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Originally Processed With FOIA(s): FOIA Number: S S FOIA MARKER This is not a textual record. This is used as an administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential Library Staff. Record Group/Collection: George H.W. Bush Presidential Records Collection/Office of Origin: Speechwriting, White House Office of Series: Speech File Backup Files Subseries: Chron File, 1989-1993 OA/ID Number: 13732 Folder ID Number: 13732-011 Folder Title: [Bob] Martinez Rally, Florida 10/10/90 [OA 6896] Stack: Row: Section: Shelf: Position: G 26 20 7 6 2:00 (Smith/Garmey) October 4, 1990 5 P.M. MARTINEZ Ery PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: MARTINEZ RALLY ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1990 Governor Martinez. Mary Jane. Congressman Young, and our excellent Party Chairman Van Poole, it's great to see you too. Thanks to the Governor's campaign chairman, whom I know rather well -- my son, Jeb. // Also, John McKay and Don Sullivan. Next month, let's elect them to the State Senate -- and help Florida claim the first Republican legislative body in the South. // Thank you for the invitation to return to America's vacation paradise --- a state that next month will become a Republican paradise. I'll never forget how kind you were to me in 1988. It's great to be back in the Sunshine State. I also want to say what a privilege it is to be here on behalf of my friend, Governor Bob Martinez. // His first term has been magnificent. On November 6, we're going to ensure a second term that's even better. // ((You know, as Bob tells it, this visit arose from a phone call. Jeb told him, "We've got a surprise for St. Petersburg which will really excite people." // Bob replied, "You mean Big- league baseball's finally coming to St. Pete?") ) // For the record, I'm not taking sides. I know Tampa wants a team. So do Miami and Orlando. They're all in the expansion running -- and they're running to win. Well, so is the man I'm 2 here to support. A Governor who's making Florida proud -- and helping Florida make America proud. Bob Martinez is that man. // All of you know Bob's story. The grandson of Spanish immigrants -- the son of a waiter -- Bob worked his way through school. Became a teacher -- then a businessman -- then Mayor of Tampa. // The Florida Times-Union calls him "head and shoulders above the field. Ronald Reagan calls him "the embodiment of the American Dream. " For my part, I plan to continue calling him Governor. // Let me explain why I support Bob Martinez. First, he is a man of ingenuity. ( (Who else but Bob would buy a little possum at Wassau's annual Possum Festival -- then name it his campaign mascot? Bob knows the difference between possums and liberal Democrats. Possums only pretend to be asleep. )) // The Bob Martinez I know also has conviction. He's not a follower who gets lost in the current. He's a profile in character who alters the tide. // We need a leader with Bob's courage in Tallahassee in the 1990's. // Mostly, I support Bob because he understands Floridians -- good, decent people who know how to work hard, help their neighbors, and share a love of country and God. // Like them, he believes in traditional values. He also keeps things in perspective. / / ((It's like Bob tells me: "It's fine that you're here. But if you really want to WOW the crowd, bring Barbara. " // Best wishes, too, from the most charismatic figure 3 in our family -- that noted author, Millie. // Can you believe it? Her book is No. 1 on The New York Times best-seller list.) ) You can see why this is the third trip I've made to Florida for Bob. ( (I think we've spent more time on the road together than Hope and Crosby.) ) // I'm back again because folks always respect Bob -- even when they disagree with him. Name an issue: The record's clear. Bob Martinez is "taking a strong stand for a better tomorrow. " // Look, first, at the environment. // Every time I fish along the flats off Islamorada, I'm reminded how special Florida is. // ((Bob, too, likes fishing. He kids me that the fish I catch usually aren't bigger than his, but my stories about them are.) ) We want to protect our natural resources. So Governor Martinez created the East Everglades Land Acquisition Task Force. And because Florida set aside part of this land, I was able to sign a bill increasing the size of Everglades National Park by more than 100,000 acres. ((I hear the alligators are so pleased, they're wearing polo shirts with a picture of Bob Martinez on their chests. )) // What's more, I am enormously pleased by Bob's support for our Administration's effort to rewrite the Clean Air Act. The problem is that for 14 months, Congress has refused to act. Here's a solution: On November 6, elect Bob Martinez -- who will help convince Congress to pass a Clean Air Act I can sign. // Next, we come to an issue where "tough stands" are a national necessity: crime and drugs. // Bob knows that drugs threaten every American community. So he set a precedent by 4 appointing a State drug czar. He also believes that it's time cop-killers get what they deserve. So he has stiffened the Florida criminal code / doubling prison space to enforce it / and backs our Administration's violent Crime Control Act to enact a workable death penalty -- a real penalty -- for those who kill Federal law enforcement officers. Last week, after nearly 16 months of delay, the House of Representatives finally passed its version of the Crime Act. Now, it goes to House/Senate Conference Committee. Join with me in sending them a message to draft a tough bill that takes the shackles off the policemen, the courts, and the law. // So far I've talked about how Bob and I can work together. Here's something else to note about him: He moves at a rapid pace. ((There's a new TV show this year called "The Flash" --- about a guy who races around at the speed of sound. At first, I thought it was about Bob Martinez.) ) // This past summer he's taken his message to all 67 of Florida's counties. You get to know a State that way -- understand its priorities. Get to learn what the voters want -- policies which empower people, not bureaucrats. [[BUDGET INSERT TO COME] ] All of us know that we must defend both America's vital interests and civilized values around the world. So in the Persian Gulf, we have -- and will -- take a strong stand against aggression. // We can't say how long it will take to reach our objectives. We don't know what sacrifice will be demanded. 5 This, we do know: American troops will not remain in the Persian Gulf a day longer than we are wanted or needed by our friends. But we will stay for as long as it takes to complete our mission. // We will keep up the pressure -- and we will keep the faith. Faith with our friends, allies, the U.N., and the American people. Faith, finally, with the finest soldiers, sailors, airmen, and Marines any Nation could ever have. // ( (Here are some examples -- all sons and daughters of Florida -- now on active duty in the Middle East. // Daniel Rich is an Air Force technical sergeant from Daytona Beach. Today, he's standing shoulder to shoulder with colleagues like Army Lieutenant Colonel Robert Tippete of Tallahassee, or the Marines' First Lieutenant Helen Pratt of Satellite Beach. Then, there's Brenda Spriggs -- she wrote me from Ft. Lauderdale to say how proud she is of her son, Jeff, currently serving in Saudi Arabia. Mrs. Spriggs, I share your pride -- and to you I pledge: America will never -- ever -- let our servicemen and women down. )) // Heroes like Jeff Spriggs reflect the true essence of our mission. They show that America would not be the land of the free if it were not also the home of the brave. // Bob Martinez knows that, too -- knows that while our forces are defending us abroad, we must defend them here at home. // So on November 6, let's take a strong stand for what America is, and embodies to the world. // Let's get out the vote. Let's win the State Senate and House of Representatives. And let's roll up our sleeves and re-elect this magnificent Governor. 11 6 Thank you for this occasion. God bless the United States. And let's keep Bob Martinez the great Governor of the great State of Florida. # # # # Document No. 80206 WHITE HOUSE STAFFING MEMORANDUM 90 OCT 5 A8: DATE: 10/04/90 ACTION/CONCURRENCE/COMMENT DUE BY: 4:00 10/05/90 SUBJECT: PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: MARTINEZ RALLY, ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA (10/04 5:00 p.m. draft) ACTION FYI ACTION FYI VICE PRESIDENT MCCLURE SUNUNU NEWMAN SCOWCROFT PORTER DARMAN ROGICH N/C CARD UNTERMEYER CICCONI ROGERS DEMAREST PINKERTON FITZWATER CARNEY GRAY WINSTON HAGIN ANDERSON NK HOLIDAY DELAND NIC BOSKIN BENNETT REMARKS: Please provide any comments/recommendations directly to Chriss Winston by 4:00 p.m. 10/05, with a copy to my office. Thanks. RESPONSE: James W. Cicconi Assistant to the President and Deputy to the Chief of Staff Ext. 2702 (Smith/Garmey) 90 OCT -4 PM 5:45 October 4, 1990 5 P.M. address MARTINEZ PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: MARTINEZ RALLY ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1990 Governor Martinez. His campaign chairman, whom I know rather well -- my son, Jeb. // Thank you for those words. And for the chance to return to America's vacation paradise -- a state that next month will become a Republican paradise. I'll never forget how kind you were to me in 1988. It's great to be back in the Sunshine State. // I also want to say what a privilege it is to be here on behalf of my friend, Governor Bob Martinez. // His first term has been magnificent. On November 6, we're going to ensure a second term that's even better. // ( (You know, as Bob tells it, this visit arose from a phone call. Jeb told him, "We've got a surprise for St. Petersburg which will really excite people." // Bob replied, "You mean Big- league baseball's finally coming to St. Pete?") ) // For the record, I'm not taking sides. I know Tampa wants a team. So do Miami and Orlando. They're all in the expansion running -- and they're running to win. Well, so is the man I'm here to support. A Governor who's making Florida proud -- and helping Florida make America proud. Bob Martinez is that man. // All of you know Bob's story. The grandson of Spanish immigrants -- the son of a waiter -- Bob worked his way through school. Became a teacher -- then a businessman -- then Mayor of 2 Tampa. // The Florida Times-Union calls him "head and shoulders above the field." Ronald Reagan calls him "the embodiment of the American Dream." For my part, I plan to continue calling him Governor. // Let me explain why I support Bob Martinez. First, he is a man of ingenuity. ( (Who else but Bob would buy a little possum at Wassau's annual Possum Festival -- then name it his campaign mascot? Bob knows the difference between possums and liberal Democrats. Possums only pretend to be asleep. )) // The Bob Martinez I know also has conviction. He's not a follower who gets lost in the current. He's a profile in character who alters the tide. // We need a leader with Bob's courage in Tallahassee in the 1990's. // Mostly, I support Bob because he understands Floridians -- good, decent people who know how to work hard, help their neighbors, and share a love of country and God. // Like them, he believes in traditional values. He also keeps things in perspective. // ( (It's like Bob tells me: "It's fine that you're here. But if you really want to WOW the crowd, bring Barbara." // Best wishes, too, from the most charismatic figure in our family -- that noted author, Millie. // Can you believe it? Her book is No. 1 on The New York Times best-seller list. )) You can see why this is the third trip I've made to 3 Florida for Bob. ( (I think we've spent more time on the road together than Hope and Crosby.) ) // I'm back again because folks always respect Bob -- even when they disagree with him. Name an 3 issue: The record's clear. Bob Martinez is "taking a strong stand for a better tomorrow." // Look, first, at the environment. // Every time I fish along the flats off Islamaorda, I'm reminded how special Florida is. // (I ve fished off Islamaorda more times than I've met Soviet President Gorbachev. 11 Bob, too, likes fishing. He kids me that the fish I catch usually aren't bigger than his, but my stories about them are. ) ) // We want to protect our natural resources. So Governor Martinez created the East Everglades Land Acquisition Task Force. And because Florida set aside part of this land, I was able to sign a bill increasing the size of Everglades National Park by more than 100,000 acres. ( ( I hear the alligators are so pleased, ? they're wearing polo shirts with a picture of Bob Martinez on their chests. )) // What's more, I am enormously pleased by Bob's support for our Administration's effort to rewrite the Clean Air Act. The problem is that for 14 months, Congress has refused to act. Here's a solution: On November 6, elect Bob Martinez -- who will help convince Congress to pass a Clean Air Act I can sign. / / Next, we come to an issue where "tough stands" are a national necessity: crime and drugs. // Bob knows that drugs threaten every American community. So he set a precedent by appointing a State drug czar. He also believes that it's time cop-killers get what they deserve. So he has stiffened the Florida criminal code / added prison space to enforce it / and backs our Administration's Violent Crime Control Act to enact a 4 workable death penalty -- a real penalty -- for those who kill Federal law enforcement officers. Here, too, Congress has delayed -- this time for 16 months. Join with me in sending them a message to take the shackles off the policemen, the courts, and the law. // So far I've talked about Bob's views and achievements 3577 Here's something else to note about him: He moves at a rapid pace. ( (There's a new TV show this year called "The Flash" -- about a guy who races around at the speed of sound. At first, I thought it was about Bob Martinez. )) / / In one month, he took his message to all 67 of Florida's counties. You get to know a State that way -- understand its priorities. Get to learn what empawer people not the voters want -- policies which help people up, and keep bureaucracies down.) ) Last week, we saw these policies in action. I refer to the tough stand Congress and I took to reduce the Federal budget by $500 billion -- half-a-trillion dollars -- over the next five years. // No, our budget plan isn't perfect -- but we must not let the perfect be the enemy of the good. The fact is: Our plan is balanced -- it is tough -- it is fair. Special interests may decry it -- but the Nation needs it // Consider: Each year the equivalent of the population of a new city -- even larger than Bob's Tampa -- moves to Florida. Our budget agreement contains growth-oriented tax incentives to spur the economy. Also, unlike in the past, our plan enacts real spending cuts -- cuts with teeth -- to bring the deficit down. is By enforcing these cuts in law -- and by not raising income tax rates -- we will create the jobs that bring growth, opportunity, and prosperity -- GOP -- [has kind of a ring to it, don't you think?]]. // Here's what our budget plan doesn't do: It doesn't affect military or Federal retirement. It doesn't mess with Social Security -- especially good news for America's No. 1 retirement State. // Here's what our plan will do: It creates the largest entitlement savings ever. It is the largest deficit reduction package ever. It will help bring lower interest rates and cut inflation. One more thing. It ensures needed support for Operation Desert Shield -- and that's crucial. both america's vital interests and All of us know that we must defend civilized values around the world. So in the Persian Gulf, we have -- and will -- take a strong stand against aggression. 11 We can't say how long it will take to reach our objectives. We don't know what sacrifice troops not will be demanded. This, we do know: American will remain in the a day er than we are wanted a needed by our friends but we will Persian Gulf for as long as it takes to complete our mission. // stay as We will keep up the pressure -- and we will keep the faith. 10mg Faith with our friends, allies, the U.N., and the American people. Faith, finally, with the finest soldiers, sailors, airmen, and Marines any Nation could ever have. // ( (Here are some examples -- all sons and daughters of Florida -- now on active duty in the Middle East. // Daniel Rich is an Air Force technical sergeant from Daytona Beach. Today, he's standing shoulder to shoulder with colleagues like Army 6 Lieutenant Colonel Robert Tippets of Tallahassee, or the Marines' First Lieutenant Helen Pratt of Satellite Beach. Then, there's Brenda Spriggs -- she wrote me from Ft. Lauderdale to say how proud she is of her son, Jeff currently serving in Saudi Arabia. Mrs. Springs, I share your pride -- and to you I pledge: America will never -- ever -- let our servicemen and women down. )) // Heroes like Jeff Spriggs reflect the true essence of our mission. They show that America would not be the land of the free if it were not also the home of the brave. // Bob Martinez knows that, too -- knows that while our forces are defending us abroad, we must defend them here at home. // So on November 6, let's take a strong stand for what America is, and embodies to the world. // Let's get out the vote. Let's win the State Senate and House of Representatives. And let's roll up our sleeves and re-elect this magnificent Governor. // Thank you for this occasion. God bless the United States. And let's keep Bob Martinez the great Governor of the great State of Florida. # # # # FC Egg valull Table (Smith/Garmey) 10- is $9 October 4, 1990 5 P.M. MARTINEZ PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: MARTINEZ RALLY WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1990 Con yours, Governor me, jane ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA Martinez. His campaign chairman, whom I know pole rather well -- my son, Jeb. // Thank you for those words. And for the chance to return to America's vacation paradise -- a Evair state that next month will become a Republican paradise. I'll never forget how kind you were to me in 1988. It's great to be back in the Sunshine State. // I also want to say what a privilege it is to be here on behalf of my friend, Governor Bob Martinez. // His first term has been magnificent. On November 6, we're going to ensure a second term that's even better. // ((You know, as Bob tells it, this visit arose from a phone call. Jeb told him, "We've got a surprise for St. Petersburg which will really excite people." // Bob replied, "You mean Big- league baseball's finally coming to St. Pete?") ) // For the record, I'm not taking sides. I know Tampa wants a team. So do Miami and Orlando. They're all in the expansion St. Pate 894 running -- and they're running to win. Well, so is the man I'm 8/3/200 here to support. A Governor who's making Florida proud -- and helping Florida make America proud. Bob Martinez is that man. All of you know Bob's story. The grandson of Spanish Uimgil MC immigrants -- the son of a waiter Bob worked his way through school. Became a teacher then a businessman -- then Mayor of 90.4 385 904 Voluete 1990 uss 5394 9385 14/904 366' 2 2 Tampa. // The Florida Times-Union calls him "head and shoulders ? above the field. Ronald Reagan calls him "the embodiment of the American Dream.' " For my part, I plan to continue calling him Governor. // Let me explain why I support Bob Martinez. First, he is a wagland Mebill man of ingenuity ((Who else but Bob would buy a little possum at Wassau's annual Possum Festival -- then name it his campaign mascot? Bob knows the difference between possums and liberal Democrats. Possums only pretend to be asleep. )) // The Bob Martinez I know also has conviction. He's not a follower who gets lost in the current. He's a profile in character who alters the tide. // We need a leader with Bob's courage in Tallahassee in the 1990's. // Mostly, I support Bob because he understands Floridians -- good, decent people who know how to work hard, help their neighbors, and share a love of country and God. // Like them, he believes in traditional values. He also keeps things in perspective. // ((It's like Bob tells me: "It's fine that you're here. But if you really want to WOW the crowd, bring Barbara. " // Best wishes, too, from the most charismatic figure in our family that noted author, Millie. // Can you believe it? Her book is No. 1 on The New York Times best-seller list.) NYT, You can see why this is the third trip I've made to Florida for Bob. ((I think we've spent more time on the road together than Hope and Crosby.) ) // I'm back again because folks always respect Bob -- even when they disagree with him. Name an Sp 3 issue: The record's clear. Bob Martinez is "taking a strong stand for a better tomorrow." // Look, first, at the environment. // Every time I fish along the flats off Islamaorda, I'm reminded how special Florida is. // ((I've fished off Islamaorda more times than I've met Soviet President Gorbachev. // Bob, too, likes fishing. He kids me that the fish I catch usually aren't bigger than his, but my stories about them are. )) // We want to protect our natural resources. So Governor Mcbill. Martinez created the East Everglades Land Acquisition Task Force. And because Florida set aside part of this land, I was able to sign a bill increasing the size of Everglades National Park by more than 100,000 acres. ((I hear the alligators are so pleased, they're wearing polo shirts with a picture of Bob Martinez on their chests. )) // What's more, I am enormously pleased by Bob's support for our Administration's effort to rewrite the Clean Air Act. The problem is that for 14 months, Congress has refused to act. Here's a solution: On November 6, elect Bob Martinez -- who will help convince Congress to pass a Clean Air Act I can sign. // Next, we come to an issue where "tough stands" are a national necessity: crime and drugs. // Bob knows that drugs threaten every American community. So he set a precedent by appointing a State drug czar. He also believes that it's time cop-killers get what they deserve. So he has stiffened the McGill Florida criminal code X added prison space to enforce it / and backs our Administration's dabla Violent Crime Control Act to enact a May 15 15 ve its as mall 270 4 16 rus 140 sume workable death penalty -- a real penalty -- for those who kill Federal law enforcement officers. Here, too, Congress has delayed -- this time for 16 months. Join with me in sending them a message to take the shackles off the policemen, the courts, and the law. // So far I've talked about Bob's views and achievements. Here's something else to note about him: He moves at a rapid 3, wonths pace. ((There's a new TV show this year called "The Flash" -- about a guy who races around at the speed of sound. At first, udill I thought it was about Bob Martinez. )) // In one month, he took his message to all 67 of Florida's counties. You get to know a State that way -- understand its priorities. Get to learn what the voters want -- policies which help people up, and keep June bureaucracies down.) ) Last week, we saw these policies in action. I refer to the tough stand Congress and I took to reduce the Federal budget by $500 billion -- half-a-trillion dollars -- over the next five years. // No, our budget plan isn't perfect -- but we must not let the perfect be the enemy of the good. The fact is: Our plan is balanced -- it is tough -- it is fair. Special interests may decry it -- but the Nation needs it. // Consider: Each year the equivalent of the population of a new city -- even larger than Bob's Tampa -- moves to Florida. Camby C. Our budget agreement contains growth-oriented tax incentives to spur the economy. Also, unlike in the past, our plan enacts real spending cuts -- cuts with teeth -- to bring the deficit down. 5 By enforcing these cuts in law -- and by not raising income tax rates -- we will create the jobs that bring growth, opportunity, and prosperity -- GOP -- [[has kind of a ring to it, don't you think?]] // Here's what our budget plan doesn't do: It doesn't affect military or Federal retirement. It doesn't mess with Social Security -- especially good news for America's No. 1 retirement State. // Here's what our plan will do: It creates the largest entitlement savings ever. It is the largest deficit reduction package ever. It will help bring lower interest rates and cut inflation. One more thing. It ensures needed support for Operation Desert Shield -- and that's crucial. All of us know that we must defend civilized values around the world. So in the Persian Gulf, we have -- and will -- take a strong stand against aggression. // We can't say how long it will take to reach our objectives. We don't know what sacrifice will be demanded. This, we do know: America will remain in the Persian Gulf for as long as it takes to complete our mission. // We will keep up the pressure -- and we will keep the faith. Faith with our friends, allies, the U.N., and the American people. Faith, finally, with the finest soldiers, sailors, airmen, and Marines any Nation could ever have. // ( (Here are some examples -- all sons and daughters of Florida -- now on active duty in the Middle East. 11 Daniel Rich is an Air Force technical sergeant from Daytona Beach. Today, he's standing shoulder to shoulder with colleagues like Army Tippete Lieutenant Colonel Robert Tippets R of Tallahassee, or the Marines' 5 First Lieutenant Helen Pratt of Satellite Beach. Then, there's Brenda Spriggs -- she wrote me from Ft. Lauderdale to say how proud she is of her son, Jeffrey currently serving in Saudi Arabia. Mrs. Springs, I share your pride -- and to you I pledge: America will never -- ever Jeffrey let our servicemen and women down. )) // Heroes like Spriggs reflect the true essence of our mission. They show that America would not be the land of the free if it were not also the home of the brave. 11 Bob Martinez knows that, too -- knows that while our forces are defending us abroad, we must defend them here at home. // So on November 6, let's take a strong stand for what America is, and embodies to the world. 11 Let's get out the vote. Let's win the State Senate and House of Representatives. And let's roll up our sleeves and re-elect this magnificent Governor. // Thank you for this occasion. God bless the United States. And let's keep Bob Martinez the great Governor of the great State of Florida. # # # # September MEMORANDUM TO: CHRISS WINSTON CURT SMITH TED GARMEY FROM: CAROLYN CAWLEY RE: FLORIDA EVENT: MARTINEZ RALLY Event: Afternoon rally for FL Governor Martinez Date: October 10 Place: Spa Park aka Vinoy Park, St. Petersburg, FL Time: 1:00 p.m. Attendees: 7,000-10,000 Prompted?: I told the WHCA guys to go ahead and order a Prompter and you'll notify them if you decide it's not needed. FYI: They have a new machine that is designed for the outdoors. Contact: Jim McGill, Deputy Campaign Director (904) 285-1990 Jeb Bush is the Campaign Chairman. I. LOCAL COLOR --st. Petersburg (known as "St. Pete") is a big retirement community -- "it's the only city in the U.S. where the average age has actually dropped". It's also fairly old looking, save a couple of tall bank buildings -- small townish looking, like Main Street in "Back to the Future". Check out Ponce de Leon for color. Also the St. Pete Historical Museum is located right on the marina, right next to the rally site -- they might be a good source. The Museum of Fine Arts is also located on the marina. --The Event Site: Spa Park, aka Vinoy Park, is a large grassy area about the size of a couple of city blocks and it's right on the water. Behind the park is the ocean. Off to one side is "the Pier", a newly renovated pier with shops and restaurants at the end. Across the street is the marina, with many yachts and sailboats and the old Vinoy Hotel. It's a very old landmark hotel that is currently being restored; it's large and art-deco in style, reminiscent of the Grand Hotel of the 1920's. I was told that the restoration of the Vinoy and the rehab of the Pier are an effort to "bring people back". You might want to check out the Vinoy -- maybe there was a Mr. Vinoy who was once prominent or something. Also, the Hotel and the park may have once been owned by the same family. Florida has something like 1,017 golf courses, a nationwide record by many times. Spain advertises about a hundred for the entire country. Tampa and St. Pete are competing for professional sports teams. Neither has been granted a team, but St. Pete went ahead and built a huge indoor arena, completed last March. It hasn't seen much action yet, though Wayne Gretzky and his team set the NHL attendance record a couple of weeks ago. II. GOVERNOR MARTINEZ The main issues are crime/drugs and the environment. See attached materials for more info and also see Sally Salmon in Political, X6573. There is the infamous "possum story". Wassau (sp?) is a northern Florida town that hosts an annual Possum Festival. Martinez was in town for a fundraiser and bought a little possum at the auction -- it's now the campaign mascot. -Martinez is a highly aerobic Governor and they say he cannot be outcampaigned. The day of the preadvance, he was in: Tampa, Miami, Palm Beach, Orlando, Jacksonville, Tallahassee, Pensacola and then back to Melbourne for a reception! In one month, he covered all 67 of Florida's counties by bus tour, which was very successful media-wise. NOTE: Unfortunately, the preadvance team spent all of our time in St. Pete's standing in the park and did not have a formal meeting with the campaign. The above information is what I could glean from our driver, Martinez's son. I hope it's helpful though scant. OCT 2 '90 13:15 FROM WHMO 395-4076 PAGE. 002 THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON Air Force: Technical Sergeant Daniel Rich 56th Medical Group Hometown: Daytona Beach, Florida Staff Sergeant Cecilia A. Pierce 56th Medical Group Tabiles Hometown: Tampa, Florida Navy: Petty Officer Second Class Russell L. Neely Mobile Operation Control Center Atlantic Hometown: Jacksonville, Florida all unit Petty Officer Third Class Cassandra Bean USS CIMARRON Hometown: Fort Lauderdale, Florida Marine Corps: 1st Lieutenant Helen Pratt Force Service Support Group Hometown: Satellite Beach, Florida Lance Corporal Michael Beinwotl Burrell Marine Wing Support Squadron Hometown: Sunrise, Florida Army: Sergeant First Class Carol Fox 160 Military Police Battalion Hometown: Talahassee, Florida Lieutenant Colonel Robert Tippete 160 Military Police Battalion Hometown: Talahassee, Florida Sergeant Julie Stuckey 337 Military Intelligence Battalion Hometown: Melbourne, Florida Sergeant Donald Siler 337 Military Intelligence Battalion Hometown: Melbourne, Florida 6710 N W 26th Avenue Ft. Laud. Fl., 33309 August 30, 1990 Dear Mr. President: I would like to take this opportunity to express my feelings on our troops going overseas. I am with you all the way. I always liked the way Regan handled these sort of problems and you are showing them who is the big chief. I was born in Trinidad, my first husband was in the Navy and have been living in Florida for about 26 years. I became an American Citizen after being here about eight years. I am very patriotic and very proud to be an American and it makes me very mad when I see born Americans get up on TV and talk about having fun golfing, while you send their husbands to war. These are family in the military that talk like that. I think they just like the benefits from going in the service but when they are needed they forget that they are in the service to serve their country. I think everyone deserves a vacation and you are up on everything that is going on and working from there while trying to relax some. My husband tells me it's the News Media to blame as they might interview several people that say good things and the one they put on the air is always the ones that say critical things. I have two step children in the Air Force, our son is in the Middle East now. We all pray and hope the situation can be resolved peacefully and not too many lives are lost. I am a registered Democrat but never voted for them. I always vote Republican, I was young and foolish when I registered. Mr. President keep up the good work. I am proud of my President. Yours truly, Brenda Spriggs Brenda Spriggs. (305) - 974 - 2965 FROM:FL GOVERNORS OFFICE TO: 2024566218 OCT 2, 1990 10:47AM #971 P.02 MEMORANDUM TO: Ted Garmey, White House FROM: Jon Peck, Governor's Press Secretary DATE: October 2, 1990 RE: President's Remarks for October 10 visit You asked for something anecdotal about a humorous incident between President Bush and Govenor Martinez. If you accept the premise that kids and dogs are golden in politics, this one should do nicely. First a little background. The Governor and First Lady (Mary Jane) have two children, both grown and married. The official "family," then, consists of the Governor and Mrs. Martinez and their pet bassett hound, Mascotte (pronounced mascot). The dog is named after an old sailing ship, the Mascotte, which: a) brought the Governor's grandmother (who still lives in Tampa and will turn 103 next month) to Florida on the final leg of her emigration from Spain shortly after the turn of the century); and b) dominates the official seal of the City of Tampa, where Bob Martinez served as Mayor from 1979 to 1986). President Bush came to Tallahassee on September 6 (that day's trips to Kansas and Tallahassee were the first use of the new Air Force One). Though the principal purpose of the visit was to campaign for Congressman Bill Grant, the President's first stop after landing was at the Governor's Mansion. When the President's limo pulled up at the Mansion, the Governor and Mrs. Martinez stepped out the front door to greet him. Also scooting out the front door was, naturally, the dog, Mascotte. Mascotte has pretty well adapted to the lifestyle of the Governor's Mansion, but he clearly sensed that SOMETHING out of the ordinary was going on that day, meaning he was a bit fiestier than usual. So when he joined the Governor and First Lady in greeting the President's limo, he didn't settle for just wagging and waiting. As soon as one of the aides opened one of the doors Mascotte jumped right into the limo. I don't know that he specifically came in contact with the President, but needless to say the Governor hadn't expected his first words upon the President's arrival to be, "Mascotte! Mascotte, get out of there!" (Maybe the President can joke along the lines of, "I thought Bob was hollering to me, but, gee I didn't remember anyone ever calling me THAT before.") From what I understand, Mascotte proceeded to sniff out the entire limo -- no doubt smelling Millie on and around the President. The clincher came once the President was inside the Mansion chatting with the Governor and First Lady in the Florida Room. No one thought twice of letting Mascotte in the room with them - until he scarfed up one of the sandwiches prepared for the President and devoured it. Sniffing the Presidential limo was one thing, but hijacking a Presidential snack went over the line. For the rest of the President's visit, Mascotte was banished to a different area of the Governor's Mansion. 