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Chile / Toast 12/6/90 [OA 8320] [2]
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Chile / Toast 12/6/90 [OA 8320] [2]
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S; 2004-0731-F
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13742
Folder ID Number:
13742-008
Folder Title:
Chile/Toast 12/6/90 [OA 8320] [2]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
21
2
2
To Peggy
Date
11-20.90 Time 3:50
WHILE YOU WERE OUT
M
Her burger
I
of
Phone
I
Area Code
Number
Extension
TELEPHONED
EASE CALL
CALLED TO SEE YOU
WILL CALL AGAIN
WANTS TO SEE YOU
URGENT
RETURNED YOUR CALL
Message NASA
verfied with Johnson Spacr Cent.
that Copyer is used in the
wiring in the Shuttle
SS tis SOM Operator St
to AMPAD EFFICIENCY EXV any 23-023 23 CARBONLESS 2.9921
Osborne Day
466 - 6789
Executive Exch. SUC,
Peace Corps for retired exec's — to
3rd W countries
SENT BY:Xerox Telecopier 7020 11-20-90 ; 4:58PM ;
OPIC WASH DC->
2024566218;# 1
OPIC
Overseas
Private
Investment
Corporation
1615 M Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20527
(202) 457-7200
FAX (202) 331-4234
FAX 456-6218
November 20, 1990
TO:
Ms. Peggy Dooley
The White House
FROM:
DAVID ROBB CRALLÉ', CORPORATE AFFAIRS
OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORPORATION
Return Tel: 202/457-8212
Return Fax: 202/223-3514
PAGES:
FOUR TOTAL
MESSAGE:
ATTACHED ARE TALKING POINTS FOR THE PRESIDENT'S
SPEECHES IN CHILE.
RETURN FAX: 202/223-3514
SENT BY:Xerox Telecopier 7020 11-20-90 ; 4:58PM ;
OPIC WASH DC->
2024566218;# 2
OPIC talking points for the President's speeches in Chile.
--OPIC has recently resumed offering political risk investment
insurance, loans and loan guaranties in Chile after a hiatus of
several years. OPIC has begun issuing coverage for private
American investment in Chile and anticipates a high level of
activity.
--The President has asked OPIC to mobilize its resources to
design a financial product for private investment throughout
Latin America. Such a product could be similar to other OPIC
capital funds, such as the Africa Growth Fund, East European
Growth Fund and the Environmental Fund.
--Consistent with President Bush's Enterprise for the Americas
Initiative, emphasizing hemispheric integration through
commerce, debt reduction and private investment, OPIC will
bring an mission of private American investors to Chile in
May 1991.
--The investment mission is designed to introduce private
American investors to specific investment opportunities in
Chile. It is also an active show of U.S. support for the
contribution that private investment has made to the Chilean
economy.
--In preparation for the investment mission, OPIC will send an
Investment Missions Officer for a reconnaissance visit to Chile
for a ten-day visit December 10-20.
--OPIC will also take an investment mission to Argentina,
March 3-9, 1991.
SENT BY:Xerox Telecopier 7020 11-20-90 ; 4:59PM ;
OPIC WASH DC->
2024566218;# 3
OVERSEAS PRIVATE
INVESTMENT
CORPORATION
INVESTMENT
MISSIONS
For most U.S. companies, the ability to observe first-
hand the investment potential in a targeted country is
prerequisite to investing overseas. Profitable business
investment, whether in the United States or in the de-
veloping world, depends upon obtaining complete and
accurate information from knowledgeable sources and
meeting the right people who can identify the most
promising opportunities.
As a means of encouraging and facilitating private
American investment in developing countries, OPIC has
designed its Investment Missions program to introduce
U.S. business executives to key private sector leaders,
government officials and, most importantly, potential
joint venture partners in the host country.
Since the program's inception in 1975, OPIC has or-
ganized investment missions to more than 45 develop-
ing countries. OPIC generally leads five to seven mis-
sions a year. Countries are selected based on the
availability of viable, commercial opportunities and the
host government's commitment to private, foreign in-
vestment. Prior to scheduling a mission, an OPIC mis-
sions officer visits the targeted country to evaluate the
overall Investment climate and to confirm the potential
for profitable U.S. investment.
A typical OPIC investment mission runs five to ten
days and includes senior executives from ten to twenty
U.S. companies. Participants are selected on the basis
of their financial and management capabilities to un-
dertake an overseas venture as well as their experience
SENT BY:Xerox Telecopier 7020 11-20-90 ; 4:59PM ;
OPIC WASH DC->
2024566218:# 4
in industries of priority interest to the host country. Ex-
The sample schedule shown below illustrates the pro-
perienced OPIC finance and insurance officers usually
gram's emphasis on providing U.S. business execu-
accompany missions to provide assistance and advice.
tives with the types of briefings, personal meetings and
The focus of each investment mission is on prear-
business opportunities needed to open doors, stream-
ranged individual meetings between mission partici-
line the information gathering process, and cut through
pants and potential joint venture business partners.
red tape in order to move rapidly toward reaching an
These private sessions frequently enable mission par-
investment decision.
ticipants to make significant progress in evaluating an
investment in the host country. In addition to viewing
project sites for potential new investment, mission par-
ticipants actually visit existing operating facilities to ob-
serve industrial standards and have an opportunity to
inquire about operating practices. In a week's time,
SAMPLE MISSION SCHEDULE
mission participants gain an invaluable, comprehensive
on-site crientation to the country and its investment op-
Sunday
portunities.
Arrive in capital city and transfer to
All OPIC investment missions are organized by the
hotel
agency's own missions staff in close cooperation with
Registration with OPIC mission
the U.S. Department of State, the Department of Com-
control staff
merce, the U.S. Embassy, and key government officials
Monday
and agencies of the host country.
The OPIC Investment Missions program is self-sus-
9:00 a.m.
Briefing by OPIC staff
taining, and participants must pay their own travel and
9:30 a.m.
Briefing by U.S. Embassy staff
accommodation expenses as well as a pro-rata share
10:30 a.m.
Briefings by key host country
of the administrative costs. Not only does this allow
government and industrial
OPIC to continue to operate independently, but it also
development officials
ensures that all participants are serious potential inves-
2:00 p.m
Panel discussion with local business
tors.
executives
U.S. business executives participating in an OPIC
3:00 p.m.
Panel discussion with U.S. business
investment mission can anticipate the following:
executives residing in host country
6:30 p.m.
Reception hosted by U.S.
Comprehensive background material, provided in
Ambassador
advance, on the host country, its economic and po-
litical environment, key officials and organizations.
Tuesday-Thursday
Detailed information on specific investment oppor-
Project site visits
tunities proposed by local companies and entrepre-
Luncheon hosted by American
neurs.
Chamber of Commerce in host
country
Prearranged schedules for private appointments with
Individual appointments with:
potential joint venture partners who have been
-Prospective joint venture partners
screened in advance.
-Executives from leading local
Briefings by the U.S. Ambassador and staff on local
businesses
economic and political trends.
-Representatives of local financial
institutions, accounting and law
Access to the highest levels of the host government,
firms
including cabinet members and, frequently, the head
of state.
Friday
Briefings by key host government and industrial de-
Final meeting with host country
velopment officials on the investment approval pro-
government and U.S. Embassy
cess, local regulations and available incentives.
officials
Advice from successful U.S. and local executives
Saturday
with experience in doing business in the host country.
Depart for United States
Visits to specific project sites.
Meetings with representatives of local law and ac-
counting firms and financial institutions.
Opportunities to discuss similar interests and over-
seas experiences with fellow mission participants.
The WHITE
WASHINGTON WASE
Sorry it's
all in spenish ! " " 11
Maybe you recipher
enough to get a lead =i
then finda a
translator.
My work attempts
are in red
ink.
CURRENT BIOGRAPHY 1946
397
girl with a terrific imagination and demonic
energy"-was in progress. Her first editor and
most acute critic, her husband, writes: "Mar-
garet doesn't know whether she has abandoned
murder for good; the chances are she hasn't.
But she writes out of mood, as she plays the
piano, and her mood at present is too gay to
permit her mind to dwell on murder. .She
takes her writing seriously, sometimes spending
a morning on a sentence, and she is an ardent
student of good prose."
The Millars expect to stay in California.
The only thing Mrs. Millar misses is figure
skating, but she can still swim and sail, her
two other sports enthusiasms. Of medium
height and build, the author has green eyes and
brown hair. Her favorite authors are Evelyn
Waugh, Katherine Mansfield, Rosamond Leh-
mann, and William Faulkner (with Raymond
Chandler, Agatha Christie, and John Dickson
Carr among mystery writers) her all-time fa-
vorite book, Tender Is the Night, by F. Scott
Fitzgerald. The author claims her life is
remarkable only for its omissions: "I have
Cotton Studio
never broken a limb, been divorced or arrested,
never had anything stolen, and the only thing
MARGARET MILLAR
I ever lost was a phonograph needle."
is the time," said Will Cuppy reviewing The
Weak-Eyed Bat, "for all good fans to realize
MISTRAL, GABRIELA (mēs-träl' gäb"rē-
that Margaret Millar is a humdinger right up
ä'lä) Apr. 7, 1889- Poet; educator
in the top rank of bafflers, including the Brit-
ish." Wall of Eyes, a serious mystery novel
Address: b. c/o Ciudado del Ministerio de
dealing with psychiatric problems, followed
Relaciones Exteriores, Santiago, Chile
next, in 1943. This book was hailed by the
Latin America's leading contemporary poet,
New Republic as one of the mystery classics
Gabriela Mistral, long internationally recog-
of the decade.
nized, received the world's highest honor in
After Fire Will Freeze (1944), a return to
literature when she was awarded the Nobel
farce, came The Iron Gates (1945), in the same
Prize for 1945. A native of Chile, the prize
genre as Wall of Eyes. Though to one re-
winner is also widely known for her work in
viewer it seemed that the author had "stayed
education, having begun her career as a teacher
too long in the clinic with her victims," an-
and devoted her talents, both pedagogic and
other found the book a masterpiece of horror,
poetic, to children. Much of her poetry is re-
with some of the brooding terror of Mabel See-
ligious in tone, personal and lyrically passion-
ley, some of the psychological insight of "Fran-
ate. Following the Hispanic-American custom
cis Iles." It has been filmed by Warner
of appointing leading writers to foreign posts,
in the course of the past decade Chile has ap-
Brothers, who hired Mrs. Millar to write the
pointed Gabriela Mistral to consulates in sev-
script. She had a good time in Hollywood,
eral capitals.
she says, and was offered contracts by two other
studios, but turned them down-"I hate to
Gabriela Mistral was born Lucila Godoy
write with someone breathing Basic English
Alcayaga on April 7, 1889, in Vicuña, a small
into my ear."
town in the valley of Elqui in northern Chile.
Of humble parentage, she is the daughter of
Meanwhile Millar, who is a United States
Jerónimo Godoy Villanueva and Petronila Al-
citizen because he was born in California dur-
cayaga, both Chileans of Spanish and Basque
ing the temporary sojourn of his Canadian
blood, with probably "more than a touch of
parents, had been commissioned in the Navy,
Indian." Her father was a village school teach-
and was sent to Princeton and then to Harvard
er, well known in the neighborhood as a "palla-
for training. Mrs. Millar and Linda Jane fol-
dor," or minstrel who composed verse for fes-
lowed him to both colleges, and later to San
tivals and joined in singing competitions with
Diego. When he was ordered to duty in the
other village troubadours. Lucila grew up in
Pacific, Mrs. Millar bought a house in Santa
the country among simple farm folk, and was
Barbara, California, to which he returned after
educated by her father and an older sister,
his discharge.
also a teacher. She attended the town's Liceo
or high school, and later the Pedagogical Col-
Mrs. Millar's new novel, "Experiment in
lege in Santiago, Chile's capital. At the age
Springtime" (not a mystery, but "a tragicomic
of fifteen she became a primary school teacher
study of an unsuccessful marriage") will ap-
and for several years taught poor children in
pear early in 1947. Another, tentatively called
rural areas. She then turned from primary to
"Priscilla"-"a comedy about a twelve-year-old
secondary education, becoming Professor of
398
CURRENT BIOGRAPHY 1946
out to hear a favorite read a new composition.
Spain, consisted of
But Gabriela Mistral continued her educational
poet's verse has 1
work. In 1918-22 she was director and Pro-
cion and in Tala (
fessor of Spanish in three schools successively.
poems have been tr
On the invitation of the Mexican Government,
man, Swedish, Italia
she was commissioned by Chile to assist in the
works are a serie
reorganization and development of Mexican li-
("Questionings"),
braries and rural schools, in which she was
Clouds"), and The
associated with the Minister of Education, Dr.
tress, both first publ
José Vasconcelos. She delivered a series of
she has also written
lectures on Hispanic-American literature and
Assisi. In the Un
other subjects, dedicated a school named for
appeared in various
her, had several of her children's songs set to
monweal and Poetry
music by a noted composer for use in children's
in two anthologies
education, and published a selection of reading
Poets and Anthology
for use in girls' secondary schools. The prob-
Other selections of
lems of the Indian masses also impressed her
Women and Destru
deeply.
tral's Anthology" is
Miss Mistral's two busy years in Mexico
has also served or
were followed by European travel. On her
Bogotá newspaper,
return to Chile she was welcomed with official
Considered the fo
honors and has since served her country in
movement in Chile,
consular and other posts. The poet was named
versal favor" amo
Chile's delegate to the League of Nations In-
style is direct and
stitute of Intellectual Cooperation, with head-
and earthy, and he
GABRIELA MISTRAL
quarters in Paris, of which she later became
ous, "a valuable con
secretary. In 1927 she was the Chilean Teach-
of the Spanish lang
ers' Association delegate to the Congress of
influences have bee
Hygiene in the Traiguen secondary school in
Educators at Locarno, and the following year
Mexican Amado N
1911. Shortly thereafter she was given the
she represented both her own country and
Rubén Darío. Finla
post of inspector general and Professor of His-
Ecuador at the Conference of the International
weal) finds in her
tory in the Antofagasta school, where she re-
University Federation at Madrid. In 1931 she
gentle resignation,
mained for a year. In 1912 she was appointed
returned to teaching for a brief period when
spontaneously ethic
inspector and Professor of Castilian in the
she came to the United States as professor of
power" and "apostol
Liceo de los Andes, a post she held for six
Spanish history and civilization at Barnard and
noted in her work
years.
Middlebury colleges. The next year she was
lation, "the best-lov
During this period, before 1920, the young
visiting professor of Spanish studies at the
poets." While mos
teacher first gained recognition as a poet when
University of Puerto Rico. Her consular serv-
religious quality of
she entered and won a poetry contest conducted
ice began in 1933 with her appoinment to Ma-
points out that alt
by a writers' society in Santiago. Under the
drid, where she remained for two years. Since
Miss Mistral is "an
name Gabriela Mistral-a composite pseudonym
then she has been stationed in many important
cording to another
taken from two eminent European poets whom
cities, including Lisbon, Genoa, and Nice. In
"a universal matern
she admired, Gabriele D'Annunzio, the Italian,
December 1945 the poet was serving in Petrop-
poor and the unfo
and Frédéric Mistral, the Frenchman (also a
olis, Brazil's summer capital. The writer Olive
her political conscio
Nobel prize winner)-she submitted three
Holmes has said that on occasion, during the
the proceeds from
Soñetos de la Muerte ("Sonnets on Death"),
last twenty years, the poet has "preferred to
(1938) to the Basq
for which she won the highest prize, a laurel
absent herself" from her country when un-
Civil War. The ge
crown and a gold medal (1914). These poems
sympathetic to the political administration.
ure of dictator Fr
were subsequently published in Chile, and
However, Miss Mistral's position has generally
pleasure which, how
later appeared in translation in other countries.
been undisturbed by political changes within
poet's sympathy for
Gabriela Mistral, as she was henceforth known,
Chile. In the words of her compatriot Clarence
glorified the missi
had written her first poetry in 1907, stirred by
Finlayson, "so great is her reputation that each
work, revealing at
a tragic love affair which found expression in
successive government feels honored to have
understanding of
sorrowful lyrics. A year later she utilized the
Gabriela as its representative abroad."
proach to teaching.
material of her own experience in the com-
The first volume of Gabriela Mistral's poetry
themes, creating bea
position La Voz de Elqui ("The Voice of
had been published, not in Chile, but in New
she has generally
Elqui"). She also dealt poetically with what
York where Dr. Federico de Onís, professor
Wrote one Chilear
has been the great interest of her life-children.
of Spanish literature at Columbia University,
to enduring fame li
Her poems about and for children, such as
had stimulated interest in the work of the
and moving the tr:
Canciones de Cuna (lullabies) and Rondas de
Chilean poet. According to the professor, his
man." Her writings
Niños (Children's songs), were published in
students "wanted to know where they could
short inspirational :
newspapers and magazines. After winning the
get her poems, and all I could give them was
1914 poetry award she rapidly took her place
The poetry of Ga
a handful of clippings. I told them that if they
moods and a wide
among South America's foremost poets. Some
wanted a volume, enough of them would have
of her poems and prose pieces were included
minor key are these
to subscribe to copies to pay for the printing."
in a five-volume set of school readers and also
nets of Death (tran
Thus the first edition of Desolación ("Desola-
in a volume of the translated work of the great
well) :
tion") was published under the auspices of the
Hindu poet Rabindranath Tagore.
Spanish Institute in New York in 1922, and a
From that cold
Her fame as a poet spread, and brought her
year later was reprinted in the poet's native
laid you by,
the public adulation bestowed on leading poets
land. Her next volume, Ternura ("Tender-
I shall take do
in Latin America, where huge crowds will turn
ness"), published during her first sojourn in
ground,
CURRENT BIOGRAPHY 1946
399
Spain, consisted of poems for children. The
Where humble and alone myself shall
poet's verse has been collected in Desola-
lie,
cion and in Tala (Buenos Aires, 1938). Her
Where we shall share dream-pillowings
poems have been translated into French, Ger-
profound.
man, Swedish, Italian, and English. Among her
Beside you stretching I shall show you
works are a series of sonnets, Preguntas
all
("Questionings"), Nubes blancas ("White
Clouds"), and The Prayer of the Schoolmis-
A mother's yearning for her child
tress, both first published in Barcelona in 1930;
asleep,
she has also written a life of St. Francis of
So earth shall cradle your pale body's
Assisi. In the United States her poetry has
pall,
appeared in various magazines, including Com-
And sweetness smother half the sobs
monweal and Poetry, and in 1938 was reprinted
you weep.
in two anthologies, Some Spanish-American
Poets and Anthology of Latin-American Poetry.
Pitched to a lighter key is the opening stanzas
Other selections of her work are Lectures for
of the inspirational lyric, "Hymn to the Tree":
Women and Destruction, and "Gabriela Mis-
tral's Anthology" is being translated. The poet
0 Brother tree, fast fixed in earth
has also served on the editorial staff of a
By brown hooks 'neath the soil that lie,
Bogotá newspaper, Time.
Yet raising thy clean brow aloft
With fervent yearning for the sky!
Considered the founder of the modern poetry
movement in Chile, Miss Mistral enjoys "uni-
The prose poem "To the Children" is typical
versal favor" among her countrymen. Her
both of her use of this form and of her feeling
style is direct and personal, her imagery rich
for children. It begins:
and earthy, and her words simple and vigor-
Many years hence, when I am a little
ous, "a valuable contribution to the enrichment
heap of silent dust, play with me, with
of the Spanish language." Her chief literary
the earth of my heart and of my bones!
influences have been the Bible, Tagore, the
Mexican Amado Nervo, and the Nicaraguan
Rubén Darío. Finlayson (writing in Common-
A frequent contributor to periodicals in
weal) finds in her work "a unique delicacy,
Spanish America, Europe, and the United
gentle resignation, and an inclination that is
States, Miss Mistral has written articles on
spontaneously ethical." "Gripping dramatic
sociological and cultural subjects. Living Age
power" and "apostolic intensity" have also been
(August 28, 1926) carried her study "Mex-
noted in her work and she has won the appel-
ico's Educational Effort," the Bulletin of the
lation, "the best-loved of living Spanish mystic
Pan American Union (October 1938) published
poets." While most critics stress the strong
her tender "Farewell to the Children of Brazil,"
religious quality of her poetry, Mildred Adams
and in April 1931 the Pan American Magazine
points out that although an ardent Catholic,
published her "Message to American Youth."
Miss Mistral is "an avowed anti-clerical." Ac-
Long an enthusiastic worker for harmony and
cording to another critic, her poetry reveals
understanding between the Americas, the poet-
"a universal maternal instinct for children, the
teacher in this last article declared: "We of
poor and the unfortunate." This feeling and
North and South America have accepted with
her political consciousness impelled her to give
our heritage of geographic unity a certain com-
the proceeds from the sale of her book Tala
mon destiny which should find a threefold ful-
(1938) to the Basque orphans of the Spanish
fillment on our continent in an adequate stand-
Civil War. The gesture incurred the displeas-
ard of living, perfect democracy, and ample
ure of dictator Franco's supporters, a dis-
liberty." Writing in Free World in February
pleasure which, however, failed to dampen the
1943, she "sharply, yet eloquently" analyzed the
differences which hinder inter-American unity
poet's sympathy for the child victims. She has
glorified the mission of the teacher in her
in her article "The Gulf and The Bridge."
work, revealing at the same time her profound
Primary among these isolating factors she
understanding of children and idealistic ap-
found race prejudice-"that great paganistic
proach to teaching. While she has treated many
and collective evil, racial superstition, the idol-
themes, creating beautiful love and nature lyrics,
atry of the skin, exists both within and between
she has generally written "out of sorrow."
the Americas." Egocentric cultural attitudes,
Wrote one Chilean critic: "Her best claim
Miss Mistral says, also contribute largely to
to enduring fame lies in her making articulate
disunity, for the average North American, con-
and moving the tragedy of the childless wo-
fusing culture with civilization, "does not be-
man." Her writings include many prose poems,
lieve the average man in Latin America has
short inspirational stories of a Biblical quality.
a cultural rank equal to his own." She con-
cludes: "I write as a prophet when I say that
The poetry of Gabriela Mistral reflects many
the [century of the common man will be built in
moods and a wide range of sensitivity. In
the Americas only on common ground in edu-
minor key are these lines from the early Son-
cation, regardless of race, creed, or language.
nets of Death (translated by Alice Stone Black-
The Chilean poet has been widely honored
well)
for her literary and poetic work. Her first visit
From that cold ledge where they have
to the United States, in 1924, was marked by
laid you by,
an impressive official reception and an inter-
I shall take down and lay you in the
view with President Coolidge at the White
ground,
House. She holds an honorary diploma from
400
CURRENT BIOGRAPHY 1946
MISTRAL, GABRIELA-Continued
Commonweal 35:160-3 D 5 '41
receive the Republicar
the University of Chile, and membership in the
Free World 5:191 F '43
supreme court justice
Committee of Arts and Letters of the League
Liv Age 323:495-6 N 29 '24
tions had been his alo
of Nations. Her most recent honor, the 1945
Columbia Encyclopedia (1935)
and Populist endorsem
Nobel Prize, placed her in the ranks of Kip-
Who's Who in America, 1946-47
feated by the Repub
ling, Tagore, Yeats, Mann, and Galsworthy.
strongly Republican sta
(Five years earlier she had been proposed for
his term in December
the Nobel award by the Peruvian newspaper,
MITCHELL, WILLIAM D(E WITT)
and son set up their
La Cronica.) When she accepted the award in
Sept. 9, 1874- Lawyer
St. Paul. Then, afte
Stockholm in December, she said, "The New
Address: b. 20 Exchange P1., New York;
August 1900, the youn
World has been honored through me. The
h. Syosset, N.Y.
firm of Palmer, Beek,
victory is not mine, but America's." On her
partner. He was then
Swedish visit the poet found that country's
As its first official act the Joint Congres-
Within a short time
social democracy "a century ahead of every-
sional Committee Investigating the Pearl Har-
and Beek left the firm
thing else" and was reported by Time Maga-
bor Attack on September 26, 1945, selected Wil-
self (wrote Theodore
zine to have been the "lioness of social Stock-
liam D. Mitchell as committee counsel. A for-
litical observer, in Wo1
holm."
mer United States Solicitor General and At-
a large law practice W
torney General, with a large private practice in
After her European visit, in March 1946 Miss
built up. Believing a
New York City, the septuagenarian lawyer,
firm to be desirable, M
Mistral was received by President Truman and
many of whose colleagues include him among
ior partner of How,
feted in Washington and in other cities. The
the half-dozen best practitioners at the national
When Pierce Butler I
United States, the poet had remarked on her
bar, was chosen by unanimous vote. He pre-
tice in 1905, after rt
arrival, possesses the "strongest pulse of life
sided at the hearings until shortly after the
St. Paul, Minneapolis
and creation" in the world today. She has, too,
Christmas recess of the committee.
attorney for six years
praised the qualities of American men and ex-
William De Witt Mitchell was born on Sep-
ized as Butler, Mitcl
pressed the "highest kind of admiration" for
tember 9, 1874, in Winona, Minnesota, the son
practice of Mitchell a
American women. Formerly a member of the
of William and Frances (Merritt) Mitchell.
ing entirely of privat
United Nations Subcommission on the Status
His paternal grandparents had emigrated from
became one of the 1
of Women, Gabriela Mistral, after attending
Scotland to Ontario, Canada, but his father, a
During these years (
meetings once, resigned from it in May 1946.
native of Ontario, received his education in the
held no public office.
One of the reasons she gave for her action
United States and eventually settled as a law-
casions when he aspi
was her disagreement with the aim of the sub-
yer in Winona in 1857. For twenty years the
poration counsel and
commission. She did not believe, she said
elder Mitchell was a distinguished justice of
bench," reported Jos
in an interview, that the way for women to ob-
the Minnesota Supreme Court, and today many
came after the time
tain equality with men was through special pro-
of the opinions he rendered are used in the
that they would be
tective legislation. "It [special protective legis-
case books of the country's principal law
When the United St:
lation] does not equalize. It lowers women.
schools. Young Mitchell left Winona at the
I, Mitchell again inte:
Common legislation raises womanhood's stand-
age of fourteen to attend the Lawrenceville
to help organize and
ards, gives it equality." Miss Mistral explained
(preparatory) School in New Jersey and then,
Sixth (later the 206th
that she was neither a fighter nor an "official
not yet attracted to law as a profession, en-
signed to home guard
feminist." Later in the year Gabriela Mistral
rolled in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale
tered the Field Art
was named as one of the Latin American
University to study electrical engineering. Va-
School at Camp Tay
women sponsoring the Inter-American Con-
cations he spent with his father, absorbing the
remained until the A
gress of Women to be held in May of 1947.
legal discussions and arguments of the attor-
Rejoining his law
Earlier, in January 1946, press reports revealed
neys, judges, and justices who were his father's
entered upon a varie
that her countrymen planned to make her birth-
companions. And after two years at Yale he
tice. And in 1922, W
place a cultural center. Many South American
transferred to the University of Minnesota and
Harding appointed Pi
whereiz
schools and libraries have been named in her
a pre-law course. He received his B.A. from
States Supreme Cour
honor. As for her poetry, Miss Mistral has
Minnesota in 1895 and, after a post-graduate
partner of the reorg
revealed that "for years she has had material
night law course, his LL.B. in 1896. In that
Doherty, Rumble, Bur
for two or three new books of verse."
year he was admitted to the Minnesota bar
Three years later F
and began his career as a law clerk with the
appointed him, a Der
Gabriela Mistral is a tall, handsome woman
firm of Stringer and Seymour in St. Paul, to
Solicitor General of
with strong features, straight hair, a dark com-
the most highly prize
plexion, and a "captivating smile." She dresses
which city the family had moved while he was
in school.
appointment had com
simply. One interviewer has remarked, "Only
her clear eyes contrast with the pointedly
At the outbreak of the Spanish-American
ner, notes Joslin. Sh
Araucanian [Indian] characteristics, and betray
War in 1898, Mitchell interrupted his career
Mitchell was appreh
to serve as a second lieutenant in the Fifteenth
occupation in private
a remote Spanish ancestry," while another says,
"She is of the Basque type that predominates
Minnesota volunteer infantry. Subsequently,
tion, an influential fr
in Chile." She has impressed reporters with
he became acting judge advocate for the Sec-
him if he wished to
her sincerity and simplicity. The poet revealed
ond United States Army Corps (1898), engi-
for a vacancy as cir
neer officer of the third brigade, First Divi-
Joslin, truthfully and
the key to her philosophy and lifework when
sion, Second Army Corps (1899), and captain
replied that only the
she said, "I am a Christian, a total democrat.
I believe that Christianity, in its profoundest
and adjutant of the Fourth Regiment of the
eral would interest
social sense, can save the peoples of the world."
Minnesota National Guard (1899-1901). Upon
occurred some time
To this she added, "I have written as one who
being mustered out of the Army after the end
friend presented the
speaks in solitariness."
of the Spanish-American War in February
and the President p:
1899, the young man returned to the firm of
aspirants in his choic
References
Stringer and Seymour, with whom he now re-
"Under the directi
Bul Pan Am Union 58:647-61 J1 24 por
mained for approximately a year. But in the
eral," states the U
Chilean Gaz p10+ D '45 por
1898 elections the elder Mitchell had failed to
Manual, "the Solic
McGroarty/Dooley
November 20, 1990
5:00 pm
[CHILE]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: THE CHILEAN LEGISLATURE
VALPARAISO, CHILE
DECEMBER 6, 1990
XX:00 A.M.
President Aylwin. Members of the Chilean Congress -- and
all the people of Chile: It is a great privilege to address you
today, and to bring you -- on behalf of the American people --
our heart-felt congratulations on Chile's return to democratic
rule. //
Here atop the hills of Valparaiso -- here in the halls of
this assembly -- stands proof that Chile has returned to the
democratic path. Proof that -- in Chile -- once more, the people
shall govern. //
It is my hope that this visit will renew and strengthen the
ties between our two nations that trace back to the first days of
Chilean independence: To your first Congress, convened on the
4th of July, 1811. To the guiding principles we share -- "the
community of ideas" that linked your new nation to our own nearly
180 years ago. //
At the center of that community of ideas stands the shining
principle that unites us today: democracy. //
In the past year, the world has focussed on the dramatic
events that brought democracy to Eastern Europe -- and an end to
an era of Cold War and conflict. But the principles at the root
2
of those revolutions across the Atlantic are the very same that
give life to our own democratic destiny. And in spite of the
events unfolding in Europe, it is here -- here in the Americas -
- that democracy stands on the threshold of a new era. // It is
here that the triumph of the democratic ideal promises to make
the Americas the first fully free hemisphere in all of history.
//
Chileans can take great pride in the role they have played
in Latin America's democratic renaissance. Since the plebiscite
of October 1988, Chile has undergone a political transformation
every bit as far-reaching as the revolutions that changed the
face of Eastern Europe. // When others, frustrated by the long
years under autocratic rule, might have engaged in recrimination
-- Chile chose reconciliation. // When others might have
consumed themselves with settling scores, reopening old wounds,
Chile chose to draw from its painful past a positive lesson. //
Every year under autocratic rule served only to deepen your
devotion to freedom, tolerance and respect for human rights -- to
strengthen Chile's collective resolve to make this return to
democracy permanent -- and irreversible. //
Chile's peaceful return to the way of democracy owes much to
the leadership of a man of vision and great moral courage:
President Patricio Aylwin. //
But as President Aylwin understands -- as everyone in this
chamber knows -- democracy's ultimate success rests not on the
shoulders of one man alone -- but on the collective commitment of
3
every Chilean -- every citizen in every region, from every
station in society -- to put allegiance to democracy above any
differences that divide you. //
As a friend of Chile -- as the representative of a fellow
democracy -- I have deep respect for all that this nation has
done to move forward, in peace, to this new day of freedom. //
What is happening here in Chile is part of a larger movement
sweeping this continent. Centuries ago, the Americas represented
to the explorers of Europe the new world -- an uncharted
territory of promise and possibility. // Today, too, the
Americas hold out hope of a new world -- a world in which all men
and women live in liberty -- free to work and worship as they
wish. //
My travels these past few days have made me more certain
than ever that the Americas share a common democratic destiny --
and that Latin America's future lies with free government and
free markets. //
Chile -- now returned to the democratic path -- has long
recognized the merits of a free market economy. //
From the day Diego de Almagro first stepped foot on what is
now Chilean soil, your life-blood and link to the world has been
trade. // What has been true for Chile throughout its long
history is today increasingly true for all nations. //
Chile has moved farther, faster than any other Latin nation
toward real free market reform. // The payoff is evident to
4
all: seven straight years of economic growth. In exports alone,
a 15 to 20 percent increase in each of the past five years.
This explosive growth has secured for Chile a growing impact
on the world economy. // Today, the farmer in Valdivia labors
not just to feed his family or even his village -- but to deliver
products to the dinner tables of Japan, Europe and the U.S.
From the miner in Lota, the world obtains the raw materials it
puts to use in everything from new homes to skyscrapers to space
shuttles. //
Chile's success is the product of wise policy -- a
comprehensive plan to transform this nation's economy into an
engine for growth. //
Chile has worked to create an open and inviting investment
climate for foreign capital. Since 1985, about $2.5 billion
dollars in new investment has flowed into Chile. Capital flight
-- which has sapped the economic strength of so many Latin
nations -- is now reversing itself, with returning funds spurring
new investment here at home. // And Chile has pioneered some of
the world's most creative debt reduction programs. Debt for
equity swaps -- exchanges that have transformed debt from a dead-
weight on development into new opportunities for growth. ///
Chile is a land of tremendous natural riches -- near
limitless potential. The mineral wealth of the arid Atacama;
the black earth of the Central Valley; the broad bay here at
Valparaiso, for centuries Chile's port of entry and access point
to the world beyond. 11
5
But all of these abundant resources pale in comparison to
this nation's most significant asset: the vast human potential
of the people of Chile. Give to the people of Chile the
opportunity to better themselves -- to provide for their
families, their children -- and Chile will build its future. Let
the people reap the rewards of their own hard work -- and
incentive will spur enterprise. //
The future of Chile is the sum total of every individual's
hopes and dreams. // Unleash these energies -- and uncover a
reservoir of riches. Tap this source -- and transform a nation.
//
What has worked here in Chile can work across this
continent. // Last June, I introduced an initiative I call
Enterprise for the Americas -- a comprehensive plan to reduce the
crippling burden of debt, and increase trade and investment,
across the Americas -- North, Central and South. //
Enterprise for the Americas has generated great hope in the
future of free markets across the continent. For its part, Chile
has become the first nation to sign with the U.S. a framework
free trade agreement. // I look to Chile to continue to lead
the way -- to remain at the forefront of the free market movement
now taking hold across Latin America. //
I want to see our two nations work together to bring down
barriers to free and fair trade -- not just here in the Americas,
but around the world. // The great economic lesson of the past
6
half-century is that protectionism stifles progress -- and that
free markets breed prosperity. //
In the Uruquay Round, we have sought a deep reduction -- and
ultimately -- the complete elimination of counter-productive
agricultural subsidies. //
[[UPDATE ON OBJECTIVES IN URUGUAY ROUND. ]]
We can and must continue to work in common cause toward a
successful conclusion to the Uruguay Round. // Together with
Chile and its Latin neighbors, we here in the Americas constitute
a potent force for free trade. Let me say to all of you today:
the United States stands ready to forge a new partnership in
prosperity. ///
I've been told, according to some scholars, that the word
Chile means "the ends of the earth.' Today, what Chile means to
the world is far different: your nation is at the very center of
the democratic revival transforming this continent -- bringing us
closer each passing day to the new world we seek. Because what
matters in this new world is not the vast distances that separate
us -- but the vital ideals that bring us together. //
Let today mark the beginning of a new partnership between
our peoples. Let us all -- across the Americas -- work together
toward a new world in which every nation is the home of liberty,
democracy and progress. //
Once again, thank you for this warm welcome -- and may God
bless. the people of Chile.
# # #
VOLUME 7
Civilization to Coronium
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
a
S
n
0
S
KENNECOTT COPPER CORPORATION
COPPER ORE is usually obtained by strip mining from open-pit mines. The open-
pit mine in Bingham Canyon, in north-central Utah, is the largest in the world.
COPPER, kop'ar, is a metallic element of great
Chemical Properties. A free atom of copper has
technological and historical importance. It is
an arrangement of electrons which can lead to
valued for its strength, malleability, ductility,
the formation of a Cu+1 ion or a Cu ion. A
corrosion resistance, and its ability to conduct
copper ion with a single electron removed is
electricity and heat. The metal is fairly abundant
called a cuprous ion, while a copper ion with
and has been used by man since prehistoric times
2 electrons removed is called a cupric ion. The
for a wide variety of purposes, both by itself and
singly ionized cuprous ion occurs when an
as an alloy with other metals. In the ancient
electron is removed from the outer electron shell
world copper was used for making tools and
of a copper atom, and the doubly ionized cupric
weapons, and the metal and its alloys have served
ion results from the additional removal of an
as building and ornamental materials. Today
electron from an inner electron shell. (An un-
copper is of importance in such diverse areas as
stable, triply ionized form of copper also occurs.)
electroplating. plumbing, and the manufacture of
This difference in the way in which copper can
electric motors, television sets, airplanes, and
be ionized accounts for the relatively different
satellites. Its compounds are important in agri-
properties of chemical compounds of copper
culture and the chemical industry.
where different valences are involved. Removal
of an electron from a free atom is often referred
CONTENTS
to as an oxidation reaction. For example, copper
Section
Page
Section
Page
with 1 electron removed is said to be in a plus
1. Properties
759
Other Alloys
762
1 oxidation state, while copper with 2 electrons
2. Mining and Metal-
Chemical Com-
removed is said to be in a plus 2 oxidation state.
lurgy
760
pounds
762
(The plus, in this case, refers to the sign of the
Mining
760
4. History of Copper
762
charge on the ion involved.)
Concentration
761
5. Modern Copper
Smelting
761
Industry
764
The chemical reactivity of copper in forming
Refining
761
Industry Development
compounds involves both the plus ] and the
3. Alloys and
from 1900
764
plus 2 oxidation states; chemical compounds of
Compounds
761
Industry Structure
765
Brass and Bronze
761
Copper Products
766
the plus 2 state are somewhat more stable than
those of the plus 1 state. The chemical reaction
1. Properties
of copper with basic solutions is minimal, ex-
cept in the case of solutions containing ammonia.
Copper is the 29th element in the periodic
Copper is not replaced by hydrogen in acidic
table; it, has an atomic weight of 63.54 and is
solutions, on the other hand, but it is easily
the first in the series of metallic elements that
dissolved in oxidizing acids such as nitric acid.
also contains silver and gold. Copper is a rela-
Within a copper crystal, the copper atoms
tively heavy metal, with a specific gravity of
are arranged in a face-centered cubic structure.
8.96. The pure element is salmon pink and
As a result, each copper atom has 12 equidistant
has a bright metallic luster when polished. The
neighbors which are symmetrically distributed
metal is nonmagnetic, tough, and moderately
around the atom. This arrangement has the
hard, and it resists wear very well.
highest symmetry of any crystal structure in
759
760
COPPER: 2. Mining and Metallurgy
nature. The actual diameter of a single copper
tubing, when used for carrying water, does not
atom is about 2.5 angstrom units or 2.5 X 18⁻⁸
stantial change in the
pick up a mineral deposit (as does iron pipe
in the process since
cm.
under similar circumstances). This accounts for
Electrical Conductivity. One of the single most
used in mining opera
the extensive use of copper for making water
tions of automatic tec
important properties of bulk copper is its very
pipes and water valves and other fittings used
high electrical conductivity. This property ac-
phase of the mining
in superior plumbing installations. On the other
counts for the extensive use of copper in the
however, in significa
hand. the familiar corrosion product that appears
electrical industry. The high electrical con-
efficiency. Indeed, i)
on copper statuary is considered a highly desira-
mining plant now in
ductivity of copper is intimately associated with
ble protective coating. This coating, or patina,
United States, there
the fact that when free copper atoms are brought
is a mixture of the basic copper sulfates
the costs of obtaining
together to form bulk copper, the valence elec-
CuSO₄ Cu( OH)₂ and CuSO4 3Cu(
Concentration. Sin
trons of the copper are not restricted to their
JAMES M. GALLIGAN, Columbia University
most mines is quite lo
parent atoms but are free to migrate throughout
the solid. On the basis of a unit volume, the
2. Mining and Metallurgy
1% by weight), the
substantial part of th
electrical conductivity of copper (at room tem-
The primary sources of copper for the mining
fore any smelting ope
perature) is exceeded only by the electrical
industry are the mineral copper sulfides (chal-
operation, called conc
conductivity of silver. Indeed. the electrical
cocite, chalcopyrite, bornite), oxides (such as
ing, grinding, classific
properties of copper are the basis of an inter-
cuprite), and to a lesser extent carbonates
drying of the ore. 1
national standard; the conductivity of a bar of
malachite, azurite) that are found in igneous
copper in the resultir
copper 1 meter long and weighing 1 gram, at
rock. These deposits of copper minerals are
of steps is about 30%
20°C (68°F), is established as 100% conductiv-
distributed throughout the world; very few, if
grinding procedures
ity. Even so, modern purification techniques
any, known extensive deposits of native ele-
eral particles in whi
easily produce a grade of copper which is 4% to
mental copper remain today, although ancient
copper mineral occurs
5% higher in conductivity than this standard.
man probably made direct use of such deposits.
passed through a ser
Thermal Conductivity. Another important con-
Sources. About 90% of the world's known re-
to which a frothing
sequence of the presence of free electrons in
serve of copper is contained in four general
added. Air is the
the solid is the very high thermal conductivity
areas. Two of the areas are in North America:
through the flotation
of copper, again only exceeded by the thermal
the Rocky Mountain and Great Basin area, and
froth. An additional
conductivity of silver. Many of the extensive
the central area of Canada (which is associated
lector, is added to the
commercial applications of copper rely upon this
with a Precambrian shield). One of the areas is
adherence of the CO
high thermal conductivity. Some of these are
in South America, along the western slope of
the air bubbles occur
refrigerators, evaporators, heating coils, and dis-
the Andes Mountains in Peru and Chile, while
called gangue, falls
tilling apparatus in the chemical industry, in
the last is in the upper Katanga region of the
A simple consider
which high thermal conductivity is required.
