
Regiment
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Nov 1877
HQ, and 6 Companies
Helena, Montana
Remaining Companies
Fort Missoula, Montana
Nov 1877 - May 1878
Company C
Camp Baker, Montana
Spring 1878
HQ and 6 companies
Camp Assiniboin, Montana
Territory
Fall 1878
Headquarters,
Fort Shaw, Montana
later companies C, E
F & G
Company A
Fort Benton, Montana
Spring 1879 -
Companies B &C
Fort Ellis, Montana
Full 1886
Summer 1880
Company K
Fort Maginnis, Montana
26
DATE
SPECIFIC UNIT
LOCATION
Summer 1881
Company A
Fort Shaw
:
Fall 1881
Company K
Fort Shaw
Fall 1887
Companies B & E
Fort Custer, later back to
Ft Missoula
Spring 1888
HQ, A, D, E, H, K
C, F, I, B
Fort Snelling, Minnesota
Company G
Fort Meade, South Dakota
Fort Sisseton, South Dakota
(then to Fort Snelling)
1889-1894
Detachments were
at these posts for
Camp Douglas, Wisconsin
different lengths
Fort Sully, South Dakota
of time (HQ at Ft
Sisseton and Wahpeton Indian
Snelling).
Reservations, South Dakota
Chicago, IL
Leech Lake, MN
Camp Lake View, MN
Grand Forks, ND
Fort Keogh, MT
Apr 1898
Regiment
:
Mobile, AL
Jun 1898
Regiment
Santingo, Cuba
Jul 1898
Regiment
El Caney, Cuba and
:
near San Juan Hill
Aug-Sep 1898
Regiment
Camp Wykoff, Long Island then
to Ft Snelling
Oct 1898
Detachment
:
Leech Lake, MN
Jan-March 1899
Regiment
Ft Snelling to NY City and
then to Manila, Philippine
Islands
May 1899
:
Regiment
Baliuag, Luzon
Oct 1899
Regiment
San Fernando, Luzon
Nov 1899
HQ, F, G
:
H
Guagin
Bacalor
E
Santa Rita
Dec 1899
HQ
Caloocan (then back to San
Fernando)
Apr 1900
HQ, Band, D
Caloocan
B
Malabon
E
A
Meycauayan and Polo
La Lomboy
27
DATE
SPECIFIC UNIT
LOCATION
Apr 1900 Cont'd
L
M
Guicquinto and Bigon
Bulacan
F, G.
Malolos
H,.I
C
Hagonoy
X
Calumpit
Apalit and Santo Tomas
April 1902
Regiment
San Francisco, California, then
to Fort Thomas, Kentucky (Minus
Company X)
Company X
Columbia Arsenal, Tennessee
Dec 1902-Jul
Detachment
1903
Canton, Ohio
1903
Companies E, F, C, H
Columbus Barracks, Ohio
Jun 1904
Regiment
The Presidio, San Francisco, CA
Jul 1904
HQ, C, A, B
Company D
Fort Seward, Alaska
Fort Davis, Alaska
Companies E & F
Companies G & H
Fort Liscum, Alaska
Companies L & H
Fort Egbert, Alaska
Fort St Michael, Alaska
Aug 1904
Companies I & X
Fort Gibbon, Alacka
Sep 1906
Reg't. HQ, and
the 2nd Bn
Fort Lawton, Washington
1st & 2nd Bn's
Fort Wright, Washington
Aug 1909
Reg t. HQ, and-
the 3rd Bn
Zamboanaga, Philippine Islands
1st & 2nd Bn's
Jolo Jolo, Philippine Islands
1912
Regiment
...
Madison Barracks and Ft
Ontario, NY
May 1916
Regiment
Camp Eagle Pass, Texas
Camp Del Rio, Texas
Fall 1920
Regiment
Camp Sherman, Ohio
Aug-Nov 1921
Regiment
Camp Perry, Ohio, then to Ft
Sheridan, IL, and then Ft
Snelling
Full 1939 - Jun
Regiment
1940
Maneuvers at Ft Jackson, SC,
Ft Benning, GA, and then
Louisiana
Jul 1940
Regiment
Fort Snelling
28
DATE
SPECIFIC UNIT
LOCATION
Nov 1940
1st Battalion
Ft Crook, Neb then Ft Leonard
Wood, Missouri, Deactivated
:
Jun 1941
Jan 1941
3rd Battalion
Newfoundland (Ft Pepperrell,
when built)
Feb 1942
1st Battalion
Ft McAndrew, Newfoundland
Company C
Harmon Field, Newfoundland
Jul 1942
Reg't. HQ's
Ft Pepperrell
Sep 1943
HQ's, lct, 2nd,
Camp Butner, North Carolina
3rd Bn's plus support
units.
Mar 1944
Regiment
-Fort Benning, Georgia
Feb 1945
Regiment
Camp Miles Standish, Mass.
Mar 1945
Regiment
Camp "Lucky Strike", France
Apr 1945
Regiment (attached
Rennes, France
to 106th Inf Div.)
May 1945
-
Regiment
Various detachments to points
throughout west-central Germany
Apr 1946
Regiment
Berlin, Germany
Nov 1946
REGIMENT DEACTIVATED
Apr 1948
REGIMENT RE-ACTIVATED
1st Battalion
Fort Myer, Virginia
2nd Battalion
Fort McNair, Washington, DC
Jul 1951
Ceremonial Company
Fort Myer
becomes A Company
1st Battalion
Jul 1957
1st Bn redesignated
Fort Myer
as 1st Battle Group
3rd Inf (HHC, A, B, C, D, E)
2nd Bn redesignated
Korea
2nd Battle Group 3rd
Infantry
Feb 1963
3rd Bn, 3d Inf, USAR
Ft Snelling, MN
attached to 205th Inf
Bde (Sep)
29
Jul 1963
2nd BC deactivated
Korea
Sep 1963
lot BG redesignated
Fort Myer
as 1st Bn (Reinf)
3rd Inf
Jun 1966
2nd Bn, 3rd Inf
activated.
Fort Benning, then to Vict Nam
Jul 1966
4th Bn 3rd Inf
activated.
Hawail, then to Vict Nam
Nov 1967
5th Bn, 6th Bn,
and 7th Bn, 3rd Ind
Fort Campbell, Kentucky
activated as part of
the 6th Inf Division
Feb 1969
6th Bn, 3rd Inf
Fort Campbell
deactivated
Jul 1969
5th and 7th Bno
Fort Campbell
deactivated
Oct 1970
2nd Bn, 3rd Inf
Fort Benning
deactivated
1971
4th Bn, 3rd Inf
deactivated
Jul 1971
H Company lct
:Fort Myer
Bn, (Reinf), 3rd
Inf activated
30
BATTLE STREAMERS
CAMPAIGN PARTICIPATION CREDIT
BATTLE STREAMERS
3RD INFANTRY REGIMENT
Indian Wars
Civil War (Cont'd)
Miami
Gettysburg
Seminoles
Texas 1861
Comanches
Florida 1861
New Mexico 1856
Florida 1862.
New Mexico 1857
Virginia 1863
New Mexico 1858
Appomattox
New Mexico. 1860
Montana 1887
Spanish-American War
War of 1812
Santiago
Canada
Chippewa
Philippine Insurrection
Lundy's Lane
:
Malolos
San Isidro
Mexican War
Luzon 1899
Luzon 1900
Palo Alto
Jolo 1911
Resaca de la Palma
Monterey
Vera Cruz
World War II
Cerro Cordo
Contreras
American Theater
Churubusco
(without inscription)
Chapultepec
Northern France
Civil War
Vietnam
Bull Run
Peninsula
Counteroffensive Phase 2
Manassas
Counteroffensive Phase 3
Antietam
Tet Counteroffensive
:
Counteroffensive Phase 4
Fredericksburg
Chancellorsville
Counteroffensive Phase 5
Counteroffensive Phase 6
Tet 1969 Counteroffensive
Summer-Fall 1969
Winter-Spring 1970
Sanctuary
Counteroffensive
Counteroffensive Phase 7
31
BATTLE HONORS
INDIAN CAMPAIGNS OF 1794
DATE
PLACE AND UNIT
HONOR
30 Jun 1794
Fort Recovery, Ohio
Miami
(1st Sub-Legion)
20 August 1794
Fallen Timbers, Ohio
(1st Sub-Legion)
WAR OF 1812
28 April to 9 May
Siege of Fort Meigs on
Canada
1813
the Maumee River, Ohio
6 June 1813
Stony Creek, Upper
Canada
1-2 November 1813
French Creek, New York
1 August to 16
Siege and assault of
September 1814
Fort Eric
17 September
Sortie from Fort Erie
1814
15 October 1814
Chippewa, Upper Canada
(not Battle of Chippewa)
19 October 1814
Cook Mills, Upper Canada
5 July 1814
Chippewa, Upper Canada
Chippewa
25 July 1814
Lundy's Lane, Upper Canada
Lundy's Lane
8 May 1846
Palo Alto, Texas
Palo Alto
9 May 1846
Resaca de la Palma, Texas
Resaca de la Palma
21-23 September
Monterey Mexico
1846
Monterey
9-28 March 1847
Vera Cruz, Mexico
Vera Cruz
17-18 April 1847
Cerro Gordo, Mexico
Cerro Gordo
18-20 August
Contreras, Hexico
Controras
1847
18-20 August 1847
Cherubusco, Mexico
Cherubusco
13 September 1847
Chapultepec and City
Chapultepec
of Mexico
32
THE CIVIL WAR
25 April 1861
Surrender at Saluria
Texas, 1861
Lavaca Bay, Texas
21 July 1861
Bull Run, Virginia
Bull Run
22-23 November 1861
Bombardment Confederate
Lines about Pensacola
:
Florida
1 January 1862
Fort Pickens, Florida
Florida, 1861-62
9-12 May 1862
Fort Pickens, Florida
:
5 April to 4 May
Siege of Yorktown,
Peninsula
1862
Virginia
27 June 1862
Gaines Mill, Virginia
0 June to 2 July
Malvern Hill, Virginia
1862
29-30 August 1862
Groveton and Bull
Manassas
Run, Virginia
16-17 September 1862
Antictam, Maryland
Antictam
11-15 December 1862
Fredericksburg, Virginia
Fredericksburg
1-3 May 1863
Chancellorsville, Virginia
Chancellorsville
1-3 July 1863
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Gettysburg
7 November 1863
Rappahannock Station,
Virginia, 1863
Virginia
26 November 1863
Mine Run Compaign,
Virginia
8-9 April 1865
Appomattox Court House,
Appomattox
Virginia
INDIAN CAMPAIGNS, 1840 TO 1888
October 1840 to
Florida
March 1843
Seminole War
(1840-1843)
20 March 1856 to
27 engagements in
20 April 1860
New Mexico
New Mexico
1856, 1857,
1858, 1860
25 December 1868
Wichita Mountains,
Comanches
North Fork Red River,
Indian Territory
33
11 June 1870
Camp Supply, Indian
Territory
2 June 1871
Fort Larned, Kansas
5 November 1887
Crow Agency, Montana
Montana, 1887
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
22 June to 17
Santiago, Cuba
July 1898
Santiago
1 July 1898
El Caney, Cuba
1-3 July 1898
San Juan, Hill, Cuba
THE PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION
25 March 1899
Malabon, P.I.
31 March 1899
Malolos, P.I.
Malolos
22 April 1899
Novaliches, P.I.
29 April to 1 May
San Rafael, P.I.
1899
2 May 1899
Baliang, P.I.
4 May 1899
Maasin, P.I.
San Isidro
17 May 1899
San Isidro, P.I.
23 May 1899
San Idefonso, P.I.
23 May 1899
Maasin, P.I.
San Isidro
4 December 1899
Dinalupijan, P.I.
5 December 1899
Orani, P.I.
Luzon, 1899, 1900
11 June 1900
Balubad, P.I.
27 November to
Jolo, P.I.
Jolo
27 December 1911
WORLD WAR II
13 January 1941
Newfoundland
to 21 September
WW II American
1943
Theater (No Inscription)
34
6-10 April 1945
France
Northern France
VIETNAM
1 July 1966
Phase II
31 May 1967
1 June 1967
Phase III
29 January 1968
30 January 1968
TET
1 April 1968
35
COMMANDERS
&
SERGEANTS MAJOR
exceptions
THIRD UNITED STATES INFANTRY
REGIMENTAL COMMANDERS
OLD FIRST REGIMENT
1784-1790
Brig. Gen. Josiah Harmer
1790-1803
COL John F. Hamtramck
1803-1808
COL Thomas Hunt
1808-1815
COL Jacob Kingsbury
PRESENT THIRD INFANTRY
1815-1818
COL John Miller
1818-1821
COL Joseph Lee Smith
1821-1825
COL Ninian Pinkney
1825-1834
COL Henry Leavenworth
1834-1840
COL James B. Many
1840-1848
HAJ Cen. Ethan A. Hitchcock
1852-1855
COL Thomas Stanford
1855-1861
COL Benjamin L. E. Bonneville
1861-1862
COL Charles F. Smith
1862-1869
: COL William Hoffman
1869-1871
COL G. W. Cetty
1871-1879
COL DeLancey Floyd-Jones
1879-1888
COL John R. Brooke
1888-1895
COL Edwin C. Mason
1895-1903
COL John H. Page
1903-1904
COL H. L. Haskell
1903-1910
COL T. C. Woodbury
1910-1914
COL Henry Kirby
1914-1915
COL William A. Hann
1915-1917
COL Robert L. Hirst
1917-1918
COL Frederick R. Day
1918-1919
COL Gustave A. Wieser
1919-1921
COL Paul Gidding
1921-1923
COL A. W. Bjornstad
1923-1924
COL E. M. Norton
1924-1925
COL W. R. Sample
1925-1928
COL W. E. Welsh
1928-1931
COL Walter C. Sweeney
1931-1932
COL David L. Stone
1932-1934
COL Charles J. Nelson
1934-1936
COL John Randolph
1936-1937
COL Charles F. Thompson
1937-1939
COL Martin C. Shallenberger
1939-1940
COL Maurice D. Welty
1940-1943
COL Paul H. Brown
1943-1944
COL Paul N. Starlings
1944-1945
COL John S. Moore
1945-1946
COL Herbert Vander Heide
1946-1948
:
COL Jesse B. Matlack
1948-1950
COL James V. Cole
1950-1952
COL William W. Jenna
1952-1954
COL Dennis M. Moore
1954-1955
:
COL Robert L. Cook
36
1955-1956
COL Fielder P. Greer
1956-1958
COL Mark F. Brennan
1958-1960
COL Christopher W. Chancy
1960-1962
COL Richard M. Lee
1962-1963
COL John W. Gorn
1963-1964
LTC Richard E. Cross
1964-1968
COL Joseph B. Conmy, Jr.
1968-1970
COL Robert M. Daugherty
1970-1972
COL Myron E. Lee, Jr.
1972-1974
COL Harvey H. Perritt, Jr.
1974-1976
COL Robert H. Clark
1976-1977
COL Robert D. Weigand
1977-1979
COL Donald C. Hilbert
1979-1981
COL Stanley G. Bonta
1981-1982
COL Don Phillips
1982-
COL Robert G. Krause
THIRD BATTALION, THIRD INFANTRY, USAR
(ACTIVATED 16 FEBRUARY 1963)
BATTALION COMMANDERS
1963-69
LTC George A. Sellner
1969-72
LTC George L. Chase
1972-74
MAJ Fred P. Mischuk
1974-76
HAJ Raymond H. Orbell
1976-77
LTC Elmer D. Schwankl
1977-79
LTC Donald G. Beuhler
1979-81
LTC Allan J. Cummert
1981-82
LTC David M. Adamson
1982-84
LTC Frank E. Moody
1984-
MAJ Robert L. August
THIRD BATTALION, THIRD INFANTRY, (USAR)
BATTALION SERGEANT MAJORS
1963-66
MSG Fred H. Jasper-
1966-68
MSC George Daly
1968-74
CSM Richard C. Munson
1974-77
CSK Edward C. Lorentz
1977-78
MSC Lowell D. Larson
1978-80
SCM James J. Tebbe
1980-83
SGM Stanley R. Weckworth
1984-
MSG Jerald A. Spores
37
MEDAL OF HONOR WINNERS
MEDAL or HONOR
WITH
SERVICE LIBBON AND ROSETTE
THIRD UNITED STATES INFANTRY MEDAL OF HONOR WINNERS
The Medal of Honor is the highest military award for bravery that can be given
to any individual in the United States of America. Conceived in the early
1860'n and first presented in 1863, the award may be awarded for a deed of
personal bravery or self-sacrifice above and beyond the call of duty.
The following Third Infantry soldiers won the nations highest award:
*1. Holland, Michael J. (Vietnam Era) Type - Rank and organization:
Corporal, US Army, Company D, 2nd Battalion, 3rd Infantry, 199th Infantry Bri-
gade. Place and date: Long Khanh, Providence, Republic of Vietnam, 3 July
1969. Entered service at: Richmond; VA. Born: 15 April 1949, Richmond,
VA. Citation: For conspicuous galluntry and intrepidity in action at the
risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. CPL Holland distinguished
himself while serving as an ammunition bearer with the weapons platoon of Com-
pany D, during à reconnaissance patrol mission. As the patrol was moving
through a dense jungle area, it was caught in an intense crossfire from
heavily fortified and concealed enemy ambush positions. As the patrol reacted
to neutralize the ambush, it became evident that the heavy weapons could not
be used in the cramped fighting area. CPL Holland dropped his recollless
rifle ammunition, and ran forward to join his commander in an assault on the
enemy bunkers. The assaulting force moved forward until it was pinned down
directly in front of the heavily fortified bunkers by machinegun fire. CPL
Holland stood up to draw enemy fire on himself and to place suppressive fire
on the enemy positions while his commander attempted to destroy the machinegun
positions with grenades. Before the officer could throw n grenade, an enemy
grenade landed in the position. CPL Holland alerted his comrades and his com-
mander hurled the grenade from the position. When a second enemy grenade
landed in the position, CPL Holland again shouted a warning to his fellow
soldiers. Secing that no one could reach the grenade and realizing that it
was about to explode, CPL Holland, with complete disregard for his safety,
threw himself on the grenade. By his dauntless courage, CPL Holland saved the
lives of his comrades although he was mortally wounded by the explosion. CPL
Holland's extraordinary heroism, at the cost of his life, was in keeping with
the highest traditions of the military service and reflects great credit upon
himself, his unit, and the US Army. *Awarded Posthumously
2. Fegan, James (Indian Campaigns). Type - Rank and organization: Sergeant,
Company H, 3d US Infantry. Place and date: At Plum Creek, Kans. March 1868.
Entered service at: - Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 19 October
1878. Citation: While in charge of a powder train en route from Fort Harker
to Fort Dodge, Kans. was attacked by a party of desperadoes, who attempted to
rescue n deserter in his charge and to fire the train. SCT Fegan, single-
handed, repelled the attacking party, wounding 2 of them, and brought his
train through in cafety.
3. Herron, Leander (Indian Campaighs) Type - Rank and organization:
Corporal; Company A, 3rd US Infantry. Place and date: Near Fort Dodge,
Kans. . 2 September 1868. Entered service at:
Birth: Bucks County,
PA. Date of Issue: Unknown. Citation: While detailed as mail courier from
the fort, voluntarily went to the assistance of a party of h enlisted men, who
were attacked by about 50 Indians at some distance from the fort and remained
with them until the party was relieved.
38
4. Smith, Robert (Indian Campaigns) Type - Rank and organization: Private,
Company M, 3rd US Infantry. Place and date: At Slim Buttes, Montana, 9
'eptember 1876. Entered service at: - Birth: Rahway, NJ. Date of
issue: 16 October 1877. Citation: Special Bravery in endeavoring to
dislodge Indians secreted in a ravine.
5. Burkard, Oscar (Indian Campaigns) Type - Rank and organization: Private,
Hospital Corps, US Army (attached 3rd Infantry). Place and date: At Leech
Lake, Minn. 5 October 1898. Entered service at: Hay Creck, Minn. Born: 21
December 1877, Achern, Germany. Date of issue: 21 August 1899. Citation:
For distinguished bravery in action against hostile Indians. (Note: This,
the last Medal of Honor won in an Indian campaign, was awarded for an action
during the uprising of Chippewa Indians, on Leech Lake, northern Minnesota, 5
October 1898.)
39
PRIVATE OF INFANTRY (FULL DRESS)
MINNESOTA'S OWN
THE THIRD INFANTRY IN MINNESOTA
Fort Snelling was founded by the 5th United States Infantry and it is appro-
priate that the largest military unit within its borders today should be. an
Infantry regiment - The 3rd United States Infantry. This regiment - the
oldest regiment of Infantry in the United States Army, dates its history from
1784. It has had a colorful career in all wars from the American Revolution
to Vietnam. Its battle streamers are many and varied. It was during the
Mexican War that it earned the name of the "Old Guard" in 1848 from General
Winfield Scott at the Victory parade at Mexico City, that marked the end of
the Mexican War.
The Third Infantry also known as "Minnesota's Own", as a large share of its
personnel, officers and men were drawn from this section of the country,
served at Fort Snelling from 1888 - 1898, and 1921 - 1941. It has always
claimed the Twin Cities as "Home". While at Fort Snelling, the Third Infantry
trained students in the Citizens' Military Training Camps, Reserve Officers'
Training Corps, and officers and enlisted men of the Reserves and the National
Guard of Minnesota.
Today, The Third Battalion, Third Infantry, 205th Infantry Brigade (Separate)-
(Light), USAR is headquartered at Fort Snelling, Minnesota with companies in
New Prague, La Seur, Mankato, and Cannon Falls, Minnesota where the Third
Infantry once again serves as "Minnesotas Own."
40
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
American Military History. Washington: Office of the Chief of Military
History, United States Army, 1969.
American Military History 1607-1958. Washington: Heaðquarters, Dept of the
Army, 1959.
Chronological List of Actions With Indians From January 15, 1837 to January,
1891. Fort Collins, Colorado, The Old Army Press, 1979.
Cline, Ray S. United States Army in World War II: Washington: The War Dept,
Washing Command Post, Operations Division, Office of the Chief of Military
History, United States Army, 1951.
Downey, Fairfax. Indian Fighting Army. New York: Charles Scribners and
Sons, 1941.
Indian 1962. Wars of the US Army 1776-1865. Derby, Connecticut, Monarch Books Inc.,
Holt, Major John R. Historic Fort Snelling. privately published, 1938.
Last Indian War in the United States - October, 1898. Walker, Minnesota:
Northern Minnesota Publishing Company, 1952.
Lawson, 1963. Don. The United States in World War I. New York: Scholastic Books,
McCandless, SP5 Michael D., and PFC James C. Byrnes. The Customs, History,
and Traditions of the Old Guard. Ft Meyer, Virginia: Dept of the Army, 1973.
Mahon, John K., and Romana Danysh. Army Lineage Series, Infantry Part 1,
Washington: Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Army, 1972.
Record of Engagements With Hostile Indians Within the Military Division of the
Missouri From 1868 to 1882. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1882.
The Army Reserve Magazine. February 1969.
The 3rd United States Infantry (The Old Guard). Fort Meyer, Virginia: Dept.
of the Army, 1974.
The old Guard - The Third United States Infantry, Fort Snelling, MN. St
Paul: Dept. of the Army, 1981.
True West, November, 1983.
41
STATES
SEAL
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
Tineage and Honors
3d INFANTRY
(THE OLD GUARD)
Constituted 3 June 1784 in the Regular Army as the First American Regiment to
consist or companies from Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania
Organized August - September 1784 in Pennsylvania and New Jersey (New York
and Connecticut companies organized in 1785)
Redesignated 29 September 1789 as the Regiment or Infantry
Redesignated 3 March 1791 as the 1st Infantry
Redesignated in 1792 as the Infantry of the 1st Sub-Legion
Redesignated 31 October 1796 as the 1st Infantry
Consolidated May - October 1815 with the 5th Infantry (constituted 12 April
1808), the 17th Infantry (constituted 11 January 1812), the 19th Infantry
(constituted 26 June 1812), and the 20th Infantry (constituted 29 January 1813) to
form the 30 Infantry
Consolidated August - December 1869 with one half of the 37th Infantry (see
ANNEX) and consolidated unit designated as the 3d Infantry
(2d and 3d Battalions inactivated 1B November 1921 at Fort Snelling,
Minnesola; activated 8 June 1922 at Fort Spelling, Minnesota)
Assigned 24 March 1923 to the 7th Division
Relieved 15 August 1927 Crom assignment to the 7th Division and assigned to
the 6th Division
Relieved 1 October 1933 from assignment to the 6th Division and assigned to
the 7th Division
Relieved 16 October 1939 from assignment to the 7th Division and assigned to
the 6th Division
Relieved 10 May 1941 from assignment to the 6th Division
(1st Battalion Inactivated 1 June 1941 at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri;
activated 14 February 1942 in Newfoundland)
(2d Battalion I less Headquarters and lleadquarters Company] inactivated 1
September 1942 at Fort Snelling, Minnesota [lleadquarters and Headquarters Company
concurrently Inactivated in Greenland); battalion activated 22 October 1943 at
Camp Butner, North Carolina)
Inactivated 20 November 1946 in Germany.