6710 N W 26th Avenue Ft. Laud. Fl., 33309 August 30, 1990 Dear Mr. President: I would like to take this opportunity to express my feelings on our troops going overseas. I am with you all the way, I always liked the way Regan handled these sort of problems and you are showing them who is the big chief. I was born in Trinidad, my first husband was in the Navy and have been living in Florida for about 26 years. I became an American Citizen after being here about eight years. I am very patriotic and very proud to be an American and it makes me very mad when I see born Americans get up on TV and talk about having fun golfing, while you send their husbands to war. These are family in the military that talk like that. I think they just like the benefits from going in the service but when they are needed they forget that they are in the service to serve their country. I think everyone deserves a vacation and you are up on everything that is going on and working from there while trying to relax some. My husband tells me it's the News Media to blame as they might interview several people that say good things and the one they put on the air is always the ones that say critical things. I have two step children in the Air Force, our son is in the Middle East now. We all pray and hope the situation can be resolved peacefully and not too many lives are lost. I am a registered Democrat but never voted for them, I always vote Republican, I was young and foolish when I registered. Mr. President keep up the good work. I am proud of my President. Yours truly, 183 2725 Brenda Spriggs Brenda Spriggs. (305) - 974 - 2965 "smestrad, M Farce All VeHrey Claire 813-785-9507 Mr. and Mrs. William L. Hemmeter 899 C. Cleland Court Palm Harbor, Florida 34684 59 P.S/A Sept, 12, 1990 Pros ident George Buch The White House Washengton, D.C. Dear Ineed to tell you that your address to Sir: Congress who listen dand watched had Dam. to lestnightwa was superb, he anyone of as our leader, as Ω Iam proud also proud to you tell you that naval force in the Persian Gulf. do. We have a nepher serving with the pray for peace, as I'm cartain you we do have the Lord on ourvide so defeat of the infidels is certain. Lastmoth D wrote to our Congrassman mike Belirahiv, and was fortunate he to be part of a fraternal groupwhich addressed while Congress was not in session. He seemed to have some good idear regarding the budget. Continued on page 2. E Mrs. William L. Hemmeter 899 C. Cleland Court Palm Harbor, Florida 34684 in sure if you could give mike a few menuture of your time he ideas cowl as d give ngress last some different and new your who you concerning the bert health plan for the proud o american people with medicare Jan also excluded. 1 Peep up your good work! live a n with our bertivirler for your continued uval for Success, and love. ay for (mrs.) Claire Sincerely, Hemmetor - do have feat of t 1st, mort he Beli part ofo ressed in seemed budget SIA sept Dear President Bush, since 1979, culan I was a deligate to the l have known you for a long time, Republuce Convention in Orlando Fla_ - I spoke will you poolide, and also on two other accossion in FT. Laududale, I was impressed by your Valued and had easy you whe to tall To. l an writing to let you know that l believe you are doing a remarkable Jal will the middle E ast Crisis proy there is one- we must stop this I do not see a peaceful solution but & Hetter from overtoking the middle East and creating a super power Holocoust. I have a personal interest en the Lanahan is there with the 37 TAclicie midde East. my doughter A/C meghan P. pray if it is War, it will he a suift AIR squ adron. I pray for her safety, l in and out and the american Come home soys she has a Joe to do to the best of l worry but my daughter is strong. she her ability - She has been best. trained for it and she do her - I come from a military family - LT. Cal John W. Beckop, buried at arlengton Cemetery, looking his down on mighan and so proud of grand- daughter lashed migher fale was sorry she had socard the an Free- and she saire "No, it's an have I an proul of her and proud of you for your handling of the Crisis- Comm- I am of R.N- a widow Iregest l l an a Member of the Repubbran Not do Not have 1000 to attend but you, tool well he in myproyers - SAND cerely RA Sen telle 4701 Ballard Rd, # 316 KH P-51A FL. myers, It., 33905 august 28, 1990 Dear Precident Bush. We want to voice am free support for the actions and decisions -he the middle East situation that you have made. Americand can be proud of the stand you have taken and for the unifed would support you have brought together to stand against Gag's aggression. We, along with people all over the world, are hoping the situation can be settled peacably (we have a nephew who has been Called up to go to Saudi arabia) but we don't believe in do we want to see Saddam appeacement of a tepant now Hussin allowed to keep Kuwait ar the meane to Continue to threaten their neighbors be the world. we feel you as air President, should have support and unity in bongress as well as the nation as you continue to make the wisest decisions possible. We are Christians and believe he the your of player. We have been and will continued to he praying daily for Gods wredown and other leaders who will he guidance for you arik making decisions that use affect timerica and the whole would God bleedyou, Gene and Par Young P.S. We are retirew in our 60's and Dene is a WWTT veteran. 4701 Ballard Rd., # the & Mrs. Gena young IL myres, Il. 33905 HORA STERS. 29 6PM AUG FL 339 25 1990 President George Rush white House Washington, D.C. 20500 '90 14:51 FROM 2026951149 PAGE. 010 ad Data Central PAGE 12 12TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format. Copyright (c) 1990 Gannett Company Inc. USA TODAY August 17, 1990, Friday, FINAL EDITION SECTION: Pg. 1ANEWS LENGTH: 1062 words HEADLINE: Hussein: 'I did not bring any message'; Reservists in waiting game, too BYLINE: Tom Squitieri BODY: Dave Lough 52115 real estate in Fredericksburg, va., but today he's concerned more about desert landscapes. He's waiting to fly a support mission to Saudi Arabia as an Air Force Reserve volunteer. 'It's the thought of combat that's in my mind,'' says Lough, 40, part of an airlift squadron from Andrews Air Force Base near Washington. ' 'You have to Delieve in the concept of a civilian solider or you won't do it.' More than 1,000 members of National Guard and reserve units from across the USA have volunteered since the U.S. military deployment to the Persian Gulf began. For Lough, it's the second time in a week he'd fly a C-141 transport in support of Operation Desert Shield. Thousands more may soon join him. President Bush, under pressure from the Pentagon and military associations, is deciding whether to activate at least 50.000 members of the Guard and reserves to bolster the effort in Saudi Arabia. For the 1.2 million reserve and Guard members, this is a time to wait - and in some cases worry. ' ' I never looked forward to the possibility of having to serve in a battle situation, says Linda Davis, 41, a second lieutenant in the Florida National Guard. Left behind would be a husband and children, ages 1 and 4. ' ' We would Just make it happen, says Davis, who works in Florida's state office in Washington, D.C. ''The kids are already parading around in my gear and helmet.'' Bush can activate up to 200,000 people for at least 90 days without the approval of Congress. While experts say the societal impact nationwide would be minimal, friends and families - as well as those who suddenly find their mechanics, effect. lawyers, doctors and airling pilots in uniform - would feel the A call-up is politically sensitive. Activating reserves would say to the public, 'we're already on war footing,'' says Laird Anderson, former colonel Administration of George Bush, 1990 / Jan. 19 1 of George Bush, 1990 dear as a Nation. We pray for a recognition Remarks at a Fundraising Dinner for e Wong To Be an Naval Reserve, 1954-1956. Mr. Kelley is that the principle of life's sanctity should Governor Bob Martinez in Miami, the Office of married, has three children, and resides in guide public policy on this question and Florida gy Policy Washington, DC. others, just as moral principles should guide January 19, 1990 our individual lives. We pray also for wisdom and guidance as those with public Thank you very much, Bob. Thank you, nnounced his inten- responsibilities consider this question. We Governor. In case you missed it, Bar and I ne Wong to be an e Office of Science Proclamation 6090-National Sanctity ask all levels of government and all sectors are pretty proud of our son, Jeb-smiling of Human Life Day, 1990 of society to promote policies to encourage away when I think Bob honored him by This is a new posi- January 19, 1990 alternatives such as adoption, and to extend asking him to be his campaign chairman. To at the University of policies that make adopting easier for fami- Mary Jane Martinez and our chairman, Van a professor of elec- By the President of the United States lies who want children and can provide a Poole; our able Secretary of the Interior, computer science, of America loving, supportive home for them, particu- way down there, Manuel Lujan-was with assistant professor, larly for children with special needs. We me all day long today-and of course, to my A Proclamation associate professor, hope for the day when devoted families old friend, the doer, Alec Courtelis-I'll tell ved as a fellow at On National Sanctity of Human Life Day, who want to adopt will no longer be disap- you, he does everything to help others-and we affirm the sanctity of human life in all perial College, and pointed. On this day, we also thank God for to our outstanding United States Senator, ridge. Prior to this, its stages. We recall that at the very begin- the advances in medicine that have im- Connie Mack, who is doing a superb job up lesearch Center in ning of our Nation, Thomas Jefferson wrote proved the care of unborn children in the there in Washington; and Members of the 62, and for the IBM in the Declaration of Independence that womb and premature babies. These scien- U.S. Congress, Mike Bilirakis and Bill Grant, Poughkeepsie, NY, "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happi- tific advances reinforce the belief that Craig James, Clay Shaw, Bill McCollum, ness" are among the "unalienable Rights" with which all people are endowed by God. unborn children are persons, entitled to Porter Goss, and of course, your own-and d from Princeton 1). He was born De- Similarly, our Constitution recognizes the Dedical care and legal protection. Bar and I feel like our own-Ileana Ros- sanctity of life by providing that no person All stages of human life are precious; all Lehtinen, right from this district here-and nking, China. He is shall be deprived of life without the due demand recognition of their sanctity. Pro- I might say parenthetically, I am very dren, and resides in proud of the team that her husband is put- process of law. tection of human life is a reflection of our On this day, we thank God for the mil- Nation's most cherished principles. Let us ting together here in Miami to see that jus- lions of Americans who work every day to then on this day speak for those who cannot tice prevails; I'm very proud of Dexter Leh- affirm the sanctity of life: scientists who speak and join with other Americans in tinen. devote their lives to researching cures for reaffirming the sanctity of life. You know, when it comes to standing by d W. Kelley, Jr., disabling and deadly diseases; doctors and Now, Therefore, I, George Bush, Presi- Bob Martinez, Barbara and I are not going e Board of nurses who care for premature babies, the dent of the United States of America, by to let anything get in our way, as much as eral Reserve elderly, and the sick; those who inspire our virtue of the authority vested in me by the we hate having to leave Washington in Jan- youth to say "no" to drugs and "yes" to the Constitution and laws of the United States, uary to come south to Florida. We'll do full richness of life; and those who work to do hereby proclaim Sunday, January 21, anything that's required of us. [Laughter] affirm the sanctity of life in our laws and 1990, as National Sanctity of Human Life As you know, I originally intended to innounced his inten- public policy. We recall that when life is Day. I call upon all Americans to reflect on come here in December. But as I told Bar, rd W. Kelley, Jr., to threatened, Americans respond energetical- the sanctity of human life in all its stages in order to meet with the most important ard of Governors of ly and quickly, as when disasters such as and to gather in homes and places of wor- man in the Soviet Union, I had to postpone stem for a term of Hurricane Hugo or the Loma Prieta earth- ship to give thanks for the gift of life and to a get-together with the most important man y 1, 1990. This is a quake strike. In sorrow, we recall scenes reaffirm our commitment of respect for life in Florida. Barbara said, "You know Dennis that deny the sanctity of life: babies born and the dignity of every human being. Erickson?" [Laughter] Of course, those of us ey has served as a addicted to drugs, lives shattered by drugs In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set who are fans of Hurricanes, we're not alone. of Governors of the or alcohol, the elderly who are neglected, the disabled denied their full potential. We my hand this nineteenth day of January, in Every time you changed the TV channel n. Prior to this, he are also mindful that children, in particular, the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and this year, there was another team from oard of Investment on, TX, 1981-1987. ninety, and of the Independence of the Florida out there. I might say to Dennis and need special concern, care, and protection, ved as chairman of both before and after birth. United States of America the two hundred to Sam, I look forward to seeing you at the ine Companies, Inc., One of the key issues connected with the hd fourteenth. White House to salute your fantastic record. But tonight we're talking about another dustries Inn of life has a divisive! Jan. 19 / Administration of George Bush, 1990 Administration of George Bush, 1990 / Jan. 19 You know, in the next decade, Florida But to be effective, we will both need the And we will go further to protect natural Bob has already stiffened the Florida code, will need his leadership as never before. cooperation, not the opposition, of partisan Florida, but we also need common sense to added the prison space to enforce it. In Every year, the equivalent of the popula- legislators. Take clean air. Last summer, I protect another delicate ecology, if you will, Washington, Congress, to its credit, acted tion of a new city, even larger than Bob's proposed the first major revision of the the ecology of an expanding economy with on part of my anticrime package. More Tampa, moves to Florida. And some say this Clean Air Act since 1977, one that uses good jobs and good government. And as I money has been provided for additional growth is a mixed blessing. Everyone loves market solutions to cut acid rain, smog, and start my second year as President, one of prison space, more Federal law enforce- the new businesses and the new jobs, but other poisons in our air. And it was a bal- my prime economic goals is to cut the tax ment officers. But Congress has left too growth can also bring problems: how to anced proposal. But Congress still hasn't on capital gains. You see, I believe I know much work undone. And so, help Senator preserve the environment, to fight crime. acted. And so, I call on Congress as soon as that such a tax cut would create even great- Mack and our Republican Congressmen Florida's growth is the proof of Florida's it reconvenes to preserve the balance, to er opportunities for more Americans. Now, here tonight-all of them supporters-our prosperity. So, what you need is a Governor keep costs under control, but to act on of course, there's those who claim other- Members of Congress and me, help us all to who has always seeked the best for Florida, clean air. wise. They attack me for claiming this is a get action on the rest of my violent crime who will carefully weigh the needs of And, yes, we have other environmental tax cut for the rich, but we know that such package: to toughen Federal sentences for nature and man, who will make the most of concerns. I know that every time I fish a tax cut will help every American who those using a firearm in the commission of a economic opportunity while protecting along the flats off Islamorada, I'm reminded holds a job or owns a home. A majority, a felony, to reform the rules of evidence, to your own very special way of life. And of just how special Florida truly is. You have majority-Connie knows this well-the support the police, to enact the death pen- that's the kind of Governor you need, and the longest coast of any State in the conti- Members of the United States Congress, alty proposal that I sent them. Join me in that's the kind of Governor you've got, and nental United States, some of it beautiful Senate and House, are on record as wanting calling on Congress to take the shackles off that's the Governor that we must reelect. beaches; some of it lined with leafy man- to cut capital gains. And therefore, I call on the policemen, the courts, and the law. Some leaders look only for immediate po- litical gain. Bob Martinez-he looks beyond groves-your interior landscape, a tropical the political leadership in Congress to get Bob and I support an oppressed minority, the horizon to the stars. And this has been jewel glistening with rivers and marshes out of the way of that majority. Let the will an incredible year of change. Promises to and freshwater swamps, and the famous of the majority work on this important job- one that's too often been stripped of its rights, and I'm talking about the victims of river of grass. Just this afternoon, as Bob oriented piece of legislation. be a decade of change, beginning with the referred to this, we toured the Everglado Bob and I agree on other basic economic crime. I hope that each of you, one way or successful mission of the space shuttle Co- and saw sanctuaries for crocodiles and tur principles, as true in Tallahassee as they are another, will try to help out what I call a lumbia. And now, thanks to Bob Martinez, in Washington, DC: when legislators send a Thousand Points of Light, try to learn a American business is on the launch pad tles. And this is the home of the royal palm spendthrift legislation, we send it back. But little more about these organizations to help with Spaceport Florida. and the bald cypress, the Florida panther, if legislators will work with us, we can the victims of crime. And a President, too, must look to the far and so many other rare and endangered plant and animal species. And all these devise creative new ways to use frugal I say a killer deserves something else, and horizons, and the other great frontier of our creatures, great and small, need very spe- means to achieve generous ends. And for I'm talking about justice. And justice is ex- time is the freedom frontier. The world in those who say that we need to spend more actly what Bob Martinez is dispensing in January 1990 is a very different place, very cial protection. money to get people off welfare, I say look this State. So, let those who value life so different than it was in January of 1989. So, Bob has been working with my ad- to Florida-look to Florida. Thanks to your little know one sure thing: that when they Then the Berlin Wall seemed to be an im- ministration to extend the Everglades east- Governor's Project Independence, 31,000 come to Florida, they've reached the end of penetrable veil between East and West; ward across the very land that we saw men and women, all welfare recipients, the line. We need to back up our law en- now that Iron Curtain is open. And then a today. And this successful partnership be- were able to use State training and. educa- forcement people. dictator reigned in Panama, and now the tween Florida and the Federal Government tion to replace welfare with work. And this But the challenges of the future also re- people rule in Panama. In fact, there are has been furthered by the able leadership is the best kind of antipoverty program, one quire vision and compassion, especially the only two holdouts preventing a totally of Manuel Lujan. Working with Secretary that saves the taxpayers' money-tens of challenge of preparing our children for the democratic hemisphere. So, let Daniel Lujan, Governor Martinez took the initia- millions of dollars-one that really does future. And if I might-I am in great admi- Ortega and Fidel take note: Like the dino- tive necessary to make this major Ever- work. ration of Barbara for what she's done over saur, the day of the dictator is over. They glades expansion a reality. He created the Bob and I share yet another goal, and the years in working to help make our are swimming against the tide. East Everglades Land Acquisition Task that's to beat the scourge of drugs, a country a literate nation. We have an Edu- But this is an era of brisk change abroad. Force. And because the State of Florida was menace to the very future of America. Bob cational Excellence Act. And that Educa- Let us also make it a time of great achieve- willing to set aside part of this land, I was is the lead Governor on the substance abuse tional Excellence Act has been one of my ment at home. And Bob and I began this able to sign into law a bill increasing the and drug trafficking for the national task top priorities since I sent this legislation to year by working together to help Florida size of Everglades National Park by more force for the National Governors' Associa- Congress almost 9 months ago. To make our farmers recover from the terrible freeze. than 100,000 acres. And because of our ef- tion. He set a national precedent by ap- schools work, we must give parents, teach- And I was pleased at his suggestion to sign a forts together, we have ensured that the pointing a State drug czar. And he has ers, and children choice and flexibility and major disaster declaration for southern Flor- Everglades will remain an everlasting treas worked to make parolees undergo drug then hold everyone accountable for the re- ida earlier this week, authorizing Federal ure for the children of America. In fact, testing with counseling-to get straight and sults. And accountability should begin with relief and recovery assistance. And we will hear that even the alligators are pleased. then to stay straight. the United States Congress. It's high time work on a wide range of domestic issues, [Laughter] So pleased, they're wearing polo And Bob and I also share a philosophy that Congress finished its homework and from the environment to crime fighting, shirts with a little picture of Bob Martinez about prison sentences: make them at least passed needed education reforms. When it sound economic policies and education. on their chests. [Laughter] as tough as the criminals you convict. And comes to caring for children, perhaps Wash- 76 77 Administration of G Jan. 19 / Administration of George Bush, 1990 ble to the Council, shall be performed by electronic hooku; ington could learn a thing or two from Bob on Science and Technology ("Council"). the Office of Administration in accord with ticipants had ga Martinez, who has worked so hard on The Council shall be composed of not more the guidelines and procedures established march to the Su behalf of children at risk, whose One than 15 members, one of whom shall be the by the Administrator of General Services. sion of the 17th Church, One Child Program has placed so Director of the Office of Science and Tech- (b) The Council shall terminate on June decision of Roe many foster children in loving homes. nology Policy, and 14 of whom shall be dis- 30, 1991, unless sooner extended. abortion. I've spoken here at length about some of tinguished individuals from the private my hopes for this year because they mesh sector to be appointed by the President. George Bush so well, you see. They mesh so well with The Director of the Office of Science and The White House, your Governor's outlook. But Bob's achieve- Technology Policy shall serve as Chairman January 19, 1990. ments stand alone, from the environment to of the Council. The Vice Chairman shall be Statement on tl crimefighting, to preparing the children of appointed by the President from among the [Filed with the Office of the Federal Regis- Arnold Schwarz Florida for the future. His would be a re- 14 private sector members. The Chairman ter, 10:14 a.m., January 22, 1990] the President's markable record of achievement for any shall report directly to the President. Governor, but for this Governor, it's all just Sec. 2. Functions. (a) The Council shall Fitness and Spc another day at the office. advise the President on matters involving January 22, 199 The bottom line is this-and this is what I all areas of science and technology. came down to tell you: I need Bob Marti- (b) In the performance of its advisory Remarks to Participants in the March I am pleased nez; Florida needs Bob Martinez. So, let's duties the Council shall conduct a continu- for Life Rally ment of Arnold hit the campaign trail, the trail to victory in ing review and assessment of developments January 22, 1990 man of the Pres November. in science and technology, and shall, Fitness and Snoi Thank you. God bless you, and God bless through the Chairman, report thereon to Hello. Well, at first I want to welcome all raise the conscio America. the President whenever requested. of you gathered in Washington from around the importance (c) The Chairman may, from time tg he country for this year's March for Life. physical fitness. Note: The President spoke at 7:26 p.m. in time, invite experts to investigate ang Before you begin the march, I want to take The physical h the main ballroom of the Omni Interna- report to the Council on specific issues of a minute to share my deep, personal con- tional Hotel. In his remarks, he referred to national consequence. cern about abortion on demand, which I have a stronge annual New Y the Governor's wife, Mary Jane Martinez; Sec. 3. Administration. (a) The heads of oppose. know that indiv Van Poole and Alec Courtelis, chairman Executive agencies shall, to the extent per- For 17 years, the March for Life has and finance chairman of the State Republi- mitted by law, provide the Council and its served as a poignant reminder to all Ameri- health, fitness, a: can Party, respectively; Dexter Lehtinen, cans that human life in all its forms must be through the acti panels such information with respect to sci- acting U.S. Attorney; and Dennis Erickson entific and technological matters as re- respected. And I think all of you know my cise programs. I and Sam Jankovich, football coach and di- quired for the purpose of carrying out its deep conviction on Roe versus Wade. The the Council beca rector of intercollegiate athletics at the Uni- continuing strong presence of the March for qualified to add functions. versity of Miami, respectively. Following Life reminds those of us in decisionmaking health and fitne (b) Members of the Council shall serve his remarks, the President and Mrs. Bush without any compensation for their work on capacities, in the White House and in the our youth. Arno went to Camp David, MD, for the weekend. the Council. However, members appointed Congress and in the Court, that millions of career to the pu from among private citizens of the United Americans care fundamentally about this cal fitness. His States may be allowed travel expenses, in- issue and are committed to preserving the broad range of cluding per diem in lieu of subsistence, as sanctity of life. athletic compet authorized by law for persons serving inter- Your movement also reminds Americans, ventures. Executive Order 12700-President's mittently in the Government service (5 especially young Americans, of the self-evi- Council of Advisors on Science and The continue Technology U.S.C. 5701-5707). dent moral superiority of adoption over Council on Phys (c) Any expenses of the Council shall be abortion. We should all be grateful to the January 19, 1990 paid from the funds available for the ex- families that adopt babies, giving them care large part due to and love and a chance for a wonderful life. and Chairmen, By the authority vested in me as Presi- penses of the Office of Science and Tech- Chairman Dick Ladies and gentlemen, let me assure you dent by the Constitution and laws of the nology Policy. that this President stands with you on this Dick to remain United States of America, and in order to (d) The Office of Administration shall, on issue of life and that my prayers go out to experience and establish, in accordance with the provisions a reimbursable basis, provide such adminis- of you for your faith and courage. God fit to the new C of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, as trative services as may be required. pless you, and God bless life. Thank you ing other new amended (5 U.S.C. Ann. 2). an advisorv Sec. 4. General. (a) Notwithstanding any the verv near FLORIDA that both parties God reigns and the government at Washington still lives." "I realized [in 1953]-and with some surprise-that Woodrow Wilson James A. Garfield Washington was now a world capital." eech in St. Louis Speaking to New York crowd Edmund Wilson Sept. 5, 1919 on the day of Lincoln's death, April 15, 1865 Postscript of 1957 1957 Washington is not a place to live in. The rents are high, the food is bad, the dust is disgusting and the ITICS morals are deplorable." Horace Greeley FLORIDA but in 1900, as in New York Tribune istance from New July 13, 1865 York had become the task of Wash Home of the brave, land of the free to control it. The I don't want to be mistreated by no bourgeoisie, century promised Lord, it's a bourgeois town! Tell all the colored folks to listen to me, Henry Adams Don't try to buy no home in Washington, D.C. ? of Henry Adams Cause it's a bourgeois town!" 1907 Leadbelly, bluesman Quoted by Alden Stevens Capital: Tallahassee Became a territory: March 30, 1822 ashion, of intelli- Harper's Monthly Magazine Entered the union (with rank): March 3, 1845 (27) the attractions of December, 1941 State motto: In God we trust /here there is no State flower: Orange blossom ting in abundance No position in America can be more susceptible of State bird: Mockingbird grand improvement than that between the eastern State song: "Swanee River" G.W. Bagby branch of the Potomac and Georgetown." State tree: Sabal palmetto palm Atlantic Monthly Charles L'Enfant Nickname: Sunshine State January, 1861 Letter to Alexander Hamilton Origin of state name: From Spanish for "feast of April, 1781 flowers" ) vote for a presi- ses they are colo- Washington the capital is the hope of world free- Florida is a thin skin of earth stretched between the dom; Washington the city is over-crowded, badly Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Barely rising Russell Baker housed, expensive, crime-ridden, intolerant, with above sea level at most points, the state is a mixture Times Guide to the inadequate transportation, schools, and health facili- of swampland, beach and table flat farmland. The Nation's Capital ties. It staggers under a dilapidated and hopeless southernmost spot in the continental United States, 1967 governmental organization, and its problems are rap- Florida has become a haven for youngsters who want idly growing worse." to party on the beaches and for retirees who want to ty of Magnificent Alden Stevens relax in the year-round sun. Most recently, Florida ater propensity be Harper's Monthly Magazine has become a miniature Cuba for thousands of exiles intentions; for it is December, 1941 from the Castro regime. The Latin influence in the f it from the top of state is growing by leaps and bounds. mprehend the vast [On segregation]: "Here in the capital of a nation Florida's reputation as a haven for the aging began biring Frenchman dedicated to the proposition that all men are created early in its history. In 1513, Ponce de Leon went nothing, and lead equal, one-third of the residents are forbidden the there seeking the legendary "fountain of youth," only want houses, theaters and the restaurants of the principal business which he was convinced was located somewhere on dings that need but area, are effectively blocked in their search for em- the peninsula. He was wrong, but the state's balmy rnaments of great ployment, are commonly charged two to three times climate is about the best substitute available. great thoroughfares as much rent as the other two-thirds for equivalent Florida passed from Spain to France, then to res." accommodations, and are hated and feared because England and finally to the United States. For 19 Charles Dickens they do not like it." years it was a territory whose future was much in American Notes Alden Stevens doubt as vicious wars between settlers and the native 1842 Harper's Monthly Magazine Seminole Indians raged. The Indians succumbed in December, 1941 1842, and Florida achieved statehood in 1848. 