Congo Kinshasa and the adjacent Copperbelt
output concentration
Mechanical Properties. Many of the industrial
region of Zambia The copper deposit at Chu-
large as 100 to 1-sh
operations involved in the formation of copper
quicamata, Chile represents today's greatest
of placing concentrat
into usable shapes involve extensive plastic (per-
known reserve of copper ore, but the world
mining operation as F
manent) deformation of the metal. Copper, in
center of copper production is the United States
cessing of the gang
contrast to iron, can be deformed in this manner
-primarily in the Colorado Plateau and the upper
which exposes more C
-even at temperatures approaching absolute
Michigan peninsula. Other rich deposits exist
is then used in some
zero-without any serious loss of ductility. This is
in the United States, but they are relatively
Smelting. Smelting
quite important, since the final forming operation
small. Very little is known of the distribution
stantial removal of un
of many products does not require heating the
of copper reserves in the USSR, except that they
impurities from the
copper during the operation. Heating, if re-
are thought to exist in the Soviet Asian republic
moval of the sulfur i
quired, would seriously discolor the product.
of Kazakhstan.
the ore in the presen
Also, copper would tend to oxidize when heated,
Another important source of copper is sec-
dizing the sulfur, w
and would be seriously embrittled.
ondary copper, or copper obtained from scrap
dioxide. This particu
The mechanical properties of copper vary
material. This refers not only to material ob-
often referred to as TO
over a wide range, depending strongly on the
tained from reclaimed articles but also to such
quite suitable for add
past history of the material. For example, ex-
by-products of copper production as "trimmings,"
then be carried out
tensive plastic deformation of single copper
"sweepings," and "drosses." About one third of
The smelting operati
crystals starts at stresses as low as 15 psi (1 kg
the copper consumed in the United States today
silicate flux, which r
per sq cm) in polycrystalline copper, plastic
comes from scrap; and, because of the high price
(present as an oxide
deformation is initiated at 500 psi (35 kg per
paid for such materials, many measures are
bining with it to form
sq cm). Extensive cold-working of copper can
taken to reuse scrap copper.
Mining. About 94% of the copper produced
dense than the conce
introduce a further increase in the yield stress
removed from the sm
to a value of 10,000 psi (more than 700 kg
throughout the world is obtained through the
following series of operations. First the material
The material that
per sq cm). However, in contrast to iron,
copper shows extensive plastic deformation after
is strip mined. Concentration of the ore follows,
copper, some iron, an
fur-is referred to as
extreme reductions in cross-sectional area. In
and then the ore is smelted (heated to remove
sulfur and oxygen). There is a final refining
into another special f
fact, in wire drawing of copper, the material is
and there it is reduce
often reduced to less than 1% of its original
operation that involves fire or electrolytic
in a two-step process.
diameter.
refining.
The two major methods of obtaining copper
eliminating any remain
Cold-worked copper can be annealed at
ores from the ground are open-pit mining and
through an oxidation
temperatures as low as 392°F (200°C); extensive
underground mining. Of these two methods,
remaining copper sulf
softening of the material occurs. Annealing at
progressively higher temperatures leads to addi-
open-pit mining is the more extensively used
of the sulfide with ai
tional softening of the deformed material. Com-
today, since its costs are substantially less than
operation is completed
plete softening is reached at temperatures of
those of underground mining. In open-pit min-
are used to stir the
about 1200°F (650°C).
ing, large blast holes are drilled at appropriate
reduce any remaining
Another important property of copper which
places in the ore vein, the material is blasted
of the carbon in the 1
loose, and it is then removed to the concentrating
a relatively pure cop]
lends itself to commercial use is its corrosion
plant. While the efficiency of each operation has
Refining. After the
resistance, and especially its resistance to oxida-
increased greatly throughout history, no sub-
pleted, the resulting
tion while carrying water. Furthermore, copper
suitable for commerc
766
COPPER: 5. Modern Copper Industry
COPPER CLIFF, a foi
Ontario, Canada, in
The largest copper firm in the world is Ken-
found in Europe are in the Soviet Union, 35
km) southwest of Suc
necott Copper Corporation, which operates the
million tons, and Poland, 11.4 million tons. In
smelting and refining
largest open-pit mine in the world at Bingham,
Asia, mainland China's reserves are thought to
tant quantities of nic
Utah. This is the second-largest producing mine
be 3 million tons. In Africa, Zambia is estimated
ium, osmium, and Vi
in the world. Kennecott alone supplies from 35%
to have 25 million tons of reserves and the
merged with Sudbury
to 40% of all the ore mined in the United States.
Congo (Kinshasa) 20 million tons.
The second-largest producer in the world is
COPPER PYRITE. Se
Anaconda Company, which obtains about three
COPPER PRODUCTS
fourths of its ore outside the United States, pri-
It is convenient to classify copper uses by
COPPER RIVER, a
marily from Chile. Phelps Dodge Corporation is
both end use (the product) and by the different
It rises in the Wrar
the second-largest domestic producer (that is,
industries that buy the metal.
south into the Gulf of
in the U.S. mines), and Anaconda is third in
End Uses. About 35% of copper consumption
km) east of Cordova.
this field. These three companies-Kennecot,
in the United States is for electrical equipment.
than 300 miles (500 k
Anaconda, and Phelps Dodge-mine about 75%
This is followed by fabricated metal products,
rich copper deposits (
of the total U.S. output.
32%; machinery other than electrical, 13%; and
of these-in the area
In the smelting segment of the industry, four
transportation equipment, 12%. Miscellaneous
hausted in 1938.
companies-Phelps Dodge, Kennecott, American
uses account for less than 8% of the sales. About
The chief tributa
Smelting and Refining, and Anaconda-control
half of all the copper consumed is for electrical
Chistochina, Gakona,
about 86% of all operations. The same four com-
purposes because the listed end uses cut across
Copper is not navigal
panies control about 80% of refining capacity.
many lines that involve electrical use. The use
because of its rapids
Concentration is not so evident in fabricating.
of copper for defense-rated orders increases rap-
other glacial discharge
Anaconda is the largest fabricator, accounting for
idly during wars or military emergencies.
10% of the total. In all, there are about 200
In the electrical equipment industry the four
COPPER SULFATE is
firms in the United States engaged in the pro-
largest end uses consume about 20% of all copper.
cial importance. It is
duction and selling of copper. The pattern,
In descending order these are motors and gen-
fate. The most comm
especially in the biggest firms, is toward vertical
erators, transformers, switchgears and switch-
sulfate is the pentahy
integration-a single firm may mine, smelt, re-
boards, and current-carrying devices.
known as bluestone,
fine, fabricate, and market.
In fabricated metal products the largest uses
peras. In addition. CO
In the United States about 360 mines pro-
of copper are in valves and pipe fittings (the
anhydrous salt CuSO,
duce copper, but the largest 25 account for about
leader at more than 9% of all copper use), and,
CuSO, H.O. Other h
96% of all production. Arizona supplies roughly
in descending order, plumbing fixtures and trim,
pound are also known
50% of the U.S. total. Utah, from one mine,
metal stampings, screw machine products, and
The pentahydrate
produces 18%. The remaining U.S. production,
hardware.
solutions to form lar
in descending order of importance, comes from
In other types of machinery, refrigeration
clinic crystals. When }
Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, and Michigan.
equipment is the biggest consumer item, account-
they lose water (effl
Only 2% of the copper is supplied from Eastern
ing for about 3.6% of all copper consumed. This
white crystals of the Il
states. Most of the smelting of copper is also
is followed by pumps and compressors and use
ued heating to 250°
done in the West.
in machine shops.
drate is converted to
The grade of copper ore mined in the United
In transportation equipment motor vehicles
drous salt. Above 600
States has declined constantly since about 1880,
and parts account for almost 10% of all copper
decomposition occurs
when the ore mined contained an average of 3%
consumed. About 40 pounds of copper is re-
(CuO) remains. Alth
copper. By World War I, the ore mined was
quired per vehicle. A large airplane uses about
only moderately solubl
down to 2% copper, and in the 1950's it was only
3,000 pounds (1,360 kg) of copper, and a Pull-
soluble in hot water.
0.8%. Improved mining techniques, however,
man car uses about 2,000 pounds (907 kg).
Almost half the cop
served to keep costs down in spite of the in-
Industry Users. The largest industry users of
is used for agricultural
ferior grade of copper mined.
copper in the United States include the construc-
pesticide to destroy fun
Worldwide, 45 countries produce copper, but
tion industry, where the metal is bought for
organisms and to conti
five areas contain 93% of the world's measured
building wire, roofing products, plumbing goods,
added to fertilizers an
and indicated reserves of copper. They are: (1)
builder's hardware, gutters, flashing, and fittings.
vide the trace of copp
Chile and Peru, where there are large American-
In transportation copper is used by many manu-
nutrition of plants and
owned mines, (2) the western United States,
facturers: by automobile makers, in radiators,
used to control the g
(3) Zambia and the Democratic Republic of
heaters, defrosters, and oil lines; by railroad-
treatment ponds.
Congo (Kinshasa), (4) Kazakhstan in the USSR,
equipment makers, in locomotives, passenger cars,
Other uses of copp
and (5) eastern Canada, where three mines
and signal devices; and by aircraft makers, in
mercial preparation 0
supply 75% of the country's copper.
wiring systems. The appliance industry is a
textile dyeing, in the p
The United States led in the tonnage of cop-
large consumer of copper, particularly for
leather tanning, and in
per mined in the late 1960's, followed by the
washing machines, air-conditioners, refrigerators,
It is also used in elec
USSR (whose totals are not announced), Zam-
and radio and television sets (particularly those
battery electrolyte, in n
bia, Chile, Canada, and the Congo (Kinshasa).
with printed circuits). Copper is used extensively
leum refining. In medi
(In some years production in Chile exceeds that
for telephone wire and cable.
cally as a fungicide ano
in Zambia.) Zambia's mines, which sell most of
Copper is also widely used as an alloy. Brass
Basic cupric sulfate,
their copper to Britain, are controlled by Anglo
and bronze are used for builder's hardware (locks
is used to control per:
American Corporation and Rhodesian Selection
and knockers), and copper alloys abound in
vegetables and fruits.
Trust Company.
jewelry, furnishings, and cookware.
forms on copper that
Estimates vary widely, but the total world
PAUL WEINER, University of Connecticut
atmosphere consists foi
reserve of copper is generally considered to be
cupric sulfate.
212 million metric tons. That is enough copper
Friedrich, G., and others, Bibliography eds., Geology and Metallogeny of
to last 50 years at the usual production rate
Mazger, Dorothea, Copper in the World Economy (Monthly
Copper Deposits (Springer-Verlag 1986).
The Coop
of slightly more than 4 million tons annually.
In North America, the United States is estimated
Mikesell, Raymond, The World Copper Industry (Johns
Review Press 1980).
COPPERHEAD, kop'ar-
to have a reserve of 32.5 million tons and Canada
Wagenhals, G., The World Copper Market (Springer-Verlag
Owen, A., Biochemical Aspects of Copper 1982);
Hopkins Univ. Press 1979).
poisonous snake of the
8.4 million tons. In South America, Chile is es-
teristically, the top of
timated to have a reserve of 46 million tons and
Peru 12.5 million tons. The leading reserves
West, 1984). E. G., Copper and Its Alloys (Halsted Press 1982).
Peggy --
I will need some specific regional examples of Chile's natural
riches/potential, to mention by name in the speech:
Agricultural area?
Desert region -- minerals/mines?
ports -- (Valparaiso?) which is Chile's largest?
Would also like examples to provide good geographic coverage:
e.g., deserts in north, agric. from central or south, etc.
Thanks,
Dan
copper- uses? space shuttle, rocketry?
next wk. - McDonalds Grand Opening
McDonalds = America
Micasa, su Lasa
LBJ-Lady Bird
Status of Enterprise for the Americas Legislation
We gained authority in the Farm Bill to reduce PL-480 debt
and to establish a mechanism to channel local currency
interest payments to fund environmental projects in Latin
American and Caribbean countries.
Similar legislation to authorize reduction of AID debt
passed the House but was not acted on in the Senate.
Action on a stand-alone bill was impeded by concerns of
the Senate Foreign Relations Committee -- particularly
Senator Helms.
An effort to insert the authorization in the House bill
into the Foreign Operations appropriations bill during
conference was unsuccessful due to concerns of staff
and an intervention by House Foreign Affairs Committee
Chairman Fascell.
The EAI provisions in the Farm Bill:
establish a Facility in the Treasury Department to
administer debt reduction;
set out economic conditions for qualification for debt
reduction;
provide for debt reduction through an exchange of old
obligations for new, reduced obligations;
allow for payment of interest in local currency if a
country has entered into an environmental framework
agreement with the United States and established an
Environmental Fund to receive local currency payments;
call for the establishment of a local body in each
country to administer the resources in the Environmental
Fund; and
establish an Environment for the Americas Board in
Washington, chaired by Treasury and including 4 other
USG representatives and 4 NGO representatives.
We are working with OMB to draft an Executive Order spelling
out implementation of this provision of the Farm Bill
consistent with earlier Administration discussions.
We will be pushing hard in January to gain the authority to
reduce AID debt, as well as to sell Eximbank and CCC paper
and to make contributions to the multilateral investment
fund in the Inter-American Development Bank.
Status of Enterprise for the Americas Legislation
We gained authority in the Farm Bill to reduce PL-480 debt
and to establish a mechanism to channel local currency
interest payments to fund environmental projects in Latin
American and Caribbean countries.
Similar legislation to authorize reduction of AID debt
passed the House but was not acted on in the Senate.
Action on a stand-alone bill was impeded by concerns of
the Senate Foreign Relations Committee -- particularly
Senator Helms.
An effort to insert the authorization in the House bill
into the Foreign Operations appropriations bill during
conference was unsuccessful due to concerns of staff
and an intervention by House Foreign Affairs Committee
Chairman Fascell.
The EAI provisions in the Farm Bill:
establish a Facility in the Treasury Department to
administer debt reduction;
set out economic conditions for qualification for debt
reduction;
provide for debt reduction through an exchange of old
obligations for new, reduced obligations;
allow for payment of interest in local currency if a
country has entered into an environmental framework
agreement with the United States and established an
Environmental Fund to receive local currency payments;
call for the establishment of a local body in each
country to administer the resources in the Environmental
Fund; and
establish an Environment for the Americas Board in
Washington, chaired by Treasury and including 4 other
USG representatives and 4 NGO representatives.
We are working with OMB to draft an Executive Order spelling
out implementation of this provision of the Farm Bill
consistent with earlier Administration discussions.
We will be pushing hard in January to gain the authority to
reduce AID debt, as well as to sell Eximbank and CCC paper
and to make contributions to the multilateral investment
fund in the Inter-American Development Bank.
HE
E5
1982
WH
The New
-
Encyclopædia
Britannica
in 30 Volumes
MICROPÆDIA
Volume X
Ready Reference
and
Index
FOUNDED 1768
15 TH EDITION
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
William Benton, Publisher, 1943-1973
Helen Hemingway Benton, Publisher, 1973-1974
Chicago/Geneva/London/Manila/Paris/Rome
Seoul/Sydney/Tokyo/Toronto
Valois, Dame Ninette de: see de Valois,
The Juan Fernández Islands (q.v.) in the Pa-
343 valuation
Dame Ninette.
cific are administered from Valparaíso. Pop.
Valois dynasty, royal house of France from
(1979 est.) 712,110.
1328 to 1589, ruling from the end of the feu-
area and population table 4:251
east of Gary. Settled in 1834, it was a point on
dal period into the early modern age. The
Valparaíso, capital of Valparaíso province,
the old Sauk Trail, used by Sauk Indians trav-
Valois kings continued the work of unifying
Chile, on the south side of a broad, open bay
elling to Detroit to collect annuities from the
France and centralizing royal power that was
of the Pacific, on the slopes of a spur of the
British for services in the War of 1812. Val-
begun under their predecessors, the Cape-
coastal mountain range that ends in the rocky
paraiso lies in an area that produces dairy
tians. The early kings of the dynasty were OC-
peninsula of Punta Angeles.
products and popcorn seed. Manufactures in-
cupied primarily with fighting the Hundred
clude magnets, steel products, automobile ac-
Years' War (1337-1453), which broke out un-
cessories, food-processing machinery, and
der the first Valois, Philip VI (reigned 1328-
electrical specialties. It is the site of Val-
50). During this period the monarchy was
paraiso University (1859; Lutheran Church—
threatened both by the English, who at times
Missouri Synod) and Sloan Galleries of
controlled much of France, and by the revived
American Paintings. Pines Ski Area, Indiana
strength of feudal lords, such as the Arma-
Dunes State Park, Indiana Dunes National
gnac and Burgundian factions. Charles VII
Lakeshore, and Flint Lake are nearby. Inc.
(reigned 1422-61) met these threats and began
1865. Pop. (1980) 22,247.
the task of restoring royal power.
41°28' N, 87°03' W
The Valois kings gradually increased their
Val-Saint-Lambert, town, Liège province,
authority at the expense of the feudal lords.
The crown's exclusive right to levy taxes and
Belgium, a centre of the glassmaking industry.
50°35' N, 5°29' E
to wage war was established. So successful
ware characteristics 8:195c
were the Valois in consolidating their position
The harbour, Valparaíso, Chile
that they (especially Louis XI, reigned 1461-
Walter
Valsalva manoeuvre, forcing the breath
83) are regarded as the originators of royal
against a closed glottis valve, and so raising
absolutism in France. Many of the basic ad-
Valparaíso was founded in 1536 by a con-
the pressure in the lungs.
ministrative institutions of the French mon-
quistador, Juan de Saavedra, who named it
ear pressure relief techniques 5:1121e
archy that had begun to develop under the
for his birthplace in Spain. Few colonial
intrapulmonic pressure limit 15:748g
Capetians continued to evolve under the
buildings have survived a succession of pirate
Valois; for example, the parlements (courts)
raids, severe storms, fires, and earthquakes.
Valtellina, German VELTLIN, in northern It-
were extended throughout France to dispense
After Chilean independence was gained in
aly, upper valley of the Adda River from its
royal justice.
1818 and the Spanish mercantile monopoly
sources in the Ortles mountain group west-
Their strong position in France enabled three
was broken, the port developed with the Chil-
ward to its entry into Lake Como, largely in
of the Valois kings (Charles VIII, reigned
ean navy and the links created by steamship
Sondrio province, Lombardy region. It is en-
1483-98; Louis XII, reigned 1498-1515; and
services to Europe. Much of the city was re-
closed by the Bernina Alps (north), the Ortles
Francis I, reigned 1515-47) to undertake the
built after a devastating earthquake in 1906;
(northeast), and the Orobie Alps (south) and
ultimately unsuccessful Italian wars. These
many buildings were again severely damaged
traversed by good roads over four well-
wars marked the start of Valois rivalry with
in the great earthquake of 1971. The commer-
marked Alpine passes; the Stelvio (9,048 ft
the imperial Habsburgs, a rivalry which lasted
cial quarter, with its harbour works, ware-
[2,757 m]), the Bernina (7,621 ft [2,322 m]),
until the end of the French dynasty.
houses, banks, and shopping centre, occupies
the Aprica (3,858 ft [1,176 m]), and the Um-
The French Renaissance occurred during the
reclaimed land adjacent to the bay, as do the
brail (9,944 ft [3,031 m]). Historically the
reigns of Francis I and Henry II (reigned
administrative buildings grouped around the
southern part of ancient Raetia (q.v.;
1547-59). The Wars of Religion (1562-98)
Plaza Sotomayor. The cathedral, parks,
Rhaetia), the valley was disputed between Mi-
weakened the power of the last Valois kings,
boulevards, theatres, cafes, and a few colonial
lan and the bishops of Como from the 6th to
for militant Roman Catholic and Protestant
buildings, notably the church of La Matriz,
the 13th century and between Milan and the
factions dominated politics. After the death of
are also concentrated in this lower part of the
Swiss canton of Graubünden in the 16th and
Henry III in 1589, the House of Bourbon, in
city. The buildings of the Chilean naval acade-
17th centuries. It belonged to Graubünden
the person of Henry IV, succeeded the Valois
my and residential quarters are located on the
from 1639 until 1797 and, after being domi-
as the ruling house of France.
steep slopes and valleys of encircling hills,
nated by the French during the Napoleonic
Charles V's European power struggle 4:49a
with an agglomeration of poorer dwellings
Wars, passed to Austrian Lombardy; it was
Francis I's reign and accomplishments 7:683h
and shacks occupying the highest parts.
joined to the Kingdom of Italy in 1859. The
French international and domestic
Funicular railways, elevators, steps, and zig-
population is Italian-speaking and Catholic
policies 7:622g
zag roads connect the lower city with the up-
French religious and dynastic struggle 15:553f
within the diocese of Como. The fertile valley
per. Although Valparaíso is Chile's second
genealogical comparison with Bourbons
supports varied agriculture, forestry, and live-
largest city, its population is growing relative-
3:79e; table
ly slowly, for the adjacent tourist resort of
stock raising. Famous for its wines, the Valtel-
Hundred Years' War involvement 9:16b;
Viña del Mar increasingly functions as a resi-
lina has also become important for its hydro-
table 17
dential suburb.
electric plants. Tourism is an increasingly sig-
Joan of Arc's role in sustaining reign 10:226c
John the Fearless of Burgundy's role 10:243c
Valparaíso is pre-eminently commercial and
nificant economic factor. The chief towns are
medieval hegemony 12:141g
industrial; there are foundries as well as facto-
Sondrio, Tirano, Chiavenna, Morbegno, and
Richemont's support of Charles VII 15:834f
ries that produce chemicals, textiles, sugar,
Bormio. Pop. (1970 est.) 127,824.
Valona (Albania): see Vlora.
paints, clothing, leather goods, and vegetable
46°11' N, 9°55' E
oils. Most Chilean imports enter through the
Richelieu's foreign policy 15:832b
Valparaíso, province, Aconcagua region,
port of Valparaíso; though its exports repre-
strategic areas in Thirty Years' War 18:338c
sent only a small fraction of the value of the
Switzerland's Reformation effects 17:882d
central Chile, on the Pacific Ocean (west).
Created in 1842 with boundaries established
Chilean total, its significance in internal mari-
Valuable Hints on Playwriting, Japanese
in 1927, it was reorganized again in 1974. Its
time communications is paramount. It is also
KEZAIROKU (1801), work by Namiki Shozo II.
area is 1,058 sq mi (2,739 sq km), and it is
a cultural centre and the site of the "Federico
texts on Kabuki theatre 10:368b
bounded by the provinces of Quillota in the
Santa María" Technical University (estab-
north and San Antonio in the
lished 1926), the Catholic University of Val-
valuation, in economics, process of setting a
paraíso (1928), and the Natural History and
monetary value on property or goods for such
and Santiago Metropolitan Area
The province embraces the
Fine Arts museums.
purposes as taxation, corporate reorganiza-
other west-
State railways connect Valparaíso by elec-
tion, public utility rate regulation, litigation,
www.draing lowlands whend www.draining loadands.win dairy cattle
trified line with the national capital, Santiago,
or national income accounting.
vineyard, orchard, truck (market), and
115 mi (185 km) southeast, and by steam lines
accounting problem of measuring asset
grain crops are raised. The province is second
with all the important cities and ports of Chile
value 1:38c
onlying Santiago in industrial development;
from Pisagua to Puerto Montt. The city is the
defense-spending measurement
western terminus of the Transandine Railway
problems 19:552a
ment, The clothing, processed foods, and tobacco.
products are textiles, chemicals, ce-
and thus has direct overland connection with
GNP and inventory measurement
Concón petroleum refinery and Quintero
Buenos Aires, Arg. Good highways run to the
problems 3:800f
farms are Chile's most
resort towns north and south and to Santiago.
income tax problem of taxing capital
also has several popu-
Internal airlines link the city with other parts
gains 9:274g
of Chile. Pop. (1979 est.) commune, 270,111.
inheritance tax problem of estate
Highways tres and an electrified railway link the
resorts, notably Viña del Mar (q.v.).
33°02' S, 71°38' W
valuation 5:531a passim to 532b
national income accounting methods 12:850c
to the provincial capital, Val-
map, Chile 4:248
the Highway and
port establishment and trade increase 4:256a
price indexes measuring foreign
THE by earthquake in 1971.
THE It was
investment 14:1003c
railroad through
Santiago as outlet to Pacific Ocean 16:233a
property tax assessment technique 15:57g
Valparaiso, city, seat of Porter County,
public utility revenue requirement
northwestern Indiana, U.S., just east-south-
formula 15:219e
CHILE: WISH LIST
Concrete examples of how freer trade, lower tariffs, and
liberalized investment will benefit the Chilean economy. (E.g.,
examples of goods or economic sectors that would benefit).
Examples of Chilean goods/products that suffer most in the
current trade climate.
Chile is already well ahead of the other LatAm nations POTUS will
be visiting in terms of a functioning free market economy.
(Could use additional statistics on economic performance, beyond
current 10% growth rate.) What next step could/should Chile take
to expand trade? (E.g., are we looking for strong Chilean
support at the Uruguay Round? Do we envision a framework trade
agreement, as outlined in Enterprise for the Americas
initiative?)
For color:
Chilean proverbs -- on guests, travel; on future, friendship,
etc.
Info on geography of Chile, regional characteristics. Well-
known natural wonders, historic sites.
Quotes from and/or general background info on well-known Chilean
poets, patriots (O'Higgins, etc.)
IF SPEECH IS DELIVERED AT VALPARAISO -- Historical background and
significance of Valparaiso, reason for situating new legislature
there, etc.
CHILE: WISH LIST
Concrete examples of how freer trade, lower tariffs, and
liberalized investment will benefit the Chilean economy. (E.g.,
examples of goods or economic sectors that would benefit).
Examples of Chilean goods/products that suffer most in the
current trade climate.
Chile is already well ahead of the other LatAm nations POTUS will
be visiting in terms of a functioning free market economy.
(Could use additional statistics on economic performance, beyond
current 10% growth rate.)
What next step could/should Chile take to expand trade?
(E.g., are we looking for strong Chilean support at the Uruguay
Round? Do we envision a framework trade agreement, as outlined
in Enterprise for the Americas initiative?)
For color:
Chilean proverbs -- on guests, travel; on future, friendship,
etc.
Info on geography of Chile, regional characteristics. Well-
known natural wonders, historic sites.
Quotes from and/or general background info on well-known Chilean
poets, patriots (O'Higgins, etc.)
IF SPEECH IS DELIVERED AT VALPARAISO -- Historical background and
significance of Valparaiso, reason for situating new legislature
there, etc.
Lake
Peqg.
am ussumng we're around
to yet very busy
about her - we get our friends The?
at State can working Thad Dar on some of
nak
Roberta Jacobson
647-9393
America
The
of Gi idebooks'
No
South America b
Our
are honest, accurate
best pos ible travel companions. Gow
Featured in this guide
What to see and do in 13 countries
South America
Top hotels, resorts, and country inns
The best restaurants and cafés for sam
Including
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Everything you need to know befo
the Galápagos Islands
Lively essays on culture and histor
39 pages of maps
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1991
WH
O
6
SOUTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA AT A GLANCE
7
Rio de Janeiro also says Brazil to many people, with its spectacular bay-
lunch at an outdoor cafe, or an afternoon of shopping for nandutí, the
side setting, fabulous beaches, skimpy string bikinis, and riotous Carnival
country's uniquely beautiful and intricate spiderweb lace. The real Para-
celebration. But Brazil goes much beyond its beaches and proffered exotic
guay, however, is found in the countryside, where motorcycles and transis-
pleasures. It is a world of skyscrapers, stock markets, and agro-business
tor radios are just now starting to compete with ox carts and traditional
carried out in megalopolises like São Paulo and Belo Horizonte by the sons
polca music in the hearts and minds of the rural people. The country's
and daughters of industrious Lebanese, Eastern European, German, Ital-
original inhabitants were the Guaraní Indians, and nowhere else did the
ian, and Japanese immigrants. Like the United States, Brazil has wel-
Spaniards actually marry comely Indian maidens the way they did in Para-
comed emigrés from all over the world. In return, they have applied their
guay. The result was a blending of European and Indian traits to a degree
knowledge and skills toward making their adopted homeland a major in-
dustrial nation.
unknown elsewhere in the hemisphere. But when it came to language, the
people's preference for Guaraní prevailed, and the government actually
Brazil's greatest treasure, however, is perhaps one of its least well
known. Far away from crowded condominiums and rush hour traffic jams,
recognized it as an official language along with Spanish.
camouflaged until the very last minute by a canopy of forest green, lies
Mission ruins near Encarnación are another impressive reminder of the
Iguaçu Falls. These awesome cataracts-some 300 separate falls in all-
Guaraní legacy. It was there that Jesuit priests converted the Indians and
thunder over a two-and-a-half-mile-wide precipice on the border between
organized a unique communal society. Several of the lovely missions,
Brazil and Argentina. Though Iguaçu is off the beaten path, over a million
abandoned when the Jesuits were expelled in 1767, are being restored
tourists visit each year. None goes away disappointed. Beginning at the
today under the auspices of international organizations.
top of a hill crowned by the luxurious rose-colored Hotel das Cataratas,
Leaving Paraguay at Encarnación and crossing the river into Argentina
a walkway twists down the side of the gorge, affording views of the rushing
brings one suddenly back into the twentieth century, if not the twenty-
cascades that become more magnificent at every turn. Myriad rainbows
first. This is the continent's second-largest country, and the scenery-
large and small dance in clouds of mist, and thousands of butterflies in
ranging from the snowy heights of the Andes in the west to the flat grassy
glittering jewel tones chase each other about like playful puppies, alighting
pampas along the Atlantic coast-is spectacular. Such stunning visual ef-
affectionately on passersby. Mimicking giant dragonflies, helicopters
fects, combined with romantic notions of handsome gauchos dancing the
hover in the air as well, offering passengers a breathtaking bird's-eye view
seductive tango, create a mystique that has been lost on few foreigners.
of the watery wonderland.
These stereotypes fade immediately, however, when visitors take their first
walk along Buenos Aires's classy Calle Florida, sit down to tea in an ele-
The Land of Gauchos and Guarani
gant confitería, or attend an opera at the world famous Teatro Colón. The
Porteños, as residents of Buenos Aires are called, are as educated, sophisti-
Ultimately, the fertile farmlands of southern Brazil become the gently
cated, and urbane as anyone on earth. Their cosmopolitan city never
rolling hills and grasslands of Uruguay, the second smallest country in
sleeps-or so it seems. Dinner is often eaten at midnight, and the streets
South America. Ninety percent of the land is used for grazing, and Uru-
are still full of people when one leaves the restaurant at 2 A.M. Some 42
guayans are justifiably proud of their fine beef cattle. The country's beach-
theaters, 200 movie houses, 150 parks, and an untold number of museums
es, too, are among the best in the southern part of South America. Without
and galleries provide pastimes for a population in perpetual motion.
even leaving Montevideo, Uruguay's gracious capital, visitors can sample
Although most residents of Buenos Aires are curiously out of touch
more than a half a dozen that fringe the city's sparkling waterfront. But
with life in the country's provinces, no tourist should leave Argentina
surely the most fashionable beach is located 85 miles to the east at Punta
without visiting the wine country of Mendoza, the ski resort of Bariloche,
del Este, a haven for well-heeled vacationers from many foreign countries,
or the Valdez Peninsula where thousands of enormous seals bask on peb-
especially nearby Argentina. Often called the Riviera of South America,
bled beaches. The pace is slower, the people more open, and the culture
this famous resort is also a popular site for international conferences and
easier to appreciate away from the capital city's constant commotion.
movie festivals.
Visitors should be sure to include an excursion to Colonia Suiza, origi-
Charming Chile
nally a Swiss settlement. The most remarkable aspect of Uruguay for most
travelers, however, is surely its people. Well educated yet unpretentious,
Leapfrogging the colossal Andes, a capsule tour of South America's
industrious yet relaxed, the Uruguayans differ sharply in manner from the
west coast begins in Chile, which-like Argentina-immediately strikes
more worldly Argentines living just on the other side of the River Plate.
the visitor as very cosmopolitan. Due to an influx of European immigrants
But before rushing on to explore the vast reaches of Argentina, the
in the nineteenth century, names like O'Higgins and Martin are quite com-
world's eighth-largest country, a look at landlocked Paraguay is certainly
mon for blue-eyed, blond Chileans who converse easily in German, En-
in order. Visitors to this largely undiscovered and unspoiled land enter
glish, or Spanish. They are a handsome, stylish people known for their
a world where time and tradition have stood still for generations. Only
openness and hospitality.
recently, with the construction of Itaipú Dam (a joint venture with Brazil
This 2,650-mile-long ribbon of a country averages only 110 miles in
that produced the world's largest hydroelectric plant) has the nation begun
width. From north to south it cuts across five distinct ranges of soil and
to emerge from the nineteenth century. While this means that it may be
climate, producing a variety of exceptional scenic attractions. In the arid
short on extravagant facilities for tourists, it is long on charm and authen-
north is the Atacama Desert, so dry that in some areas no rain has ever
ticity missing today in many other parts of South America.
been recorded. Next come the copper mines and rich nitrate deposits, fol-
Some would say Asunción is a provincial capital, and its pleasures are
lowed by the fertile central valley where Santiago, the capital city, is locat-
indeed simple ones-a stroll through the Botanical Gardens, a leisurely
ed. The beautiful lake and forest region is below that, with outstanding
8
SOUTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA AT A GLANCE
9
fishing and skiing. Finally, in the extreme south lies cold, forbidding, wind-
never discovered by the Spaniards. The maze of temples, houses, terraces,
swept Tierra del Fuego.
and stairways lay abandoned in lofty solitude until Hiram Bingham, later
Known for its award-winning wines and excellent seafood, Chile is also
a U.S. senator, stumbled upon the forgotten city in 1911. Today, along
justly famous for the resort city of Viña del Mar, with its wide, white sandy
with Iguaçu Falls, Machu Picchu is considered by many to be South
beaches and year-round casino overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Jet-set ski-
America's greatest wonder.
ers from the United States and Europe often prefer the championship
If the gems of Peru's Inca past are locked away on the altiplano, then
slopes at Portillo, outside Santiago, where they can schuss during summer
its capital, Lima, is the safekeeper of its colonial treasures. Perhaps no
months when snows melt in the Northern Hemisphere. Huge, mysterious
other city in the Americas enjoyed such power and prestige during the
moai statues await tourists looking for a different type of adventure on
height of the colonial era. For an entirely different side of Peru, travelers
Chile's Easter Island, the world's most remote inhabited isle.
should also try Iquitos, where the sounds of the Amazon jungle are ever
present. Once a difficult journey, efficient air service has now made this
The Barren, Beautiful Altiplano
region as accessible as the highlands.
Bolivia may share the Andes with its neighbor Chile, but otherwise the
two adjoining countries seem worlds apart. Maybe it is because Chile has
Heavenly Highlands
thousands of miles of Pacific coastline, while Bolivia is completely land-
Like Bolivia and Peru, Ecuador also has highlands that can be com-
locked. Whereas Chile has been accessible to many different groups of im-
pared only to Shangri-La. Though a tiny country, it nonetheless claims
migrants, Bolivia's isolated population has remained predominantly indig-
many of the Hemisphere's most impressive volcanoes. A patchwork quilt
enous. Whereas Chile seems cosmopolitan, Bolivia feels very foreign. And
of terraced plots in a thousand shades of green covers the lower slopes
this quite tangible otherworldliness adds to its great appeal.
of these cloud-capped peaks, where corn grows twice as tall as the sturdy
Visitors are often giddy upon arrival in La Paz, perhaps with relief at
peasant farmers who till the fertile soil.
having landed safely at the world's highest commercial airport, which is
Quito, the nation's capital, lies at the foot of mighty Mt. Pichincha. It
perched just above the world's highest capital city. More likely it is soro-
is one of the best examples of Spanish colonial architecture anywhere in
che, a dizziness caused by the lack of oxygen in the air at 13,000 feet. A
South America, with winding cobblestone streets, red-tile roofs, and or-
pleasant coca-leaf tea (or a tiny pill purchased at any pharmacy) usually
nately decorated churches typical of many towns in Spain. Just 15 miles
solves the problem soon enough and one is ready to explore this land of
outside the city, visitors enjoy having their picture taken as they straddle
the Quechua-speaking Indians, descendants of the Inca civilization that
the Equator at a monument indicating the dividing line between the
disappeared over 1,000 years ago. Not to be missed are the ruins of Tiahua-
Northern and Southern Hemisphere.
naco (Tiwanacu), a 50-mile ride from La Paz across the barren yet amaz-
Ecuador's exquisite handicrafts rival its natural beauty, and they are
ingly beautiful altiplano, the high plateau more than 600 miles long and
found in wondrous profusion in market towns throughout the highlands.
60 miles wide between two ranges of the Andes. Although the ruins are
The coastal region and its bustling port city of Guayaquil also have much
shrouded in mystery, some researchers believe Tiahuanaco may have been
to offer, and the most memorable way to get there from Quito is by rail.
the cradle of American man dating back some 7,000 years. The Bolivian
When in operation, the train maneuvers its way up and down mountain
people today still practice ancient customs and traditions, including the
passes by a series of switchbacks on narrow-gauge tracks to reach its desti-
use of endearing doe-eyed llamas as beasts of burden.
nation in the steamy lowlands. Guayaquil is a great commercial center,
Making up for having no access to the Pacific Ocean, Bolivia boasts
and also serves as the departure point for planes and ships to the enchant-
Lake Titicaca, the highest navigable lake in the world. Upon this huge
ing Galápagos Islands.
inland sea-100 miles long and up to 50 miles wide-sail-sleek modern
In bordering Colombia, this tour comes full circle around the continent.
yachts alongside Indians in their traditional gondola-shaped boats made
Sometimes called "the corner of South America," it is the only country
of totora reeds. Crossing the deep-blue lake on a whirring hydrofoil is cer-
to have beaches on both the Pacific and Caribbean coasts. As in Ecuador,
tainly an unforgettable way to reach the shores of neighboring Peru.
Colombia's major cities lie in different altitudes, creating very different
At Puno, on the northwest coast of Titicaca, begins the experience of
customs and ways of life. In Bogotá, the capital, at 8,700 feet, there is a
a lifetime. From there one takes the train to Cuzco, and beyond that to
formality reminiscent of Spain-not just in the conduct of business and
the ruins of magnificent Machu Picchu. Knowledgeable world travelers
social amenities but also in the Spanish that is spoken, said to be the purest
have said that the scenery on this 11-hour ride surpasses that of the Hima-
in all of Latin America. However, as one descends 2,000 feet to Medellín,
layas. Cuzco itself, once the capital of the Inca empire, is Peru's leading
known as "the orchid capital of the world," and another 1,500 feet to Cali,
tourist attraction and one of the most interesting cities in the Hemisphere.
the heart of the coffee country, and then finally to Cartagena at sea level,
Although the Spaniards tried to superimpose their culture on the con-
where there is a strong Afro-Caribbean influence shared with neighboring
quered Inca, one gets the impression that they succeeded at best only sur-
Venezuela, the atmosphere grows progressively more relaxed and infor-
face deep. Symbolically, when the 1950 earthquake struck it felled much
mal. The music, cuisine, costumes, dialects, and attitudes reflect each re-
of the Monastery of Santo Domingo, which had been built over the ruins
gion, creating a true "potpourri" that is much of the charm of Colombia.
of the sacred Temple of the Sun. However, the inner Inca walls that were
revealed withstood the devastating quake.
The three-hour trip by rail from Cuzco to Machu Picchu, while exhila-
From Pizarro to Pinochet
rating, does little to prepare visitors for the marvels of this fantastic hide-
If the land and peoples of South America are interesting, its history is
away. Thought by many to have been the last refuge of the Inca, it was
certainly no less intriguing. Christopher Columbus did not actually dis-
CHILE
281
Spanish and Indian are not the only Chilean races. In the battles for
independence, the Chileans' leader was named O'Higgins; their Navy was
formed by Cochrane. The last three presidents were Alessandri (Italian
origin) and Frei (Swiss), and Allende's mother was named Gossens. The
former military junta included members named Pinochet and Matthei.
Thinking casually of Santiago shops and factories, the names of Küpfer,
Haddad, Bercovich, Luchetti, and Mackenzie come easily to mind. They
are all Chileans.
A Brief History
In northern Chile, not far from the great Chuquicamata copper mine,
villages of some pre-Inca civilization have been unearthed in their entirety.
But no record of who these people were survives. The Incas came later,
extending down as far as central Chile and bringing their civilization with
them. The native Chilean Indians, the Chango coastal race, the Araucani-
ans, the Onas (the last living Ona died early in 1975), and the Alacalufes
and Yaghans of the south were all of inferior civilization. It was the cook-
ing fires of the Alacalufes that caused sailors to name the southern tip of
Chile "Tierra del Fuego" (Land of Fire).
The first European to see Tierra del Fuego was Hernando de Magallanes
(Magellan in English), who sailed in 1520 through the straits that bear
his name today.
Around 1535, an expedition under Don Diego de Almagro started down
from Cuzco in Peru on the inevitable search for gold and silver. He
CHILE
reached Santiago-after tramping heedlessly over the copper deposits,
which are Chile's mainstay today, and returned empty handed. A further
optimist, Don Pedro de Valdivia, a captain under Pizarro, also led an expe-
The Atacama, Andes, Antarctica
dition. He reached the central zone and in 1541 founded the city known
as Santiago del Nuevo Extremo at the foot of a small hill called Huelen
(pain) by the Indians. Today this hill is a park in the center of modern
By
Santiago and is called the Santa Lucia Hill. There for all to read is a stone
JIM WOODMAN
facsimile of Pedro de Valdivia's letter to his king, praising this new territo-
ry, and urging the king to send settlers.
His second expedition in 1549, was aimed principally at suppressing the
Jim Woodman is editor and publisher of Latin Travel Review, the newspa-
Araucanian Indians; but he was captured and, under the orders of
per of Latin America's travel industry. For the past 26 years he has been
Caupolican, their chief, put to death. An avenging mission under Garcia
a frequent visitor and traveler throughout Chile and has been twice decorat-
Hurtado de Mendoza fought its way much further south and in turn cap-
ed by the Chilean government for his work in tourism.
tured and executed Caupolican. A story of the Spaniards' war against the
Indians is told in a famous poem "La Araucana" by Alonso de Ercilla
y Zuñiga.
Visitors will receive a warm welcome from Chileans, who are intensely
patriotic and unceasing in their efforts to insure visitors share their opinion
Life under the rule of the Viceroyalty in Lima progressed slowly, devel-
that Chile is the best country in the world. Foreign tourists who visit Chile
oping a farming colony whose coast was forever at the mercy of raiding
come mainly from Argentina and Brazil.