3d INFANTRY
(THE OLD GUARD)
Regiment (less 2d Battalion) activated 6 April 1948 at Fort Myer, Virginia
(2d Battalion concurrently activated at Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.)
Reorganized 1 July 1957 as a parent regiment. under the Combat Arms Regimental
System
Withdrawn 16 January 1986 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and
reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with Headquarters at
Fort Myer, Virginia
ANNEX
Constituted 3 May 1861 in the Regular Army as the 3d Battalion, 19th Infantry
Organized May 1865 - September 1866 at Fort Wayne, Michigan; Newport
Barracks, Kentucky; and Fort Columbus, New York
Reorganized and redesignated 23 November 1866 as the 37th Infantry
One half of the 37th Infantry consolidated August - December 1869 with the 3d
Infantry and consolidated unit designated as the 3d Infantry (remaining half or
the 37th Infantry consolidated In June 1869 with the 5th Infantry and consolidated
unit designated as,the 5th Infantry)
CAMPAIGN PARTICIPATION CREDIT
War or 1812
Indian Wars
Canada
Miami
Chippewa
Seminoles
Lundy's Lane
Comanches
New Mexico 1856
Mexican War
New Mexico 1857
Palo Alto
: New Mexico 1858
Resaon de la Palma
New Mexico 1860
Monterey
Montana 1887
Vera Cruz
Cerro Gordo
War with Spain
Contreras
Santlago
Churubusco
Chapultepec
Philippine Insurrection
Malolos
Civil War
San Isidro
Bull Run
Luzon 1899
Peninsula
Luzon 1900
Manassas
Jolo 1911
Antictam
Fredericksburg
World War II
Chancellorsville
American Theater, Streamer without
Gettysburg
Inscription
Appomattox
Northern France
Texas 1861
Florida 1861
Florida 1862
Virginia 1863
3d INFANTRY
(THE OLD GUARD)
Victnam
Counteroffensive, Phase II
Counteroffensive, Phase III
Tet Counteroffensive
Counteroffensive, Phase IV
Counteroffensive, Phase V
Counteroffensive, Phane VI
Tet 69/CounterofCensive
Summer-Fall 1969
Winter-Spring 1970
Sanctuary Counteroffensive
Counteroffensive, Phase VII
Consolidation I
DECORATIONS
Valorous Unit Award, Streamer embroidered SAIGON - LONG BINH
1969-1973 Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered WASHINGTON, D.C.,
BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY:
Midred MILDRED E. E. Hedhing
Brigadier General, USA
The Adjutant General
1850
Tomas Masaryk, first president of Czechoslovakia,
1787
Karl von Grafe, "Father of plastic surgery,"
born
born
Daniel Webster made his antisecession speech in
1801
British forces landed in Egypt
1841
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Supreme Court
the Senate
Justice, born
1870
First male and female Grand Jury impaneled
1844
King Charles XIV of Sweden, born Jean-Baptist
(Wyoming)
Bernadotte of France, died
1872
Piet Mondrian, Dutch artist, born
1845
Commodore Perry's treaty with Japan ratified
1875
Maurice Ravel, French composer, born
by the U.S.
1876
Telephone patent granted to Alexander Graham
1849
Thomas Swing was appointed first U.S. Secretary
Bell
of Interior
1889
Ben Ames Williams, novelist, born
1853
Isaac Winslow filed for a patent on canning
1907
Wild prairie rose became the North Dakota state
corn
flower
1858
Ruggiero Leoncavallo, opera composer, born
1908
Semblance of peace restored in Nevada gold-
1862
Confederates defeated at Pea Ridge, Arkansas
miners' strike
Confederate ironclad Merrimac sank the Union's
1912
Discovery of the South Pole announced by
Cumberland and Congress
Amundsen
1865
A canal began to connect Amsterdam with the
1913
Dynamite explosion killed 55 in Baltimore
North Sea
1926
First successful radio-telephone call made
1869
Hector Berlioz, composer, died
between New York and London
University of Deseret organized (Salt Lake
1927
Tange, Japan, rocked by an earthquake
City, Utah)
1936
German troops began to occupy the Rhineland
1894
New York state passed a dog-licensing law
1938
Spanish insurgents killed 1,000 in Barcelona
1895
The constitutional convention of Utah finished
air raids
its job
1945
U.S. forces crossed the Rhine at Remagen Bridge
1896
Volunteers of America held its first public
1949
First homes at Levittown, Long Island housing
meeting
development, went on sale
1901
Dust storms began in Algeria that were to
1950
Coplon and Gubicher were found guilty of
deposit almost 2 million tons on
espionage
Europe
1957
Suez Canal opened after four months of closure
1909
South Dakota adopted its state flag
by Egypt
1916
Germany declared war on Portugal
1962
oso I satellite launched
1917
Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, inventor, died
1965
Queen Louise of Sweden died
1920
Switzerland and Cuba joined the League of
1970
Total eclipse of the sun
Nations
1962, 1973, 1984, 2057, 2068 Ash Wednesday
1921
Dato, Premier of Spain, assassinated in Madrid
1905, 1916, 2000, 2079 Shrove Tuesday
1930
William Howard Taft, 27th U.S. President, died
THIS is THE DATE OF OUR
1931
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes spoke to the
nation via radio
March 8th
1942
Japanese landed on New Guinea
EVENT.
1950
First shipment of planes under the NATO agree-
Feast of St. Senan of Scattery
ment landed in France
648 AD
St. Felix of Dunwich died (Feast Day)
1954
Japan signed a mutual trade pact with the U.S.
690
St. Julian of Toledo died (Feast Day)
1957
Ghana entered the United Nations
1144
Pope Celestine II died
1958
U.S. Navy was without a battleship, the last
1198
Philip elected King of Germany
having been added to a "mothball"
1550
St. John of God, patron of the mortally sick,
fleet
died (Feast Day)
1965
First U.S. ground combat unit landed in Viet Nam
1556
Charter granted for founding Holy Trinity
1970
Last day of the World Championship Gold-
College at Oxford, England
Panning Contest at Rosamond,
1618
Johann Kepler discovered the third law of
California
planetary motion
Start of the two-day Chingay Procession, the
1702
King William III of England died and Anne, his
gathering of the Chinese clans,
sister-in-law, was proclaimed Queen
in Malaysia
1766
Hirosaki, Japan, shaken by an earthquake
Festival of Teahouses (Okinawa)
March 10th
1971
Harold Lloyd, comedian of early films, died
1972
Airship (Zeppelin) Europe had its maiden voyage
1905, 1916, 2000, 2079 Ash Wednesday
241 BC
New Hampshire Primary Election Day
2011, 2095 Shrove Tuesday
Carthaginian fleet defeated off the Aegates
Islands by the Romans in the
First Punic War
March 9th
1040 320 AD The Forty Martyrs were killed (Feast Day)
Harold I, King of England, died
1302
Feast of St. Gregory of Nyssa
Dante, author, threatened with burning should
1152 AD
Frederick I ("Barbarosa") crowned King of
1410
Wire invented
he return to Florence, Italy
Germany
1452
St. Frances of Rome died (Feast Day)
Ferdinand, King of Spain, born
1440
1496
1451
Amerigo Vespucci, explorer, born
1503
Columbus left Hispaniola to return to Spain
1463
St. Katherine of Bologua died
1527
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, born
1629
Czar Alexis Mikhailovich of Russia born
Baber, by victory at Kanwaha, became ruler of
Jules Mazarin, French cardinal-statesman, died
Northern India
1661
1617
Imprisonment for debt abolished in France
Peace of Stolbova signed by Russia, Poland,
1793
and Sweden
1796
Napoleon married Josephine
1628
St. Dominic Savio died (Feast Day)
Marcello Malpighi, discoverer of capillary
1857
1862
Battle of the "ironclads," the Monitor and the
1629
circulation, born
Merrimac
King Charles I of England dissolved
1882
First U.S. patent issued for false teeth
Parliament, not to recall it for
North Carolina state flag adopted
11 years
1885
1640
Bread treated with carbon dioxide patented
Gardiner's Island, first English settlement in
1888
William I, Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia,
New York, founded
1643
died
1776
End of the first fair at Irbit, Russia
Congress voted $50 million for defense in the
Louise, Queen of Prussia, born
1899
1779
Spanish-American war
1785
The Potato War over Bavarian succession ended
1902
Edward Durrell Stone, architect, born
Thomas Jefferson appointed to replace aging
1904
Maryland state flag adopted
Benjamin Franklin as U.S. Minister
Utah state flag adopted
to England
1911
1812
Alan Ladd, actor, born
Lord Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage first
1913
Pancho Villa raided Columbus, New Mexico
published
1916
1813
(Mexican Revolution)
1817
The Order of the Iron Cross founded in Prussia
Mickey Spillane, mystery writer, born
Blanketeers marched on London
1918
1826
1922
New Jersey became the last state to ratify the
1844
King John II of Portugal died
Prohibition Amendment
King Edward VII of England married Alexandra
1923
A meteorite fell near Ashdon, England
of Denmark
1845
Henry Pu Yi became the ruler of Manchuria as a
Alexander III, Czar of Russia, born
1932
1858
Japanese puppet state
1864
Dr. Livingstone left England for Africa, again
1933
President granted money control powers by
1867
Maximilian II, King of Bavaria, died
Congress
Lillian D. Wald, founder of the Henry Street
1944
U.S.S. Leopold torpedoed in the Atlantic Peary's
Arctic
1871
Settlement House, born
1955
black
rember
cf
Grand Lodge of the Benevolent and Protective
expedition, died
1876
Order of Elks incorporated
Russia sent the first dog into space in Sputnik
"Mr. Watson, come here please; I want you."
1961
9
(first telephone use)
1963
Dynamite plant explosion at Madderfontain,
1880
Anna Hyatt Huntington, sculptor, born
South Africa
First Salvation Army Mission to the U.S. landed
in New York
1970
Islamic New Year 1390
1889
2011, 2095 Ash Wednesday
King John of dervishes Abyssinia killed battling the
1943, 2038 Shrove Tuesday
1896
A hat-tipping device patented in the U.S.
a
202 697 8758 OCJCS
GEN.
03/02/90 08:32
002
Col. Powell's Remarks
MR. PRESIDENT. SECRETARY CHENEY. MEN AND WOMEN OF THE
ARMED FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES.
THE CAMPAIGN IN PANAMA IS NOW PART OF THE GLORIOUS
TRADITION OF OUR NATION AND ITS ARMED FORCES. FOR AS LONG AS
THE STARS AND STRIPES FLIES OVER THIS NATION, THE ACTIONS OF
THE AMERICAN SERVICEMEN AND WOMEN WHO HELPED TO RESTORE
DEMOCRACY TO PANAMA IN DECEMBER 1989 WILL BE REMEMBERED.
THE CAMPAIGN STREAMER BEING AFIXED TO THE COLORS OF EACH OF
THE SERVICES TODAY TAKES ITS PLACE NEXT TO THOSE FROM THE
REVOLUTIONARY WAR, THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES, WORLD WAR I AND
II, KOREA, VIETNAM, GRENADA, AND FROM MANY, MANY OTHER MILITARY
CAMPAIGNS IN OUR NATION'S HISTORY.
1
8
202 697 8758 OCJCS
03/02/90 08:32
003
ON THE SURFACE, THE STREAMER IS BUT A PIECE OF MULTI-COLORED
CLOTH. BUT FOR EVERY AMERICAN -- AND ESPECIALLY FOR THOSE OF
US WHO WORE A UNIFORM IN DECEMBER 1989 -- IT WILL ALWAYS
REPRESENT UNSELFISH SACRIFICE.
IT IS THE SACRIFICE THIS NATION HAS ALWAYS BEEN WILLING TO
MAKE TO RIGHT A WRONG OR TO HELP PEOPLE ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD
THROW OFF THE TERRIBLE BONDS OF OPPRESSION AND TYRANNY.
IT IS THE SACRIFICE THIS NATION'S LEADERS HAVE BEEN WILLING
TO MAKE IN TIMES OF CRISIS. THEIR WILLINGNESS TO LEAD WHEN IT
WOULD BE MUCH EASIER TO DO NOTHING IS WHAT HAS MADE AMERICA A
SHINING LIGHT IN A WORLD TOO OFTEN SHROUDED IN DARKNESS.
AND IT WILL ALWAYS REPRESENT THE AMERICAN SOLDIERS, SAILORS,
AIRMEN AND MARINES WHO WENT TO PANAMA AND MADE THE SUPREME
SACRIFICE FOR THEIR COUNTRY.
2
8
202 697 8758 OCJCS
03/02/90 08:33
004
SOME SAY THAT THIS SORT OF PATRIOTISM AND CITIZENSHIP BY
EXAMPLE IS OUTDATED -- THAT IT HAS NO PLACE IN THE LAST DECADE
OF THE 20TH CENTURY. OTHERS WOULD HAVE YOU BELIEVE WE HAVE
OUTGROWN THE TRADITIONAL VALUES WHICH MADE THIS NATION SO GREAT.
ALL I HAVE TO SAY TO THESE DISBELIEVERS IS "JUST CAUSE." "
THESE TWO SIMPLE, PROPHETIC WORDS PROVE BEYOND A SHADOW OF A
DOUBT THAT AMERICA REMAINS A NATION OF PATRIOTISM AND OF SOLID
VALUES.
MOST IMPORTANTLY, IN A WORLD REELING UNDER THE WEIGHT OF
HISTORIC CHANGES, OUR ACTIONS TO HELP THE PANAMANIAN PEOPLE
RESTORE DEMOCRACY TO THEIR LAND SPOKE LOUDER THAN ANY WORDS
POSSIBLY COULD. THE 26,000 TROOPS INVOLVED IN OPERATION JUST
CAUSE SHOWED THE WORLD THAT AMERICA IS WELL AWARE OF ITS
LEADERSHIP RESPONSIBILITIES -- AND THAT WE ARE BOTH WILLING TO
AND FULLY CAPABLE OF EXERCISING THOSE RESPONSIBILITIES AS WELL.
3
8
202 697 8758 OCJCS
03/02/90 08:33
005
THOSE OF US IN UNIFORM GATHERED HERE TODAY STAND IN PLACE
OF OVER TWO MILLION OF OUR BROTHERS AND SISTERS WHO SHARE IN
THIS HONOR. FOR OVER TWO HUNDRED YEARS, CITIZEN-SOLDIERS SUCH
AS WE HAVE ANSWERED WHEN THE AMERICAN PEOPLE HAVE CALLED.
ONCE AGAIN, WE HAVE BEEN CALLED. ONCE AGAIN, OUR NATION
FOUND IT NECESSARY TO FIGHT FOR ITS PRINCIPLES. AND, ONCE
AGAIN, AMERICAN SERVICEMEN AND WOMEN WERE UP TO THE TASK. WE
DIDN'T START THE FIGHT, BUT, BY GOD, WE DID END IT.
IT IS WITH GREAT PRIDE THAT I STAND HERE TODAY, WITH MY
FELLOW SOLDIERS, SAILORS, AIRMEN AND MARINES. TO OUR
COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF AND TO OUR SECRETARY, I SAY THANK YOU.
THANK YOU FROM ALL OF US IN UNIFORM FOR PROVIDING THE
LEADERSHIP WHICH HAS MADE THIS SPECIAL MOMENT IN HISTORY
POSSIBLE.
MR. PRESIDENT, WE ARE PROUD TO WEAR THE UNIFORM IN SERVICE
TO THIS GREAT NATION. WE ARE PROUD TO BE AMERICANS.
4
STREAMER SET U.S.ARMY
REVOLUTIONARY WAR
CIVIL WAR
1. LEXINGTON 1775
1. SUMPTER 1861
2. TICONDEROGA 1775
2. BULL RUN 1861
3. BOSTON 1776
3. HENRY & DONELSON 1862
4. QUEBEC 1775, 1776
4. MISSISSIPPI RIVER 1862-1863
5. CHARLESTON 1776, 1780
5. PENINSULA 1862
6. LONG ISLAND 1776
6. SHILOH 1862
7. TRENTON 1776
7. VALLEY 1862
8. PRINCETON 1777
8. MANASSAS 1862
9. SARATOGA 1777
9. ANTEITAM 1862
10. BRANDYWINE 1777
10. FREDERICKSBURG 1862
11. GERMANTOWN 1777
11. MURFREESBOROUGH 1862-1863
12. MONMOUTH 1778
12. CHANCELLORSVILLE 1863
13. SAVANNAH 1778, 1779
13. GETTYSBURG 1863
14. COWPENS 1781
14. VICKSBURG 1863
15. GUILFORD COURTHOUSE 1781
15. CHICKAMAUGA 1863
16. YORKTOWN 1781
16. CHATTANOOGA 1863
17. WILDERNESS 1864
WAR OF 1812
18. ATLANTA 1864
19. SPOTSLYVANIA 1864
1. CANADA 1812-1815
20. COLD HARBOR 1864
2. CHIPPEWA 1814
21. PETERSBURG 1864-1865
3. LUNDY'S LANE 1814
22. SHENANDOAH 1864
4. BLADENSBURG 1814
23. FRANKLIN 1864
5. McHENRY 1814
24. NASHVILLE 1864
6. NEW ORLEANS 1814-1815
25. APPOMATTOX 1865
MEXICAN WAR
INDIAN WARS
1. PALO ALTO 1846
1. MIAMI 1790-1795
2. RESACA DE LA PALMA 1846
2. TIPPECANOE 1811
3. MONTEREY 1846
3. CREEKS 1813-1814, 1836-1837
4. BUENA VISTA 1847
4. SEMINOLES 1817-1818, 1835,
5. VERA CRUZ 1847
1855-1858
6. CERRO GORDO 1847
5. BLACK HAWK 1832
7. CONTRERAS 1847
6. COMMANCHES 1867-1875
8. CHURUBUSCO 1847
7. MODOCS 1872-1873
9. MOLINA DEL REY 1847
8. APACHES 1873, 1885-1886
10. CHAPULTEPEC 1847
9. LITTLE BIG HORN 1876-1877
10. NEZ PERCES 1877
11. BANNOCKS 1878
12. CHEYENNES 1878-1879
13. UTES 1879-1880
14. PINE RIDGE 1890-1891
PAGE 1
WAR WITH SPAIN
WORLD WAR II, ASIATIC PACIFIC THEATER
1. SANTIAGO 1898
1. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1941-1942
2. PUERTO RICO 1898
2. BURMA 1941-1942
3. MANILA 1898
3. CENTRAL PACIFIC 1941-1943
4. EAST INDIES 1942
CHINA RELEIF EXPEDITION
5. INDIA-BURMA 1942-1945
6. AIR OFFENSIVE-JAPAN 1942-1945
1. TIENTSIN 1900
7. ALEUTIAN ISLANDS 1942-1943
2. YANG-TSUN 1900
8. CHINA DEFENSIVE 1942-1945
3. PEKING 1900
9. PAPUA 1942-1943
10. GUADALCANAL 1943-1944
PHILLIPINE INSURRECTION
11. NEW GUINEA 1943-1944
12. NORTHERN SOLOMONS 1943-1944
1. MANILA 1899
13. EASTERN MANDATES 1944
:. ILOILA 1899
14. BISMARK ARCHIPELAGO 1943-1944
3. MALALOS 1899
15. WESTERN PACIFIC 1944-1945
1. LAGUNA DE BAY
16. LEYTE 1944-1945
2. SAN ISIDIRO 1899
17. LUZON 1944-1945
ZAPOTE RIVER 1899
18. CENTRAL BURMA 1945
/. CAVITE 1899-1900
19. SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
:. TARLAC 1899
20. RYUKYUS 1945
. SAN FABIAN 1899
21. CHINA OFFENSIVE 1945
10. MANDANAO 1902-1905
1. JOLO 1905, 1906, 1913
WORLD WAR II THEATER
MEXICAN EXPEDITION
1. EGYPT-LYBIA 1942-1943
1. MEXICO 1916-1917
2. AIR OFFENSIVE-EUROPE 1942-1944
3. ALGERIA-FRENCH MOROCCO 1942
WORLD WAR I
4. TUNISIA 1942-1943
5. SICILY 1943
1. CAMBRAI 1917
6. NAPLES-FOGGIA 1943-1944
?. SOMME DEFENSIVE 1918
7. ANZIO 1944
3. LYS 1918
8. ROME-ARNO 1944
4. AISNE 1918
9. NORMANDY 1944
5. MONTDIDIER-NOYON 1918
10. NORTHERN FRANCE 1944
S. CHAMPAGNE-MARNE 1918
11. SOUTHERN FRANCE 1944
7. AISNE-MARNE 1918
12. NORTH APPENNINES 1944-1945
3. SOMME OFFENSIVE 1918
13. RHINELAND 1944-1945
9. OISE-AISNE 1918
14. ARDENNES-ALSACE 1944-1945
10. UPRES-LYS 1918
15. CENTRAL EUROPE 1945
11. ST. MIHIEL 1918
16. PO VALLEY 1945
12. MEUSE-ARGONNE 1918
13. VITTORIO VENETO 1918
WORLD WAR II, AMERICAN THEATER
1. ANTISUBMARINE 1941-1945
KOREAN WAR
1. UN DEF ENSIVE 1950
?. UN OFFENSIVE 1950
3. CCF INTERVENTION 1950-1951
4. FIRST UN COUNTEROFFENSIVE 1951
5. CCF SPRING OFFENSIVE 1951
5. UN SUMMER-FALL OFFENSIVE
7. SECOND KOREAN WINTER 1951-1952
3. KOREA SUMMER-FALL 1952
9. THIRD KOREA WINTER 1952-1953
10. KOREA SUMMER 1953
VIETNAM SERVICE
:. VIETNAM ADVISORY 1962-1965
. VIETNAM DEFENSIVE 1965
1. VIETNAM COUNTEROFFENSIVE 1965-1966
.. VIETNAM COUNTEROFFENSIVE PHASE II 1966-1967
:.
VIETNAM COUNTEROFFENSIVE PHASE III 1967-1968
TEΓ COUNTEROFFENSIVE 1968
:. VIETNAM COUNTEROFFENSIVE PHASE IV 1968
0. VIETNAM COUNTEROFFENSIVE PHASE V 1968
... VIETNAM COUNTEROFFENSIVE PHASE VI 1968-1969
10. TET 691 COUNTEROFFENSIVE 1969
11. VIETNAM SUMMER-FALL 1969
12. VIETNAM WINTER-SPRING 1970
3. SANCTUARY COUNTEROFFENSIVE 1970
14. VIETNAM COUNTEROFFENSIVE PHASE VII 1970-1971
5. CONSOLIDATION 1 1971
6. CONSOLIDATION II 1971-1972
7. VIETNAM CEASE-FIRE 1972-1973
GRENADA 1983
3D US INF (TOG)
CAMPAIGN BATTLE STREAMERS
INDIANS WARS
SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
1. MIAMI
32. SANTIAGO
2. SEMINOLES
3. COMANCHES
4. NEW MEXICO 1856
PHILLIPINE INSURRECTION
5. NEW MEXICO 1857
33. MALOLOS
6. NEW MEXICO 1858
34. SAN ISIDIRO 1899
7. NEW MEXICO 1860
35. LUZON 1899
8. MONTANA
36. LUZON 1900
37. JOLO 1911
WAR OF 1812
WORLD WAR II
9. CANADA
38. AMERICAN THEATER
10. CHIPPEWA
39. NORTHERN FRANCE
11. LUNDY'S LANE
VIETNAM WAR
MEXICAN WAR
40. COUNTEROFFENSIVE PHASE II
12. PALO ALTO
41. COUNTEROFFENSIVE PHASE III
13. RESECA DE LA PALMA
42. TET COUNTEROFFENSIVE
14. MONTEREY
15. VERA CRUZ
43. COUNTEROFFENSIVE PHASE IV
44. COUNTEROFFENSIVE PHASE V
16. CERRO GORDO
45. COUNTEROFFENSIVE PHASE VI
17. CONTRERAS
46. TET 1969 COUNTEROFFENSIVE
18. CHURUBUSCO
47. SUMMER-FALL 1969
19. CHAPULTEPEC
48. WINTER-SPRING 1970
49. SANCTUARY COUNTEROFFENSIVE
CIVIL WAR
50. COUNTEROFFENSIVE PHASE VII
51. VALOROUS UNIT
20. BULL RUN
21. PENINSULA
(SAIGON LONG BINH)
52. MERITORIOUS UNIT
22. MANASSAA
23. ANTIETAM
(WASHINGTON DC 1969-1972)
53. SUPERIOR UNIT
24. FREDRICKSBURG
25. CHANCELLORSVILLE
(WASHINGTON DC 1984-1985)
26. GETTYSBURG
27. TEXAS 1861
28. FLORIDA 1861
29. FLORIDA 1862
30. VIRGINIA 1863
31. APPOMATTOX
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
January 5, 1990
PRESS CONFERENCE BY THE PRESIDENT
The Briefing Room
1:08 P.M. EST
THE PRESIDENT: This morning I met with the Attorney
General, Dick Thornburgh, to distuss the legal process related to the
prosecution of General Noriega.