161 FLORIDA FLORIDA Florida is one of America's fastest growing states, swamps are potential treasure houses of fertility and "Before the synthetic civilization came, there was which has created problems with crime, pollution health, its bustling surface life, its expansive self- only natural Florida-a remarkable peninsula, ex- "As for the people of Florida, they have come from and a scarcity of fresh water. It is difficult to main- satisfaction, hide a profound mental and spiritual tending more than 300 miles south of the major every state and clime, and from the rich and the poor. tain the leisurely life for which the state is known in sterility." continental land mass, a great green mat, often But the base is a mixture of so-called cracker, or the crowded urban conditions. Clara G. Stillman broken by lakes and swamps, floating in a deep blue pioneer who was usually a white man, the Latin Economically, Florida's health rests on tourism, These United States sea." American, Negro and Seminole Indian-all making agriculture and limited manufacturing. Citrus fruit 1924 Neal R. Peirce together a heady American brew!" leads Florida crops, with truck garden vegetables The Deep South States of America Pearl S. Buck coming close behind. Phosphate mining and manu- "For Florida, mixture of infant prodigy, spoiled 1974 America facture and aerospace operation are the two leading prima donna and nouveau riche, has the engaging 1971 industries. and disheartening qualities of all three. Forced into "From north to south, this was the view: first, the Florida is in many ways an odd match of youth and adult ways beyond her years, what wonder that she low-rolling, pine-covered hills of the north and the a place to work off a year's inhibition in a few age: its population centers around the very young and frequently lapses into corners to play with dolls or to panhandle, close kin to the red clay hills of neighbor- determined weeks of pleasure." very-old, its cities include America's oldest continu- make faces, what wonder that like the slattern who is ing Georgia and Alabama, a land of magnolias and Alistair Cooke ous community, St. Augustine, founded in 1565, and beautiful only for company, she decks herself gor- the languid Suwannee River, live oaks and Spanish One Man's America the futuristic Kennedy Space Center at Cape geously, according to her lights, in her tourist centers moss." 1952 Canaveral; even its phosphate industry, which is and rich agricultural regions, with wastes of slov- Neal R. Peirce relatively young, is dependent upon remains in Flori- enly, burned-out, swamp-gutted rural destitution and The Deep South States of America da's soil of the very old dinosaurs and other prehis- decay between." 1974 Florida, ever so amiably, is weak. You may toric creatures that once roamed here. Clara G. Stillman live there serenely, no doubt-as in a void furnished These United States at the most with velvet air; you may in fact live there "South Florida will be a garden or it will be a desert. THE STATE 1924 with an idea, if you are content that your idea shall It will never again be a wilderness. It is not a THE LANDSCAPE wilderness now. It is the rag left over when the consist of grapefruit and oranges." Henry James "Florida, I have read, is the oldest state in our wilderness wears away." The American Scene history but the youngest in its development. I doubt Richard Rhodes "Florida was so great a mosquito haven that the 1907 the last half of the sentence. It is more than four Playboy insect's name was honored in at least one place hundred years old in Western terms, and in some January 1972 name." "Florida was the only wilderness in the world that ways antidiluvian in its vegetable and animal life." Thomas Clark Pearl S. Buck The Emerging South Although I am no archaeologist, I love Florida as attracted middle-aged pioneers." John McPhee America much for the remains of her unfinished cities as for 1968 "Oranges" 1971 the bright cabanas on her beaches." The John McPhee Reader E.B. White "In none of the forty-eight states does life leap so 1976 " Florida still had, in her ingenuous, not at all On a Florida Key insidious way, the secret of pleasing, and that even suddenly, in an hour's motor drive, from the subur- Essays of E.B. White round about me the vagueness was still an appeal. ban snooze to the primeval ooze." 1941 "This scene [hiring migrant workers] is not taking Alistair Cooke The vagueness was warm, the vagueness was bright, place in the Congo. It has nothing to do with Johan- One Man's America the vagueness was sweet, being scented and flowered PEOPLE nesburg or Capetown. This is a shape-up for migrant 1952 and fruited; above all the vagueness was somehow workers. The hawkers you hear are chanting the consciously and confessedly weak. I made out in it The people's attitude [toward social problems] is, going piece rate at the various fields. This is Belle something of the look of the charming shy face that "The first faint reflection of south Florida's Gold Glade, Florida. This is the way the humans who Damn it, I am down here to avoid problems, not desires to communicate and that yet has just too little Coast shows up slowly, then in a tumbling cascade as harvest the food for the best-fed people in the world have them.' expression. What it would fain say was that it really you proceed south from Melbourne along the south Gov. Bob Graham get hired. One farmer looked at this and said, We knew itself unequal to any extravagance of demand central coast." used to own our slaves, now we just rent them." Quoted in Time upon it, but that it would always do its gentle Robert Fisher Edward R. Murrow Nov. 23, 1981 Fodor's Sunbelt Leisure Guide Harvest of Shame best. I found the plea, for myself, I may declare, exquisite and irresistible: the Florida of that particu- 1979 CBS-TV Documentary lar tone was a Florida adorable." WAY OF LIFE 1960 Henry James "The way it's going [at Lake Okeechobee], we'll The American Scene soon have a desert." The state is turning Florida into a zoo. They'd stock "People live forever in Jacksonville and St. Peters- 1907 Joel Kuperberg, executive director of the Collier, the Everglades with giraffe if they thought they could burg and Tampa. But you don't have to live forever County Conservatory. sell licenses to shoot them. And they probably to be a grandpa." "Taking it all in all, Florida is, physically and Quoted by John G. Mitchell could." Ogden Nash spiritually, both the desert and the rose, and "The Bitter Struggle for a National Park Joe Browder "Come On In, the Senility Is Fine" strangely, when it appears to be one, it often turns American Heritage American Heritage You Can't Get There From Here out to be the other. Its gray sands and malarial 1970 April, 1970 1957 162 163 FLORIDA FLORIDA Baldwin Heights was found by the National Better "The [pro-] dollar sympathies of the Florida (a humidity, about which South Floridians are more "As I went along I found that more and more people Business Bureau to be under water." typical southern legislature) have been well known than a little defensive: humidity is good for the skin. lusted toward Florida and that thousands had moved Alva Johnson since the day in 1901 that it changed the law to Then add money, lots of money, money from sources there and more thousands wanted to and would. The The Legendary Mixners permit Henry Flagler, vice president of Standard Oil no one ever heard of before, sources which aren't advertising, with a side look at Federal Communica- 1942 Company and builder of the Florida East Coast even. clear. Give the picture a furious, fast-paced Railway, to divorce his insane wife, and then Latin beat-no mood of mañana here-and you have tions, made few claims except for the fact that the land they were selling was in Florida. Some of them "The bewildering final state of the boom [of the changed the law back again-a gesture in Bible- Miami in the middle of its 1980s boom, the biggest went out on a limb and promised that it was above 1920s] was dominated by what was known in Florida quoting Florida that may have been even more signif- and most exuberant in the history of Florida booms: tide level. But that didn't matter; the very name as 'vision'-a gift that enabled an observer to mis- icant than the two million acres of prime land the blue skies, lacy white clouds, pink nights, music Florida carried the message of warmth and ease and take spots before the eyes for magnificent cities legislature gave him for his railroad." from great cruise ships in the port, yachts in the Robert Sherrill marinas, sailboats in the bay, Gucci Cadillac Sevilles comfort." You qualified as a man of vision the moment you saw John Steinbeck the Manhattan skyline rising out of an alligator Gothic Politics in the Deep South skimming across airy skyways, and buildings-tall, Travels with Charley 1968 glistening-white buildings-rising everywhere." swamp." 1962 Alva Johnson Stephen Birmingham The Legendary Mixners "Florida is a strange land, both in its traditions and Vogue "Nothing distinguished had yet emerged from Flor- 1942 its natural features. It was the first settled of the January, 1981 ida, whether in statesmanship, scholarship, letters or states, and has the most genial climate of all of them; arts, and whatever comes in the future will have to "After the crash [of the real estate bubble of the and yet the greater part of it is still a wilderness." "Until quite recently, when most people thought of struggle through a pall of American provincialism, 1920s], Florida had something new to offer in the J.B. Thorpe Miami, they thought of Miami Beach. This fact used Protestant white supremacy, economic ruthlessness field of archaeology. The state was dotted with Picturesque America to annoy true Miamians, who liked to emphasize that and religious obscurantism." unborn ghost cities, the picturesque remains of 1872 they lived in a respectable year-round city, not a Clara G. Stillman places that had never had an inhabitant. Florida CITIES, TOWNS gaudy resort, [and] that Miami and Miami Beach These United States became the richest country in the world in fresh were two different things, with separate city govern- 1924 AND REGIONS ments, separate attitudes and goals and life styles. ruins." Alva Johnson Miami had a public-school system, even a university. The Legendary Mixners The Everglades Miami Beach didn't even have a cemetery.' HISTORY AND POLITICS 1942 Stephen Birmingham "What flows in from the north is the national park's Vogue "Florida had turned [in the Depression] from El lifeblood." January, 1981 Dorado into a desert set about with curious ruins of "I started writing this in the sub-basement of the John G. Mitchell gigantic hotels and towns, half-completed." Florida capitol: a good place to be measuring the American Heritage Miami Beach grew to the point where it con- W.J. Cash deep South. It is a building whose superstructure is 1970 tained the greatest concentration of hotel rooms of The Mind of the South appropriately half a foot out of alignment with its any city in the world. Its capacity to accommodate 1941 foundation. There is a sense of abandonment, 'The Everglades, the winterless Everglades that was transients exceeded the population of many entire wistful archeological air about the capitol as of ruins once the wonder of the world, is not dying. It is states Obviously, though no one thought of it, it [On a 20-lane, half-mile road to a land development]: nobody cares to dig. Pieces of the capitol go whiz- already dead. The shell is left, the shell of a wilder- was a case of a popularity that could not last. The "Just as a scientist can reconstruct dinosaurs from zing off in every high wind. The dome, supported ness, and should be saved. We save shells." shadows of the big hotels blocked out the sun. one giant fragment of bone, so the Florida sucker only by legends and rotten timbers, is condemned. Richard Rhodes Perhaps because of the hotels' combined weight, the was able to forecast the tremendous future of Boca Ceilings sag. But the exterior is painted a fine, pure Playboy sands of the beach itself began sinking into the sea. white, and from a distance-say, standing on the On the inland side of the sandbar, Indian Creek Raton from the giant fragment of road. London had farthest hill across Smokey Hollow-the lines of the January, 1972 became an open sewer." no 20-lane highway; Paris, Rome, New York, and building are beautifully aristocratic. As a symbol of Stephen Birmingham Chicago had no 20-lane highways. As investors studied the implications of El. Camino Real, the southern politics this building is perfect." The question is not one of too much water [in the Vogue Robert Sherrill Everglades] but a guarantee that there shall not be too corner lots in Boca Raton jumped in value from a few Little." January, 1981 Gothic Politics in the Deep South hundred dollars to $100,000." 1961 William E. Warner, assistant secretary of the Alva Johnson interior "They [Cuban exiles] have given Miami a flavor it The Legendary Mixners Quoted by John G. Mitchell lacked. Their gift for living whether they are rich or 1942 "The state's continuing concern for the well-being American Heritage poor, seems both more festive and more real than commerce was illustrated [in the 1950s] when it sel April, 1970 their native style. Theirs is a mixture of pleasure- aside two major rivers as 'commercial streams seeking, understanding for human frailty, [and] "Florida [during land-boom of the 1920s] was sensi- tive about the fact that it was the flattest state in the which industry could, and did, pollute as it liked.' pride, [and] devotion to church and family that are Robert Shemil Miami being lost in the computer age." country except Delaware, and it attempted to achieve altitude by playing games with words. Okeechobee Gothic Politics in the Deep South -AI Burt 1968 Paint in brown hills and smog, and you would have The Nation Highlands was twelve inches taller than the country Southern California. Or subtract a rather persistent March 8, 1971 around it, according to Kenneth Ballinger. 165 164 GEORGIA FLORIDA and planted their squash and bananas, confident that "Miami is the only place in the United States that's "Prior to their [Cuban exiles'] appearance on the this insidious marsh country of the red-bug and the GEORGIA scene, Miami tended to be essentially a rather indo- moccasin would be theirs by default because it was going to escape major recessions, and the reason- the one section of Florida the white man could not you really have to be honest about it-goes back to lent pasture town for retired elderly people [competitive] from the endure. The only other inhabitants of these impen- two things: the drug cash flow that comes in and North, and a winter resort The pressure came from the Cubans, hungry for work, etrable mangrove swamps were squatters, outcasts, impacts the whole community. And number two, the moonshiners who lived in shacks raised on stilts over increased centralization of trade, commerce, and resilient, imaginative and, in a great many cases, the shallow Florida Bay flats at a now vanished banking in Miami toward the Caribbean and Central equipped with considerable skills and experience in a community well-named Snake Bite, or in lawless and South America." variety of fields. What they did, then, was to ener- little bands on the islands of Whitewater Bay." Maurice Ferre, Miami mayor gize the whole city." Tad Szulc Budd Schulberg Joel Garreau "Florida" Esquire The Nine Nations of North America American Panorama Capital: Atlanta 1981 February, 1974 1947 Entered the union (with rank): Jan. 4, 1788 (4) "It even makes one feel more kindly toward South- Palm Beach: State motto: Wisdom, justice, moderation State flower: Cherokee rose " 'Miami Beach is where neon goes to die,' was 'ern California." State bird: Brown thrasher Lenny Bruce's terse assessment of America's ivory Edmund Wilson "For the boarders, verily, were the great indicated State song: "Georgia on My Mind" coast." "Miami" show, as I had gathered in advance, at Palm Beach; it State tree: Live oak Barbara Gordon 1949 had been promised one, on all sides, that there, as Saturday Review Nicknames: Empire State of the South, Peach State nowhere else, in America, one would find Vanity May 20, 1972 Origin of state name: After George II of England [Miami Beach]: "What draws people down to this Fair in full blast vacuum? How do they amuse themselves here?" Henry James Georgia looks like everyone's image of the rural "The materialistic capital of the world." Edmund Wilson The American Scene Norman Mailer South: the red soil, the kudzu vine climbing over "Miami" 1907 every unprotected surface, the winding country roads Miami and the Siege of Chicago 1949 Pensacola: 1968 and small bridges over slow-moving streams, the little towns barely one block long. Atlanta, Georgia's [Miami]: "Acres of nougat-like shops, mountain [Pensacola Harbor in 1870s]: "Vessels, before load- capital, by contrast, is the perfect picture of the 44 A street of nightmarish-hotels, each more fe- ranges of vanilla ice-cream hotels." verishly grotesque than the last." Edmund Wilson ing with cargo, discharged their ballast, which was future of the South-the prosperous Sunbelt. An James Morris "Miami" hauled and dumped along the shore, and 60 acres of auto-centered city of plazas, highways, clean glass 1949 land were created in a few years. Thus Pensacola's As I Saw the USA skyscrapers, revitalized city rowhouses and immi- 1956 reclaimed shoreline is made up of red granite from grants from the north and west, Atlanta looks like Sweden, blue stone from Italy, broken tile from success, with considerable reason. Other Cities and Regions France, and dredgings from the River Thames and Founded as an English debtors' colony by Gen. "Miami has now become the capital of Latin Amer- Scheldes of The Netherlands." James Oglethorpe in 1733, Georgia went on to be- ica." Jaime Roldos, president of Ecuador Key West: The Federal Writers Project of the WPA come one of the Confederacy's stalwarts during the Florida, American Guide Series Civil War. It probably suffered greater damage from Speech at Miami Trade Fair 1979 its persistent air of slightly piratical indepen 1939 that war than any other state; Sherman's army cut a dence." St. Augustine: violent swath across the state from Atlanta to the sea, James Morris burning and pillaging as it went. Reconstruction also "Miami Beach has gone from being the fun and sun As I Saw the USA A part of St. Augustine lingers as the Southeast's hit Georgia hard, and the state's economy remained capital of the world to the slum and bum capital." 1956 most tangible relic of the Spaniards' bid for power." flat until the middle of this century. Local politician Harnett T. Kane Today, Georgia's relative lack of development has Quoted by William Safire "If the continent were water and the water land, Key Gone Are the Days turned into a plus. Industries have moved south in New York Times West is where all the sweetness and bitterness, all the 1960 droves to utilize the large sources of natural materi- Oct. 25, 1981 honey and sour acids of our complicated American als, the relaxed laws concerning pollution and unions lives would drain. The southernmost point in the West Palm Beach: and the available space. Georgia, the largest state "In Miami, the wonder city, pride of south Florida, United States. Land's end. Old glory and present east of the Mississippi, benefited from all these where some of its citizens dream a new culture is to decay." "God rode out the ocean, factors and has become a new home for dozens of be born, we have this extraordinary situation, ex- Richard Rhodes Chained the lightning to his wheel; corporations. The new prosperity is slowly changing traordinary even for the South. A curfew regulation: Playbej Stepped on land at West Palm Beach, the face of Georgia, but the old southern ways still No Negroes except those needed as night bell boys, January, 1972 And the wicked hearts did yield." persist outside the big cities. Georgia ranks first in porters and the like by hotels, allowed out of the Spiritual gallons of moonshine whiskey seized by the feds. colored section of the city after nine p.m." Marsh country: Quoted by Alistair Cooke Clara G. Stillman One Man's America These United States "Here the Indians who refused the indignity of being 1952 1924 removed en masse to Oklahoma built their villages 167 166 MARTINEZ FOR GOVERNOR: OCTOBER 10, 1990 I. Middle East: -Brenda Spriggs wrote me from Florida the other day, to tell me how proud she is of her son, currently serving in Saudi Arabia. Brenda told me that she and her husband are praying that the situation in the Middle East can be resolved peacefully. Brenda, you have my promise: we will make every effort to bring a peaceful resolution to this crisis. And we're proud of your son as well. -We're expecting a call tomm. with additional names. I've asked Steve McGreevey to pass them on to you. II. Anecdotal: -Bob wanted a speaker today who is loved in Florida, known for his intelligence and cunning; feared by opponents for his bold strategy. But since Don Shula couldn't make it, Bob asked me to fill in. -But we need Bob to win for another reason. I understand that if he loses, Bob has been asked to star in a new episode of Miami Vice. -These are fast moving times, and a Governor has to be able to keep up with the pace. Bob Martinez has the skills needed to do just that, and he also has the dog. Couple of weeks ago we pulling up to the Governor's residence, the door opens, and before I had a chance to get my foot out the door, Bob's basset hound XXXX jumped in at full speed. No offense Bob, but I don't we'll be introducing XXXX to little Millie any time soon. -Of course, Bar and I are delighted to have our son Jeb running your campaign Bob, but I got to warn you, he's dangerous. Up in Kennebunkport couple of weeks ago, Jeb hooked me in the ear. I've got enough to deal with in Saddam Hussein, and I need this? Mascat. Mandey,Oct. / Florida nowes Rich up Tape - Print out Labarl Treasury material- start folder Martinez fax-call Martiney - Call companyn (neuspaper descr ptious Lpersonal Less on a insues, fox -military names THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON TO: Carolyn FROM: SALLY SALMON Associate Director Office of Political Affairs Hype their helps m Martiney hig newer are cume : dugs 'n' ? the comment Governor Bob Martinez BOB MARTINEZ FOR GOV B Mar : 731 "As Governor, virtually every decision 1 make is with my family in mind. And yours. The citizens of our state deserve a Governor who stands up for their interests. That's the commitment I made four years ago as 1 sought the office and it's a com- mitment I have kept throughout my first term. With your continued support, we will build an even better Florida." Taking a The choice is yours, and the time is now. Bob Martinez. Strong Stand Taking a Strong Stand for a Better Tomorrow BOB MARTINEZ FOR GOVERNOR Post Office Box 2723 Tallahassee, FL 32316 Paid For by the Campaign Account of Bob Martinez "A" Pd. Pol. Adv. for a Better Tomorrow printed on recycled paper Sep 24,90 24 17:59 No 071 P.02 Taking a Strong Stand for a Better Tomorrow As Florida's 40th Governor, Bob Martinez Crime quickly established a strong record of achievement. In January 1987, Governor Funded 28,220 new prison beds, as many Martinez inherited a state facing growing as both his predecessors combined during BOB MARTINEZ FOR GOV problems, but one filled with great promise. their 16 years in office doubling the size of the state's prison system. He immediately set to work ably using existing resources to make positive strides * Enacted longer mandatory sentencing for for education and the environment, and career criminals and a system to ensure that taking strong preventative measures in the the worst offenders remain behind bars. areas of drugs and crime. Governor Martinez has met the state's greatest challenges to # Vigorously supported the death penalty, ensure its promising future. signing more than 120 death warrants and working to reduce frustrating delays in the Governor Martinez has demonstrated a judicial system. hands-on management style and has been a working Governor of Florida. Florida is one of the fastest growing states in the TEL: 904-385-0683 country and Governor Martinez has provided practical solutions for managing that Environment growth. Governor Martinez's record reaffirms the commitment he has made to making Led the fight to stop oil drilling in 25 million Education Florida a safer and better place to live. Here acres off Florida's coast and proposed a are just a few of his accomplishments. tanker-free buffer zone around the Florida a Expanded his program to provide pre- Keys to further guard against a major oil spill. school opportunities for disadvantaged three and four-year-olds from $500,000 to $50 * Committed himself to protecting Florida's million. Drugs precious lakes and rivers, including the Kissimmee River, the Suwannee River and * Authorized the use of the National Guard * Called for and presided over Florida's first the Wekiva River, Lake Okeechobee, Tampa Governor's Education Summit which set against drug traffickers and proposed the Bay, Sarasota Bay, and the Indian River about restructuring Florida's education death penalty for drug kingpins. Lagoon. system, including the concept of choice in * Enacted Drug-Free Work Place Policies school selection. requiring drug testing for critical state * Worked to expand the Everglades National employees and expanded Florida's Correc- Park and Big Cypress National Preserve. * Expanded Florida's Pre-Paid College tional Drug Treatment Programs for Tuition Program to provide full scholar- Proposed Preservation 2000, a bold prisoners and parolees. ships to 670 economically disadvantaged environmental acquisition program that in- youngsters every year. * Appointed a drug czar for the state of cludes environmental restoration projects Florida, even before the federal government and establishing a matching program for * Established the most successful Lottery Sep 24,90 17:59 No.071 P.03 did SO. local land acquisition. in the nation which in its first two years of operation has generated $1.6 billion for * Lead Governor on substance abuse for the education, twice the amount predicted. National Governor's Association. BOB MARTINEZ FOR GOV TEL: 904-385-0683 Sep 24,90 17:59 No 071 P.04 Governor Martinez's Accomplishments Set High Standard of Leadership Since taking office in 1987, Governor Bob Martinez has dedicated himself to bringing efficiency and ef- fectiveness to state government. As a result, his first term has been one of innovation and success on a wide range of issues. Here are just a few of those achievements. GETTING TOUGH ON CRIME MAKING EVERY TAX DOLLAR COUNT The Governor has: The Governor has: -Funded 18,744 new prison beds, as many as the combined -Saved taxpayers over $1.2 billion by increasing efficiency and efforts of Governors Reuben Askew and Bob Graham in 16 reducing costs in state government. years and has proposed an additional 9,417 beds this year. -Put prisoners to work building new prisons and demolishing -Enacted sweeping anti-crime measures, including tougher crack houses. sentences for career criminals and a Drug Free School Zone Program imposing stiff sentences for those convicted of drug -Initiated new programs like "Project Independence" which crimes near schools. helps welfare recipients get off welfare and into real jobs, ving Florida taxpayers millions of dollars. -Vigorously supported the death penalty, signing more than 120 death warrants and working to reduce delays in the judicial system. CARING FOR THOSE INTEED The Governor has: WORKING RID ORIDA OF DRUGS -Raised Medicaid eligibility levels for children, the elderly, pregnant women, and the disabled to 100% of the federal pov- The Governor has: erty level (150% for pregnant women and infants), up from a meager 44% when the Governor took office. -Authorized the use of the National Guard against drug trafficker and proposed the death penalty for drug kingpins. -Organized the "Transplant Lifeline for Children" to assist Florida children who need life saving organ transplants. -Enacted Drug Free Workplace policies requiring drug test- ing for critical state employees and expanded Florida's Correc- -Instituted "One Church, One Child," a program in which a tional Drug Treatment Programs for prisoners and parolees. church works to find an adoptive home for at least one child. -Appointed a drug czar for the state of Florida, even before the -Increased pre-natal care from HRS county health units by federal government did so. 40% and increased subsidized child care by 68%. -Travelled to Panama, Bolivia, and Columbia to witness the EXPANDING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT source of America's drug supply first hand. The Governor has: PROTECTING FLORIDA'S ENN (RONMENT -Established Florida Spaceport Authority to develop the na- tion's first commercial launch facilities at Cape San Blas and The Governor has: Cape Canaveral, Florida. -Worked to stop oil drilling in 25 million acres off Florida's -Enabled the creation of 650,000 new jobs during his admini- coast and proposed a tanker-free buffer zone around the Flor- stration. ida Keys to further guard against a major oil spill. -Led Florida to a national high of new business growth, 60% -Worked to expand the Everglades National Park and Big Cy- in the first nine months of 1989. press National Preserve. -Committed himself to protecting Florida's precious lakes FST ABLISHING EDUCATIONAL ADVANCES and rivers, including the Kissimmee River, the Suwannce River, the Wekiva River and Lake Okeechobee. The Governor has: -Initiated legislation creating the Coastal States Compact to -Expanded his program to provide pre-school opportunitities safeguard the South Atlantic and Gulf coastal regions, subsc- for three and four year olds from $500,000 to $50 million. quently enacted by eight states. -Called for and presided over Florida's first Governor's Edu- --Proposed Preservation 2000, a bold environmental acquisa- cation Summit which set about restructuring Florida's educa- tion program halled