English and French pirates. Restive under this regime, the criollos (Span-
iards born in Chile) began to long for independence, and their first Junta
Modern air travel has broken down the barriers that once isolated Chile
de Gobierno was formed on September 18, 1810, a date still celebrated
from the rest of the world: the snow-capped Andes mountains on one side,
in Chile as Independence Day.
and 5,000 miles of Pacific coast on the other. The first European invaders
When in the following year Jose Miguel Carrera was nominated presi-
were the Spanish "Conquistadores," by whom the purely Indian popula-
dent, the Viceroy sent an army to crush the upstart "Chileans." Fighting
tion was forced farther and farther south, fighting fiercely as they went.
continued until 1818 when an army under the Argentine general San Mar-
This fighting spirit of the Araucanian Indians most probably accounts
tin and Bernardo O'Higgins won the final victory.
for the fact that the majority of Chileans are of Spanish descent; in the
O'Higgins became Director Supreme, but he got into difficulties as ruler
early days few of the Chilean Indians intermarried with the Spanish, un-
and finished his life in voluntary exile. He was succeeded by Ramón Freire.
like the softer-natured Indians of Peru. Even today, although a quite nota-
Still the country remained divided and chaotic until around 1830, when
ble Indian strain runs through some sectors of the working classes, mixed
Diego Portales won the battle that ended what was virtually civil war. Por-
Spanish and Indian blood is rare in the middle and upper classes.
tales was shot in a military uprising in 1837, but his victory left Chile tran-
280
SOUTH AMERICA
CHILE
283
282
quil until 1879, a quiet broken only by Chile's brief alliance with Peru after
Wine is both a consumer product and an export item. Certainly the
against the Spaniards, which led to the bombardment of Valparaiso,
Chileans consume plenty, but France is one of Chile's chief wine custom-
due warning, by the Spanish Navy.
ers. It is a product worthy of the attention of the most critical and experi-
enced wine fancier.
All this suggests that Chile definitely falls into the category of a "devel-
The Pacific War
oping country" and, indeed, it has not been unscathed by the debt crises
For some time there had been wrangling with Bolivia over the rich
which beleaguer most Latin American nations. Yet, the country continues
deposits and later over the nitrate fields in the Atacama desert. Chil-
developing, and so does its middle class, including politicians, industrial-
guano eans began to work these deposits under the most grievous conditions and
ists, artists, professional men and women, engineers, scientists and doc-
the burden of a ruinous tax. Threatened by Bolivia with embargo of the
tors. Women have equal opportunity in Chile and rise to high posts in
factories, the Chilean government took a hand, and in February 1879 the
the central administration, education, and business.
Chilean army landed at Antofagasta and captured the town. The War of
the Pacific had begun. Peru allied herself with Bolivia, and the fighting
Arts and Artists
continued for four angry years, until Chile finally emerged victorious in
1883. Chile acquired the Bolivian provinces of Antofagasta and Tarapaca
Thus, it comes as no surprise that one of the two most important poets
and the Peruvian provinces of Tacna and Arica. Chile later (1929) re-
was a woman: Nobel prize winner Gabriela Mistral, the pen name of a
turned Tacna to Peru, but retained Arica. The 1883 treaty cost Bolivia
former provincial school teacher, Lucila Godoy. The other Chilean Nobel
her sea coast; an outlet corridor is sporadically being negotiated by Chile,
Prize was awarded to Pablo Neruda (whose real name was Neftali Reyes),
who came home to die in 1973 from his ambassadorial post in Paris.
Bolivia, and Peru.
The nitrates brought great wealth to Chile but not political stability.
Chilean artists have exhibited in several of the world's capitals: Juan
Communicate
In 1891, there was another civil war, this time between pro-Congress and
Francisco Gonzalez, Alfredo Valenzuela, Camilo Mori, Roberto Matta,
pro-presidential factions. The former won, and the president (Balmaceda)
and sculptors Nicanor Plaza and Rebeca Matta. Among internationally
known musicians are violinist Alfonso Montecinos and pianists Rosita Re-
committed suicide.
The elections of 1970 ushered in sweeping reforms in Chilean politics
nard and Claudio Arrau, the latter recognized as one of the best living
and life. The Marxist Unidad Popular party, headed by Salvador Allende
interpreters of Beethoven.
Gossens, embarked on an ambitious program to restructure the entire
Chilean economy. Policies included tax reform, land redistribution, an
The Way of Life
overhaul of the banking system, and nationalization of major industrial
concerns, including the American copper giants Kennecott and Anacon-
Chile is European in character, population, and culture. Chileans are
by nature friendly and traditionally give a hearty welcome to foreign visi-
da.
tors.
Mismanagement of social programs and violence by pro-Allende ex-
tremists alienated many Chileans, and opposition to the regime was stri-
Chileans are family oriented. Most entertaining is done in homes with
family and friends. The best place to see Chileans on holiday is during
dent, particularly among the country's elites and armed forces. In Septem-
ber 1973, the heads of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, aided by Chilean
the summer months of January and February when everyone who possibly
carabineros and backed secretly by the CIA, staged a gory coup. In the
can goes to one of the immensely popular Pacific coast resorts.
In winter the ski resorts are the destination and from June through Oc-
course of widespread torture and execution of Unidad Popular supporters,
tober one will find the affluent Chilean on the slopes.
Allende was killed; the insurgents claimed, not very plausibly, that he had
committed suicide.
A four-man military junta-los Generales, as they are called in Chile—
ruled the country until 1989, when a new president and a new Congress
were elected by popular vote. Chile today enjoys a stable political climate
under their traditional democratic system. With the healthiest and most
dynamic economy in Latin America, the country has succeeded at attract-
ing a good amount of foreign investment.
The Economy Today
Chile is still the world's greatest producer of natural nitrates and their
by-product, iodine. The nitrates are coming into their own once again as
petroleum-based synthetic fertilizers experience heavy cost increases. In
all, Chile heads the list of mineral producers in Latin America with two-
thirds of the total, including copper, coal, iron, gold, silver, oil, manganese,
lithium, and sulphur.
Forestry products-pulp, logs, sawn wood, and manufactured goods—
constitute the second largest export item.
284
SOUTH AMERICA
CHILE
285
PERU
FACTS AT YOUR FINGERTIPS
BOLIVIA
Arica
Pisagua
WHAT IT WILL COST. A first-class hotel room in Santiago will run between
CHILE
Tirana
Iquique
Chuquicamata
Tocopilla
Chiu-Chia,
PARAGUAY
$70 and $80 for a double room, and a moderately-priced meal for two around $30.
ATACAMA DE SERT, PANAMERICAN
Single rooms outside Santiago cost from $20 to $30 for respectable, clean accommo-
dations. Single meals run from $3 to $6. There are good car rental companies
San Pedro de Atacama
throughout Chile. A couple driving within Chile today would average $30 for meals
Calama
Toconao
and $35 for lodging per day. In a car averaging 20 miles to the gallon, the cost
Antofagasta
to travel 100 miles would be about $11 (with insurance).
Taltal
ANDES MTNS
SOURCE OF INFORMATION. For information on all aspects of Chile the Chil-
Chañaral
ean National Tourist Office SERNATUR is invaluable. They offer excellent, factual
travel planning free for the asking. Write: SERNATUR, Providencia 1550, Santia-
Caldera
Copiapó
go, Chile. In the U.S., the airlines LAN-Chile and LADECO can provide informa-
Huasco
tion and brochures on travel in Chile.
Vallemar
La Serena
Coquimba
ARGENTINA
WHEN TO GO. Because of Chile's unique geography, almost every climate can
Tongay
be found within its boundaries. Santiago's pleasant climate is similar to Southern
Andacollo
Los Vilos
Portillo
California's, except that it has more rain. When to go depends on whether you want
Pichidangui
Viña del Mar
to ski or to fish for trout and swim. The cold season is from May to Oct.; warm
Valparaiso
weather is from Oct. to Apr. The high tourist season along the coast and at beach
El
Quisco
Puente
resorts runs from about Dec. to Mar.
Cartagena
Maipo
Alto
San Antonio
Pomaire
Melipilla
Constitución,
WHAT TO TAKE. The visitor must remember that Chile is south of the equator,
Rancagua
Talchuana
Talca
that the ski season is during the Northern Hemisphere summer, and that swimming
Chillán
and fishing season is when the northern countries are freezing.
Concepción
aja Lake
Unless visiting the Antarctic, expect temperate weather. From Santiago to the
Los Angeles
Lake Colico
Temuco
Lake Villarica
south, however, waterproof clothing is needed due to year-round unpredictable
Lake Calafquen
rains. Santiago and Viña del Mar have rainy spells in winter; with the exception
Lake Panguipulli
Valdivia
of coastal areas, the former has no rain in summer.
Lake Rinihue
Osorno
Lake Pirehueico
Briefly, city wear is much the same as for any temperate country. For women,
Puerto Varas
Lake Ranco
suits and dresses, slacks and pants suits; for men, suits and ties.
PACIFIC OCEAN
Puerto Montt
Lake Puyehue
In resort areas, sports clothes are acceptable during the day, and a suit is usual
Castro
Lake Rupanco
GULF
Lake Todos los Santos
for men at night. Women shouldn't wear shorts in the cities, although they are com-
Lake Llanquihue
mon in resort areas.
SPECIAL EVENTS. The Santiago, Valparaiso, and Viña del Mar opera, theater,
ANDES MTNS
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
and ballet season runs from April to November.
The International Song Festival (February) in Viña del Mar is truly international.
Held in a magnificent natural amphitheater. Mainly for the young.
An industrial and agricultural exhibition held in Santiago in October also fea-
tures some very fancy riding by Chilean "huasos" (cowboys) and the Carabineros
"Green Team," a cossack-type exhibition riding group.
CHILEAN SEA
MAGALLANES
The two main horse races of the year are the Derby (Viña del Mar, January)
Puerto
STRAIT
and "El Ensayo" (Santiago, October).
Natales
OF
MAGELLAN
The national golf championship is held in Viña del Mar in January, and interna-
Punta Arenas
TIERRA
tional golf events continue through March.
DEL FUEGO
July brings the Feast of the Virgen del Carmen, patron saint of Chile's armed
forces. After the decisive battle for Chile's independence, Bernardo O'Higgins ("the
MAP NOT TO SCALE
father of the country") promised to build a temple on the site in Maipú. The impos-
Cape Horn
ing building was completed only in 1975.
The same Virgen del Carmen is celebrated in La Tirana in the north near Iquique,
and that of the Virgen del Rosario in Andacollo near La Serena in the middle north.
Both these feasts have in common oriental-style costumes and dancing by teams,
which practice all year to oriental-sounding music played on strange traditional
instruments. The origin of this touch of the East is unknown. These very pictur-
esque ceremonies, which last a week starting on July 16, command audiences of
over a hundred thousand visitors from all over the world, who camp on the hillsides.
286
SOUTH AMERICA
CHILE
287
September 18th is Independence Day, and on September 19th the armed forces
larly evident in the provinces, where it is not uncommon to see the owner or the
stage their big parade in the Parque O'Higgins, attended by the President and minis-
manager sit down to dinner with the guests.
ters and diplomatic corps. For the country in general, "El Dieciocho" (the 18th)
The real problem with hotels is not in their quality but in their quantity. Many
is mainly a drinking holiday, with much red wine and Chicha (a fermented grape
truly marvelous places in Chile are almost unknown because the facilities for people
drink which tastes innocent but isn't) accompanied by "empanadas."
to visit them simply do not exist. Progress has been slow in this sense.
World speed-skiing championships are held occasionally in Portillo. The world
Chile's Tourist Department has bestowed its luxury classification on a few hotels
speed skiing record was broken on the Portillo slopes.
in the country. As these are scattered, almost any region will have at least one. Some
Association football season is from early spring right through summer, with a
of them, as much because of their natural setting as their architectural beauty, are
break in January and February. The twice yearly contests between the two major
fabulous. The Hotel Portillo, for instance, is located at the famous ski resort and
universities, called "Clasicos," feature an elaborately produced show on the field
between June and September offers some of the world's most beautiful snowscapes,
before the games.
plus a beautiful frozen-over lagoon.
In January is the International Horsemanship Championship in Viña del Mar,
Throughout this chapter hotels have been classified according to price for double
where some first-class riding can be seen. Chileans usually carry off the honors,
occupancy accommodations as follows: Deluxe, $75 and up; Expensive, $50-$75;
although the show is international.
Moderate, $25-$50; Inexpensive, below $25. Hotels in the provinces are generally
moderate to inexpensive. Hotels are all EP and with 16 percent tax over quoted
TRAVEL DOCUMENTS AND CUSTOMS. Passports are required of all visitors
rates. Resort areas have reduced tariffs during the off-season (mid-Mar. to mid-
except nationals of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay, who need only their
Nov.). Advance bookings are essential in the resort areas.
national identity cards. Visitors under 18 may be included on their parents' pass-
ports, but if traveling alone they need both individual passports and authorization
RESTAURANTS. Traditionally, the Chilean is a homebody. Entertaining is
from their legal guardians. Visas are not required except for citizens of African
done in the home. For this reason, Santiago was, until a few years ago, a very diffi-
countries, stateless persons, and citizens of countries with which Chile has no diplo-
cult town to paint red. The normal hour to begin dinner, either at home or in a
matic relations. Carriers will supply the obligatory Tourist Card, valid for 90 days
restaurant, still remains 9-9:30 P.M., or later.
and renewable up to 180 days. This must be handed in upon leaving the country.
The tourist can find plenty of amusements, no matter how long his stay. Of
Onward or return passages should be confirmed as soon as possible after arrival.
course, most of this activity is centered in Santiago, but Viña del Mar and Valparai-
A smallpox vaccination certificate is no longer required for new arrivals to Chile.
so have their own fine offerings, especially in the busy summer season. In all three
Tourists may bring in personal belongings, 400 cigarettes, 400 grammes of tobac-
cities there is a noticeable lack of nightclubs; most places offer fine meals as well
co, 50 cigars, two open bottles of perfume, two liters of alcoholic beverages, and
as opportunities to dance, and many have their own floorshows. The price ranges,
gifts. On leaving the country, they may take souvenirs and handicrafts not exceed-
given for a complete meal for one person, are: Expensive, $20 and up; Moderate,
ing $500 in value.
$15-$20; Inexpensive, below $15. A meal at dining/dancing restaurants, nightclubs,
Health Certificates are not required for entry into Chile.
and discotheques runs anywhere from $5-$35. A service charge is no longer added
There is a $12.50 airport tax payable upon departure.
to the bill in restaurants, but a tip is expected for good service (10 percent is custom-
ary).
GETTING TO CHILE. By air. Eastern, Pan Am, LAN-Chile and Ladeco offer
direct service from Miami to Santiago. Ladeco offers direct service from Miami to
Chilean Food and Drink. Chile is a cosmopolitan country, and this is strongly
Arica. Also Avianca, Ecuatoriana, LAB, LAP, and AeroPeru serve Santiago from
reflected in her food and drink. Santiago, for instance, is filled with French, Chinese,
the USA. Canadian Pacific offers service from Canada via Mexico.
Italian, and Spanish restaurants, among those offering other international cuisines.
From Europe, there is Air France from Paris; Alitalia from Rome; Iberia from
But the real charm of wining and dining in the capital-or in any of Chile's cities—
Madrid; KLM from Amsterdam; Lufthansa from Frankfurt; Swissair from Geneva
lies in the great quantity of foods and beverages that are typically Chilean.
and Zurich; and Varig from London, Frankfurt, Paris, and Madrid. LAN-Chile also
There are a number of typical dishes that generally go over well with visitors.
flies to Madrid and to Easter Island and Tahiti for connections to Australia and
The highly flavorful dishes are for the most part rather simple to prepare and can
the Far East.
be made back home fairly easily.
By sea. Chile can be reached by boat through any of its major seaports. Principal
At the head of the list comes the Empanada. A very unsuitable translation would
point of arrival is Valparaíso, one of the busiest ports on the Pacific Coast. The
be meat pie, but at least that gives some sort of idea. Inside a flour pastry shaped
steamship companies reaching Chile are many and their services varied, but some
like a small turnover goes a combination of meat and onions cut into small pieces,
of the most important ones are Compañia Sud Americana de Vapores from New
hard-boiled egg, raisins, and olives. The "pie" is baked in a hot oven until the crust
York and the main ports of Europe; Delta Line, from the United States via the Pana-
is somewhat hardened and is generally served with red wine as the first course of
ma Canal; and Royal Netherlands S.S. Co. from Rotterdam and Le Havre.
a meal. It can also be made using chicken or fish as the staple ingredient.
By train. From La Paz, Bolivia, there are railways to Arica.
Humitas are made from corn-the first of the season, since it must be tender.
By road. The Pan American Highway enters Chile through Arica. The Chilean
The corn is ground into a paste, seasoned, then wrapped in corn husks. These small
portion is entirely paved, but a few poor stretches remain. TEPSA buses come to
bundles are then placed in a pot of boiling water for almost an hour. Separate the
Chile from as far north as Ecuador.
husks, and you have a Chilean dish, rather like the Mexican tamales but seldom
so highly seasoned.
CURRENCY. Local currency is the peso. Banking hours are from 9 A.M. to 2
Pastel de Choclo (freely translated as "corn pie") is something of a cross between
P.M., Mon. through Fri. All banks have a foreign exchange section, but some work
an Empanada and a Humita. The same pino (small pieces of meat, onions, raisins,
only in dollars. There is no obligation to exchange foreign currency for pesos upon
and boiled egg) used in the Empanada are placed in an earthenware oven dish and
arrival. At press time the exchange rate was approximately 300 pesos to the dollar.
topped with pieces of chicken and ground corn. The mixture is baked until the corn
Prices, unless noted otherwise, are in U.S. dollars.
is brownish in color, then served hot.
The Cazuela de Ave is a kind of souped-up soup. It contains rice, corn, green
HOTELS. Chile offers excellent accommodations that meet high international
beans, chicken, carrots, pumpkin, salt, and a number of herbs. After the mixture
standards. Several hotels in Santiago and throughout the country rate a luxury clas-
is boiled, it is served piping hot, often as the second course of a Chilean luncheon
sification. In all regions of Chile, whatever hotels may lack in facilities is more than
after the Empanada. Known as a common man's dish, it is often served in the best
made up by comfortable, homey atmosphere. Chile's famous hospitality is particu-
households as well.
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289
Bife a lo Pobre is the name for a steak poor Chileans used to eat, but these days
for it never is. Commonest probably is the cocktail Pisco Sour, made with pisco,
it would be difficult for a poor man to afford one. (Some have suggested the name
lemon juice, and sugar shaken together in ice and then made frothy by the addition
be changed to Bife a lo Rico.) It is a big steak with fried potatoes and onions, and
of beaten egg white. A mixture of pisco and vermouth is called a Pichuncho. Also,
a pair of fried eggs is placed on the top of the steak when served.
dry ginger ale is used to make a long pisco drink.
The Parrillada contains a selection of meat grilled over hot coals. In most restau-
rants, the Parrillada is served on its own small grill, so that the heat is conserved
Right after the grapes are in-around May-and during the September Indepen-
as the diner makes his selection. Ordinarily accompanied by fried potatoes and some
dence Day celebrations, a favorite drink is chicha, a fermented grape-juice drink.
kind of salad, the Parrillada is a very popular and tasty dish. But a word to the
Like pisco, this innocent looking, slightly sweet beverage has a kick of a mule.
squeamish eater: if you are not prepared to eat parts of a cow you had no idea were
Aguardiente is the most alcoholic of the four national drinks. Distilled from
edible, you had better pass up the Parrillada and stick to a conventional Filet or
grapes and ordinarily clear in color, it also comes as a kind of brandy, Armañac.
Entrecot (T-bone).
Aguardiente is the drink responsible for the fact that Chilean teatime goes under
Curanto is not so much a dish as a complete dinner. In Santiago, it is made in
the name las once. Among the many legends told about the origin of this custom,
pots and served in some restaurants, but this is hardly authentic. In the southern
this is one of the most interesting. In colonial days the men and women used to
region of Chile around Puerto Montt and especially on Tenglo Island, which faces
gather to have tea in the afternoon. The men would soon get bored with such a
Puerto Montt, the Curanto is prepared in a very different way. A hole is dug in
"lifeless" drink and slip off one by one to the kitchen pantry to uncork the bottle
the ground and stones placed in the bottom. Fires are lit on top of the stones. When
of Aguardiente. When someone noticed the absence and asked about it, the tolerant
they are red hot, the wood and ashes are swept away and the food, in sacks, is placed
wife would explain, "Oh, he's having his once. "Once" in Spanish means eleven,
and Aguardiente has eleven letters.
on top of the stones. Wet sacks go atop the food sacks, and on the wet sacks go
several layers of earth and grass to conserve the heat inside. After several hours
Aguardiente is also the base for one of the most popular drinks in the country,
the "oven" is opened and the feast begins. The food inside the sacks is a rather
Cola de Mono (monkey's tail). Made with Aguardiente, coffee, milk, sugar, cinna-
mad combination of peas, pork, seafood, potatoes, and any number of other ingredi-
mon, and egg yolk, it is served in most Chilean homes during the Christmas season
ents. But the result is incredibly tasty-and unforgettable.
but can also be found in some downtown bars throughout the year.
Also common, especially in the countryside, is Pan de Horno, a country bread
Beer is one of the drinks consumed in largest quantities in the country, perhaps
baked in an earthen oven. Sopaipillas (fried pumpkin patties) are very popular, espe-
because of the large German element in the population. Very popular because of
cially on rainy days. And Pan de Pascua (fruitcake) is in almost every household
its low price, beer can be found in many types throughout the country. Generally
at Christmastime.
considered superior are the Condor Royal Guard, and Escudo brands in bottled
Chile's seacoast (the longest in the world) naturally offers an immense variety
where. beer and the draft beer (schop). Imported canned beer is available almost every-
of seafoods. And the list would be much longer if the Chileans so wanted, as there
are many kinds of fish that are simply ignored by the population.
Also locally manufactured are a number of other liquors. The Chilean version
Best known of the mariscos (shellfish) are the huge lobsters from Juan Fernández
of London Gin is quite good; locally made vodka is acceptable. Whisky sold under
Islands, among the best in the world. But equally enjoyable are the centollas (king
local trademarks is imported and bottled in Chile and is not unpalatable. However,
crabs with spotted scales). These are found in the south and are especially famous
almost all import restrictions have been lifted, and customs duties lowered, so that
around Punta Arenas.
practically all brands of Scotch whisky are available at around $7 a bottle. In Chile,
Abalone are common-and good-throughout the country; so are sea urchins,
it is possible to find most of the soft drinks well known throughout the world, such
clams, prawns, and giant mussels (choros). In the north, freshwater prawns grow
as Coca-Cola, Pepsi Cola, Orange Crush, Ginger Ale, Orange Fanta, plus a number
to the size of small lobsters.
that are strictly Chilean: Bilz, fruit juices in bottles (Nectar de Fruta), and several
Chile's world-famous grapes are the base of its four most popular drinks. First,
brands of mineral and soda waters.
of course, is wine itself. Then comes Pisco, a powerful liquor distilled from grapes
and most often seen in the Pisco Sour Cocktail. Grapes are also used to make Chicha,
TIPPING. Restaurants and bars no longer add service charges to the bill, but
a medium-brown sweet beverage somewhat reminiscent of apple cider with added
waiters expect a 10 percent cash tip when service is good. City taxi drivers do not
punch. The last, and most powerful, is Aguardiente, which translates literally into
expect a tip, but for long distance or hire for long periods in the city, a tip may
"fire water."
be given according to the service received. Taxis in the city are metered.
Chilean wines are world famous, and the fame is well deserved. As was already
mentioned, countries like France, Canada, and the United States import Chilean
BUSINESS HOURS AND HOLIDAYS. Shops are open from 10 A.M. to 7 P.M.,
wines of the better qualities. A bottle of good quality costs about $3.
Sat. from 10 A.M. to 2 P.M. Post office, 9 A.M. to 4:30 P.M.; closed Sat. Banking hours
The variety of Chilean wine is extremely wide. At the bottom of the scale are
are from 9 A.M. to 2 P.M. Mon. through Fri.
the common wines (which are of a remarkably good quality), normally consumed
National Holidays. The following legal holidays are observed in Chile: January
at home and in bars.
1; Holy Week; May 1; May 21; August 15; September 11, 18, and 19; October 12;
At the other end of the scale are the excellent high-quality table wines used on
November 1; December 8; December 25.
special occasions. Such well-known types as Cabernet, Borgoña (Burgundy), Rhin,
and Pinot are a common sight on Chilean tables or in bars and restaurants. Due
TELEPHONES AND MAIL. Internal telephone service in Chile is automatic and
to the confusion from having some 20 well-known brands of wine, each of these
fairly efficient. International service via satellite is excellent. Santiago is directly
with its individual classifications, the tourist would perhaps be best advised to de-
south of Boston, Massachusetts, so that the time of day in Chile is the same as in
cide on tinto (red) or blanco (white) and let the waiter supply the details. Or, if one
the Eastern zone of the U.S. There are public phones which cost 30 pesos. Telex
wants to go a la chilena, he can just ask for vino de la casa (house wine).
and telefax are available. There are several international cable services.
Chileans boast of their wines, and they drink them in quantity. You would do
Mail services to all parts of the world are good, but incoming deliveries are often
well not to try to drink glass for glass with a Chilean, for the odds are that he has
slow. Don't use sea mail, since delays are enormous. Hotels will mail your letters.
been drinking since childhood. From the time they are very young, children are
given a little wine and water with their meals; the water is gradually eliminated
NEWSPAPERS. There is no daily English-language newspaper published in
as they grow older. Thus by the time they reach maturity, they are not only connois-
seurs but have also acquired a considerable immunity to the alcoholic content.
available. Chile. However, Miami and New York airmail editions of current papers are widely
Pisco is made only in Chile and Peru. It is colorless and has a slightly sweet smell
The leading Chilean daily newspapers are: El Mercurio, La Tercera de la Hora,
and a very distinctive taste. In all its forms it looks and tastes innocent-but beware,
La Segunda, and La Nacion.
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SOUTH AMERICA
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291
ELECTRIC CURRENT. Chile runs on 220 volt current and uses European-style
Many of the lakes are in the province of Valdivia, and most excursions start from
connection plugs. Major hotels in Santiago, however, have dual outlets and 110
there. A road connects Valdivia with San Martín de los Andes, Argentina, and the
volt converters are available at leading hotels throughout the country.
Pan American Highway links it with Santiago. Las Marías and Pichoy are the air-
ports, and a branch of the Santiago-Puerto Montt railroad goes there. For the most
USEFUL ADDRESSES. Embassy of United States, Agustinas 1343, 5th Floor
part, it's a bit difficult to make such arrangements on your own. To get to Lake
(71-01-33); U.S. Consulate, Merced 230 (71-01-33); British Embassy and Consul-
Ranco, for example, several train combinations are necessary. This, combined with
ate, Avenida Concepcion 177, 4th Floor (223-9166); Embassy of Canada, Av. Ahu-
the difficulty of getting reservations in season, makes it almost imperative for the
mada 11, 10th Floor (696-2256).
tourist to let a travel agency help him to see the south. There is good bus service
Sernatur (government tourist office), Providencia 1550.
from Santiago but, again, only to the principal cities.
Automobile Club, Vitacura 8620 (212-5702).
As is the case of Valdivia, there is excellent transportation to Osorno and to Puer-
LAN-Chile Airlines, Agustinas 1197 (699-0505); Eastern Airlines, Huérfanos
to Montt by train or bus. But to get from these centers to the lakes themselves is
1199 (71-30-04); Pan American, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 949, 23rd
more complicated. Some taxis take passengers where there are no local buses, but
floor (71-09-19); Ladeco, Huérfanos 1157 (698-2233).
this varies from city to city and lake to lake. For this reason, it is always best to
consult a travel agent before heading south. They know the ins and outs to unravel
SECURITY. At press time the political unrest reported in the news in past years
what might otherwise become too complicated. Many times private planes are used
has virtually disappeared since the free elections held in December 1989. In any
to simplify the trips.
case, incidents of tourists being bothered are infrequent in Chile. Chile is essentially
Boat service to Easter Island and Robinson Crusoe Island is infrequent and unre-
a safe country to visit. The national police force, the Carabineros, are well organized
liable. TAXPA private airline (Nueva York 53, Room 102) operates nonscheduled
and effective crime fighters.
Visitors, however, should stay in central areas and avoid outlying poorer sections
service to Robinson Crusoe and Transportes Aereos Robinson Crusoe operates reg-
ular flights twice a week from October to March (Agustinas 1173, Santiago). For
of town. The rule here as everywhere is, use your common sense.
Easter Island, LAN-Chile makes twice-weekly stops outward bound to Tahiti, and
the same on its return flights to Chile. Transportation is also available to tour the
GETTING AROUND CHILE. With its long coastline, obviously the best way
island.
to see Chile should be by boat, but unfortunately the coastal lines are not basically
Punta Arenas has boat and air contact with the rest, of Chile. The boats leave
passenger ships and don't offer much in the way of amenities. A trip south through
from Valparaíso or Puerto Montt, and LAN-Chile and LADECO fly daily from
the canals is really worth the trouble, though. Contact Naviera Magallanes, Mira-
Santiago to Pres. Ibañez del Campo airport, run by the Chilean Air Force. For ex-
flores 178, piso 12, Santiago.
cursions within and outside the city, contact the efficient Turismo Comapa, Maga-
Transportation between Santiago and the Valparaíso area, including Viña del
llanes 970 (225-505).
Mar, is excellent and there is a good road. Buses run frequently, and collective taxis
Two excellent 79- and 150-passenger cruise ships, the M/N Skorpios I and II,
are available all day. There is also frequent bus service to the coast villages and
offer weekly six-day cruises south from Puerto Montt to the impressive glacier at
towns to the south and north of Valparaíso.
Lake San Rafael. The trip through southern Chile's canals and islands is a sightsee-
Looking northward, La Serena is a town likely to attract the visitor. There are
ing spectacular. Cruises start at $650, everything included. This is one of Chile's
frequent buses along the Pan American Highway. There are bus services-frequent
best kept travel secrets and one of South America's best travel experiences.
in summer, less so in winter-to the local places of interest, and there is a delightful
There are almost 150 tourist agencies in Chile, 78 of them in Santiago. Many
little railway up the valley to Rivadavia, via Vicuña, Gabriela Mistral's birthplace.
specialize in different parts of the country. Hotels will put the visitor in touch with
If you think you may be late for the down service after your visit, tell the driver,
the appropriate agency and make recommendations.
and he'll probably wait for you.
All major rental car franchises are in Chile, roads are well-maintained and well-
There are buses to Copiapo, the mining district and attractive town.
policed, and there are regular security checks.
Antofagasta, the largest town in the north, can be reached by road, air or sea.
For the northern towns, use LADECO (this is an abbreviation for "Linea Aerea
SPORTS. Chileans participate in almost every sport common to countries in
del Cobre," or Copper Airline, which was formed primarily to serve the copper
the Western Hemisphere. Without spectacular success, but with plenty of enthusi-
mines of the north).
asm, Chile has been represented at the Olympic Games (summer and winter), the
To Iquique, travel by bus or plane.
World Championship of Football (soccer), riding championships, international ath-
Finally, sitting right on the Peruvian border is Arica, served by LADECO and
letic meets, and a host of other competitive events, especially tennis.
LAN-Chile and frequent buses (which provide a fascinating ride-although rather
All of Chile is crazy for football (soccer). Chileans have happily seen their soccer
tiring after 1,500 miles-over the desert). The valleys behind Arica have very little
teams grow from adolescence to maturity in a short time.
transport, and almost the only way to see them is by rented car.
While Football is King, there are other sports in which Chile has an outstanding
Going south from Santiago, Talca is on the main rail route and on the Pan Amer-
record. Recently its participants won the South American Riding Championship,
ican Highway bus routes. It is also united with Argentina by way of a road through
and Captain Larraguibel still holds the world record in high jumping. Chile was
the Vicente Perez Rosales Pass. The Lagoon is reached by paved roads, and there
a finalist in the 1976 Davis Cup championships.
are bus and car services.
Skiing. With the abundance of mountain ranges come an abundance of places
Bus service connects Constitución with the capital, and rail service links it with
to ski (June to September), such as the ski resorts of Farellones, Lagunillas, and
Talca. It is possible to arrive in private plane by landing at Quivolgo.
Portillo and the new Ski Center with a ski lift in the south of the slopes of the Villar-
Chillán is connected to Santiago by bus and train and airplane service. Side trips
rica Volcano. Portillo, located five hours by train from Santiago, is the country's
to the ski slopes and thermal baths can be made by train part way and then by
ski capital and boasts fine accommodations, several chairlifts and tows, and a six-
car (50 miles east of Chillán; the beautiful and scenic road is 70 percent paved).
mile run. Other smaller runs are located as close as 32-miles from Santiago, Swiss
Concepción can be reached by land, sea, and air with well-established services
and Austrian ski pros operate Chile's ski schools.
in all three systems. The airport is Carriel Sur. The State Railway has a Santiago-
The biggest skiing news in Chile is Valle Nevado, the most ambitious ski resort
Concepcion run, and the bus service is quite good. The road is paved all the way.
ever planned in South America. Located 40 miles from Santiago, Valle Nevado
Steamships on their way to Puerto Montt and Punta Arenas stop at Talcahuano.
opened the first eight of its planned 50 ski lifts in June 1988 amid 22,000 Andean
The State Railways Information Bureau on Avenida Arturo Prat in Temuco can
acres of slopes. Here virgin runs stretch as long as 10 miles and climb as high as
give the current complete information on the many excursions possible from this
17,908 feet. Information from: Valle Nevado, Gertrudis Echeñique 441 (480-839)
city. As a general rule, the starting point for all of them is Temuco.
or Gray Line Ski Tours: Box 1001, Santiago (698-2164).
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SOUTH AMERICA
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293
New ski facilities are now well organized throughout Chile. Outside the Santiago
area the most popular resort is Chillán, located 50 miles from the city of Chillán,
featuring an 102-room hotel, thermal baths, four large open-air swimming pools
fed by volcanic springs, and five ski runs, the largest served by a 8,202-foot double-
chair lift. Also popular is the ski center at Villarrica Volcano. Here a new 1800-foot
chairlift offers wide-open descents set against the spectacular backdrop of the Chil-
ean lakes below with a massive smoking volcanic cone above. A 36-room Refugio-
Hosteria is located at the base of the lift. Scores of excellent hotels are available
Exploring Chile
to skiiers in nearby Pucon and Villarrica.
A new ski center is also under development on the slopes of Osorno Volcano,
37 miles from Puerto Varas. Two lodges can now accommodate 150 persons. A
1,968 foot T-bar lift is in operation.
Fifty miles from Temuco, on the slopes of the Llaima Volcano, is the Llaima
SANTIAGO
ski resort in the Los Paraguas National Park, so named because of the lovely snow-
covered trees that resemble umbrellas. Two lodges can accommodate about 170
guests, and there is a mile-long ski lift. Here you can ski year round.
"Santiago," as Chileans are often heard to say a bit critically, "is Chile."
Water Sports. Beaches and lakes all through the country give ample opportuni-
And they are very right. Santiago is not only the capital politically, but
ties for every water sport from skin diving to water skiing. Boating is another favor-
economically, and culturally as well.
ite pastime with Chileans and visitors, and there are facilities for deepsea fishing
Not that there is no activity outside the big city. Such cities as Valparaí-
in the north, at Tocopilla and Antofagasta (Mar./Sept.) Skin diving is good along
so (principal port on the Pacific coast), Viña del Mar (the Pacific coast's
the whole coast.
most fashionable vacation spot), and Concepción (home of a fine universi-
Chile is a fisherman's paradise. A license is required, which may be obtained from
ty and center of the steel and coal mining industry) cannot be bypassed
the "Club de Pesca y Caza" (Rod and Gun Club) in any city.
so easily. Nor can Arica in the far north, Punta Arenas in the far south,
In the north there's deepsea fishing all year round for tuna, bonito, swordfish,
and many other cities in between.
black marlin, striped marlin, and shark. In the central valley are found brown trout
But Santiago is the center of it all. The government reduced former ex-
and pejerrey. The really good rainbow trout fishing is in the south, where a 10-
treme centralism by establishing 12 "Regions" with considerable local
pound fish is a little fellow.
For fishing tours down south, trout fishing enthusiasts can now arrange angling
power, and Congress was moved to new quarters in Valparaíso. Still, most
expeditions on a comfortable six-birth motorboat to remote northern Patagonia
government agencies and principal offices are in the capital; thus, head-
(south of Puerto Montt). For information contact Puma Fishing, Pedro de Valdivia
quarters of the biggest industries and companies are too. By sheer weight
0169, Santiago. Also the Rod and Gun Club secretary can be helpful if you're inter-
of the population, now over 4 million, Santiago is also the center of cultur-
ested. The same club will arrange for licenses to hunt quail, partridge, snipe, doves,
al life and boasts three of South America's top educational institutions:
rabbits, ducks, and others.
the University of Chile (state-run and the largest), the Catholic University
Spectator Sports. A number of country clubs and stadiums allow visitors to par-
(private), and the University of Santiago.
ticipate in or watch such sports as basketball, tennis, volleyball, golf, horseback rid-
The tourist's interest in Santiago is centered around the many activities
ing, track events, hockey, polo, rugby, and bowling. Many of the resident foreigners
and natural beauty. The Andes form an inspiring backdrop and there are
belong to country clubs where all sports are practiced.
many hills within the city itself. The downtown area is one of Latin Ameri-
In sports spectacles, football again occupies the top spot. The Football Associa-
tion organizes many international games in which the most famous teams of the
ca's busiest, its streets overflowing with people rushing about shopping
world have come to play, though they have never found it easy to beat the Chilenos.
or tending to their businesses. However, this city seems to suffer more than
These matches, as well as most other sporting events, are held in the state-owned
a normal amount of demolitions, street excavations, and general untidi-
National Stadium, with a seating capacity of 80,000. The World Basketball Cham-
ness, which prompted a well-known Chilean cartoonist to quip: "Santiago
pionship took place there, as did part of the World Football Championship of 1962.
is going to be a nice town-if they ever finish it."
Much of the national competition in football takes place in the stadium each year,
The main downtown street is called Avenida Bernardo O'Higgins, or,
and important swimming, tennis and track events are usually held there.
more simply, the Alameda. Once a branch of the Mapocho River, it was
Horse Racing. Horse racing fans have plenty of opportunities to enjoy the sport.
later dried up and converted into a modern, wide thoroughfare. Right
In Santiago there are two race tracks, the Hipódromo Chile, open Saturdays and
downtown on this main street stands Santa Lucia Hill, an amazing exam-
every other Wednesday, and the Club Hípico, open Sundays and the other Wednes-
ple of what can be done with an unappealing area. The hill is regarded
day. Races normally start at 2 P.M. In Viña del Mar, races are held at the Sporting
as the birthplace and bulwark of Santiago, as it was here Don Pedro de
Club, open all day on holidays.
Valdivia founded the city and from here Don Casimiro Marcó del Pont,
the last Spanish governor, defended the city from attacks by Indepen-
dence-seeking Chilenos. Mapuche Indians had earlier dedicated it to the
God of Pain (Huelén) and Christians erected on its summit the very first
hermitage and the first Cross of the Conquest.
National hero Bernardo O'Higgins first had the idea of using the hill
as a cultural attraction when he tried to build an observatory and a parthe-
non atop it. But decades were to pass before historian, politician, writer,
and great patriot Don Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna made the dreams of
O'Higgins come true. From 1872 to 1874, he directed the work by convicts
which transformed the hill from an eyesore to the lovely, unique park it
is today.
CHILE
295
SOUTH AMERICA
294 is a kind of living museum, since two fortresses overlooks constructed the
thedral, the sprawling Central Post Office, and the Municipality of Santia-
The Marcó hill del Pont still remain: one, the Castillo González, its main ter-
go. Delightful cobblestoned promenades closed to motor traffic cross the
heart of Santiago and its popular plaza. On two sides of the plaza-east
by "Alameda" and provides a wonderful view of the city from Arts Muse-
and south-is a commercial and residential center with large apartment
and the other, Castillo Hidalgo, now houses the Popular is of
houses.
race; um in what were once the dungeons. Many claim Santa Lucia one
Behind the Cathedral, on Bandera Street, is the old National Congress
the loveliest parks in the Americas.
Building. Since the newly elected parliament has relocated to Valparaíso,
this building is being used by one of the ministries. It was designed by
San Cristóbal Hill
French architect Ambroise Henault, who is also responsible for the Uni-
Lucia, at 240 feet above street level, is small in comparison to
versity of Chile headquarters on the Alameda and the Municipal Theater
San is 1,200 feet high and adorned with a statue of the Virgin and
Santa Cristóbal Hill. Usually the first sight to impress a visitor to Santiago, Mary,
at Agustinas and San Antonio. The Municipal Theater is the most impor-
tant cultural center, and top national groups perform there throughout
this hill gift to Chile. At night the big statue is flooded with within lights
the year, as do international attractions like the Bolshoi Ballet and the
France's from almost any point of the city. San Cristóbal is River. easy
Chinese Opera. There are also performances by the Ballet Nacional
can be seen distance from downtown, four blocks across the Mapocho new cable
Chileno, the Philarmonic Orchestra of Santiago, and the brilliant Opera
Nacional.
walking to reach San Cristóbal's summit is by the brand small café,
The best offers way 6,646-foot ride to a terrace, where there is a in Santi-
car that a and walkways. The ride is the best sightseeing there trip is seldom
The Churches of Santiago
many ago and gardens, the cable car leaves every 14 seconds. This means
As a Catholic country, Chile's churches are among its most important
a and waiting, even on holidays.
line view no is absolutely marvelous. Set aside a couple of hours and twinkle get
monuments. Santiago has many, ranging in architectural style from mod-
The before sunset; then wait to watch the lights begin to birthday
ern to colonial. Santo Domingo, located on the street of the same name,
to the until top the just whole city stretched out before you becomes a giant
was inaugurated in 1771 and was one of the most beautiful churches in
Chile until 1963, when a fire completely destroyed its interior and roof.
on cake. Needless to say, this place is a favorite spot for lovers.
A funicular, or, for hiking enthusiasts, walking. The animals are of the
third of the way up San Cristóbal is the city zoo, which can be reached kept
Only the stone walls remain, but its style can still be appreciated from out-
side. Reconstruction has begun and the church has been declared a nation-
al monument.
by car, similar to their natural habitats, taking advantage zoo's collec-
in hill's places mountainlike very appearance. Especially interesting is the
The Cathedral was finished in 1788. Most of its relics and holy figures
are of Jesuit origin, brought to the country or made here by that order.
tion of typically Chilean animals and birds.
There is also the very attractive Tupahue swimming pool surrounded
Notable are the wooden figure of Saint Francis Xavier and the 17th-
century silver lamp weighing more than 50 pounds. In the sacristy, full
by lawns and gardens.
of hills to which the San Cristóbal belongs is the Manuel Pirá-
of furniture several centuries old, is a magnificent painting of the Last Sup-
In the same called group because of a small monument there honoring Don erected by
per. The monstrance is the most striking piece in this collection of religious
mide, so of Chile's founding fathers. The monument was colo-
objects. Adorned with emeralds and rubies, more than 30 pounds of silver
de Salas, merchant one John O'Brien, who sided with the South American He be-
went into making the vessels.