We are committed to
air trial and to providing all the
protections guaranteed by the Un
d States Constitution and laws.
The Attorney General assures me that our case is strong, our resolve
is firm, and our legal representations are sound.
Our government is not
eeking a deal with Noriega. Our
policy remains that we brought his to this country for prosecution.
I will be ever mindful of this legal process in the days ahead and
will not comment on any aspect of his prosecution or any matters
that could even inadvertently affect the outcome of this case. And
I'm going ask others from this administration to do the same.
Deputy Secretary of State Eagleburger and Deputy
Secretary of Treasury Robson have ust given me a report on the
economic reconstruction efforts
in
Panama. The first action that the
United States took after General
oriega was removed from power was
to release some $400 million in money that was withheld by virtue of
our economic sanctions -- sanctio
which are now being lifted --
$140 million, I believe, is already in Panama. The revitalization of
the Panamanian economy is a major priority in the months ahead, as
our efforts for humanitarian assistance. And I would say here I've
been very grateful for the medica
supplies that have gone to Panama.
I can report today the
considerable progress has been
made SO far in returning Panama
t
normal state of affairs. The
new government has taken charge a
President Endara is working
tirelessly to meet the needs of h
people. Both Under Secretary
Robson and Eagleburger were very
h in their praise of Mr.
Calderon, Mr. Ford and, of course
resident Endara. They're
discussing housing programs, bus
as development, bank loans that
will help spur economic growth.
are committed to be a part of
that process.
I want to assure all
the countries of Latin America
that United States policy remains
one of a friendly, supportive and
respectful neighbor. We have wor
hard and intensively to consult
bilaterally and multilaterally wi
Latin America, and we will
continue to do that. I personall
ill be involved in that.
At the Latin American
mmit in Costa Rica, I pledged
that we would work with the count
as of this hemisphere to build a
better life for the citizens. Our
olicy of cooperation is firm.
Yesterday, I had a lengthy discus
n with Prime Minister Felipe
Gonzalez of Spain who is so well
pected in this hemipshere as
well. And I share his deep, perso
1 interest in seeing that the
countries of this hemisphere pull
gether on behalf of democracy and
economic freedom.
I know the yearnings
my fellow leaders in this
hemisphere -- leaders in Latin Ame
ca -- and I believe they will
support the new government of Pana
and they will support the United
MO
States as we work together in this hemisphere. I've asked the Vice
President, Dan Quayle, to visit number of these Latin American
countries within the next several eeks to personally deliver this
message. I view this as very, very important diplomacy. And I am
determined not to neglect the democracies in this hemisphere. Some
have felt that we were so infatuated with the change in Eastern
Europe that we were in the process of neglecting this hemisphere.
And that is not the case. And the Quayle trip, in my view, will
help. I have been undertaking CC Bultations directly with leaders
since I've been President. I will resume that, as I said, and the
Vice President will be in a position to explain very. clearly not only
U.S. policy, but our aspirations for Panama and, indeed, for this
entire hemisphere.
So that's where we are
and I'd be glad to take a few
questions.
a
'hal
au In
10
Mr. President, you said that the government is not
seeking any kind of a deal concer ng Noriega.
THE PRESIDENT: Yes
)
Does that mean that you are irrevocably ruling out
any reducing of charges, increasi of charges? And also, since the
indictment runs from '81 to '86 and you had many contacts,
apparently, with Panama during that period, were you ever aware of
any drug act vities on the part 01 Noriega?
THE PRESIDENT: On the first part of the question,
there's no such plan. The man's antitled to to whatever is granted
him under our law. So there isn any such plan.
Secondly, I have made some statements in reply to your
second question, so punch it in the computer, and I'll have nothing
more to say about it because I dolliot want, even inadvertently, to
prejudice this case. But my actions are, in my view, totally
unrelated.
Q
Mr. President, with General Noriega out of Panama
and safely in custody in this country it seems like you may have a
difficult choice in deciding how to maintain order in Panama Do you
envision keeping a U.S. military
acekeeping force there beyond the
usual contingent of 12,000 troops or would you like to
see
the
Panamanian Defense Forces reconst uted?
THE PRESIDENT: One,
I'd like to see their police forces,
whatever emerges, reconstituted.
wo, we will get our forces that
went in out as soon as possible.
aree, I will just say this because
your question obviously understands this, but to those listeners out
there, South Com has had a force there and that force, under the
treaty, will remain there. But the answer is, we want to get those
additional augmented forces out as soon as possible, and we will.
X
Mr. President, like to try to follow up a
question you were asked when you were here last about secrecy and the
two missions by General Scowcroft do China. As I'm sure you may be
aware, Secretary of State Baker was asked about the first -- what we
then thought was the first China mission on one of the weekend talk
shows, and he indicated that it Was indeed. It turned out to be the
second. He has since acknowledged cuite openly that his answer was
false and that he felt constrained to give that answer to protect the
secrecy of the mission. And I wordered first, sir, whether you felt
it was worth it for him to have to do that? And second, whether that
sort of thing is acceptable in you administration?
THE PRESIDENT: Well,
let me simply say that some things
will be conducted in secrecy. And
know you don't like it. Your
business is to get everything out
the open, and my business is to
conduct the foreign affairs of this
country in the way I think I was
elected to -- and for the most par
that will be in the open. But
this move into Panama was held in secrecy, and I think the American
people understand that.
MORE
My move to send people to China was controversial. Some
think that the best way to make change for human rights in China is
isolation. Don't talk to them. Ty to punish them by
excommunication. I don't feel that way. And so I asked these people
to go forward, and I don't think Jim Baker would ever deliberately
mislead somebody, and so I will stand with him.
Q Sir, I believe ha indicated that he felt he had to
do that and that he knew what he was doing, that he had to do it.
And I wondered how you felt about it.
THE PRESIDENT: Ask him about it. I support my Secretary
of State.
Q
You talk about your concern about prejudicing the
case, but as you well know, you have called Noriega a thug and other
people in the administration have grone further. You've said he's
poisoning our children. Haven't you already done that and --
THE PRESIDENT: I thi t I've heard all kinds of
characterizations of him in the press, columnists, even commentators,
presidents, members of the United States Congress. He is now in
custody. Time for rhetoric is over Time for answering hypothetical
questions that might prejudice the trial is over. I would go back,
Lesley, to help you on that, to Watergate, where there were hearings
-- hearings held, charges made over and over again, editorials
written and voiced, and yet the people received a fair trial. So I
am convinced that our system of justice is so fair that the person
will get a fair trial. But I can tell you from my standpoint, I am
going to bend over backwards and not answer hypothetical questions or
not do anything that might prejudice that.
Q
Can I have a follow-up, please? I want to actually
follow up on Helen.
THE PRESIDENT: Now, that's a separate question.
(Laughter.)
Q But it's a follow-up. Reducing of charges. Are you
saying that if he wants to go for that, if he wants to try to go for
reducing of charges, that we will entertain it? You said --
THE PRESIDENT: No, I'm not saying that. I'm saying he
has a right to do what he wants and let the legal process determine
how that should work out.
Q
You're not ruling it out.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, I'm not ruling it in. I'm just
saying he's got his rights and we ought not to stand up here and try
to define narrowly what they are.
Q
Mr. President, based on your opening remarks and
your comments about the Vice President's trip, it would indicate that
you're concerned about relations with Latin America. Has the actions
you've taken set it back?
THE PRESIDENT: To some degree I am concerned. Because I
am well aware of how our friends south of our border, including my
friend, President Salinas, look at the use of American force
anywhere. So I am concerned about it. I think it's something that's
correctable because I think they know that I have tried a lot of
consultation, that we have exhausted the remedies in this particular
case of multilateral diplomacy. But given the history of the use of
U.S. force, I would be remiss if I didn't face up to the problem that
we must go forward diplomatically now to explain how this President
looks at the protection of American life; that we acted, in our view,
well within our rights, but that we will continue consultation. But
look, I felt strongly about the protection of American life. So
we've got to get them to understand that this isn't a shift away from
what some had termed excessively timid diplomacy.
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Q
Well, Mr. President, wouldn't that indicate that
actually you were continuing old American policies that have upset
the people in Latin America?
THE PRESIDENT: Well the degree -- if there is that
perception, then it's up to me and the Secretary. And in this
instance, the Vice President's tr takes on enormous importance to
convince the people of the truth And that is that we are not
reverting to just a willful -- what's the word I'm groping for here
-- use of force that has no rationale. But when it comes to the
protection of American life, please our friends south of the border,
understand this President is going to protect it.
I'll tell you one thing that's helped on this, to the
degree there is a problem at all.
nd that is the way the Panamanian
democracy is now starting to move orward, the certification of the
three people who had been deprived of their right to hold office by
the previous regime. That's been
enormous help. And then I think
the other thing is the reception,
the public reception in Panama for
our action. It has been overwhell --
overwhelming.
Q
On that, sir, Lee twater, the Chairman of the RNC,
says Panama is a political jackpot or you and it could will wipe out
the disenchantment, for example, for the way you handled China.
Without saying that's why you went nto Panama, sending troops in, is
one effect of it that it is a political jackpot?
THE PRESIDENT: Well, Jesse Jackson doesn't think SO. He
talked to my wife. And so there' ifferences of opinion on that.
But I didn't do something for political reason. That's not the
reason I do that. I did it to product American life. A President's
called on to take certain actions
We're not going in to try to
furbish a political image; that's
diculous.
Q
Having said that though, have you now neutralized
the Democrats on foreign policy?
Is
this the last time George
Mitchell can ever accuse you of having a timid foreign policy?
THE PRESIDENT: Knowing George, he'll find a reason,
he'll find a way. And that's his job. Look, we're going into an
election year. But I want to try I can to separate the response
-- and he's been supportive of this
Let's give the man credit. But
I don't think it's laid to rest or put off bounds any criticism of
the President by Democratic opposi on if that's the question -- no,
absolutely not.
Q
Mr. President, do you anticipate that the combat
troops -- the bulk of the additional combat troops sent into Panama
will indeed be out by the end of this month, as some administration
officials have said? And secondly and more broadly, do you now see
an expanded rcle for the American military in small, regional issues
like this one, or more particularly in the war against drugs, since
there was a strong connection to this operation?
THE PRESIDENT: I see no parallel between the situation
here where American lives are at stake and you had an indicted person
who usurped power and declared war gainst the United States -- I
don't think you can draw a parallel between that unique situation and
then other countries.
What was the other part|of it?
Q
The bit about whet you see these additional
combat troops able to come home, al of them.
THE PRESIDENT: As soon a3 possible. And I have made
clear to the Secretary of Defense, to the Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs who is down in Panama right now, I believe that this is what
we should do, this is what they themselves want to do. Some U.S.
forces that went in are already out, SO I would look for an early
return.
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Q
General time frame?
THE PRESIDENT: Can't elp you. But as soon as General
Powell gets back, we'll have a more --
Q
What about the in ernational law implications?
Isn't this something that you are lso going to talk to the Latin
American countries?
THE PRESIDENT: Absolutely.
Q
Isn't this setting a precedent? What is the
explanation behind it?
THE PRESIDENT: The right to protect American lives
granted under the U.N. Charter, and we will protect lives of
citizens, and we will go forward with that. The State Department, as
I understand it, has already spelled that out. But I think you raise
a good point. Yes, we should make very clear why we acted and under
what authority we acted, as we di
Q
Mr. President, you just described Panama as a unique
case. And I'd just like to ask you sort of a philosophical question.
If the criteria you listed here
protecting American lives, having
exhausted all the other diplomatic options -- presented themselves
again, should we look in a Bush presidency for more such deployments
in military force if your criteria were met?
THE PRESIDENT: Yes, if you can spell out what the
criteria is, and then if you can look to the future to see the
situation surrounding it. I can't visualize another situation quite
this unique. But let me just say when American life is threatened --
we were concerned in El Salvador, for example -- a civilian hotel
could well have been occupied by a guerrilla force that would have
threatened the use of -- threatened American life. That concerned
me. And indeed, we moved forces not in some macho way, but to try to
protect the lives of American citizens. But I think most people
understood that. But I don't see David, I don't see another real
parallel here looming on the horizon at all.
Q
Mr. President, back to the issue of China. Your
decision to send emissaries to China carried some cause for you.
Have you seen any payoff yet? Have you had any response from the
regime there that is productive or encouraging for you?
THE PRESIDENT: Well, it does carry some, and I think
some who are familiar with the situation have been quite supportive
-- and some quite critical -- I will admit that. As I indicated,
some favor isolation -- don't talk and let them come to us. I think
one of the great things that happened to us is -- under the Shanghai
communique and prior to that is the fact that we had a kind of
contact and they began to see -- began to facilitate our contact --
help facilitate the changes and the reforms that have taken place.
So I want to see those go forward again.
Is that responsive? I can't remember --
Q
Let me ask you specifically -- are we close to a
resolution on the issue of the dissidents who are --
THE PRESIDENT: I don't know the answer to that. I don't
know the answer to that. They know my position, and it is one of
adherence to human rights, I might add. The thing I object to about
this whole one is the assigning of motives to the other person. You
can question the tactics, but I refuse to let my political critics
get me down in terms of they understand human rights and I don't.
I want to see, through the contacts that we've made,
change that can be manifested in several ways. Now, there has been
some. The Voice of America, for example, now has -- they have a
person permitted to go there. There's been a reiteration of the sale
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of missiles which we are very much in our -- I think in the interest
of peace in the world. So there's een progress. And hopefully -- I
would like to hope that there would be more.
Q
Mr. President, as you know, Mikhail Gorbachev has
been visiting the Baltics in his country to deal with the growing
independence or autonomy movement there. Have you encouraged him to
allow those movements to continue, or do you consider that
essentially an internal affair of he Soviet Union?
THE PRESIDENT: Well, he's got his own internal affairs,
but he knows of our advocacy of peaceful change. And to the man's
credit, he has been the big advocate of peaceful change. He has been
the advocate of reform. I mean, you've got to link it, Jerry, to
Eastern Europe to some degree. And I realize -- and we can discuss
this -- that the problems are different. But give the credit that I
don't think any of us a year ago from this day would have given in
terms of Soviet adherence to -- Gorrachev adherence to change, given
the dynamic upheaval in Eastern Europe.
Now, he's facing problems inside the borders of the
Soviet Union. The Baltics -- recently this other one -- and he keeps
reiterating his conviction about peaceful change. So I support that.
But we did have an opportunity to discuss in broad philosophical
terms this question at Malta.
Q
Are you confident as a result that there's not going
to be a crackdown?
THE PRESIDENT: I'm certainly not buying into the
hypothesis that there will, and I hope that this approach that he has
taken for which we give credit will. prevail.
Q
Yes, Mr. President, several times today you've made
reference to the U.S. right to -- indeed, your obligation to protect
American lives. Today, an American nun is being buried here in the
United States. Even the Catholic order she represented there in
Nicaragua claims that she was killed by Contra forces.
THE PRESIDENT: -- did claim that? I heard --
Q
Representatives of that group say the Contra forces
have been known to operate in that area using those tactics, and
perhaps they didn't recognize the pickup truck that they were driving
in. What do we know about who may have killed those nuns, and what
are you doing to communicate to the Contra -- are you trying to call
them off?
THE PRESIDENT: Well, we're not calling them off because
we don't know they were called on.
And I'm interested in your
hypothesis because you're telling me that some have concluded that it
was the Contras. The Contras have denied that. Some have suggested
it might be the other side. And the answer is, I deplore the loss of
that nun's life. And similiarly, there was another that I believe
was killed that was a Nicaraguan there. And I deplore that loss of
life. But it is murky. It is extraordinarily murky, similarly to
the situation in El Salvador.
But I want to take this opportunity to speak out against
it. But we don't know the answer to it. And in El Salvador, we've
said, find out. We'll give you whatever technical assistance we can.
And we want to find the answer to this question.
Q
But you're not confident then that the Contras
didn't --
THE PRESIDENT: I don't now the answer to your question.
They've said they didn't -- others are accusing them. And I don't
know, and I don't think our government knows. I'd share it with you
if they did.
Q
Mr. President, in Panama we saw women leading troops
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in combat for the first time. Are you comfortable with women in that
role and would you support changes in restrictions on women in
combat?
THE PRESIDENT: No. I think this is a matter -- I'd
willingly accept -- listen to recommendations from the Defense
Department. But these were not combat assignments. But anytime you
have a highly trained, gung-ho volunteer force and they're caught up
in some of the firefights that we: on, a person, man or woman, can
be inflicted into a -- put into a combat situation.
But it's my understanding -- and I think Cheney took a
question on that today -- that these were not combat roles. And so I
would let the heroic performance of these people be weighed and
measured and then see if the Defense Department wanted to recommend
to the President any additional changes.
Q
Do you have assurances from Moscow that the
operation in Panama won't hurt U.S -Soviet relations?
THE PRESIDENT: Well, I'm confident -- they didn't seem
overly enthused about it, by Mr. Gerasimov's statement, but on the
other hand, we -- I don't agree with him at all, but I don't think
it's going to fundamentally flaw the relationships between ourselves
and the United States. *
Q
Do you think that the Latin leaders have been
hypersensitive to the -- given the fact that in back channels,
apparently, they've been supportive of the invasion? Can you say if
that is correct? And then also because of that, do you think they're
hypersensitive in their public statements about U.S. force in the
region?
THE PRESIDENT: I like to feel that, given the way the
situation is resolved, there is more support than has manifested
itself in votes at the United Nations or in public statements. The
Vice President's trip will help or this. My own consultations will
help decide -- give me a clearer answer to your question, but I am
absolutely convinced, given what happened and the reason why it
happened, that if there's damage I can repair it, we can repair it,
the State Department and whoever eise is involved can repair it.
Q
But is it hypersensitive, their reaction so far?
THE PRESIDENT: I think predictably so.
Q
Mr. President, some countries think the precedent
now of Panama -- feel that their sovereignty might be violated if the
United States pursues drug dealers in their countries. And there has
been some change in laws that can be -- that they are worried about
this in the sense of the CIA, the FBI going out, being able to
apprehend people outside the United States territory.
THE PRESIDENT: And SO the question is what?
Q
Do these countries have reason to be worried that
the precedent of Panama might serve as --
THE PRESIDENT: Oh. Panama was more than that. Panama
had clearly other ingredients that caused American action. It wasn't
a simple case of going after a person who had been indicted for
narcotics. And we know you had the abortion of democracy, but you
also had this threat to the lives of Americans.
* Soviet Union
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THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
October 13, 1989
PRESS CONFERENCE
BY THE PRESIDENT
The Briefing Room
9:44 A.M. EDT
THE PRESIDENT: I have a statement I'd like to make, And
then -- some time constraints -- I'd be glad to answer a few
questions.
I believe that the American flag is a unique and spęcial
symbol of our nation and it should be protected from desecration.
And our administration has proposed a constitutional amendment to
protect the flag because we believe that is the most lasting and
legally correct means of protection -- a constitutional amendment.
And yesterday the House of Representatives agreed to a Senate bill
providing statutory protection for the flag. And when this measure
comes to the House, I will allow the bill to become law, but without
my signature. And I'm withholding that signature to signal our
belief that a constitutional amendment is the best way to provide
lasting protection for the flag.
Now we will continue to work for such an amendment. And
I can understand the rationale of those who voted for this
legislation, but in my view, it is not the ultimate answer and,
therefore, I will not put my signature on the legislation.
I would now be glad to take questions, all of which I'm
sure will be on the flag. (Laughter.)
Q
Sorry to disappoint you, Mr. President. You have
said on several occasions that you knew everything at the time of the
Panamanian coup and you didn't feel that there were any really
problems in retrospective. At the same time, there are many reports
that you've changed the rules of procedure on handling -- on crisis
management and that you have asked the Hill for more authority to
operate during a coup, or plan a coup, or whatever. Can you
straighten this out for us?
THE PRESIDENT: Let me help you out.
Q
And obviously, there were glitches or you wouldn't
have spent two weeks trying to defend yourself -- I mean, the
administration.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, I'm not sure I agree to the last
part. But --
Q
Well, you have spent two weeks trying to explain to
the American people what happened.
THE PRESIDENT: No, this is the first chance -- shot I've
had at explaining.
Q
Not you per se, but your administration.
THE PRESIDENT: Oh, I see. No, I -- what was the first
part of the question? (Laughter.)
Q
That you have changed the procedures on crisis
management.
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THE PRESIDENT: No. Look, here's -- coming back, here's
my position. I have not seen any fact in all the reports that have
come out that would make me have done something different in terms of
use of force. And I reiterate that. Now, in terms of procedures,
I'll simply say any time we can
make improvements, so much the
better. But there has not been
an intelligence gap that would have
made me act in a different way.
And so -- and I repeat that. And
there's been endless interviews
and discussions and stories -- many
of which are false -- that come
out as to what we were asked to do or
not to do. But I've seen no fact that would make me change my view.
And I've seen allegations that we had -- if when I said I wanted
Noriega to get out there, that implied use of force. I hope I would
never be reckless enough as a Commander-in-Chief to make a blanket
commitment to use of force without knowing the facts regarding some
coup attempt.
We want to see Mr. Noriega out. I'll repeat that. I've
been very heartened by the reports from various leaders in our
hemisphere about what Noriega should do. But I don't see any serious
disconnects at all. And if we can fine-tune our crisis management
systems, so much the better. And I think that's what you're reading
about now.
Q
Have you asked for greater authority from the
intelligence committees to act in case of a coup?
MR. PRESIDENT: No, I have not. But we've had a very
good meeting with two leaders of the Senate Intelligence Committee --
Boren and Cohen -- the other day. But I have not asked for that. We
may, we may.
Q
You're satisfied with the power you have?
MR. PRESIDENT: Well, I want as broad a power as possible
and I think under the Constitution, the President has it. But I'll
be working with the -- has broad powers -- broader than some in the
Senate or the House might think. I may have a difference with some
on interpreting what the powers of the President might be. But I
want to work cooperatively with these committees, and it is with that
in mind that we invited Boren and Cohen here. But I've not made
specific requests of them. We might. We might do it, but we have
not done it yet.
Q
Mr. President, Democratic leaders in Congress are
urging you not to veto legislation that removes a ban on federal
financing of abortions for the poor. House Speaker Foley says your
position is harsh -- terribly harsh on the poorest, most vulnerable
American women. Will you let that legislation become law?
MR. PRESIDENT: My position is well-known and
well-stated. And right now there is some negotiation and discussion
going on. I have not read the conference language, and so we are
going to be meeting with some of the various, most interested,
congressional parties on this and see what can be resolved. I'm not
looking for any conflict over this. I'm not going to change my
position any. But let's see how those negotiations come out and
we'll start discussing that today. But I've not changed my position.
Q
But you're leaving it open about whether or not you
would veto this.
MR. PRESIDENT: Well, because I'm told, Terry, that the
conference language may be able to avoid a veto on my part.
Q
Mr. President, in other words, you are willing to
negotiate or accept a compromise that in some way would allow federal
funding for abortions in cases of rape or incest?
MR. PRESIDENT: Now, I've already said what I'm willing
to do -- discuss the conference language.
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Q
Let me ask you specifically. Are you willing --
MR. PRESIDENT: Is this a follow-up?
Q
Yes. Are you willing to compromise?
MR. PRESIDENT: I'm not willing I've already told you
my position.
Q
Let me ask you a question about your position. Can
you explain why you believe it's all right for women who can afford
an abortion on their own, that in cases where they are raped or in
cases of incest, that it's permissible; but that for poor women who
cannot afford abortions, it is not permissible to help them get
abortions in cases of rape and incest?
MR. PRESIDENT: Owen, the only answer I can give you on
that is to go back to the original Hyde Amendment and to the position
that I took and will stay with. And to some there might be a
contradiction there. To me there is none.
Q Just to follow, sir -- I mean, it's not a question
of a contradiction. It seems that if you can pay it yourself, it's
okay under those circumstances, but the message, it seems, is that if
you can't afford it yourself, tough luck. And isn't that a moral
conflict in your own position?
THE PRESIDENT: No, I don't think it's a moral conflict
in my own position.
Q
Mr. President, could I return to Panama for an
instant? Would you -- what message are you sending -- you say you
want Noriega out what message are you sending the PDF now? Would
you like them to attempt another coup, or is that out of the
question?