by the Florida Audubon Society as the tional system, including the concept of choice in school selec- tion. "single most significant proposal yet made to reach to the problems that are destroyiing the environment." -Expanded Florida's Pre-Paid College Tuition Program to provide full scholarships to 670 economically disadvantaged youngsters every year. BOB MARTINEZ FOR GOV TEL: 904-385-0683 Sep 24,90 17:59 No 071 P.05 HRS reforms The Martinez Administration has taken dramatic steps to modernize the massive Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, the largest state social services agency of its kind in the nation. Since Governor Martinez took office funding for HRS has more than doubled, providing tremendous increases in services to the poor, children, elderly and other needy Floridians. At the same time, HRS has moved to improve how that additional money is being used. One of the most important innovations at HRS has been the modernization of the massive agency through the use of sophisticated computer systems, which save tax dollars, increase the department's productivity and greatly improve services to the public. In July 1988, the department established the Florida Protective Services System, the nation's first fully integrated computer system for handling reports of abuse and neglect involving both children and adults. Before the system was established, abuse reports were received at 181 telephone locations around the state; now all reports are received through one statewide hotline (1-800/96-ABUSE) and immediately entered into an automated tracking system. Similar automation advances have been applied to such things as services for delinquent children, Medicaid, welfare and child support enforcement. In addition, the department has focused resources on particular problem areas. The Better Living for Seniors program, begun in 1988, is a program for elderly, disabled and disadvantaged adults that coordinates a wide range of services for clients in their own homes or other community settings, reducing the need for nursing home or other high-cost care. The coordinated program has made it much easier for elderly Floridians to receive the help they need to remain active in their later years. Another major HRS success story has been in the area of child support enforcement. In the Governor's first three years in office, child support collections have more than doubled from just $98 million in 1986-87 to $200 million in 1989-90. Last year more than 6,000 Florida families gained independence from welfare through the recovery of child support payments. One Church, One Child One of the serious social dilemmas facing the state when Governor Martinez took office was a backlog of several hundred young black children awaiting adoption. In response, the Governor created Florida's One Church, One Child program. Through One Church, One Child, the state has joined with the heart of Florida's black community -- its churches -- to eliminate the tragedy of abused, neglected and abandoned black children who could not find the warmth and love of an adopted home. To date, more than 500 black children have found good homes through this innovative program. Legislation signed by the Governor in July formally establishes One Church, One Child in law, which will ensure its continued existence. BOB MARTINEZ FOR GOV TEL: 904-385-0683 Sep 24,90 17:59 No 071 P.06 Project independence Governor Martinez created Project Independence as a way to help poor Floridians trade in their welfare check for a paycheck. Project Independence reduces welfare dependency and promotes economic self-sufficiency by providing a range of services including employment, training, education and support services to program participants. Project Independence has been immensely successful, Job placements and welfare cost savings have grown each year under the program; the state has helped provide some 100, 000 job placements, resulting in a combined savings of more than $190 million in the program's first three years. Preservation 2000 Two weeks after the legislative session adjourned, Governor Martinez was named national Conservationist of the Year by the prestigious National Parks and Conservation Association, in part because of his visionary leadership in proposing Preservation 2000. Preservation 2000, which the Governor signed into law June 28, is the most ambitious land acquisition program in the nation, giving Florida a way to protect its precious environmental resources for future generations. Under the program, the state will generate some $3 billion in bonds over the next 10 years to buy land on Florida's coast, add to state parks and forests, and acquire environmentally sensitive and recreational lands. Governor Martinez proposed Preservation 2000 after hearing from his Governor's Commission on the Future of Florida's Environment, which listed land acquisition as the single greatest thing Florida can do to protect its fragile natural resources. Death Penalty Appeals Although Governor Martinez has signed more than 130 death warrants against Florida's worst murderers, only six court-imposed death sentences were carried out during the first three and a half years of his administration. While such horrible killers as Ted Bundy were brought to final justice, Governor Martinez and the people of Florida have been repeatedly frustrated by the lengthy delays brought on by round after round of appeals by Death Row inmates. As a result, Governor Martinez has been working to change federal and state laws in order to streamline the appeals process while protecting prisoners' constitutional rights. The Governor has testified before the U.S. Senate in support of a time limit on federal appeals, and has advocated state legislation to eliminate a duplicative track of appeals in state court. BOB MARTINEZ FOR GOV TEL: 904-385-0683 Sep 24,90 17:59 No. 071 P.07 Offshore OII Drilling Governor Martinez has led a bipartisan, united Florida effort to stop the threat of offshore oil drilling off the state's environmentally sensitive coast. Several years of intensive discussions reached fruition this summer when President Bush announced a ban on all oil exploration activities off the southern Florida coast into the next century. While much work remains to be done on the issue, the President's decision represented a major environmental victory for the State of Florida. The Governor is also pushing for a permanent ban on drilling activity off Florida's Panhandle coast. Governor Martinez began negotiations with then-Interior Secretary Donald Hodel during the Governor's first year in office, and as a result of the discussions drilling was blocked in 25 million acres of sensitive waters. The discussions also led to formation of two scientific studies, and those studies played a key role in the President's recent decision. Governor Martinez met privately with President Bush on several occasions to push for the ban on drilling off the Florida coast, and has also pressed Florida's case with other federal leaders. Florida Cost Savings Program Governor Martinez established the Florida Cost Savings Program in 1987 to act as a guiding force in his mission to contain the steadily rising costs of state government. The program's original goal was to fulfill the Governor's 1986 promise to identify $800 million that could be redirected to better uses. It is currently estimated that the Florida Cost Savings Program will have achieved at least $1.1 billion in savings by the end of the new fiscal year, surpassing the Governor's original goal by 38 percent. The program is designed to encourage improved productivity and cost reductions by state agencies, following established criteria. While the Governor's Office of Planning and Budgeting verifies cost-cutting steps taken by state agencies, Governor Martinez has personally played a major part in the L program by vetoing $416.9 worth of inappropriate or unneeded items injected into the state budget by the Legislature over the past four years. Among the larger savings realized through the Florida Cost Savings Program are $449 million through a Department of Corrections initiative to use inmate labor to build "quick construction" prisons, $22.7 million through a new law recommended by the Department of Transportation reduce eminent domain litigation costs, and $11 million in reduced time and erroneous welfare distributions as a result of new computer systems at the Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services. BOB MARTINEZ FOR GOVERNOR done on a weekly basis - liff issue each week. Governor Bob Martinez on the Issues: EDUCATION Post Office Box 2723 Tallahassee, FL 32316 Telephone (904) 385-1990 Telecopier (904) 385-0683 pd. pol. adv. SUMMARY Something is wrong in education, and it will take major reworking to get it fixed. That was the consensus view of the nation's Governors, who convened one year ago for the President's Education Summit. That Summit produced a set of national goals, a tool for all states to use in evaluating the success or failure of their own education systems. At the urging of Governor Martinez -- a former classroom teacher -- the Florida Cabinet adopted those goals for the state. For too long Florida has focused on "how much" rather than "how well," and the state now needs to establish measurements of performance, including such factors as testing, graduation rates and number of scholarships. The recent history of education in Florida has been one of frustration. Parents have been frustrated by the lack of results they see in the individual performances of their children. Teachers have been frustrated by their inability to gain a meaningful role in the operations of their own schools. Students have been frustrated by the handicap of an inferior education. Businesses have been frustrated by an education system that produces graduates ill-equipped to deal with the ever-changing demands of the modern world of commerce. And taxpayers have been frustrated by a Legislature and education bureaucracy that asks them to pour more and more money into a system that produces less and less. The last four years have seen some isolated examples of progress in education. As the Governor has traveled around the state, he has visited some truly meritorious schools, met with dedicated principals and teachers, and seen the spark of enlightenment in hundreds of bright and enthusiastic students. As encouraging as these individuals are, far more typical for Florida's schools has been the repetition of mediocrity and failure. Education has enjoyed a significant increase in funding under the Martinez Administration, but it is now clear that more money alone does not translate into better education. Overall performance is simply not measuring up, and the time has come for major reforms in the very structure of education in Florida. As chairman of the State Board of Education, Governor Martinez has been a steady voice for reform, working to spread the examples of individual excellence to the entire state. The Governor created the Commission on the Reform of Elementary Education, which produced a series of education reform recommendations, some of which were enacted in 1990. His efforts also led in November 1989 to the Governor's Education Summit, which produced a blueprint for educational excellence in Florida. Unfortunately many of the recommendations of that distinguished group have not yet been adopted by the Legislature, but they provide a framework for the reforms that will be enacted during the second term of the Martinez Administration. Florida's future leaders those who will be its public officials, corporate executives, teachers, and parents into the 21st Century -- will be molded by how well the state's education system does its job. If Florida is to have the kind of education system worthy of a national leader, the time to begin is now. - 2 PUBLIC SCHOOLS: PRE-KINDERGARTEN THROUGH 12th GRADE Situation Confronting Florida: January 1987 When Governor Martinez took office, Florida was just beginning to come to terms with the fact that money doesn't always mean success in public school education. Over the previous four years, teacher salaries were increased; the state had advanced from 34th in the nation to 27th in per-pupil spending; and on average each teacher had to deal with the needs of two fewer students at a time. But the state was still 30th in pupil-teacher ratio, it had the third-worst graduation rate in the nation, and it finished a weak 13th of the 22 states that use the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) as a measure of academic ability. Florida's public schools were burdened by centralized bureaucracy and too many programs that carried state mandates but no tools to evaluate their success. Achievement was being assessed by dollars, not by measurable goals. Resources for school children were sorely lacking. Many students still did not have their own textbooks for each subject, few computers were in use as learning resources in the classroom, and one of every 14 public school buses was a safety risk, built before standards were upgraded in 1977. In addition, there were no significant in-school programs to steer youngsters away from the dangers of drug use. Two months earlier the voters of Florida had approved creation of a Lottery. They awaited the leadership to set up Lottery operations that would produce the most possible benefits for Florida's public schools. 3 - Accomplishments of the Martinez Administration Over the past four years, Governor Martinez and the Legislature together provided 56 percent more money for education; the $3.45 billion in new money to education (public schools and post-secondary) in the four years of the Martinez Administration far surpassed the $2.5 billion increase in the first six years of the 1980s. However, the Governor and Legislature differed in their approaches on how to put that money to use. While the Legislature continued to pour substantial resources into the same education programs and systems that had failed to produce positive results, Governor Martinez directed his budgetary and policy initiatives toward reforming the very structure of education in Florida. The increases provided by the Governor and Legislature over the past four years allowed the state to meet the basic needs of some 311,800 additional public school students, more than total school enrollments of one-third of the other states in the nation. Teacher salaries increased 28.6 percent in that period, for the first time averaging more than $30,000 annually. But despite funding increases that moved the state up to 25th in per-pupil expenditures, Florida's public schools still are not showing results. In 1988, the last year for which figures are available, Florida ranked 51st -- dead last -- in the federal government's report of graduation rates: The state also fell to 15th out of 22 states in SAT scores, and was in the bottom half of the states (28th) in pupil-teacher ratio. These facts have given rise to a growing sense that the education bureaucracy is top-heavy, that not enough education dollars are reaching the classroom level where they can truly be used to educate. Governor Martinez believes the focus must be on expenditures that help bring children into the classroom fully prepared to learn, and on the actual classroom programs rather than administrative overhead. This should be done hand-in-hand with structural reforms designed to put the money -- and the decisions -- in the individual schools in which instruction takes place. - 4 - Readiness to Learn Governor Martinez has directed substantial resources to improving the chances that all students, regardless of their social or economic backgrounds, are able to begin and proceed through their public education on relatively equal footing. When Governor Martinez took office, Florida had virtually no statewide program for pre-kindergarten students. The state budget contained just $500,000 for the so-called "Pre-K" programs for all of Florida, an inadequate amount to conduct any meaningful program. In the four years of his Administration, Governor Martinez has brought funding for the program to $51 million, an increase of over 10,000 percent to help economically disadvantaged four-year-olds prepare for formal public school education. County school boards may contract with Pre-K providers, fostering greater choices for parents of pre-schoolers. Once those students entered the schools the Governor's goal was to keep them there, fully equipped with the tools to successfully complete their education. He has overseen development of $284 million in district dropout prevention programs for at-risk children, such as teen parent programs, counseling programs and substance abuse programs, and the state recently began an effective program that takes a driver's license away from students who drop out. The Martinez Administration created the Project Independence Teenage Parent Program, which last year helped 4,935 poor teenage parents in 14 counties obtain their high school diploma or its equivalent and the job skills necessary to become self-sufficient. The state also provided financial assistance and food stamps to more than 30,000 teenagers last year, helping the youths concentrate on school rather than their economic condition. In addition, legislation requiring social and health services to be located or provided at school sites was passed in 1990 as part of the Governor's education reform package; the services are to begin in the current school year and be fully implemented by 1995-96. - 5 - The past four years have seen a 2,000-percent increase to $41.8 million in the Middle Child Education (PRIME) program to help children in grades four through eight make the transition from childhood to adulthood through instruction. The same period has seen a 500 percent increase, to $1.5 million, in the In-School Child Care program for educational or recreational child care of students, before or after school and during school holidays. The Governor also brought the fight against drugs to the school yard and the classroom through the Drug-Free School Zone law and the D.A.R.E. program. He convinced the 1989 Legislature to create Drug-Free School Zones, declaring the area within 1,000 feet of all public schools to be off limits to drug dealers. Anyone convicted of a drug crime within a zone faces a stiffer sentence, and offenses involving the most serious drugs carry a mandatory sentence of at least three years in prison. The Governor personally placed Drug-Free School Zone signs at numerous schools around the state, and visited dozens of schools throughout the state to teach classes on the dangers of drugs. Governor Martinez also implemented Drug Abuse Resistance Education, or D.A.R.E., an innovative program designed to prevent substance abuse through education for children from kindergarten through sixth grade. Uniformed officers teach fifth- and sixth-graders in the classroom, providing accurate information about alcohol and drugs and showing students how to resist pressure to use drugs. Four years ago D.A.R.E. did not exist on a statewide basis, but this school year some 117,000 of Florida's public school fifth- and sixth-graders -- 44 percent of the total in those grades -- will receive D.A.R.E. training. - 6 Resources Governor Martinez is concerned that the United States, once Number One in the world in scientific know-how, has recently been ranked 14th among industrialized nations. World commerce is increasingly dependent on mathematics, science and high technology, and the Governor believes Florida must keep pace with these developments if it is to play a leading role in the international economy. To do that, its schools must integrate technology into the entire education process, just as the business world has integrated it into all private sector activities. Governor Martinez created the Workforce 2000 Task Force in 1988 to address the question of how Florida's education institutions can produce workers with the skills necessary to compete in the global marketplace of the next century. It is no longer enough to have computers in public schools merely to teach students how to use the keyboard and other such rudimentary skills. The Florida Department of Education reports that statewide schools average just one microcomputer for every 34 students in kindergarten through third grade, and the Governor believes computers must be used from the earliest stages to replace the chalkboard of a previous era. Instead of using computers to teach students only about the machines themselves, the use of computers should be greatly expanded so they become educational resources -- to teach math, science, language skills, and other subjects. In addition, teachers and administrators should learn to use computers as major resources for teaching, accounting, record keeping and planning. With that in mind, the Governor has overseen the development of an instructional technology program within Florida's public school system. He and the Legislature have provided $27 million over the past four years for computers and software to enhance student learning. As a result, the number of microcomputers used for student instruction throughout the state more than doubled from 48,478 in 1985-86 to 107,238 four years later. 7 - In the past four years, the state has also provided a 49 percent increase, to $74 million, in funding to local school districts for textbooks and other materials, and a 144 percent increase for library materials. To ensure that students arrive safely at school and return safely home, Governor Martinez has made a priority of replacing pre-1977 school buses. He has provided a 111 percent increase in funding to replace those older buses, as well as a 64 percent increase in student transportation funding for districts. Classroom Programs The most sophisticated computer equipment will be of little value if Florida's students don't know how to put it to work which questions to ask of the machines. To inspire Florida's best young math and science minds, Governor Martinez proposed establishment of a residential high school to specialize on math and science. He gained passage of legislation in 1989 creating a council to examine site selection and program development. The 1990 Legislature also provided $1.2 million for a Brevard County Math/Science Residential School, which could double as the state residential school if the council determines it to be the best site. In the four years of the Martinez Administration, state funding for key math and science initiatives has enjoyed a 400-percent increase. In addition, the state has added 38 percent for writing skills programs to reduce class sizes and enable students to prepare written reports weekly. The thirst for knowledge among Florida's best high school students doesn't dissipate when the school year ends, so Governor Martinez created the Governor's Summer College Program, a four-week program at New College in Sarasota for high school juniors. In its first two years, the program has served 206 of Florida's potential future leaders. - 8 - There is, however, one area of increased funding that is not a sign of success. Over the past four years, the state has had to direct $1.4 billion into public school remediation programs to help students who do not possess sufficient basic skills to succeed. This money, though serving an important purpose, illustrates the shortcomings of the performance of Florida's public schools. If the basic skills were adequately taught in the first place, this substantial amount of money could be redirected for other educational purposes. Reform When the basic structure of Florida's public education system was established decades ago, the state was predominantly agricultural and rural. To accommodate the needs of that agrarian lifestyle, school days began early and ended early, schools were closed during the summer months of heaviest farm activity, and decision-making was centralized at the district and state levels. Florida has rapidly become an urbanized state with a vibrant economy. Many households are run by a single parent or by parents who both work outside the home. The job market is dominated by occupations that didn't exist that many years ago, from service industries to high technology. Yet the basic structure of Florida's public schools system has remained unchanged. Governor Martinez, who spent seven years as a classroom teacher in Hillsborough County, has carefully examined the structure and focus of Florida's system of public education and has concluded that fundamental reforms must be made if the state is to provide quality education to the next generation of Floridians. - 9 At the heart of the Governor's education reform initiatives is the belief that the best decisions can be made by those who are closest to the students. State government has imposed countless mandates demanded greater accountability from county schools, but has not given local officials -- superintendents, principals and teachers -- the authority and flexibility they need to do a better job. Since taking office in 1987, Governor Martinez has advocated fewer restrictions on how county school districts may use the state funds they receive to run the public schools. What is essential in one county may be an afterthought in another, and easing the restrictions on the use of these so-called "categoricals" would allow local authorities to decide their highest priority needs and direct state funds to those areas. The Governor has also been a strong voice in support of choice in education -- the ability of parents to have a say in selecting which schools their children will attend and even which teachers their children will learn from. It is important that districts be able to measure the performance of each of their schools, because the state expects to measure the performance of each district --- and in turn be measured itself against other states in the nation. The Governor's commitment to education reform led him to convene the Governor's Education Summit in November 1989, three months after he established the Commission on the Reform of Elementary Education. He also created the Workforce 2000 Task Force in 1988 to identify how Florida's public schools can produce workers who can fill the kinds of jobs that will be available in Florida's economy in the next century. - 10 - Based on the work of these distinguished groups, Governor Martinez has advocated several major reforms. The Legislature and education establishment have been reluctant to adopt more than pilot projects to implement these reforms, but in light of the renewed national focus on education performance they will be considered again. Shocked by figures showing that one of every eight Florida kindergarteners is retained for a second year in the same grade, the Governor proposed that the 1990 Legislature adopt his plan for continuous progress, which would eliminate grade distinctions in the early years to enable children to mature and advance at their own pace. By a certain cut-off point, the students would be required to meet clear standards of achievement. Until that point, however, they would be allowed to develop free of the stigma associated with being retained -- "failing" -- at the earliest stages of the academic life. The Legislature adopted a limited version of this concept as a pilot project for the current school year. The Governor has also advocated school-based management, in which teachers, principals and parents have a greater voice in determining the direction of individual schools. Funding to implement school-based management has doubled to $1 million in the four years of the Martinez Administration. Since taking office, Governor Martinez has also proposed restructuring the school calendar to ensure year-round use of school facilities. While students would attend classes for the same number of days per year, year-round use would provide the equivalent of one-fourth more facilities at minimal additional cost. In addition, the Governor supports additional use of schools for before- and after-school programs to assist working parents who cannot be home at the end of their children's school day; in the past four years, funding for in-school child care has been increased by 400 percent. - 11 - Lottery Though personally opposed to a state-sanctioned Lottery, Governor Martinez vowed four years ago to provide the people of Florida the best-run, most effective Lottery anywhere if they voted to authorize one. He has made good on that promise, and Florida's school children are the beneficiaries. It is clear that the millions from the Florida Lottery cannot make a substantial impact on the overall quality of education in the state; Lottery money would only be sufficient to run the schools for two or three weeks. Nevertheless, the phenomenal success of the Florida Lottery has resulted in large sums of money for education that otherwise would not be there, and the fine management of Lottery operations is to be credited. To date, proceeds from the sale of Florida Lottery tickets have pumped $1.78 billion into the Educational Enhancement (Lottery) Trust Fund for schools, and during the first three years of the Lottery it produced twice as much money for education originally forecast. Promotional activities by the Lottery Department, enhanced by the appeal of large jackpots, are intended to ensure the continued contribution of the Lottery to meeting Florida's education needs. Late in 1989, better-than-anticipated Lottery sales enabled state leaders to spare education programs from the brunt of budget reductions, and high Lottery sales may again provide partial relief from reductions this year. With the exception of 1988, Governor Martinez has recommended that all Lottery proceeds be used for education enhancements that had not previously been funded from General Revenues. Every year, however, the Legislature supplanted some General Revenue funds with Lottery funds. Since the Lottery began several months ahead of schedule in 1988, the Legislature has replaced $304.5 million of General Revenue funded programs with Lottery funds (the Governor's 1988-89 budget recommendations included $42.8 million in supplants). - 12 - The Next Four Years Many of Governor Martinez's initiatives over the next four years will build on the programs he has already begun or will implement the recommendations of the Governor's Education Summit, his Commission on Reform of Elementary Education, and the Governor's Workforce 2000 task force: Establish full school-based management in all 67 school districts, giving those who interact most directly with students the authority to create a curriculum and other school programs and facilities that best meet the particular needs of those students. Implement choice in school selection, giving parents the opportunity to make more selections about the kind of education their children will receive. Create "schools within schools" by dividing existing large campuses into multiple schools at the same location, allowing parents to select the campus whose academic strengths match the needs of their children and creating smaller student bodies (which offers youngsters a greater sense of belonging, enhanced opportunities for extra-curricular activities such as student government or athletics, and other benefits). Expand the use of magnet schools to create centers of excellence within a district, giving parents and students options for obtaining the best possible instruction in their chosen field. Fully implement continuous progress, eliminating grade distinctions in the beginning school years -- and with it, eliminating the stigma of failure associated with a student's earliest educational experiences. Implement year-round use of school facilities, expanding the ability of school districts to accommodate more students without building new facilities. - 13 - Consolidate existing funding "categoricals" to give local administrators greater flexibility in applying state funds to priority areas of local need. Utilize computers as full learning tools, expanding programs beyond those that merely teach students how to use the keyboard and into those that provide actual subject-matter instruction through the computer; require all teachers and administrators to be computer literate and competent; design future school facilities to accommodate instructional technology, including computers. Establish a residential math/science high school within four years; promote business and community partnerships to support math and science education; establish additional math and science magnet schools; work with business and industry to ensure math and science curricula are relevant to their real needs; consider providing special incentives to attract teachers of math and science, including alternative certification. Continue the expansion of pre-kindergarten programs to meet 100 percent of need, up from the current 65 percent. Expand the Drug