British and joined General San Martín's forces to fight the Spanish. in Chile,
The Church of San Francisco, begun in 1568 and finished in 1618, is
nies San Martín's principal collaborator and lived many years Pirámide del
of a style inspired by the Italian Renaissance. It was constructed with enor-
came second country. Because he used to live in what is now who had
mous stones, and practically no mortar was needed to unite them. Inside
his del Agua, he decided to dedicate a monument to the man used to
it, in the cloister, are paintings by Juan Zapata, a member of the Quito
Salto been kind enough to give him the place. San Martín himself go
School of the 17th century. Separating the cloister from the sacristy is a
there after fighting to rest his nerves and restore his energies.
three-leaved door with evident Renaissance inspiration, and in the main
dens and place a delightful restaurant that has become one of the
The is now one of the most beautiful in Santiago, with favorite lush spots gar-
altar is an image of Our Lady of Mercy; carved of wood and standing 11
inches high, it was brought to Chile by Don Pedro de Valdivia. Other nota-
ble images are those of Saint Francis of Assisi, founder of the order that
for
locals. are off the hills and back downtown, a logical place The to
lives in the adjoining monastery; Saint Michael, dating from 1594; and
But once tour you of the center is La Moneda, the Presidential 1805. Palace. It now
the Christ of La Caña, brought from Lima in 1630.
start your designed by Joaquín Toesca and completed in well
Other churches worth a visit are San Agustín, Agustinas and Estado
Palace was the Ministry of Interior and the Foreign Affairs Ministry, as gov-
Streets; La Merced, at Compañía and McIver; Santa Ana, Cathedral and
houses the presidential offices. On two sides of it are tall buildings Hotel housing Carrera.
San Martín; Recoleta Dominica, seven blocks from Mapocho Train Sta-
as ernmental offices, the postal and telegraph building, and the of former
tion on Recoleta Street; and Recoleta Franciscana, at the beginning of Re-
coleta Street.
One behind La Moneda (toward the Alameda) has a statue Moneda
President Street) is now Constitution Plaza and site of the ceremony of the
plaza Arturo Alessandri Palma, and another in front of it (on changing
Santiago's Museums
of Palace Guards.
the blocks from La Moneda, as you walk away from the Alameda, Ca- is
Worth a visit is Chile's Museo Historico Nacional, Plaza de Armas 951,
the Five main square, the Plaza de Armas. On its fringes are the relic-filled
which offers a complete presentation of Chile's history. San Francisco
296
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297
FERIA
Santiago
MUNICIPAL
(Central Market)
REC
SANTA FILOMENA
CERRO SAN CRISTOBAL
1
0
Miles
½
LORIDA
RIO DE JANEIRO]
Plaza
CALLE ANDRES BELLO
PATRONATO
LORETO
22
N
Coupolicar
Canal.deL Carmen
AVENIDA
BELLAVISTA
PRESIDENTE
Rio Mapocho
MARIA
DARDIGNAC
BOMBERO NUNEZ
PURI SMA
BELLO
ANDRES
GRAL
BALMACEDALA JOSE
BELLAVISTA
SIGLO
PIO
MACKENNA
CARO
Plaza
PARQUÉ
ENIDA
XX
IX
PABLO
Rio
Ecuador
SAN
ESMERALDA
FORESTAL SE Mapocho MARIA CARO
ANTA
BELLAVISTA
PUENTE
RIA
ROSAS
MAYO
IVER
18
SANTO
DOMINGO
9
15
21
MONJITAS
2
CATEDRAL
MAC
6
Armas-
5
MERCED
MIRAFLORES
MOSQUETO
IS
MAE
MERCED
VALDES 21 VERGARA
PARQUE PROVIDENCIA AV. ANDRES BELLO
MART
TEATINOS
MORANDE
AV
Plaza
SAN
City
COMPANIA
ANTONIO
ROSA
Paulo
AHUMADA
JOSÉ V. LASTARRIA
GRAL.
AMUNATEGUI
13
19
16
4
V.MACKENNA
BURHLE
N
Sao
4
ENRIQUE
17
CARNICER
HUERFANOS
BANDERA
BAND
ESTADO
GGINSFOLET
A.SIMPSON
LUCIA
SEAUX
HNOS
SAN
AGUSTINAS
10
12
PORTUGE
opolitano
Presidente Kennedy
SANTA
31
Club de Golf
Plaza\de la
20
Metro
Constitución
Apoquindo
MONEDA
LIRA
argue
Avenida
7
MONEDA
14
28
MANUEL RODRIGUEZ
3
N YORK
San Cristobal
O'HIGGINS
Plaza de
la Libertad
SAN
24
FRANCISCO
SANTA ROS
Providencia
BERNARDO
Francisco Bilbao
30
ITEMS OF INTEREST
11
SAN
ISIDRO
23
ALAMEDA
S
25
DIEGO
8
SERRA
San Diego
beyond the
ARTURO
Parque
Yrarrateval
Town Center
26
Cousino
Plaza Bulnes
27
29
0km
2
3
Points of Interest
8) Universidad de Chile
16) Museo Precolombino
24) Museum of Contemporary Art
1) Recoleta Franciscana Church
9) Post Office
17) Museum of Popular Arts
25) Museum of Natural Science
2) Church of Santa Ana
10) San Augustin Church
18) Museo de Bellas Artes
26) Universidad de Santiago
3) Palacio de La Moneda
11) San Francisco Church
19) Church of Vera Cruz
27) Club Hipico
4) Tribunales de Justicia
12) Municipal Theater
20) Clinica Universidad Catolica
28) Virgen del San Cristobal
5) Congreso Nacional
13) La Merced Church
21) U.S. Embassy
29) Estadio Nacional
6) Cathedral
14) Biblioteca Nacional
22) Zoological Garden
30) Prince of Wales Country Club
23) Quinta Normal
31) Cerro Santa Lucia
7) Church of Augustinas
15) Museo Historico
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299
Church, Londres 4, has a good collection of religious art. The Museo Pre-
Manquehue. Esteban dell 'Orto 6615 (220-9269). In exclusive Las Condes
colombino, Bandera 305, has an excellent archaeological collection. The
Fine Arts Museum at one side of the lovely Parque Forestal offers perma-
bar, sauna, restaurant. Beautiful all-wood interior.
New 23-room hotel with quiet two-floor setting beside park. Small swimming pool, area.
nent exhibitions of the works of Chilean artists and several interesting
Río Bidasoa. Vitacura 4873 (242-1525). In elegant Vitacura area with 30 rooms,
shows throughout the year. For the mechanically minded, there is an avia-
swimming pool, bar, restaurant, telephone, and color TV. Ideal for executives.
tion museum and a vintage car museum.
Tupahue. San Antonio 477 (383-810). Modern building. Downtown. 207 double
and twin rooms, all with private bath, completely carpeted, air-conditioned. Music,
PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR SANTIAGO
telephone, and TV. Dining rooms and self-service cafeteria, grill. Music bar. Tem-
perate swimming pool.
GETTING AROUND SANTIAGO. By Metro. Santiago's modern Metro is one
Moderate
of the world's finest subway systems. Visitors will find the two main lines run to
most major sites and areas they want to visit. The subway is well organized, immac-
Libertador. Bernardo O'Higgins Ave. 853 (394-213). Good location, on the Ala-
ulately clean, and one of the city's showcases. Fares are very inexpensive (less than
meda facing old San Francisco church. 115 rooms, each with phone, radio, bath.
20 cents) and service operates from 6:30 A.M. to 10:30 P.M. On Sat. and Sun., they
Turkish baths for ladies.
Restaurant, laundry, and room service. In the same building: beauty parlor and
run from 7:15 A.M. to 11:30 P.M.
By car. Hertz, Avis, and National have agencies in Santiago. Hertz has locations
throughout Chile. Rates are expensive. Sample rate: a Chevette costs approximately
Lucia Hill. 40 suites. Spanish dining room, bar, tea room, conference room.
Foresta. Victoria Subercaseaux 353 (396-262). Excellent location facing Santa
$200 a week plus 16% tax and insurance. For brief stays in Chile, the visitor's home
Gran Palace. Huérfanos 1178, 10th floor (712-551). 72 rooms, some suites, in
license is sufficient; for longer stays, bring an international license. All firms require
modern new building, all with private bath and telephone. Grill, American bar,
a major credit card.
roof terrace garden. Room service and valet service at all times. Transportation
By bus. Intercity buses are good and comfortable, and some have bar and toilet
to and from railway stations, bus stations, airport. Garage for parking.
facilities. Chileans travel mostly by bus, because buses are cheaper and run more
Panamericano. Huérfanos and Teatinos (723-060). Two blocks from the Moneda
frequently than the railroads do.
Palace on Teatinos Street, 90 rooms with private baths, all looking toward the street
The State Railways offer acceptable service to the South in "automotor saloons,"
Bus service. Garage. Good bar.
facing the magnificent Andes. All rooms with telephone and radio. Room service.
with bar service and music.
For many out-of-town runs-Viña del Mar, for instance-there are collective
Santa Lucia. Huérfanos 779 (398-201). 65 rooms with private baths and tele-
taxis which make quick excursions at modest rates.
phones occupying three floors of modern downtown building. One- or two-bedroom
suites with living room and kitchenette. Monthly rates available. Terrace Restau-
HOTELS. Santiago offers a wide range of hotels in every price category. Leading
rant and Winter Garden Restaurant serve good meals. Room service, laundry, shoe
hotels include the new Crowne Plaza, Sheraton San Cristobal, and the traditional
shine, beauty parlor, and parking facilities.
downtown Carrera. Ask the National Tourist Board (Providencia 1550) for their
8 singles. Bar. Homey atmosphere.
Hotel de Don Tito. Huérfanos 578 (391-987). Small hotel with 6 suites, 8 twins,
Practical Guide to Santiago, in English, which includes hotels. For definitions of
our price categories see "Facts at Your Fingertips."
Deluxe
tips." RESTAURANTS. For definitions of price categories see "Facts at Your Finger-
Carrera. Teatinos 180 (698-2011). Facing Plaza de la Constitución and La
Moneda Palace, right downtown. 324 recently decorated rooms-singles, doubles,
Deluxe
and suites-all with private bath and telephone. Air-conditioned.
Crowne Plaza Holiday Inn. Bernardo O'Higgins 136 (381-042). Has 304 rooms
"cave," international atmosphere. La Concepción 236.
Aquí está Coco. Among the finest in town for seafood specialties. Wine-tasting
and features pool, tennis courts, playground, bars, nightclubs, and reception, ban-
Coco Loco. An elegant seafood restaurant. Rancagua 0554.
quet, and convention facilities. Conveniently located downtown.
Martín Carrera. International nouvelle cuisine. A gourmet's delight, this prize-
Plaza San Francisco. Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 816 (393-832). Recently opened
winning restaurant is worth a visit for an elegant evening. Isidora Goyenechea 3471.
with 110 elegant and modern air-conditioned rooms, the hotel features pool, bar,
Puerto Marisko. Fine seafood and nice atmosphere. Isidora Goyenechea 2918.
snack bar, convention facilities, and large parking garage. Good international res-
taurant. Located in front of Colonial San Francisco Church and within walking
Expensive
distance of important downtown landmarks.
Sheraton San Cristobal Hotel and Towers. Av. Santa Maria 1742 (274-5000).
350 rooms with bath, TV, air-conditioning. In elegant residential district, 10 min-
family. Av. Las Condes 9889.
Traditional Chilean dishes and Latin American music; sing-a-long led by Ramón
Alero de los de Ramon. In a typical Chilean colonial house in outskirts of city.
utes by taxi from downtown. Good international, local specialties in restaurant. Su-
Bali Hai! Polynesian atmosphere, Easter Island show. Av. Colon 5146.
perb mountain views. Cocktail lounge. Pools, shops.
Caleta Los Leones. Shellfish specialties. Los Leones 195.
Expensive
Canto del Agua. Seafood and international cuisine. Nueva de Lyon 0129.
El Conquistador. Miguel Cruchaga 920, and Estado (696-5599). A first-class
downtown. Chez Henry. Chilean and international cuisine. Portal Fernandez Concha 962,
hotel in the very heart of the business, shopping, and entertainment center. 133 sin-
gle and twin-bedded rooms and suites, all with private bath and telephone. Good
corner Isidora Goyenechea.
Don Carlos. Argentine steakhouse with tango entertainment. Agusto Leguia N.
international cuisine, grill room, coffee shop, and American bar.
El Toro Simbolico. Grilled steak, Folklore show. Las Condes 10680.
Galerias. San Antonio 65 (384-011). 162-room hotel located downtown at the
Enoteca. In San Cristobal. Hilltop. A super view of Santiago, city of glass walls.
corner of Moneda. The Gallerias is popular with commercial travelers.
Excellent music and fine food. A special place downstairs for learning about vine-
Hostal Del Parque. Merced 294 (392-694). New apartment hotel featuring 30
yards and to taste the finest wine, piscos of the North and South zone.
apartment suites with kitchenette. It is located beside the U.S. Consulate. A Europe-
La Cascade. Excellent French food. Fairly expensive, but worth it. Ave. Francis-
an-style exclusive residence.
CO Bilbao 1947.
300
SOUTH AMERICA
CHILE
301
La Estancia. International food, excellent steak, folkloric music. Las Condes
There are enormous price differences from shop to shop, so it is as well to look
13810.
La Rueda. Steak and folk music. Av. Las Condes 9739.
Maistral. French, Chilean, international cuisine. Exclusive and expensive. Air
for a lower price, but not in the big department stores. Take a slow wander through
around before buying. In some of the smaller shops it is still possible to bargain
conditioning. Spanish, English, French, German, Italian spoken. Mosqueto 485.
the many arcades (pasajes) in the city center and in Providencia, which has become
a big shopping area.
Moderate
Best shopping bargains for Chilean crafts and art can often be found at the gov-
Canta Gallo. 150-year-old beautiful building with the "Comilona a la Chilena"
Portugal 351.
ernment operated CEMA shops. The main CEMA store is located in Santiago at
(eat all you want at a reasonable price) every Mon. and Fri. Show with typical Chil-
ean music. Av. Las Condes 12345.
Casablanca. International cuisine and U.S.-style luncheon buffet. Nightly show.
NIGHTLIFE. Discos are the center of Santiago's nightlife. Most popular spots
Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza Hotel.
are: Gente, Apoquindo 4900; La Scala, Cerro San Cristobal; Casamila, Alvaro Ca-
Da Carla. Excellent Italian food downtown. MacIver 577.
sanova 298-A; and Disco Brass, Hotel Crown Plaza.
El Villorrio. Downtown restaurant with typical Chilean specialties. San Antonio
We recommend that those visitors who want entertainment in the Chilean capital
676.
choose one of the many popular restaurants offering folklore shows. These include
Giratorio. Elegant new restaurant featuring international menu. Located on 16th
Los Buenos Muchachos, Alero de los de Ramon, and Los Adobes de Argomedo.
floor, the restaurant revolves slowly for panoramic view of Providencia. Nva. Provi-
There are no casinos in Santiago.
dencia 2250.
Los Adobes de Argomedo. Good restaurant to sample Chilean specialties with.
nightly folklore show. Downtown. Argomedo 411.
Munchen. Excellent service and best German food in Santiago. El Bosque 204.
EXCURSIONS FROM SANTIAGO
Inexpensive
Casa de Cena. Bargain-priced Chilean and international food. Almirante Simp-
son 20.
in Chile:
From Santiago it is easy to reach many other interesting cities and areas
El Naturista. Natural foods. Moneda 846.
Los Buenos Muchachos. Chilean specialties and folkloric entertainment. Cum-
Las Vertientes is 40 minutes away by car in the direction of San José
ming 1031.
attraction. de Maipo through Puente Alto. The nearby Maipo River offers an extra
TOURIST INFORMATION. Chile's energetic National Tourist Office (SERNA-
TUR) maintains helpful offices in the city's international airport and at its new
Or go to El Arrayán, located on the banks of the Mapocho River on
building in Providencia 1550 (251-7469). City brochures and maps are available
the road to the Farellones ski resort. It is only 20 minutes from downtown
free.
Santiago by car, and buses and liebres (small buses) also make the trip.
Hosteria El Arrayán has a swimming pool for guests and offers a magnifi-
TOURS. Three excellent tour companies offer sightseeing and special interest
cent view of the mountains and rivers. The crisp mountain air is wonder-
tours (to wine cellars, vineyards, Christ of the Andes, and rural areas). Leading
ful."On the road to El Arrayán are several restaurants, some of them rather
tour operators are Cocha Turismo, Latour, and Sportstours.
rustic. In the Las Condes area is La Rueda, which features Chilean music
Cocha Turismo, Agustinas 1173 (698-3341), Santiago.
and singing, as well as good food.
Latour, Suite 602, Agustinas 1476 (727-918).
Sportstours, Teatinos 333, 10th Floor (696-8832).
Continuing on the same road you will reach Farellones, 30 miles from
Santiago and some 7,400 feet above sea level. It has six ski lifts, one of
MUSEUMS. Worth a visit is Chile's Museo Historico Nacional, Plaza de Armas
them a chair lift rising all the way to the top of Colorado Hill-10,664
951 (381-411), which offers a complete presentation of Chile's history. San Francis-
feet above sea level. The fields of Farellones and Colorado have acquired
co Church has a good collection of religious art. The new Museo de Arte PreColom-
a well-deserved international fame, and many competitions are held there
bino, Bandera 361 (717-284), and Museo de Bellas Artes, Parque Forestal (330-
during the skiing season-from the last of May through mid-October. Ac-
655), are also well worth visiting. For the mechanically minded, there is an aviation
museum and a vintage car museum. Museums are open Tues. through Sat. from
commodations are good, if somewhat scarce. There are 75 refugios (guest
houses), 15 belonging to clubs and 60 in private hands. A store rents all
10, A.M. to 6 P.M.; Sun. and holidays 10 A.M. to 1 P.M.
the necessary equipment, and there are several snack bars. Transportation
SHOPPING. Because Chile is considered a developing country, you can bring
is pretty good during the whole season, with a daily service of buses, cars,
many of the locally made products that you buy there into the U.S. duty free under
and trucks. It's a fine weekend or one-day trip.
the GSP plan, as explained in Facts at Your Fingertips, earlier in this volume.
Three miles farther up on the road are the La Parva slopes, very popular
There are today almost no import restrictions in Chile, and the shops are well
with Santiaguinos. La Parva has three poma lifts, one over a mile long,
stocked with imported goods of all kinds. Most brands of American cigarettes are
available everywhere, and a few English, at an average price of $1 per pack of 20
and several chairlifts to some of the most challenging slopes. There is a
small lones. restaurant for the public, but most visitors lodge at nearby Farel-
cigarettes. Among Chilean goods, the excellent textiles are worth mentioning. For "typical"
items, colorful hand-woven ponchos are a good buy, also vicuña rugs, and--
Lagunillas ski fields are farther along the same road to Las Vertientes.
although perhaps a little heavy for air travel-there is excellent artisan copper.
There the fields are good and the accommodations adequate. Several clubs
work.
and private refugios take guests. There is a chair lift about a mile long,
Chilean stones have achieved much popularity abroad, and there are many "rock
and Lagunillas offers several long ski trips, some of which must be taken
shops" in the city and suburbs selling quality work in lapis lazuli, Chilean jade,
amethyst, agate, onyx, and others.
trip. with a guide. Transportation to Lagunillas is by car and bus in a two-hour
SOUTH AMERICA
CHILE
302
303
On the road into the Andes is the mountain town of El Volcán, from
the Hotel Portillo. During winter it becomes a skating rink, and during
which many mountain hikes can be taken, and farther up Lo Valdes, prac-
summer it is a sailing and fishing spot.
tically the Andes themselves. Nearby are the Morales Thermal Baths,
Portillo has first-class facilities. With several ski lifts and two chair lifts,
6,000 feet above sea level (58 miles from Santiago, 8 from El Volcán). The
the snazzy six-floor Hotel Portillo (231-3411 in Santiago) is easily the best
baths are supposedly good for respiratory ailments, as is the climate.
resort of its kind on the continent. Transportation is provided by tourist
The Central Valley has its own share of attractions. The town of Maipo,
bus or private car. Travel agencies will help make arrangements during
where the great Battle of Maipo took place, has a museum, a monolith
the season.
commemorating the battle, and a temple to the Virgin of Carmen built
after O'Higgins' promise. A Parthenon of the Heroes pays homage to the
VALPARAISO AND THE COAST
men who took part in the famous independence battle. Maipo also has
a good swimming pool with a good restaurant; the top rodeo of the year
The tourist arriving in Chile by ship may well think that his first view-
is held there with competitors from all over the country.
the many hills surrounding the port with houses miraculously clinging to
About 37 miles southwest from Santiago, near Melipilla, is the town
their sides-cannot be surpassed by anything else in the country. And the
of Pomaire, well known for its pottery and ceramics. The craftsmanship
visitor who has arrived by air or by way of Los Andes will be equally sur-
has been handed down for countless generations, and collectors of original
prised when he takes the trip to Valparaíso and its nearby sister, Viña del
folkloric art will find many pieces worth taking home. The trip is best
Mar.
made by car. Pomaire pottery can also be found in Santiago's central mar-
Valparaíso, also known as Valpo, is divided into two sections: the hills
ket and at many art stores.
section and the "basin" section, which serves as the commercial center.
Two full-day excursions increasingly popular with visitors are the Mo-
Each of the hills is like an individual city, and the twisting streets that
naco's Country Day Tour, a delightful Chilean-style house and farm only
go up and down them will enchant any tourist. The view from these hills
one half hour from downtown with a large swimming pool, horseback rid-
over the bay and on to Viña is one of the most striking in all of Chile.
ing, country lunch, open bar, and a homey atmosphere; and the tour to
The taste of the port is found in its twisted streets next to the Mercado,
Los Lingues, a historic colonial ranch-hacienda built in 1710 and located
with its myriad bars, underground taverns and sailor hangouts. The cul-
78 miles from Santiago. Los Lingues features Chilean equestrian exhibi-
tural life of the port is as busy as its maritime one and centers around the
tions and excellent food and drink.
Arturo Prat Naval School, Beaux Arts Museum, Severín Public Library,
Santiago province has many beach resorts: San Antonio is a busy sea-
Naval History Museum, Catholic University of Valparaíso, branches of
port and seafood center; Cartagena is a very popular vacation spot. Others
the University of Chile, and the Technical University Federico Santa
are San Sebastián, Las Cruces, Isla Negra, El Tabo-all with beautiful
María, one of Latin America's most outstanding. Valpo's poets and writers
beaches and agreeable climates. El Tabo has a white sand beach; from
have enriched Chilean literature since the beginning of the republic.
there to the north they are yellow-white, to the south grey-white. El Quis-
Valpo's historical spots are many. Among the most important is the
co is one of the best beaches of the region, and in summer it is heavily
Mirador O'Higgins, located in Alto del Puerto. This spot offers the best
populated with Santiaguinos and tourists. Algarrobo has extremely peace-
view, and for this reason it was used by General O'Higgins when he saw
ful waters because a big rocky island just off the coast breaks the waves.
the Chilean Navy off to aid Peru in its War of Independence with Spain.
The sea here is as peaceful as a pond, and for this reason it is a top spot
Another spot is Cerro Los Placeres, where Diego Portales may have been
for yachting, skin diving, and water skiing. Transportation to and from
murdered.
this area is excellent, especially during summer. A train services Cartage-
Valparaíso's beaches take a back seat to those of Viña. The principal,
na, and buses reach every other town in the area, which is crowded in sum-
most central one is Las Torpederas, surrounded by plazas and gardens.
From there a tour can be taken around the various fishing towns, and an-
mer. Special mention is due to Rocas de Santo Domingo beach resort, located
other to visit such places as the Paseo Rubén Darío, a beautiful wooded
in the same area south of San Antonio. The road to the resort passes
area with paths and benches; the park of Playa Ancha, and the Playa
through Llo-Lleo, with its wonderful climate, and Tejas Verdes. Before
Ancha football stadium. A bit more time is required to visit such spots
arriving in Santo Domingo, one must cross a bridge stretching more than
as the Quebrada Verde Park. There is also the historical field of Placilla,
a mile over the Maipo River. The town has marvelous gardens and houses,
where the Revolution of 1891 was decided and the fate of President Bal-
and a splendid golf course. A small hotel, the Piedra del Sol, offers five
maceda sealed. After defeat, he took his life.
seaside cabins.
Viña del Mar, 10 minutes further up the coast from Valpo, is a true
Other beach resorts are located in the nearby province of Aconcagua.
gem-"The Pearl of the Pacific." Its natural beauty is a year-round attrac-
Papudo, Zapallar, Maitencillo, and Marbella are all easily reached by bus
tion, and in the summer a flurry of activity makes the place even more
or car; the trip to Papudo, the most distant, takes about three hours.
enjoyable. A series of beaches-some almost downtown-draw thousands
The world-famous ski resort of Portillo, site of the 1966 world Ski
of sun worshippers daily in the summer.
Championships, is also in Aconcagua province. Located at 9,300 feet
El Recreo, the first beach after leaving Valparaíso, is wide and comfort-
above sea level, Portillo boasts ski slopes more than 2,000 feet long, plus
able, with terraces full of vacationers and a seawater swimming pool. It
ice-skating rinks. Classes for novices in both ice-skating and skiing are
is followed by Caleta Abarca, with a view of the port and surrounded by
given by champions from the U.S., France, Austria, and Chile. The winter
beautiful gardens and walkways. Other beaches are spotted along the 10-
sports season begins in June and lasts through September. The natural
mile coastal road connecting Viña with Concón, and whether the vacation-
beauty of Portillo is further enhanced by Laguna del Inca, 300 feet from
er prefers crowded beaches with many activities or isolated spots inhabited
304
SOUTH AMERICA
CHILE
305
only by the visitor and nature, he can find either extreme-and anything
in-between-in the Viña area.
izes in seafood and shellfish.
RESTAURANT. Restaurante Bote Salvavidas, Moderate, Muelle Prat. Special-
But Viña's charm takes in far more than its beaches. The city is set
amidst a forest, and man's hand has been used to complement the marvel-
VIÑA DEL MAR
ous work done by Nature. Modern buildings that form the city's skyline
gracefully combine with the more traditional chalets and even castles.
HOTELS. Miramar. Deluxe. Caleta Abarca (664-077). A 122-room remodeled
Here the President of Chile has his rustic Summer Palace on Cerro Castillo
hotel is now Viña's most outstanding. Located right on the ocean, this modern hotel
(Castle Hill). Wide, well-designed avenues, such as the Avenida de la Ma-
offers full facilities plus a spectacular view and the city's finest location.
rina, lined on one side by palm trees and apartment buildings and on the
Oceanic. Deluxe. Recently opened, this beautiful 24-room seaside hotel provides
other by the estero, an inlet of the sea with multiple bridges and illuminat-
good service and a wonderful view of the Pacific Ocean. On the way to Reñaca.
ed fountains decorate the city.
O'Higgins. Expensive. Arlegui Street (882-016), facing Plaza Francisco Vergara,
The abundance of flowers have given Viña the name, "The Garden
beside the sea inlet called the estero. Near Municipal Casino, beach. Elegant and
comfortable. 300 rooms and apartments with baths and phones. Charming Winter
City." Aside from the thousands of private gardens, tourists may visit the
Garden. Reception and convention facilities. Top-quality restaurant specializing in
Quinta Vergara, an old mansion converted into a park with huge, beauti-
international cuisine, grill room and boite with orchestra, American bar. Room and
fully kept gardens and walkways. Here during the summer, many outdoor
valet service, laundry at all times, beauty parlor, barber shop, swimming pool, ter-
cultural events are held, among them the annual Song Festival. Other love-
races and gardens. Garage and service station.
ly parks include the Plaza Vergara, in the heart of town, and the Plaza
San Martin. Expensive. San Martín and Siete Norte Streets (972-548). 120 rooms
with private bath and telephone, some with view of the ocean. Large sitting room
Mexico, with its lighted fountains.
with huge windows overlooking Avenida Peru and the Pacific. Only three short
Places to visit include the Municipal Theater, offering top dramatic and
streets from the Casino. American bar with highly skilled barman. Room service,
ballet presentations; the Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna Municipal Library;
laundry, shoe shine, messenger service. Restaurant and snackbar.
the Academy and Museum of Fine Arts in the Quinta Vergara; the Valpa-
Alcazar. Moderate. Alvárez Street 646 (685-112). Comfortable old hotel with
raíso Sporting Club, one of Chile's best racing tracks; Sausalito Stadium,
new ultramodern addition of separate cabins, 75 rooms with private bath and tele-
set amid the forest on the banks of El Tranque lake; and the Granadilla
phone, restaurant and bar. Room service and laundry. Garage and parking lot. Well
Country Club, with magnificent golf course. Viña is small and friendly
located, only one block from train station and two blocks from downtown Viña.
enough that the tourist will have no trouble finding his way from one spot
Holiday Motel. Moderate. Angamos 367 (970-623). Comfortable 42 unit motel
with swimming pool in nearby Renaca.
to the next.
But the place to visit in Viña is the Municipal Casino. Gamblers can
RESTAURANTS. Anastasia. Expensive. Beautiful beachfront restaurant in
while away their money (or make a pile) at roulette or baccarat (punto
nearby Reñaca. Excellent food in the top-floor dining room; ground-floor snack bar
y banca) in elegant surroundings during the high season, September 15
and sophisticated shops.
to March 15, from 5 P.M. to 5 A.M.; from 5 P.M. to 2A.M. in low season. And
One block from Hotel San Martin.
Armandita. Expensive. Sumptuous Argentine-style steaks on individual grills.
for nongamblers, the Casino has a full-scale nightclub and boite with top
national and international acts, excellent food and drink, and plenty of
Chez Gerald. Expensive. Good French cooking; dancing; two outdoor terraces;
good bar; Ave. Peru, corner of 6 Norte.
dancing space. Funds from the Casino have contributed much to making
San Marcos. Moderate. Good Italian food, next door to Armandito, above.
Viña the clean, attractive, progressive city it is.
In Viña take advantage of the victorias, horse-drawn carriages that are
CASINOS. Municipal Casino, the biggest of the casinos, is open daily, year-
found everywhere. They are fun for drives along the shore road and
round. Large gambling salons, full-size cabaret and boite with Chile's best dance
through the quiet shaded streets, and they are less expensive than cabs.
bands. Saturday evening there is also a show in the main dining room.
(In Viña, as in many other Chilean cities, taxicabs have no meters. Be care-
ful not to get taken; ask cuánto before leaving.)
Around Valparaíso and Viña del Mar are a number of towns in Chile's
Central Valley. Quillota, as Charles Darwin said, is a bit of the tropics
THE NORTH
installed in Chile. It is considered to be a place to go for a rest, and its
fruits are exported to the rest of Chile. Other towns in the area are Lim-
ache, Olmué, Quilpué ("City of the Sun"), and El Granizo. Algarrobo,
To the north of Santiago lies the great Atacama, the driest desert in
a small town 50 miles south, has become a very popular middle-class vaca-
the world. Endowed with a special beauty all its own (sunset on the Ataca-
tion spot, boasting small sailing boats, and good seafood restaurants and
ma is a wonder, with the sands taking on a thousand different tones), it
hotels. Villa Alemana is famous as a rest spot. La Calera is an important
is also spotted with oases all the way up to the northern border.
railway center.
LA SERENA
PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR THE COAST
The first major city to the north-and one of the most charming-is
La Serena, more than 300 miles from Santiago. The region is famous for
VALPARAISO
its climate and fruits, and ex-President Gabriel González Videla, a native
son, gave the city great impetus by rebuilding many of its public buildings
HOTEL. Prat Hotel, Moderate, 1443 Condell St. (253081). 60-room commercial
in a picturesque Spanish style. Its plazas contain well-designed gardens,
hotel in city center.
and flowers can be seen almost everywhere. Big trees along Francisco de
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307
Aguirre Avenue lend their shadows and their ancient beauty, and two
hills, the Santa Lucía and the Cerro Grande, provide excellent views of
COPIAPÓ
the city and the sea. La Serena also has an archeological museum, located
in the great mansion of Count Villaseñor, highlighted by a collection of
Copiapó, another 150 miles to the north, was one of Chile's most impor-
art by the Diaguitas Indians.
tant cities during the fat years of the last century. Most of the cultural
Near La Serena is the Cerro Tololo Observatory, second in the world
life of the country was centered in it, and Santiago, compared to Copiapó,
in the size and sophistication of its equipment. This observatory and two
was practically a provincial city. The Southern Hemisphere's first railroad
others, Las Campanas and La Silla, are located here to take advantage
and the country's first public lighting service, technical education system,
of the region's extraordinary air conditions: more days of sunshine than
and state school were all in Copiapó. All the bills were paid by the mining
anywhere else, no cloud cover day or night, and the air is totally smog
revenues, especially from the silver mines of Chañarcillo, which were dis-
free. Astronomers declare the site unequaled for atmospheric clarity.
covered by the famed Juan Godoy.
La Serena's well-known beaches are El Faro, which takes on a festive
North of Copiapó are the two-mile-apart seaports of Chañaral and Bar-
look during holidays; Punta Teatinos; Las Cuatro Esquinas; and Caleta
quito, from which the copper production of nearby Potrerillos and El Sal-
del Arrayán. Four miles from the city by paved road is the Balneario de
vador is shipped. The latter is at an elevation of 7,800 feet. Some 15,000
Peñuelas, with its extraordinary view, cabins, and restaurant service. A
people live there. Vallenar, south of Copiapó, is near the iron ore field of
El Algarrobo, one of the most important in the country. Huasco is Valle-
nearby racetrack and airfield complete the picture.
Coquimbo is La Serena's seaport, and near it is La Herradura, with a
nar's port, 30 miles away, and is famous for its wines and its pisco, as well
hotel, several motels, and caves where Sir Francis Drake is believed to
as for its seafood. Caldera is 52 miles northwest of Copiapó; in 1851 the
first railway in the hemisphere was built between these two cities. The
have hidden treasure. Nearby Vicuña is the birthplace of Chile's Nobel
main activity of this port is the loading of minerals.
Prize poetess Gabriela Mistral, and she is buried (according to her wishes)
in Monte Grande. Andacollo, another of the region's attractions, has col-
PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR COPIAPÓ
orful religious celebrations that attract about 100,000 believers and tour-
ists yearly. Tongoy, a beach resort, is well known for its delicious seafoods.
HOTELS. For definitions of price categories see "Facts at Your Fingertips."
Also well known are the beach resort of Los Vilos and the beach at Pichi-
Diego de Almeyda Hotel. Expensive. O'Higgins 646 (2575). Facing the plaza of the
dangui (both farther south along the coast).
important mining center of Copiapó. 30 double rooms with private baths, several
sitting, rooms, ample gardens, dining room-restaurant, bar, card room, tea room.
PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR LA SERENA AND ENVIRONS
Hosteria De Chañaral. Moderate. Miller No. 268. Also at seaside, a modern
building with 9 single and 10 double rooms, all with private bath and a view of
HOTELS. For definitions of price categories see "Facts at Your Fingertips."
the Pacific. Terraces, dining room-restaurant, bar. Chañaral is an important embar-
Bucanero. Expensive. Av. Costanera (312-231). Located at La Herradura, near La
kation port for iron ore, nitrate, and copper.
Serena's seaport of Coquimbo. Seascapes in view from the private balconies. Excel-
Hosteria Puerta del Sol. Moderate. Wheelwright No. 750, at seaside. Seven dou-
ble rooms with private baths, dining room-restaurant, bar, sitting room in new
lent restaurant and bar.
Cabañas Mistral. Expensive. Located at nearby La Herradura, these 12 new,
building. Caldera is 53 miles from Copiapó by paved road running through the
tasteful cabins feature 1 or 2 bedrooms, dining room, kitchenette, and bathroom.
Pampa Salitrera (nitrates). A picturesque place, considered the beach resort of Co-
piapó.
The swimming pool and beautiful restaurant overlook the protected bay and its
Hosteria Vallenar. Moderate. Alonso de Ercilla 850. Modern two-story building
excellent beach.
Hotel Francisco De Aguirre. Expensive. Cordovez 210 (212-351). La Serena's
surrounded by terraces, gardens, ponds. 19 double rooms with private baths, big
sitting room, bar, dining room, restaurant. Vallenar is an important mining city.
largest hotel, a modern three-story building with 73 double rooms with private
baths. Large sitting room, bar, restaurant, sauna, pool, and boite. Large terraces
surrounded by gardens. Ample facilities.
ANTOFAGASTA
Jardín del Mar. Expensive. Avenida del Mar (312-823). Recently opened beauti-
ful motel with excellent accommodations, comfortable 4- 6-bed cabins, and magnifi-
The province of Antofagasta, still further north, is renowned because,
cent gardens surrounding large pool. Each cabin features TV, bath, bedroom, sitting
for 360 days of the year, it has the highest solar intensity in the world.
room, kitchenette, and terrace.
Its geysers (of Tatio) attract many tourists, and like the rest of the north
Cabinas De Peñuelas. Moderate. American-style motel four miles from La Sere-
it is chiefly desert and mountain ranges. Famed archeological zones such
na by paved road. The motel has several cabins located by the sea, each with sitting
as Pucará are in the region. The capital city of the province is also named
room, bedroom, bath, and terraced garden. Each cabin accommodates six people.
Antofagasta, center of copper and nitrate mining activity. The city is an
The Casino provides excellent restaurant service. The view is magnificent. Water
important railway center through which pass the international lines to La
skiing and skin diving in the temperate sea.
Paz, Bolivia, and Salta, Argentina. Much of Bolivia's international com-
Hosteria Vicuña. Moderate. 35 miles from La Serena by paved road. 14 recently
merce passes through Antofagasta, according to the treaty signed after
renovated double rooms with private baths, dining room, bar, sitting room, terrace,
the War of the Pacific.
swimming pool. Vicuña is a quiet city with a wonderful climate and is near the
"Termas de Toro" (Bull Thermal Baths).
Antofagasta is a progressive city. Its beautiful plazas and parks are a
Turismo Ovalle. Moderate. Located at one corner of the plaza in the city of Ova-
tribute to man's conquest of the desert. The Plaza Colón has a big West-
lle. Comfortable rooms-13 singles and 19 doubles-with dining room, bar, tea
minster Clock donated by the British residents, and the Spanish and Yugo-
room, large sitting room. Thirty miles from the excellent beach of Tongoy, well
slavian communities have also contributed monuments and adornments
known for seafood and temperate waters.
for the city's beautification.
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309
For sports enthusiasts, Antofagasta has a fine Sporting Club, tennis
Hosteria Calama. Moderate. J.J. La Torre No. 1521. 14 rooms opening onto ter-
courts, a golf course, and an Automobile Club. Deepsea fishing is a favorite
races, sitting room, dining room-restaurant, and bar. Calama is 140 miles from An-
sport, but requires arrangements made by a travel agent.
tofagasta and very near Chuquicamata, the largest open pit copper mine in the
world.
Best-known beaches are the Balneario Municipal, the Isla de la Chimba
(also known as Guamán), and La Portada, where just offshore the action
Hosteria San Pedro De Atacama. Moderate. A comfortable, recently improved
inn in the town where time seems to have stopped at the beginning of the colonial
of the waves over the centuries carved a hole in a rock, leaving an arch
period. San Pedro de Atacama is full of incredible archeological treasures, and a
that looks like a doorway (portada), from which the name is derived. On
famous museum has been built for the mummies found there and for the ceramics
the city's highest hill is painted an enormous anchor, which greeted the
and Indian art of the area. The town is 60 miles from Calama.
arrival of the steamship Peru in 1886, one of the first to arrive in Antofa-
Hosteria Tal Tal. Moderate. Esmeralda 671. Paved road from Antofagasta to
gasta Bay.
the south leads to Taltal. At seaside, with 10 double rooms, each with private bath.
Calama, 136 miles northeast of Antofagasta, is a desert oasis located
Terrace facing the sea, sitting room, dining room-restaurant, bar. Near Taltal is
the Chiu-Chiu Lagoon, over 900 feet deep, where legend claims some of the Inca
more than 6,000 feet above sea level. Its Calemeño wine has become quite
treasures were sunk. Chiu-Chiu is still a colonial town in it's way of life and its archi-
famous, as have its melons and sweet corn. Its chinchilla farms provide
tecture.
luxury furs.
Hosteria Tocopilla. Moderate. Decorated with contemporary art, it has 14 rooms
A few miles north of Calama is Chuquicamata, the largest open pit cop-
with private baths and faces the sea. Beautiful gardens flank the inn, which also
per mine in the world, and the nitrate plants of Maria Elena and Pedro
has three very comfortable sitting rooms, a dining room-restaurant, and a bar. The
de Valdivia. Also near Calama is Dupont explosives factory, which sup-
inn is half a mile from Tocopilla by paved road. Tocopilla embarks nitrate from
nearby deposits. Deepsea fishing is famous in Tocopilla; swordfish and tuna are
plies most of the explosives used in Chilean mines.
sought by fishing fans from many parts of the world.
The province features the additional seaports of Tocopilla (north of An-
tofagasta) and Taltal (south of Antofagasta). Through Tocopilla goes
IQUIQUE
much of the nitrate from the pampas and the copper from the Chuquica-
mata mine. It has some very good beaches (Punta Blanca and Caleta Bay,
Patriotic Chileans have a special place in their hearts for the northern
the latter with seawater swimming pool) and is famous as a site for deepsea
port city of Iquique. It is not because of the battle won, as in the case of
fishing. Swordfish and black marlin abound in its waters.
Arica or Maipo, but because of the battle lost at sea by Arturo Prat during
Throughout the area are many ancient towns lost among the salt and
the 1879 War of the Pacific. The war was just beginning on May 21, 1879,
the desert sand, some truly prehistoric and others reminders of the golden
when the great warship Huáscar of the Peruvian Navy arrived at Iquique
days of nitrate. Sixty miles southeast of Calama is San Pedro de Atacama,
accompanied by a smaller warship. Two small wooden ships under the
where the late Jesuit priest Alfred le Paige of Belgium worked for many
command of Captain Arturo Prat were Chile's only defense. But Prat
years uncovering secrets of the Atacameño Indians. Father le Paige
fought the giant enemy until his own craft was practically broken in half.
worked for over a quarter of a century to found the now internationally
When the ships collided, Prat and a few of his followers jumped aboard
famous archeological museum. Many scholars come to Chile with the sole
the enemy ship, only to die under the bullets of Peruvian guns. But his
purpose of visiting it; one of its distinguished guests was ex-King Leopold
heroic gesture fired up the whole country, and this fervor continued until
of Belgium. An old church adds to the touristic and historic value. The
the war ended in victory for Chile.
town is also the best jump-off point for an excursion to the large and im-
Iquique was a great nitrate seaport; now it is the center of the country's
pressive Atacama Salt Lake.
rapidly growing fishing industry, and oil drilling is also underway in the
Only 22 miles from San Pedro is Toconao, rich in archeological trea-
region. The city offers the tourist much local color. Many plazas seem to
sures, such as the legendary Camino del Inca. It provides a superb view
defy the desert with their gardens, the best known being Plaza Arturo
of the Láscar Volcano.