THE PRESIDENT: Well, I don't think anything is out of
the question. I think that, from what I've seen and the reports I've
heard out of Panama, things are more unsettled than before about the
fate of Noriega. I would simply reiterate that we have no problem
with the PDF itself. I think this rather sophisticated argument that
if you say you'd like to see Noriega out, that implies a blanket open
carte blanche on the use of American force -- I don't want to mislead
somebody. And to me that's a stupid argument that some very erudite
people make. But it -- I'd like to see him out of there. And so
would our colleagues -- my colleagues south of our border. And I
notice what Carlos Andres Perez said. And I notice what Felipe
Gonzalez is saying. And I think that people now see more clearly
than ever the reason from Panama's standpoint why this man should be
out -- say nothing of the fact that he is an indicted drug dealer and
I would like to see him brought to justice.
Q Mr. President, I'd just like you specifically to
clear up on this, if I may. Have you issued or do you plan to issue
precise, clearer guidelines to diplomatic and military personnel on
the scene in Panama to improve communication with possible dissident
elements or contacts with dissident elements within the Panamanian
military? Would you be inclined to use U.S. force more rapidly if
the opportunity presents itself again?
THE PRESIDENT: I wouldn't mind using force if it could
be done in a prudent manner. So in other words, I'm not ruling out
the use of force for all time. I am reiterating the fact that it was
not proper to use force under the existing circumstances. And I feel
more confident in that than I ever have. More confident, not less
confident -- from anything I've seen.
What was the second part?
Q
The first part was, have you authorized or are you
going to authorize wider latitude --
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THE PRESIDENT: No. I'm going to look at each situation.
Now, if we can do better in terms of communication and what I would
call fine-tuning a crisis management structure, absolutely. And I
think we're already beginning to do that. I'm not suggesting there
are procedures we can't follow, but to the fact that I say that
should not indicate that I think there was something fatally wrong
here. I mean, you've got to look at each situation at the time.
You've got to look at each individual attempt to get rid of Mr.
Noriega. And there have been several.
Q
What would you do differently?
THE PRESIDENT: Nothing now. That's exactly my point.
Q Returning to the abortion issue for a moment,
perhaps it might be helpful to clarify your position. Are you
opposed to federal funding to help pay for the abortion for young
women who are victims of rape or incest? Are you unalterably opposed
or is there some room for a compromise?
THE PRESIDENT: Yes, I'm opposed. And I hope -- we'll
see what we can do in terms of the conference committee to see if
there is room for flexibility.
Q
On capital gains -- there are some reports on the
Hill this morning of a deal in the works on the capital gains tax
reduction. Are you confident that there will be such a reduction
over a two year period, perhaps not a permanent period? And would
you accept some sort of IRA relief as part of the deal?
THE PRESIDENT: Look, the mixing of IRA and capital gains
in this debate is troublesome to me. We early on took a very
clear-cut position on capital gains. When I became President there
was no doubt at all as to where I stood on this one and there was no
doubt that this was a priority. And so we moved, and moved to have
it as part of our original proposal.
Of course, we're interested in getting -- facilitating
the machinery and seeing things move forward. And in principle, IRAs
encourage savings and it's something a president should try to do.
But what I don't like to see is that the last month here -- the
suggestion raised that our insistence on capital gains is extraneous
or that it is something that is holding up the reconciliation process
when it was a fundamental part of it to begin with.
But whether there's some room for compromise in that or
-- and I want to credit our leadership Senator Dole is doing a
superb job. Whether there's room to compromise on it, I'd leave it
to those that are negotiating on that right now.
Q
Just to follow up -- you don't seem to be flatly
ruling out IRA then.
THE PRESIDENT: I'm not ruling out anything in that
regard. I am ruling in capital gains. But I'm not suggesting that
by answering the question that way that we go off on a -- that this
is some instruction to our side in the Senate to do something
different on IRA.
Q
I want to go back to what you called your critic's
"stupid" argument about Panama.
THE PRESIDENT: That one argument is the one -- not all
the other critics.
Q
You've said since the beginning of the year that you
thought Noriega should go.
THE PRESIDENT: Yes.
Q
And you said so loudly and publicly. But when push
came to shove a few weeks ago it wasn't clear the U.S. did very much
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to lend a hand.
THE PRESIDENT: Right.
Q
So the question is, is it responsible or consistent
to, on the one hand, call publicly for Noriega's ouster, but then to
do nothing --
THE PRESIDENT: Yes, absolutely, totally consistent. I
want to see him out of there and I want to see him brought to
justice. And that should not imply that that automatically means, no
matter what the plan is, or no matter what the coup attempt is, or
what the effort is, diplomatically and anything else, that we give
carte blanche support to that.
Follow on.
Q
Some people would say you don't have to give carte
blanche support to all situations like that, but you have to lend a
hand --
THE PRESIDENT: To the support that we didn't get. In
other words, what they'r trying to argue -- look, let's be fair with
each other. What they're saying is -- and it's only a handful of
critics -- you said you wanted Noriega out, you say you have no
argument with the PDF -- an element tries to get him out and you
didn't support him. And I'm saying, yes, I want him out and, yes, we
have no argument with the PDF, but I am not going to give carte
blanche support to an operation, particularly when they don't ask for
this support.
And I have to reserve that right. I have at stake the
lives of American kids and I am not going to easily thrust them into
a battle unless I feel comfortable with it and unless those general
officers in whom I have total confidence feel comfortable.
So my argument is with the argument. My argument is with
the argument that when I say I'd like to see Noriega out, that that
means carte blanche commitment on my part of American forces. I'm
not going to do that.
Q
Mr. President, The LA Times is reporting today that
the Justice Department has given the FBI the go-ahead to arrest
fugitives in foreign countries without the foreign country's consent.
Now this reverses the Carter administration's policy. Can you tell
us what led up to this event? And perhaps Noriega --
THE PRESIDENT: No, I'm --
Q
Perhaps Noriega has something to do with that since
he's a fugitive. The FBI can go into Panama now?
THE PRESIDENT: I'm embarrassed to say I don't know what
it is you're -- I'll have to get back to you with the answer to your
question. Marlin, will you take care of that?
MR. FITZWATER: I'm not sure that's happened.
THE PRESIDENT: I don't know what it is. I've not seen
The LA Times report, so I'll just have to not comment until I do.
Q
Mr. President, your explanation of why you did not
back the coup seemed to imply that it would almost have to be an
American operation or an American-planned operation before you would
use American troops. Is that a misreading of what you said?
THE PRESIDENT: A little bit, yes. A little bit.
Q
Well, could you explain by what you just -- I'm only
a little bit off?
THE PRESIDENT: Yes, just a hair. (Laughter.) Because
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if the circumstances under this coup plan had been different and the
requests had been different and the facts on the ground had been
different in terms of what we knew, we might well have done something
different. So is that helpful?
Q
I'm not sure. One other question on Panama, if I
may. You said back in the spring that we believe Mr. Endara and Mr.
Ford had won the election in Panama, yet you have not recognized them
as the government of Panama. And I know your Vice President a week
or so ago said Mr. Ford was the duly-elected Vice President of
Panama. Have you given any thought to recognizing them?
THE PRESIDENT: There's been some discussion of that, but
we have not made any final determination on that, and it's not clear.
It's not clear whether that would facilitate the change in Panama we
want or whether that would compel us to do some of the things
differently that we're doing that might result in that change.
Yes, Gerry, and then we've got two here. And then I've
got go because I've got a 10:00 a.m. -- No, that's the fifth one.
Flag question? Go right ahead -- (laughter) -- and then we'll come
-- you're back on. One, two, three. I can't take them all, honest.
Q
Mr. President, during the campaign, Michael Dukakis
was ridiculed partly by members of your campaign for vetoing a bill
mandating teachers say the Pledge of Allegiance during school
classes.
THE PRESIDENT: Yes, I remember it.
Q
Are you politically afraid, sir, to veto the flag
statute if you truly believe it's the wrong way to go?
THE PRESIDENT: No. I think it's an expression -- an
overwhelming expression on the part of the Congress to do something
about the protection of the flag. So I'm not going to veto it. But
I don't think it's enough. So I'm saying I'm not going to sign it.
And that's a symbol that I don't think it's enough. But I don't want
to set the clock way back and rule out the legislation, even though I
don't think it's enough. I don't see a parallel at all. Although I
read an argument that was thrown out there on that. I don't agree
with it.
Q
Mr. President, there's another controversial issue
up on the Hill in the last couple of weeks, which is catastrophic
health insurance for the elderly. As somebody who initially
supported that program, don't you think you have more of an
obligation to figure a way out of the current mess than to simply say
you want the program to continue, but that it's up to the Congress to
figure out a way to reduce the premiums that have to be paid to keep
it in force?
MR. PRESIDENT: No. (Laughter.) You got a follow-up?
Q Yes. I mean --
MR. PRESIDENT: You asked me a question. Do I feel it?
And I said, no.
Q Fair enough. (Laughter.)
MR. PRESIDENT: And I don't.
Q
But if that's the case, why not offer a suggestion
about how to keep the program from repeal and keep it financially
viable at the same time?
MR. PRESIDENT: Well, we got very able congressional
leaders who don't agree on this. And it isn't all that clear what
ought to be done on it. And so we are letting the congressional
process hash this out. And if there's something that's
unsatisfactory to us, well, I've no hesitancy to step in there.
MORE
- 7 -
Q
Mr. President, you mentioned the remarks of the
Prime Minister of Spain earlier. One of the things he said was to
propose a deal -- I guess it's a new proposal of an old deal -- where
General Noriega would step down in exchange for the U.S. dropping
criminal charges against him. Is that a deal you can live with?
MR. PRESIDENT: I don't recall that part of his
statement. But, Tom, I can't do that. It would send an impossible
signal to -- in this fight against drugs. I can't drop a good
indictment. And I'm told by the Attorney General the indictments are
sound -- that it isn't some grandstanding appeal. I can't drop those
indictments or encourage that they be dropped. I'm not sure a
president can drop an indictment, anyway. But I would not encourage
that. If that's the sine qua non, it's too much.
Q
Mr. President, when you were saying before that you
wouldn't allow a carte -- when you wouldn't allow a carte blanche to
any attempted coup in Panama, you were reserving to yourself the
right to evaluate the merits of any potential coup. This implies,
however, better communications with the participants than you had.
In fact, it appears that the United States didn't know a good deal of
the time what was going on during the crucial hours of that Tuesday
coup in Panama. What sort of urgency -- here's the question -- what
sort of urgency are you giving to improving those procedures?
MR. PRESIDENT: We're reviewing the procedures to see if
there's some -- if we can't do it better. But let me just reiterate
-- there's enough known about this that nothing different would have
happened. And I keep coming back to that as the fundamental point.
That isn't to say we can't do things better. But you've got to look
at where these -- in this particular instance, the people where
coming from -- what their objectives were.
I know what the United States objectives are. One,
Noriega brought to justice; and very important, a Panama under
democratic rule -- not deny the people the very election that they
had. And so these are our objectives. These are the objectives of
the United States. And I will look at whatever comes up in the
future with those objectives in mind.
Q
Just to follow up, on the day of the coup --
MR. PRESIDENT: Hey, I've got a 10:00 a.m. meeting.
Q
On the day of the coup, we hear about telephone
calls that aren't returned. We hear about people who are using phone
numbers that they are given for contact with the U. S. and when they
call they do not get help. The officials dither --
MR. PRESIDENT: That's well worth looking into.
Q
-- and opportunities are lost.
MR. PRESIDENT: Exactly.
Q
This is what I mean when I suggest the urgency about
it.
MR. PRESIDENT: No, I think you've got a good point
there. And we will be doing everything we can to fine-tune the
mechanism. Everyone knows that when you have a combat situation, and
there was with the PDF and the coup people, it isn't all that clear.
But to the degree we can improve our communications, fine. But I
don't feel -- again, I want to just end up where I started -- I don't
feel -- in looking at all the charges and the allegations of this
nature and having them assessed, both here and down in Panama by our
leaders, that it would have lead me, as the President, to do
something different in this particular coup. But you raise a very
good point. When I hear something -- that there was, you know, a
phone number given and nobody answers the phone, we'll find out
what's the importance, what's the significance of that. I really do
MORE
- 8 -
have a 10:00 a.m.
Q
How's your hand?
THE PRESIDENT: This is not a --
Q
-- budget plan --
THE PRESIDENT: Lesley, I was hoping you'd ask. No, it's
fine. Totally good.
Q
Secretary Baker said the military was involved --
Q
Why did you put a gag order on members of the
administration, telling them not to second-guess how you and other
members of the administration handled the Panamanian crisis?
MR. PRESIDENT: We've been blessed in this administration
by a good team who don't like the game of who's up, who's down, who's
winning, who's losing, who's looking good, who's in, who's out. And
I did not have to have any gag order because all of them are singing
from the same sheet of music. So, there wasn't a gag order.
Q
You didn't tell people to stop complaining?
MR. PRESIDENT: No.
Q
A week ago?
MR. PRESIDENT: No.
Q
Did you get angry?
MR. PRESIDENT: And I didn't get angry. I didn't get
angry.
Q
What did you get?
MR. PRESIDENT: What I did say is, I don't want to see
any blame coming out of the Oval Office or attributed to the Oval
Office in the face of criticism. I'm not in the blame business.
Blame, if there's some to be assigned, it comes in there. And that's
where it belongs.
Q
If someone drops the ball, is there no punishment?
Is there no
MR. PRESIDENT: Can we pick some -- huh? (Laughter.)
They'll find out about it.
Q
Has anybody been fired lately?
MR. PRESIDENT: No, and they're not going to be over this
because they all did a good job. A good job. And that's why I feel
relaxed, even in the face of criticism. I really do. I mean,
normally I might be a little more tense. I wouldn't blow up, I don't
think. And that's why I had ulcers 20 years ago because I didn't, I
kept it all inside. But I learned now to get out there, do your
best, get the best information you can, have confidence in good
people. And those fundamental principles are guiding me now. And I
can understand people criticizing and wishing it had come out
different. And I can understand instant hawks appearing from where
there used to be the feathers of a dove, because some of it's
political and some of it is the understandable frustrating they feel
about this man still staying in office. But all -- I've got a
certain responsibility. And it is to have good people there, make
the best decision you can. And so, I'm not misleading you. I never
felt, you know, anger or blowing up. It's absurd. And I haven't
lost any confidence and our top people that are handling these
matters, including -- and I want to repeat it here -- our military
officers in Panama. None at all. And certainly not General Powell.
MORE
- 9 -
Q
But you are sorry it didn't work.
Q
How do you rate yourself in your first foreign
crisis?
Q
What do you say the odds are of another coup, sir?
MR. PRESIDENT: The American people are strongly
supporting the position I took. And they're not dumb.
END
10:08 A.M. EDT
March 3, 1990
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
THROUGH:
DAVID DEMAREST
FROM:
CHRISTINA MARTIN
SUBJECT:
Meeting with U.S. Military Commanders
On Thursday, March 15, you will present the Panama Campaign
Streamers to representatives of the four service branches that
fought in Panama. The ceremony will take place in Ceremonial
Hall, Fort Myer, before an audience of 1200. Colonel Powell and
Secretary Cheney will both speak prior to your remarks. You are
scheduled to speak for 5 to 7 minutes.
Col. Powell's remarks are currently drafted to center around
the history of the streamers and Sec. Cheney's are based on the
symbolism of the streamers and personal anecdotes from his
Christmas visit to Panama. Both remarks praise the dedication of
our forces, their exemplary teamwork, as well as professionalism.
In an attempt, to personalize your remarks, we are
interested in your recollections from the meeting Tuesday,
February 27, in the Roosevelt Room with U.S. Military Commanders,
and your visit with wounded soldiers in late December 1989.
Thank you.
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
(George Bush Library)
Document No.
Subject/Title of Document
Date
Restriction
Class.
and Type
01. Memo
From Christina Martin to David Demarest
03/03/90
(b)(6)
Re: Memo to President
[Personal Information Redacted] (1 pp.)
Collection:
Record Group:
Bush Presidential Records
Office:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File, Backup
Subseries:
WHORM Cat.:
File Location:
Panama Elections 3/8/90 [2]
Date Closed:
10/14/2004
OA/ID Number:
13708-009
FOIA/SYS Case #:
S
Appeal Case #:
Re-review Case #:
2004-2265-S
Appeal Disposition:
P-2/P-5 Review Case #:
Disposition Date:
AR Case #:
MR Case #:
AR Disposition:
MR Disposition:
AR Disposition Date:
MR Disposition Date:
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P-1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
(b)(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P-2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
(b)(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of an
P-3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P-4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
(b)(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
(b)(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P-5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
(b)(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P-6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
(b)(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed of
(b)(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
(b)(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
PRM. Removed as a personal record misfile.
March 3, 1990
MEMORANDUM FOR DAVID DEMAREST
FROM:
CHRISTINA MARTIN
SUBJECT:
Memo to President
David, Mark and I have started working on the remarks for
next Thursday's Panama Campaign Streamers event and are
experiencing some difficulty with repetition. Due to the fact
that there will be three speakers and the subject is rather
limited, we would like to personalize the President's remarks by
using his recollections of last Tuesday's meeting with U.S.
Military Servicemen active in Panama. Several staff members have
told me that the President was extremely moved by what he heard,
however the NSC staff that was present did not take notes.
When we find ourselves in situations like this we usually
write memos to the President. Since Chriss is out sick, I would
like to run this by you. If you would like to go about this in
another manner or take it up personally with the President,
please do. Our draft is due on Monday, but we can always wait
for a reply. I will be at home
or through signal)
or at work for most of the weekend, please feel free to call if
you have any questions or need help. Thanks! P-6, (6)(6)
NOTE:
Please pass memo to Jim Cicconi.
03-02-90 04:40PM FROM INST OF HERALDRY
P02
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
PLAQUE
PURPOSE-In recognition of the need for a symbolic Item to be displayed to repre-
sent the United States Army, on 29 January 1974 the Secretary of the Army approved
the design of the first official Department of the Army plaque. The new plaque, which
may be reproduced only in color, is a highly visible, readily identifiable symbol of the
Army. It reflects the Army's traditions, ideals, and contributions not only to the Revolu-
tion but also to the development of the United States.
DESIGN-The plaque design is derived from that of the official Department of the
Army seal which has been in use since the Revolution. It is emphasized, however, that
the plaque is an additional item; it does not replace the seal. In addition to being in
color, the plaque differs from the seal in several other respects. The inscription "De-
partment of the Army," is used instead of "War Office"; the flags have been re-
arranged; and the Arabic numerals 1775 have been substituted for the Roman numerals
MDCCLXXVIII. The official seal is retained without change. In keeping with its
original purpose, the seal is used in the authentication of DA documents and records,
such as commissions, appointment certificates, and court papers. In the future, the
seal design, formerly reproduced as a bronze-colored plaque, may not be used for
three-dimensional and other display items, and it may not be reproduced in color.
DISPLAY-The adoption of the Department of the Army plaque represents continuous
efforts to graphically identify the modern professional Army and its purpose. It is the
officially authorized item to symbolize the Army which may be displayed by Army
organizations and officials designated by Headquarters, Department of the Army. Its
use in Army exhibits is encouraged. The design may not be reproduced in any form
unless it is in proper colors, and its use for purposes other than plaques will be only
as authorized by The Institute of Heraldry, US Army, Cameron Station, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.
SYMBOLISM-The central element of the Department of the Army plaque is a Roman
cuirass, a symbol of strength and defense. The United States flag, of a design used in
the formative years of the nation, and the United States Army flag emphasize the role
of the Army in the establishment and protection of the nation. The sword, esponton
(a type of half-pike formerly used by subordinate officers), musket, bayonet, cannon,
cannon balls, mortar, and mortar bombs are representative of traditional Army Imple-
ments. The drum and drumsticks are symbols of public notification of the Army's pur-
pose and intent to serve the nation and its people. The Phrygian Cap (often called the
Cap of Liberty) supported on the point of the unsheathed sword and the motto "This
We'll Defend" on a scroll held by the rattlesnake signify the Army's constant readiness
to defend and preserve the United States. The date "1775" refers to the year of the
Army's establishment. The colors of the design elements are those traditionally asso-
clated with the ideals of the United States and of the Army. Blue is symbolic of loyalty,
vigilance, perseverance, and truth. Red denotes courage, zeal, and fortitude, White
alludes to deeds worthy of remembrance. Black is indicative of determination and
constancy. Gold represents achievement, dignity, and honor.
03-02-90 04:40PM FROM INST OF HERALDRY
P03
OFFICE OF
Enclosure (1)
SECNAVINST 5030.4
THE SECRETARY
5 May 1958
TITLE 3-THE PRESIDENT
and reflects the denomination given in
the act of April 30, 1798, which officially
EXECUTIVE ORDER 10736
established the Department of the Navy;
and
ADOPTING AN OFFICIAL SEAL FOR THE
WHEREAS it appears that this seal
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY
is of suitable design and appropriate for
WHEREAS the Secretary of the Navy,
use as the official seal of the Department
with the approval of the Secretary of
of the Navy:
Defense, has caused to be made, and has
NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the
recommended that I approve, a seal for
authority vested in me as President of
the Department of the Navy, the design
the United States, I hereby approve this
of which accompanies and is hereby
made a part of this order and which is
seal as the official seal of the Department
described, in heraldic terms, as follows:
of the Navy.
On a circular background of fair sky
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
and moderate sea with land in sinister
THE WHITE HOUSE,
base, a three-masted square-rigged ship
October 23, 1957.
under way before a fair breeze with after
topsail furled, commission pennant atop
the foremast, National Ensign atop the
main, and the commodore's flag stop the
mizzen. In front of the ship a Luce-type
anchor inclined slightly bendwise with
ing to sinister regarding to dexter, one
DISPARTMENT
OF
the crown resting on the land and, in
THE
front of the shank and in back of the
dexter fluke. an American bald eagle ris-
NAVY
foot on the ground, the other resting on
the anchor near the shank; all in proper
*
colors. The whole within a blue annulet
bearing the inscription "DEPARTMENT
OF THE NAVY" at the top and
UNITED
"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" at
AMERICA
the bottom, separated on each side by a
STATES
OF
mullet and within a rim in the form of a
rope; inscription, rope, mullet, and edges
of annulet all gold;
AND WHEREAS the central device of
the seal is essentially the same as that
[F. R. Doc. 57-8829, Filed, Oct. 23, 1957;
used for more than one hundred years
2:36 p. m.]
Enclosure (1)
03-02-90 04:40PM FROM INST OF HERALDRY
P 0 4
4
AFR 900-3
20 March 1985
Chapter 1
DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE SEAL
ion A-Nature and Uses
1-1. Description and Significance. The
official Air Force colors of ultramarine blue and
Air Force yellow are used prominently on the Air
Force Seal. Ultramarine blue is used for the
circular background of the Seal. Air Force
yellow is used as trim. The following describes
the Air Force Seal and the meaning of its many
parts (figure 1-1):
a. The Coat of Arms in the center of the Seal
has two parts:
(1) The Crest is made up of the eagle,
wreath, and cloud form: The American bald
eagle symbolizes the United States and its
airpower and is depicted in its natural colors. The
Wreath under the eagle is made up of six
alternate folds of metal (white, representing
silver) and light blue. This repeats the metal and
color used in the shield, The white clouds behind
the eagle show the start of a new sky - The
Department of the Air Force.
FORCE
AIR
*
(2) The Shield, right below the eagle and
th, is divided horizontally into two parts by
,ule line representing clouds. The top part
bears an Air Force yellow thunderbolt with
THE
power through the use of aerospace. (The
MCMXLVII
OF
flames in natural color which shows striking
thunderbolt consists of an Air Force yellow
OF
STATES
vertical twist with three natural color flames on
each end crossing a pair of horizontal wings with
eight lightning bolts radiating saltirewise.) The
UNITED
background of the top part is light blue
Figure 1-1. Department of the Air Force Seal.
(representing the sky). The lower part is white
(representing metal silver).
b. The 13 white encircling stars represent the
original 13 colonies.
c. The Air Force yellow numerals under the
Shield are 1947. This is the year the Department
of the Air Force was established.
d. The band encircling the whole design is
white edged in Air Force yellow with black
lettering. The inscription reads: "Department of
the Air Force" on the top part and "United States
of America" on the lower part.
1-2. Use of the Seal:
Official Policy:
1) Use of the Seal or any part of it is
per mitted only as authorized in this regulation.