Abuse Resistance Education program (D.A.R.E.) to all eligible fifth- and sixth-graders by 1994, estimated to be 366,676 students; fully implement Drug-Free School Zones in all public schools; by 1994-95, reduce student drug use by at least 50 percent (with a goal of 100 percent); by 1994-95, eliminate dangerous weapons from schools and reduce violent crime in schools by at least 50 percent (with a goal of 100 percent). In order for educators to set an example, establish comprehensive drug-free workplace programs such as those being developed for state government; standardize substance abuse awareness and violence prevention training for all teaching certificate holders and applicants. - 14 - Foster the integration of government services, schools and community agencies within or close to school sites, establishing schools as community resources; open school buildings to public/private sector groups to provide coordinated services, such as HRS social services, youth counselors, etc. Establish a statewide program of retired citizens providing assistance and instruction in schools; increase community involvement through the use of volunteers (for tutoring, field trips, etc.) and businesses (for mentoring, site visits, teacher internships, partnership programs, etc.). Expand before- and after-care programs for children of working parents, providing taxpayer funding where necessary but requiring parents who can afford to pay for these programs to do so. Provide educational options, such as vocational education and career counseling, to students at an earlier age to allow them more meaningful selections. Foster workplace literacy programs through chambers of commerce, business organizations and other community resources. Increase the percentage of minority teachers hired to at least 85 percent of the level of the minority student population, which would increase the percentage of minority teachers by approximately 2 percent annually. - 15 - Goals If the structural reforms and other innovative programs listed above are fully implemented, Governor Martinez believes the following goals can be achieved, in keeping with the findings and recommendations of the Governor's Education Summit: -- Increase the graduation rate to 85 percent. -- Achieve a 95 percent promotion rate in each grade K-12. -- Reduce absenteeism in Florida's public schools. -- Reduce by 50 percent the number of high school graduates who need basic skills remediation as they enroll in a community college. - Increase by 50 percent the number of adults who demonstrate adult literacy. -- Increase the number of adults with high school diplomas or equivalency by 10 percent. - 16 - HIGHER EDUCATION Situation Confronting Florida: January 1987 During the first half of the 1980s, Florida's higher education system had experienced some successes, but it had not reached the lofty expectations set for it. Though some individual programs had achieved prominence, the State University System overall had fallen short of the state's goal of moving it into the "upper quartile," or top dozen, of the nation's public university systems. Florida's nine universities had enjoyed fairly consistent enrollment, growing by only about 2,700 students, or 3 percent, across the system during the previous four years. Florida's 28 community colleges gained 2,000 students, or 1.5 percent, during the same period. Despite the manageable pace of enrollment growth prior to 1987, the minimum standards considered acceptable by Florida's colleges and universities was the cause of some concern. A majority of Florida's best high school students were going elsewhere for their higher education, as only 39 percent of those top students chose to remain in the state to pursue their degrees in 1986. The overall quality of the entering freshman class reflected this pattern: In the last full school year before Governor Martinez took office, the state's universities accepted an entering freshman class with an overall academic performance in high school of less than a B average (2.97 on a scale of 4.0). - 17 - Accomplishments of the Martinez Administration In the past four years, Florida's higher education system has come into its own and emerged as a true national leader. The state has continued to meet the growth needs of higher education, despite enrollment increases of 13.6 percent in the State University System and 33.5 percent in community colleges. Even as it has accommodated the basic needs of some 67,000 new college and university students, the state has continued to improve the quality of programs and operations, as reflected in the 30 percent increase in the operating budget of the State University System. Under the Martinez Administration, the state has increased its support for its brightest students and for deserving students who otherwise might not be able to attend a college or university. The Florida Student Assistant Program has grown by 84 percent; the Florida Academic Scholars program has enjoyed a 575 percent increase; "Chappie" James Most Promising Teacher Scholarships have increase by 72 percent; and the Critical Teacher Shortage Scholarship Program grew by 71 percent. Governor Martinez instituted the Florida Prepaid College Program, which to date has enabled 79,373 parents and others to guarantee future tuitions at today's prices, with another 22,268 contracts sold for future dormitory accommodations. This year the Governor won approval for $1.3 million to match private contributions to provide 670 economically disadvantaged children with prepaid scholarships, contingent on the students remaining in school and staying out of trouble and off drugs. - 18 - The state is also providing the quality teachers needed for its post-secondary students. University faculty salaries doubled during the decade of the '80s, including an 8.3 percent increase in 1989-90, while community colleges showed a 40.5 percent increase from 1984 to 1990. Florida was one of only three Southern states, along with Virginia and Maryland, to place average university faculty salaries above the national average. For Florida to meet its growing potential, it must offer greater opportunities for its student, both youngsters and adults, to acquire the skills necessary to attain at least the literacy and technical skills essential to becoming employable and productive. Governor Martinez has been a strong supporter of vocational education and adult literacy programs. Unlike most states, Florida provides state support well in excess of federal funding for these two programs; in 1988 and 1989, federal expenditures totaled $31.4 million, while state and local expenditures exceeded $662 million. Approximately 850,000 students enroll annually in vocational education programs, and 82 percent of those who complete job training are placed in jobs. - 19 - State University System Over the past four years, Florida's university system has become the crown jewel of education in the state. State leaders have worked diligently to achieve the kind of national recognition for academics that has become common for athletics. Those efforts culminated in grand fashion recently when the National Science Foundation selected a consortion headed by Florida State University and the University of Florida to house the national magnetism laboratory. The decision brings not only $68 million in federal funding, but it also speaks volumes about the national reputation and growing prestige of Florida's university system. The victory capped four years of work to boost Florida's standing in the world of high-technology research, an effort that began with Governor Martinez's commitment in 1987 to pursue the Sematech project and continued through the state's strong bid for the Superconducting Super Collider project. National recognition for Florida's universities has come from other sources as well. A George Mason University survey of 100 university presidents ranked Florida's as one of the Top Ten university systems in the nation. Money magazine recently listed New College at the University of South Florida as the best academic buy among public schools in the nation, and Barron's cited three institutions within the State University System as top education values. - 20 - These successes for the university system reflect the enhanced quality of university faculty and students during the past four years. The number of eminent scholars in the university system more than doubled, from 45 in 1986-87 to 100 in 1989-90. Just four years ago, fewer than two in five top high school students stayed in Florida for their higher education; now 71 percent of the state's National Merit Scholars choose to remain here to continue their education, confident the state's universities can meet their challenging academic demands. The University of Florida is ranked 12th in the nation in recruiting merit scholars. And the quality of entering freshmen in the university system has climbed well above a B average, to an average GPA of 3.22 on a 4.0 scale. The past four years have seen an expansion of the university's role in its community and the state. The Comprehensive University Presence in South Florida, including the Southeast Campus in Broward County, have provided university excellence to one of Florida's largest urban centers. In 1990 alone, new programs were authorized to meet the changing demands of our growing state, including a Lakeland campus for the University of South Florida; the pharmacy program at Florida A&M University; film, television and recording arts programs at Florida State and the University of Central Florida; and the University of Florida's Harn Museum. Resources for students have been significantly improved over the past four years, including a major emphasis on modernizing the learning tools for students. The Major Gifts matching program for the purchase of scientific and technical equipment, library resources and academic scholarships has grown by 282 percent, to $5.7 million this year. Governor Martinez has overseen a 90 percent increase in funding to replace and enhance library resources, to $27.8 million in the current year. - 21 - The Governor has worked to ensure that a university education can remain within the financial reach of most students, and where it has not he has advocated substantial increases to open campus doors to disadvantaged students. Over the four years of the Martinez Administration, annual university tuition and fees has increased by $267, reducing the state's ranking to the fifth-best rate in the nation. At the same time, selected financial aid programs have grown by more than 50 percent. Community Colleges Florida's community college network remains an integral part of the state's education system, providing post-secondary opportunities to tens of thousands of Floridians who seek learning beyond high school but choose not to attend a state university. Governor Martinez has pushed for additional resources for the community college system. As a result, overall funding for the system has grown by 53 percent in the past four years, compared to 32 percent in the previous four years. Because of their traditionally local orientation, Florida's community colleges work closely with community businesses and organizations. To foster this partnership, Governor Martinez has supported the Florida Academic Improvement Trust Fund, a public-private matching program for community colleges that provides scholarships, scientific and technical equipment, and other activities to promote education. In the first four years after its creation in 1983, the program received $1 million annually from the state. The amount doubled for the next two years, and in 1989-90 was again increased to $2.75 million. In its five years of operation, the program has received $9.1 million in private contributions matched by $6 million in state funds, providing a total of $15.1 million for quality improvements at the 25 participating community colleges. - 22 - The Governor has also worked to strengthen the academic tools at community colleges. He helped establish the College Center for Library Automation to develop a highly centralized library automation system that will serve all 28 community colleges and their 62 associated library sites. The project received appropriations for $3 million last year and in the current year. Before they can advance to upper-level programs, community college students must pass the College Level Academic Skills Test, or CLAST. To help some student attain this goal, the state has provided more than $130 million over the past four years to enhance instruction programs for these students. - 23 - The Next Four Years Establish within four years a tenth state university at a location and timetable to be determined by the Board of Regents, in order to assure quality higher educational opportunities to the greatest number of Florida residents. The Regents should consider such factors as population and population growth, the concentration of students who would attend the new university and current travel distances for those students to existing universities. Costs associated with establishing the tenth university can be minimized by utilizing any existing educational facilities and by taking into account savings associated with locating the university near the students it would serve, such as a reduced need for dormitories and other residential services. Continue the growth in the eminent scholars program by working with businesses and private individuals to secure funds to attract world-class scholars to state university campuses. Establish and expand links between the state higher education system and Florida's private universities through the continued use of vouchers and other methods, recognizing that specialized programs at private universities lessen the demand for limited spaces at public universities. Restructure Colleges of Education to ensure that prospective public school teachers receive an adequate foundation to prepare them for educating in a world of high technology, and to ensure that prospective teachers receive as much instruction in their areas of expertise as they do in the methodology of teaching. - 24 - Establish within four years a Global Change Institute affiliated with the State University System, to be an internationally recognized center of information and research. Continue to support the work of the Florida 2100 Committee of the Florida High Technology and Industry Council to develop such an institute to examine such global change issues as the risk of pollution from oil, the status of threatened and endangered species in Florida and the world, and the impact of global warming on weather patterns. Maintain the affordability of Florida's colleges and universities as compared with other states. Enhance financial assistance programs to ensure that worthy students are not denied a post-secondary education simply because they do not have enough money. Expand the Prepaid College Tuition program to provide more educational opportunities for disadvantaged students. Substantially reduce, and then eliminate, the need for remediation programs in public colleges and universities by improving basic skills programs in the K-12 public school system. Continue to develop Florida's vocational education centers. Develop new centers when justified by the economy of the community and size and proximity of existing centers. - 25 - ALA. GEORGIA ESCAMBIA SANTA ROSA OKALOOSA WALTON HOLMES JACKSON * Bonifay Marianna * * * Chipley * Crestview WASHINGTON Millon De Funiak GADSDEN NASSAU * LEON Springs JEFFERSON MADISON Fernandina Beach CALHOUN Quincy * HAMILTON * * * Bristol BAKER Monticello Blountstown Jasper DUVAL Pensatola * ATLANTIC BAY LIBERTY TALLAHASSEE Madison * Live Oak Jacksonville OCEAN WAKULLA SUWANNEE COLUMBIA * Panama City TAYLOR * GULF Crawfordville Macclenny Lake City * * Mayo CLAY * UNION Perry * * ST. NO * FRANKLIN LAFAYETTE Lake Butler Starke JOHNS * Green Cove 0 BRADFORD Springs St. Augustine Port St. Joe * DIXIE GIL. Apalachicola * PUTNAM CHRIST ALACHUA Cross City Trenton * Palatka * Gainesville FLAGLER LEVY * Bunnell * MARION Bronson VOLUSIA * Ocala Va * De Land LAKE CITRUS SUMTER our Tavares GULF OF MEXICO Inverness Bushnell Sanford * SEMINOLE Brooksville HERNANDO ORANGE * Titusville Orlando PASCO Dade City * OSCEOLA POLK * Kissimmee 9 HILLSBOROUGH Clearwater BREVARD Tampa * Bartow INDIAN RIVER HIGHLANDS OKEECHOBEE * Vero Beach MANATEE HARDEE ST. LUCIE * * Bradenton Wauchula Fort Pierce Sebring SARASOTA Okeechobee DE SOTO FLORIDA COUNTIES AND Sarasota * GLADES MARTIN Arcadia Stuart COUNTY SEATS LAKE CHARLOTTE OKEECHOBES PALM BEACH Punta Gorda 0 Moore Haven * a HENDRY * LEE La Belle West Palm Beach * Fort Myers BROWARD COLLIER * East Naples Fort Lauderdale * DADE MONROE Miami Key West CAPITAL CITY, TALLAHASSEE a FLORIDA TODAY racing, jai alai, and dog and horse racing. Across the state FLORIDA TODAY can be found six major opera companies, four major zoos, When Spanish explorer Ponce de Leon first stepped ashore and countless theaters, dance ensembles, museums, and, of in April of 1513, he called the land Florida because of the course, Walt Disney World and Epcot Center. Florida's 58,560 abundance of flowers he found in bloom. It was the Easter square miles of land, 7,700 lakes, numerous springs, rivers, season and he was reminded of his own country's Pasqua estuaries, swamps and marshes, and over 8,400 miles of tidal Florida, or "Feast of Flowers." Almost 500 years later, Florida shoreline, combined with its tropical climate, make the state is still in bloom. Perhaps more so than ever. A full and mature perfect for any outdoor activity from tanning to shell collecting bloom, yet ever growing and changing. While Florida is, for to bird watching to taking a pleasurable walk. Although the very good reason, known as The Sunshine State, perhaps the conquistadors discovered no gold in their journeys through greatest symbolism is in the launching pads and giant rockets Florida, Floridians and the rest of the world have discovered at Cape Canaveral which sent men soaring to the moon. The that Florida is indeed a land abloom with golden state itself has soared and shows no sign of leveling off. The opportunities. climate and the land have attracted people and businesses and industry in great numbers. With only 523,000 residents THE LAND in 1900, Florida has recorded giant leaps in population in The state of Florida boasts a coastline over 1,200 miles long. each decade of this century to reach an estimated total of Counting the coastlines of its various islands and bays, Florida 11.4 million in 1985 to become the sixth largest state. Official has nearly 8,500 miles of tidal shoreline. Most of the state's estimates forecast that it will become the fourth largest state coastline is made up of rocky or sandy beaches, marshes, in 1990 with a population of 13.3 million and the third largest or saltwater swamps. Rocky coasts are also found on Jupiter in 2000 with a population of 17.4 million. While the available Island and near Jensen Beach on the southeast coast and labor force grew by 50 percent in the last decade, employment near Bradenton on the west coast. The state also covers 54,136 also grew by 58 percent and the unemployment rate stayed square miles of land and 4,424 square miles of inland water below the national average. While Florida is well-known for for a total surface area of 58,560 square miles, ranking Florida its large population of senior citizens, 80 percent of the work the 22nd largest state. To the north, it borders Georgia and force is between 18 and 44 years of age. At a time when the Alabama and then juts southward, forming the Florida rest of the United States experienced a four percent decline peninsula. The Florida Keys, a string of islands composed in manufacturing jobs, Florida realized a 13 percent increase of coral reef that dot the waters off the state's southern coast, in this category. The greatest industrial growth came in extend 150 miles to Key West. It is Florida's southernmost electronics and other high-tech areas as the state diversified point, 90 miles from Cuba. The land in all of the state is its economic base. Tourism is, and will likely remain, the generally low, level and flat. Soils are essentially sandy, number one industry. More than 30 million visitors come to excessively well-drained, and low in fertility. However, the most Florida each year to make a $20 billion impact on the state fertile areas in the upland regions of northern Florida and economy. Agriculture, long a solid foundation for the state, south of Lake Okeechobee support a vast amount and variety also will continue to add to its $16 billion annual contribution of vegetation. Pine flatwoods predominate as the state's most to the economy, though its future growth may not be as great prevalent tree species. The three types of pine vegetation found as that of other industrial segments. Florida leads the nation most frequently are longleaf, slash, and pond. In central and in citrus fruit production with 71 percent of the total and northern Florida, some types of oak and other hardwoods ranks second among all the states in both fresh market are found, while far to the south of the peninsula, mangroves, vegetables and nursery and greenhouse products. The rapid swamp forests, and marshes abound. Elevations are generally growth in population and business has pushed the services higher in northern and north central Florida. The highest industry, which includes both personal and business services, point in Florida is 345 feet in Walton County near the to a 136 percent growth in the last decade. Florida's 14 Alabama border. In the northern flatwoods and plains areas deepwater seaports and six international airports make the along the Georgia and Alabama borders, elevations generally state the primary gateway to Latin America and a major link range from sea level to 300 feet. A great deal of land in this in world trade. Florida has an official state policy to foster area is devoted to state and national forests and game refuges. economic development and create a favorable business climate. The Blackwater State Forest borders Alabama's Conecuh The state's 5.5 percent corporate income tax is among the National Preserve, and the Apalachicola and Osceola National lowest in the nation, and it is one of only six states to assess Forests cover miles of northern Florida with piney woods. no personal income tax. But Florida is more than large Stretching down through parts of Madison, Suwannee, and numbers of people and a bustling economy. More than 1.6 Gilchrist counties is the north central Florida ridge area, in million students and 90,000 teachers are involved in which elevations rise to between 75 and 150 feet and gently kindergarten through twelfth grade educational programs. The rolling, irregular hills texture the landscape. Here the land state has 67 school districts (one per county), 2,111 elementary is used primarily for vegetable, fruit, and tobacco cultivation, and secondary schools, 407 adult education centers, 32 with some amount devoted to commercial forestry. In this vocational schools, nine State University System universities area, wide expanses of open pine and oak forest vegetation (with 10 branch campuses), and 120 independent colleges and can be seen. Most common to the region are turkey oak and universities. The state offers ideal conditions for year-round longleaf pine above bluestem and indian grass ground cover. outdoor sports including fresh and saltwater fishing, hunting, Northern peninsular Florida concentrates on livestock and solf, tennis, surfing, scuba-diving, and boating. Spectator sports Include high school, college, and professional football dairy farming as an economic mainstay. Cattle can be seen n.d.basketball, spring training major league baseball, auto grazing from highways in this southern flatwoods region from south of Duval County on the Atlantic Coast, through the NO THE COLORS: FLORIDA FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1987 1 FLORIDA TODAY south central inland area westward to the Gulf coast. Here every day. This precipitation usually comes in the form of the land is level and low, ranging from sea level to 75 feet thunderstorms bringing drops in temperature that help in elevation. Most of the area is naturally forested, with slash alleviate both the humidity and the average maximum summer pine, cabbage palm, and live oak. Further south, vegetation temperatures of 90°F. The annual average amount of rain becomes more tropical. The Florida Everglades comprise most also varies by region. The Keys experience an average rainfall of the state's extreme southern peninsula and a small section of 40 inches per year, whereas localities in both the northwest of the central peninsula inland from the Atlantic coast. Nearly and southeast portion of the state have reported 80 to as much half of this area is used as Indian reservations, national parks, as 100 inches of annual rainfall. Florida's annual average and wildlife refuges. The Everglades National Park, together temperatures are more predictable. Mean annual temperatures with Big Cypress National Preserve and Swamp, covers nearly vary from 78°F at Key West to the mid 70s on the southern the entire southern and southwestern tip of Florida. Much mainland to the upper 60s in the north. Average summer of the area is in open marshlands, with a small percentage temperatures are a constant 81° or 82°F throughout the state, in cropland, growing predominantly sugarcane. The land is with the inland areas staying a few degrees warmer than the the flattest and lowest in the state, ranging in elevation from coast. Gentle Atlantic and Gulf Coast breezes counteract the sea level to less than 70 feet. Low beach ridges and dunes often intense humidity (50-60 percent in the afternoon and rise slightly above the swamps and marshes in the east. 85-95 percent at night) and make heat waves and temperatures Swamps, or poorly-drained flatlands with tree cover, and of 100°F or more an extremely rare occurrence. Average annual marshes, poorly-drained flatlands with grass or shrub cover, minimum temperatures range from the middle 50s in the south dot the entire southern peninsula region. Mangrove trees, to the middle 40s in the north, with an occasional cold wave growing in the saltwater swamps along the southern and dipping temperatures down to 15° to 20°F in the north and eastern coasts, are mixed with bald cypress, the dominant to 32°F in the south. Warm ocean breezes keep Florida from species in the area. Also, lush freshwater marsh vegetation experiencing a harsh winter. Although snow is a rare such as various types of sawgrass, pickleweed, willow, and occurrence in Florida, no part of the state is exempt from maidencane flourish in the organic, calcium-rich soils of the possibility of crop-damaging freezes. These cold waves southern Florida. usually last only two or three days, and a few winters may pass in succession without widespread freezes occurring. TIME ZONES Most of Florida is in the Eastern Time Zone. However, occasionally a winter will bring several cold snaps, One county, Gulf, lies in both the Eastern and Central Time interspersed with warm periods. These fluctuations cause the Zones, and nine counties, Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Holmes, greatest damage to the state's agricultural industry, because Jackson, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Walton, and Washington, the warm periods render the vegetation susceptible to damage are in the Central Time Zone. The line dividing the Eastern by the cold spells. In the southern peninsula, the prevailing and Central zones generally follows the Apalachicola River. winds blow east and southeast. Because of local peculiarities, Most of Gulf County is in the Central Time Zone, though winds in the northern half of the state are more erratic but the southern quarter of the county along the Gulf Coast and generally blow southerly in the summer and northerly in the the Intracoastal Waterway, including the county seat of Port winter. Tornadoes occur throughout Florida during all seasons. St. Joe, observe Eastern Time. All areas of the state, whether The state averages 10 to 15 tornadoes, waterspouts, and funnel in the Eastern or Central Time Zones, change from standard clouds each year, the months of their most regular occurrence time to daylight time from the first Sunday in April to the being April, May, and June. Tornadoes frequently occur in last Sunday in October. connection with tropical storms, of which the state averages 1.7 per year. Florida has never gone more than two years CLIMATE Florida is one of the few continental states that without a tropical storm but once went nine consecutive years can boast its climate to be its greatest resource. Visitors to (1951-1959 inclusive) without a major hurricane. The stability the southern peninsula experience a tropical climate (one in of Florida's tourist and agricultural industries relies greatly which the average temperature of the coldest month is 64.4°F upon Florida's climate-in particular, its sunshine. The sun or above). Although the northern half of the state does not shines approximately two-thirds of the possible sunlight hours offer as warm an average temperature as does the southern during the year in the Sunshine State. Florida's location in peninsula, it nonetheless spans a subtropical zone and a the lower latitudes also works to its advantage: in the winter, temperate-subtropical transition zone-both of which are the sun shines longer in Florida than in any state to its welcome changes to those visitors accustomed to the colder, immediate north. temperate climates of the states north of Florida. Indicative of its subtropical/tropical locale, Florida's climate does not ENVIRONMENT Florida's natural beauty, mild climate, exhibit four distinct seasons as states in the temperate zone and wide variety of natural resources have attracted many do. Rather, Florida has a rainy and a dry season. The arrival people to the state. This has placed an enormous stress upon and duration of each season vary in the different regions of the environment. The Department of Environmental the state. The northwest has, in effect, two rainy seasons: the Regulation, a regulatory agency, is the leading state body first during late winter and early spring; the second from June overseeing environmental matters. It has a 1986-87 operating through September. October brings the least rain to the budget of $114 million. It is in charge of water quality, water panhandle. But along the southeast coast, October has some management, hazardous and solid waste disposal, of the heaviest rainfall of the year. Throughout Florida, groundwater, coastal management, and power plant siting. generally more than half of the annual average rainfall occurs The Department of Natural Resources manages the state's during the period from June through September. During this natural resources. The major cause of surface water pollution summer rainy season, there is a 50 percent chance of rain in Florida is runoff from stormwater, although 1,900 industries 2 FLYING THE COLORS: FLORIDA FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1987 FLORIDA TODAY are permitted to discharge treated industrial waste into 0.12 parts per million throughout the state. Dade County was waterways. The quality of surface water varies within the state, the only Florida county to exceed the maximum level of carbon yet, generally, the water quality is good. Florida requires that monoxide during 1985. It happened twice. developers obtain a stormwater permit for their projects, except for single-family dwellings. The permit requires the developer THE PEOPLE to treat either the first half-inch or first inch of runoff. Most Florida in 1985 became the sixth most populous state as the developments are now built with stormwater treatment systems population increased 17 percent since 1980 to an estimated designed to eliminate up to 80 percent of the pollution. Florida total of 11,366,000 persons. It was the sixth fastest growing has also instituted an Outstanding Florida Waters Program state overall, but the fastest growing among the top 10. The to provide added protection to certain delicate areas. The U.S. Department of Commerce projected that it will continue Department of Environmental Regulation is prohibited from to be the fastest growing of the larger states with another issuing direct discharge permits for any body of water 17 percent increase to become the fourth largest state in 1990 designated as an Outstanding Florida Water, such as with a population of 13.3 million, followed by a 31 percent Apalachicola River and Bay, the Suwannee River, and the increase to become the third largest in the year 2000 with waters around the Florida Keys. Because groundwater provides a population of 17.4 million. Florida was the 10th largest state 92 percent of Florida's drinking