Prat. Here is a famous clock tower and the Casino Español, an artistic
Chiu-Chiu is 23 miles from Calama. The baptismal basin in its parish
imitation of the Alhambra Palace in Spain. Iquique also has an archeology
dates from 1557, and documents found there go back to 1611. Also nearby
and anthropology museum with a collection of mummies unearthed in the
is the town of Pukará de Lassana, which means desert fortress-which
desert surrounding the city. The mercado, with all kinds of local and im-
it was. The geysers of Tatio in the same area shoot astounding hot water
ported merchandise, is a favorite tourist spot and is surrounded by many
columns in the midst of the scorched plains.
popular restaurants with local, Peruvián, and Asiatic dishes. Today, Iqui-
que is a free port.
Iquique's beaches attract large crowds almost year round. Cavancha has
PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR ANTOFAGASTA
a beautiful street running beside it and is very close to town. The Balneario
Municipal is four miles away, Playa Blanca eight miles and Piedras Buenas
HOTELS. For definitions of price categories see "Facts at Your Fingertips."
twelve miles. It also offers fine opportunities for fishing, and several nation-
Topotel Calama. Expensive. Camino Aeropuerto 1392 (212-208). This beautiful
al and international records have been set here.
new hotel features 60 rooms facing an interior patio with swimming pool, suana,
health club, restaurant and piano bar.
Iquique's Pica Valley, 85 miles from the city, is famous for its lemons,
Turismo Antofagasta. Expensive. Balmaceda 2786 (224-710). A five-story luxury
grapes, oranges, "guayabas," and mangos. It was discovered in 1536 by
hotel with all the necessary comforts. 108 double rooms with private baths and mag-
Captain Ruy Díaz. Don Pedro de Valdivia was also in the valley when
nificent view of the Pacific. Large hall, bar (American bar facing sea), terrace with
he made his conquering expedition in 1540. The church and bell tower
gardens, swimming pool (with outdoor restaurant), big dining room opening onto
of Mattias, near Pica, were built about this time. North of Pica Valley is
terrace, internal gardens, boite, beauty parlor, barber shop, shops inside the hotel.
Mamiña, 72 miles from Iquique and famous for its thermal baths. The
Good service. The hotel owns boats and private transportation.
Pampa del Tamarugal, 186 miles long and 25 to 30 miles wide, is named
SOUTH AMERICA
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310
311
after the "Tamarugo," a small but hardy spiked bush that grows on it.
is the small but excellent San Miguel de Azapa archaeological museum
A wooded area is developing. La Tirana, a fresh oasis with an annual reli-
with displays of well-preserved mummies, now believed to be the world's
gious celebration, is situated on the pampa.
oldest-8,000 years old, they predate Egyptian mummies by 3,000 years.
On the coast 60 miles north of Iquique is the small port of Pisagua,
known as the land without winter. The bay, surrounded by high hills, has
PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR ARICA
very quiet waters, the natural setting forms a kind of overcoat over the
whole village.
HOTELS. For definitions of price categories see "Facts at Your Fingertips."
Hosteria Arica. Deluxe. Facing sea, Morro de Arica (231-201). 60 double rooms
PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR IQUIQUE
with private baths. Also offers motel-type cabins. Dining room, sitting room, bar.
Terraces and covered gardens overlooking the Pacific. Private beach.
HOTELS. For definitions of price categories see "Facts at Your Fingertips."
Motel Azapa. Deluxe. Gmo. Sanchez (242-612). Suites with kitchenette, refriger-
Hosteria Cavancha. Expensive. Los Rieles 250 (21158). Three minutes south from
ator, private baths, terraces and tropical park. Boite, bar, elegant swimming pool.
Iquique City near Cavancha Airport. 32 double rooms with private bath. Beautiful
El Paso. Expensive. Modern in design, surrounded by tropical parks and gardens.
gardens with terraces facing the Pacific. Private seashore. Modern. Excellent typical
Located a mile from the city of Arica by paved road. 40 double rooms with private
baths. Sitting room, dining room, bar, large comfortable terraces.
and international cuisine. Laundry and garage-service station.
Hotel Arturo Prat. Expensive. Anival Pinto 695 (21414). Honsa chain. In down-
Motel Saucache. Expensive. Ten cabins, each with own parking space. Two or
town Iquique, at one corner of the Plaza de Armas, 25 singles and 26 doubles, each
three bedrooms, bath, and complete kitchen. No restaurant or bar. Out in the coun-
with private bath. Big sitting room, dining room, bar, and covered and open-air
try on the Azapa road four miles from the center of Arica. Pleasant gardens.
gardens where meals are served. Boats available for fishing and water skiing. Nearby
Hotel Savona. Inexpensive. 28 rooms. Clean, well-run hotel in city center.
are the Mamiña Thermal Baths, with a great medical reputation.
Hotel Chucumata. Expensive. Balmaceda 850 (236-55). Beautiful resort complex
CASINOS. Casino Municipal de Arica is open throughout the year. It offers bac-
with 42 rooms looking over gardens and terraces with swimming pool, open-air
carat, roulette, and Black Jack. There are also a good restaurant and a late-night
restaurant, and bar. Located a few meters from the beach, in one of the best areas
cabaret. There is also a casino in Coquimbo (Casino de Juegos de Coquimbo) open
all year.
of Iquique.
ARICA
One of the world's highest railroads, the International Railway, oper-
SOUTH OF SANTIAGO
ates from the far northern city of Arica to La Paz, Bolivia. (Two round
trips are offered weekly in summer, and once or twice a month during the
The provinces south of Santiago are mostly agricultural and there are
rest of the year.)
Among the city's attractions are the Vicuña Mackenna Park, the Juan
fewer tourist attractions until the lake region is reached. Several thermal
Noé Park (named after the doctor who fought malaria in the Azapa Val-
baths are spotted along the way, among them the Cauquenes, 12 miles
ley), the Church of San Marcos, designed by French architect Gustave
from Rancagua by car or bus; Del Flaco, in the province of Colchagua
Eiffel and declared a national monument, and the University of Tarapaca
and 56 miles from the city of San Fernando, because of the altitude not
Anthropological Museum.
recommended for weak hearts; and Mondaca, in Talca province, off-limits
Sports fans have the Carlos Dittborn Stadium, named after the late or-
for heart cases. Another 22 recommended thermal baths stretch from near
ganizer of the World Football Championship in Chile in 1962, a race,
Iquique in the north all the way to Aysén in the south and are said to
track, polo fields, a golf course, and a swimming pool. The beaches are
have remarkable healing powers.
beautiful, with wonderfully temperate waters, and you can swim at night
At Rapel, some 60 miles from Santiago, a 40-mile-long lake has been
at La Lisera, a mile from town, and at Chinchorro and Miramar on the
formed by the backup from a hydroelectric dam. This lake has become
northern- side of the city.
very popular for fishing, sailing, swimming, and water skiing.
Arica also has a gambling casino and several of the best hotels, bars,
restaurants, and boites in the country.
TALCA
The valleys around Arica are true oases in the desert. Lluta Valley,
about 10 miles from Arica, is a center of cotton, corn, wheat, and toma-
The first important city on the southern trek is Talca, 150 miles from
toes. Some agricultural produce comes out of the Chaca and Camarones
Santiago. Situated on the River Claro, Talca is in the middle of grape,
valleys. Putre, on the Arica Altiplano, has 500 inhabitants living in 100-
wine, wheat, and cattle country. The town has a golf course, polo field,
odd houses. Parinacota looks like a ghost town, with its ancient church
swimming pools, clubs, and theaters.
and closed houses. And the magnificent 18,000-foot Payachatas Volcano,
The Laguna del Maule is 90 miles from Talca. It offers good rainbow
with the Chungará and Cotacotani lagoons at its foot, makes an impressive
trout fishing; however, the fish are small by Chilean-lake standards. Boat-
sight.
ing, sailing, and other water sports may be enjoyed here, although temper-
Nearer Arica is the livelier Azapa Valley, with its olives and other tropi
atures tend to be rather low because of the altitude. Near the lake is the
cal fruits. Sugar cane is also found in some of these valleys, which now
Altos de Vilches summer resort, with a hotel that is open from October
and then break up the dry and almost tragic monotony of the forbidding
through March. Several thermal baths are in the area, the best of them
northern desert.
being Panimávida, 35 miles by road. Other impressive sights are La Mina,
In the valley there are still vestiges of ancient hamlets, geoglyphs, and
with an inn for visitors; the small Maule Lagoon, just before the big one;
pre-Spanish cemeteries. About 30 minutes by car up the valley from Arica
Las Balustradas, overlooking a 900-foot cliff; the 180-foot Maule Falls and
SOUTH AMERICA
CHILE
312
313
the Penitentes, an incredibly beautiful sight with mountains, lava forma-
fortable bedrooms, with a sitting room on each of the three floors. Two singles and
tions, and exuberant vegetation.
58 doubles with private baths. Chillán offers thermal baths and nearby ski slopes,
plus the interesting crater of the Chillán Volcano. Located in the center of Chillán.
PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR TALCA
CONCEPCIÓN
HOTELS. For definitions of price categories see "Facts at Your Fingertips."
Plaza Gran. Expensive. 1 Poniente 1141 (31515). Talca's finest, in a three-story
Concepción, capital of the province by the same name, is an important
building facing the Plaza de Armas. Large sitting room, dining private supper
city for industry, culture, and tourism. As an industrial center it boasts
room, bar on the first and second floors. 70 rooms with bath. Near Talca is Constitu-
the Huachipato steel plant, coal mines, and textile plants in Tomé and
ción, a famous beach resort, and 90 miles away by paved road is the Laguna de
Chiguayante. Nine miles away is the sister city and port of Talcahuano,
Maule, located near the Argentina border.
also the principal naval port of the country and the main port for timber
Hotel Marcos Gamero. Expensive. 1 Oriente 1070. New 32-room hotel now con-
export. Its intellectual life is centered around the University of Concep-
sidered best in city. Good restaurant and bar.
ción, financed by contributions and by a twice-a-month National Lottery.
The tourist attractions are many: in the center, the historical Cerro Ama-
CONSTITUCIÓN
rillo (Yellow Hill) offers a very good view of the town; the central plaza
Constitución, a port some 60 miles from Talca, has fine bathing beaches
is lovely; the modern campus of the University is the only real university
city in Chile; Cerro Caracol, 300 feet high, offers a grand view of the val-
and is known as a summer resort. It is surrounded by pine-covered hills,
leys and the great Bío-Bío River, the largest in Chile. Across the river is
and the coast is noted for its unusual rock formations and peaceful waters
San Pedro, with beautiful forests and lagoons. In the largest lagoons boat-
ideal for almost all water sports. There is a yearly Carnival Maulino in
ing and other water sports are practiced. The principal beaches are Las
February, with a masked ball and a Venetian promenade down the Maule
Escaleras, reached by stairs carved in rock; Ramuntcho, named after one
River.
of the novels by French writer Pierre Loti who visited the place in 1875;
and La Desembocadura del Río, one of the most striking places for the
PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR CONSTITUCIÓN
visitor who goes there for the first time. Near this beach is the Pedro del
Río, Zañartu Museum, located on a farm and featuring local and Araucani-
HOTELS. Hosteria Constitución. Expensive. Freire 315. The inn is located on
an art objects.
the banks of the Maule River and is surrounded by gardens. The bar has large win-
dows and a terrace overlooking the river; the cozy dining room has a fireplace, ter-
La Planchada Fort is maintained by the city as a landmark. For two
race, and small tables from which you can see the view. The sitting room also has
centuries this fort defended Concepción.
a fireplace, plus a glass roof. 19 rooms with private baths, all looking on the magnifi-
Only 19 miles from Concepción is the textile center of Tomé, famous
cent Maule. Constitución is famed for its large beaches, clean and peaceful waters,
for its products of exceptional quality. Tomé also has good beaches and
other attractions.
and rock formations.
Near the port of Talcahuano is the Quiriquina Island, where the Naval
CHILLÁN
School has an establishment for its students, as well as the giant Huachipa-
to steel plant. Seventeen miles from Concepción is Coronel, which with
Next stop on the southern tour is Chillán. One section, Chillán Viejo,
Lota shares the leadership in the country's coal production. The Lota
retains much of its colonial air; the house where Bernardo O'Higgins, lib-
mines extend for several miles under the sea. In Lota is the famous Parque
erator of Chile, was born still stands. The other has avenues and all the
de Lota. In the Gulf of Arauco is the Island of Santa María, and in the
comforts of the 20th century. Among its attractions is the Mexico School
same area is the beach resort of Laraquete, a seven-mile golden-sand beach
decorated by world-famous Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros. The
about an hour by car from Concepción.
Cathedral is ultramodern and the plazas and parks beautiful. The "merca-
do" is also a tourist attraction with its many regional products, among
PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR CONCEPCIÓN
them ceramics and pottery from Quinchamalí and other nearby towns.
The mountains surrounding Chillán are among the most striking the tour-
HOTELS. Araucano. Deluxe. Caupolican 521 (229-944). Elegant and comfort-
ist will see in Chile.
able hotel in the heart of the city. 300 apartments with bath and phone. Furnished
Leaving the city, near Recinto, one may visit the Cueva de Los Pin-
in Spanish-Araucanian style. Swimming pool. Restaurants with excellent meals.
Disco, shops. Room service, laundry, garage, and service station.
cheira, huge caves in which the Pincheira brothers used to hide after their
Alborada. Expensive. Barros Arana 457 (228-226). 40 rooms, recently renovated;
cattle stealing raids. A series of pottery-making towns-Quinchamali,
very good service. Centrally located.
Colliguay, Huechupin, Cuca, Chonchoral, and Confluencia-offer collec-
tors original creations of the famous black pottery.
Some 58 miles from Chillán at the altitude of 5,400 feet are the Chillán
ski slopes, and near the slopes are the mineral springs that make the area
THE CHILEAN LAKE REGION
famous, with a complete hotel.
PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR CHILLÁN
Laja Lake
HOTELS. Hotel Isabel Riquelme. Expensive. Constitucion 576' (223-664). Sit-
The fabulous Chilean lake region begins in Los Angeles, some 320 miles
ting rooms, smoking room, big dining room, private supper rooms, bars. Big com-
south of Santiago, where the Laja Lake is located. The most famous sight
314
SOUTH AMERICA
CHILE
315
in the Los Angeles region is the Laja Falls, probably the most inspiring
on All Saints' Day, the second because of the emerald color of its waters.
scenery in the country. The Falls start at the Laja Lake, are 4,500 feet
Theodore Roosevelt described this lake as the most beautiful he had ever
high, and cover 48 square miles. The Antuco Volcano is reflected in the
seen, and most tourists must agree.
lake, and every year fishing competitions are held there. Fifteen miles
Motorboats operate on the principal lakes of this region-Esmeralda,
north of Los Angeles, the Laja River, which flows from the lake, drops
Llanquihue and Ranco-and most of the hotels on their banks organize
some 200 feet to form the Laja Falls, or Salto del Laja. This region is fa-
excellent excursions.
mous for its views, and there are four volcanoes: the Antuco, the Copahue,
the Tolhuaca, and the Collapén.
More Than Lakes
Temuco and Lake Villarrica
Of course, the lake region offers more to the tourist than spectacularly
beautiful views. Many of the cities mentioned have an individual charm
Almost 200 miles farther south, after the Araucanian center at Temuco,
that makes each of them worth a good, slow visit.
is one of Chile's loveliest and most famous lakes, the Villarrica. Its 66
Valdivia, with its Calle-Calle River full of boats, was founded by Don
square miles of waters change colors throughout the day. Viewed from
Pedro in 1552 and is an important and busy province. The climate is
the lake, the nearby Villarrica Volcano is an awesome sight. On the banks
humid, and beautiful lakes, woods, beaches, and rivers surround the cities.
of the Villarrica are the internationally known vacation spots of Pucón
Along the waterways are countless little cool, green islands. One recom-
and Villarrica, with luxury hotels and ample opportunities for fishing and
mended side trip is to Llifén, on the banks of Lake Ranco, with a marvel-
water sports. A legend says that if a small morro (hill) near the lake is
ous hotel complete with airstrip.
visited by a recently married couple the lake becomes furious. So honey-
Frutillar, a charming lake resort to the Lago Llanquihue, is worth a
mooners had best watch out.
visit, especially during its "semanas musicales" (classical music festival)
held every summer from the end of January to the first third of February.
Valdivia
It is renowned for its Germanic atmosphere.
Osorno is one of the many cities inhabited by great numbers of German
Next in line, in the province of Valdivia, is the beautiful Lake
descendants whose forefathers colonized the region. Here the German lan-
Panguipulli, whose name means "puma hill" in English. There is a small
guage is used almost as much as Spanish. Even road signs and menus are
and very good privately owned hotel ("hosteria"). Excursions can be made
printed in German in some places, and its wonderfully organized streets
from the Hosteria Cancahuasi (ex-Rainbow Fly Club), a good fisherman's
look like a bit of old Europe. Among the many interesting excursions (be-
hotel in Chan Chan. Also in Valdivia are the Lake Pirihueico, closer to
sides those to the lakes) are the La Picada and Antillanca ski resorts. The
the border with Argentina and with a hotel on its bank offering excursion
first, 53 miles from Osorno, includes a view of Osorno Volcano, with its
services; Lake Calafquén, offering excellent fishing but no hotel; Lake
top quality ski slopes, and transportation is provided by car or bus to the
Riñihue, with two lovely hotels, connected with Panguipulli by the truly
120-guest hostelry run by the Club Andino de Osorno. Antillanca, 62 miles
beautiful Enco River, down which a one-day fishing excursion can be
away and 12 miles from Puyehue, is 4,200 feet above sea level. Here the
made; Lake Ranco, with 23 islands well known for its excellent fishing
Club Andino has a 50-bed inn and provides buses that leave Osorno every
(fish up to 18 pounds have been taken from the lake) and a game deer
Saturday at 2:30 P.M. and return Sunday evening.
hunting private island. Hostería Riñinahue is considered to be one of the
The city of Puerto Montt from which the trip through the zone of canals
best fishing spots in the lake district and offering the most beautiful scenery
begins, is famous for its seafoods and its seaport. It also has Isla de Tenglo
imaginable as well.
with its famous curantos. Nearby is Maullín, with its lovely river.
Osorno
PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR THE LAKE REGION
The province of Osorno holds forth even greater wonders. The first lake,
HOTELS. For definitions of price categories see "Facts at Your Fingertips."
Puyehue, contains some wonderful islands filled with native birds and has
LAJA FALLS. Hosteria Salto del Laja. Expensive. Veritably beside the Laja
marvelous waterfalls and a big, good hotel for tourists. Near the lake are
Falls, this modern, very comfortable inn is designed to provide its guests with a
the Puyehue Thermal Baths, considered by many the finest hot springs
beautiful view without ever leaving the motel. A bar, dining room, and swimming
establishment in all of South America. The fishing is, again, superb. Fur-
pool add to the visitors' comfort.
ther south, Lake Rupanco, a bit nearer to the city of Osorno has top fishing
LOS ANGELES. Mariscal Alcazar. Expensive. This modern building located
and famous hot springs, but unfortunately tourist facilities are limited.
in the center of the city features a sitting room with fireplace, dining room opening
On to the south in the province of Llanquihue is the biggest of them
onto terrace, bar, 25 double rooms with private baths. Near the city are the famous
all: Lake Llanquihue. Near Puerto Montt, and with marvelous Puerto
Laja Falls (120 feet high), a beautiful natural attraction.
Varas on its banks, Llanquihue measures 320 square miles and in some
TEMUCO. Nuevo Hotel La Frontera. Deluxe. Bulnes 726 (36190). Luxurious
parts is 1,500 feet deep. Its waters are deep blue, and it is the scene for
55-room hotel with swimming pool, solarium, conference room, bar, dining room.
many water sports and some very good fishing. The lake is surrounded
Located downtown.
by some of the world's most beautiful volcanoes, especially the Osorno,
LAKE VILLARRICA. Antumalal. Deluxe. 2 km from Pucón (441-011). One
of Chile's most fabulous, on the banks of Lake Villarrica. Famous for its views and
with its eternally snow-capped peak. The sight is absolutely breathtaking.
its service, it has been visited by such personalities as Queen Elizabeth, Prince Phil-
Osorno Volcano also lends its majestic presence to Lake Todos Los San-
ip, and Barry Goldwater. The hotel organizes fishing and hunting trips for its guests.
tos, also known as Esmeralda-the first name because it was discovered
20 rooms with private baths. Located on a small hill surrounded by forests.
SOUTH AMERICA
CHILE
316
317
Gran Hotel Pucon. Expensive. Holpzafel 190 (441-001). Located on the banks
and touches scores of fishing villages. The region is not well developed
of Lake Villarrica with an overwhelming view of some of the world's most beautiful
to receive tourists, but the trip is unforgettable. The trip takes about 10
Sitting room, bar, dining room, private supper room, game room, tennis
courts, scenery. terraces overlooking the lake, large gardens, "pergolas" (summer houses),
days and visits a great variety of picturesque towns, passing dozens of
and docks on the lake. Offers water skiing, horseback riding, hiking, excellent fish-
small islands so covered in vegetation that they seem to be plants sprouting
ing, and hunting. Hotel has boats and transportation facilities for guests. 130 rooms,
from the water. Sailors and those living in the area call them maceteros
(flower pots). The fishermen who populate the area will be seen around
all with private bath.
Motel Yachting Club Villarrica. Expensive. San Martin 802 (441-191). On the
the hundreds of canals-a hardy people living amidst beautiful but cruel
banks of the lake, with broad gardens. Swimming pool, sauna. Boats for fishing
natural surroundings.
and yachts.
On the big Island of Chiloé are two towns with tourist accommodations:
VALDIVIA. Hotel Villa del Rio. Expensive. Av. Espãna 1025 (216-292). On
Ancud and Castro. Ancud, the capital of the province, is four hours from
bank of Calle Calle River near city center. 50 rooms, yacht basin, gardens, restau-
Puerto Montt by boat, or 1½ hours by car and ferry. The bay of Ancud
rant, bar.
Pedro de Valdivia. Expensive. Carampangue 180 (212-931). Modern building
is famous for its beauty, and the many attractions include the Cerro Cara-
surrounded by gardens, with large sitting room, dining room, magnificent bar. The
coles, from which the panorama of the city and its surroundings can be
hotel is decorated with beautiful murals and has an elegant boite, 85 double rooms
seen. Near Ancud is the fort of San Antonio, the last Spanish stronghold
with private baths. The city is famous for it's beauty, located on the banks of the
in the War of Independence, as well as La Máquina (the machine), so
Calle-Calle River. Several picturesque towns along the river can be reached by boats
called because there the first mechanized timber mill in South America
leaving Valdivia. The region is also famous for its forests.
was installed in 1828. Other attractive places are the thermal baths in
LAKE CALAFQUEN. Hosteria Calafquen. Expensive. On the banks of the lake
bearing the same name, this inn is of rustic design and offers almost every tourist
Llanchahué across the bay of Ancud, and such spots as Faro de Aquí,
comfort. Three floors and a bar, dining room, sitting room, terraces. Three single
Faro de Punta Corona, Mar Brava, and Chacao.
rooms and 50 doubles, each with private bath. The region offers unlimited opportu-
Castro is located on the banks of the Castro Canal and surrounded by
nities for good fishing, hunting, and water sports. From the inn the tourist can reach
small islands and towns. As all ships going or coming in the southern re-
San Martín de los Andes in Argentina.
gion must stop there, its commercial and maritime life is very important.
OSORNO. Hotel del Prado. Expensive. Cochrane 1162 (235-020) has become
Of special attraction in the area are the towns of Huillinco, Queilén, Quel-
Osorno's best. Four blocks from the city center on the corner of Cochrane and Bil-
lón and Chonchi, the latter with a small wooden church.
bao Sts. 20 rooms, color TV, bar, dining room.
Hotel Waeger. Moderate. Cochrane 816 (233-721). 25 rooms, restaurant, good
Some of the best kept secrets in South America are the spectacular fjord
cruises in Chilean Patagonia, operating from Puerto Montt and Chiloé
downtown location.
LAKE PUYEHUE. Gran Hotel Termas de Puyehue. Expensive. (231-1004 in
to the magnificent San Rafael glacier. The Skorpios cruises, with M/S
Santiago). Located on the banks of Lake Puyehue, the hotel has thermal baths. tennis The
Skorpios I (79 passengers) and M/S Skorpios II (150 passengers) offer Sat-
building is modern with many extras: swimming pool with hot thermal water, double
urday departures for weekly cruises from September through April. The
courts, riding stables, boats for fishing and water skiing. 100 single and
safe, peaceful six-day trip through southern Chile's fiords is an incompara-
rooms. Near the hotel is the Salto del Pilmaiquén (Pilmaiquén Falls) and the Antil-
ble experience. The scenery includes mountains, icebergs, the channels,
lanca Volcano, with famous ski slopes.
island valleys, fiords, and small fishing villages.
Nilque Motel. Expensive. (234-960 in Osorno). Located on the shores of Lake
Puyehue is one of Chile's finest resorts. Forty attractive cabins' line the private
beach. Activities include boating, fishing, and horseback riding. Rodeo complex
PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR
as well as full facilities for children. It is probably Chile's premier family resort
PUERTO MONTT, CHILOE, AND THE CANAL REGION
Refugio Antillanca. Moderate. (727-812 in Santiago). A short 12 miles from
Puyehue, on the Antillanca Volcano ski slopes. Newly constructed accommoda
HOTELS. PUERTO MONTT. Perez Rosales. Expensive. Av. Varas 447 (252-
tions for more than 100 skiers in twins, triples, and quads. Bar, disco, dining room
571). Of rustic design, its balconies were carved by Chilean artists to represent typi-
PUERTO VARAS. Hotel y Cabanas del Lago. Expensive. (232-291). A good.
cal scenes of the "Chilote" people who live along the channels of the Reloncavi
lake-shore hotel with 40 doubles featuring private bath, TV, charming decoration
Gulf. Five floors, large luxurious sitting room, big dining rooms beautifully decorat-
with local wood, and a fantastic view over Lake Llanquihue and its breathtaking
and with fireplaces, bar, private supper rooms, beauty parlor, barber shop, com-
Volcan Osorno. Best hotel in area. Near casino, resort facilities.
mercial shops. 52 double rooms with small sitting room, one three-bed room, and
Hotel Licarayen. Moderate. San Jose 114 (232-305). A small, 16-room inn
coe six-bed room. Puerto Montt is a must for the tourist. A clean city on the sea,
the lake shore with à marvelous view. A new wing with 6 beautiful doubles WE
0 has a great panoramic view of the Reloncaví Gulf, Tenglo Island, and several
cleanoes. Its seafood is famous all over the country, especially "centollas."
recently added.
Hotel Bellavista. Moderate. (232-520). Excellent new tourist-class hotel (opened
Hotel Colina. Moderate. Talca 81 (253-502). Comfortable 55-room hotel facing
1988). 30 lake-view rooms with private baths. Restaurant, bar, very good location
on Good restaurant and bar.
RALUN. Hotel Ralun. Deluxe. (252-100). An impressive and beautiful resort
front of the Reloncaví fjord. The hotel is located 60 miles from Puerto Montt
offers accommodations for over 60 guests in large cabins and twin-room motel-
tipe facilities. The resort features tennis, horses, boating, fishing, and conference
BEYOND THE LAKES
lities for groups up to 25. Surroundings are incomparably beautiful, and reminis-
of the Norwegian fiord country.
CHILOE. Hosteria Ancud. Expensive. (2340). A rustic, solid building with sit-
PUERTO MONTT AND CHILOÉ
room, bar, dining room, 12 singles and 12 doubles, each with private bath.
region is famous as a tourist attraction because of the many picturesque towns
For those with a pioneer spirit, the boat trip from Puerto Montt is hig
on the Island of Chiloé. Its forests and mountains are much admired.
recommended. The boat leaving Puerto Montt makes the run of the port
Hesteria Castro. Expensive. (2301). A modern building with bar, sitting room,
SOUTH AMERICA
CHILE
319
318 dining room, 12 singles and 12 doubles with private baths, plus an extra 12-bed
room. Unicornio In the Azúl. same region Moderate. as the Avda. Hosteria Pedro Ancud. Montt 228 (2359). A new hotel with
18 rooms with private bath, bar and restaurant.
EASTER ISLAND
MAGALLANES
Chile's mysterious Easter Island lies 2,355 miles due west from the Chil-
Chile's southern province of Magallanes is centered around industry Lon-
ean coast. The island, alone amid over 1,000,000 sq. miles of empty Pacific,
and and other European cities. The production from oil fields
agriculture. Great herds of sheep are there, which are shipped supplies to
is called Rapa Nui, or "Navel of the World," by its 2,000 plus Polynesian
residents.
don with almost one-third of the petroleum consumed in the country. revenue.
Easter Island is a vast outdoor museum where over 600 giant stone stat-
Chile and whales in the area are used to provide a large, source of Arenas
ues have intrigued visitors for centuries. Almost every part of the triangu-
Seals interesting 4-day, 3-night tour can be arranged from Punta of Punta
lar shaped 45 square mile island's volcanic landscape is dotted with the
strange statues.
An Tierra del Fuego, with visits to ranches, oil fields and a tour industrial
The island's lone town is Hanga Roa where the airstrip and main hotel
to Punta Arenas is an important seaport and cattle and at-
are located. Accommodations are limited and reservations may be made
Arenas. Oil is found in several nearby fields, and the area offers many went
by writing the hotel's U.S. representative: Hotel Hanga Roa, c/o LARC,
region. tractions to the enterprising tourist. The first oil-production platform
Box 1435, Dundee Fl. For reservations at other hotels or guest houses con-
on flow in 1979.
tact a Santiago travel agent.
A second famous Chilean island is located within the Juan Fernandez
archipelago 403 mi. west of Valparaiso. The isle is now officially known
Punta Arenas
as Robinson Crusoe Island and is now home to 800 Chilean fishermen who
The city's attractions include Cerro La Cruz, from which the city at and the
offer increasingly frequent visitors rustic lodging and often spectacular
Strait can be seen; racing tracks, golf course, and tennis courts ZOO
seafood meals featuring the world's largest lobsters. The island may be
the an ice skating rink and indoor stadium for sports fans; a Park.
reached by charter flights from the Chilean mainland. For scheduled ser-
Club the Hípico; Pudeto Artillery Regiment; and the María Behety Municipal culture
vice contact Turismo COCHA in Santiago.
at Its Salesiano Regional Museum is filled with information on the
of the Yagane, Ona, and Alacalufe Indians.
miles from Punta Arenas, atop the Patagonian Andes, are More ski
Four that feature runs more than a mile long that drop 1,200 feet. Also near-
ANTARCTICA
slopes information is available from Santiago's Club Andino de Chile. site of
fox farms, Seco (Dry) River, Loreto Mine, and the historic can be
Chile is fast becoming the major gateway for tourist travel to Antarcti-
by Fort are Bulnes where the first settlers managed to survive. Boat trips
ca, the Straits of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Cape Horn, South Georgia,
made to the islands of Magdalena, Marta, and Contramaestre.
and the Falkland and South Orkney islands. Punta Arenas and Puerto
Williams are the gateway cities for air and sea departures to the white con-
PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR PUNTA ARENAS
tinent: Travel is offered during the Austral summer, from November
through March.
Cabo de Hornos. Expensive. Plaza M. Gamero 1025 (222-134). Seven
Leader in cruises to Antarctica is Society Expeditions, 3131 Elliot Ave,
HOTELS. building with 150 deluxe rooms, each with private bath and telephone. service, garage. Large
Suite 700, Seattle, WA 98121. Society's cruises feature luxury expedition
story reception hall, restaurant, bar, Winter Garden, laundry and valet new and
ships, each complete with a fleet of outboard Zodiacs that permit landings
Los Navegantes Hotel. Moderate. Jose Menéndez 647 (224-677). Fifty
on the Antarctic mainland and offshore islands. Fourteen scheduled de-
comfortable rooms.
partures from Puerto Williams and Punta Arenas for cruises of 10 to 21
days.
Air travel tours to Chile's Lt. Marsh Antarctic Base is also offered via
CHILEAN PATAGONIA
Chilean military aircraft with accommodations in Antarctica's only hos-
A road now leads from Punta Arenas through 150 miles the of Pata- new
telry-the 35-room Hotel Estrella Polar. Contact Travcoa World Tours,
gonian Estancia Rio Penitente offers rustic luxury on a working Puerto
paved wilderness to Puerto Natales. At the 140-km marker, sheep
875 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, or one of the listed travel agen-
cles in Santiago.
Hostal In Puerto Natales, the small, modern Hotel Eberhard, links
ranch. 25, is the best. Beyond Puerto Natales an all-weather road both
Montt Milodon Cave and Torres del Paine National Park, which are ac-
the worth visit. Within the park, the Hosteria Pehoe offers comfortable Pehoe.
commodations a and spectacular dining-room views across Lake
Chile's Patagonia remains a frontier for adventure travel-fishing
white-water rafting, mountain climbing, and wildlife photography
PD -
Check into a Chillan writer
named Gabriela Mistral.
She wrote about world friendship &
the erotherhood of Latin American
nations - I wanted to use her for
Brazil ent A think Id better find
a Bragilian
I believe she may have won a
peace prize (1940's?) - shes restainly
very well known in So America.
I had a Xerox (encycloperia?) ent
cant find it. sorry.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
FACSIMILE TRANSMITTAL SHEET
NUMBER OF PAGES INCLUDING COVER
2
DATE 11/13/90
TO
Roperta Jacobson
FAX NUMBER 647-0791
OFFICE NUMBER 647-9393
COMMENTS We only need the color info -
FROM
Peggy Dooley
OFFICE NUMBER 647-07456-7750
PALACIO DE LA MONEDA
1784
Buliver"
It's located
Ocupa la manzana comprendida entre las callesC the
Moneda, Teatinos, Morandé y Avenida del Li-'f the streas!
bertador Bernarndo Higgins
Moneda, Tectinos, Morande
the
Ave
of
Liberator
Bernardo
Othigg
Es obra del arquitecto italiano Joaquín Toesca
Constructed
y Ricci, iniciándose su construcción en el año
in 1784 by
1784, para albergar la Real Casa de Moneda.
the Italian
Fue inaugurado aún inconcluso en 1805. Es el
architect
major example
más claro y mejor ejemplo de arquitectura neo-
of
neoclassical
in
chile.
clásica existente en Chile.
0 6 12 :8 m
En 1848 se habilita para residencia de los Presi- used as the residence for chilean Presidents since
1848.
dentes de Chile.
En 1922 se trasladan los talleres de amoneda- In 1922, offices of the Palace (ministers etc) were added -
ción y se destina el total del Palacio a algunos
ministerios y oficinas de gobierno, además de
Casa Presidencial.
Predomina en el conjunto el sentido horizontal,
lo que le otorga una imagen de gran estabilidad.
Machones estructurales de grandes proporciones
se acusan sobriamente en las fachadas que, sin
embargo, enriquecidos por bien proporcionados
cornisamento generan un interesante juego de
luces Y sombras.
Hacia el interior los volúmenes están organiza- The interior
dos en torno a cuatro patios: tres en la zona organized
norte, siendo el del centro el patio de honor patius
de acceso y uno posterior que se generó por la
demolición en el año 1940 del antiguo cuerpo
central de los talleres de fundición, dando lugar
al ya tradicional "Patio de los Naranjos" Patio of Oranges
(dinuer site J)
La estructura está constituida por gruesos muros
de albañileria de ladrillo.
Fue declarado Monumento Nacional el año de
1951. Declared a nt'l monument in 1951.
108
MOLINA G., JUAN I.
MONEDA, PALACIO DE LA
agosto de 1871. Profesor de historia
de 1743, firmada por Felipe V. La
y abogado. Fue profesor del Liceo
instalación tuvo un costo de 90 mil
de Chillán (1893), rector del Liceo de
pesos. Su primer concesionario fue
Talca (1905) y del de Concepción
Francisco García Huidobro. Se le-
(1916). Allí nació la idea de una uni-
vantó en la propiedad de calle Huér-
versidad penquista de la que fue fun-
fanos. esquina de Morandé. Poste-
dador y rector por un largo período.
riormente se trasladó al edificio
Autor de numerosas obras de filoso-
contruido por el arquitecto italiano
fia. Murió el 8 de marzo de 1964.
José Toesca y Richi (noviembre
1784-85) en el sitio "de los
MOLINA GONZÁLEZ, Juan Ig-
Teatinos" (actual Moneda). El 10 de
nacio (abate-Molina). Nació en la
septiembre de 1749 se selló la prime-
hacienda de Guaraculén, situada
ra moneda de cordoncillo, una me-
entre los ríos Maule y Loncomilla, el
dia onza de oro con el busto de Fer-
23 de junio de 1737 (24 de junio de
nando VI, pues Felipe V ya había
1740, según otras fuentes). Investi-
fallecido.
gador científico y sacerdote jesuita.
EN 1846, durante el segundo pe-
Tras la expulsión de la Compañía de
ríodo de Manuel Bulnes, el edificio
Jesús (1767), viajó a Europa, radi-
pasó a servir de Casa de Gobierno.
cándose en Bolonia. Allí desarrolló
El establecimiento de acuñación de
una gran labor científica, que plas-
monedas se trasladó a un edificio
mó en sus obras Compendio de His-
ubicado al interior de la Quinta Nor-
toria Geográfica, Natural y Civil de
mal.
Chile (publicada en 1776, y luego en
MONEDA, Palacio de la. Fue
1782, con el. título de Ensayo sobre
construído según planos del ar-
la Historia de Chile), Historia Natu-
quitecto italiano Joaquín Toesca, a
ral (1810) y Memorias (1821). Falle-
fines del siglo XVIII. En un-comien-
ció en Bolonia el 12 de septiembre de
zo estuvo destinado a la acuñación
1829.
de monedas, hasta- que en 1846 el
Presidente Bulnes decidió ocuparlo
MOLINO DEL CIEGO, Batalla del
como residencia presidencial. El cos-
Tuvo lugar el 14 de enero de 1657, en
to de las reparaciones, dirigidas por
el lugar donde actualmente se levanta
el arquitecto Vicente Larraín, llegó a
el pueblo de San Rafael. Las fuerzas
la crecida suma de $ 44.000, lo que
del mestizo Alejo rodearon a las es-
motivó que se motejara a Bulnes de
pañolas, comandadas por Pedro
derrochador. El escándalo aumentó
Gallegos. Al día siguiente, al llegar
cuando se solicitaron $ 20.000 para
refuerzos, los españoles sólo en-
adquirir en Francia el mobiliario ne-
contraron los cadáveres de sus com-
cesario. Durante la primera admi-
pañeros y unos pocos heridos.
nistración de Ibáñez se le hicieron di-
versas modificaciones. Arturo Ales-
MONEDA, Casa de. La Casa de
sandri la llamaba "la casa donde
Moneda es el servicio fiscal más anti-
tanto se sufre". El 11 de septiembre
guo del país. Fue fundada en San-
de 1973 fue bombardeado y debió ser
tiago por real cédula el 1° de octubre
sometido a reparaciones.
109
ZONA
SANTIAGO
Y ALREDEDORES
PRESENTACION
SECTORES
F DCO más de la mitad de la población de Chile
o
PUTAENDO
vive en Santiago y sus alrededores. Todos los fi-
SAN FELIPE
nes de semana miles de automovilistas viajan en
familia, hacia la costa o la cordillera, dependien-
2
LOS ANDES
do de la temporada. Aquí damos a conocer los
otros innumerables atractivos que esta zona po-
CON CON
PORTILLO
see y que, por ser casi desconocidos, permiten
VIÑA DEL MAR
realizar un bello paseo sin el habitual congestio-
VALPARAISO
namiento automovilístico.
3
CHACABUCO
El territorio comprendido en esta zona abarca
LA PARVA
desde el Valle de Aconcagua por el norte hasta
TILTILO
Angostura de Pelequén por el sur. Al oriente inclu-
FARELLONES
! e el sector cordillerano y hacia el poniente se ex-
1 ende hasta las tierras "costinas" incluyendo
! uangue, lago Rapel y poblados de La Estrella y
Litueche.
4
8
SANTIAGO
La delimitación de "Santiago y Alrededores" ha
SAN ANTONIO
sido determinada por el radio de acción de un pa-
OPOMAIRE
seo familiar por el día, en automóvil. La descrip-
MELIPILLA
PIRQUE
O
ción de los recorridos propuestos está presenta-
T
LO VALDES
da en 9 sectores que son
LAG
5
ACULEO
1 Cludad de Santiago con sus principales cen-
I
8
EL VOLCAN
tros de interés.
2 Valle de Aconcagua con Los Andes, San Feli-
ALHUE
LAGO
pe y valles interiores.
RAPEL
2
:] Cuenca de Chacabuco Gran Valle al norte de
RANCAGUA
antiago.
-, Sector Cordillera con los caminos a Portillo, a
LA ESTRELLA
Farellones y Cajón del Maipo.
6-7
5 Llanos del Maipo con Pirque, Calera de Tango
y alrededores.
PEUMO
PELEQUEN
6 Valle de Rancagua hacia el sur de Angostura
de Paine.
7 Valle del Cachapoal desconocidos parajes
--odjey up your uses
que bordean este río.
CHILE
8 Valle del Mapocho todos los atractivos camino
a la costa.
AM
3 Tierras Costinas parajes y pueblos al ponien-
:e de Santiago.