Specific exceptions are approved by the
03-02-90 04:40PM FROM INST OF HERALDRY
P05
EXECUTIVE ORDER 10538
ESTABLISHING A SEAL FOR THE UNITED
STATES MARINE CORPS
WHEREAS the Commandant of the
United States Marine Corps with ap-
proval of the Secretary of the Navy has
caused to be made, and the Department
of Defense has recommended that I up-
prove. = seal for the United States
Marine Corps, the design of which ac-
STATEMENT OF THE NAVY
companies and is hereby made a part of
this order, and which is described as
follows:
Standing upon the western hemisphere
of the terrestrial globe containing the
lines of latitude and topographical out-
GELING
CORPS
lines of North, Central, and South
America, an American bald eagle with
STATES
MARINE
wings displayed horizontally and in-
verted holding in his beak a scroll in-
scribed with the motto "SEMPER
FIDELIS", all bronze. Echind the
western hemisphere a foul anchor bend
for establishment as the official seal of
sinister-wise with stock, arms. and flukes
the United States Marine Corps:
in slight perspective, all bronze, on a
KOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the
scarlet background and within a dark
authority vested in me as President of the
blue band. edged in gold circumscribed
United States, I hereby approve such seal
by a cold rope tim and inscribed "DE-
as the official seal of the United States
PARTMENT OF THE NAVY , UNITED
Marine Corps.
STATES MARINE CORPS" in gold
letters. The central device of the seal
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
is the emblem of the United States
THE WHITE HOUSE,
Marine Corps:
June 22, 1954.
AND WHEREAS it appears that such
seal is of suitable design and
priate
03-02-90 04:40PM FROM INST OF HERALDRY
P06
ENTROYED THERE
October 31, 1977
NUMBER 1005.8
ASD (MRA&L)
Department of Defense Directive
SUBJECT
Order of Precedence of Members of Armed Forces of
the United States When in Formations
Refs.: (a) DoD Directive 1005.8, subject as above, October 8,
1957 (hereby cancelled)
(b) Title 10, United States Code, Section 133(b)
A. REISSUANCE AND PURPOSE
This Directive reissues reference (a) to update the list-
ing of organizations and to change the order of precedence.
Reference (a) is hereby superseded and cancelled.
B. APPLICABILITY
The provisions of this Directive apply to the Military
Departments.
c. PRESCRIBED PROCEDURE
By virtue of the authority vested in the Secretary of
Defense, under the provisions of reference (b), and pursuant
to agreement with the Secretary of Transportation and the
Secretary of Commerce, members of the Armed Forces of the
United States and Merchant Marine midshipmen shall take prece-
dence in the following order when in formations:
1. Cadets, United States Military Academy
2. Midshipmen, United States Naval Academy
3. Cadets, United States Air Force Academy
4. Cadets, United States Coast Guard Academy
5. Midshipmen, United States Merchant Marine Academy*
6. United States Army
7. United States Marine Corps
8. United States Navy
9. United States Air Force
10. United States Coast Guard
*Added
03-02-90 04:40PM FROM INST OF HERALDRY
P07
11. Army National Guard of the United States
12. Army Reserves
13. Marine Corps Reserve
14. Naval Reserve
15. Air National Guard of the United States
16. Air Force Reserve
17. Coast Guard Reserve
18. Other training organizations of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy,
Air Force, and Coast Guard, in that order, respectively.
Provided, however, that during any period when the United States Coast
Guard shall operate as part of the United States Navy, the Cadets,
United States Coast Guard Academy, the United States Coast Guard, and
the Coast Guard Reserve, shall take precedence, respectively, next after
the Midshipmen, United States Naval Academy, the United States Navy,
and the Naval Reserve.
D. EFFECTIVE DATE AND IMPLEMENTATION
This Directive is effective immediately. Forward two copies of
implementing regulations to the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Man-
power, Reserve Affairs, and Logistics) within 30 days.
Deputy Secretary of Defense
2
03-02-90 04:40PM FROM INST OF HERALDRY
P08
Salute With Guns
Theoretically all salutes were originally the act of the one who first
saluted, rendering himself or his ship powerless for the time during which the
honors were rendered. For example, in the days of Columbus, after firing a
salute, an appreciable time - approximately half an hour - was required before
the guns could be fired again. Thus the ship first rendering the honors feared
no attack, and the gesture was one of friendship and confidence. Firing blank
cartridges is a comparatively modern invention, occasioned, it is said, by the
fact that a complimentary cannon ball once proved fatal to the honored personage.
(The "present arms" salute of today was originally a gesture of literal presenta-
tion.)
Salute (twenty-one guns). The origin of the twenty-one-gun international
salute is of interest. Originally warships fired salutes of seven guns, the
number seven having probably been selected because of the mystical and symbolical
significance given it in the Bible.
Although by regulations the salute at sca was seven guns, shore batteries
were allowed to fire three guns to the ship's one. The difference was due to the
fact that in those days the storage of powder aboard ship was a matter of serious
concern, because of lack of facilities for maintaining low and even temperatures
in the magazines. Since powder easily spoiled at sea but could be better kept
on land, three times as many guns were, therefore, prescribed. Again, the figure
three was probably selected as a multiple because of mystical and symbolical
significance.
When powder that was not so difficult to preserve at sea came into general
use, the number of guns for the naval international salute was raised to twenty-one.
By common agreement the international salutes of all nations are now twenty-one
guns.
International salutes grew out of custom and usage, The custom began with
the strong nations exacting from foreign vessels acts of submission, sometimes
even by force, but in the 17th century the question of such ceremonials became a
matter of negotiation. Although saluting was originally forced upon the vessels
of smaller nations to compel them to recognize the superiority of the greater, in
the final recognition of the principle of equality between nations, it became
customary to render salutes "gun for gun."
Salute over & grave. Originally the three volleys fired into the air were
supposed to drive away evil spirits as they escaped from the hearts of the dead.
It was thought that the doors of men's hearts stood ajar at such times, permitting
devils to enter. Today the gun salutes are fired as a ceremonious gesture of
respect.
EXTRACT from NAVAL ORIENTATION, NAVPERS 16138-B,
June 1953. P. 485-86.
03-02-90 04:40PM FROM INST OF HERALDRY
P09
21-Gun Salute
Like so many deeply-rooted traditions of the sea, it is difficult to pin-
point It's origin.
The number of guns fired was not always the same. In 1778, when John Paul
Jones received the first national salute to the stars and stripes in Quiberon
Bay, Ranger fired thirteen guns and the French answered with nine -- the
standard salute rendered to a republic at that time.
As for the 21-gun salute Itself, Navy Regulations for 1818 prescribed that
"when the President shall visit a ship of the U. S. Navy he is to be saluted
with 21 guns." It is interesting to note that at this time there were 21
states, and that the gun salute varied in number after 1818 with the number
of states, and did not become standardized at 21 for some time. The 1865
Regulations stated that: "A foreign sovereign or the chief magistrate of
any foreign republic, when visiting a vessel of the Navy, shall be received
with the same honors prescribed for the President (21 guns). 11 In 1875 the
U. S. and Britain agreed on a gun-for-gun return of salutes, the British at
that time using a 21-gun salute for a head of state.
93-02-90 04:40PM FROM INST OF HERALDRY
P10
BATTLE STREAMERS
In January 1971 the U.S. Navy joined the other military services in the use of battle streamers.
Commenting on the meaning of the new streamers displayed with the Navy flag, Admiral Zumwalt,
the Chief of Naval Operations, said that "ships and men who performed so gallantly in the American
Revolution, at Tripoli, Lake Champlain, Manila Bay, on Atlantic convoy, at Midway, Leyte, in Korea
and in Vietnam will be honored and esteemed through succeeding generations."
The use of battle streamers had its beginnings in antiquity when various emblems were carried
into combat. Armies of Egypt and Assyria, for example, placed sacred objects at the tops of poles, then
adorned them with streamers. The eagle of Imperial Rome was recognized throughout the known
western world.
In time solid objects gave way to cloth banners. Medieval knights attached distinctive streamers to
their lances. Colors became a rallying point in battle, an honor to bear and defend. Among the most
prized trophies of war were the tattered standards of a defeated enemy.
The U.S. Army adopted battle streamers in 1920, the first American military service to initiate
their usage. They were introduced into the Marine Corps in 1939, and in 1956 the Air Force followed.
In 1968 the Coast Guard authorized use of battle streamers.
Many of the practices relative to streamers and their display are similar among the services. There
are, however, differences, particularly regarding the number of streamers and use of embroidered
devices.
The Army carries a separate streamer for each important action in all wars in which that service
has participated. Army streamers are embroidered with the name of the action commemorated. Currently
[1971] the Army allows 156 streamers, and the Air Force, employing the Army system, carries 64.
Unlike the Army-Air Force practice, the Marines use one ribbon for each war, campaign, or theater
of operations. Specific actions or battles are highlighted by bronze and silver stars embroidered on the
ribbon. The Marine Corps shows 42 streamers, and the Coast Guard uses 27, unadorned by either stars
or lettering.
The Navy's battle streamers, spanning the period from the Revolutionary War to Vietnam, number
27. Like the Marine Corps, the Navy flies a single streamer for each campaign, war, or theater of opera.
tions, with embroidered stars used for individual battles and operations determined to be suitable for
special recognition.
Stars on the Navy streamers follow the practice initiated during the World War II period for
ribbons and medals-that is, a bronze star for each action, and a silver star in lieu of five bronze stars.
The Navy applies stars to appropriate ribbons throughout its history, whereas the Marine Corps uses
stars to commemorate service in this century only.
The Presidential Unit Citation, Navy Unit Commendation, and Meritorious Unit Commendation
streamers each carry a number rather than stars. This figure represents the number of times that the
respective award has been conferred upon Navy units.
Navy streamers are 3' long and 23/4" wide. Where a medal has been awarded for a particular war
or service, the coloring and design of the streamer are the same as the ribbon from which the medal is
suspended. Conflicts and operations for which no medal was issued have ribbons specially designed for
use as streamers.
Today's battle streamers affixed to the military flags of the United States are colorful symbols and
reminders of sacrifice, service and a proud heritage-a tribute to the men and women of the armed
forces, past and present, who have responded in America's times of need.
,
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
(George Bush Library)
Document No.
Subject/Title of Document
Date
Restriction
Class.
and Type
02. Memo
From Christina Martin to David Demarest
03/03/90
(b)(6)
Re: Memo to President
[Personal Information Redacted] (1 pp.)
Collection:
Record Group:
Bush Presidential Records
Office:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File, Backup
Subseries:
WHORM Cat.:
File Location:
Panama Elections 3/8/90 [2]
Date Closed:
10/14/2004
OA/ID Number:
13708-009
FOIA/SYS Case #:
S
Appeal Case #:
Re-review Case #:
2004-2265-S
Appeal Disposition:
P-2/P-5 Review Case #:
Disposition Date:
AR Case #:
MR Case #:
AR Disposition:
MR Disposition:
AR Disposition Date:
MR Disposition Date:
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P-1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
(b)(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P-2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
(b)(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of an
P-3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P-4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
(b)(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
(b)(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P-5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
(b)(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P-6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
(b)(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed of
(b)(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
(b)(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
PRM. Removed as a personal record misfile.
March 3, 1990
MEMORANDUM FOR DAVID DEMAREST
FROM:
CHRISTINA MARTIN
SUBJECT:
Memo to President
David, Mark and I have started working on the remarks for
next Thursday's Panama Campaign Streamers event and are
experiencing some difficulty with repetition. Due to the fact
that there will be three speakers and the subject is rather
limited, we would like to personalize the President's remarks by
using his recollections of last Tuesday's meeting with U.S.
Military Servicemen active in Panama. Several staff members have
told me that the President was extremely moved by what he heard,
however the NSC staff that was present did not take notes.
When we find ourselves in situations like this we usually
write memos to the President. Since Chriss is out sick, I would
like to run this by you. If you would like to go about this in
another manner or take it up personally with the President,
please do. Our draft is due on Monday, but we can always wait
for a reply. I will be at home
through signal)
or at work for most of the weekend, please feel free to call if
you have any questions or need help. Thanks!
P-6,(6)(6) P-6, (6)(6)
NOTE:
Please pass memo to Jim Cicconi.
LL. Col.
"ysworth
P-6,(b)(6) P-6,
CM
call
March 3, 1990
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
THROUGH:
DAVID DEMAREST
FROM:
CHRISTINA MARTIN
SUBJECT:
Meeting with U.S. Military Commanders
On Thursday, March 15, you will present the Panama Campaign
Streamers to representatives of the four service branches that
fought in Panama. The ceremony will take place in Ceremonial
Hall, Fort Myer, before an audience of 1200. Colonel Powell and
Secretary Cheney will both speak prior to your remarks. You are
scheduled to speak for 5 to 7 minutes.
Col. Powell's remarks are currently drafted to center around
the history of the streamers and Sec. Cheney's are based on the
symbolism of the streamers and personal anecdotes from his
Christmas visit to Panama. Both remarks praise the dedication of
our forces, their exemplary teamwork, as well as professionalism.
In an attempt, to personalize your remarks, we are
interested in your recollections from the meeting Tuesday,
February 27, in the Roosevelt Room with U.S. Military Commanders,
and your visit with wounded soldiers in late December 1989.
Thank you.
WASH.FOST:05-12-89
PANAMA AT A GLANCE 112
Population: 2,370,000
History: First sighted in 1502 by
Geography: 29,208 square miles,
Rodrigo de Bastidas, sailing with
slightly larger than West Virginia.
Columbus under Spanish flag.
Broke from Spain and became
Economy: Chief industries are oil
Colombian province in 1821.
refining and international banking.
Declared independence in 1903,
Chief crops are bananas,
with U.S. naval forces deterring
pineapples and cocoa.
action by Colombia. Gave use,
Politics: On Wednesday, the
occupation and control of the
Electoral Tribunal controlled by
Canal Zone to the United States in
strongman Gen. Manuel Antonio
1903. in 1977, the two countries
Noriega nullified Sunday's national
signed new treaties under which
elections. Observers say the
the United States gradually
opposition won those elections by
relinquishes control of the canal
a 3 to 1 margin. Noriega is under
and Canal Zone, completing the
indictment in the United States on
process at noon, Dec. 31, 1999.
drug trafficking charges.
Atlantic
0
100
Ocean
MILES
D.
Pacific
Caribbean Sea
Ocean
PANAMA
COSTA
RICA
Panama City
PANAMA
Enlarged
below
Gulf of
Pacific Ocean
Panama
COLOMBIA
THE CANAL
Size: Fifty miles long from deep
History: France attempted to cut
water in the Atlantic to deep water
through the Isthmus of Panama in
in the Pacific. Requires about nine
the late 1800s, but failed. The
hours for the average ship to
United States purchased rights
transit the canal.
and properties from the French
Cost: Tolls are based on net
Canal Co. and began construction
tonnage. The average toll for
in 1904. Project was completed in
oceangoing commercial ships is
10 years at a cost of about $387
about $26,890.
million.
Passage: About 12,000 vessels
move through the canal annually.
Caribbean
Galeta Island
Sea
WHERE THE TRAFFIC GOES
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SHIPPING
Colon
East Coast to Far East
40%
Fort
Fort
Europe to West Coast and Canada
10%
Sherman
Gulick
East Coast to western South America 8%
Fort
Other
42%
Davis
Gatun
SOURCE: Panama Canal Commission
Locks
Gatun Bay
Channel
PANAMA
PANAMA
CANAL
Fort
Clayton
Pedro Miguel Locks
Albrook
Air Station
Miraflores Locks
Quarry Heights
Balboa
Panama City
PANAMA
Fort Kobbe
Fort Amador
Howard AFB
0
10
Bay of
MILES
Panama
COMPILED BY JAMES SCHWARTZ
SOURCES: Panama Canal Commission, World Almanac, Department of Defense
THE WASHINGTON POST
TIMES 05-12-89
Noriega's Foes Say Vote Must Stand
172
By LINDSEY GRUSON
of ackowledging the victory of the op-
government and added that the two
Special to The New York Times
position. It was a constitutional coup,
PANAMA, May 11 - The Panama-
the final act of a giant fraud.'
sides could discuss any issue, including
the retirement of General Noriega, the
nian opposition today rejected the Gov-
Annulment of Vote Defended
de facto ruler whose official role is
ernment's decision to annul the presi-
dential election and said it was pre-
The Electoral Commission's decision
commander of the 15,000-member
pared for talks only if Gen. Manuel An-
was announced after a meeting at the
Panamanian military.
Presidential Palace of senior military
"Everybody feels it's the need of the
tonio Noriega stepped down as military
leader.
and political leaders.
country to come to some kind of agree-
Ricardo Arias Calderón, the senior
The commission, which was ap-
ment,' he said, emphasizing that he
vice-presidential candidate, and other
pointed by General Noriega, defended
was speaking as a senior member of
opposition leaders reiterated their sup-
its decision to annul the elections,
the Government coalition. The violence
port for talks. But they said the Gov-
blaming "obstruction by foreigners"
Wednesday made some Government
ernment must recognize what moni-
and a lack of tally sheets. Independent
politicians fearful that this country is
tors say was an opposition election vic-
election monitors, who said the opposi-
plunging into the political polarization
tion had won the election by 3 to 1, have
and violence that characterizes most of
tory.
"It's a bad joke on the Panamanian
reported that many tally sheets were
is neighbors.
stolen at gunpoint by the armed forces.
"Yesterday we all came to the reali-
people," said Mr. Arias Calderón, who
Yolanda Pulice de Rodríguez, the
zation that you have radical groups on
emphasized that he was speaking for
the entire three-man slate. "We clearly
commission president, said it was up to
both sides that are uncontrollable,"
Mr. Rognoni said. "You can't tell me
reject it. I have no doubt that the oppo-
that we have the hoodlums and the
sition won."
goons and they have the nuns and the
The opposition presidential candi-
The nullifying of
priests."
date, Guillermo Endara, was confined
Benjamín Colamarco, the com-
to a hospital today after being beaten
on Wednesday. Doctors said Mr. En-
Panama's
mander of the paramilitary groups,
said in a telephone interview today that
dara was partly paralyzed but had re-
covered full motor control and would
election is called a
the attack was commanded by military
be hospitalized for three days for tests.
officers. Opposition leaders today
"He looked good and told me, 'I feel
showed pictures, taken immediately
bad joke.
before the assault, of the attackers
good,' said Alfredo Arias, a close
changing from transit police uniforms
friend and aide.
into T-shirts with Dignity Battalion
Rural Violence Reported
logos.
the executive branch to decide what to
Mr. Endara and other opposition
do after Sept. 1, when the term of
Candidate Freed From Jail
leaders were attacked at the end of a
Manuel Solis Palma, the incumbent
The opposition candidate for a sec-
motorcade by pipe-wielding assailants
President, is to expire.
in civilian clothes. Government offi-
ond vice presidency, Guillermo (Billy)
Mario Rognoni, a pro-Government
Ford, who was also beaten on Wednes-
cials and Western diplomats said the
legislative candidate and a business
attack was carried out by members of
day, was released from jail after being
leader, said the decision to annul the
held by the government for most of the
the military seeking to stop developing
elections was opposed by large parts of
night. In an interview, he said that sol-
negotiations between the Government
the Government coalition. He said
and the opposition.
diers had fired into his car during the
there was growing sentiment within
attack but that military officials had
The streets of the capital were quiet
the Government to seek some type of
treated him well after his arrest.
today, but the decision to annul the
negotiated solution to the crisis.
election, announced late Wednesday,
Before being released, Mr. Ford, a
led to violence in some rural areas,
Transition Government Proposed
businessman and political newcomer
Roman Catholic Church officials said.
who emerged as the opposition's most
The crisis began 18 months ago when
The church officials said priests had
dynamic candidate during the cam-
an associate of General Noriega
reported that Government-organized
charged that the general was involved
paign, said the military had put him on
paramilitary groups, known as Dignity
in drug trafficking and had arranged
trial and sentenced him to a year with-
Battalions, had taken over at least two
the assassination of political oppo-
out parole for what it charged was at-
rural towns. Western diplomats said
nents. It deepened last year when the
tacking the armed forces and inciting a
riot.
members of the squads had also
United States started seeking to oust
rounded up opposition supporters in
Louis Martins, a senior aide to Mr.
the general, who had been indicted by
outlying areas, beat them and ran-
Endara, was under arrest and re-
two grand juries in Florida on Federal
sacked their houses.
drug trafficking charges,
mained incommunicado in custody to-
"In practical terms this is a coup,"
Mr. Rognoni said the Government
day after being kidnapped Wednesday
said an official close to the Roman
outside his office by four heavily
wanted to talk without conditions. He
Catholic Church. "It's an indirect way
armed civilians. Opposition figures
proposed a transitional national unity
said he appeared to have been beaten.
NTR
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
training
cooperation & coordnation
has complex for Am
Strong support, always
be auticism
historic concern 11:30
Enlisted
SAN ANTONIA HOSPITAL
Can.
all kids at hospital
were howie
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
quality of taces
"pts of light SA
community
PO Plane in SA
ykilled
shoulder + chatomy
Sunded seal, Disadling
Noraga's amport
Close onflact w/POF in
(athers, soilda bought
It both solders
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
Acoste
scared, "good guys
did what they had to do"
paliotled sections cencl
all thairing
Phelps
2200
Tojitos Int'l
+ Tinajikas last
night dwas
Coar dination
:05-11-89
Latin states, Europe denounce Panama's election
Mr. Endara earlier this week de-
Some sources said the ambassa-
President Eric Arturo Delvalle, who
end to the crisis remained as long as
neros said, "The threat we are most
James M. Dorsey
TIMES
172/182
clared himself president-elect,
dors are waiting for a response from
had tried unsuccessfully to fire Gen.
the government refrained from de-
concerned about is the threat to
claiming the opposition had won the
Gen. Noriega.
Noriega after the general was in-
claring the pro-Noriega Coalition for
Americans.
PANAMA CITY, Panama Gen.
election.
Latin condemnation of the elec-
dicted on drug smuggling charges in
National Liberation (COLINA) the
"We have communicated to the
Manuel Antonio Noriega found him-
The Latin American and Euro-
toral process has begun to cut across
Florida.
victor of the elections.
[Panamanian military] - I person
self increasingly isolated yesterday
pean diplomats repeated their mes-
political lines.
"The Peruvian government de-
The government initally had
ally communicated to them - that
Latin American and European na-
sage yesterday during a meeting
Venezuelan Foreign Minister En-
nounces and will reject any manip-
promised to announce the election
any confrontation, any shooting in-
tiens joined the United States and
with the candidates of the pro-
rique Tejara Paris warned yesterday
ulation of the election results and
results on Monday but has given pre-
volved, we were going to hold them
opposition figures here incondemn-
Noriega coalition.
the Latin Group of Eight would expel
will reject as well any intervention
liminary figures for less than 10 per-
responsible. Any threat, armed
ing irregularities in Sunday's pres-
During that meeting, Carlos
Panama if the election proved to be
from outside Latin America," said
cent of the vote. The figures show
threat against us here, we're going
idential election and in warning his
Duque, Gen. Noriega's candidate for
COLINA with a 2-to-1' lead.
to consider it as directed by the gov.
regime not to announce a fraudulent
president, denounced "U.S. interven-
Government-controlled newspapers
ernment. And I think that Noriega
polling result.
tion" in what he described as a "fair
Peru "denounces
and will reject any
have already declared Mr. Duque to
knows that very clearly," Gen. Cis-
Growing international condemna-
and honest election," diplomatic
be president.
neros said.
the of the Panamanian election and
sources reported.
manipulation of the election results."
In Washington yesterday, a White
He said U.S. military forces would
the ensuing political turmoil in the
Mr. Duque said the attack on the
House official said the president and
not show "any reluctance" if Amer-
country - including yesterday's
three opposition candidates was a
his national security staff were
icans were hurt, adding, "They know
bestings of opposition candidates
result of the climate created by the
fraudulent. He said the group -
Peru's ambassador to Panama,
closely watching Panama but had
what the threshold is."
would appear to strengthen the Bush
United States and the opposition and
Venezuela, Peru, Mexico, Argentina,
Mario Castro Arenas.
not settled on a plan to oust Gen.
The general noted that no U.S. citi-
administration's hand in crafting a
claimed they had been hit by demon-
Brazil, Uruguay and Colombia -
Venezuela sent a similar message
Noriega.
zens have been hurt in street vio-
strategy for dealing with the Nori-
strators' stones.
were discussing joint action.
to Panama's pro-Noriega govern-
"We're mostly waiting for action
lence since the crisis erupted almost
regime.