water and is tied to the state's in 1960, the ninth largest in 1970, and ranked seventh in 1980. ecological system, any pollution of ground water is an Since the earliest census in 1900 showed 523,000 residents, important concern. Instead of landfills, resource recovery has Florida's population growth always has been above average become a popular method of solid waste disposal. Six waste- if not spectacular. The growth each decade was 42- percent to-energy plants are operating in Florida with each burning to 1910, 29 percent to 1920, 52 percent to 1930, 29 percent a total of 6,400 tons of solid waste each day. In 1983, the to 1940, 46 percent to 1950, 79 percent to 1960, 37 percent legislature passed the Water Quality Assurance Act to monitor to 1970, and 44 percent to 1980. Migration as the major factor groundwater purity. By 1988, 3,200 monitoring wells will be is emphasized by the fact that about 1.4 million people moved completed across the state, gathering information on to Florida between 1980 and 1985, a larger total than received groundwater quality. Florida has the toughest groundwater by any other state. This accounted for almost nine-tenths of requirements in the nation. Florida generates more than the 17 percent total growth. Or, otherwise stated, the 550,000 tons of hazardous waste each year. This waste is either population's natural growth was two percent with 15 percent recycled, neutralized, or sent out-of-state for disposal. by migration. In 1985, five percent of the total U.S. population Approximately 104,000 tons of hazardous waste is removed lived in Florida as compared to three percent in 1960. Its to a total of 20 different states each year. The Environmental reputation as a retirement haven also causes Florida to be Protection Agency has designated 39 sites in Florida as being the "oldest" state. The median age in 1980 was 34.7 and dangerous enough to fall within the Superfund Program. This. in 1985, 19 percent of the population was over 64. Both of federal program was established in 1980 to clean up the worst these figures were the highest among all the states, while hazardous waste sites in the nation. The state is currently Florida's 23 percent under age 18 was the smallest such watching 400 other sites suspected of being contaminated by percentage. In 1970 the median age had been 32.3 with 15 hazardous waste. Florida also has established several percent of the population over 64 and 31 percent under 18. environmental programs. The Conservation and Recreation In statewide school age trends, the age 5-17 category dropped Lands and the Save Our Rivers programs are charged with from 24 percent of total population in 1970 to 18 percent acquiring environmentally sensitive lands. The state, as of July in 1980, and to 16 percent in 1984. But while the 0-5 age 1985, has spent over $596 million in the acquisition of some bracket dropped from seven percent in 1970 to six percent 2.1 million acres and hopes to raise an additional $750 million in 1980, it increased again to seven percent in 1984. Ranking through the state's documentary stamp tax to purchase lands sixth in total population and 22nd in physical size, Florida important for water management. With a vast coastline, was 10th among the states in population density in 1985 with coastal management is an important issue in Florida. The 209 persons per square mile. This compares to the overall Florida Coastal Management Program is concerned with ten U.S. density of 67.5 persons per square mile and to the state primary issues, divided into three broad categories: Resource with the greatest density, New Jersey, with 1,012 per square Protection Issues, especially coral reefs, estuaries, and barrier mile. The Florida counties ranged in density from Pinellas islands; Coastal Development Issues, specifically ports, (Clearwater/St. Petersburg) with 2,857 persons per square mile disposal of dredged material, marine siting, water-related to Liberty with 5.4 persons per square mile. Between 1970 energy facilities, commercial and recreational fisheries, and and 1980 there was 48 percent growth in the urban areas of recreation; and Coastal Storms Issues. The Coastal Florida and 23 percent growth in rural areas. As of 1980, Construction Control Line Program is the basis of Florida's 84 percent of the state's population lived in urban areas as efforts to protect its beaches and manage shoreline compared to 81 percent in 1970. The urban population development. New structures must meet design standards to percentage for the nation was 74 percent in 1980, up only withstand storm winds and flooding for the 100-year storm a fraction of a point from 1970. The largest city in Florida, period. The Department of Natural Resources has established Jacksonville, ranked 23rd in the U.S. with a 1980 population long term coastal erosion rates and prohibits the construction of 540,920. The city of Miami was second in the state and of large developments which would be eroded away in 30 years. 41st in the nation with 346,865. However, the Miami-Ft. The air quality is generally good in Florida. In four Florida Lauderdale Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area counties, Dade, Duval, Hillsborough, and Pinellas, the level (CMSA) ranked 11th in the nation with 2.8 million. The of ozone concentration exceeded the maximum daily limits Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater metropolitan area had a 11 separate times in 1985. The ozone level averages less than population of 1.8 million and the Orlando metropolitan area PLYING THE COLORS: FLORIDA FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1987 3 FLORIDA TODAY was at 824,000. The 1980 census reported that of the state's in 1960, 1968, and 1972. The state went into the Democrat total population by race, 84 percent were White, 14 percent column for Truman in 1948, Johnson in 1964, and Carter Black, less than one percent Indian and one percent Asian in 1976. Following the 1984 general election, the Florida and Pacific Islander. Nine percent were of Spanish origin. Legislature continued to have a Democratic majority. Among By single ancestry group, the 1980 census reported 1,132,023 the state senators there were 32 Democrats and eight persons of English descent residing in Florida, 577,462 Republicans. State representatives included 77 Democrats and German, 432,946 Irish, 272,202 Italian, 135,753 Polish, 119,386 43 Republicans. There were eight amendments on the 1984 Russian, 117,491 French, 52,228 Dutch, 47,444 Hungarian, ballot and only one, which involved speech or debate privilege, 26,095 Greek, and 22,724 Norwegian. In 1985, the per capita was defeated. Approved were amendments involving the personal income in Florida was $13,397, which ranked 19th exemption of homestead and personal property from forced nationally as compared to $12,773 and a ranking of 18th in sale, disbursement of state funds, procedures of judicial 1984. The birth rate per 1,000 population was 14.4 in 1985, nominating commissions, bonds for state capital projects, and which was an increase from the average of 13.2 between 1979 public education capital outlay bonds. and 1981. The mortality rate in 1985 was 10.7 per 1,000 population, a fractional decline from 10.8 in the 1979-81 THE ECONOMY period. The divorce rate in Florida was 61.8 dissolutions per Florida's economy experienced tremendous growth in the hundred marriages, substantially above the national average 1980s, even in the face of a national recession in the early of 48.9. The office of vital statistics notes that many of the part of the decade that brought an economic slowdown to state's dissolutions were granted to persons who establish most of the United States. A vast influx of people into Florida residency specifically for this purpose. As other states have was one of the main reasons for the boost in the state's liberalized their divorce laws, the Florida rate has declined economy. As Florida gained 20 percent in population from from a peak of 74.3 in 1975. 1980 to 1986, making it the nation's sixth largest state, this rapidly growing consumer market generated a demand for VOTER PARTICIPATION In 1986, 61 percent of the new homes, consumer goods and personal services. Between 5,631,188 registered voters in Florida participated in the 1975 and 1985, the labor force increased by 50 percent, and November general election. In the Senate race, 55 percent voted there was a 58 percent increase in the number of people Democratic and 45 percent Republican, while for governor, employed. There also were changes in Florida's economic 55 percent voted Republican and 45 percent Democratic. In makeup. Once an economy based on foundations of the election, then incumbent Democratic Governor Bob agriculture, tourism, and retirement, Florida began to establish Graham was elected to the Senate by defeating the Republican a diversified economy in which new nonagricultural jobs were incumbent Paula Hawkins, but was succeeded as governor being created at the rate of 200,000 a year. Traditionally, the by Republican Bob Martinez. The other Florida Senate seat largest manufacturing sector in Florida's economy was the was won by a Democrat in 1982. For the state's 19 seats in production of food and kindred products. However, this the U.S. House of Representatives, the voters in the 1986 mainstay has been replaced as number one by a high-tech general election maintained the same ratio of 12 Democrats field, the production of electrical and electronic equipment. and seven Republicans. Five amendments also appeared on While the nation posted a four percent decline in the November, 1986 ballot. By margins of approximately two- manufacturing jobs in 1980-85, Florida saw a 12 percent to-one, voters rejected casino gambling, but approved a increase. The state ranked third in the number of new plants statewide lottery to become effective January 1, 1988. The and third in the total number of new plants and plant voters also approved an amendment which created the office expansions in 1985. With the exception of mining, all of of statewide prosecutor to be appointed by the attorney Florida's economic sectors grew in 1986. New businesses were general, and another requiring the Florida Supreme Court formed at the rate of 10,000 a year. The retail trade and services to issue opinions on the validity of ballot initiative petitions. industries were responsible for 70 percent of the state's 1986 A proposed amendment to the homestead exemption was increase in private wage and salary employment. More jobs defeated. In the 1986 general election, voter turnout was as were added in the business services sector in 1986 than in high as 72 percent in Bradford County, and the Republican any other sector. A general growth in all manufacturing has percentage in the governor's race as high as 73 percent in been accompanied by a rapid growth in high technology, Collier County. In the 1984 general election, 75 percent of making Florida first in the southeast and sixth in the nation the 5,574,472 registered voters participated. In the presidential in high-tech employment. Tourism, one of Florida's traditional race, 65 percent voted for Reagan while 35 percent voted for economic sectors, continued to thrive in 1986, increasing its Mondale. Voter turnout in this election reached a high of number of automobile visitors and domestic and Canadian 83 percent in both Highlands and Indian River counties, with air visitors by 11 percent. Florida is visited by 35 million tourists the Republican vote as high as 84 percent in Okaloosa County. a year, who generate more than $20 billion in sales and pay Reagan's winning percentage in Florida in the 1980 presidential $1 billion in sales taxes. Another economic mainstay, election was 56 percent. The state voted with the national agriculture, was affected by freezes and the citrus canker winner in nine out of the 10 presidential elections since 1948. disease which hurt crop harvests and opened the door for The lone exception occurred in 1960 when Richard Nixon foreign products to enter the U.S. market. The strong dollar won 52 percent of the vote over John F. Kennedy. Thus, in and decreased demand caused by surpluses also brought the 10 presidential elections since 1948, Florida has been in concerns to agriculture. State experts believe that, while there the Republican column seven times and the Democratic will be year to year fluctuations, agriculture will continue to column three times. In addition to Reagan in 1980 and 1984, diversify, grow, and add strength to the economy. This growth, the state went for Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956, and for Nixon though, will be at a slower pace and agriculture will become 4 FLYING THE COLORS: FLORIDA FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1987 FLORIDA TODAY a lesser part of the overall economy. Florida's international 1985-86, adding 19,800 new jobs, while the health services trade increased 13 percent in 1986. Exports from Florida were sector showed a six percent gain with 16,300 new jobs. This at their highest since 1982 because of increased shipments continued employment increase came after large gains during to growing economies in South America. Imports were also the 1975-85 period when services employment grew 94 percent, at record levels because of Florida's role as an automobile construction grew 83 percent and the manufacturing of importation and distribution center. All signs indicate that machinery grew 129 percent. Florida was the leading state Florida's economy will continue to expand. Factors that may in the Southeast and third in the nation in the number of spur Florida's economic expansion include an ever-increasing manufacturing jobs created from 1975 to 1985. Because of population, low unemployment (six percent in 1986 compared the large number of retired residents, only 60 percent of to the nation's seven percent), and increased defense spending Florida's population was in the labor force as of 1986, that should continue to boost the high-tech industry. compared to 65 percent nationally. A breakdown of the labor force showed that 59 percent of all Whites, 66 percent of all EMPLOYMENT Florida was one of the states least affected Blacks, and 65 percent of all Hispanics were in the labor force, by the national economic slowdown of the early 1980s. Even as were 72 percent of all women age 20-44 and 93 percent with a huge population gain and an increased labor force, of all men in this age group. Even with a lower percentage the state had an increase in employment of 30 percent between of residents in the labor force, Florida's per capita personal 1980 and 1986. The nationwide gain was only 10 percent. income in 1985 was $13,742, which ranked 19th among all Florida also had a lower unemployment rate during this the states. This was a 22 percent gain since 1982 which more period. In 1987, the unemployment rate in the state was six than kept pace with the national increase in per capita personal percent lower than the nations's rate of seven percent and income of 21 percent. Florida's 1986 average entry-level wages also the lowest rate in Florida since 1973. In the 10-year period ranged from $3.87 for processing workers to $7.26 for from 1975 to 1985, Florida experienced a decrease in professional, technical, and managerial workers. unemployment of 16 percent. In 1985, the state paid only $58.54 of unemployment benefits per worker, the second lowest UNIONS The percentage of nonagricultural workers in the amount in the United States. The national average was $156.99 state belonging to a union or employee association was 10 per worker. Dade County had the greatest number of percent in 1982. This ranked fourth lowest among all the states unemployed residents in December 1986, with 59,710, while and was well below the national average of 22 percent. The Glades County posted the fewest, with only 101. The high 1982 figure also reflected a decline in the state as the percentage and low unemployment rates were in two other counties, of union membership was 16 percent in 1975 and 12 percent Hardee and Monroe. With a labor force of 7,824 (6,893 in 1980. Closed shop and union shop operations are prohibited employed and 931 unemployed), Hardee posted an in Florida because the state constitution provides that no one unemployment rate of 12 percent. Monroe, with a labor force shall be denied the right to work because of membership or of 34,503 (33,467 employed and 1,036 unemployed), showed nonmembership in a labor union. As of 1986, Florida was an. unemployment rate of only three percent. As one of 20 states to have such a Right-to-Work law, and one unemployment decreased and overall employment increased of seven to have it as a constitutional provision that requires in Florida, nonfarm employment grew 61 percent from 1975 a public referendum to change its status. to 1985, compared to 27 percent nationally. Florida is sixth in the country in nonfarm employment and the third fastest AGRICULTURE Florida is a major producer of agricultural growing state in this economic sector. This nonfarm products for the United States and for export. As a result, employment increase may be due to Florida's efforts at agriculture is a basic industry in the state with an estimated expanding its high technology employment. This sector showed economic impact in 1985 of more than $16 billion annually. a 28 percent increase from 1980 to 1985 in the number of This places agriculture second only to tourism's over $20 jobs in the manufacturing of electronic computer equipment, billion annual contribution to the state's economy. Florida, drugs and pharmaceuticals, measuring and controlling the 25th largest state in land area, ranked ninth among the instruments, space vehicles and parts, and guided missiles. states in 1984 in the total production of all farm commodities. This made Florida sixth in the nation and first in the southeast The state was fifth in the production of all crops, which in high technology employment. Growth in employment across included rankings of first in citrus, second in fresh market almost all of Florida's economic sectors is a result of the state's vegetables and second in nursery and greenhouse products. dramatic jump in its labor force, an increase of 25 percent Among individual commodities, Florida's national rankings from 1980 to 1985, compared to the nation's nine percent in production included first in oranges, first in grapefruit, increase. While many states would have been unable to absorb first in sugarcane, first in fresh market sweet corn, second this vast influx of people into their economies and would in tomatoes, third in lettuce, seventh in peanuts and ninth have experienced an increase in unemployment, Florida's in tobacco. Although the state ranked 23rd in overall livestock economy is diverse and flexible enough to use this increased and livestock products, it was ninth in egg production and labor force to the state's advantage. Florida's private wage 13th in dairy receipts. The state's top nine commodities, with and salary employment in 1986 was up four percent over the each accounting for over $100 million in 1983 farm sales, were previous year. All of the state's major industry divisions, except oranges, tomatoes, cattle and calves, sugarcane, dairy products, mining, experienced employment gains. More than 70 percent foliage plants, eggs, grapefruit, and broilers. The next seven, of the net increase in employment was in the retail trade and each accounting for over $50 million in sales, were soybeans, services industry divisions. These two divisions account for peppers, potatoes, celery, sweet corn, watermelons, and half of all wage and salary jobs in the state. The business strawberries. The next 20 products, each accounting for more service sector posted a nine percent employment increase in than $10 million in annual sales, were lettuce, peanuts, other FLYING THE COLORS: FLORIDA FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1987 5 FLORIDA TODAY field crops, snap beans, hogs, miscellaneous fruits and nuts, percent of that amount in land value. The average value per cucumbers, squash, tobacco, radishes, tangerines, corn, acre of farmland and buildings was $1,527 which was the flowering bedding plants, other livestock, limes, avocadoes, eighth highest among all the states and more than double gladioli, forest products, carrots, and hay. These 36 the national average of $679. The estimated market value of commodities, with sales of more than $10 million each, all farm machinery and equipment in 1982 was $1.1 billion, illustrate the size, strength and diversity of Florida's agriculture. an average of $30,895 per farm and an increase of 22 percent Its status as a market basket for the nation and the world, since 1978. Total cash receipts from farm sales in 1984 were with the resulting favorable impact on the state's economy, $4.8 billion which reflects increases of less than one percent is emphasized by the fact that an estimated 96 percent of from the previous year, increases of 26 percent since 1979 and its fresh and processed citrus production and 77 percent of increases of 125 percent since 1974. Government payments its vegetable production are sold out of state. In 1985, Florida of $40.7 million added less than one percent to the 1984 farm ranked 24th among the states in foreign export sales with a sales. Farm production expenses totaled $3.2 billion in 1984 total of $417 million. Of this, some $237 million was in citrus which resulted in net farm income of $1.6 billion. This and processed citrus in which the state ranked first. Primary compares with $1.5 billion the previous year, $1.4 billion in foreign customers included Western Europe, Japan and 1979 and $804 million in 1974. Of the total production expense Canada. Of Florida's total land area of 34,657,843 acres, 37 in 1984, depreciation, interest, rent, taxes, and repair and percent or 12,814,216 acres was in farmland in 1982. This was operation of capital items accounted for 42 percent. Labor, a decrease of less than one percent from 1978. Of the total including contract labor and machine hire, was the next highest land in farms, 4,093,583 acres, including 2,643,147 harvested expense category at 28 percent. Crop sales of $3.6 billion in acres, were in cropland; 2,875,028 acres were in woodland and 1984 were 74 percent of total sales. These included fruits, nuts 5,107,751 acres were in pastureland. Other farmland, such as and berries with $1.2 billion in sales (25 percent of total sales), house lots, ponds, roads and wasteland, accounted for 737,854 followed by vegetables and melons at $946 million (20 percent), acres. There were a total of 1,585,080 irrigated acres. With and all other crops at $600 million (12 percent). Livestock total farmland steadily declining (down 23 percent since 1950), and livestock products accounted for $1.3 billion of total sales the number of farms also decreased significantly from 56,921 (26 percent) including $603 million (12 percent) from meat in 1950 to 32,466 in 1974, but then it began to increase again. animals and other livestock, $371 million (eight percent) in As of 1982, there were 36,352 farms in the state, as compared poultry and poultry products, and $304 million (six percent) to 36,109 in 1978. in dairy products. In 1982, Palm Beach led all counties with $535 million in total farm sales. It also was first in vegetable The average farm size declined from 360 acres to 353 acres sales with $181 million and sugarcane sales of $232 million. in that five-year period, while the average value of land and Polk County was first in fruit sales with $173 million and buildings per farm increased from $407,118 to $552,586. Farms also led in cattle and calf sales at $27 million. Okeechobee of less than 50 acres in size accounted for all of the increase was first in dairy product sales at $66 million, and in the number of farms and, as of 1982, more than half of Hillsborough led in the sale of poultry and poultry products the total number of farms. Among the counties, Hillsborough at $32 million. Orange County was first in nursery and had the most farms with 2,748; Osceola had the largest amount greenhouse product sales at $95 million. State trends showed of land in farms with 928,502 acres, and Glades had the largest that the farm value of vegetables and melons in the 1985-86 average farm size with 2,878 acres. Palm Beach County had crop year increased by 13 percent to $1.2 billion from the the most harvested cropland with 446,240 acres and the most previous year. Field crops such as corn for grain, soybeans, irrigated land with 294,641 acres. Osceola had the most hay, peanuts and tobacco declined in 1985 while sugarcane pastureland with 763,365 acres. Individuals and families owned and cotton increased. Though relatively small, cotton acreage 81 percent of the farms in Florida in 1982. The total of 29,556 harvested was up 32 percent to 22,500 acres in 1985. farms was up fractionally from 1978. Corporate-owned farms increased 23 percent to 3,255 while the number of farms owned The January 1, 1986 inventory of cattle and calves in the state by partnerships declined 12 percent to 3,195. The number of totaled 2.1 million head, down three percent from the previous farms with other ownership such as cooperative, estate or year as compared to the national decline of four percent. institutional increased five percent to 346. The number of Florida ranks 15th among the states in cattle and calves, farms operated by tenants declined 11 percent to 2,487, and although it ranks first in beef cows east of the Mississippi. those operated by part owners dropped by eight percent to Florida's dairies produced two million pounds of milk in 1985, 5,938. Full time owners operated 27,927 farms in 1982, which up seven percent from 1984. Egg production in 1985 totaled is 77 percent of the total and a four percent increase since 2.7 million, down eight percent and the lowest total since 1970, 1978. But only 43 percent of farm owners claimed farming while broiler production was 417 million pounds, an increase as their principal occupation, a decline of two percent in the of six percent. For the 1985-86 season, Florida led the nation five-year period. Sixty percent of the farm operators resided in production of citrus, its biggest single crop value, up 10 on the farms which they operated. Women operated 11 percent percent to 176 million boxes. This was 71 percent of the of the farms and had full ownership of nine percent. Blacks national total. However, following freezes in 1983-84 and operated two percent of the farms and had full ownership 1984-85, the production was still below that of 194 million of two percent. Hired farm labor in 1982 totaled 182,471 boxes in 1982-83 and well below the record production of workers with a payroll of $480,444,000. This was an 11 percent 284 million boxes in 1979-80. Major shifts have occurred in decline in workers and a 24 percent increase in payroll since both size and location of the state's citrus industries in the 1978. As of April 1, 1985, the total value of farmland and 1980s. From 1981 to 1986, citrus acreage was down from buildings in Florida was estimated at $19.9 billion with 88 847,400 to 642,800. More than 200,000 acres were lost in the 6 FLYING THE COLORS: FLORIDA FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1987 FLORIDA TODAY two freezes, primarily in the northern sector of the citrus area by 66 percent and primary metals by 60 percent. As of 1985, such as Lake, Orange, and Pasco counties. This was partially printing and publishing ranked as the second largest offset by acreage increases to the south in counties such as manufacturing employment category after electrical and Hendry, St. Lucie, Indian River, Highlands, and Martin. electronics, and was followed by transportation equipment, Urbanization also played a part in the citrus acreage decline food, and machinery. The changing patterns and shifts in in Orange and Lake counties. And new low-volume irrigation emphasis in manufacturing in Florida were the result of several technology, such as a microsprinkler system, has been the factors. In regard to its historical lack of heavy industry and major reason for the increase in citrus acreage to the south. general manufacturing, the state was geographically isolated A serious complicating factor in the industry is citrus canker. from sources of raw materials and markets. But with the An outbreak of this bacterial disease affecting the tree was decline of heavy industry nationwide and the growing discovered in January 1986 in 18 citrus nurseries with 84 importance of the manufacture of products which were highly additional nurseries exposed. A rigorous eradication program technical, relatively light in weight, and not dependent on resulted in the destruction of more than 18 million citrus trees. nearby sources of raw materials, Florida's disadvantages State experts forecast that the expansion of orange production, became its advantages. The state was ready in terms of climate, the leading citrus fruit, would continue in south Florida, but available land, air transportation, a deepwater port system, that the rate of expansion would depend on the price and a booming population forming an attractive labor pool, and availability of non-U.S. (primarily Brazilian) supplies. Brazilian an official policy to foster business growth and stimulate oranges made their first major entry into the market when economic development. As a result, the growth of high they helped fill the void as Florida orange production was technology has been particularly strong in the state. The cut in half during the two freeze years. In regard to the overall number of high technology firms increased by 245 percent future of Florida's agriculture, a 1986 report by the Institute from 1975 to 1985 while employment in the industry more of Food and Agricultural Sciences of the University of Florida than doubled. High technology employment in Florida in 1985 said there was little doubt that the absolute value of cash ranked sixth highest among all the states and accounted for receipts from farm marketings will continue to increase. But 27 percent of the state's manufacturing jobs. Reflecting a the rate of growth would be subject to more than the usual diversity, the two largest segments of the state's high-tech variables of weather, supply and demand. These additional industry in 1985 were communications equipment and factors for Florida include population growth rates electronics components and accessories, while the fastest considerably above the national average, the emergence of growing segments were X-ray and electromedical apparatus, foreign competitors in commodities markets, potential computer and data processing services, guided missile and competition for limited water resources between agricultural space vehicles, and pharmaceuticals. In 1985, there were three producers and urban residents, and a limited land base. areas of the state with prominent clusters of high-tech industry. The Tampa Bay area was involved in aviation, electronics, INDUSTRY Manufacturing took on new dimensions in and communications equipment; Central Florida, including Florida in the 1980s and began to emerge as a major factor Orlando, the Kennedy Space Center and Melbourne, had an adding strength and diversity to the state economy. emphasis on space, defense, simulation, and laser optics; and Manufacturing employment increased 13 percent in the state the southern region, including Dade, Broward, and Palm between 1980 and 1985 as compared to a decline of four Beach counties, featured computers, aviation, telecommuni- percent for the nation as a whole. In 1985, Florida ranked cations, and biomedical. The slowest growing manufacturing third highest among all the states in the number of new sector between 1970 and 1985 was that which includes resource- manufacturing plants opened and plant expansions completed. based industries. There was an actual decline in leather, textiles, The total of 185 included 152 new plants and 33 expansions. paper and allied products, and tobacco manufacturing. While By 1985, the state had increased its share of national the processing of food and chemicals and allied products grew manufacturing employment from two percent in 1970 to three at a slower pace than in the past, their importance to the percent in 1985. Within the state, manufacturing accounted state is emphasized by the fact that these two groups still for 11 percent of all employment and 13 percent of all personal ranked first and second, respectively, in value of industry income. While all sectors of manufacturing grew during that shipments. Food processing also was first in value added by period, the largest increases came from industries associated manufacturing. Two factors pushed printing and publishing with new technologies as opposed to the state's traditional from the fourth