8
63
Panamericana Norte
1
2
a Los Andes
Santiago Metropolitano
CENTRO DE SANTIAGO
CENTRO BELLAVISTA
CENTRO PROVIDENCIA
Paseos 1,2,3
Paseo 7
Paseo 8
Paseo 4
PARQUE METROPOLITANO
Pasep5
NUEVOS BARRIOS
LO BARNECHEA
6
CONCHALI
QUILICURA
Rio
Comodoro A Merino Benitez
VESPUCIO
&
DISCONAL INDEPENDENCIA JMCARO
RECOLETA
Mapocho
Aeropuerto Internacional
SCONDES
arettones
AV KENNEDY VITACURA
DEL
ALBA
RENCA
AL
APOSTOL SANTIAGO
STA AV STA MARIA
R/O Mapocho
CAMINO
APOQUINDO
Rio Mapocho
CARRASCAL RIO Mapocho
LAS
CONDES
COLON
TOMAS MORO
PUDAHUEL
MAPOCHO
BALMACEDA
JOAQUIN PEREZ
AV FCO \LBAO
LA:REINA
YANEZ
QUINTA
TTE CRUZ
MATOCANA
AV PRINCIPE DE GALES
AV LAS TORRES TO RES
NORMA
CATEDRAL
DE
SAN PABLO
MONTT
LARRAIN
3
AS REJAS
AV LIBERTADOR B G D'HIGGINS ENCALADA
DIEZ AVMATTA DE JULIO
AV IRARRAZAVAL
GRECIA
NUÑOA
AV JOSE ARRIETA
a Valparaíso
AV 5DE ABRIL
ELASQUEZ
EXPOSICION
SAN DIEGO
03
NUBLE
LO HERMIDA
44 RAMON FREIRE
CICARELLI RODRIGO DE ARAYA
AGUIRRE CERDA
CARLOS VALDOVINOS
AV VICUÑA MACKENNA
JOSE A ESSANDRI
AV QUILIN
MAIPU
AV TOBALABA
SAN MIGUEL
AV
AV DEPARTAMENTAL
LA CISTERNA
!
CARLOSWALKER M
2
STA ROSA STA ROSA
LA FLORIDA
LO
ESPEJO.
AV
San Antonio
AMERICO
DIEGO PORTALES
4
GRANT JOSE
LA GRANJA
AV CONCHA TORO
SAN JOSE
PUENTE ALTO
SAN BERNARDO
EYZAGUIRRE
Maipo
Rio
Rio Maipo
5
Panamericana Sur
62
Sedimento Marino
Cordillera de la Costa
FISONOMIA
Océano
Placa Marina
E
W
DESCRIPCION El área que abarca esta zona com-
de Santiago y Rancagua con una gran cantidad
prende parte del Valle del Aconcagua, la Cuenca
de sedimentos.
de Santiago y la Cuenca de Rancagua hasta la an-
gostura de Regolemu, en Pelequén. Además de las
En esta nivelación del valle sobreviven sólo los pi-
Cordilleras de los Andes y de la Costa.
cachos más altos, llamados cerros islas; entre
ellos, el de Chena, Tango, Sta. Lucía y San Cristó-
Estado Original
Mortológicamente, el Valle del Aconcagua corres-
bal. La capa de sedimento se acumuló más grue-
ponde al último de los valles transversales y está
sa próximo a Los Andes y más baja hacia la costa.
formado por sistemas fluviales que atraviesan el
Esto explica el por qué La Pirámide del cerro San
país CE montaña a mar y enmarcado por estribacio-
Cristóbal posee distinta altura a uno y otro lado
nes de cerros que, desprendidos de la cordillera, si-
del valle; también este mismo espectáculo se ob-
E
W
duen un rumbo generalmente de oriente a poniente.
serva entre los valles de Pudahuel y Curacaví, al
cruzar por el túnel Lo Prado.
Más abajo se extiende el Valle Central O depre-
sión intermedia, que corre hacia el sur enmarca-
Hace más de 120.000 años se produjo la segunda
do por las Cordilleras de Los Andes y de la Costa,
glaciación, la cual volvió a triturar la roca madre
y que en su trayecto va formando un sistema de
de la cordillera y a arrastrar materiales ya trabaja-
Elevación de los Andes
cuencas. La primera es la Cuenca de Santiago,
dos con anterioridad. Nuevos tapones morréni-
que se encuentra separada del Valle de Aconca-
COS se instalaron en el interior de los cajones an-
gua por los cerros del cordón de Chacabuco se
dinos, los que actualmente se pueden observar
extiende hacia el sur hasta la angostura de Paine.
en el río Mapocho en el sector de La Ermita y Co-
rral Quemado, a pocos kms del Arrayan; también
E
Luego viene la Cuenca de Rancagua, que com-
W
prende la zona desde Paine hasta la angostura de
en los Queltehues, en el Maipo, y aguas arriba del
Regolemu, en Pelequén. Ambas poseen prolon-
río Yeso, donde las morrenas detienen las aguas
gaciones del valle hacia el poniente, por donde
de la laguna Negra. En el valle del Aconcagua el
corren los ríos, y terminan en los suaves lomajes
sector de Portillo es una gran acumulación morré-
de la liamada zona costina.
nica, cuyos materiales retienen a la laguna del
Inca.
Hundimiento del Valle Central
La Cordillera de Los Andes tiene en esta área 4
grandes cajones 0 fisuras, cada una surcada por
De 5 a 10 mil años atrás y quizás contemporánea-
los ríos Aconcagua, Mapocho, Maipo y Cacha-
mente a los primeros habitantes del país se pro-
poal, los que han tenido una función primordial en
dujo una nueva y gran erupción de cenizas volcá-
la formación del Valle Central. Y la cordillera de la
nicas, las que cubrieron toda la cordillera y pre-
Costa tiene aquí las mayores alturas de todo su
cordillera andina. Fue tal la intensidad de dichas
recorrido en los cerros de el Roble y de Cantilla-
erupciones que las aguas lluvias y los ríos, trans-
na, con más de 2.000 mts cayendo directamente
portando estos sedimentos, los depositaron lejos
sobre el Valle Central.
de la Cordillera de Los Andes, a los pies de la
Cordillera de la Costa y aún más allá, colmando la
FORMACION DEL TERRITORIO Para que se lle-
depresión y en algunos casos cortando el paso
gara configurar el paisaje que hoy contempla-
de los ríos en su trayecto al mar. Actualmente,
mos, an sido necesarios varios cientos de millo-
gruesos depósitos de cenizas se pueden ver en
nes Ge años de interacción de procesos tectóni-
Pudahuel y Cerrillos de Maipú, en Santiago, y en
COS, glaciales y volcánicos, cuya obra permane-
el valle interior del Cachapoal, en Rancagua.
ce aún inconclusa. El tectonismo es una actividad
Hoy los ríos continúan modelando la topografía,
en la corteza terrestre producida por la presión y
ya sea erosionando intensamente todos aquellos
deslizamiento de la placa marina del fondo del
depósitos de restos morrénicos acumulados en
Océano Pacífico, bajo la placa del continente su-
los cajones cordilleranos, removiendo los escom-
damericano; a esto se debe que la isla de Pascua
bros en las laderas andinas, depositando y ero-
se esté acercando al continente a razón de 1 mt
sionando sedimentos en el valle central a la vez
aprox al año. La enorme presión generada por el
que ahondan su curso en el valle y finalmente, sa-
choque de estas dos grandes capas de corteza
cando miles de toneladas de arena hacia el mar.
terrestre produce los terremotos y erupciones vol-
cánicas por todos conocidos, pero también y a
PRIMITIVOS HABITANTES A la llegada de los
una escala geológica, es la que ha modificado la
españoles la población que habitaba esta zona
2
estru tura de la corteza produciendo repliegues
era predominantemente mapuche, mezclada con
y SC vantamientos, hasta generar las cordilleras
tribus traídas desde la zona de Arequipa, Perú,
actuales.
por los Incas. Las actuales investigaciones consi-
Hace 100 millones de años ya existía la Cordillera
deran al pueblo Mapuche con una unidad étnica y
de la Costa y también, en el lugar que ocupa la de
lingüfstica que se extendía desde el río Choapa
Los Andes, había una gran depresión cubierta
por el norte hasta Chiloé por el sur. 1.400 kms de
por el mar que se iba rellenando con los sedimen-
longitud, y con marcados distingos de clima, flora
tos marinos. Posteriormente, una gran actividad
y fauna, por lo cual fue natural la aparición de pe-
tectónica comenzó a solevantar la depresión ma-
queñas diferencias en el idioma y en las costum-
rina, creando la Cordillera de Los Andes, y duran-
bres. Ellos se denominaban a sí mismos Picun-
te el proceso elevó también la antigua Cordillera
ches a los de esta zona, Mapuches a la población
de la Costa. Millones de años después y ya en vís-
entre ríos Bío Bío y Toltén, y Huilliches desde el
peras de los períodos glaciales, un nuevo tecto-
sur de este último río.
nismo fracturó la unión entre ambas cordilleras,
hurdiendo y configurando la depresión interme-
A mediados del siglo 15 el imperio Inca se expan-
dia Valle Central.
de hacia Chile central hasta el río Maule y ejerce
dominio militar, económico y cultural en esta
As formadas las dos cordilleras y el valle, co-
zona. Entre sus obras más destacables están el
menzaron a actuar otros procesos de modelación
camino del Inca, de 6 mts de ancho, que se ex-
del territorio. Un primer período glacial cubrió
tiende desde el Perú hasta el río Cachapoal y
completamente la cordillera de hielos, los que
además levantaron guarniciones militares en Pu-
avanzaron hacia los valles, triturando y transpor-
kará, cerro Chena y trasladaron tribus Mitimaes,
lando las rocas, y formando verdaderos tapones
desde Arequipa, para enseñar el idioma y las téc-
en los cajones andinos, llamados morrenas. Pero
nicas de cultivo. Finalmente, establecen Curacas
en medio de estos acontecimientos, se produjo
o sedes de gobierno local en cada valle, entre
un gran volcanismo de efusión de cenizas, lo que
ellos, Vitacura, Talagante, Copequén, etc. Tam-
provocó el derretimiento dè los hielos y con ello,
bién durante la dominación incásica se organizó el
grandes avalanchas de una masa líquida-plásti-
territorio agrícola con sistema de canales y ace-
ca y caliente llamada corriente de barro. Estas
quias, y se introdujo el ají y el maíz a los cultivos.
arrasaron con todos los materiales acumulados
A la llegada de los españoles la densidad de po-
de tro de los cajones andinos, principalmente el
blación nativa era baja en esta zona, muy inferior
de Maipo y el Cachapoal, y rellenaron la cuenca
a la existente al sur del rio Bío Bío. Así lo afirman
65
los primeros cronistas españoles, estimando la
las riberas y el poco caudal de verano corre pro.
población indígena en no más de 25.000 almas
fundo y alejado de los bordes, no permitiendo un
hacia 1543 y 15 años más tarde alcanzaba a me-
gran desarrollo vegetal en sus orillas.
nos de 9.000 nativos, diezmados por el trabajo en
las minas O fugados a otros territorios. Todos los
Cuatro fueron los factores determinantes en la
de esta zona fueron sometidos a régimen de en-
transformación del paisaje original durante la Co-
comienda de indios, entregándolos, por grupos
Ionia. Estos son la introducción y multiplicación
tribales, a 32 capitanes conquistadores. El princi-
del ganado europeo que pastoreaba semi-salvaje
pal encomendero de la época, Rodrigo de Quiro-
en el llano central; la necesidad de madera para
ga y su esposa Inés de Suárez, alcanzaron a tener
la construcción en la ciudad y las haciendas; et
el año 1546, 1.500 nativos en 5 encomiendas, los
uso como único combustible del carbón y la leña,
obtenidos preferentemente de Espino de los lla.
C
que 33 años después habian disminuido a 800 y
en 160 años más sólo quedaban 101 indios enco-
nos y, finalmente, el proceso de irrigación artifi.
cial de los valles que obligó al necesario desmon.
P
mendados.
La población nativa estaba diseminada, sin cons-
te de la vegetación original.
c
tituir pueblos ni aldeas, en asentamientos que re-
cibían la denominación del lugar. Así próximo a
PROPIEDAD DE LA TIERRA A la llegada de los
C
Santiago, existlan los lugares poblados de Vita-
españoles, éstos fundan en 1542 su asiento en la
cura -sede del Curaca-, Nuñoa, Tobalaba, Ma-
ciudad de Santiago, constituyéndose en el único
cul y Apoquindo. En los alrededores estaba Lam-
centro urbano que existirla por casi 2 siglos en
pa, Colina, Aculeo, Tango, Chada, Talagante,
toda el área que comprende esta zona. La econo.
Chiñigüe, Maltarauco, Melipilla, Puangue, Pomai-
mía inicial se funda en una agricultura de susten-
re y muchos otros.
to yen la minería de oro. Para lo primero, se repar-
ten chacras próximas a la ciudad distribuidas en
La economía agraria era de sustento y para regar
OC
las mejores tierras regadas y trabajadas por nati-
sus cultivos se asentaban próximo a los rios y es-
vos, las que se ubican en Vitacura, Tobalaba, Ma-
A
teros. Las tierras de los llanos, hoy consideradas
cul y Nuñoa, y también río abajo del Mapocho ha-
gr
las mejores, estaban entonces vírgenes y pobla-
cia Talagante. Para las duras faenas mineras se
de
das, y sólo se incorporaron con el auge de la ga-
instituye el sistema de encomienda de indios, que
gr
nadería en el siglo 18 y las grandes obras de re-
consistía en la entrega a un capitán español de un
pa
gadio del siglo 19.
grupo aborigen, quienes con su trabajo pagaban
sa
tributo a la Corona; estas encomiendas no involu-
de
El ganado de "llamas" (auquénidos) tampoco so-
brepasaba las necesidades domésticas y estaba
craban el derecho de propiedad sobre la tierra,
su
ya que ésta dependía de otra institución llamada
la
sometido a régimen de pastores y corrales.
merced de tierra.
Lc
PAISAJE ORIGINAL Entre más de 1.000.000 de
Desde un principio se repartió a los pobladores
fic
há planas que comprende la zona de esta guía,
de Santiago, además del solar y la chacra, merce-
pr
es dable presumir que estaban cultivadas y rega-
des de tierra en los valles poblados por aborige-
CC
das sólo el 2% de ellas, y modificadas por ramo-
nes, en La Ligua, Aconcagua, Maipo y Cacha-
de
neo de animales y extracción de leña, no más del
poal. Estas eran de límites imprecisos y no tuvie-
de
15% restante. Así, más del 80% de las tierras pla-
ron mayor demanda, pues la mayoría de los con-
las
nas y además de la totalidad de las "serranias"
quistadores se desplazaron hacia las tierras de
cé
estaban en estado virgen, entregado a su natural
Arauco, al Sur del rio Bío Bío. Sin embargo, hacia
pro
desarrollo.
1600 las ciudades del sur fueron definitivamente
pa
abandonadas debido a la gran revuelta mapuche
CO
El régimen de lluvias de la zona central, si bien
y un gran contingente de población emigró hasta
ne
hace 4 siglos era más intenso en términos de
el centro del país, demandando tierras para ga-
cic
agua caída, ésta se distribuía en forma parecida
narse su sustento. Así fue como hacia 1650, toda
do
a hoy, en que 4 meses de lluvias continuas, 2 me-
ses de lluvias ocasionales y 6 meses de sequía.
la tierra en esta área estaba entregada en propie-
La
Este régimen de aguas genera una vegetación
dad, tanto a colonos como nativos y a partir de en-
das
autóctona similar a la que hoy conocemos y que
tonces, la propiedad de la tierra se obtuvo por he-
cia
se caracteriza por tener raíces profundas, muy
rencia O compra.
ce
lento crecimiento y gran résistencia a las sequías.
La dimensión original de las propiedades agríco-
du,
El llano o valle con tierras planas asoleadas y
las fue diversa, dependiendo de su proximidad a
per
sin sombras, las cubría una vegetación raía de ár-
Santiago, alcanzando a 300 há las más peque-
má
ñas, hasta 1.500 há planas en zonas de valles.
que
boles de pequeño desarrollo, entre ellos, los Espi-
llos
nos y Algarrobos, cuyo suelo, con pasto en invier-
no y polvoriento en verano;- no estaba habitado
PRODUCCION AGRARIA La población abori-
gen cultivaba principalmente el maíz, la papa y la
VIL
por aborígenes. Los cronistas de la colonia lo
describen como un "llano" donde "tenian los ban-
quinoa -cereal aborigen-, y su ganado lo consti-
exi:
doleros SU más cercana madriguera e impuni-
tuía la "llama". El conquistador español introduce
era
dad". Este paisaje era muy similar al que hoy se
el -cereal de mayor rendimiento-) los árbo-
ab:
observa en los valles no regados del norte de Pol-
les frutales europeos, que se adaptaron con facili-
cer
paico y Chacabuco, y a ambos lados del túnel Lo
dad; también el ganado vacuno, caballar, lanar y
mer
porcino. En términos generales, el potencial del
y lo
Prado.
agro hacia 1600 sobrepasaba con creces las ne-
trac
Quebradas y faldeo sur de los cerros esta es la
cesidades internas de la escasa población de
liza
zona donde se concentraba la gran vegetación
esa fecha. Por otro lado, el crecimiento poblacio-
de
arbórea de enorme desarrollo y que alcanzaba la
nal de Lima en Perú yel desarrollo de la minería
18 s
edad límite de las especies. Alli abundan el Peu-
mo, Maitén, Boldo, Quillay. Litre y, en los cerros
de plata en Potosí, géneraron una gran demanda
dad
de productos del agro, los que fueron abasteci-
Así
costinos además, el Avellano, Lingue, el soberbio
Belloto y la bella Palmera chilena. Hoy este tipo
dos desde Chile, fundamentalmente de trigo,
en
sebo para velas y jabón, cueros para vestuarios y
en
de vegetación y paisaje persiste en muchos ce-
rros y quebradas, donde el bosque se ha regene-
arneses, charqui y ganado equino.
los
so:
rado, pero los grandes bosques y enormes árbo-
Hacia 1700 una peste surgida en las sementeras
Ch
les que conocieron los primeros conquistadores,
del trigo del Perú malogró las cosechas de dicha
sólo se pueden ver en contados lugares, como en
As
nación durante décadas y con ello Chile se trans-
los faldeos sur de la Cuesta del Melón y en los famo-
forma en el principal abastecedor de granos, lie-
dio
SOS bosques de los cerros de Cantillana, en Aculeo.
gando a exportar anualmente hasta 10.000 ton de
de
También en la quebrada de El Manzano, en el Cajón
trigo desde la zona central.
re,
del Maipo.
Mac
Ribera de los grandes ríos, el paisaje de ellas
LA HACIENDA El tipo de producción intensiva
aser
debe haber sido muy similar al que hoy conoce-
de ganadería y trigo requirió de una unidad pro-
sus
mos, con una vegetación ribereña poco densa y
ductiva de mayor dimensión. Así, el tamaño origi-
donde predomina el Maitén y Sauce chileno. Esta
nal de los fundos se incrementó por la compra de
MAY
probable similitud se explica, pues los grandes
los minifundos y fundos contiguos. Las Ordenes
una
ríos Aconcagua, Mapocho, Maipo y Cachapoal
Religiosas eran los mayores terratenientes del
na e
tienen un ancho cauce pedregoso, donde la vio-
país, y la Orden Jesuita, la principal productora,
des
lencia de las aguas en época de deshielo socava
hacia 1750 era propietaria, entre otras, de la ha-
rian
66
re pro-
ndo un
cienda de Graneros con 14.000 há planas y
fuesen usufructuadas por alguien de su descen-
120.000 de serranías, la de Bucalemu con 54.000
dencia, pero sin derecho a gravarla o enajenarla,
ná. la de Calera de Tango con 3.000 há planas y
para así traspasarla indivisa de una generación a
; en la
la hacienda de Chacabuco de 29.000 há.
otra. A estas propiedades se les llamó Vínculo,
: la CO-
El tamaño de las propiedades agrícolas y la im-
por estar vinculadas a una voluntad testamenta-
cación
portancia económica de su labor produjo la cana-
ria, y al usufructuario Mayorazgo, pues general-
salvaje
lización de la mayor parte de la población del
mente era el hijo mayor de cada generación. El
a para
país hacia ellas. Así nacieron las haciendas, que
objetivo de esta institución era preservar el poder
:as; el
vivieron una existencia y desarrollo semi aisla-
económico de una familia o el de un título nobilia-
a leña,
das. Dentro de sus limites estaba todo lo que el
rio adquirido a la Corona.
OS lla-
hombre rural de los siglos 17 y 18 necesitaba:
artifi-
En Chile hubo 20 mayorazgos; el primero fue fun-
producción de alimento, hilado del vestuario, tra-
smon-
dado hacia 1703 y el último en 1789 por Mateo de
bejo del cuero, fabricación de velas, herrería, bo-
Toro y Zambrano, Conde de la Conquista. Más
degas de vinos y secadores de charqui y frutas.
tarde, los mayorazgos -que eran la base del po-
De esta manera se formó la sociedad rural de Chi-
de los
der social y económico de los siglos 18 y 19- fue-
le y la hacienda fue el lugar de refugio de la gran
) en la
ron suprimidos por ley de don Bernardo O'Hig-
único
masa de población mestiza que deambulaba por
gins al inicio de la República; sin embargo, sólo
los campos, la que se asentó en categoría de
OS en
dejaron de existir realmente hacia fines del siglo
"peón", adquiriendo distintos oficios. Además,
:cono-
pasado cuando se dividieron los vínculos. Lo pe-
surge un tipo especial de trabajador agrario, el in-
usten-
culiar de esta situación es que, de los 20 mayo-
quilino, que era un arrendatario instalado por el
repar-
razgos, 16 de ellos tenfan las haciendas ubicadas
propietario de los linderos de la hacienda, con el
:as en
en esta zona, y los 4 restantes, estaban en la peri-
objetivo de resguardar sus intereses.
. nati-
feria inmediata, es decir, en Pullally (Papudo), La
a, Ma-
A fines del siglo 17 y primera mitad del siglo 18,
Ligua, Quillota y Cunaco. La zona central del país
no ha-
gracias a las exportaciones de trigo, la propiedad
concentraba, por ende, todo el poder económico
ras se
de la tierra adquirió un valor preponderante. Los
y social de la época.
S, que
grandes terratenientes, capitaneados porta Com-
de un
pañía de Jesús y varias familias de esta zona, pa-
LOS CANALES DE RIEGO En el siglo pasado se
gaban
saron a constituir el núcleo social más importante
produce un fuerte cambio en el aspecto físico del
nvolu-
del país, siendo verdaderos señores feudales en
agro de la zona central. Este es motivado por la
tierra,
sus latifundios y dando origen a los mayorazgos y
aparición de un nuevo y gran mercado para el tri-
mada
la obtención de títulos nobiliarios de Castilla.
go chileno en California y más tarde en Australia.
Los edificios de la hacienda eran extensos, lo su-
Como consecuencia, los grandes capitales acu-
dores
ficiente como para albergar jerárquicamente a los
mulados en la minería del cobre, la plata y luego
erce-
propietarios, trabajadores, industrias, bodegas y
el salitre, se vuelcan hacia la agricultura, y me-
brige-
corralones. Actualmente no existen testimonios
diante modernas tecnologías inspiradas en las
acha-
del siglo 17, pero sí se conservan varios edificios
obras ferroviarias de la época se abren los gran-
:uvie-
de principios del siglo 18; un buen ejempto son
des canales que, sacando aguas de los ríos
las Casas de Calera de Tango, con una disposición con-
Aconcagua, Mapocho, Maipo y Cachapoal, irri-
: con-
céntrica, cercada enteramente por murallones de
gan las tierras planas de esta zona y además se
as de
protección y organizada interiormente en base a
construyen los tranques necesarios para la regu-
nacia
lación de las aguas.
nente
atios y precedida por una capilla. Estas casas,
uche
onstruidas por los jesuitas, son testimonio de la
Este proceso comienza en 1828, con la apertura
hasta
necesidad de organizar el espacio rural en fun-
del canal San Carlos que saca aguas del Maipo, y
3 ga-
ción del trabajo y en un ámbito protegido del ban-
continúa afanosamente durante todo el siglo en
toda
dolerismo de la época.
que se construyeron más de 30 grandes canales
opie-
La característica arquitectónica de estas hacien-
con una colosal inversión y despliegue tecnológi-
e en-
das cambia a partir de mediados del siglo 18 ha-
CO. Los últimos grandes canales como el de Cha-
or he-
cabuco, de Las Mercedes en el valle de Curacaví
cia una organización lineal de los edificios, pre-
cedidos por la casa patronal y la capilla, indivi-
y el de Peumo a Las Cabras, se concluyen recién
hacia 1930.
rico-
dualizados volumétricamente de las restantes de-
ad a
pendencias. Esta nueva distribución adquiere su
En el lapso de un siglo se irrigó todo el llano de las
que-
máxima expresión en las casas patronales y par-
cuencas de Acohcagua, Santiago, Rancagua y
ques del siglo 19, de los cuales hay muchos y be-
Cachapoal, y una compleja red de canalizacio-
llos testimonios descritos en esta guía.
nes cambió radicalmente la productividad del
bori-
agro y modeló una nueva fisonomia en el paisaje.
2
y la
ILLAS Y CIUDADES Hasta inicios del 1700, no
Así, em 1851 se inicia la plantación de viñedos in-
nsti-
existian más que 7 ciudades en Chile y Santiago
dustriales, fundándose la industria vitivinícola;
:uce
era el único centro poblado de toda la zona que
aparecen los grandes cultivos de riego, las leche-
rbo-
abarca esta guía. La comunidad se había con-
rías, la industria láctea, y hacia 1900, la plantación
acili-
centrado en las haciendas, dificultando enorme-
masiva de frutales, y el inicio de las exportaciones
ar y
mente el adoctrinamiento religioso, la educación,
frutícolas en 1920.
del
y lo que es más importante, la incorporación a la
ne-
tradición hispana de la creciente población mes-
EL NUEVO PAISAJE Los viñedos, frutales, hor-
de
tiza. Por esta razón y por instrucciones expresas
talizas y sementeras que cubren hoy los campos
cio-
de la Corona, los gobernantes de Chile del siglo
de esta zona, forman el nuevo paisaje surgido de
eria
18 se abocaron a urbanizar el país, fundando ciu-
la irrigación artificial. Junto a esto aparecen los
nda
dades y villas tanto para españoles como nativos.
potreros cuadriculados por largas filas de árboles
nci-
Así nacen en esta zona San Fellpe en 1740, Melipilla
plantados junto a las acequias y además, unos al-
go,
en 1742, Rancagua en 1743, Alhué en 1755, Los Andes
tos y apretados grupos arbóreos rodeados de
OS y
en 1791, y también Peumo y San José de Malpo. Todos
muros, que definen los parques y las casas patro-
OS otros pueblos y ciudades que hoy conocemos
nales. El árbol, elemento tan importante del paisa-
son fundados después de la independencia de
ras
je de la zona central, no es un fenómeno natural
Chile.
tha
sino una manifestación cultural que define el gus-
ns-
A su vez, para los nativos se fundan "pueblos de in-
to de una época. Son todos de origen foráneo -
le-
dios" con mercedes de tierras circundantes, don-
álamos, sauce babilónico, eucaliptus, pino insig-
de
de se les obligó a concentrarse. Estos son Pomai-
ne, ciprés macrocarpa, etc.-, la mayoría introdu-
re, Chiñihue, Talagante, Lampa, Tiltil, Carrizal,
cida recién en la segunda mitad del siglo pasado
Macul, Machali y muchos otros. En general, estos
(el eucaliptus en 1870).
vava
asentamientos tuvieron una corta historia, pues
En esta introducción del gusto por el árbol tuvo
ro-
sus tierras fueron adquiridas por los latifundistas.
una gran importancia la creación, en 1846, del Jar-
'gi-
din de Aclimatación en Santiago (Quinta Normal), don-
de
MAYORAZGOS Y VINCULOS El mayorazgo fue
de se reprodujeron las principales especies fo-
nes
una institución jurídica reglamentada por la Coro-
restales y ornamentales extranjeras. También es
cel
na española y que permitía a personas de gran-
significativa la fundación de grandes criaderos
ra,
des recursos económicos, destinar testamenta-
de plantas como El Diamante en Buin y Santa Inés en
a-
riamente algunas de sus propiedades para que
Nos, éste último fundado en 1888 y que llegó a te-
67
ner más de 4.000 especies y variedades a la ven-
DESARROLLO ACTUAL Esta Zona posee exce.
ta. El diseñador de los principales parques rura-
lentes condiciones para la habitabilidad humana,
les fue el paisajista francés Guillermo Renner,
aportadas tanto para un clima templado, con !!u-
quien trabajó en Chile durante 20 años a partir de
vias de invierno moderadas y gran luminosidad,
1870. Este gusto por los árboles tan en boga en la
como por sus buenos suelos aluvionales, hoy irri-
segunda mitad del siglo pasado, no sólo invadió
gados. Por ello, aquí, a lo largo de 4 siglos, Se
el campo y los parques patronales, sino que des-
asentó la mayor parte de la población del país y
bordó en las áreas urbanas, plantándose la "ala-
se gestó y desarrolló la tradición rural chilena.
meda" en Santiago hacia 1845 y cubriéndose de
Hoy día, con cerca de 6,000.000 de habitantes
árboles y jardines a partir de 1870 todas las secas
concentra el 53% de la población del país.
y terrozas plazas de Armas de Chile.
SECTOR CIUDAD DE SANTIAGO
CONTENIDO
SANTIAGO PARA LOS NIÑOS
La descripción de la ciudad de Santiago sólo es
Principales lugares equipados
posible abandonando múltiples temas de dificil
con entretenimientos aproplados
conexión entre ellos. Se ha adoptado el criterio de
para grandes y chicos.
capítulos independientes, cada uno con un espe-
cífico contenido. Estos son:
SERVICIOS Y PRECIOS
PRESENTACION
Hospedajes
El Entorno
Tours de Santlago
El Clima
Arriendo Automóviles
El Gran Santlago
Arrlendo Bicicletas
La Población
Canchas de Tenis
Desarrollo Económico
Crecimiento Acelerado
Actual Desarrollo
PRESENTACION
EL ENTORNO La ciudad de Santiago está em-
HISTORIA URBANA
plazada en la planicie del valle y próxima a los fal-
La Fundación de Santlago
deos de la Cordillera de los Andes. (33°30' latitud
La Colonia
sur, 70°35' longitud oeste). Es la cabecera del
Ideales de la Ilustración
Gran Valle Central de Chile que se extiende, port
La Independencia
casi 1.000 kms, desde Santiago hasta Puerto
Consolidación Territorial
Montt.
Celebración y Ornato
Toda la ciudad posee un suave declive de Este a
Lenta Expansión
Oeste. La Plaza de Armas -el centro de origen de
La Cludad Capital
la ciudad- está a 543 mts sobre el nivel del mar;
Desarrollo Vial
Maipú, al poniente, a 474 metros, y El Arrayán, al
oriente, a 1.800 mts. Esta realidad topográfica ha:
originado los términos de "barrios altos y barrios
INFORMACION DE UTILIDAD
bajos", según se ubiquen al oriente 0 poniente de
la Plaza de Armas.
Mayor Información,
La Cordillera de los Andes, además de rodear la
Cómo llegar a Santiago
ciudad, avanza en formande espolón hasta su mis-
Horarios Urbanos
mo Centro, A pocas cuadras de la Plaza de Armas
Centros de Administración Pública
se alza el Cerro San Cristóbal de 880 mts sobre el
Centros Financieros
nivel del mar y también existen pequeños cerros
2
Centros de Camblos y Turismo
aislados como el Manquehue, Navia, Blanco, San
Centros de Comercio
Luis y el cerro Santa Lucia en pleno Centro urba-
Centros de Artesanía
no.
Centros de Repuestos Autos
La ciudad es cruzada por el río Mapocho, prove-
Centros Venta Automóviles
niente de la Cordillera, con-caudal torrentoso en
Centros de Arte y Exposiciones
los meses de lluvias y deshielos, y casi seco en
Centros de Música, Opera y Ballet
los meses de verano. Originalmente corría por SU
Teatros
actual cauce y además por su brazo de descarga
Centros de Gastronomía
que circulaba por la actual Av Libertador Bernar-
Centros de Esparcimiento de Verano
do O'Higgins. Este brazo fue rellenado a fines del
Centros de Eventos Deportivos
siglo XVIII, dando origen a la principal arteria de
la ciudad.
Santiago es hoy un nudo de convergencia de las
CALENDARIO DE EVENTOS
principales circulaciones del país. La Carretera
Descripción mes a mes de las prin
Longitudinal de Chile atraviesa la ciudad y a partir
de ella recibe el nombre de Panamericana Norte y
cipales actividades periódicas.
Panamericana Sur. Desde la costa llegan 2 auto-
pistas que vienen de los puertos oceánicos y los
balnearios de San Antonio (109 kms) y Valparaiso
RECORRIDOS URBANOS
(119 kms). Por el lado de la Cordillera entran a la
1 Entorno de la Plaza de Armas
ciudad 3 vías: la Carretera Internacional desde
2 Centro de Santiago
Argentina por Portillo y las provenientes de Fare-
3 Centro Institucional
llones y Cajón del Maipo, ambos centros inverna-
4 Parque Forestal
les.
5 Barrio Bellavista
Santiago es además Estación Terminal del ferro-
6 Por el Eje Central
carril central a la costa y del ferrocarril al sur. Su
7 Santlago desde la Altura
Aeropuerto Internacional -Comodoro Arturo Meri-
8 Nuevos Barrlos
no Benitez- es el principal del país.
EL CLIMA El valle de Santiago posee clima Medi-
PASEOS POR LA NATURALEZA
terráneo de altura, que se caracteriza por ser tem-
plado, con regulares variaciones de temperatura
Ocho lugares en la periferia para
entre invierno y verano. El régimen de lluvias se
un bonito paseo de fin de semana.
concentra en los meses de otoño e invierno (mar-
68
ZC septiembre), con un promedio anual de 384
go el centro administrativo, político, industrial,
mr e agua caída.
comercial y cultural del país, se ha convertido en
El "ano es seco (diciembre a marzo), con tem-
el núcleo de los intereses económicos naciona-
peraturas que a veces sobrepasan los 30°C. La
les, generando casi el 40% del Producto Geográ-
temperatura media anual es de 14°C, con una me-
fico Bruto Nacional.
dia de invierno de 9°C y una media de verano de
Los tres sectores económicos que más influyen
22,7°C.
en la generación de este Producto Geográfico
Santiago presenta algunas singularidades climá-
Bruto son, en orden de importancia, el comercio,
ticas: en invierno los temporales son breves e in-
la industria y los servicios financieros.
tensos,y pronto sale el sol; la Cordillera aparece
Sector Comercio la alta concentración poblacio-
majestuosa y enteramente cubierta de nieve, al-
nal en torno a Santiago hace de esta área el ma-
canzando en ocasiones hasta los "barrios altos".
yor centro consumidor. En Santiago están locali-
En verano el día es caluroso y seco para refrescar
zadas las casas matrices de las principales em-
al anochecer, favoreciendo las actividades al aire
presas nacionales.
libre. En otoño y primavera hay ausencia de vien-
Sector Industrial a partir de 1939 comenzó un no-
105 en el valle, lo que permite la estratificación de
torio desarrollo industrial en el país, localizándo-
IC gases de la ciudad, acumulando el temido
se la mayoría de ellas en el núcleo central y espe-
"S" "g" sobre Santiago.
cialmente en Santiago y sus alrededores. El 54%
de las industrias del país están ubicadas en la Re-
EL GRAN SANTIAGO La ciudad original, funda-
gión Metropolitana, especialmente en las comu-
da en 1541, poseía una traza de 35 manzanas en
nas de Santiago, Nuñoa, San Miguel, Quinta Nor-
torno a la Plaza de Armas y enmarcada por los
mal, Maipúy Puente Alto; entre ellas, las principa-
dos brazos originales del río Mapocho. Hoy la su-
les plantas manufactureras, textiles, de maquina-
perficie urbana de Santiago Metropolitano alcan-
ria y equipos, productos alimenticios y empresas
za aproximadamente a 35 kms de norte a sur y 40
editoriales.
kms de este a oeste.
Sector Servicios Financieros en la ciudad está
Junto a la ciudad fundada por los españoles exis-
también la mayor concentración financiera del
tian núcleos agrícolas próximos, que eran asen-
país, operan 24 bancos nacionales, 22 bancos
tamientos de población aborigen: Nuñoa, Maipú,
extranjeros y empresas financieras, además de
Conchali, Pudahuel, Renca y Quilicura. Más tar-
una Bolsa de Comercio.
de. aparecen otros núcleos periféricos, algunos
de origen agrícola como Peñalolén, La Florida,
Puente Alto, La Granja. Otros eran "Quintas de
Agrado" como La Reina y San Bernardo.
HISTORIA URBANA
Todos estos núcleos fueron expandiéndose inde-
pendientemente, hasta que finalmente se han to-
LA FUNDACION La expedición del adelantado
pado unos con otros para formar un tejido urbano
Pedro de Valdivia llega al valle del Mapocho en
continuo: es la gigantesca urbe llamada hoy el
1540 y acampa junto al cerro Huelén en el día de
Gran Santiago.
Santa Lucía. dándole ese nombre al cerro.
La capital está dividida administrativamente en
El 12 de febrero de 1541, Pedro de Valdivia en so-
24 comunas autónomas, que son: Santiago, Nu-
lemne ceremonia da a la ciudad el nombre de
ñoa, Macul, Maipú, Conchali, Pudahuel, Renca,
Santiago del Nuevo Extremo, en homenaje al
Quilicura, Providencia, Las Condes, La Pintana,
Apóstol Santiago y a su tierra natal, Nueva Extre-
San Ramón, San Miguel, La Cisterna, Estación
madura, y traza la planta de la ciudad en solares.
Central, Quinta Normal, Lo Prado, Cerro Navia, La
El 11 de marzo, Valdivia nombra los integrantes
Rena, San Bernardo, Peñalolén, La Florida, Puen-
del Cabildo, el que a su vez lo nombra Goberna-
: Itoy La Granja.
dor de Chile.
L. conformación urbana del Gran Santiago es va-
Seis meses más tarde, la ciudad es arrasada por
nada: al oriente están los "barrios altos" como
las huestes del Cacique Michimalongo, pero in-
Providencia, Vitacura, Las Condes, Lo Curro. La
mediatamente reconstruida sobre el mismo traza-
Dehesa y La Reina. Hacia el sur, oeste y norte
do, el que subsiste hasta hoy. En torno a la Plaza
aparecen complejos industriales entremezciados
de Armas como centro, se trazaron las actuales
con modernas poblaciones. En el Centro está la
calles entre la Alameda y el rio Mapocho y las ca-
sede de gobierno y los principales organismos
lles norte-sur entre el cerro Santa Lucía y la actual
administrativos, bancarios y comerciales de la
calle Brasil, repartiéndose 4 solares por cuadra.
nación.
A nueve años de su fundación, el interés de los
El crecimiento del Gran Santiago en los últimos
conquistadores se volcó hacia el sur del país,
años ha sido vertiginoso en sentido horizontal, en
donde muchos emigraron y fundaron 8 ciudades.
2
desmedro de las antiguas tierras de cultivo que
Santiago perdió su primacía y los gobernadores
redean la ciudad. Sólo en el Centro y sus princi-
dejaron de ocuparla como residencia perma-
pries arterias se ha desarrollado un crecimiento
nente.
U ano en altura.
LA COLONIA Con la gran sublevación Mapuche
LA POBLACION La actual población del Gran
de 1599, se abandonaron las 7 ciudades al sur
Santiago es de 3.899.619 habitantes, según el
del Bio-Bio y gran parte de la población emigra a
Censo de 1982. El dinamismo de este fenómeno
aciudad, la que crece y se consolida como capi-
de crecimiento se manifiesta en las siguientes ci-
tal.
fras: 383.587 habitantes en 1907, 549.292 habi-
Hacia 1647 existian en Santiago no menos de 12
tantes en 1920. En 1940 son 1.010.102 habitantes
iglesias, que ocupaban con sus muros casi un ter-
para pasar en 1950 a 1,425.612 habitantes y en
cio del circuito urbano. Las grandes Re-
1960 alcanza a 2.009.118 habitantes.
ligiosas, como la de Santo Domingo, Agustinos,
Este extraordinario crecimiento de la población
Mercedarios, Jesuitas y Franciscanos, tenlan SUS
se comprende en toda su magnitud, comparando
iglesias en los mismos lugares que están hoy.
la relación porcentual de la población de la ciu-
Los terremotos fueron los grandes remodelado-
cad, con la del paísien su conjunto. En 1920 la ca-
res urbanos; el del 13 de mayo de 1647 derrumbó
C al tenia- el 16% de la población total del país.
la ciudad entera, salvo la Iglesia de San Francisco
E 1960 este porcentaje subió a un 28% y en 1982
(1618), que subsiste hasta hoy. Ochenta y tres
5 intiago alcanza a un 32,4% de la población total
años más tarde, en 1730, otro terremoto arrasa
Ce Chile. Este fenómeno de crecimiento poblacio-
Santiago y nuevamente los santiaguinos inician la
nal se debe al natural crecimiento demográfico,
penosa reconstrucción de la arruinada ciudad,
aumentado por una fuerte emigración desde
esta vez con nuevas técnicas y estilo. De esta últi-
áreas rurales.
ma época sobreviven tres ejemplos, que son:
Las comunas del Gran Santiago con mayor pobla-
casa de Manso de Velasco (1730) Posada del Co-
ción son: Santiago con 619.105 habitantes, Nu-
rregidor (1750) y casa de Mateo de Toro y Zam-
toa con 421.870 habitantes, La Cisterna con
brano (1769), actual Museo de Santiago, llamada
360.096 habitantes y San Miguel con 350.030 ha-
Casa Colorada por el clásico color colonial.
pitantes.
LOS IDEALES DE LA ILUSTRACION Los últi-
DESARROLLO
ACTUAL
Por
ser
el
Gran
Santia-
mos cuarenta años de la Colonia fueron ilumina-
69
A
B
C
D
CENTRO DE SANTIAGO
30
COMERAL
S
20
57
STO DOMINGO
1
MATU
41
62
PUENTE
10
BARRA
U
7
38
44
CATEDRAL
MONJITAS
R
37
FORM
D
26
19
52
COMPANIA
MERCED
36
40
26
39
23
33
32
HUERFANOS
51
2
27
N
28
2
5
11
o
12
45
18
AGUSTINAS
B
15
56
29
6
24
48
34
Co STA LUCIA
3
13
MORANDE
49
BANDERA
ESTADO,
C
MAC IVER
54
PASEO
M
TEATINOS
E
58
14
50
Phileas
Viajes Ltda.
3
Estacion
Lucía
AVDA LIBERTADOR B O'HIGGINS
Estación
de Chils
35
STA ROSA
TURISMO NACIONAL E INTERNACIONAL
Estación
DEPARTAMENTO RECEPTIVO
Moneda
AV. UB. B. O'HIGGINS 142 L: 183
333653 398660 381562 Anexo: 4229
HOTELES
N
Panamericano
F 723060 (A2)
3
Tabac
F 724566 (83
A
TELEX: 340436 PBVTR CK FOR PHILFOGG
Crowne Plaza
F 381042 (F2)
o
Ritz
F 393401 (82)
4
Silvestre
F 711117 (B2
SANTIAGO-CHILE
B Carrera
F 6982011 (A2)
P Monte Carlo
F 392945 (D2)
5
Mermoz
F 6961566 (B2'
C Galerias
F 384011 (C3)
Q
Riviera
F 331176 (C2)
6
EI Carrillón
F 392213 (C21
D
Tupahue
F 383810 (C1)
R Miami
F 713112 (A1)
7
La hermita
F 696645C (B1.