Several diplomats present at the
The Group of Eight was founded
ment, headed by Manuel Solis
from Noriega," said the official.
two years ago. He declined to say
At a meeting with Latin American
meeting, including those from West
Palma.
to seek a solution to the Nicaraguan
But, he said, "We haven't stopped
how or when his warning had been
and European diplomats, the opposi-
Germany, said they "abhorred" the
civil war and has since broadened its
Nicaraguan and Guatemalan ob-
thinking" about a range of options,
communicated to Gen. Noriega.
tion candidates - Guillermo En-
attitude displayed by Mr. Duque and
mandate to include economic CO-
servers of Sunday's election were
including a military raid aimed at
"There are a lot of undisciplined
dara, Ricardo Arias Calderon and
his colleagues. Sources said the Eu-
operation between its members.
quoted as saying they had seldom -
installing opposition forces that in-
goons out there dressed in civilian
Guillermo "Billy" Ford urged the
ropean Community would issue a
if ever - seen such a blatant manip-
dependent observers have said
clothing
that are acting in de-
diplomats to assist in forcing the
statement this morning expressing
Panama's membership in the
ulation of balloting.
should be declared winners in Sun-
fense of Noriega. They are guided by
government to announce the true
deep concern and urging Panama to
group was suspended last year after
Mr. Arenas and other diplomats
day's balloting.
the PDF [Panamanian Defense
election results.
recognize the will of the people.
Gen. Noriega ousted U.S.-backed
said a possibility for mediating an
However, Brig. Gen. Marc Cis-
Forces]," Gen. Cisneros said.
CHRIS.SCI.MON.:05-10-89
Noriega and Team Set in the Saddle
Thumbing his nose at US and foes, Panama's strong man walks off with another fake election win
172
out of the ring."
any-cost attitude.
theless, mounting evidence of fraud
For the past two years, both the
Several opposition
leaders
coupled with the display of violence
By Brook Larmer
US and the opposition have proven
pinned their final hopes on Mr.
have stoked considerable anger that
Staff writer of The Christion Science Mondor
to be ineffective bullfighters, con-
Carter, whose prestige here helped
could make the streets of Panama a
PANAMA CITY
tinually outwitted by the bull.
him lead a team of American elec-
scene of protest in coming days.
The conservative, middle-class
tion observers specially invited by
On Monday morning, five armed
EN. MANUEL ANTONIO
G
opposition to Noriega erupted in
the government. With his access to
men and a pro-Noriega legislator
NORIEGA won't budge.
June 1987, soon after the general's
Noriega, they said, he would be able
reportedly stormed a local gymnasi-
Just hours after his elec-
former second-in-command accused
to help negotiate some sort of com-
um where the district electoral
toral machine manufactured an im-
him of everything from fraud to po-
board was counting the votes for all
plausible victory for his hand-picked
litically motivated murder.
of San Miguelito, an enormous low-
candidate, General Noriega faced a
Eight months later, with Noriega
er-class barrio that represents more
fiercely divided nation - and a spir-
seemingly outflanked by the opposi-
Election fraud is not a
than 10 percent of the national vote.
ited march of more than 5.000 an-
tion, the US waved its first red flag
new phenomenon in
Jorge Luís Marciaga, a witness at
gry protesters.
at the military strong man: A US
the scene, bitterly recounts how the
But instead of giving ground. the
federal grand jury indicted Noriega
Panama. In fact when
armed men removed the election of-
country's de facto ruler went on the
on drug-smuggling charges in early
Noriega stole the 1984
ficials, carried away most of the
offensive: Not only did a small pha-
1988.
election for another can-
electoral documents, and left hun-
lanx of riot police hold off the
But instead of hastening his
dreds of official tallies scattered
marchers, but plain-clothed mili-
demise, the indictment only gave
didate, the US did not
across the gym floor.
tary units and paramilitary marks-
Noriega more incentive to dig in his
raise any ruckus. Instead,
Despite the indignation over
men scared them away with random
heels. Even today, after a year of
it praised 'democratiza-
such blatant incidents, fraud is not
shooting in which at least four peo-
damaging economic sanctions, Nor-
a new phenomenon in Panama. In
ple, including one journalist, were
iega seems more strongly en-
tion' in the region.
fact, in the country's 86-year his-
injured.
trenched than ever.
tory, there have only been two rela-
The relatively easy imposition of
Matters finally came to the point
tively honest elections (1930 and
his will in Sunday's fraud-marred
last weekend where the US, which
1962).
elections (most opinion polls show
for decades has had almost unlimit-
promise.
Even as recently as 1984, Norie-
the opposition actually winning by a
ed influence shaping this country,
But even the patient Carter said
ga stole the presidential elections
3-to-1 margin) shows how firmly
had virtually no power to control
he lost hope for a fair election when
and installed his hand-picked candi-
Noriega is in control - and how
the outcome of the elections.
he found electoral officials counting
date, Nicolas Barletta, according to
hard it will be for either the United
"For the first time - and this is
falsified voting sheets that lacked
two high officials who were in-
States or the opposition to force the
a scandal - the United States can't
the signatures of opposition party
volved.
general out of power.
pick its President," says a foreign
representatives.
"Noriega is like a bull in a ring,"
envoy ironically.
The disappointed ex-president
says a European diplomat. "For over
Even the presence during the
said in a press conference Monday
B
UT instead of raising a
ruckus, the US continued
a year, people have waved their
election of former US President
night that "the government has tak-
pointing proudly to Panama
white handkerchiefs and told it to
Jimmy Carter, regarded here as a
en this election by fraud." Accord-
as part of the "wave of democratiza-
leave. But the bull isn't impressed.
talented diplomat since co-signing
ing to his associates, Carter's public
tion" that was washing over Latin
Now you either have to kill it or get
the Panama Canal Treaties in 1977,
outrage cost him one last chance to
America.
a good torero [matador] to entice it
had no effect on Noriega's win-at-
meet with Noriega.
"It's not fraud or democracy that
So all roads to compromise seem
really interests the US," charges a
blocked.
Panamanian government official.
For the moment, at least, top US
While the main US interest in
policymakers say they are not seri-
Panama is to keep control of the
ously considering a military op-
canal and strategic US bases here
eration aimed at Noriega. But they
beyond the year 2000, when the
are still searching desperately for
Panama Canal Treaty requires the
the right mix of force and good for-
US to leave Panama, it has turned
tune to coax the military leader
that desire into a "vendetta against
from his throne.
Noriega," he says.
Carlos Duque, the self-pro-
To further isolate and pressure
claimed victor of the ruling coali-
Noriega, US officials say they are
tion, indicates that the Noriega re-
considering a menu of options. all of
gime - despite its anti-American
which would lead more to a Cuban-
rhetoric - wants to talk with the
style isolation than greater commu-
US. Now that the elections are over,
nication:
says Mr. Duque, "there are no more
Recall Ambassador Arthur
excuses" for the US not to negotiate
Davis and gradually reduce the size
with Panama.
of the US Embassy here from 100 to
But, in fact, the elections have
40 people.
given the US the best opportunity in
Tighten economic sanctions,
more than a year to intensify its
focusing more on freezing Noriega's
campaign against Noriega. Above
personal assets.
all, the US has tried to turn the pas-
Prohibit Panamanian air-
sive Panamanian opposition into a
planes from landing in the US and
fiery movement such as the one that
vice versa.
helped oust dictator Ferdinand
Gradually eliminate links
Marcos from the Philippines in
American residents have with the
1986. But up until now, the opposi-
Panamanian economy, thus cutting
tion has demonstrated neither the
a lifeline that has helped Noriega
capacity nor the character to launch
survive.
such a movement.
Cut the size of US troop pres-
Among most Panamanians, there
ence in Panama, dropping as many
seems to be a greater sense of res-
as 6,000 of the 10,000 military
ignation than desperation. Never-
troops stationed here.
05-10-89
172
A Two-Year Siege of the Noriega Regime
June 6, 1987 Col. Roberto Díaz Herrera, second-
drawals by depositors.
in-command of the Panamanian Army, publicly ac-
cuses the commander, Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega,
March 16 General Noriega puts down a coup at-
of electoral fraud and political murder. The accusa-
tempt led by the police chief. Continuing street pro-
tions set off the first anti-Noriega protests, which the
tests bring the capital to a halt.
police suppress with tear gas and clubs.
April 8 President Reagan orders United States
June 10 President Eric Arturo Delvalle, installed
citizens to withhold all payments to the Panamanian
by General Noriega, declares a state of emergency
Government as part of an economic campaign against
suspending most basic rights. The opposition an-
General Noriega.
nounces the creation of Civic Crusade, a coalition of
May 8 Panama's banks quietly open for limited
about 200 business and labor groups.
withdrawals after two-month closure.
July 26 A man is shot and killed during an opposi-
May 25 Secretary of State George P. Shultz an-
tion march in the town of El Valle, the first fatality in
nounces that talks on a deal for General Noriega's
the unrest. The opposition press is shut down.
departure have collapsed.
Sept. 24 Breaking longstanding United States
Sept. 27 Mr. Solís Palma, at the United Nations
Government support for Panama's military-domi-
nated Government, the United States Senate unani-
General Assembly, condemns United States "aggres-
sion" against Panama.
mously approves a non-binding resolution urging
Panama to establish a civilian government or face a
April 7, 1989 Panama announces the arrest of a
cutoff of American aid.
United States citizen accused of running a clandestine
Feb. 4, 1988 The first of two drug and racket-
anti-Noriega radio. Government officials say it is part
of a United States plot to create unrest.
eering indictments against General Noriega is handed
up by a Federal grand jury in Tampa, Fla.
May 7 National elections take place with charges
Feb. 25 President Delvalle tries to dismiss Gen-
of fraud by the opposition. Exit polls give the opposi-
tion a large lead.
eral Noriega, but is instead ousted himself by the Na-
tional Assembly and goes into hiding. Former Educa-
May 9 First official results give General Norie-
tion Minister Manuel Solís Palma, a Noriega ally, is
ga's candidate a 2-to-1 lead. President Bush declares
appointed acting President.
the Panamanian elections fraudulent and calls for in-
March
4
Panama closes banks after huge with-
ternational pressure for General Noriega's resigna-
tion.
WASH. TIMES 05-04-89
toral tribunal overseeing the vote.
Panama votes Sunday amidst cries of fraud
They said the government also used
petty obstruction tactics such as
banning public transport yesterday
news conference hours before thou-
forms of apparent fraud, including:
needed to cast the ballot.
By James M. Dorsey
to prevent people from attending the
THE WASHINGTON TIMES
172
sands of opponents of strongman
The addition of 168,467 unex-
The listing of an unspecified
opposition rally.
Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega gath-
plained voters to the register.
number of dead persons as regis-
PANAMA CITY - Panamanian
ered in downtown Panama City.
tered voters.
Mr. Arias Calderon said the num-
One diplomat quoted a taxi driver
opposition leaders ended their elec-
Mr. Arias Calderon said the oppo-
ber of eligible voters since the last
Circulation of forms among
who said he was threatened with re-
tion campaign yesterday with a mass
sition was nevertheless taking part
elections in 1984 had grown by 29
goverment workers requesting they
vocation of his license if was caught
rally, charging the government is
in the elections because of "a defi-
percent from 915,000 to 1,184,000.
not only provide their own ID card
working after mid-morning.
stacking in its favor Sunday's vote
nite hope that our victory will be
He said Panama's demography ac-
numbers and political affiliation but
for a new president.
such that we will be able to neutral-
also those of three relatives or
Gen. Noriega's presidential candi-
counted for a rise of only 16.8 per-
Vice presidential candidate and
ize the fraud being prepared as long
cent in that period.
friends.
date, Carlos Duque, has scheduled
leader of the opposition Christian
as it is not accompanied by crude
his final campaign rally for today,
Democratic Party Ricardo Arias
forms of oppression."
The duplication of more than
In addition, Mr. Arias Calderon
and the pro-government press pre-
Calderon said fraud was built into
Mr. Arias Calderon said a close
100,000 names by issuing to loyal
and Western diplomats said the
dicts half a million people will be
the voter register. He addressed a
look at registration revealed various
voters multiple identity cards
goverment totally controls the elec-
there to cheer him.
WASH.POST:05-10-89
162
Panama
Offers First
Vote Result
Opposition Halts
Protests, Urges
Diplomatic Pressure
172
By William Branigin
Washington Post Foreign Service
PANAMA CITY, May 9-The
Panamanian government today be-
gan releasing election results based
on returns that foreign observers
have described as fake, amid signs
that Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega
plans to disdain domestic and inter-
national condemnation of Sunday's
elections.
Opposition leaders refrained
from calling for new demonstra-
tions after protesters were violent-
ly dispersed Sunday. Instead, they
took a diplomatic tack, conferring
with foreign envoys as part of an
effort to marshal international re-
pudiation of the Noriega regime and
recognition of an opposition victory.
While officials in Washington
spoke of a need for the Panamanian
people to maintain pressure on No-
riega, there was little evidence of
such pressure here.
The capital of this country of 2.2
million people was quiet as Pana-
manians returned to work. Sunday.
the government had ordered public
buses off the streets and decreed
the closure of all offices and busi-
nesses in a move to keep street pro-
tests to a minimum.
In an incident this evening that
underscored continuing tensions,
pro-Noriega paramilitary agents
and riot troops surrounded the
house of Panamanian Archbishop
Marcos McGrath and fired into the
air while he was meeting inside
with opposition presidential candi-
date Guillermo Endara and his run-
WASH.POST:05-10-89
ning mate, Ricardo Arias Calderon.
No one was reported injured in the
incident.
A Panamanian television camera-
man was fatally shot in the chest by
a suspected government agent, and
several journalists and protesters
were wounded by birdshot when
riot troops opened fire to disperse
street demonstrations near the gov-
ernment's vote-counting center.
In a news conference, Endara re-
jected the idea of U.S. military in-
tervention in Panama, but offered
no alternative for preventing the
proclamation of Noriega's hand-
picked candidate, Carlos Duque, as
president.
Asked later about plans for new
street demonstrations, Endara said,
"We will move at the appropriate
moment."
Uncertainty and indecision
seemed to reign in both the govern-
ment and opposition camps. There
were unconfirmed reports of a de-
ASSOCIATED PRESS
bate within the hierarchy of No-
Florida Sens. Bob Graham (D), Connie Mack (R) return to Miami from Panama.
riega's Panama Defense Forces, as
well as the government coalition he
and his advisers are considering
liance of Civic Opposition's count of
controls, over how to deal with an
several options, including the an-
its own tally-sheet copies, Endara
apparently massive victory by the
nulment of the elections and the
was leading with 68.6 percent of
opposition in the elections for a
naming of a ruling junta.
the vote, compared to 22.9 percent
president, two vice presidents, 67
The pro-Noriega director of the
for Duque and 3.5 percent for Nic-
legislators and 505 district repre-
government's Electoral Press Cen-
osia. The alliance said the figures
sentatives.
ter, Boris Moreno, denied that any
were based on returns from half of
Panama's Roman Catholic
annulment was being considered.
all polling places.
Church and international observers,
"We have invested a lot of money
"There is no question that the
including former president Jimmy
in these elections," he said, estimat-
vote shows that Guillermo Endara
Carter, have said the opposition
ing that the government had spent
is the next president of Panama,"
won by a margin of three to one.
more than $6 million to organize
said his running mate, Arias Cal-
Carter said last night that Noriega's
them. Former commerce minister
deron. He called for a strict inter-
forces were manufacturing false tal-
Mario Rognoni has put campaign
national "quarantine" against No-
ly sheets to replace real ones that
spending by the parties in Noriega's
riega, similar to the repudiation of
showed an "overwhelming" oppo-
Coalition of National Liberation at
Nicaraguan ruler Anastasio Somoza
sition win.
more than $40 million. The oppo-
in the late 1970s. Asked why people
"They are having to steal mas-
sition charges that these funds
were not in the streets protesting
sively, much more than they con-
come from state coffers.
today, the candidate said, "They
templated," a U.S. official said to-
At the government's vote-count-
have an instinct to live."
day. He added that this has aggra-
ing center, officials began issuing
"Everyone wants to see blood in
vated "unrest" in the Panamanian
results. Nearly 48 hours after the
Panama, and the Panamanians don't
military.
polls closed, "official" presidential
want blood," said civic opposition
"This is not a happy military, and
returns from only four provinces
leader Alfredo Maduro in reply to
this unhappiness has been exacer-
were posted, representing fewer
the same question. "We want a civil
bated by the election fraud," the of-
than 81,000 of Panama's 1.18 mil-
transition."
ficial said.
lion registered voters.
However, the lack of opposition
These results showed Duque
How serious the alleged unrest
activity today struck some observ-
with 51,752 votes, followed by En-
might be, or whether it represents
ers as strange. "This morning I
dara with 26,878 and minor candi-
U.S. wishful thinking, could not im-
woke up and said, 'Where is every-
date Hildebrando Nicosia with
mediately be ascertained. Other
body?' a European diplomat said.
2,232.
U.S. officials say Noriega has con-
"They [the opposition] are going to
In what a foreign election observ-
solidated his grip on the military
let Noriega keep on ruling." He
er described as a "surreal" scene,
added, "This is not passive resis-
since a failed coup attempt in
the results were displayed on a
tance. This is no resistance."
March 1988.
lighted stage in front of government
According to an opposition leader
Opposition leaders suggested
television cameras in an otherwise
that the formal proclamation of
who claims to have inside informa-
deserted auditorium.
Duque as president could trigger
tion from the government, Noriega
According to the Democratic AI-
upheaval.
WALL ST.J. :05-10-89
Bush Considers Military, Other Options
In Response to Election Fraud in Panama
172
election," Mr. Bush said in a brief ques-
tal trade embargo would drive out the mid-
U.S. Administration Urges
tion-and-answer session with reporters in
dle class. The middle class is the backbone
the Oval Office.
of the resistance to Gen. Noriega, who was
World Condemnation
A senior U.S. official added later that
indicted on drug-trafficking charges in
President Carlos Andres Perez of Venezu-
Florida last year.
Of Polling 'Irregularities'
ela had called for a meeting of the Organi-
One reason President Bush must act
zation of American States, as well as a
quickly is the looming crisis over the selec-
separate session of the foreign ministers of
tion of the next canal administrator. Under
By GERALD F. SEIB
a group of Latin nations known as the
the canal treaties, by next Jan. 1 Panama
And ROBERT S. GREENBERGER
Group of Eight, to discuss Panama.
will choose the administrator, who runs the
Staff Reporters of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
President Bush heard reports from both
canal on a daily basis.
WASHINGTON - President Bush ac-
a U.S. government observer team he sent
The administrator would be nominated
cused Panamanian strongman Manuel An-
to Panama to monitor the election, and
by Panama's president, approved by Pres-
tonio Noriega of perpetrating "massive ir-
from a separate international observer
ident Bush and confirmed by the U.S. Sen-
regularities" in last weekend's election,
team led by Mr. Carter. Both groups re-
ate. However, the Bush administration.
and the White House said it is considering
ported that there was widespread popular
which has said it won't have dealings with
military force as one option to use in re-
support in Panama for candidates opposed
Panama as long as Gen. Noriega remains
sponse.
to Gen. Noriega but that Noriega loyalists
in power, may refuse to accept an adminis-
The president urged Gen. Noriega to
used widespread fraud to ensure that oppo-
trator chosen by the general's hand-picked
"heed the call of his people" and resign as
sition candidates were defeated.
president. Such a refusal would violate the
leader of Panama's
The Bush administration was surpris-
treaties, which require the U.S. to relin-
military forces. Offi-
ingly blunt in declaring that it is weighing
cials said privately
quish control of the canal to Panama by
military moves if Gen. Noriega's regime,
the end of 1999.
that detailed options
as expected. announces that his supporter-
Moreover. even if President Bush ac-
have been worked
Carlos Duque defeated opposition candi-
cepts the Panamanian nominee, conserva-
out for American re-
date Guillermo Endara for president. "We
sponses if Gen.
tive U.S. senators who oppose the treaty
have been considering options that range
have said they will use the confirmation
Noriega remains in
from the use of military force to various
hearing as a forum to debate whether the
power. But they also
economic and commercial moves related
U.S. should abrogate the pact.
said that there is
to a U.S. presence in that country." White
Earlier yesterday in Panama City, gov-
continuing uncer-
House spokesman Marlin Fitzwater said.
ernment troops with masks and shields
tainty among ad-
Dispatching More Troops
posted themselves outside the home of
visers about how
harsh the U.S. reac-
Archbishop Marcos G. McGrath, where op-
One option being considered is dispatch-
tion should be.
Gen. Noriega
position candidate Endara was holding
ing additional troops to Panama to supple-
In addition. for-
talks along with his two vice presidential
ment the 10,500 troops stationed at Ameri-
running mates. Shots were fired in the air
mer President Jimmy Carter. who was an
can airfields and bases there.
and a military helicopter hovered low over
international observer of the Panamanian
Sen. John McCain R., Ariz. ), one of the
the house as the men. who later left un-
election. counseled Mr. Bush in a White
election observers who met with Mr. Bush
harmed. watched from the porch. The inci-
House meeting against using any military
yesterday, is one of several legislators urg-
dent took place one day after the church
force. Mr. Carter argued that military
ing the administration to either move U.S.
had released the results of its own election
force would "alienate" the Panamanian
military dependents in Panama onto mili-
monitoring, which projected a landslide
people, and he also argued against abro-
tary bases or remove them from Panama
victory for the opposition.
gating the Panama Canal treaties.
as a sign to Gen. Noreiga that the U.S. is
"They are trying to intimidate us with
Meanwhile in Panama City, Gen.
preparing for tougher measures.
such measures." opposition vice presiden-
Noriega stepped up harassment of opposi-
The Pentagon says there are about 10.-
tial candidate Ricardo Arias Calderon said
tion leaders and the Roman Catholic
000 military dependents and an additional
in an interview last night. "But we will not
Church.
4.000 Defense Department employees, such
The turmoil in Panama is shaping up as
be intimidated. We will continue to fight
as teachers, in Panama.
Mr. Bush's first foreign-policy crisis. But
openly and peacefully."
A direct American military attack on
officials said that it could be several more
-Frederick Kempe in Panama City
Gen. Noriega and his forces seems un-
contributed to this article.
days before an administration plan of ac-
likely. in part, because U.S. military lead-
tion is put in place. because the White
ers remain cool to such a move in a nation
House doesn't want to act until the Noriega
where the Pentagon has sought good work-
regime releases its voting results.
ing relations with the populace. In addi-
Seeking Condemnation
tion, American diplomats fear that a mili-
tary attack would damage the U.S.'s im-
It is clear, though. that a top adminis-
age in Latin America.
tration priority is to generate widespread
Another option would be to impose a to-
international condemnation of the Pana-
tal trade embargo on Panama. The current
manian election, particularly in Latin
economic sanctions against Panama,
America, so that the U.S. won't be accused
which froze tax payments and usage fees
of acting alone when it does respond. "I
for the Panama Canal. are directed at de-
call on all foreign leaders to urge Gen.
nying capital to the regime. There is some
Noriega to honor the clear results of the
concern that taking the added step of a to-
WASH.POST:05-10-89
172
THE UNITED STATES AND PANAMA:
RECENT KEY EVENTS
Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos
Sept. 7, 1977: President Jimmy Carter and Panamanian leader Omar
Torrijos sign new Panama Canal treaties in Washington, giving Panama
control of the canal at noon, Dec. 31, 1999. The accords guarantee
the waterway's neutrality and replace the Panama Canal Co., a U.S.
government agency, with a Panama Canal Commission supervised by
Americans and Panamanians.
April 18, 1978: The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaties, adding a proviso
that permits U.S. intervention if the canal's operation is interrupted.
The proviso notes that U.S. action shall not be "interpreted as a right of
intervention" in Panama's sovereignty or internal affairs.
Oct. 1, 1979: The first phase of the treaties is implemented as U.S.
control of the Panama Canal Zone officially ends.
July 31, 1981: Torrijos dies in an airplane crash in western Panama.
June 1986: U.S. newspapers-report that Gen.
Manuel Antonio Noriega, Panama's army
commander, traffics in drugs and supplies
arms to Colombian rebels. Noriega denies the
charges.
June 11, 1987: Panama imposes a 10-day
"state of urgency" after violent
antigovernment protests triggered by
accusations that Noriega rigged presidential
elections in 1984. Noriega denies the charges.
June 26: The U.S. Senate calls for free
Manuel Antonio
elections and urges Noriega to step aside for
Noriega
an independent investigation. Panama's leaders condemn the action as
U.S. interference.
June 30: A crowd of 5,000 protesters attacks the U.S. Embassy in
Panama City.
Nov. 4: The U.S. government warns citizens not to travel to Panama
because of "deliberate harassment."
December: All U.S. military and economic aid to Panama is suspended
until democracy is restored.
Feb. 5, 1988: The U.S. Justice Department unseals indictments.
charging Noriega with international drug trafficking.
Feb. 26: President Eric Arturo Delvalle is ousted by the National
Assembly when he tries to fire Noriega.
March 1: Delvalle, still recognized by the United States as Panama's
legitimate president, freezes Panama's assets abroad and urges a
boycott of all payments to the Noriega regime.
March 4: Panama's government closes the nation's banks.
March 11: The United States announces it will
withhold a $7 million payment by the Panama
Canal Commission to the Noriega regime.
President Ronald Reagan also suspends trade
preferences for Panama.
April 8: Reagan bars U.S. companies and
individuals from making payments to the
Panamanian government.