to the second largest manufacturing sector. resource-based processing. For example, while food and The booming population growth stimulated the growth of kindred products was the leading manufacturing employment newspapers, and the overall rapid development of business category in 1970 and grew by some five percent, it dropped led to increased activity in quick-copy services and in printing to fourth and was replaced by electrical and electronic business-related products such as packaging and computer equipment manufacturing as number one in 1985. The food forms. Strong foreign competition from nations with very low and kindred products category grew at the rate of 159 percent labor costs caused Florida's textile industry, including apparel since 1970, but even so was exceeded by two others. The manufacture, to slip from fifth to seventh place among the manufacture of instruments, primarily optical and medical, state's manufacturing industry categories. As in the case of increased by 200 percent and plastics and rubber products printing and publishing, the substantial growth in population by 186 percent. In this same period from 1970 to 1985, and overall business resulted in 136 percent growth from 1970 machinery manufacturing employment grew by 130 percent, to 1985 in the services industry. Although the services industry printing and publishing by 129 percent, lumber and wood is fast-growing in many areas of the nation, the national growth products by 93 percent, transportation equipment by 70 rate of 73 percent was still outstripped by Florida. As measured percent, petroleum products by 69 percent, fabricated metals by employment, the state's traditional service sector-such as FLYING THE COLORS: FLORIDA FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1987 7 FLORIDA TODAY hotels and motels, and personal services such as laundries, sale trade establishments in the state in 1985 numbered 25,292. barbershops and beauty shops-have grown at modest rates Dade County was the leader in wholesale activity with 6,692 in comparison to professional and technical services. Legal establishments, followed by Broward with 2,795, Hillsborough services, with an increase of 294 percent was the fastest growing with 2,049, Orange with 1,600, and Duval with 1,457. of these. The miscellaneous services group, which includes Wholesale sales totaled $65.6 billion in 1982, a five-year engineering, architecture, surveying, accounting, auditing, and increase of 91 percent. Durable goods wholesalers numbered bookkeeping, was up 205 percent. Business services, which 12,793 with sales of $30.7 billion in 1982, an average of $2.4 include business assistance agencies such as personnel, building million per establishment. A breakdown of durable goods maintenance, credit and advertising, increased by 275 percent. wholesalers by category and sales volume showed 2,069 motor Health services which now comprises almost one-fourth of vehicles and automotive parts and supplies wholesalers with the total services industry, grew at a rate of 266 percent. $8.6 billion; 721 in furniture and home furnishings with $1.2 Stimulating factors included the growth of the older billion; 1,008 in lumber and other construction materials with population, and the fact that many affluent Latin Americans $2.4 billion; 410 in sporting, recreation, photographic, hobby, come to Florida for health care. Interestingly, there was a toys, and supplies with $698 million; 331 in metals and slight decline in actual hospital employment, but large growth minerals, except petroleum, with $1.6 billion; 1,136 in hardware, in health maintenance organizations, emergency clinics, plumbing, and heating equipment and supplies with $1.8 ambulatory centers, hospices, and family practice centers. billion; 4,386 in machinery and equipment with $8.3 billion, Economic research specialists have forecast that the service and 1,128 in miscellaneous durable goods with $1.3 billion industry will continue to expand at a rapid rate. There were in sales. There were 6,744 wholesalers of nondurable goods forecasts that personal, business and financial services will with 1982 sales of $35 billion, an average of $5.2 million per account for 40 percent of all job growth between 1986 and establishment. Among the nondurable goods wholesalers were 1991. And there were indications in 1986 that the motion 648 in paper and paper products with $1.5 billion in sales; picture, television and recording industry will play an 275 in drugs and druggists' sundries with $1.3 billion; 678 increasingly significant role in Florida. For example, 39 feature in apparel, piece goods, and notions with $956 million; 2,136 films were filmed in the state and two entertainment firms in groceries and related products with $13.5 billion; 105 in announced they will have major new studio production farm product raw materials with $1.2 billion; 426 in chemicals complexes in operation by 1989. In addition to the feature and allied products with $1.3 billion; 504 in petroleum and film activity, there were 6,256 television commercials and petroleum products with $9.3 billion; 188 in beer, wines, and sponsored films, and 2,624 music projects recorded in Florida distilled alcoholic beverages with $2.7 billion; and 1,784 in in 1986. miscellaneous nondurable goods at $3.2 billion. In 1982, there were 68,723 taxable service industry establishments in the state BUSINESS Gross retail sales in Florida in 1986 totaled with sales of $21.5 billion. $223.6 billion, an increase of six percent over 1985. The 1986 total also represented a 14 percent increase since 1984 and CONSTRUCTION/HOUSING Florida's housing grew by a three-year increase of 33 percent. Among the counties, Dade well over twice the national rate during the 1970s. While the (Miami) led in gross retail sales with $36 billion, or 16 percent number of housing units increased by 29 percent across the of the state total; followed by Broward (Ft. Lauderdale) with nation, they increased by 73 percent in Florida. The Census $21 billion; Hillsborough (Tampa) with $16.8 billion; Orange Bureau listed all of Florida's metropolitan areas among the (Orlando) with $16.3 billion; and Duval (Jacksonville) with top 100 in growth of year-round housing units between 1970 $14 billion. The automotive group, ranging from auto dealers and 1980. Naples ranked first in the nation with a 66 percent to service stations to boat dealers, was the leading category increase; Fort Myers-Cape Coral was second with 60 percent; in sales in 1985 at $37.1 billion, followed by the food and Fort Pierce was third nationally with a growth of 57 percent. beverage group at $27.7 billion and apparel and general Ocala ranked fifth (55 percent), West Palm Beach-Boca Raton- merchandise at $20.8 billion. Florida ranked fourth in the Delray Beach was seventh (54 percent), and Sarasota was eighth nation in 1985 with total taxable retail sales of $89.7 billion. (51 percent). This rapid residential construction did not stop Per capita retail sales were $6,489, compared to the national in 1980. In 1981, construction started on 141,000 new, privately- average of $5,844. The state's retail trade industry owned housing units; in 1982, 100,100; in 1983, 180,400; and establishments numbered 61,305 in 1985. Dade County led in 1984, 196,700. This recent construction assured that most in retail activity with 10,420 retail trade establishments, Floridians lived in relatively new housing. In 1980, 44 percent followed by Broward with 6,311, Pinellas with 4,108, Palm of the year-round housing units in Florida had been built Beach with 4,067, and Hillsborough with 3,552. A breakdown in the previous 10 years, 80 percent had been built since 1960, of the state's retail trade industry showed the following sales and only seven percent had been built prior to 1940. There volume by type of business in 1982: 3,264 building materials, were 4,379,000 housing units in Florida in 1980 and 4,270,000 hardware, garden supply, and mobile home dealers with $2.6 were year-round housing units. Of the latter, 12 percent were billion in sales; 1,591 general merchandise group stores with vacant, compared with seven percent nationally. Floridians $6 billion in sales; 9,420 food stores with $12.4 billion in sales; were slightly less likely than most Americans to live in a single- 10,020 automotive dealers and gasoline service stations with family dwelling and more likely to live in a building with five $16 billion in sales; 7,472 apparel and accessory stores with or more units. While single unit structures accounted for 59 $2.7 billion in sales; 5,634 furniture, home furnishings, and percent of Florida's housing, they accounted for 66 percent equipment stores with $2.7 billion in sales; 13,933 eating and nationally. Twenty-four percent of Florida's housing units were drinking places with $5.5 billion in sales; and 15,558 in structures with five or more units, compared to 18 percent miscellaneous establishments with $6.5 billion in sales. Whole- nationally. Mobile homes also made up a higher percentage 8 FLYING THE COLORS: FLORIDA FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1987 FLORIDA TODAY of Florida's housing, 10 percent compared to a five percent terms of numbers employed, the United Kingdom was the national average. Of Florida's year-round housing units in largest investor, followed by West Germany, Belgium, Japan, 1980, 84 percent had air-conditioning (55 percent nationally) Canada, and France. According to the state's Division of and 77 percent had a central heating system (83 percent Economic Development, the operations of foreign-owned nationally), 72 percent were connected to a public sewer (74 firms were predominately grouped in manufacturing, finance, percent nationally), and 87 percent got their water from a insurance and real estate, and retail trade. Florida is also a public system or private company (compared with 84 percent U.S. center for international finance. A number of U.S. banks nationally). In 1980, there were 3,744,000 occupied year-round maintain offices in Florida to finance trade and to accept housing units in Florida. Of these, one percent lacked complete deposits from overseas clients. Florida leads the nation in the plumbing facilities (two percent nationally), five percent had number of "Edge Act" banks with 39. The Edge Act is a more than one person per room (four and a half percent federal law that allows a U.S. bank to carry on international nationally), and 10 percent did not have a telephone. Sixty- operations in a state other than that in which it normally eight percent of Florida's homes were occupied by the owner. functions. Many foreign banks also operate in Florida. There In 1980, the median value of Florida's housing units was were 51 agencies and representative offices of foreign banks $45,300, ranking it 25th in the country. The median rent of from 20 countries in Florida as of December 1986 with assets Florida housing units in 1980 was $256 a month, a little above valued at $5.8 billion. Spain, Brazil and the Cayman Islands the U.S. median of $243. Median prices for housing varied each had five or more offices. greatly among Florida's metropolitan areas. The West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Delray Beach area was the most expensive. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS Over $140 billion worth of In the second quarter of 1987, the median sales price for single- commodities have flowed through Florida's ports since 1979. family dwellings was $104,300, the ninth highest in the nation. Florida's imports and exports set a new record in 1986 with Other areas among the nation's most expensive markets were a total value of $22.3 billion, a 12 percent increase over 1985. Miami with a median sales price of $84,400, Fort Lauderdale- Exports rose three percent to $8.9 billion, and imports rose Pompano Beach with $79,000, Orlando with $76,400, 19 percent to $13.4 billion. The growth of trade in Florida Jacksonville with $65,800, and Tampa-St. Petersburg with thus surpassed that of the nation as a whole, where total trade $65,700. In 1986, building permits with a value of $14.4 billion increased five percent over 1985. Imports grew seven percent, were reported in the state. Of this total, $8.7 billion were for and exports grew two percent. Florida's trade comprised four residential construction, $3.5 billion for nonresidential, $1.7 percent of total U.S. exports and imports in 1985. Florida billion for additions and alterations, and $502 million for is well positioned to play a growing role in international trade. public construction. While these figures represent an increase It is closer to Latin America than any other U.S. state and in residential and public construction in 1986, they show a has 14 deep-water ports, as well as six international airports. small decrease in overall construction activity. During 1985, The Florida Bureau of International Trade and Development the value of building permits reported was $15.2 billion: $8.4 promotes international trade throughout Florida in a number billion residential, $4.7 billion nonresidential, $1.8 billion of ways. It conducts export seminars, organizes and conducts additions and alterations, and $295 million public. The busiest overseas trade fairs, maintains a toll-free number for potential counties for construction in 1986 were Palm Beach, Dade, exporters, and publishes international trade leads and tips. Broward, Pinellas, and Orange, each with over $1 billion in Florida's imports reached their highest value ever in 1986. value of building permits reported. Municipalities issued Department of Commerce officials attributed primary permits valued at $1.8 billion in Palm Beach County, $1.2 responsibility for this to Florida's importance as a receiving billion of it for residential construction. The Census Bureau and distribution center for European- and Asian-made cars. reported 319,400 Florida workers employed in the construction The Port of Jacksonville is the leading port of entry on the industry in 1984, a 21 percent increase over 1980. entire East Coast for foreign-made automobiles and trucks. The value of Florida's imports has risen every year but two FOREIGN INVESTMENT Florida actively encourages since 1971, increasing over 1,000 percent in that time. Import foreign investment in its business enterprises. The Florida values surpassed $10 billion for the first time in 1984, when thureau of International Trade and Development sponsors they jumped 31 percent over the previous year's. In 1986, forty- dozens of events each year to encourage such investment, and two percent of Florida's imports originated in Asia, 25 percent the state requires firms with foreign ownership to register no came from Europe, 16 percent were from North America, differently than other U.S. firms. The bureau, which works 16 percent came from South America, and less than one 6 create a favorable climate for international business in percent originated from Australia, Oceania, and Africa. Florida in such areas as manufacturing, distribution and Florida's leading source of imports continued to be Japan working, manages several offices in Florida as well as offices with goods valued at $4.4 billion in 1986. West Germany with in London and Frankfurt. According to the Federal Bureau a value of $1.3 billion, Brazil with $626 million, Italy with of Economic Analysis, there were 1,030 non-banking firms $503 million, and Colombia with $478 million were second In 1985 with direct (at least 10 percent) foreign through fifth, followed by Venezuela, Taiwan, the United These firms employed 95,188 workers and owned Kingdom, Canada, and the Dominican Republic. The leading and equipment with a gross book value of $9.7 commodity imported was automobiles, making up 30 percent hey owned 570,000 acres of land and leased or owned of the value of all imports in 1985. This was followed in value rights to 1,125,000 acres. The Bureau of the Census by coffee, petroleum products, trucks, fruits and nuts, and Hibit in 1982 Florida had the sixth highest number shellfish. Florida's exports, like those of the rest of the nation, owned businesses in the United States. Investors did not equal her imports. Still, Florida did better than the -countries owned a stake in Florida businesses. In United States as a whole. Florida's exports made up 40 percent COLORS FLORIDA FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1987 9 FLORIDA TODAY of her total trade, as compared with 37 percent for the entire Deposits in national banks included $22 billion in individual, country. From 1980 through 1982, exports surpassed imports partnership, and corporate (IPC) transaction accounts, $50 in Florida, making up 61 percent of total trade in 1980, 60 billion in IPC nontransaction accounts, and $2.8 billion in percent in 1981, and 58 percent in 1982. In 1983, exports made public funds. State banks had $5.7 billion in IPC transaction up just below 50 percent of total trade, and the percentage accounts, $14.5 billion in IPC nontransaction accounts, and decreased to 46 percent in 1984 and 44 percent in 1985. $1.1 billion in public funds. The single mutual savings bank Florida's exports were valued at $8.9 billion in 1986. This held $1 million in IPC transaction accounts and $33 million is better than the 1985 figure, but below the 1981 mark of in IPC nontransaction accounts. The Florida Division of nearly $11 billion. Florida's exports rose quickly from 1961 Banking publishes extensive records of state-chartered through 1981, from a value of $1.2 billion to nearly $11 billion. commercial bank and trust companies. It reported 241 state- Exports then fell by 10 percent in 1982, by 21 percent in 1983, chartered commercial banks on December 31, 1986. Sixteen and by one percent in 1985. The Florida Department of new state banks opened during the year, and one federal Commerce attributed the small increase of exports in 1986 savings and loan converted to a state bank. Fourteen state to a modest resurgence in shipments to South America. In banks merged into existing state or national banks, and three 1986, 42 percent of Florida's exports went to South America. state banks closed during the year. In 1975, the number of That figure was 34 percent in 1984, after reaching as high state-chartered banks peaked at 449, but has since declined. as 46 percent in 1982. North America received 36 percent of Still, deposits continued to grow from $10.3 billion in 1975 Florida's exports in 1986, Europe 14 percent, Asia six percent, to $24.9 billion in 1986. Of the 241 banks open in December and Australia, Oceania, and Africa together received three 1986, 59 were members of the Federal Reserve. There was one percent. Of the top twenty purchasers of Florida exports in state-chartered industrial savings bank on December 31, 1986, 1986, all but three were Latin American. Venezuela was the with assets valued at $28 million. Two new state international leading destination for Florida exports, receiving goods valued bank agencies and representative offices opened during 1986, at $1.3 billion in 1985. Brazil became the second largest bringing the total on December 31st to 51. There were 519 recipient, moving from fourth in 1985 and tenth in 1983. These FSLIC-insured savings and loan associations in Florida on were followed in order by: Columbia, the Bahamas, the June 30, 1986. They operated 2,416 offices and held savings Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Panama, the U.S.S.R., the of $71.7 billion. Dade and Broward counties accounted for United Kingdom, and Ecuador. Fertilizer was Florida's leading the highest savings, over $13 billion in the savings and loans export in 1985 with a value of $1.3 billion, followed by of each, followed by Pinellas and Palm Beach counties with aerospace products with $633 million, vehicle parts with $380 over $7 billion apiece. There were 63 state-chartered savings million, and piston engines with $295 million. and loan associations on December 31, 1986. While one association closed, seven new associations opened, and four FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS Florida's Regional Interstate federal associations converted to state stock charter during Banking Bill took effect on July 1, 1985. It allows a bank the year, continuing the growth in the number of state savings or bank-holding company from another state within the and loans seen since 1981. There were 272 credit unions listed southeastern region to purchase a bank or bank-holding with the National Credit Union Association (NCUA) in May company in Florida, if the home state of the purchasing bank 1986. There were 179 state-chartered credit unions, 10 less is willing to reciprocate and allow Florida banks and bank- than in 1985, with total assets of nearly $2 billion in 1986. holding companies to purchase banks and bank-holding companies within that home state's borders. Thus far, the NATURAL RESOURCES Bright sunshine, a warm climate impact of the new law has not been as great as expected, and white, sandy beaches are the natural resources best known though some mergers and acquisitions of Florida banks have to Florida's tourists. These resources are important to Florida, occurred. Florida is in the sixth district of the Federal Reserve not only for the visitors they attract, but also for the crop Bank system, headquartered in Atlanta. Florida, Georgia, and forest lands they support. Nearly 45 percent of all land Alabama, and parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee in Florida is commercial forest land. There are 15.7 million comprise that Federal Reserve Bank district. Florida's banks acres of commercial forests, over 6.5 million acres of which and credit institutions experienced rapid growth of 172 percent are in tree farms, making Florida third nationally in tree farm between 1970 and 1985. In 1984, commercial banks in Florida acreage. The rapid population growth and urban buildup in ranked sixth in the nation with total assets of $76 billion. Florida has led to a slow but steady decline in commercial Bank loans have risen dramatically, growing by nearly $22 forest land, dropping four percent between 1970 and 1980. billion between 1982 and 1985. There were 415 commercial Northeast and northwest Florida are the most heavily forested banks operating 2,677 offices with deposits of $72.2 billion regions, 71 percent and 76 percent, respectively. As one moves in Florida on June 30, 1986. This demonstrates some south, forestland gives way to pasture and marsh, so that consolidation of the number of banks along with a continued forestland covers only 26 percent of central and south Florida. increase in offices and deposits for the year. During the The slash pine favored by timber managers is the most previous year there had been 436 state banks, operating 2,509 common forest type, making up 34 percent of Florida's banking offices with deposits of $67.7 billion on June 30th. timberlands. The oak-gum-cypress forest type makes up 27 A breakdown of Florida banks on June 30, 1986, shows 170 percent of the commercial forest lands. Longleaf pine forests nationally chartered FDIC insured banks with 1,777 banking declined by 27 percent between 1970 and 1980 and made up offices, and $55.5 billion in deposits. 240 state-chartered banks only eight percent of Florida's timberlands by the latter date. with 894 banking offices had $21.7 billion in deposits, one In 1984, 454,532,000 cubic feet of roundwood timber were mutual savings bank with two offices had $35 million in harvested in Florida. This was slightly below the record 1983 deposits, and five non-FDIC-insured banks had no deposits. harvest of 461,594,000 cubic feet. The Florida timber industry 10 FLYING THE COLORS: FLORIDA FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1987 FLORIDA TODAY has grown from harvesting 257 million cubic feet in 1975 to a value of $166 million. Most of the production was used 414 million in 1979 to the record harvest of 1983. The largest within the state. Despite its production, Florida was a net producing counties in 1984, Taylor, Columbia, Levy and importer of cement in 1985, and trends indicate that imports Liberty, are located in the northeast and northwest. Much will make up a greater share of the market in the future. The of the harvest, 416 million cubic feet, was softwood, while production of sand and gravel in 18 counties had a total value a smaller portion, 38 million cubic feet, was hardwood. Of of approximately $62 million in 1985. Uses include the softwood, 246 million cubic feet were used for pulpwood, construction and glass manufacture. Common clay was 160 million cubic feet were used for saw and veneer logs and produced in Clay, Hernando, and Lake counties; fuller's earth 10 million cubic feet were used for other products. There were was mined in Brevard, Gadsden and Marion counties; and 147 primary wood-using plants in operation during 1984, but kaolin was produced in Putnam County. The total value of this figure had dropped to 109 by 1985. Of these 109 primary these clays was $33 million in 1985. Lime was produced in operations, eight were pulpmills, 79 were sawmills, seven were Hernando and Sumter counties in 1985. Production declined veneer mills and 15 were miscellaneous wood consumers. The from 1984 and, presumably, was worth less than the $9 million wholesale manufactured value of forest products (stumpage of that year. Lime is used in water purification, magnesia value, logging value added, and the value added by primary recovery from seawater, and paper and pulp manufacturing. manufacturing) harvested in Florida in 1984 was $2.1 billion. Nine counties produced peat in 1985. Most of this was used That value increased to $8.3 billion in income to the state, for potting soils and nurseries. The total value of peat including the value added by additional manufacturing, produced was $5 million. Florida ranked second in the nation transportation and marketing. This figure fell 17% during in the recovery of magnesium compound from seawater by 1985 to $6.9 billion. Two counties with minimal harvests of virtue of its plant in Gulf County. Staurolite was recovered their own profited most from the timber industry through in Clay County and used in foundry operations, sand-blasting, their transportation and manufacturing in 1985: Dade County and cement manufacturing. Florida ranked third in the nation and Duval County. The value of forest products was over in the production of exfoliated vermiculite, which was used $100 million in 20 counties during 1985 and over $200 million for concrete aggregate, horticulture, and insulation. Mineral in 11 counties. Though rarely thought of as a mining state, sands, including zircon, were produced in Clay County and Florida ranked third in the nation in the production of nonfuel shipped to users throughout the southeast. Deposits of oil minerals in 1985 with production valued at $1.6 billion. Florida and gas are relatively small in Florida, but some production ranked first in the production of phosphate rock, second in occurs in northwest Florida and the Everglades. Fields in masonry cement, peat, and crushed stone, third in fuller's Collier, Hendry, Lee, Santa Rosa and Escambia counties earth, and seventh in portland cement. Two minerals, staurolite produced 9 million barrels of oil and 9 billion cubic feet of and zircon, were produced only in Florida. The 1985 natural gas in 1986 from 278 wells. Production has been production represented a gain of $49 million over 1984. In declining for the past six years: 42 million barrels of oil were 1986, the value of minerals produced fell nearly seven percent produced in 1980, 14 million barrels in 1984, and 11 million to $1.5 billion, and Florida's national ranking dropped to in 1985. Florida now provides less than two percent of the fourth. Florida produced 39 metric tons of phosphate rock nation's natural gas and a negligible portion of the nation's in 1985, almost 80 percent of the nation's and one-fourth overall oil production. Being surrounded by water on three of the world's supply. This represented a seven percent increase sides, it is only natural that Florida should profit from fishing. in output and a nearly 10 percent increase in value from 1984. Florida's commercial fisheries are among the most valuable Polk County has been the center of phosphate mining for of all the states in the nation. In 1984, dockside landings of over 100 years, with additional production in Manatee, 207 million pounds of fish and shellfish were valued at $178 Hillsborough, Hamilton, and Hardee counties. Most of the million. Added to that is the estimated $2 billion that over phosphate (90 percent) is used for making fertilizer. About five million recreational anglers spend each year. Florida had one-third of Florida's phosphate production was exported. 46 fishery products plants in 1984, nearly 10 percent of the Much of the phosphate leaves through the Port of Tampa. national total. Traditionally, Florida depended upon her In 1984, phosphate and phosphate-related products accounted natural resources for economic well-being. Today the Florida for 94 percent of all outbound cargo at the port, making it economy is much more diversified, but the blessings of one of the nation's ten busiest. The phosphate industry owned abundant sunshine and clear water still attract numerous or controlled 659,000 acres of Florida land in 1984. The tourists and businessmen to both its Gulf and Atlantic shores. phosphate industry has been adversely affected by the domestic farm crisis and the high value of the U.S. dollar of the 1980s, TOURISM Florida's Atlantic and Gulf Coast beaches, which decreased domestic and foreign demand for American diverse attractions, and moderate temperatures continue to fertilizer. Employment declined from 14,600 in 1980 to 11,500 attract visitors in record numbers. Tourism is the state's number by 1985. Several companies are now for sale and all are one industry with an estimated economic impact of more than operating below capacity. Crushed stone ranked second in $20 billion per year. State sales tax collection from tourism- mineral value in Florida in 1985 with a value of $287 million- related businesses in 1985 totaled $933.5 million, more than limestone, dolomite, marl and oystershell were produced. double that of 1980. In 1985, an estimated 32.2 million persons Altogether, 107 quarries operated in 23 counties with Dade, arrived in Florida to enjoy themselves, up seven percent from Hernando, and Broward counties the leading producers, 1984. Florida's 292,414 hotel and motel rooms had an average accounting for nearly 63 percent of the state's output. The room rental of $31.25 and the total room revenue from visitors brushed stone was used mainly for road base, concrete and amounted to $4.1 billion. Visitors to Florida can be categorized buminous aggregate, and cement manufacturing. Cement as 35 percent vacationers, 39 percent visiting friends or the third leading nonfuel mineral in Florida in 1985 with relatives, and the remainder on personal or company business. 11 FLORIDA TODAY Of the total 32.2 million, about 1.8 million were from either almost $1.9 billion in pari-mutuel gambling. Over $123 million Europe or South America. Within the United States, in state revenues was raised. Horse racing is divided into three automobile visitors from Georgia comprised 19 percent of primary categories: thoroughbred, harness, and quarter horse. the total in 1985. Alabama ranked second with 17 percent There were 375 thoroughbred performances at four tracks of the total. The number of travel-generated jobs in 1985 for in 1986. Over 2 million fans wagered some $438 million during the state of Florida was 551,400, an increase of six percent fiscal year 1985-86, and thoroughbred racing contributed 10 over 1984. Total travel expenditures by visitors in 1985 percent to the state's pari-mutuel collection. In addition, amounted to $24 billion as compared to $22 billion in 1984. Sunday races were held for the first time beginning April 27, Florida's top fourteen attractions captured 75 percent of all 1986, at Hialeah Park. Pompano Park in Broward County visitors to attractions in the state. Epcot Center and Walt conducted 120 harness racing performances in fiscal year Disney World, both found in Orange County, accounted for 1985-86, including the Breeder's Crown. Approximately 45 percent of the total. Total attendance at state parks in 500,000 fans wagered $60 million in fiscal year 1985-86. 