E EI Conquistador
F 6965599 (B3)
S Cervantes
F 6965318 (B1)
COMIDA FRANCESA
F
Don Tito
F 391987 (D2)
T Sao Paulo
F 398031 (C2)
8
Maistral
F 330870 (Dil
"FLOTA YANGUAS"
G
Foresta
F 396262 (D2)
U
JY
España
F 6966066 (A1)
9 Jockey Club
F 727036 (A2)
H Apart Carlton House F 383130 (D2)
RESTAURANTES
J
Santa Lucia
COMIDA ITALIANA
BUSES DE TURISMO
F 398201 (C2)
COMIDA INTERNACIONAL
10
K
Da Carla
City
F 333739 (C1)
F 724526 (B2)
B Hotel Carrera
F 6982011 (A2)
11
L
Le Due Torre
VIAJES NACIONALES E
Gran Palace
F 333799 (C21
F 712551 (B2)
1 Borsalino
F 726894 (B3)
12
M Libertador
San Marco
INTERNACIONALES
F 336880 (C2)
F 394211 (C3)
2 EI 27
F 6991555 (83)
EXEQUIEL FERNANDEZ 1866
Tel.: 740171 SANTIAGO
dos por el ideal de la Ilustración, simbolizado en
y fue el primer paso hacia la Independencia. Años
los gobiernos de Agustín de Jáuregui, Ambrosio
después. el 12 de febrero de 1818, fue jurada de-
O'Higgins y Luis Muñoz de Guzmán. En la Capita-
finitivamente la Independencia de Chile.
2
nía General se fundaron nuevas ciudades, cons-
Los años de lucha y consolidación no fueron pro-
DRIVE'IN
truyeron nuevos edificios y abrieron caminos y
picios para grandes reformas urbanas; sin em-
canales de regadio.
bargo, don Bernardo O'Higgins, utilizando mano
DISCOTHEQUE
En Santiago se elevaron edificios y obras civiles
de obra de prisioneros realistas, crea la Alameda de
de una suntuosidad y solidez desconocidas has-
Las Delicias sobre el antiguo cauce del rio y enton-
ta entonces. Se emprende la titánica tarea de
ces basural, plantando 4 filas de álamos y dise-
contener las salidas del río Mapocho con tajama-
ñando las platabandas (1820), donde se realiza-
res y un sólido puente de albañileria de 8 arcos,
ría por más de un siglo el tradicional paseo de la
llamado de Cal y Canto, ubicado frente a la calle
ciudad. Funda además el Cementerio General,
Puente: su trabajo se inicia, en 1767, utilizando
abriendo con esto la ciudad hacia el norte.
como mano de obra a reos de la cárcel y demo-
rando 13 años su construcción. Es la obra colo-
LA CONSOLIDACION TERRITORIAL Luego del
nial más grandiosa con que contó Santiago.
período de organización política de la República.
En 1780 llegó a la capital don Joaquín Toesca, el
la principal preocupación del Estado fue la con-
más ilustre arquitecto que trabajó en América His-
solidación del territorio nacional. Esta se inicia en
pánica durante fines del siglo XVIII, enviado por
1842 con la ocupación del Estrecho de Magalia-
Jáuregui, entonces Virrey del Perú, a construir la
nes, continúa en 1852 con la colonización alema-
Casa de Moneda. Las más importantes obras de
na de Llanquihue y culmina hacia 1880 con la
AV.VICUNA MACKENNA 10900
Toesca y sus discípulos, que hermosearon la ciu-
conflagración del Pacífico (1879) y la coloniza-
dad con una arquitectura cuita, de sobrio y senci-
ción y ocupación del territorio de la Araucania
TELEFONO 2813582 STGO
llo estilo neoclásico, fueron: el Palacio de La Moneda
(1882).
el mayor edificio neoclásico de la América Colo-
Santiago, ciudad capital del país, plasma física-
nial- inaugurado en 1805, las fachadas y torres
mente este objetivo nacional. En 1872, durante el
de la Iglesia Catedral (1785), la Iglesla de La Merced
gobierno de don Federico Errázuriz, es nombrado
(1795), la Iglesla de Santo Domingo (1808) y el edificio
Intendente de Santiago don Benjamin Vicuña
Ropa de Algodón
de la Real Audiencia (1808), que es el actual Museo
Mackenna, quien acomete la primera remodela-
PRODUCTOS
y Sintética para
Histórico Nacional. En este contexto urbano se
ción urbana de la ciudad: transforma el cerro Santa
VICTORIA
Cabalieros
gesta la idea de la Independencia Nacional.
Lucia en el paseo público y crea el primer servicio
de tranvias urbanos de tracción animal. Delimita
Slips Camisetas
LA INDEPENDENCIA El 18 de Septiembre de
el sector urbano por SUS cuatro costados, abrien-
Poleras Pijamas
1810 una Junta Nacional de Gobierno, cuyo pri-
do las actuales avenidas Vicuña Mackenna por el orien-
mer presidente fue don Mateo de Toro y Zambra-
AV. LIB. B. O'HIGGINS 1730 P. 2° STGO.
te. Matta por el sur, Exposición y Chacabuco por el po-
no, asumió el poder en nombre de la Corona de
niente y Bellavista por el norte. También inaugura
TEL.: 6960804
España. Este hecho aconteció en el edificio de la
en la Alameda (actual Av. Libertador Bernardo
Real Audiencia, en la Plaza de Armas de Santiago
O'Higgins) las estatuas de O'Higgins, Freire, Por-
70
E
F
MUSEOS
35
Arte Colonial
(C3)
36
Arte Precolombino
(B2)
PIO NONO
37
Arte Sagrado
(B1)
38
Historico Nacional
(B1)
STAMARIA
39
De Santiago
(C2)
40
De la Merced
(C2)
Perque Forestal
41
Nac. de Bellas Artes
(D1)
JOSE MARIA Mapacho CARO
GALERIAS DE ARTE
42
De la Plaza
(E2)
43
Arte Actual
(E2)
VALDES VERGARA
Plaza Italia
44
Lawrence Esucomex
(C1)
0
45
Enrico Bucci
F 395103
(D2)
60
elcomoai
46
Praxis
F 392028 (D1)
VIAJES & TURISMO
Estacion
SALAS DE EXPOSICION
AGENCIA CLASE "A"
O'HIGGINS
Baquedano
47 Biblioteca Nacional
F 330990 (C3)
48
LIBERTADOR B
Teatro Municipal
F 331407
(C2)
LE OFRECE PLANIFICAR
IATA
/
TEATROS
JUNTO A UD. Y FAMILIA SUS
AVDA
Estación
49
Antonio Varas
F 6961200 (B3)
VACACIONES PARA UN AUTENTICO
U Católica
50
Camilo Henríquez
(A3)
DESCANSO Y ¡COMO NO! UNA
51
El Angel
F 333605
(C2)
GRAN DIVERSION
ACHET
52
La Comedia
F 391523
(D1)
53 Moneda
F 715451
(B3)
SANTIAGO
QUILLOTA
54
Sala América
(C3)
Mac Iver 283 2° Piso
Av. Lib. B. O'Higgins 271 Loc. 8
Tels: 331374-396120
Tel: 310865
INSTITUTOS
55 Chileno Frances
(E2)
COIHAIQUE
56 Chileno Norteamericano
(A2)
21 de Mayo 417
57
Chileno Alemán
(C1)
Tel: 21271
58 Cultural B del Estado
(B3)
COMIDA ESPAÑOLA
22 Steak House
F 380079 (C2)
COMIDA VEGETARIANA
13 Pinpilin Pausha
F 6961835 (B3)
23
El Novillo Gordo
F
727103
(C2)
32
EI Vegetariano
F 394082 (C2)
14 Unión
F 6961821 (83)
24
EI Novillero
F 6991544 (B2)
COMIDA RAPIDA
COMIDA CHINA
25
El Cordoves
F 331021 (D1)
33
Bar Nacional
F 6964879 (B2)
15 Hong Mian
(C2)
26
Chez Henry
F 6966612 (B2)
OSTRAS
16 Pakin
F 330435 (C2)
27 El Rincon de los Teatinos
(A2)
34
El Abuelo
(C2)
17
ing Chau
F 332451 (C2)
28
Ciro's
F 6966171 (B2)
18
g Fung
RECITALES
F 391542 (C2)
29
Hereford Grill
F 395612 (C2)
19 9 Hwa
59 Antilen
F 395193 (C2)
F 335196 (D3)
30 Mariu's
F 392653 (C1)
20 Kham Thu
60 Casona de S Isidro F 334056 (C2)
F 399511 (C1)
31
EI Villorio
F 335605 (C1)
61 Cafe del Mapocho F 336253 (D2)
CARNES
62
La Casa del Cantor
(A1)
21 Steak House
F 721196 (B2)
tales y Carrera y termina la remodelación del Tea-
LA LENTA EXPANSION Pronto fueron sobrepa-
tro Municipal.
sados los limites urbanos diseñados por Vicuña
El Estado designa "Arquitecto Oficial" al francés
Mackenna. A fines del siglo XIX, tres conventos
Lucien Henault, quien construye el edificio del
de Religiosas se instalari en la continuación de la
Congreso Nacional y el Museo de Historia Natural, ambos en
Alameda hacia la Cordillera. bautizando el sector
1875. Los particulares también constribuyen a
y la actual calle Providencia.
TALLER ARTISTICO
2
es: esfuerzo: Don Luis Cousiño regala a la ciu-
En 1895 se abre la primera calle perpendicular a
dr. el actual Parque O'Higgins de 85 hectáreas e
Providencia, la Av. Pedro de Valdivia y en 1903 se
ARTESANAL
insugura su residencia, el Palacio Cousiño, en 1877.
abre y urbaniza la Av. Los Leones. formando el
Muchos otros grandes empresarios de la minería
primer "Barrio Alto". Esto genera un inexorable
Joyas. Piedras Semipreciosas
y agricultura edifican sus residencias en Santia-
movimiento poblacional hacia arriba y antes de
go, de las cuales sobreviven La Alhambra (1862) y
Lapislázuli-Malaquita
1930 estaba urbanizado e! rectángulo compren-
Palacio Errázuriz, actual Embajada de Brasil (1872).
dido entre Av. Vicuña Mackenna y Los Leones y
Piezas para Arquitectura y
delimitado por las avenidas Providencia e Irarrá-
Decoración-Exportaciones
LA CELEBRACION Y EL ORNATO La riqueza
zaval.
Todo hecho a mano
derivada del salitre y del advenimiento del nuevo
A su vez, se desarrolla un gran impulso en el sec-
Lapidación propia
siglo, predisponen al país a prepararse para la
tor norte -Barrio Bellavista- y en especial en el
celebración del primer Centenario de la Indepen-
Cerro San Cristóbal, donde se inicia la foresta-
LOS MISIONEROS 1991
dencia Nacional.
ción (1917), se habilita el funicular (1925) e inaugu-
(por P. de Valdivia Norte)
Santiago inicia el siglo con una población cerca-
ra el Jardin Zoológico (1927).
na los 300.000 habitantes. Se inaugura la cana-
2326853-2322520
112 on del río Mapocho, sus puentes metálicos y
CONSOLIDACION DE LA CIUDAD CAPITAL En
e rque Forestal, construido en terrenos ganados al
la década del 30 se ejecutan en Santiago grandes
AEROPUERTO A. M. BENITEZ
I También aparecen el diario El Mercurio de
obras de arquitectura y urbanismo, destinadas a
SANTIACO
Santiago los tranvías eléctricos. Santiago se en-
consolidar la función cívica de la ciudad. La más
galana con grandes edificios residenciales, de
trascendental es la creación del Barrio Cívico (1936)
los cuales aún perduran la Casa Subercaseaux (1903),
en torno a La Moneda, formado por la Plaza de la
Casa Ochagavia (1905) y Casa Irarrázaval (1906). En vís-
Constitución, Plaza Bulnes y Avenida Bulnes.
peras del Centenario se inaugura la imagen de la
En todo su perimetro se levantan edificios diseña-
DE TURISMO
Virgen del Cerro San Cristobal (1908).
dos como un conjunto armónico y destinados a al-
La llegada del 18 de septiembre de 1910 fue cele-
bergar los principales organismos del Estado.
brada con la inauguración del Museo de Bellas Artes
Otra obra significativa es la inauguración del Esta-
FESTIVAL TOURS
en el Parque Forestal, el pórtico escalinata monumental
dlo Nacional (1938), que abre la expansión urbana
del Cerro Santa Lucía, el hermoseamiento del Co-
hacia el sur oriente.
PROGRAME SUS VACACIONES
freo Central varias plazas, monumentosy fuentes
TOURS NACIONALES E INTERNACIONALES
de ornato donados por las colonias extranjeras
EL CRECIMIENTO ACELERADO En las déca-
AV. LIB. BDO. O'HIGGINS 949 OF. 603 SANTIAGO
re Jentes.
das del 50 y 60, con una población que alcanza a
6964924 - TLX 340986 FESTUR CK
los 2.000.000 de habitantes, la gran preocupa-
71
ción es satisfacer la urgente necesidad de vivien-
das, comercio y oficinas. Para fomentar su desa-
de los vuelos nacionales llegan al aeropuertc Co.
rrollo, se promulgan leyes que facilitan la edifica-
modoro Arturo Merino Benitez, información fono 719612
ción en vertical (Ley de Venta de Pisos) y que bo-
distante 20 kms de Santiago. Se conecta con la
nifican la edificación (Ley Pereira y DFL2).
capital a través de la ruta 68, y se ingresa por la
Santiago se expande en todas direcciones con
Av Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins. Existe un ex.
celente servicio de movilización pública com.
nuevas poblaciones de viviendas de 1 ó 2 pisos,
puesta de:
El Centro se reedifica en altura en su totalidad y
durante una década, la ciudad parece bombar-
Taxis fono 719122. Para un máximo de 4 perso-
deada por la cantidad de demoliciones y nuevas
nas, el pasaje le costará desde el aeropuerto has-
edificaciones.
ta el centro de la ciudad aproximadamente
1.500.
Este proceso acaecido fue tan radical, que hoy
sobreviven en el Centro de Santiago no más de
Buses con frecuencia de 15 minutos Buses Flota
Lacs, con terminal en estación de metro "Los Hè.
una veintena de edificios con más de 50 años de
roes", información fono 719252. Buses Tour Ex.
antigüedad. Un caso tal vez único en el mundo
press, con terminal en calle Moneda 1523, infor-
ilustra este fenómeno: en el punto más importante
mación fono 717380.
de la ciudad, en calle Ahumada con Pza. de Ar-
Arriendo de Automóviles este servicio lo ofrècen en et
mas, esquina sur-poniente, un mismo arquitecto
mismo aeropuerto las empresas AVIS, fono
-Jorge Arteaga- proyectó y edificó dos veces en
719050; HERTZ, fono 719262; BUDGET, fono
el mismo lugar: primero un edificio de 6 pisos y
719421.
luego ei actual de 14 pisos.
En Autobús éstos llegan a diferentes rodoviarios
DESARROLLO ACTUAL El desarrollo urbano al-
según su lugar de proveniencia:
canzado por Santiago en la última década puede
Terminal Norte ubicado en calle Amunátegui 920.
sintetizarse en lo siguiente: un nuevo comercio
Servicios nacionales provenientes del norte del
horizontal en torno a la periferia, la aparición de
país y también del sector norte del Litoral Central
múltiples centros comerciales en diferentes pun-
como desde Calera, Quillota, Limache y desde
tos de la ciudad y la creación de la red vial del Gran
Horcón, Quintero. Desde Arica y todas las ciuda-
Santiago.
des intermedias hasta Santiago, o buses prove-
Esta última ha implicado un conjunto de obras
nientes del noroeste de Santiago desde Viña del
como: la Autopista de Circunvalación Américo
Mar, Concón y Quintero. A este terminal llegan los
Vespucio en torno a todo el perimetro urbano, la
servicios internacionales desde Argentina, Perú
autopista Norte-Sur que cruza la ciudad, la Auto-
Brasil. Este terminal está en el centro de la ciudad
pista Oriente-Poniente en la ribera norte del rio
y cuenta con excelente servicio de taxis y autobu-
Mapocho (inconclusa) y la red del Ferrocarril Me-
ses.
tropolitano, Metro.
Terminal Santiago en Av Libertador Bernardo O'Hig-
Esta red vial es la mayor obra urbana jamás reali-
gins 3848. Atiende los servicios nacionales pro-
zada en Santiago, la que ha simplificado los ac-
venientes del sur del país. Además los que vienen
cesos a la ciudad y facilitado su interconexión.
de ciudades y balnearios del litoral central, como
Además, las obras del Metro permitieron una
Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Cartagena. Algarrobo,
completa remodelación del gran eje urbano for-
etc. Para movilizarse a la ciudad la mejor alterna-
wea
mado por la Av. Libertador B. O'Higgins, Provi-
liva es la estación del metro Pila del Ganso, a 1
dencia y Apoquindo y la creación de la nueva
cuadra de distancia.
RENT A
CHILE
Avenida 11 de Septiembre, paralela a Provide
Servicio Internacional. movimiento de buses des-
STGO.: AEROPUERTO A. MERINO BENITEZ
cia.
de diferentes países de América del Sur como,
Srasil, Argentina, Perú, Ecuador y Venezuela, en
VIÑA DEL MAR VALPARAISO CONCEPCION
conexión con Santiago de Chile.
TEMUCO
Terminal Alameda Av Libertador Bernardo OHiggins
ABIERTO TODOS LOS DIAS DEL AÑO
INFORMACION DE UTILIDAD
3750. Es terminal particular de las flotas de buses
El Gran Santiago, como toda gran ciudad, se rige
Tur-Bus y Pullman-Bus con servicios al sur del
por diferentes horarios según las distintas activi-
país e intermedios. Con acceso directo a la esta-
dades y hay movimiento comercial aún en dia do-
ción del metro U de Santiago.
mingo. La ciudad no posee un solo centro, sino
En Ferrocarril actualmente sólo llegan a la capi-
varios, y éstos son especializados en diferentes
tal trenes de la red sur del país, a la
actividades. Entregamos aquí un breve panora-
Estación Central informaciones fonos 91682 y
2
ma de esta realidad:
92157. Está conectada directamente con la esta-
FABRICA:DE VESTUARIO
MAYOR INFORMACION
ción del metro, que es la mejor manera se comuni-
DEPORTIVO
La complejidad de la ciudad de Santiago no pue-
carse con la ciudad. Venta de pasajes en la mis-
TENIS, GIMNASIA
ma estación y en Galeria Libertador -Alameda
RUGBY, JOGGING ETC.
de ser agotada en estas páginas. Para aquellos
que necesitan una mayor información de carácter
853 fonos 301818 y 330746- y en estación metro
Escuela Militar, fono 2282953.
APUMANQUE LOC. 409
turístico, cultural o simplemente ubicarse en esta
Estación Mapocho informaciones fono 6960923, mo-
TELEFONO: 2115324
gran metrópoli, recomendamos lo siguiente:
FABRICA STOS: DUMONT 148 TEL. 377083 STGO
Sernatur información turística de Santiago y
vimiento ferroviario, por red norte, entre Valparai-
todo Chile en Oficina Central, calle Catedral
so y Santiago e intermedios. Hoy los trenes llegan
1150, tonos 6482151 y 6960974. También en ae-
sólo hasta estación Montenegro -70 kms al no-
ropuerto Comodoro Arturo Merino Benitez, en el
roeste de Santiago-, pero se supone que a corto
plazo, volverán a funcionar hasta Valparaíso.
centro de Santiago en Paseo Ahumada esq Paseo
BUSES
Huérfanos y en Providencia, en Paseo Las Pal-
En Automóvil una extensa red vial conduce a
mas.
TAS CHORPA
Santiago desde diferentes puntos del país y el ex-
Todocludad Guía de calles del Gran Santiago,
tranjero. Para conectarse con la vialidad urbana
sectorizada en 33 cuadrantes cada uno con pla-
recomendamos, especialmente para quien no CO-
nos, nombres de calle y principales hitos de inte-
SALIDAS DIARIAS
noce la ciudad, tomar porlas principales vías se-
rés. Es la mejor guía de calles, portátil y de fácil
ñaladas en el plano adjunto.
NACIONAL DESDE:
consulta. Se encuentra en las oficinas de Publi-
Desde el Norte por la Panamericana Norte -ruta 5-
La Serena a Pto. Montt
guías, en Alameda Bernardo O'Higgins 1460. 9°
que cruza Santiago de norte a sur.
Piso.
Desde Argentina por la Ruta Internacional -ruta 57-
INTERNACIONAL
Guía de Santiago Guía cultural de bolsillo escri-
se accede a Santiago, casi paralela a la ruta Pa-
Montevideo - Mendoza
ta por Carlos Ossandón y adaptada por Dominga
namericana.
Ossandón. Describe la historia urbana y arquitec-
Desde el Sur por la Panamericana Sur -ruta 5- que
San Juan - Bariloche
tónica de Santiago, con gran acopio de antece-
cruza la ciudad para conectarse con la Panameri-
dentes, bellos planos descriptivos y dibujos de
cana Norte.
Pasajes
Encomiendas
las más bellas plazas y edificios. Muy recomen-
Desde la Costa el tramo de Costa contemplado entre
dable. Se encuentra en las principales librerias,
Terminal Norte Of. 11 721248
Quintero, Viña, Valparaiso hasta Algarrobo acce-
Av. Lib. B. O'Higgins 1653 (Metro Los Héroes). E 723116
como librerla Universitaria, Andrés Bello y José
de a Santiago por ruta 68, expedita vía de 4 pis-
Terminal Stgo. Ofs. 52-70-14 v 794694-794925
Miguel Carrera.
tas.
Providencia 1100 (Torres Tajamar) Torre C W 744110
Desde la Costa el tramo del litoral comprendido entre
Santiago
COMO SE LLEGA A SANTIAGO
El Tabo, Cartagena, San Antonio y Santo Domin-
En Avión los vuelos internacionales y la mayoria
go accede a Santiago por ruta 78 que pasa por
72
A
B
C
D
Terrazas
Bellaviste
1
POLITION
CRISTOBAL
20
Zoológico
18
23
5
A
LOPE
DE
BELLO
2
24.19
10
22
16
Estación
11
Salvador
LA BARRA
JOSE MARIA CARO
Brotana
IATA
tiempo
ACHET
Parque
3
Forestal
AGENCIA DE VIAJES
VALDES
VIAJES NACIONALES E INTERNACIONALES
VERGARA
74
ATENCION PERSONALIZADA PARA EMPRESAS
AVDA
ORGANIZACION DE CONGRESOS Y EVENTOS
CENTRO-BELLAVISTA
USE
HUERFANOS 1160 OF.: 1102 STGO.
6964591 6963553
Estación
Baquedano
RESTAURANTES
10
Venezia
F 370900 (82)
17
Cámara Negra
(C2)
1
AI Kabila
(D2)
16
EI Conventillo
F 774164
(A2)
18
La Feria
(C2)
2 Callao y Corrientes
(83)
GALERIAS DE ARTE
19 Café del Cerro Música F 778308 (B2)
UGARTE
3 Eladio
F 773337 (B2)
11
Carmen Waugh
(C2)
11
Galeria Carmen Waugh
(C2)
4
La Chimba
F 371276 (82)
12
El Cerro
(C2)
ARTESANIAS
'',
internacional
5 El Mesón del Arzobispo F 778865 (D2)
13
La Fachada
(C2)
20
El Arte
(D1)
6 La Pauta
(D2)
14
De los Talleres
(82)
21
Piedras de Chile
(C3)
CARGA Y TURISMO
7 EI Parrillon
(B2)
15
Eidophon
(C2)
22
Taller Carillanca
(B2)
R
La Mesquita
F 372449 (A1)
TEATROS
23 Las Dos Josefinas
HUERFANOS 1178 OF. 501
(C2)
La Parrilla del Arzobispo
(D2)
LES DESEA
TELS: 714848 726518
16 El Conventillo F 774164 (A2)
24
LB
(82)
UN FELIZ VIAJE
HUERFANOS 1178 LOC. A
las ciudades intermedias de Melipilla y Talagan-
TEL: 6966896
y Agustinas entre Morandé (poniente) y Estado
te.
CASILLA 13316 C. 21
(oriente). Otro centro existe en Av Providencia en-
SANTIAGO-CHILE
tre Pedro de Valdivia y Av Los Leones.
HORARIOS URBANOS
Bancarlos Lunes a viernes de 9 a 14 hrs.
CENTROS COMERCIALES
Oficinas Lunes a viernes de 9 a 13 y 14 a 18:30
La actividad de venta de vestuario, menaje y de-
hrs.
porte, es el rubro en que hay mayor número de
747621
REGION
Casas de Cambio Lunes a viernes de 9 a 14 y 16
centros repartidos en la ciudad, ya sea en torno a
METROPOLITANA
a 18 hrs.
calles, formando núcleos O simplmente en gran-
Comercio Céntrico Lunes a viernes de 10 a 19
des edificios comerciales autónomos, como son
396633
SANTIAGO
hrs, sábado de 10 a 14 hrs.
Apumanque y Parque Arauco, que atienden aún
Comercio de Providencia Lunes a viernes de 10
en día domingo.
719050
2
a 13: y 16 a 20 hrs, sábado de 10 a 14 hrs.
E. filcios de Comercio Lunes a sábado de 10 a
Centro de Santlago En este sector -ya descri-
2 hrs, domingo de 11 a 20 hrs.
to- encontrará la mayor actividad comercial de la
ciudad para ir de compras O a "vitrinear". Es tam-
CENTRO ADMINISTRACION PUBLICA
bién un entretenido paseo por calles peatonales,
AVIS
La mayor concentración de oficinas de organis-
galerías comerciales y edificios de comercio. En
mos del estado se encuentrant el Barrio Cívico
calles Huérfanos y Estado están las mejores tien-
RENT A CAR
en torno al palacio presidencial, La Moneda. Tam-
das de calzado; en Ahumada, la gran tienda Fala-
bién en el Centro de la ciudad, delimitado por
bella, y en San Antonio con Av Libertador B O'Hig-
calles Amunátegui (oeste), Cerro Santa Lucía
gins, Almacenes Paris. Los edificios comerciales
(este), Santo Domingo (norte) y Av. Libertador
Eurocentro, en Ahumada esq Moneda, y Santiago
Bernardo O'Higgins (sur).
Centro, en Matias Cousiño y Av Libertador B
O'Higgins, son los más concurridos.
Chilean Travel Services
CENTRO OFICINAS
Providencia ábarca desde Avenidas Manuel
Su ubicación tradicional ha sido en el centro ya
Montt (O), El Bosque (E), Costanera (N) y Av 11 de
Emscrito. Un nuevo sector de oficinas ha apareci-
Septiembre (S). Encontrará la mayor cantidad de
en torno a Av Providencia y Av Apoquindo, en-
vestimenta joven masculina y femenina. En calles
: Avenidas Manuel Montt y El Bosque.
Bucarest, General Holley, Suecia y Los Leones
EXCURSIONES NACIONALES E
están las tiendas más elegantes y exclusivas. Los
INTERNACIONALES
PIONEROS EN LA CARRETERA
CENTRO FINANCIERO
más concurridos edificios de comercio son: Plaza
AUSTRAL
Más del 90% de los bancos y financieras que hay
Lyon y Centro Nuevo en Av Lyon esq Av 11 de
PASAJES AEREOS - TERRESTRES
en Santiago tienen SU casa matriz en el Centro ur-
Septiembre, y los Dos Caracoles en Av Lyon esq
MARITIMOS NACIONALES E
bano enmarcado por calles Teatinos (O), Mac-
Av Providencia.
INTERNACIONALES
Iver (E), Huérfanos (N) y Av Libertador B O'Hig-
SOLICITE FOLLETO COMPLETO
Lo Castillo edificio comercial ubicado en Can-
VACACIONES 1986-1987
gins (S). La mayor concentración está en calle
delaria Goyenechea 3820. Es de tipo Caracol
Bandera. En los barrios existe una extensa red de
donde destacan las finas y exclusivas tiendas de
sucursales bancarias.
ropa femenina, además de locales de antigüeda-
AGUSTINAS 1291 . 5° PISO OFICINA F.
des. Hay también 2 cines: Cine Arte Espaciocal,
CENTRO DE CAMBIO Y TURISMO
con café y sala de exposición (boletería desde
6967820-6967193-6962836
La mayor concentración de esta actividad se en-
15:30 hrs) y Lo Castillo (boletería desde 13:30
TELEX CTS 440084 STGO.-CHILE
C, entra en el Centro urbano, en calles Huérfanos
hrs).
73
DE LA ESCUELA
SANTIAGO
SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA, PEDRO
GONZÁLEZ,
SANTIAGO. Ciudad de la Región
SARMIENTO ALBARRACÍN,
Santiago el 4 de
Metropolitana, capital del país, de la
Domingo Faustino. Nació en San
rofesor de geogra-
región y de la provincia del mismo
Juan, Argentina, el 15 de febrero de
historia en el Insti-
nombre. 4.318.305 habitantes en
1811. Escritor, educador y político.
845). Político. afi-
1985. Fue la primera ciudad del país,
Tras su viaje a Chile en 1827, se
Liberal. Comenzó
fundada por Pedro de Valdivia al pie
enroló en las fuerzas unitarias argen-
a los 23 años,
del cerro Huelén, hoy Santa Lucía,
tinas. A causa de la derrota sufrida
intendente de
el 12 de febrero de 1541 (aunque pu-
en Chacón, en 1831, emigró a Chile.
eriormente ocupó
do ser también el 24). Constó de
Durante su permanencia en el país,
unidades los cargos
nueve calles de este a oeste, y quince
ejerció gran influencia en la vida
de norte a sur, que formaron 126
y
ministro.
pública e intelectual, a través de su
de la Repúbli-
manzanas, de 138 varas de lado y 12
actividad pedagógica. y, periodística.
1881-1886, al
varas de ancho las calles: Cada man-
Autor de un difundido Silabario, su
(287 electores) al
zana estaba compuesta por cuatro
novela Facundo (1845) motivó que el
que no obstante
solares. El trazado lo efectuó el ala-
gobierno de Chile le encargara el es-
de la contienda
rife Pedro de Gamboa. El 11 de sep-
tudio de los métodos de enseñanza
18 electores. reci-
tiembre de 1541 sufrió el asalto de
en Europa y Estados Unidos. En
tras la guerra
los indios, que la quemaron. El 31 de
1951 se unió a Urquiza para luchar
que concertar la
mayo de 1552 Carlos V le concedió
contra la tiranía de Rozas. Una vez
(Tratado de
el título de "noble y leal ciudad", y
triunfante Urquiza, y descontento
y un tratado de
el 5 de abril de 1552, el privilegio de
con la política de éste, Sarmiento
armas (escudo). Ha sufrido varios
Su gobierno es-
retornó a Chile en 1852. De vuelta a
la agitación políti-
desastres causados por los temblo-
su patria en 1855, fue senador, mi-
ervención electoral,
res, especialmente los del 4 de febre-
nistro, gobernador de San Juan, mi-
la discusión acerca
TO de 1570, 13 de mayo de 1647, 15
nistro plenipotenciario en Santiago,
'cuestiones teológi-
de marzo de 1657, 12 de julio de
Lima y Washington, y presidente de
incluso al rompi-
1688, 8 de julio de 1730, 25 de mayo
la República (1868-74). Durante su
diplomáticas
de 1751, 13 de abril de 1783, 19 de
mandato impulsó la educación, la
Pese a ello, se lle-
noviembre de 1822, 16 de agosto de
extensión de la red ferroviaria y rea-
nportantes realiza-
1906 y 3 de marzo de 1985. También
lizó el primer censo nacional. Falle-
sufrió severos daños por las salidas
ocupa un lugar-
ció en Asunción, Paraguay, el 11 de
ificación total de la
del río Mapocho, especialmente las
septiembre de 1888.
en Santiago el
de 1609, 1684, 1779 1783. Cuenta
con gas desde 1857, agua potable
SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA,
desde 1866, electricidad desde 1883,
Pedro. Nació en Alcalá de Henares,
Sucesos de la es-
alcantarillado desde 1906. El 14 de
España, hacia 1550. Navegante y
diciembre de 1907,
septiembre de 1863 quedó unida por
cronista de las Indias. En 1579 des-
de Pedro Montt,
ferrocarril a Valparaíso. Centro po-
cendió hasta el estrecho de Magalla-
gubernamentales
lítico, administrativo, financiero,
nes. Regresó en 1584 y fundó allí dos
obreros del salitre
cultural e industrial. Varias universi-
poblaciones: Nombre de Jesús y Rey
escuela Santa Ma-
dades y numerosos organismos de
don Felipe, cuyos habitantes pere-
Constituyó la peor
investigación. Industria textil, ali-
cieron de hambre. Viajó nuevamente
movimiento obrero
mentaria y química, entre otras. En
desde España en 1592. Entre sus
varios
centena-
sus alrededores, áreas de cultivos y
narraciones destaca una Historia de
frutales.
los Incas. Murió en Lisboa en 1592.
159
VALDIVIA, PEDRO DE
VALPARAÍSO
canía (1605). Se convirtió en un in-
fuerte de Tucapel. sostuvo con
cansable defensor del pueblo ma-
Lautaro la batalla que le costó la vi-
puche, de cuya lengua llegó a con-
da, el 26 de diciembre de 1553. Ha-
feccionar una gramática y un voca-
bía llegado a Chile con Inés Suárez;
bulario. Al igual que el padre Las
ante las críticas que esta relación ori
Casas, sólo justificó la guerra defen-
ginó en la pacata sociedad, debió ca-
siva, considerando ilícito sojuzgar
sarla con Rodrigo de Quiroga, en
políticamente al indígena y obligarlo
1549
a pertenecer a la Iglesia. Se embarcó
VALDIVIESO ZANARTU, Ra-
hacia España en 1620, para informar
fael Valentín. Nació en Santiago el 2
al rey sobre los acontecimientos de
de noviembre de 1804. Obtuvo su tí-
nuestro país. No regresó nunca. Mu-
tulo de abogado el 23 de marzo de
rió en Valladolid el 5 de noviembre
1825. Defensor de menores en la
de 1642.
Corte de Apelaciones de Santiago,
administrador del Hospicio de la ca-
VALDIVIA, Pedro de. Nació en
pital, regidor de la Municipalidad
La Serena, Extremadura, España,
santiaguina, diputado por el depar-
hacia 1500.
tamento de Santiago en 1831, y mi-
Ingresó al ejército en 1521. Parti-
nistro de la Corte de Apelaciones de
cipó en las guerras de Flandes e Ita-
Santiago en 1832. Como el presiden-
lia. En 1536 llegó a Perú, donde apo-
te Joaquín Prieto ordenó el en-
yó a Francisco Pizarro. Obtuvo de
juiciamiento de los magistrados que
éste la autorización para emprender
habían absuelto a los militares acu-
la conquista de Chile, pendiente des-
sados por el Gobierno, renunció a la
de la muerte de Almagro. Partió
magistratura y se consagró al sacer-
rumbo al sur en 1540. Llegó al valle
docio. Se ordenó en 1837 y empezó
del Mapocho en diciembre de ese
su ministerio como misionero en
año. El día 13 acampó al pie del
Chiloé. En 1843, al fundarse la Uni-
cerro Huelén, al que denominó San-
versidad de Chile, fue elegido deca-
ta Lucía. El 12 de febrero de 1541
no de la Facultad de Teología de la
fundó la ciudad de Santiago del
Universidad de Chile. El 4 de oc-
Nuevo Extremo. En marzo estable-
tubre de 1847 fue instituido arzobis-
ció el Cabildo. La tenaz resistencia
po de Santiago por Pío IX. En 1856
mapuche le obligó a solicitar refuer-
le tocó participar en la llamada
zos en 1554. En vista de que no llega-
"cuestión del sacristán", llegando a
ban, debió ir él mismo al Perú (enero
ser amenazado con el destierro.
de 1547). Llegó a Lima y logró ser
Falleció en Santiago el 8 de junio de
nombrado por el rey gobernador de
1878.
Chile. A su regreso, en 1549,
emprendió la conquista del sur. En
VALPARÁÍSO. Ciudad y puerto
medio de innumerables batallas,
de la V Región, capital de ésta y de la
fundó las ciudades de Concepción
provincia homónima. Población es-
(1550), Imperial, Valdivia (1552),
timada en 1985: 273.006 habitantes.
Villarrica, Arauco, entre otras. En el
Se considera fundada con la llegada
177
VALPARAÍSO, BOMBARDEO DE
VALLENAR
VARAS
a la bahía del español Juan de Sa-
La flota hispana que bloqueba las
de Ballenary
avedra, de la expedición de Diego de
costas chilenas fracasó en su intento,
gins. Por ley
Almagro, en 1536. Saavedra le puso
por lo que el comandante Casto
1834 obtuvo.el
el nombre de Valparaíso, en home-
Méndez Nuñez recibió la orden de
un centro agrico
naje a su pueblo natal. Contaba con
bombardear Valparaíso. El 27 de
cialmente capri
una pequeña iglesia, dos bodegas
marzo de 1866 comunicó su propósi-
Minas de hierrc
medianas y poco más de una docena
to a las autoridades del puerto. El 31
Desvío Norte),
de casas en la época de su toma por
del mismo mes, los barcos españoles
deno
el corsario Drake (1578). Se hizo al-
Villa de Madrid, Blanca, Resolución-
gún trabajo para su defensa en 1617:
y Vencedora dispararon durante tres
VARAS DE ]
se construyó una batería en el, lado
horas sobre la zona comercial del
nio. Nació en Ca
noroeste, que se artilló en 1674. En
puerto. Gracias a las medidas toma-
nio de 1817. EI
1682 se erigió la fortaleza de La
das por las autoridades, excepto los
duado de abog
Concepción. Todo esto lo destruyó
daños e incencios producidos por las
carrera política.
el terremoto de 8 de julio de 1730.
balas, sólo hubo dos muertos que la-
Nacional a los 25
En febrero de 1795 poseía cuatro
mentar. Días. después la escuadra
de 1845 fue nom
castillos: La Concepción, San Anto-
zarpó para bombardear El Callao.
Justicia, Culto e
nio, San José y Barón. Se le confirió
de abril de 1850 f
el título de "muy noble y leal ciudad
VALPARAÍSO, Combate naval
cartera del Interio
de Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes
de. La flota española, compuesta.
teriores, cargo qu
de Puerto Claro": Fue incendiada
por los buques Esmeralda y Pezuela,
mente el 1° de ma
por los españoles después de la
bloqueaba Valparaíso. El 27 de abril
dente de la Cámar
derrota de Chacabuco en 1817 y re-
de 1818 la fragata chilena Lautaro,
1862. Senador pc
ducida casi a escombros por el terre-
comandada por Jorge O'Brien, se
1867, hasta 1886. ]
moto de 19 de noviembre de 1822.
acercó a la Esmeralda, enarbolando
nado en 1882. Min
Sufrió los efectos del gran incendio
bandera inglesa. O'Brien y 30
Marina (1879) y de
de 15 de marzo de 1843, de otro acae-
hombres se lanzaron al abordaje, pe-
Creó la Caja de Cre
cido el 13 de noviembre de 1858, así
Γo los españoles mataron a los asal-
(29 de agosto de 18:
como el que produjo la escuadra es-
tantes. La Lautaro se dirigió hacia la
cional de Ahorros
pañola 31 de marzo de 1866. La
Esmeralda, pero ésta huyó hacia el
1884). Tal fue su in
dañaron los terremotos de 16 de
sur. Al regresar, la Lautaro capturó:
vida política naciona
agosto de 1906-y 3 de marzo de 1985.
al bergantín español San Miguel, del
exagerado atribuirle
Forma una sola unidad urbana con
cual obtuvo un valioso botín.
de las leyes dictadas
Viña del. Mar. Primer puerto del
1845 y 1886. Falleció
VALLENAR. Ciudad de la III
país, tiene una intensa actividad im-
1886.
Región de Atacama, capital de la
portadora y exportadora. Importan-
provincia de Huasco. 39.737 habi-
VEGAS DE T
te centro comercial e industrial (in-
tantes en 1985. Ubicada en la mar-
Combate de las. At
dustria textil, mecánica, cemento,
gen norte del río Huasco. Fue funda-
Talcahuano por trop
alimentaria). Turismo, cuya princi-
da como San Ambrosio de Vällenar,
ro realista Vicente
pal atracción son los pintorescos 44
el 5 de enero de 1789, por el gober-
món Freire decidió ai
cerros de la ciudad.
nador Ambrosio O'Higgins, en el
noviembre de 1820. E
VALPARAÍSO, Bombardeo de.
valle que se llamaba de Paitanas. El
en varias partes, lo qu
Episodio de la guerra con España.
nombre proviene del título de barón
ga de los cercadore
178
nadlila y Parque el Salltre. Cuenta con diversas pla-
cinante dinámica, que lo convierte en uno de los
28 kms
El hostal
yas, todas rodeadas de amplias veredas peato-
puertos más pintorescos del mundo.
y lomas
nales y hermosas plazas y jardines floridos. Sus
principales calles interiores también están delimi-
La rada de Quintil fue bautizada Valparaíso en 1536
tales y
Habitaciones de Lujo Baño Exclusivo
por Juan de Saavedra -navegante de la expedición
abruptos
tadas por árboles; grandes palmeras adornan el
Departamentos Independientes Estacionamiento
estero Marga-Marga y enormes plátanos orienta-
de Diego de Almagro- en recuerdo de su ciudad na-
mando
les forman un túnel de follaje en Av. Libertad.
tal en España. En 1542, Pedro de Vardivia designa la
visitante
AV. VALPARAISO 299 ESQ. TRASLAVINA 184
rada como Puerto "para el trato de estas tierras y
en dos S
TEL: 882124
La arquitectura de Viña es singular; posee bellos
ciudad de Santiago". En 1599 se levanta una capilla
CAS. 73 VINA DEL MAR
"chalet" rodeados de jardines en sus barrios resi-
en el lugar actualmente ocupado por la iglesia Ma-
El balneari
TELEX: 330582 HOSTAL CK CHILE
denciales y en el borde del mar, una larga avenida
triz y a su alrededor se agrupan 9 a 10 modestas vi-
rada, CC
de altos edificios con sus balcones abiertos al odéa-
viendas. Tal como acontece con la mayoria de los
mar de
no, los que se van alternando con una sucesión de
puertos de América, Valparaíso no tiene una fecha
lente pa
plazas y jardines. Entre ellos se encuentra el im po-
de fundación. Durante los siglos 17 y 18, el puerto
celente :
nente edificio del Casino Municipal que, con su multi-
tiene una actividad estacional; los barcos bajaban
miento
Ristorantes
plicidad de salas de juego, espectáculos y restau-
en verano desde Callao y el puerto entonces se lle-
módicos
SAN MARTIN 597
rantes, es sin duda el mayor centro de esparcimien-
naba de actividad y luego languidecía durante el
mar, ub
SAN
TEL.: 975304 VINA DEL MAR CHILE
to durante todo el año.
año; sin embargo, para el servicio portuario se edifi-
hay aba
can bodegas estables, casas, iglesias y unas fortifi-
sirven e.