March 1, 1989: A State Department report
says Panama is still not cooperating with U.S.
drug control efforts and cannot receive foreign
aid funds from Congress.
Eric Arturo Delvalle
Compiled by James Schwartz
SOURCES: The Washington Post, Facts on File
THE WASHINGTON POST
Endara, the opposition candidate, in-
OAS calls for elections in Panama by Sept. 1
stalled as president.
Frustration with the protracted
deliberations of the OAS last month
Deputy Secretary of State Law-
the general fired Eric Arturo Del-
mala, and Trinidad and Tobago, as
statement effectively recognized the
led Sen. Connie Mack, Florida Re-
By Lauren Weiner
172
rence Eagleburger said yesterday's
valle in February 1988 - would be
well as the general secretary of the
government's annulment of the elec-
publican, to urge President Bush to
THE WASHINGTON TIMES
statement meant "Gen. Noriega
replaced, not Gen. Noriega.
OAS.
tion. Also, they said, the statement
recognize Mr. Endara's presidency.
must go." He said the new elections
Mr. Ritter called the U.S. interpre-
eliminated the outcome of the elec-
Mr. Mack suggested using the es-
The Organization of American
The winning slate in Panama's
States yesterday called for Panama-
must be held not "in one, two or three
tation interference in Panama's in-
May 7 election was to have taken
tion as a subject for discussion with-
timated $240 million held in U.S. es-
nians to hold new elections after
years, but as soon as possible."
ternal affairs, which the organi-
power Sept. 1. Gen. Noriega voided
out winning any assurances that
crow accounts from funds frozen to
Sept. 1, when the term of the coun-
The United States is "happy with
zation prohibits. He also pledged his
the election after widespread re-
Gen. Noriega would even discuss
Panama to establish a government in
stepping down.
exile.
try's current president ends, but did
the results," said another U.S. offi-
government's cooperation with the
ports of a sweeping victory by the
not specifically urge strongman
cial, because the document demands
OAS mediating team, which has a
Mr. Mack said the escrow funds
opposition.
The crisis in Panama, which be-
Gen. Manuel Noriega to give up
a democratic transfer and has the
renewed mandate to seek a solution
should not be released "except to a
A Panamanian opposition politi-
gan in mid-1987, intensified in Feb-
power.
support of all the OAS countries.
to the crisis by Aug. 23.
democratically elected government
cian who observed yesterday's meet-
ruary 1988 when U.S. prosecutors in
Foreign ministers of the 31-nation
But Panamanian Foreign Minis-
The four-member team sent to fos-
of Panama, and not to any interim
ter Jorge Ritter said the statement
ter negotiations among the military,
ing strongly opposed the OAS state-
Florida charged Gen. Noriega with
government that may be established
group met for two days without
meant merely that Panamanian
ment, saying it made unilateral
drug trafficking and racketeering.
agreeing to spell out the meaning of
the Noriega-controlled government
as part of an OAS solution."
a key phrase calling for a "transfer
President Manuel Solis Palma
and the opposition includes the for-
concessions to Gen. Noriega.
The United States had hoped the
This article is based in part on
of power September 1."
hand-picked by Gen. Noriega after
eign ministers of Ecuador, Guate-
Opposition politicians said the
OAS would push to have Guillermo
wire service reports.
:07-19-89
192
PANAMA CRISIS
OAS Confronts
Noriega Problem
Even optimists see little chance for solution as
foreign ministers gather, patience wears thin
172
to take office. Until now, a formula
ernment spent two years digging
By Linda Feldmann
for transition that would satisfy ev-
itself into a hole on Panama, and,
Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor
erybody has proved elusive. The
then, when it ran out of realistic
OAS has been working on the idea
options, it dumped the problem
WASHINGTON
that a "government of reconcilia-
on the OAS. Then they expect a
tion" - with representatives from
resolution in just a few months."
W
HEN the foreign minis-
the governing party and the oppo-
After Panama's May 7
ters of the Western
sition, plus an "independent" fig-
presidential elections, which Nor-
Hemisphere
gather
ure - could take over until new
lega annulled after it was widely
here today for another go-around
elections are held, OAS diplomats
reported that his candidate lost,
on Panama, there will at least be
say. But the OAS mission requires
the OAS held an emergency ses-
some news to discuss: For the first
patience, which is in short supply,
sion.
time since Gen. Manuel Antonio
especially from the US, they add.
The result was a four-man com-
Noriega annulled the May 7 elec-
For some Bush administration
mission - led by Ecuadorean For-
tions, all parties to Panama's polit-
officials. Panama has become a test
eign Minister, and former UN ne-
ical crisis including, most signifi-
for whether the 31-member OAS,
gotiator, Diego Cordovez - which
cantly, the military - sat down
the embodiment of Latin multilat-
has since made three trips to Pana-
together this week and talked.
eralism, can be counted on to han-
ma.
But even the most optimistic
dle tough issues.
According to OAS sources, the
observers concede that the Organ-
Under President Reagan, the
first trip was aimed at getting the
ization of American States (OAS),
US preferred to go it alone in
lay of the land.
which sponsored the discussions,
Latin America, shunning the OAS
On the second, the commission
still faces long odds in its mission
and falling behind in its budget
presented options. At that point,
to help resolve the situation in
payments. (It still owes $26 mil-
Noriega told OAS Secretary-Gen-
Panama. It is likely that this week's
lion.)
eral João Clemente Baena Soares
talks there were as much aimed at
Under President Bush's more
buying time as anything else, offi-
that there was no need for the
conciliatory approach, the OAS is
cial and outside analysts say.
getting fresh consideration and a
Panamanian military to take part
In order to extend its mandate,
in any dialogue. But this week,
new US ambassador, Luigi Einau-
the expected result of today's OAS
di, who is respected in the region
during the third trip, Noriega re-
versed himself.
meeting, the organization's four-
as a longtime State Department
man delegation to Panama needed
According to the Associated
expert in Latin affairs.
to have something to show for its
OAS officials and some US ad-
Press, Noriega's political repre-
efforts.
sentatives said that they would en-
ministration officials complain
For General Noriega, keeping
that it is unfair to use Panama as a
tertain proposals for the general's
the OAS talking is harmless and
departure, if the following de-
test case for the OAS, and that it is
forestalls an eventual next step in
so early in the Bush administra-
mands were fulfilled: the depar-
the drive by the United States to
ture from Panama of US Gen.
tion that the new team is not in
get him out which could be a re-
Marc Cisneros, who commands
place. Mr. Einaudi, for example,
turn to unilateral action, admin-
the US Army troops that defend
has not been confirmed yet.
istration officials say.
the Panama Canal; the departure
"We're getting a raw deal," said
Looming in the not-too-distant
of US Gen. Fred Woerner, head of
a senior OAS diplomat, who grew
future is the real deadline: Sept. 1.
the US Southern Command: and
visibly agitated over the use of the
That is when, under Panama's
an end to US economic sanctions
phrase "test case." "The US gov-
Constitution, a new government is
against Panama.
The Panamanian opposition
considers that position a non-
starter. In fact, it will be difficult to
get the opposition to accept any-
thing that does not recognize what
it feels is its rightful victory on May
7, say OAS sources. Some external
opposition figures have expressed
CHRIS.SCI.MON. 07-19-89
concern privately that the OAS
But if the OAS ultimately fails
American affairs, made a quick
commission, to save face, will settle
in its mediation efforts, it cannot
tour of Central American capitals,
for a less-than-adequate solution
stop there, these officials say. It
with Panama on his agenda.
for Panama.
could also consider economic
On July 12, three senators with
If the commission fails alto-
sanctions of its own, a withdrawal
histories of involvement in Pan-
gether, some oppositionists say,
of ambassadors from Panama, or
ama sent a letter to President Bush
that leaves only one alternative: di-
expulsion of Panamanian military
urging that the OAS commission's
rect US military action to remove
attachés from their own countries.
mandate not be extended beyond
Noriega.
But for now, at least, there does
today's meeting because it would
US officials who call Panama a
not appear to be much momen-
only play into Noriega's hands.
test for the OAS say they don't nec-
tum for further action on Panama
The senators, Alfonse D'Amato (R)
essarily expect the OAS "to deliver
if mediation fails, US and OAS of-
of New York, Jesse Helms (R) of
Noriega's head on a platter, with
ficials say.
North Carolina, and John Kerry
garnish," as one State Department
The Latin tradition of nonin-
(D) of Massachusetts, interpreted
official put it. They say they un-
tervention in other countries' in-
the US approach of lying low in
derstand how intractable the
ternal affairs also mitigates against
the OAS as "a failure to support
problem is, and that Noriega's
further action. A State Depart-
the forces of democracy" in the re-
iron grip on power makes it ex-
ment official adds that most Latin
gion.
tremely difficult to scare or coax
American nations have more ur-
The three senators also urged a
him out of Panama. (A recent
gent concerns than Panama - such
delay in the confirmation of the
spate of "retirements" from the
as debt and drugs.
new US ambassador to the OAS,
military, for example, is seen by
At press time, the Bush admin-
"particularly if our policy is to play
analysts as Noriega further con-
istration had not decided how it
a passive role which is more con-
solidating his control. By freeing
would approach today's meeting.
sistent with observer status.
room at the top, he can buy off ju-
Over the weekend, Bernard
Assistant Secretary Aronson
nior officers with promotions and
Aronson, the newly installed assist-
reportedly said this letter un-
raises, they say.)
ant secretary of state for inter-
dermined US efforts.
WASH.POST:07-21-89
OAS Calls for Power Transfer in Panama by Sept. 1, New Election
172
By John M. Goshko
er on Sept. 1 and the holding of free
Palma, with another civilian under
must happen before Sept. 1 for the
pointed May 17-should report by
elections as soon as possible."
his control.
transfer of power to happen: Gen-
Aug. 23 about the prospects for
Washington Post Staff Writer
U.S. officials said they had
If that happened, U.S. officials
eral Noriega must go.
transferring power by the Sept. 1
The Organization of American
agreed reluctantly to this course
warned, the Noriega-controlled
"New democratic elections must
deadline.
States, ignoring U.S. fears of giving
because it offers hope of getting rid
transitional government might seek
be held as soon as possible. Not in
The Panamanian constitution
Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega a
of Noriega. However, Deputy Sec-
to delay new elections indefinitely
one year or two years or three
calls for a new president to be in-
possible way to retain control in
retary of State Lawrence S. Eagle-
or repeat the electoral fraud that
years-but as soon as possible."
stalled on Sept. 1, and the United
Panama, yesterday called for estab-
burger, who headed the U.S. del-
marred Panama's May 7 presiden-
However, despite two days of
States wanted the OAS mediating
egation, also spelled out the U.S.
tial balloting. When Noriega failed
closed-door bargaining, the United
commission to support the claim of
lishment of a transitional govern-
ment by Sept. 1 followed by new
understanding of the instructions in
to get his hand-picked candidate
States was unable to prevail over
Guillermo Endara, the U.S.-sup-
order to warn Noriega and his sup-
elected, he annulled the results,
the reluctance of Latin American
ported opposition candidate in the
presidential election "as soon as
JORGE RITTER
porters in the Panamanian Defense
moving the OAS to try to resolve
members to adopt language that
recent election. The commission's
possible."
Forces not to manipulate the OAS
the resulting crisis
might be construed as interfering in
failure to do that prompted Eagle-
said government will cooperate
Foreign ministers of the 31-na-
plan to stay in power behind the
'Let us be clear about what the
Panama's internal affairs. The OAS
burger's statement.
tion group concluded two days of
scenes.
United States believes we have de-
instruction also did not say specif-
The three mediators-Foreign
Panamanian Foreign Minister Jorge
private negotiations by instructing
U.S. officials fear that indefinite
cided here," Eagleburger said,
ically that Noriega must give up
Ministers Diego Cordovez of Ecua-
Ritter, a Noriega loyalist, said yes-
three mediators to help Panamanian
phrases such as "a transfer of pow-
"There must be a transfer of power
command of the defense forces,
dor, Mario Palencia Lainsiesta of
terday his government will cooper-
factions negotiate through demo-
er" and "domestic procedures in
through democratic means by Sept.
which is a major U.S. goal. The
Guatemala and Sahadeo Basdeo of
ate fully with the mediating team,
cratic mechanisms and in accor-
effect in Panama' could permit No-
1 that must reflect the will of
United States did get agreement
Trinidad-have reported that there
but there has been no real sign that
dance with domestic procedures in
riega to replace the figurehead pro-
the Panamanian people. The report
that the OAS mediating commission
is a chance of an agreement be-
Noriega is willing to surrender
effect in Panama, a transfer of pow-
visional president, Manuel Solis
of the commission makes clear what
of three foreign ministers-ap-
tween Noriega and the opposition.
command of the Defense Forces.
Transcript of Bush's News Conference on the Panama Vote
Special
to
The
New
York
Times
6/172
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Q. Have you do you really think
A. Put it this way: General Noriega
WASHINGTON, May 9 Follow-
you have a military option? And on
knows my position.
ing is a transcript of President Bush's
what basis could you go into someone.
Q. How?
news conference today on the Pana-
Q. What would you do - what do
else's country?
A. Never mind. He knows.
manian elections, as recorded by the
you do otherwise?
A. Helen, I'm not going to say what
Q. Did you call him up?
Federal News Service:
Q. Mr. President, what kind of mili-
our options are. I've not discussed
A. And he's been told in recent
tary force are you considering? We
that here today. I have, obviously, dis-
and he knows about it through recent
were told that that's one of the op-
cussed options with my own top ad-
contacts.
OPENING STATEMENT
tions.
visers. I listened very intently to the
Well, let me first make a brief
A. The election results have not
members of Congress that came in,
Orders to U.S. Bases
statement. I'd like to comment on the
been handed in formally, announced,
and some of them had specific sug-
Q. Have you issued any orders re-
Panamanian elections. I met with the
and until they are I will not discuss
gestions. But I want to see General
garding the military on the bases in
Murtha delegation to hear their re-
the options of the United States. I will
Noriega do what I've just encouraged
Panama, the latest state of alert, and
port, and I have now received a pre-
simply again call on General Noriega
him to do and what other foreign lead-
are you anticipating increasing their
liminary report from President Ford
to honor the will of the people.
ers apparently are encouraging him
numbers?
to do.
and President Carter. President Car-
A. I will discuss at the appropriate
Voice of the People
U.S. Effectiveness
time what options what course of
ter and his whole delegation will be
here shortly to give me a full report.
Q. Have you spoken to foreign lead-
action I will take, but I'm not going to
ers?
Q. Have you put yourself in a box
do that now. What I want to do now is
In addition, we have the report of
Q. Mr. President, you called on him
here by making such a public point of
other observer groups, including that
encourage, this last moment, for Gen-
a year ago to do precisely the same
being upset about these elections and
of the Archbishop of Panama, which
eral Noriega to heed the appeal of
thing, as did Mr. Reagan, and nothing
then, if Noriega decides to stay any-
demonstrate clearly that despite
those people who favor democracy
happened. Why should it be any dif-
how, that it looks like the United
and to heed the will of the Panama-
massive irregularities at the polls,
ferent -
States is being ineffective?
the opposition has won: a clear-cut,
nian people. So; I don't want to go be-
A. Because there has been a mas-
A. I don't think the United States is
overwhelming victory.
yond that in terms of deployment of
sive voice of the people heard. There
ever in a box when it speaks out in
U.S. force.
Honoring Election Results
has been a statement for democracy
favor of free, fair elections and honor-
Q. Did you give him a deadline?
The Panamanian people have
so loud and so clear that perhaps
ing the will of the people. That's what
A. I don't believe in deadlines.
even General Noriega will listen to it.
we stand for. And so I don't think
spoken. And I call on General Noriega
to respect the voice of the people. And
And I want to I would like to think
there's any box involved.
I call on all foreign leaders to urge
that he will heed the call of the people
Stance on Canal Treaty
General Norlega to honor the clear
and that he would listen to the inter-
results of the election.
national outcry that is building and
Q. Some members of Congress
have called for the abrogation of the
And I might add that I applaud the
that he would step down from office,
statement by Peru's Alan Garcia,
in which case the relations with the
canal treaty. Is that in any way a pos-
who has spoken out against the fraud.
United States would improve dramat-
sibility in your mind?
I noted with Interest that the Arch-
lically and instantly.
A. I want to see General Noriega do
what I've just encouraged him to do. I
bishop of Panama felt that 74 percent
Talks With Leaders
want to see the will of the people hon-
of the vote went to the opposition. And
I understand that Carlos Andrés
Q. Have you spoken to foreign lead-
ored.
Pérez of Venezuela is talking to some
ers? Do you plan to speak with for-
Q. But under any circumstances
eign leaders?
would you
of the neighboring countries there to
A. I probably will, and without
A. I'm not going to go into hypothet-
encourage a joint statement against
going into who I have spoken to, the
ical questions at this point.
the fraud that has taken place and-
answer is yes. You know, we've had
Q. Have you talked to him? Have
calling on Noriega to honor the re-
suits of this election.
foreign visitors here and talked to
you given him any personal ultima-
them and
tum?
WALL 05-01-89
Missed Opportunity in Panama Election
Opens Hornet's Nest for the White House
WASHINGTON
Command in Panama gave Gen. Noriega a
pre-election boost It recently announced in
INSIGHT
its newspaper, Tropic Times, that it plans
to move its headquarters back to the U.S.
By ROBERT S. GREENBERGER
The U.S. is committed by treaty to with
Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
draw its troops and give up control of the
WASHINGTON-Next Sunday's presi-
strategically important canal by the end of
dential election in Panama offers the Bush
the century, but announcing plans so far in
administration an opportunity to promote
advance. played into the hands of Gen.
democracy there. But, so far, the uncoordi-
Noriega, who strongly opposes. the U.S.
nated U.S. effort is reminiscent of last
presence.
year's Panama debacle presided over by
Even when It has tried to help the situa-
the Reagan team.
tion, the Bush administration has stumbled
Panamanian dictator Gen. Manuel An-
over itself. For instance, the U.S. report
tonio Noriega's hand-picked candidate is
edly is conducting a $10 million covert ef
widely expected to win the election
fort to aid the political opposition, but a
through fraud. Yet President Bush waited
leak last week to U.S. News and World Re-
until last week to issue his first comments
port about the undertaking allowed Gen.
on the coming vote, calling for "free and
Noriega to assert that his opponents are
fair elections" and saying that "the days
Central Intelligence Agency stooges.
of rule by dictatorship in Latin America
Dramatic Gesture
are over."
"There doesn't yet seem to be a focus in
The administration hasn't adequately
the administration as to what to do about
backed up its words with actions that
this problem," complains Indiana Republi-
would show Gen. Noriega the U.S. means
can Sen. Richard Lugar. He says the ad-
business. Despite urging from State De-
ministration should dispatch Defense Sec-
partment officials, for instance, the Penta-
retary Dick Cheney to Panama to under-
gon has refused to order dependents of
score U.S. interest in the election.
U.S. military personnel in Panama to re-
Now, the administration must face the
turn to the U.S.
consequences of Gen. Noriega's expected
Harassment Alleged
success in stealing the election. For one
By Pentagon count between February
thing, the bitter debate here about turning
1988 and last week, Gen. Noriega's troops
over control of the Panama Canal probably
have subjected American personnel to 679
will be reopened.
incidents of harassment, ranging from
Under the treaty, the Panama Canal
stopping school buses for alleged license-
Commission, the U.S. agency that runs the
plate violations to beatings and even one
canal, must for the first time be headed by
rape. Removing the U.S. civilians, who are
a Panamanian beginning in January. This
potential hostages in a showdown with
official will be recommended by Panama's
Gen. Noriega, might have delivered a mes-
president, appointed by President Bush,
sage that the administration won't tolerate
and then confirmed by the Senate.
such behavior. That, in turn, might have
Assuming Gen. Noriega controls the
bolstered the sagging morale of the gen-
nomination, Mr. Bush will face an unap-
eral's political opposition.
pealing choice. He either will have to ac-
Instead, the U.S. military's Southern
cept the Panamanian nominee, and thus
renege on his administration's insistence
that the U.S. won't deal with Panama as
long as Gen. Noriega remains in power. Or
he will have to reject Panamanian nomin-
ees and violate the treaty.
Opposed to Treaty
Moreover, a Senate confirmation hear-
ing would provide the ideal forum for law-
makers who oppose the treaty. Sen. Lugar,
a treaty supporter, warns that "there's go-
ing to be a backlash here, a backlash
against the treaty. People who are inclined
to demagogue will do it."
Abrogating the treaty would damage
U.S. diplomatic relations throughout Latin
America. But to defend it, Mr. Bush would
have to risk an embarrassing political
fight with his own conservative allies.
The U.S. reaction to Panama's election
will send more immediate bad signals to
the region too. Watching carefully is Dan-
iel Ortega, the president of Nicaragua, who
has pledged to hold elections in his country
next February. If the U.S. isn't prepared to
lead a regional. effort to punish Gen.
Noriega for making a mockery of democ-
racy in Panama, what incentive will there
be for Mr. Ortega to preside over "free
and fair" elections in Nicaragua?
Former Secretary of State George
Shultz told Sen. Lugar that one of his big-
gest regrets was that he left the Panama
problem unresolved. The-bungled Reagan
administration effort left Mr. Bush few
good options for dealing with Gen.
Noriega. But Mr. Bush will have to share
the blame if the Panamanian dictator re-
mains in power.
TIMES 05-10-89
Stern but Steady on Panama 12
The year's prize for brazenness goes to Gen.
ated by Mr. Carter, giving Panama control of the
Manuel Antonio Noriega of Panama. With all the
canal by the year 2000, is seen most Latin Amer-
world watching, including two former U.S. Presi-
icans as an act of restitution.
dents, he turned a 3-to-1 victory for the opposition
Treaties are made with countries, not regimes,
into a triumph for his own hand-picked presidential
and a crooked vote is not grounds for abrogation.
candidate, Carlos Duque. According to Jimmy Car-
Further, armed intervention would risk sabotage of
ter and surveys coordinated by the Roman Catholic
the canal's intricate and priceless locks. That's one
Church, the winner by a landslide was the chal-
reason the Pentagon has long opposed military
lenger, Guillermo Endara.
moves, which would also embroil the 10,000 U.S.
Plainly, Panama's arrogant godfather cares
troops stationed in Panama. Meanwhile, those who
nothing for foreign opinion. Having survived the
would encourage one or another of General Norei-
Reagan Administration's effort to destroy him with
ga's ambitious rivals forget that Washington once
economic sanctions, General Noriega may believe
looked on the general himself as its client in
he's invulnerable. Yet over time he assuredly can-
Panama and helped consolidate his power.
not ignore what Panamanians think. They have
Further economic sanctions are pointless. They
done something courageous. The Bush Administra-
have already caused great hardship to Panama-
tion would repay them poorly by doing something
nians without toppling its strongman. Indeed, it
dumb, like sending additional troops and talking
about abrogating the Panama Canal treaties.
would make sense to offer to ease them as part of a
The first instinct for many Americans would be
regional strategy meant to help encourage a demo-
to seek instant retaliation for General Noreiga's in-
cratic challenge, in the Philippines mode. Like Fer-
sult to democracy. But unilateral sanctions haven't
dinand Marcos, General Noriega could well be un-
worked, and extralegal means to destroy his grip
done by his contemptuous disregard for even the ap-
are likely to produce a new dictator, not a demo-
pearances of legitimacy.
cratic Panama. For that reason it's hard to imagine
Central Americans once habitually manipu-
a more harebrained idea than armed intervention
lated elections, and North Americans didn't much
and the abrogation of the treaties, as suggested by
care. Uniformed caudillos repeatedly rigged ballots
Senators Connie Mack and Bob Graham. This time,
in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicara-
President Bush's wait-and-see caution seems right
gua.
on target.
Starting with the leftist threat in Nicaragua a
Any response has to take account of Panama's
decade ago, however, Washington began to show
size and history. Panama's two million citizens live
real concern for democratic elections. North Amer-
in two cities separated by jungles and joined by a
icans can now credibly cry foul over General Norie-
waterway. The country was all but created in 1903
ga's theft and seek justice for his people. But Wash-
by the U.S., which wrested territorial rights to the
ington cannot achieve these laudable ends if it emu-
canal from the tiny republic. Thus the treaty negoti-
lates his disdain for law and civilized opinion.
05-12-89
Latin Nations Denounce
Noriega's Move on Vote
U.S. Warned Not to Intervene Militarily
172
By Julia Preston
Washington Post Foreign Service
MIAMI, May 11-Latin Amer-
ican nations, with the exception of
Cuba and Nicaragua, strongly con-
demned the government of Panama
today for annulling Sunday's elec-
tions, while Latin leaders across the
board cautioned the United States
against a military intervention.
As President Bush called for "re-
gional diplomacy" to resolve the
Panamanian crisis, it remained un-
clear whether the Latin democra-
cies would be able, or willing, to
confront Panama's leader, Gen.