1984-85 was 14.4 million persons. Sebastian Inlet, in Brevard Quarter horse racing also was held at Pompano Park, where and Indian River counties, had the most attendees at 1.5 47 performances took place in 1985-86. Florida has the largest million in 1984-85. The Kennedy Space Center is one of the greyhound racing industry in the country with eighteen tracks, best known of Florida's attractions, and regularly scheduled over one-third of the nation's total greyhound tracks. Almost bus tours provide visits to the vehicle assembly building, the $950 million was wagered by eight and a half million fans Space Shuttle launch pad, the mission control center, and in 1986, contributing 64 percent of the state's pari-mutuel the museum, where displays of rockets, spacecraft, and other collections. Florida, which had the world's first'pari-mutuel exhibits are found. The Everglades, designated as a national jai alai almost sixty years ago, held 1,852 performances in park in 1947, is widely known for its abundance of birds and 1985-86. Four and a half million fans wagered almost $400 wildlife. Several endangered species are found here, among million, raising 25 percent of the state's pari-mutuel wagering them the Everglades mink, crocodile, white heron, and bald collections. eagle. There are 82 festivals that are highlighted among the thousand or more occurring in Florida annually. Several ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES The Florida State Beverage noteworthy events in February are: Speed Week in Daytona Department was created by the state legislature in 1933 after Beach, the Edison Pageant of Light in Fort Myers, and the the repeal of prohibition. The name was changed in 1969 to Mardi Gras Carnival in Cape Coral. The Florida Strawberry the Division of Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco (DABT), Festival in Plant City attracts 250,000 people every February. and personnel were placed within the Department of Business Florida offers both citizens and tourists alike approximately Regulations. Today, the duties of the division include 10,000 individual public recreational vehicle and tent campsites regulation and supervision of the alcoholic beverage industries and 22,000 picnic tables. The federal government in 1980 in the state through the collection of beverage taxes and administered over three million acres of outdoor recreational insuring compliance with Florida's beverage laws. In order land in Florida. The national forests contain 59 developed to apply for a license to sell alcoholic beverages in the state, public recreational sites offering a variety of activities including an applicant must first make an appointment with the DABT camping, hunting, fishing, swimming, hiking, picnicking, and district office serving the county where the applicant is located nature study. Florida's four state forests, Blackwater, Cary, to obtain necessary forms. After all required forms and Pine Log, and Withlacoochee, each provide many documents are reviewed and returned to the office and the opportunities for hunting, fishing, camping, and other applicant and all business associates are fingerprinted, the activities. Of interest to visitors and historians alike are the district office decides whether the application is complete. many designated historical sites in Florida. Among the At that time a temporary liquor license can be issued upon noteworthy are the Joseph E. Lee Memorial in Jacksonville, payment of a fee. Temporary licenses then expire upon the Ringling Museum of Circus in Sarasota, and Cape Florida approval or disapproval of a permanent license. The licensee Lighthouse off the Miami coast. Overall, Florida's abundant is required to be 21 years or older and not to have been natural resources, and its temperate subtropical climate and convicted of a beverage violation within the last five years careful preservation of forests and parklands make it one of or a felony within the last fifteen years. Licensees need not the nation's most cherished and enjoyed vacation spots. be residents of the state of Florida, but out-of-state corporations must prove that they are registered to do business GAMBLING In the November 4, 1986 general election, in Florida. In most counties, "quota" liquor licenses are issued Florida voters approved a state constitutional amendment on the basis of one license for every 2,500 persons residing which created a state lottery. A bill to legalize casino gambling in that county, based upon the latest federal census figures. was rejected at the same time. The lottery is to become effective Quota-type liquor licenses issued before July 1, 1981 may be January 1, 1988, with tickets available statewide at $1 each. transferred to another individual upon payment of a transfer Almost $145 million in lottery proceeds was appropriated for fee, based upon the documented average annual value of gross use in public education during the 1987-88 state legislative sales of alcoholic beverages for three years previous to the session. The proceeds from ticket sales are divided into a ratio transfer, not to exceed $5,000. Although all employees of of: 50 percent for prizes, 15 percent for administration of establishments which sell alcoholic beverages are not required the lottery, and 35 percent for public education. The Division to be fingerprinted, it is against state law for holders of beer of Pari-Mutuel Wagering and the Florida Pari-Mutuel package or beer and wine package licenses to employ as Commission oversee pari-mutuel gambling in the state, managers or bartenders any person who has been convicted including horse racing, greyhound racing, and jai alai. In the during the past five years of any beverage law violations, crimes fiscal year 1985-86, a total of 16 million patrons wagered associated with prostitution, dealing in narcotics, or any other 12 FLYING THE COLORS: FLORIDA FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1987 FLORIDA 241 ntial Vote 180,408 (85%) 29,009 (14%) FLORIDA ican Presidential Primary 5,890 (88%) 469 (7%) Who imagined a half century ago that Florida, swamp-ridden, geographically isolated, disease- 268 (4%) ridden, bigoted, with no mineral resources but phosphate mines and not much agriculture outside its citrus groves, without major industries or universities, would become one of the most populous American states? Florida in 1940 was studded with a few fabulous resorts but more of its people lived in settlements like LaBelle where the WPA Guide found that "rough unpainted pine houses flank the many unpaved roads within the town; on the outskirts are primitive one- story cabins with palm thatched roofs; these cabins are perched high on stilts to provide dry ). 6, 1933, Washington, D.C.; home, U., B.A. 1955, Yale U., B.D. 1958; quarters in the rainy season, and on hot days hogs, dogs, and children retire under them to keep cool. Kerosene lamps light the houses, and home-cured hides are sometimes used as bed 'kivers." Florida was the smallest state in the South, with 1.9 million people, its poverty only el Baptist Church, 1958-present; faintly relieved by winter visitors and northern migrants; it was anything but a model for the rest del Inner City Commun. Org.; Dir., of the Union. 1960-71; Coordinator, Selma to ice Chmn., DC City Cncl., 1967-79; Now, 50 years later with 12 million people, Florida is the nation's second fastest growing and les Campaign, 1969; Chmn., Bd. of fourth largest state (it passed Ohio in 1984, Illinois in 1986, Pennsylvania in 1987), and an Jr., Ctr. for Social Change, 1969- instructive though exaggerated model of the America that is to be. Florida's population is weighted toward the elderly, its migrants tend to be affluent, its economy is made up mostly of 202-225-8050. Also 2041 Martin service industries, its voters are disconnected from state and national government-distrustful Ste. 311, Washington, D.C. 20020, of neighbors and fellow citizens they scarcely know and alarmed about what they see as the proximate threats to their comfortable lives, crime and drugs. Florida offers the vision of a ice and Urban Affairs (3th of 31 D). sunny, carefree, comfortable life in year-round warmth-and provides a glimpse at the dark netary Policy; Housing and Commu- problems that may lurk ahead. Finance (Chairman); International What brought so many Americans there was warm weather. A climate that in all but the 8 D). Subcommittees: Fiscal Affairs winter months was considered intolerable (and which was genuinely unhealthy) half a century litan Affairs. Select Committee on ago is, now that air conditioning became commonplace, deemed desirable. As one cohort of older Americans after another has migrated from the cold industrial belt from Boston to St. Louis down to the funnel of the Florida peninsula, a new megastate was born. More than 90% of Florida's housing units have been built since 1945, hundreds of square miles of swampland have been drained, miles and miles of roads and parking lots have been laid down, shopping centers 121,817 (71%) ($68,523) and restaurants and luxury resorts and trailer parks have been built. For millions of Americans, 22,936 (13%) Florida has been a chance to start over, to create the kind of community they have always 13,802 (8%) wanted to live in, to build if not a city on a hill then a suburb in what was until quite recently a 10,449 (6%) swamp. 101,604 ($74,681) The result is a population and an electorate as diverse as any in America-but not in the same (80%) proportions. The old, pre-migration Florida, centered in the northern part of the state, was 17,643 (14%) heavily Democratic, strongly segregationist, and interested in state politics because its shrewd 6,122 (5%) legislators could bring money and jobs to impoverished local communities. To that Florida was added two distinct streams of migration. Starting in the late 1940s, affluent and mostly Protestant northerners, from pleasant suburbs and prosperous small towns, started moving to Florida to retire. They were joined, not too long after, by ethnic and blue-collar northerners- Jews moving to Miami were the most visible, but the new migrants included Catholics as well- who were mostly New Deal Democrats. Both streams continued in large volume, with many younger migrants as well; but Florida remains easily the most elderly of states, and the constant turnover in its elderly population has made for constant demographic and political change. Now Florida is becoming the home for much of what appears to be a third wave of migration to this 242 FLORIDA FLORIDA 243 have some things in common. They have an unfocused concern about Florida's physical FLORIDA Congressional Districts, Countles, and Selected Places - (19 Districts) environment, though the Florida they live in is anything but pristine. They are against any 68* 1 2 87* 3 4 86° 5 6 85* , 0 64° 9 10 63* " 12 82" 13 14 B1* 15 16 60' 17 18 A A income tax and favor a high sales tax instead (because one-third of the revenue comes from 31° ALABAMA " tourists). They are cautious about proposals for casino gambling and wary of big-money crime. BARTA 8 WALTON HOLMER JACKSON GEORGIA B ESCAMBLA 1 Contributing also to Florida's political instability is its geographical size and the briefness of GADEDER 3 MASSAU Terms CALMOUN MADIBOR its political season. There are eight media markets here, none dominant; Miami's Dade County c BAY LEON DUVAL C BAKER 2 casts only 11% of the state's votes, and together with the other Gold Coast counties of Broward 30" LIBERTY WARULLA BURNAMES 30' OURP TAYLOR UNION and Palm Beach only 29%. Another major metropolitan area has two contrasting central cities, D FRANKLIN LAFATETTE CLAY 4 D MACHUA PUTRAM bustling Tampa and the retiree-haven of St. Petersburg. Jacksonville is big enough to be and KEY PLACER BROWNRD COUNTY DADE COUNTY significant in the state's economy and politics, and so is Orlando, the home of Disney World and E - LETT E MARION its EPCOT Center as well as the center of the state's citrus industry. There are literally dozens of 29" VOLUDA 29" F DITRUS 6 5 small cities, from Pensacola to Key West that, for most of their residents, are Florida, and most , LAKE SEMMOLS are growing more rapidly than the big centers. Then too, with no single dominant newspaper and I G ORANGE a capital (tiny Tallahassee) tucked away in a corner of the state, state government and what 9 G OBOBOLA sense of unity it may provide elsewhere is often invisible. Finally, to complete the sense of helter- PINELLAS 11 28" POLICE BREYAND Longh skelter, Florida's political campaigns are decided in a rush: in 1988 the primary was September 10 H 8 6, the runoff was October 4, followed five weeks later by the general election. LEGEND BELUCE All these factors make Florida elections subject to startling fluctuations. But as the 1980s I Congressional district number 27" BARABOTA MARTH have gone on, a trend is apparent-toward the Republican party of Ronald Reagan and (he is Congressional district boundary 27" Place of 100,000 or more Inhabitants CLADES J CHARLOTTE I just about as strong here) George Bush. It is apparent first in presidential contests in which, Place of 50.000 to 100,000 Inhabitants Place of 25,000 to 50,000 inhabitants 13 J HENDRY - since Jimmy Carter's razor-thin victory in 1976, Florida has voted Republican 56%-39% in I State cepital underlined Date K 1980, 65%-35% in 1984, and 61%-39% in 1988. It is also apparent in party registration R 26" -14-18 COLLIER 26' figures-numbers which in most states just measure historical preferences (because people tend to register in the party which historically has carried their locality) but which in Florida measure 1 SCALE BACE 20 40 60 80 100 Kilometers 19 the allegiance of its constant streams of new migrants and their judgment about which party will M 8 80 100 Miles N ? 20 , govern in the future. The verdict is plain from the numbers. In the decade from 1978 to 1988 25" 3 total registration in Florida rose from 4.2 million to 6 million. Democratic registration was up N MONROE N 452,000; Republican registration was up 1.2 million. In percentage terms the Democrats' U.S. Department of Commerce o BUREAU OF THE CENSUS registration edge dropped from 67% in 1978 to 54% in 1988. Since many southern-accented 68* 2 B7* 3 4 86* 5 8 85" 7 a 84° B 10 83' " 12 82" 13 14 81* 15 16 60" 17 18 voters in the panhandle and elsewhere register Democratic and regularly vote Republican in top Congressional districts established May 21,1982: all other boundaries are as of January 1. 1980. contests, it's clear that Florida is close to being a solid Republican state. The Democrats' See pages 1443-1448 for additional metropolitan area maps. comparative success in statewide races begins to look like evidence not of the strength of their country: not only the Cubans who came here first in the 1960s and then again in 1980 as refugees party but of the strength of candidates. Bob Graham, after eight successful years as governor, from Castro's dictatorship, but also immigrants legal and otherwise from Haiti and Nicaragua, was able to win only 55% of the vote for senator. Their 1988 Senate candidate, southern- Colombia and Jamaica. accented moderate Buddy MacKay, managed a near-win by finishing second in the first This diversity has produced some cultural conflict and has had political repercussions. primary, winning the runoff narrowly, and then rallying in the five weeks of the general election "Miami Vice" is not just a television program but living image to most Floridians, who see this campaign. That used to be a recipe for decisive wins by Democrats like Graham in 1978 and commercial capital of Latin America and of the U.S. drug trade, with its flamboyantly Governor Reubin Askew and Senator Lawton Chiles in 1970. But this time the political balance untraditional Arquitectonica buildings lounging like lizards by the bayside, as beset by violence was tipped enough to the Republicans to produce a narrow victory for Connie Mack. and dominated by criminals. Reaction to the Cubans is evident in the near-unanimity with which At the same time, Republicans have been winning state offices. Not just the governorship, other Floridians voted in 1988 to declare English the official state language (it passed with 62% which their little-tested candidate Bob Martinez won over a liberal Democrat who in crime- in Miami's Dade County and 88% in the rest of the state), and reaction to crime is apparent as crazed Florida opposed the death penalty. But also, for first time, down-the-line statewide offices Jews and other migrants from the East Coast have moved north into Broward and Palm Beach in 1988: party-switcher Jim Smith was elected secretary of state with 63% and a Republican County; WASPs have settled in new condominium communities farther north or on the Gulf beat a perfectly acceptable Democrat for treasurer 53%-46%. A Republican victory put them Coast. Similarly rapid though less turbulent migration has affected almost every part of the behind the Democrats only 23-17 in the state Senate-a shift of three seats could put state. Republicans in control-of the state Senate at least-in time for post-1990 redistricting. The result is that few Florida voters have any permanent connection with the civic culture of Demographics helped produce these results. Republicans are helped by increased registration the state; they know nothing of the antics of Governor Claude Kirk (1967-70), or how Reubin among Miami-area Cuban-Americans, by rapid growth in the affluent Gulf coast south of St. Askew came to office in 1970, or how the legislature was dominated for years by conservatives Petersburg and Atlantic coast north of Palm Beach, by Republican trends in family-oriented from north Florida called the Pork Chop Gang. Yet for all their diversity and newness Floridians central Florida around Orlando, and by the continuing Republican trend in the heavily military 244 FLORIDA FLORIDA 245 anhandle around Pensacola and Panama City. These shifts are only partially offset by governor of their own party. Congressman and onteme Space Shuttle crewmember Bill Nelson is Democratic trends in less affluent retirement areas on the Gulf coast north of St. Petersburg, the mounting a strong Democratice challenge to Martinez though he has spent most of the 1980s in Atlantic coast between Cape Canaveral and Jacksonville, and in and around Tallahassee. Washington. The stakes for both parties are high: Florida will gain House districts, and the Issues also play a role. Drugs and crime are the front-burner issues working for Republicans. Republicans would dearly like to control, or at least to prevent the Democrats from controlling, But they also stand to benefit on tax issues in a state whose elderly voters don't much want to pay the redistricting process. Martinez's unsteady course is a problem for those wanting to make this 0 educate other people's kids. And they may be helped by resentment of immigration (although a secure Republican state. But it may not be a disabling one. he Cubans in the legislature, all Republicans, split with party leaders over the English Senators. Florida's unstable politics has produced flux in its Senate elections; only one eferendum). senator, Lawton Chiles, has been reelected since 1964. But Chiles-a deeply religious man and a The problem is that the solutions can make things worse. The legislature rewrote its gun laws Democrat of southern origins and moderate to liberal views on policy, who won his first term in in 1987 to allow any citizen without a criminal record to get a permit easily and cheaply to carry 1970 as an unknown 40-year-old state senator by inventing the tactic of walking across the state concealed handgun-and, inadvertently, the law let anyone carry a handgun openly. As for and became Chairman of the Senate Budget Committee-surprised almost everyone (including iolding down spending, Florida like most states needs more prisons and unlike all but the those who had raised $1.3 million in amounts no larger than $100 for his campaign) when he vestern states and Texas faces a significant increase in its school age population. Martinez and announced in December 1987 that he was retiring. So today, with Connie Mack III just elected he Democratic legislature did in fact raise taxes (and about as clumsily as possible). But it's still and Bob Graham fresh from his victory in 1986, the fourth largest state has the least seniority in iot plain that Florida is providing the base for tomorrow's economic growth to match the pace of the Senate of any state in the union. éstérday's and today's population growth. Bob Graham is careful, methodical, thorough, hard-working, steady: wearing his Florida ties Governor. The nation's fourth largest state has a governor who started off as a high school (light outlines of the state on a field of blue), recording every meeting he attends and meal he :ivics teacher, became an organizer for the teachers' union, and in 1979 became mayor of eats (but not, it seems, his reactions to any of them) in the notebooks he carries everywhere, Tampa, just as this onetime port and cigar factory town was taking off into rapid Sun Belt scheduling meetings with every member of the Florida House delegation and with lobbyists on growth. He is Florida's first Hispanic governor, but his style is not ethnic; he grew up in Tampa both sides of environmental, banking, and crime issues. He comes from a prominent Florida ind speaks with a decidedly southern accent. A Democrat and supporter of Jimmy Carter in the family: his father started out with a Miami area dairy farm, which is now the planned mini-city 1970s, he switched to the Republican Party just in time to take advantage of Florida's of Miami Lakes; his half-brother Philip Graham was publisher of the Washington Post and Republican trend, the lack of seasoned state Republican politicians (in the 1986 primary he beat proprietor of Newsweek. After 12 years in the legislature he ran for governor in 1978, finished Louis Frey, a former congressman who spent most of his time in Washington after he lost the second in the first primary, overtook Attorney General Robert Shevin in the runoff, then beat 1980 Senate primary), and the increasing prominence of liberals in the stagnant-sized pool of drugstore millionaire Jack Eckerd in the general. The attention-getting device in that campaign Democratic primary voters (his general election opponent Steve Pajcic took liberal stands on the (it was invented by Senator Tom Harkin for his 1974 House race) was work days: Graham death penalty, pornography, and taxes). Martinez campaigned as an experienced public official worked a day a week at some job, from bagging groceries to working construction; he keeps it up who would wipe out traffic jams, trim the state budget by $800 million, and not raise taxes, and still, once a month. won a not-so-narrow 55%-45% victory. He was a popular governor (one of 15 in the Senate now; 6 others lost governor races), backing On taking office Martinez promptly changed course-and sailed right into a shoal. Instead of some tax increases, setting up a water quality trust fund and passing a wetlands protection act, cutting taxes, he worked with Democratic leaders in the legislature to pass a tax on services, opposing any income tax and, as a capital punishment backer, signing death warrants. After the including lawyers and advertising. Newspapers claimed it infringed the First Amendment, permitted two terms, he ran against Senator Paula Hawkins in 1986. She is an original, a spunky national advertisers canceled their Florida ad buys, a TV campaign in August (when Floridians, conservative who was the driving force behind the Missing Child Assistance Act and whose unlike most Americans, tend to stay indoors) turned opinion sharply against the tax and persistence drove many colleagues bonkers; "unique and irreplaceable" was her slogan. Against Martinez, and in September 1987 he admitted, "I made a mistake. That mistake has cost me the any other opponent she probably would have won; Graham beat her 55%-45%. confidence of the people of Florida." In December the legislature repealed the service tax and In the Senate Graham started out tight-lipped, careful not to commit himself until he had to, increased the sales tax to 6% instead, and his job rating was rock-bottom. although his record has turned out to be that of a moderate Democrat, as expected. The issues he This was not the first such fiasco in Florida: Bob Graham in 1984 had to seek repeal of the has concentrated on are as Florida-oriented as his ties: drug traffic, health care for elderly, unitary business tax he got in 1983-another attempt to make out-of-staters pay for Florida campaign finance reform (Florida has a tradition of "sunshine laws," requiring full disclosure). government. Martinez showed more deftness in 1988, hanging back for months and then His major legislative initiative was a banking bill, co-sponsored by Colorado's Tim Wirth, which pushing the legislature to enact solid waste management and transportation bond programs and would let banks into the securities business, but which would get non-financial companies like pony up more money for education. And he was steadfast and early in his support of George Sears out of banking, and would set up a commission to make sure banks don't endanger deposit Bush (whose son, Jeb Bush, was his commerce secretary from 1987-88), who carried Florida in their securities operations-goals sought by Florida's aggressive statewide banks. handily in March and November. But Martinez still had no base. His embrace of taxes and Graham holds a jinx seat: the last Senator reelected to it was George Smathers in 1962. He spending increases leaves Republicans with little enthusiasm for him; even Cubans were angry seems in strong shape for reelection in 1992, but must be careful of Florida's Republican trend. because he moved the State Hispanic Commission out of the governor's office. Several stronger In national politics, Graham was a vehement Jimmy Carter backer in 1980 and a leader of the candidates are on the scene. But the two who ran in 1986 and might have won if they had done moderate Democratic Leadership Council later in the 1980s. He was mentioned as a possible just a little better in the Democratic and Republican primaries are now, after the 1988 elections, vice presidential nominee in 1988, but had only spent 18 months on national issues at the time Republican statewide officials-Secretary of State (who as a Democrat used to be Attorney and didn't get the nod. But he could be a national candidate in the future. Florida's filing General) Jim Smith and Treasurer Tom Gallagher-and may not be well placed to challenge a deadlines are late enough to let him run for President in 1992 and run for the Senate again if it FLORIDA 247 critical state, and perhaps the race. In Palm Beach the total voting in the Senate race was 16% lower than in the ght that doing days presidential race and in Hillsborough it was 24% lower-and much lower than the total voting for Insurance Commissioner and on the widowers' property tax exemption. Quite possibly this an Senator in this century ballot design (which MacKay's campaign could have challenged, but didn't) cost MacKay the an for him personally. A Senate seat. Mack went to bed thinking he had lost and was awakened Wednesday by a call from e Philadelphia Athletics President Reagan saying he'd won. "I think we just won one more for the Gipper," Mack said, 1913 to 1941), a banker in out the truth is that it was the other way around. Having arrived in the Senate much blessed by crat until 1979 and little uck. Mack needs to prove he is the thoughtful innovator some of his House allies say he is rather lican newly created 13th than the lightweight who happens to take (after some false starts) the popular stands on issues, as and led the first primary his opponents and many Florida observers think. till pro-choice on abortion Presidential politics. Florida now seems to be the safest Republican big state in presidential 1 both issues the following elections: Democratic presidential nominees throughout the 1980s won 39%, 35%, and 39% dult. In the House he was here. It still has a potentially pivotal primary, scheduled for years in early March, a date which e mid-1980s was a fervent ther southern states adopted to make 1988's Super Tuesday. Florida's conservative southern his ideas on C-SPAN; be Democrats, enough to give George Wallace a 42% victory here in 1972, are not so numerous neasure that originated in w. and the last two Democratic primaries have been won by Michael Dukakis and Gary Hart. On the Republican side George Bush was a very big winner here in 1988, with percentages in e in April 1987, hesitating -ome congressional districts-the hawkish Gulf Coast, Cuban Miami-as high as those he got back in. For a time Mack nywhere while the contest was still on. vorite for the nomination Congressional districting. Florida gained four House seats in the 1980 Census, more than any ace abruptly in May 1988. her state, and it stands to gain four to six more from the 1990 Census. The Democrats drew the ney Robert "Made Dog last time, but it's not at all clear who will be in control in 1991, or if anyone will. There are him "Cardboard Connie." notable things about the House delegation now. One is that it continues to contain talented Petersburg media market powerful senior members, notably Dante Fascell, chairman of Foreign Affairs, and Sam is were having one of those bbons, number two on Ways and Means. The second thing is that the Democrats' edge was r party's strongest candi- !uced to 10-9 by the Republicans' 1988 pickup of two seats. Florida's House delegation, once Kay, a southern-accented Democratic, is now more heavily Republican than that of any megastate except Ohio. al causes, whose record L choice, finished ahead of the People: Est. Pop. 1988: 12,377,000; Pop. 1980: 9,746,324, up 27% 1980-88 and 43.5% 1970-80; y 26% to 18% and behind of U.S. total, 5th largest. 17% with 1-3 yrs. col., 15% with 4+ yrs. col.; 13.5% below poverty level. en around the track many ancestry: 12% English, 6% German, 4% Irish, 3% Italian, 1% Polish, Russian, French, Scottish, 1974 and 1980 (when x Households (1980): 72% family, 33% with children, 59% married couples; 31.7% housing units ce Commissioner he was median monthly rent: $209; median house value: $45,300. Voting age pop. (1980): 7,386,688; to counter attacks in the Black. 9% Spanish origin, 1% Asian origin. Registered voters (1988): 6,047,347; 3,264,105 D arms sale, and won 52% 2.360,434 R (39%), 422,808 unaffiliated and minor parties (7%). PRX Share of Federal Tax Burden: $45,687,000,000; 5.17% of U.S. total, 5th largest. mphasized his stands some Mack said in his add re freedom." He attacked Share of Federal Expenditures Total Non-Defense Defense nt. He was the beneficiary I pend $42,997m (4.86%) $32,679m (4.98%) $11,585m (5.07%) 1 and of $300,000 who Grants 3,419m (2.98%) 3,414m (2.98%) 5m (4.06%) arly Wages 5,662m (4.22%) 2,586m (3.86%) 3,076m (3.86%) in Indiv 's own 26,800m (6.55%) 24,891m (6.37%) 1,909m (10.24%) ng in the 6,590m (3.49%) 1,267m (2.72%) 6,590m (3.49%) Other 526m (1.41%) 521m (1.41%) 5m (1.41%) the co." rity of all those voting Lineup: Governor, Bob Martinez (R); Lt. Gov., Bobby Brantley (R); Secy. of State, Jim ot makeup in Palm Atty. Gen., Robert A. Butterworth (D); Treasurer, Tom Gallagher (R); Comptroller, Gerald ed at the bottom State Senate, 40 (23 D and 17 R); State House of Representatives, 120 (73 D, 47 R). ed many voters to Robert Graham (D) and Connie Mack, III (R). Representatives, 19 (10 D, 9 R). 248 FLORIDA 1988 Presidential Vote 1984 Presidential Vote Bush (R) 2,618,885 (61%) Reagan (R) 2,730,350 (65%) SENATORS Dukakis (D) 1,656,701 (39%) Mondale (D) 1,448,816 (35%) toilad Sen. Robert (Bob) Gra 1988 Democratic Presidential Primary 1988 Republican Presidential Primary Dukakis 520,868 (41%) Bush 559,359 (62%) Jackson 254,825 (20%) Dole 190,934 (21%) Gephardt 182,779 (14%) Robertson 95,721 (11%) Gore 161,106 (13%) Kemp 41,716 q(4%) Hart 36,266 (3%) Du Pont 6,717 (1%) Simon 27,592 (2%) Haig 5,839 (1%) Babbitt 10,277 (1%) Uncommitted 78,997 (6%) Infrastructure. Veteran Group Ratings ADA A( 1988 55 1987 60 GOVERNOR Gov. Bob Martinez (R) National Journal Rati Elected 1986, term expires Jan. 1991; b. Dec. 25, 1934, Tamps home, Tallahassee; U. of Tampa, B.A. 1957, U. of IL, M. A 21964 Roman Catholic; married (Mary Jane). Economic Career: Teacher, 1952-62, 1963-66; Labor Relations Consol Loreign 1963-67; Exec. Dir., Hillsboro Cnty. Classroom Teachers As 1966-75; Restaurant owner/mngr., 1975-83; Mayor of Times 1979-86. has Votes Office: The Capitol, Tallahassee 32301, 904-488-2272. it Aged Housing Election Results Override Hwy Vet. 1986 gen. Bob Martinez (R) 1,847,525 (EV Mill Plat Cling No Steve Pajcic (D) 1,538,62 Mill Wage Increas 1986 runoff Bob Martinez (R) 259,333 Lou Frey, Jr. (R) 131,652 1986 prim. Bob Martinez (R) 244,499 Election Results Lou Frey, Jr. (R) 138,017 general Tom Gallagher (R) 127,709 Chester Clem (R) 44,438 primary 1982 gen. Robert (Bob) Graham (D) 1,739,553 Lewis A. Bafalis (R) 949,023

nara / coll_gb-spe / doc

[Bob] Martinez Rally, Florida 10/10/90 [OA 6896]

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collections	Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration) Speech Backup Chronological Files
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