Manuel Antonio Noriega.
CARLOS ANDRES PEREZ
In Venezuela, President Carlos
presses for action by OAS
Andres Perez called for coordinated
action among Latin nations and said
power, which our government
The Group of Eight includes only
the vote annulment, announced
would take to be an attack on all
Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela,
Wednesday night in Panama City,
Latin nations." Garcia, a left-wing
Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, and Argen-
was "worse than the fraud itself."
social democrat, has been one of
tina, as Panama was suspended in
At the Organization of American
Noriega's sharpest and most per-
February 1988 after Noriega un-
States in Washington, Venezuela
sistent critics during the crisis.
seated U.S.-backed president Eric
Argentine Foreign Minister
Arturo Delvalle and installed a
called for an extraordinary meeting
early next week of foreign ministers
Dante Caputo called the decision to
hand-picked replacement. Officials
void the election "incredible and
in several Latin capitals today in-
to discuss Panama. The OAS Per-
unacceptable" and said the bloody
terpreted the group's statement as
manent Council is to meet Friday to
confirm the meeting. Perez urged
beating Wednesday of opposition
a nod to the United States to take
the United States to work within
leaders by Noriega-sponsored para-
strong action short of military in-
military gangs was "shameful."
tervention.
the OAS in dealing with the Pana-
Colombia's foreign minister, Julio
Cuba and Nicaragua backed No-
manian issue.
Londono, said his government is
riega in nearly identical terms,
Bush and Perez have talked sev-
eral times on the phone in recent
"deeply worried" that the events
blaming the events on U.S. inter-
days, according to administration
"restrict the legitimate expression
ference and warning that Washing-
officials, who indicating their hope
of the sovereignty of the Panama-
ton "pretends to set itself up as the
nian people." He also called on Pan-
judge of all the political processes in
that Perez will take the lead in or-
ganizing Latin America's response
ama to return to a clean electoral
our countries." in the words of a
process but reiterated a commit-
Cuban Foreign Ministry statement.
to the crisis.
Several Latin American officials
ment to nonintervention and indi-
The statement also warned there
rectly warned Washington against
would be an "explosive reaction" in
said the situation in Panama today
can be compared to warring Nica-
abrogating the 1977 Panama Canal
Latin America in the event of a U.S.
treaties.
military action."
ragua in June 1979, when the
OAS-in a rare act of unity-called
In Chile, the Foreign Ministry
Nicaragua has offered to send
said the government "views with
troops to fight alongside Noriega's
for dictator Anastasio Somoza to
concern" the violence and the void-
Panamanian Defense Forces if U.S.
resign. The move hastened the col-
ing of the balloting. "We also view
troops are commited to war in Pan-
lapse of the Somoza regime, which
with concern a rise in interference
ama.
came a month later.
A statement by the European
by some countries in Panama's in-
ternal affairs," the ministry said.
Community in Brussels also con-
In Costa Rica, Guido Fernandez,
demned the annulment, saying it
an aide to Nobel Peace laureate
implied "the nonacceptance of the
President Oscar Arias, said Bush's
sovereign will of the Panamian peo-
announced plans to add troops to
ple." The governments of EC mem-
bases in Panama "appear to be pre-
bers West Germany, Spain and Brit-
ventive, not aggressive." He added
ain also denounced the action sep-
that Washington has shown "a much
arately.
more mature and prudent reaction"
Mexico recalled its ambassador
during this crisis than in past years.
for consultations, news services
On Wednesday, the Group of
reported, while in Peru, the office
Eight, a coalition of Latin democ-
of President Alan Garcia released a
racies, issued a joint statement ex-
statement saying the government
pressing "profound concern" over
"denounces and rejects" Panama's
the events, "which could remove
move to void the elections as "a ma-
the government of Panama even
neuver against the liberty of the
further from the Latin democratic
Panamanian people designed to pro-
community." There have been rel-
long the term of the present gov-
atively orderly elections SO far this
ernment."
year in El Salvador, Paraguay and
But, the statement added, Peru
Bolivia, and Argentines are sched-
"rejects any act of violence or
uled to go to the polls Sunday.
threat of intervention from any
APFAIRS
Wait?
Test
Wills
GENERE
Bush sends troops to Panama, but can U.S. pressure oust Noriega?
t was election time in Panama in the
masked deep misgivings. at home and
clear potential for a humiliating stale-
of Manuel Antonio Noriega,
abroad. Like Ronald Reagan
worse, the troops in Panam
and he was debating the opposition-
Bush seemed to be running a bluff in a test
drawn into an escalating confrontation.
his way. The images seared viewers
of wills that the dictator might well win. If
The Pentagon wanted no part of such risky
around the world: goons in red or blue
Noriega hangs tough, as one White House
business, but hawks at State were pressing
T shirts, slicing like sharks through the
aide conceded, the bottom line is, there's
Bush to test Noriega's mettle-and Bush
crowd, viciously beating their victims with
nothing much we can do. Defense Secre-
was siding with the hawks. The first show-
guns and tire irons. The helmeted police,
tary Richard Cheney and Deputy Secre
down could happen as soon as this week.
quietly watching. The silver-haired candi-
tary of State Lawrence Eagleburger gave a
If it came, the clash could focus on
date, his face and shirt bloody, stumbling
closed-door briefing for more than 70 mem-
a relatively minor issue: under the 1977
away from his attacker, pleading with a
bers of Congress, and afterward, said a
treaties turning over the Panama Canal to
soldier, being thrown into a car and driven
source who was there some people were
Panamanian control, the United States is
way. "I don't think anyone can see the
shaking their heads saying, God help
entitled to maintain its bases in Panama,
pictures," said President Bush's spokes-
us.' What does all this solve?" There was
moving people and goods among them, un-
man Marlin Fitzwater in Washington,
"and not get a pretty clear idea of what
General Noriega is all about.
The ugly scene signaled a new foreign-
policy test for George Bush, and it prompt-
ed him to a new show of American force: the
largely symbolic dispatching of more than
1,800 addition:
Panama, to
help safeguard American lives there and
add to the diplomatic pressure on Noriega
to give up his dictator's power. "We will not
be intimidated by the bullying tactics, bru-
tal though they may be, of the dictator
Noriega," the president vowed. That was
one step in a calibrated set of U.S. moves,
ranging from moral suasion to outright
cheerleading for an uprising in Panama,
and it won Bush a burst of bipartisan sup-
port. Lawmakers from House Speaker Jim
Wright to Senate Minority Leader Bob
Dole hailed the program as a measured,
statesmanlike response. In a NEWSWEEK
Poll, 73 percent of a national sampling ex-
pressed confidence in Bush's handling of
the Panama issue (page 37).
flood
Had Noriega finally overreached him-
self? There were signs that his regime's
brutality had inspired defiance, not intimi-
dation, in his political victims, and the Ro-
man Catholic Church was taking a bold new
role in Panama, with 10 bishops condemn-
ing the fraud and violence and calling for
attacks on civilians at the
weekend. Bush's stand was also winning
support from friendly governments. Most
tellingly, Latin American officials-who
normally resent anything approaching
U.S. intervention in the region-seemed
likely to issue a strong statement condemn-
ing Noriega at this week's special meeting
of the Organization of American States.
But the public praise for Bush's boldness
34
NEWSWEEK MAY 22, 1989
WESLEY BOCXE SIPA
A message from the general: On Election
Day, troops roughed up voters and stole
the tally sheets. And at a protest
rally, goons beat up the candidates,
including Guillermo Ford (left)
til the change of command at noon on Dec.
31, 1999. But as part of the past year's
standoff between Reagan and Noriega, the
Panamanians have been sporadically har-
assing American personnel and opera-
tions. In all, U.S. officials have chalked up
more than 700 incidents, ranging from pet-
ty bureaucratic delays to the stopping of
convoys carrying troops and supplies. So
far, U.S. policy
to keep a low
profile; convoys were scaled back sharply.
But Bush has decided to resume full scale
use of convoys, and the Army began moving
the incoming troops to U.S. bases across
Pana
nior Bush aide put it, "If
they don't get out of the way, we'll run
through their barricades if we have to. The
president was very clear about that. We' re
not looking for a fight, but we intend to be
tough about insisting on our rights." The
calculation was that Noriega would back
down, and, at least for the moment, he
obliged: Panamanian troops dismantled
roadblocks that had been erected before
the election. Noriega is smart enough not
to provoke us," the official said.
Burglar tools: Crafty as the dictator is, how-
ever, he does make mistakes. Indeed, if
Noriega hadn't badly misjudged the elec-
tion odds, the whole crisis could probably
have been avoided. He aimed to install a
new president, Carlos Duque, with a show
of popular support. As his own polls reck-
oned it, he was close enough to winning
that he might have had to steal only a few
NEWSWEEK MAY 22 1989 35
NATIONAL AFFAIRS
VHI]
DUSE
WASH'
LARRY DOWNING-NEWSWEEK
MANOOCHER DEGHAT
Heading for a showdown: As the troops arrived in Panama, Bush planned a test of Noriega 's mettle. Would he block thecon
votes-perhaps as few as 10,000 among
Forces were armed with cards entitling
another, betrayed their mission: they
1.2 million registered voters. So Noriega
them to vote in any precinct. Premarked
early and often for the opposition's Guiller
agreed to let foreign observers watch the
ballots were prepared to be handed to doc-
mo Endara. Preliminary counts taken'b
vote, including an international delegation
ile voters and dropped into the ballot boxes
the opposition and the Roman Cath
headed by ex-presidents Jimmy Carter and
with no further ado. But the chicanery was
Church showed Endara running ahe:
Gerald Ford. The burglar tools were ready:
meant to be inconspicuous, with a nudge
Duque by as much as 3-1. By the time Nort
likely opposition voters found they had
from the computer if needed.
ga's people realized how the tide was
been secretly re-registered in remote pre-
What went wrong was simply a landslide
ning, it was too late for conventional meal
cincts, and names were added to the voting
against Noriega. The turnout was unex-
ures;
W
theft was needed. Armed
lists; at least one precinct sported more
pectedly large and the voters equally deter-
troops confiscated ballots and tally
voters than residents. The 15,000 troops
mined. At least some of the PDF troops,
at gunpoint, roughed up precinct worker
of Noriega's own Panamanian Defense
rushed in buses from one polling place to
and opposition observers and deli
After the goon squads: A bodyguard for the opposition ticket, killed in the melee at the protest rally, being carried from thescery
WESLEY BOCXI
when he reappeared a day later,
year. More than 1,800 soldiers and Marines
he said he had been secretly
would reinforce the 4,700 combat troops
tried, sentenced to a year in jail,
already on scene, and "I do not rule out
then turned loose without ex-
further steps in the future." Furthermore,
planation. But by then, Norie-
NEWSWEEK learned that Bush planned a
ga's election commission had
covert program to encourage a People Pow-
reached its decision: the elec-
er uprising against Noriega, perhaps with
tion was nullified. With no iro-
PDF backing. As he told reporters at the
ny at all, the panel explained
weekend, the people of Panama "should do
that the vote had been tainted
everything to get him out of office."
by foreign obstruction-and a
So far, so good. The trouble was that none
lack of tally sheets.
of this added very much to the pressure on
In Washington, Bush ap-
Noriega, who had long since shrugged off
peared in the White House
the economic sanctions and previous U.S.
press room to announce that
troop movements to Panama. The hope for
the conflict was between Norie-
an uprising seemed largely wishful think-
ga and his people, and America
ing, since Panamanians have never been
was on the people's side. To
militant and the opposition has produced
prove it, he asked other govern-
no cnarismatic leaders (page 39). If Noriega
ments in the hemisphere to join
chose to ignore the heat, other measures
in condemning Noriega. He
were available. But all of them had major
said the U.S. ambassador to
drawbacks. The options, and their flaws:
Panama, Arthur Davis, would
be recalled, along with most of
BILL GENTILE FOR NEWSWEEK
Tighten economic sanctions. Washington
the embassy staff. Government
could cut down still more on the flow of
counterfeit tally sheets to the central elec-
employees and dependents in Panama
toral tribunal in Panama City. The fraud
money and trade to Panama, ending in
would be brought onto bases or sent to safe-
what has been called the "economic nucle-
was crude and unmistakable, and Carter
ty elsewhere, and U.S. businessmen would
was refused entry to the central counting-
ar bomb" of a total trade embargo. The
be urged to get their relatives out of the
house. "I hope there will be a worldwide
problem is that the measures already tak-
country. Washington would continue the
en have decimated the Panamanian econo-
outcry of condemnation," hesaid, and there
economic sanctions that have eroded Pana-
my and badly hurt most Panamanians
was: observers from neighboring states reg-
ma's economy by 20 percent in the past
istered grave concern, and Australia's
without measurably affecting Noriega
shadow foreign minister called it "the most
blatant fraud I've ever seen." When Carter
reported his findings to George Bush in
Handling Noriega: A Newsweek Poll
Washington, Bush denounced the "massive
irregularities" and once again called on
Noriega to step down.
M
ost Americans support President Bush's policy on Panama, but not U.S.
military or covert action to oust General Noriega-nor any deal to drop drug
Smurt sinister: Noriega hovered in unchar-
charges against him (58 percent). Bush's approval rating has risen to 62 percent
acteristic indecision for three days. Opposi-
tion marches were broken up with tear gas
How important is it to the U.S. that
How much confidence do you have
and shotgun pellets, but no official count
Gen, Noriega should give up power?
in President Bush's ability to handle
was announced; in Washington, hopes rose
71% Very important
the situation in Panama?
that the dictator might actually bow to the
16% Somewhat important
29% A great deal' 15% Little
overwhelming reality. Instead, an even
5% Not too important
44% A fair amount 8% Almost none
harder line was signaled with the beating of
Endara and his two vicc
3% Not at all important
candi-
Do you favor or oppose the follow-
dates, Guillermo Ford and Ricardo Arias
ing options for U.S. policy toward
Calderón. As their motorcade wound
Panama now:
through Panama City, summoning grow-
FAVOR OPPOSE
ing crowds to chant "Justice, justice," blue
Persuade other nations
trucks incongruously decorated with car-
in the region
toon Smurfs broke up the gatherings with
to pressure Noriega
bl of water mixed with tear gas. Then
to surrender power,
81% 14%
troops with riot shields blocked the way,
Send more U.S. troops
and the goon squad appeared.
to the U.S.-controlled
They wore red or blue T shirts labeled
canal area
58% 36%
Dignity Battalions," the mark of the civil-
AUS
ian militias up by Noriega last year osten-
to overthrow Noriega
32% 59%
sibly to resist a U.S. invasion. They hauled
A secret U.S. operation
the candidates from the back of a pickup
to unseat Noriega
42% 50%
truck, beating them with tire irons, fists
and guns A bodyguard was killed. Endara,
For this NEWSWEEK Poll, The Gallup Organization inter-
bleeding from a three-inch scalp wound,
viewed a national sample of 750 adults by phone May 11-12.
was hospitalized and tested for brain
The margin of error is plus or minus 4 percentage points.
Don't know and other answers omitted. The NEWSWEEK Poll
damage. Arias Calderón escaped with
GENTILE FOR NEWSWEEK
© 1989 by NEWSWEEK, Inc.
minor? injuries. Ford was driven away;
NEWSWEEK MAY 22, 1989 37
leaving the occupying Americans with the
problem of governing the country. Worse,
it
would fuel the chronic anti-Yankee senti
ment throughout Latin America, created
by more than a century of heavy-handed
U.S. interference in hemispheric affairs.
"Killing Panamanians would unite the en-
tire hemisphere against us," warns the
Pentagon official.
What that leaves is the diplomatic alter-
native-a:steady pressure from neighbor
ing countries for Noriega to leave the
scene, emiorced by covert U.S. support for
People Power in the streets and discontent
in the PDF. In Washington, officials main-
tain without offering any evidence that
revolt in the PDF is a live possibility, and
they are encouraged by the opposition lead-
ers' bravery after last week's beatings. En-
LES STONE-IMPACT VISUALS
A new kind of defiance: In spite of the beating, Endara vowed to keep fighting
dara vowed to fight on against Noriega, and
Ford promised: "We will not be in hiding
You got a Ford in your future, I can assure
himself. U.S. officials say he takes his cut
located the dictator, he might be killed in
you." The church's new activism might
from the illicit drug trade and the estimat-
the attempt-an outcome that would be
also help rouse the country from its usual
ed $565 million that 50,000 resident Ameri-
both illegal and inflammatory to world
political lethargy.
cans contribute to the economy. "The way
opinion.
Subtle forms: But the focus this week will be
things are going now," says a State Depart-
Invade Panama. The good thing about a
on the diplomat front, and here Bush faces
ment official, echoing the notorious Viet-
full-scale invasion, military say, isthat
handicaps dating from just a year ago: when
nam line, "we're going to destroy Panama
it would work. "Of course we could over-
several Latin American governments tried
with the sanctions to help save it."
throw Noriega," says a senior Pentagon
to put together a quiet move to persuade
Target Noriega's finances. In theory, Bush
source. "But there would be bloodshed. We
Noriega to leave, the Reagan government
could try to track down Noriega's assets
would have American boys coming home in
brushed them aside to attempt its own crud-
overseas and ask friendly governments to
body bags. And we would pay a terri-
er-and still ineffective-moves. By con-
freeze them. But even supposing the funds
ble political price, too."
trast, Bush welcomes Latin
could be found and the allies would cooper-
For one thing, although
help. But to avoid lingering sus-
ate, says a Bush aide, what then? "If you
many Panamanians say
picion and resentment, he has
seize his bank acc
he opens new ones
they would welcome a
U.S.
Atlantic
left the lead role in the diplo-
with fresh drug money somewhere else.
U.S. strike, such an inva-
AMEXICO
matic effort to Venezuelan
He's not a stupid guy. You're talking big-
sion would trigger na-
President Carlos Andrés Pérez,
time power here." Not only that, but a
tionalist resentment and
who set up this week's special
wounded Noriega might retaliate, seizing
erase any anti-Noriega
SOUTH
OAS meeting to discuss the
U.S. hostages and creating another long
sentiment in the PDF,
MERICA
Panamanian crisis. For all the
Iran-style crisis. "Some people
regime's open brutality and
don't realize that if we drive
repression, there is still deep
Noriega into a corner, he's scapa-
The U.S. Presence
reluctance in several govern-
ble of anything," says a senior
ments, notably Mexico's, to
Pentagon source.
T
en bases are home to more than 10,000 U.S. troops.
breach the principle of nonin-
Send commandos to get Noriega.
Convoys between the bases-permitted by the treaties
tervention. Pérez was trying
A surgical strike is tempting,
may be the flash point for a U.S.-Panamanian clash.
hard to persuade his colleagues
but the risks are enormous.
that, as he put it, "sometimes
"You get basically one chance,"
Atlantic
nonintervention becomes the
says a Pentagon officer. "The
Ocean
most subtle form of interven-
last thing you want to do is go in
tion," and then to work out an
shooting and not know where
acceptable statement denounc-
Noriega is." Intelligence is said
ing Noriega. Even so, he doubt-
to be weak to nonexistent; as
Gat
Panama
ed that any OAS action could be
part of the Reagan freeze with
Canal
unanimous.
Panama, U.S. military and in-
PANAMA
It was even harder to predict
telligence agencies were told to
whether diplomatic censure
drop all contacts with PDF
would have any effect on Nori-
sources. Since last year's fail-
U.S. Seuthern
ega. Thus far, he has shown
ure of an abortive PDF coup
Command Headquarters
few traces of sensitivity to
against Noriega, he has purged
U.S. military installations
world opinion; some think
the defense forces and sur-
Fort Clayte
ARMY
NAVY
AIR FORCE
that, given the Panamanians'
rounded himself with body-
Panama City
passivity and Noriega's grip on
guards, and he is said to sleep in
0
10 Miles
the PDF, he could squat indefi-
at least two different places ev-
IB OHLSSON-NEWSWEEK
nitely in Panama City, grow-
ery night. Even if a strike force
ing fat on alleged drug profits.
38 NEWSWEEK MAY 22, 1989
Others-are more sanguine. "I think he
was reinforced by discontent in the mili-
cares more than he lets on" about world
zález let Noriega know he could find sanc-
tary forces and something close to turmoil
opinion, says Ambler Moss, a former U.S.
tuary in their countries. But nobody
in the streets. But Moss thinks diplomatic
expects him to go any time soon. It could be
ambassador to Panama and negotiator of
isolation, particularly from other Latin
the canal treaties. And Aurelio Barría, a
months or years before the combined pres-
countries, could fuel Panamanians' anger
leader of Panama's opposition National
sures take their toll. For George Bush,
at Noriega. In the end, the optimists say, a
Civic Crusade now living in exile in Mi-
there are no good options left; having
delegation of OAS leaders might call on
ami, points to the recent precedents in
turned up the heat and raised the expecta-
Noriega and persuade him to get out-as a
Haiti and the Philippines: the weight of
tions of his own countrymen, the question
similar group helped Nicaragua's Anasta-
world disapproval, he says, "worked with
now is whether he has the patience and
sio Somoza decide to yield power to the
stamina to wait Noriega out.
[Ferdinand] Marcos and Jean Claude
Sandinistas in 1979.
LARRY MARTZWITH CHARLES LANE
[Duvalier]."
Anticipating that happy ending, both Pé-
in Panama City, JOHN BARRY,
In those cases, of course, world opinion
rez and Spain's Prime Minister Felipe Gon-
THOMAS M. DEFRANK and DOUGLAS WALLER
in Washington and bureau reports
Will the Strongman's Foes Fight Back?
Much of the opposition's in-
ertia can be traced to the Pan-
amanian people's residual
psychological dependence on
the United States. For all the
talk by other Latin Ameri-
cans that gringo intervention
would rally the people to No-
CARLOS
riega's side, it is not diffi-
cult to find Panamanians who
want an American fix. "[The
Cuarto
Americans] should just pick
[Noriega] up and the people
PRESIDENTE
around him and take them
Deluxe
all away," says a pharmacy
clerk. Others take a bottom-
line view. "The opinion of the
people," says truck driver En-
rique Navarro, "is that it
would be better if they invade
than that we die of hunger
But amid meen
trations, there were hopeful
signs. The Roman Catholic
Church, which helped bring
down Ferdinand Marcos, is
ARTURO ROBLES-JB PICTURES
A galvanized rank and file: Noriega opponents destroy a progovernment campaign billboard
beginning to bolster the oppo-
sition openly. The election
itself finally galvanized rank-
S this any way to over
lined that point again. But the
murder generates more vio
and-file Panamanians. "They
throw a dictator? As part of
dictator opposition has SO
lence, said a European diplo-
used this election to build
an anti Noriega campaign
far been weak, enabling him
mat in Panama last week.
themselves a viable demo
last year, the National Civic
to keep his ranglehold
"Here, it deflates violence.
cratic force,' said Ken
Crusade, the flagship or
Noriega has exploited the
The anti-Noriega crusade
Wollack of the National Dem-
ganization of the opposition
fact that Panama, for years a
has also sputtered for lack of a
ocratic Institute, which moni-
scheduled a protest rally in
U.S. protectorate, has no ex-
central figure like Corazon
tored the vote. This time, No-
Panama City. But when the
perience with political vio
Aquino, or a clear-cut ideolo-
riega's violent tactics may
time came, few of the middle
lence. "Nothing in our cul-
gy to impassion the people
have backfired. Photographs
class businessmen and profes-
ture has prepared us to fight
Opposition leaders from the
of the beatings of Guillermo
sionals who belong to the NCC
with arms, says a Panamani
prosperous classes failed to
Endara and Guillermo Ford
showed up Instead they went
an diplomat. Hoping to cap-
make a bridge to their poorer
made the candidates world fa-
to Expocomer 88, a trade show
ture the nonviolent spirit of
countrymen; the "BMW revo-
mous and enhanced their
in another part of town. From
the Philippines' People Pow:
lution," as the opposition has
stature. The moment was not
the first wave of antigovern-
er movement, the opposition
been called, drew only a 2 per-
lost on the new leadership:
1987, the
has tried to bring down Norie-
cent credibility rating in a
last week they stood before a
34. United States has stressed to
ga with strikes and business
1988 poll. The opposition also
chanting crowd, waving En
Panama's opposition leaders
closures. But the general
lacks an organizational struc-
dara's bloody shirt and VOW:
that if they wanted Gen. Ma-
played rough in response. His
ture: except for the Christian
ing to make Noriega sorry.
nuel Antonio Noriega out,
brutality easily cowed the op
Democrats, the "parties" in
they must dislodge him Last
position. In any other Cen-
the coalition were vehicles for
JAMES N. BAKER with
week President Bush under
tral American country, a
CHARLES LANEIN Panama Cityand
individual politicians.
DOUGLAS WALLER in Washington
NEWSWEEK MAY 22, 1989
39