La historia de Viña es corta, recién centenaria. El lu-
TODO EL ARTE CULINARIO SERVIDO EN ESTA
caciones con guarnición en el llamado Castillo de
MESA ES PRODUCTO DE NUESTRA
gar fue una hacienda desde la época de la dolonia y
San José, ubicado en el cerro Cordillera, encima de
La caleta C.
INIGUALABLE COCINA
su nombre proviene de una viña que existió donde
la actual plaza Serrano.
ya resg.
hoy está la Quinta Rioja. En 1855 quedó unida a Val-
leta se
ATENCION ESMERADA POR SUS PROPIOS DUEÑOS
paraíso por el ferrocarril y desde entonces porte-
A partir del inicio del siglo pasado, luego de la in-
que vivi
E. MELOTTI D. POLLI
ños comienzan a visitar el valle de Viña, donde ha-
dependencia, los puertos de Chile y América se
Es una
cian paseos campestres, carreras de caballos y asis-
abren al comercio mundial y Valparaíso queda
miento
tian a los baños de mar instalados en playa Miramar,
ubicado en un enclave estratégico de las rutas
y de ve.
hoy desaparecida. Hacia 1872, unos porteños, prin-
navieras que, por el Cabo de Hornos, vienen a las
en el hc
cipalmente extranjeros, obtuvieron sitids en arrien-
costas e islas del Océano Pacífico. Así se inicia el
de dich
do próximos a la linea del tren, donde edificaron sus
auge de Valparaíso, que sirve como puerto de re-
de las C
HOTEL
casas rodeadas de grandes terrenos con jardín, que
calada y aprovisionamiento luego de la dura ruta
la estrechez de Valparaíso no permitial La propieta-
austral; también en sus bodegas se guarda la
O'HIGGINS
ria de la hacienda de Viña, doña Dolores P. de Alva-
mercadería que es reembarcada a los restantes
rez, tenía su casa un bellísimo y exolico parque en
puertos del Pacífico y la Oceanía.
LAS PL
PLAZA
los terrenos de la actual Quinta Vergara (descrito en
Emigrantes ingleses, alemanes y franceses se
VERGARA S/N
recorridos a pie).
Principal
instalan en el puerto y manejan el comercio de im-
(032) 882016
En 1874 se funda Viña del Mar; el municipio se ins-
portación; traen además capitales extranjeros
AMARILLA
tala 5 años después, la iglesia parroquial y el Spor-
para desarrollar la minería de cobre, plata y luego
400 mts
TLX 234525 HOH CL
ting Club en 1882. En el intertanto/se habia edifica-
el salitre en el norte, además de las grandes
apta pa
do el elegante Gran Hotel -hoy desaparecido- que
obras públicas que se construyen a partir de me-
con rest
HOTEL
inició el flujo, hasta hoy ininterrumpido de santia-
diados del siglo pasado. Valparaíso se transfor-
ya (cam
guinos a esta costa. El gran plan Viña y la Av Li-
ma en la principal plaza comercial y financiera del
sidad p
MIRAMAR
bertad se lotean en 1892, iniciandose con ello la
país, con la fundación de los primeros bancos y la
dentes
construcción de grandes mansiones de veraneo y
bolsa de valores; es además pionero en Chile en
Negra
CALETA ABARCA
las de los nuevos residente venidos de Valparai-
todos los adelantos urbanos, como el ferrocarril,
peqt
S/N
so. El crecimiento de la ciudad balneario ha sido
electricidad, tranvias, telégrafo, teléfono, gas de
requeri
desde entonces constante; en la primera década
cañería, etc. De aquella época son las bellas
grande-
(032) 664077
de este siglo se contruyeron, entre otras grandes
mansiones edificadas en los barrios residencia-
Higuer
mansiones, la Quinta Rioja, Quinta Vergara y la
les del puerto y en Cerro Alegre y Concepción,
TLX 234552
nombre
mansión Carrasco en Av Libertad, y en la fructife-
muchas de ellas transformadas hoy en pintores-
MIMAR CL
ribera.
ra década del 30, el Teatro Municipal, Hotel
COS conventillos.
para nir
O'Higgins, Palacio Presidencial, Casino Munici-
Hoy es una gran y activa ciudad, además de capi-
ta vista
pal, balneario Las Salinas y camino costero a
tal de la 5ª Región y principal puerto del país. Con
Concón. Más tarde se termina la habitación del
LOS LILE
más de 300.000 habitantes, es centro comercial
borde costero, con el Hotel Miramar, balneario
Concón
PATRICIO SILVA MIRANDA
administrativo de una vasta región y lugar de tra-
Caleta Abarca, Av Marina Av Perú.
con ma
JOYAS FINAS
bajo de un área urbana que comprende Viña, Re-
hermos
3
Hoy la ciudad se presenta enteramente remozada y
ñaca y Concón y las ciudades interiores de Quil-
EXPOSICION PERMANENTE
agua, a
en todo el borde costero, una segunda generación
pué, Villa Alemana y Peñablanca. Una visita a la
HOTEL SAN MARTIN
tado CC
de modernos edificios gcupan el lugar de las prime-
ciudad es una experiencia fascinante, en que se
VINA DEL MAR
ñon. Tit
ras casas de veraneo. La actividad de la ciudad es in-
entremezclan el presente y el pasado. Recomen-
YUNGAY 1731 OF: 208
tensa y continuada: la vida civica se concentra en la
damos seguir los recorridos a pie y en automóvil
COCHOA
P. 219604 CASILLA 1082
calle Valparaiso, centro comercial y lugar de reu-
propuestos más adelante, para obtener una vi-
da del
VALPARAISO CHILE
nión a medio día en SUS cafés y confiterías; el espar-
sión cabal de los misterios y encantos de Valpa-
Cuenta
cimiento se concentra en sus playas, y en las no-
raíso.
tes res'
ches, en los miles de intretenimientos que ofrecen
bién &
los distintos centro del litoral.
Laguna Verde se encuentra a 18 kms de Valpa-
de auto
raiso y su acceso es por buen camino que sale
VALPARAISO a 115 kms de Santiago por ruta 68. En
desde el barrio Playa Ancha en el puerto y corre
RENACA
las laderas de los grandes cerros que rodean la
por encima de unos enormes acantilados rocosos
olas fL
bahía y mirando hacia el norte, trepa la ciudad de
que miran al océano. El solo viaje es ya un espec-
con VI.
¡NORRA!
Valparaíso con un impresionante despliegue de ca-
tacular paseo. Es un pequeño poblado emplaza-
Estaci
lles, callejuelas, pasajes y escaleras que suben hasta
do junto a una gran playa de blanca arena, en una
el may
las cumbres; a sus pies, en la ribera y bahia, se desa-
cerrada bahía bordeada de altisimos cerros, to-
centra
rrolla el intenso movimiento portuario del primer
dos cubiertos de pinos. Es un lugar muy hermoso
de eq
puerto del pais. Estos dos polos de ciudad-puerto
y aislado, que cuenta con varios camping bajo
ya. ac
están siempre presentes en el bullente acontecer de
frondosos olivos, venta de provisiones y caleta de
ri; 3.
las calles; éstas corren por la zona plana (valle) de la
pescadores. El balneario está junto al villorrio,
LAS SAI
ciudad, donde está el comercio, el bellísimo centro
que vive de la explotación forestal y la agricultura;
rrada
financiero, las grandes bodegas que ocupan los pi-
también junto al mar hay una central termoeléctri-
con It
sos-sótanos y finalmente, los patios portuarios lle-
ca que es planta de emergencia de toda la zona.
Desde Laguna Verde sale un camino de tierra que
camar
nos de mercaderías y grandes containers.
en 10 kms, entre bosques de pino y pasando por
miento
Una visita a Valparaiso es una constante sorpresa,
más S
un bello hotel con buen restaurante, conduce
no sólo por su encantadora vida, sino también por la
hasta la playa Las Docas. Esta es bella, misterio-
bre y
inusitada arquitectura.y trazado de calles, donde se
viento
hay en
combinan en un mismo paisaje urbano, las enor-
sa y un excelente lugar para una tarde de sol en-
mes dimensiones de los barcos con el reducido ta-
tre un hermoso paisaje que antaño fue paraiso de
densit
los contrabandistas.
15 No:
todas partes
maño de sus calles. El ingenio del porteño ha hecho
de esta naturaleza agreste y escarpada, un suelo
se ext
Quintay ubicado a 104 kms de Santiago y 45 kms
ple
propicio para el desarrollo de una imaginativary fas-
de Vina del Mar. En Peñuelas se toma desvío de
los
146
CONCÓN, BATALLA DE
CONGRESO NACIONAL, PRIMER
CONS
CO
refinería de la Empresa Nacional de
en™el lugar mencionado. Su acción
Petróleo.
CA. L
dejó. al Perú prácticamente sólo con
el Huáscar para proseguir la guerra
del paí
CONCÓN, Batalla de. Se llevó a
zuelos
naval contra Chile. Murió en Quil-
cabo el 21 de agosto de 1891 y cons-
de 184
pué el 24 de octubre de 1887.
tituyó la penúltima acción de la
tomó
guerra civil de ese añó. En el enfren-
CONGRESO EUCARÍSTICO. El
de jun
tamiento, las fuerzas revolucionarias
primer Congreso Eucarístico Na-
"una e
del Congreso, comandadas por el te-
cional fue inaugurado el domingo 20
sica cu
niente coronel Enrique del Canto
de noviembre de 1904, en la Catedral
señanz:
-asesorado por el teniente coronel
de Santiago, por el Arzobispo capi-
no, co
Emilio Körner-, vencieron a las del
talino Mariano Casanova. Presiden-
piano,
gobierno del Presidente José Manuel
te fue el futuro Obispo Miguel Claro
etc.". S
Balmaceda, comandadas por los ge-
Vásquez, y secretario, el canónigo
al franc
nerales Orozimbo Barbosa y José
Ernesto Palacios Varas.
pesos di
Miguel Alcérreca.
sa de
CONGRESO NACIONAL, Pri-
pulcro.
CONCHA JIMENÉZ LOBA-
mer. Las primeras elecciones parla-
del Cor
TON, José de Santiago. Nació en
mentarias realizadas en Santiago se
dora Ze
Chile en 1760. Se graduó de abogado
iniciaron a las 7 de la mañana del 6
en Lima en 1784 y regresó al país. El
de mayo de 1811, con el objeto de
CON
26 de noviembre de 1794 fue desig-
elegir diputados al Primer Congreso
TRES
nado oidor de la Audiencia. Cuando
Nacional. Sufragaron más de 800
rante el
Joaquín del Pino se retiró del mando
electores, en 6 mesas. Se utilizaron
Benavid
en el país, al ser nombrado virrey del
dos cédulas, con doce nombres ca-
de cons
Perú, Concha asumió el mando en
da una (una cédula era para diputa-
repúblic
forma interina (6 de abril de 1801).
dos propietarios y la otra para
igualdac
El 31 de diciembre de ese mismo año
suplentes).
la tierra
lo entregó a Francisco Tadeo Diez de
El Primer Congreso nacional fue
tores fu
Medina, oidor decano, a quien le
inaugurado solemnemente el 4 de ju-
Gramus
correspondía desempeñarse también
lio de 1811, en la sala de delibera-
Berney,
como gobernador interino.
ciones de la Real Audiencia. Su con-
Rojas. L
vocatoria fue el resultado de una or-
Perú.
CONDELL DE LA HAZA,
den emanada de la Junta de Gobier-
CONS
Carlos Arnaldo. Nació el 14 de agos-
no del 18 de septiembre de 1810, pa-
to de 1843. Tuvo una crucial partici-
ra elegir un Congreso Nacional. Co-
VII Regi
cia de Ta
pación en el Combate Naval de Pa-
mo presidente de la Junta de Gobier-
bitantes
pudo (26 de noviembre de 1865), en
no, Juan Martínez de Rozas presidió
unos cas
el cual fue apresada la corbeta espa-
también el Congreso durante las ce-
ñola Esmeralda. Su habilidad quedó
remonias de instalación. Posterior-
que ocup
demostrada en el Combate Naval de
mente Juan Antonio Ovalle fue con-
dos por lo
dura del
Punta Gruesa (21 de mayo' de 1879),
firmado en el alto cargo. Se designó
zos realiz
cuando, al mando de la pequeña cor-
como vicepresidente a Martín Calvo
Encalada. Este primer Congreso fue
que al ca
beta Covadonga, hizo encallar al
de Villa N
acorazado peruano Independencia,
disuelto el 2 de diciembre de 1811.
44
EL EDIFICIO
DEL CONGRESO
EN VALPARAISO
Sobre una superficie de 25 mil metros cuadrados
se proyectó el nuevo edificio Sede del Congreso
Nacional. Ubicado en el barrio El Almendral,
antes estuvo allí el Hospital Enrique Deformes,
demolido a raíz del terremoto de 1985.
En el perímetro conformado por las calles Pedro
Montt por el norte, Enrique Deformes por el
sur, Avda. Argentina por el oriente y calle
Rawson por el poniente, se levantarán 60 mil
metros cuadrados de construcción. Estos,
albergarán a una torre de 16 pisos, junto a tres
edificios de cuatro pisos cada uno.
Los trabajos se iniciaron en octubre de 1988 y el
proyecto arquitectónico fue adjudicado -tras un
concurso público- a la Oficina de Arquitectos de
Juan Cárdenas, Raúl Farrú y José Covácevic.
LA CONSTRUCCION
Mil quinientas toneladas de estructura metálica
combinada con quince mil metros cúbicos de
hormigón armado son parte de las bases que
sustentan la nueva Sede del Poder Legislativo.
Apoyadas en el subsuelo a una profundidad de
casi siete metros a partir del nivel del terreno, se
encuentran las losas de la fundación de este
proyecto de enormes dimensiones que ha sido
cuidadosamente planificado, estructurado y
concretado. 4.200 toneladas de acero hormigón
18
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
19
funcionarios del Congreso. A este número, hay
se han utilizado en la obra gruesa. Piezas y
que sumar el público que asistirá regularmente a
materiales traídos del extranjero, tales como los
las sesiones del Senado, Cámara de Diputados y
mármoles españoles e italianos, se combinan con
Biblioteca.
la técnica y experiencia de los profesionales
chilenos. Casi tres mil personas han trabajado a
partir de abril de 1989, avanzando en las obras a
la razón de la cifra record de 5.000 m²
UN EDIFICIO "INTELIGENTE"
mensuales.
Dotado de un sofisticado equipamiento
Cuenta con un presupuesto cercano a los 50
tecnológico, este edificio cuenta con una
millones de dólares, y se espera concluir las
completa red de comunicaciones que incluye
obras en septiembre de 1990.
salas de video-conferencias conectadas con
Santiago vía microondas, una moderna central
Con respecto al alhajamiento, posee un
digital telefónica, una cincuentena de equipos de
presupuesto de 800 millones de pesos, que ha
fax y un sistema de radiocomunicaciones
sido cubierto por decoradores, diseñadores y
especiales para emergencias y para controlar las
artesanos nacionales. Alfombras, cuadros y
actividades del helipuerto que estará ubicado en
mobiliario se han elegido cuidadosamente, junto
la losa de la torre principal. Un sistema de
a piezas traídas del antiguo Congreso de
acústica y sonorización controlará la música
Santiago.
ambiental, informaciones internas y las pantallas
que informarán sobre las actividades diarias. Un
total de 112 cámaras de televisión conformarán
CARACTERISTICAS
un complejo sistema de circuito cerrado de
televisión, distribuido en los 60 mil metros
PRINCIPALES
cuadrados construídos. Un sistema de control
digital central de vigilancia supervisará las
El Edificio consulta un área Legislativa,
instalaciones de agua potable, alcantarillado,
compuesta por el Senado, Cánfara de Diputados,
climatización, iluminación, electricidad,
Salón de Plenarios, Salas de Comisiones,
ascensores, generadores de emergencias,
oficinas correspondientes al escalafón superior
dispositivos de seguridad interna y los detectores
del personal, etc. El resto del espacio se
de incendio.
distribuye entre las oficinas de los
Parlamentarios, Biblioteca y Oficinas
El trabajo legislativo se facilitará con dos redes
Administrativas, entre otras. En el primer piso se
computacionales de procesamiento de datos que
encontrarán los Servicios Generales, cafeterías,
incluirá un sistema institucional propio para la
comedores, y el espacio destinado a la prensa.
tarea parlamentaria, y otro apto para el manejo
Bajo el suelo y ocupando casi toda la superficie
administrativo, que organizará los procesos
del terreno, se planificó un estacionamiento
contables, movimiento del personal, las labores
subterráneo con capacidad para 500 vehículos.
de archivos, documentación y biblioteca, etc.
Cerca de mil aparatos telefónicos mantendrán
Aproximadamente unas 800 personas cumplirán
conectados a los parlamentarios con el resto del
con sus funciones habituales en este lugar,
país. Junto a la tradicional labor realizada por los
incluyendo a los parlamentarios, periodistas y
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
21
20
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
===========
AV. PEDRO MOTT
M
Sala Comités Diputados
Sala Comisiones Diputados
M
RAWSON
SENADO
CAMARA
CONGRESO
DE
PLENO
DIPUTADOS
AV. ARGENTINA
Biblioteca
Graderias
Biblioteca
W
Biblioteca
taquígrafos, las Salas de Sesiones han
incorporado sistemas de grabación, micrófonos y
I. PERFIL DEL
cuatro cámaras de televisión en cada una de
ellas, que registrarán la actividad cotidiana.
CONGRESO 1990
En resumen, gracias a los elementos integrados,
este edificio ha sido catalogado de "inteligente"
POR PARTIDO POLITICO
pues reune en torno suyo a los más modernos
mecanismos de control de condiciones
SENADO
Senda
ambientales y acústicas, junto a avanzadas
(47 miembros)
tecnologías del campo de las comunicaciones,
computación y seguridad.
19,1%
RN (9)
27,6 %
El edificio contará con los siguientes ingresos:
PDC (13)
4,3 % PR (2)
Al Senado, por calle Rawson.
4,3 % UDI (2)
A la Cámara de Diputados, por Avda.
6,5 % PSA, PS,
Argentina.
PRSD (3)
19,1 % Desig. (9)
8,5 % PPD (4)
Al Congreso Pleno, por Pedro Montt.
10,6%
Por Enrique Deformes entrarán los
IND. (5)
parlamentarios y el público en general que
acceda a la Biblioteca y a las oficinas de los
House oh Deputis
Parlamentarios. También por esta calle se
ingresará a los estacionamientos subterráneos.
CAMARA DE DIPUTADOS
(120 Miembros)
4,2 % PR (5)
3,3 % SD, PH, IC (4)
5,0 % PSA (6)
5,8 % IND. (7)
32,5 % PDC (39)
10,9 % UDI (13)
13,3 % PPD (16)
25,0 % RN (30)
24
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
25
POR SEXO
POR ACTIVIDAD
SENADORES
DIPUTADOS
SENADORES
Hombres 44
Hombres 113
Mujeres 3
mujeres 7
13% Otros
6,0 %
6,0 %
10%
Ex FF.AA.
y de Orden
94,0 %
94,0 %
77% Profesionales
Profesionales: (36)
Abogados (23)
POR EDAD
Ingenieros, varias especial. (7)
Otros (6)
SENADORES
Ex FF.AA. y de Orden (5)
Otros (agricultores, empresarios, etc.) (6)
15%
70 años y más (7)
30%
Entre 40 y 49 años (14)
DIPUTADOS
23%
Entre 60 y 69 años (11)
32 %
Entre 50 y 59 años (15)
16% Otros
Edad promedio: 56 años
Ex parlamentarios: (11) 23%
9% Empresarios
DIPUTADOS
10%
60 años y más (12)
33%
75% Profesionales
Entre 40 y 49 años (40)
23 %
Profesionales (90)
Entre 50 y 59 años (28)
Empresarios (11)
Abogados (39)
Otros * (19)
Ingenieros, varias
-Comerciantes, funcionarios
especial. (28)
33 %
-agricultores, etc.
Profesores (7)
Entre 29 y 39 años (40)
* Incluye políticos de carrera
Médicos (5)
Edad promedio: 45 años
Ex parlamentarios: (16) 13%
Otros ( (11)
26
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
27
ABREVIATURAS MAS USADAS
EN ESTA PUBLICACION
II. PA
DIP.
Diputado
ORDEI
SEN.
Senador
REG.
Región
Circ.
Circunscripción
ALFAB
Dist.
Distrito
Coms.
Comisión
Demo y P
Alianza Democracia y Progreso
Concert.
Alianza Concertación para la Democracia
Unidad Demo.
Incluye:
Alianza Unidad para la Democracia
IND.
Independiente
Edad, Activi
PDC.
Partido Demócrata Cristiano
(REG). Regi
RN.
Partido Renovación Nacional
(Circ.) Circu
PR.
Partido Radical
(Dist.) Distri
PPD.
Partido Por la Democracia
PRSD.
Filiación Po!
Partido Radical Social Demócrata
SD.
Partido Social Demócrata
Alianza Elec
UDI.
Partido Unión Demócrata Independiente
(Coms.) Con
PSA.
Partido Socialista de Almeyda
PH.
Partido Humanista
IC.
Partido Izquierda Cristiana
CDL.
Centro Democrático Libre
SENAD
Abog.
Abogado
Ing. Com.
Ingeniero Comercial
Ing. Civil
Ingeniero Civil
Ing. Agrónom.
Alessandri E
Ingenierio Agrónomo
Prof.
Profesor
(II REG.Circ.
Asist. Soc.
Asistente Social
Coms. Minerí:
Arquit.
Arquitecto
Emp. Púb.
Empleado Público
Calderón Ar
Func. Púb.
Funcionario Público
Desig.
Senador Designado
(XII REG. Ci.
(R)
En Retiro
Trabajo. Com:
Agricul.
Agricultor
Méd.
Médico
Cantuarias I
Méd. Vet.
Médico Veterinario
Empres.
Empresario
Civil) (VIII RI
Trabaj.
Trabajador
Coms. Educac
Empl.
Empleado
Pesca y Acuic:
Cont.
Contador
Comer.
Comerciante
Téc.
Técnico
Cooper Vale
Indus.
Industrial
Agronom.) (IV
Gob. Interior
Gobierno Interior
P.Coms. Agric
Rég. Interior
Régimen Interior
OO.PP.
Obras Públicas
Díaz Sánche:
RR.EE.
Relaciones Exteriores
B. Nacionales
Bienes Nacionales
REG.Circ.9) P
Pesca y Acuicul.
Pesca y Acuicultura
Ecología.
28
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
GUIA DEL CONGRESC
INDICE
QUE Es EL
Qué es el Congreso Nacional?
3
CONGRESO
Funcionamiento del Congreso
4
Atribuciones exclusivas de la
Cámara de Diputados
5
NACIONAL?
Atribuciones exclusivas del Senado
5
Atribuciones exclusivas del Congreso
6
Diputados y Senadores
6
Es el Poder Legislativo chileno conformado
Formación de la Ley
7
por una Cámara de Diputados y por el Senado.
Cómo acceder a un Parlamentario
Su función consiste en legislar, fiscalizar los
en ejercicio?
9
Personal administrativo del Congreso
10
actos del gobierno y otorgar consentimiento
11
cuando éste lo solicita.
Glosario
El Edificio del Congreso en Valparaíso
19
I Perfil del Congreso 1990
25
Tiene su sede en la ciudad de Valparaíso.
Abreviaturas más usadas en esta publicación
28
II Parlamentarios ordenados
La Cámara de Diputados cuenta con 120
alfabéticamente
29
representantes elegidos democráticamente. El
Senadores
29
Senado posee 47 miembros. De ellos, 38 son
Diputados
35
electos en forma directa y el resto son
III Parlamentarios ordenados
designados.
por Partidos Políticos
47
Partido Demócrata Cristiano
47
Partido Renovación Nacional
52
Independientes
56
CAMARA DE DIPUTADOS
Partido por la Democracia
57
Partido Radical
59
Se renueva totalmente por votación directa cada
Partido Radical Social Demócrata
59
cuatro años. Para estos efectos, el país está
- Partido Social Demócrata
60
dividido en 60 distritos, contando cada uno de
Unión Demócrata Independiente
60
éstos, con dos representantes. Pueden ser
- Partido Socialista Almeyda
61
62
elegidos los ciudadanos mayores de 21 años, con
- Partido Humanista
Partido Izquierda Cristiana
62
Enseñanza Media completa, y que tengan
Senadores Designados
63
residencia en la región a que pertenezca el
IV Parlamentarios ordenados
distrito electoral correspondiente.
por Regiones
64
Excepcionalmente, los diputados del primer
V Parlamentarios ordenados
Congreso durarán en sus cargos tres años.
por Comisiones legislativas
85
Senado
85
Cámara de Diputados
92
SENADO
Teléfonos:
Sus miembros representan a las 19
Cámara
032-230995
circunscripciones en las cuales se divide el país,
Senado
032-230065
a la razón de dos por circunscripción.
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
3
Los senadores elegidos para el primer
Las Cámaras no podrán entrar en sesión ni
Congreso que representen a las regiones de
adoptar acuerdos sin la concurrencia de la tercera
número impar durarán tres años en sus cargos.
parte de sus miembros en ejercicio.
Los senadores de las regiones de número par,
Región Metropolitana y los designados,
Convocado por el Ejecutivo, el Congreso sólo
permanecerán siete años. Cumplidos estos
se ocupará de aquellas materias legislativas o de
plazos, los senadores elegidos por votación
tratados internacionales, que fueron
directa durarán ocho años, renovándose
explícitamente mencionados en la convocatoria.
alternadamente la mitad de ellos cada cuatro
años. Por su parte, los designados se mantendrán
Convocado por el presidente del Senado podrá
ocho años en sus cargos.
ocuparse de cualquier materia de su
incumbencia.
Pueden ser senadores elegidos aquellos
ciudadanos con derecho a sufragio, con dos años
de residencia en la respectiva región, haber
ATRIBUCIONES
cursado la Enseñanza Media y tener cumplidos
EXCLUSIVAS DE LA
los 40 años de edad el día de la elección.
Respecto a los senadores designados, podrán
CAMARA DE DIPUTADOS
tener la calidad de tal: Los ex Presidentes de la
República, que hayan ejercido el cargo durante
Fiscalizar los actos del gobierno.
los últimos seis años en forma continua (éstos lo
serán por derecho propio y tendrán el carácter de
Declarar si son justificadas las acusaciones en
vitalicio); Dos ex Ministros de la Corte Suprema;
contra del Presidente de la República, o de los
Un ex Contralor General de la República; Un ex
Ministros de Estado, o de los Magistrados de los
Comandante en Jefe del Ejército, de la Armada,
Tribunales Superiores de Justicia, o del
de la Fuerza Aerea y un ex General Director de
Contralor General de la República, o de los
Carabineros; Un ex Rector de una universidad
Generales o Almirantes de las FFAA y de Orden,
estatal 0 reconocida por el Estado y un
o de los Intendentes o Gobernadores.
ex Ministro de Estado.
ATRIBUCIONES EXCLUSIVAS
FUNCIONAMIENTO
DEL SENADO
DEL CONGRESO
Entre las principales se cuentan:
Sesiona en Legislatura Ordinaria desde el 21 de
mayo hasta el 18 de septiembre de cada año.
Prestar o negar consentimiento a los actos del
Fuera de este lapso, el Ejecutivo está facultado
Ejecutivo.
para convocar a Legislatura Extraordinaria.
Conocer las acusaciones entabladas por la
También el Congreso puede autoconvocarse a
Cámara de Diputados.
través del presidente del Senado y a solicitud de
la mayoría de los parlamentarios.
Conocer las contiendas de competencia
suscitadas entre las autoridades políticas o
4
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
5
administrativas y los tribunales superiores de
contratos con el Estado, si ejercita influencia ante
justicia.
las autoridades administrativas o judiciales,
incita a la alteración del orden público o si
Conceder autorización para que el Ejecutivo
compromete gravemente el honor de la Nación.
pueda ausentarse del país.
Los parlamentarios sólo son inviolables en el
Dar su dictamen al Presidente en los casos que
desempeño de sus cargos, en sesiones de sala o
éste lo solicite.
de comisión.
Declarar la inhabilidad del Presidente de la
Los diputados y senadores recibirán como renta
República, cuando un impedimento físico o
única una dieta equivalente a la de un Ministro
mental le impida el ejercicio normal de sus
de Estado.
funciones.
FORMACION DE LA LEY
ATRIBUCIONES EXCLUSIVAS
La Constitución establece las materias de ley.
DEL CONGRESO
Pueden ser codificadas y se incluyen materias
básicas laborales, sindicales, previsionales, las
Aprobar tratados internacionales que le
operaciones financieras del Estado,
presente el Presidente de la República previo a su
administración y división política del país,
ratificación.
materias de guerra, indultos, amnistías y, en
general, toda otra norma de carácter general y
Pronunciarse respecto al estado de sitio, en caso
obligatoria que estatuya bases esenciales de un
de guerra interna o conmoción interior.
ordenamiento jurídico.
Una ley puede originarse en la Cámara de
Diputados, en el Senado, en un mensaje del
DIPUTADOS Y SENADORES
Presidente de la República 0 por moción de
cualquier parlamentario.
No pueden ser candidatos a parlamentarios
quienes durante el año anterior a las elecciones
Las leyes sobre tributos, presupuestos de la
se hayan desempeñado como ministros de
administración pública y reclutamiento, sólo
Estado, intendentes, gobernadores, alcaldes,
pueden tener origen en la Cámara de Diputados.
miembros de los consejos regionales y
comunales, miembros del Consejo del Banco
Las leyes sobre amnistía e indultos generales
Central, magistrados, miembros del Tribunal
sólo se originarán en el Senado.
Constitucional y Contralor General de la
Corresponderá al Ejecutivo la iniciativa en las
República.
leyes sobre la división política o administrativa
del país, la administración financiera del Estado,
Los cargos de diputado y senador son
incluyendo la Ley de Presupuestos y las leyes
incompatibles entre sí, y con todo empleo
sobre las fuerzas de aire, mar y tierra. El
retribuido con fondos fiscales.
Presidente tendrá iniciativa exclusiva para
imponer o suprimir tributos; crear nuevos
Cesa en su cargo un parlamentario si celebra
servicios públicos o suprimirlos; celebrar
6
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
7
empréstitos; fijar remuneraciones, jubilaciones y
COMO ACCEDER A
rentas; fijar procedimientos de la negociación
colectiva y las normas sobre seguridad social.
UN PARLAMENTARIO
El Congreso podrá aprobar o rechazar las
EN EJERCICIO?
iniciativas propuestas por el Presidente de la
República.
Cada parlamentario debe asistir a las sesiones
de la Legislatura Ordinaria y Extraordinaria,
Un proyecto desechado en su Cámara de origen
cuando éstas son convocadas. Las sesiones se
no podrá ser renovado hasta después de un año.
llevan a cabo los días martes y miércoles de cada
semana. Las reuniones de los distintos Comités y
Todo proyecto de ley será objeto de adiciones o
comisiones legislativas se efectuan los jueves y
correcciones en los trámites que corresponda,
viernes. El resto de los días de la semana debe
tanto en la Cámara de Diputados como en el
permanecer en su respectivo Distrito. Allí,
Senado. Aprobado un proyecto en su Cámara de
atiende personalmente las consultas y demandas
origen, pasará a la otra para su discusión.
de sus representados. Para efectuar dichas
labores, otorga entrevistas, organiza sesiones de
Si el proyecto es desechado totalmente en la
trabajo, reuniones grupales, recibe llamados
Cámara revisora pasará a ser estudiado por una
telefónicos, responde correspondencia, etc.
Comisión Mixta formada por senadores y
diputados para su consideración. De allí, volverá
En la Sede del Congreso, contará con una
a su Cámara de origen para su reconsideración.
oficina que cumplirá con la misión de recibir las
Dependiendo del resultado de este trámite,
solicitudes que provengan del público que lo
volverá a ser estudiado por una comisión mixta y
solicite. Entre éstas, se considerarán entrevistas,
por la Cámara revisora, para su aprobación o
audiencias especiales, llamados telefónicos, dar
rechazo definitivo.
respuestas a cartas y, en general a todas aquellas
Si un proyecto es aprobado por ambas
inquietudes de los electores.
Cámaras, se remitirá al Ejecutivo, quien, si
Como acceder al Texto de los Debates:
también lo aprueba, dispondrá de su
El público en general puede asistir a las sesiones
promulgación como ley. Si lo rechaza, lo
tanto de la Cámara de Diputados, como del
devolverá a su Cámara de origen con las
Senado. Las reuniones de las Comisiones, en
observaciones pertinentes. El proyecto volverá a
cambio, son reservadas. En cuanto al texto de la
ser considerado, pero sólo en dichas
discusión parlamentaria, éste se publica en forma
observaciones. Si ambas Cámaras aceptan las
de extracto en la prensa nacional.
observaciones, el proyecto tendrá fuerza de ley y
se devolverá al Presidente para su promulgación.
La promulgación de una ley se hará dentro de
un plazo de diez días, contados desde que ella
sea procedente. La publicación se hará dentro de
los cinco días hábiles a la fecha en que quede
totalmente tramitado el decreto promulgatorio.
8
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
GUIA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL
9
best known in
SANTIAGO DE CHILE, Iglesia San Francisco, 1572
see
WELCOME TO
AMERICAN EMBASSY
SANTIAGO
7-19
aaronson
1145
$CM's
- 2 -
Be prepared
THE PRESIDENT'S SEPTEMBER 16-22 TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA:
THEMES AND RELATED MATERIAL FOR SPEECHES
I. OVERVIEW
The President's major address in Brazil and his
speeches in Uruguay, Argentina, Chile and Venezuela
will provide him an unparalleled opportunity to stress
the theme of partnerships based on the principles of
free government and free enterprise. The speeches
should highlight what we and the Latins have done to
sustain the momentum towards stronger democratic
institutions and rational economic development, and
the challenges that face us in the future. We must be
forthright, however, in telling the Latins that even
though progress has been made, there is still a great
deal to do.
Governments and electorates in the five countries the
President will visit are showing new determination and
realism in pursuing economic opening and reform. If
these reforms continue, economic progress in which all
can participate becomes an attainable goal. The
President's Enterprise for the Americas initiative is
intended to give impetus to the economic restructuring
which has begun -- to greater and lesser degrees -- in
these five countries, and to sustain and deepen this
process in tangible ways. Development is not a single
event, but a continuous process of fundamental change;
not just investment or trade reform, but a reshaping
of the whole society and its world view.
In the economic sphere, open markets not only generate
growth to the benefit of all concerned, but also offer
participation, mobility, opportunity and empowerment
to all sectors of society. An overburdened state,
trying but failing to perform the work of the private
sector, is not the agent of social justice but rather
an obstacle to its attainment.
polevelopment and to Lotin America, they are part of any
Just as change, competition and sound currencies are
essential to1 and successful economy. they are to Latin
American development. This is a lesson we in the U.S.
are constantly re-learning. As the pace of
technological change grows ever more rapid, only those
economies which welcome change and actively seek out
new opportunities will prosper.
The President's initiative offers a vision of where we
should aim to go over the next decade and what forms
- 3 -
our cooperation should take. It is not a detailed,
comprehensive plan for development, nor a set of
ready-made, short-term solutions to specific
problems. Its aims to establish a long-term
partnership, a process in which the details of our new
economic relationship will be developed through
consultation and accommodation.
Attached on Tabs A through E you will find memoranda
which describe the individual circumstances affecting
each of the five speeches and proposes themes which
should be incorporated into the President's remarks.
- 4 -
TAB A
BRAZIL (Sunday, September 16 - Monday, September 17)
Suggested Venue: still undetermined, most likely a
joint session of congress in Brasilia, but possibly a
business group in Sao Paulo.
Probably Audience: members of the Brazilian Congress,
selected members of the GOB, representatives of the
diplomatic corps, business interests.
Local Color: (1) Brasilia, a starkly modern planned
city, symbolizes Brazil's pioneering vision of the
future and its potential as a world economic and
political leader. President Eisenhower, whose
centenary we celebrate this year, visited Brasilia in
1960, prior to its formal inauguration as the new
capital of Brazil; (2) Sao Paulo, Latin America's
largest industrial city, embodies the region's
potential dynamism and projection toward world markets.
Themes for the Major Address:
--
As we approach the quincentenary of Columbus'
encounter with the new world, it becomes
increasing clear that in 1992 -- if not sooner --
the rest of the world will rediscover the
Americas.
--
After more than a decade of economic stagnation
and serious social and political problems the
region now appears on the threshold of sustained
economic growth, social development and a new
level of political maturity firmly rooted in
respect for democratic processes and
human/political rights.
-- Regretably, the only anomaly in this revolution
of freedom is Cuba, which still clings to
outmoded political and economic models that put
it more and more out of step with the rest of the
hemisphere. We are confident that eventually
Cuba too will realize the depth of the changes
that are occurring all around the world and
rejoin the inter-American community as a full
partner.
--
The old idea of a Western Hemisphere that is
different, separate and aloof from the corrupting
- 5 -
influences of the Old World must now give way to
a new vision of the Americas as full and equal
partners with the industrialized nations in the
forging of a more cooperative, more peaceful,
more interdependent world for the 21st century.
--
With democracy largely achieved, the region now
faces the challenge of its consolidation and
deepening. This will require both economic
growth and social modernization. We are prepared
to help in this process.
--
In the face of this daunting task we have the
advantages of a young, vigorous population and
abundant natural resources.
--
We in the Western Hemisphere appear to be
reaching a new understanding of the proper
parameters of state authority over the individual
and the economy.
--
One of the most difficult steps remaining in
setting these parameters is the creation of a
sound currency and erasing the memory of
inflation. Success in this area is galvanizing
Germany's unity. Without it development in Latin
America is unlikely.
--
The balance between public and private sector
power will be different from country to country,
but throughout the hemisphere opportunities for
the individual to speak, act and work according
to his own conscience -- and to seek unlimited
economic horizons free from the stifling
intervention of the state -- now appear better
than they have been anytime in this century.
--
The Enterprise for the Americas (Iniciativa para
las Américas) announced on June 27 -- proposing
new ideas on trade, investment and debt -- is a
clear indication that the United States is ready
to be a full partner in this new American
revolution.
Brazil-Specific Themes for the Major Address:
:
Brazil, known for its economic miracle" in the
1960's and early '70s, is now a regional
political leader and major player in the
international economic arena.
President Collor's bold economic reform program,
which we applaud and follow with close interest,
can help serve as a catalyst in strengthening
Brazil's economy and world role.
With regard to the all-critical inflation hurdle,
the U.S. is prepared to provide technical
assistance and to encourage the multilateral
institutions to become involved in this area.
The challenge, however, is Brazil's.
The United States attaches great significance to
the 1992 U.N. -sponsored environmental conference
which will be hosted by Brazil and plans to work
closely with the GOB to insure maximum
effectiveness.
The U.S. endorses the establishment of an
international fund to assist less developed
countries to make the technological changes
necessary to reduce chloroflurocarbons emissions.
We are working with Brazil through both bilateral
and multilateral channels to address the major
threats to the world's environment and global
climate change.
President Collor's personal commitment to
combatting drug use will spur our joint narcotics
interdiction and education efforts.
Brazil and the United States share an intense
interest in the successful outcome of the Uruguay
Round of GATT.
As large nations with global interests, the
United States and Brazil have a common interest
in international peace and security issues.
We need to increase the level and frequency of
our discussions on the subject of global arms and
nuclear proliferation, particularly with regard
to regional instability.
Quotable Quotes:
(None provided by Embassy Brasilia.)
- 7 -
TAB B
URUGUAY (Tuesday, September 18)
Suggested Venue: a joint session of the Uruguayan
congress in Montevideo.
Probable Audience: members of the Uruguayan Congress,
selected members of the GOU, representatives of the
diplomatic corps.
Local Color: the Uruguay Round of the GATT was begun
here, making it particularly appropriate for the
President to note its successful implementation.
President Bush will be the first U.S. president to
visit Uruguay since Johnson participated in the
Meeting of American Chiefs of State at Punta del Este
in 1967.
Themes:
Two facets of the Enterprise for the Americas
initiative -- trade and investment -- are of
particular interest to Uruguay. In addition to
the successful completing of the Uruguay Round of
GATT, the U.S. is pleased that Uruguay and its
neighbors are actively considering the
elimination of reduction of barriers to free
trade through a regional trade agreement and
through strengthening of ALADI, the Latin
American Integration Association.
We also applaud President Lacalle's proposal for
a hemisphere capital market as a stimulus to
investment, and are encouraged by progress made
here and else where on bilateral investment
treaties.
President Lacalle's courageous implementation of
a wide range of structural reforms will improve
the economic environment, while other reforms
will reduce the size of the state, bring greater
stability to prices and to the currency, reform
or eliminate costly state monopolies, and
modernize labor relations to make Uruguay more
competitive on the international labor market.
We are also encouraged by clear signs that
Uruguay is willing to cooperate in controlling
international narcotics trafficking, particularly
money laundering and other types of criminal
financial activity.
- 8 -
Quotable Quotes:
"The economic relationship between Latin America and
the United States needs to be reconsidered. We do not
believe that the solution is more aid but rather more
trade, more investment
we would also like to point
out
that our countries are undertaking profound
transformations in their respective economies
creating in this way, a favorable climate for
investment. The restructuring of the state has been
undertaken as a necessary goal by almost all of the
American nations and it is proof of the will towards
change which guides the Latin American governments,
because we see and recognize that this is not a
one-way street. " (President Lacalle, OASGA, Asuncion,
June 1990)
- 9 -
TAB C
ARGENTINA (Wednesday, September 19)
Suggested Venue: a joint session of the Argentine
Congress in Buenos Aires.
Probable Audience: members of the Argentine Congress,
selected members of the GOA, representatives of the
diplomatic corps.
Local Color: President Bush will be the first U.S.
President to visit Argentina since Eisenhower in
1960. It comes at a time of a 180 degree shift in
Argentine attitudes toward the world at large,
including the United States, and the causes of their
national problems. Once the eight ranking economy in
the world, Argentina now ranks 58th. President Menem
speaks openly of his friendship and admiration for
President Bush. He seeks to integrate Argentina fully
into the international community while abandoning
statist, protectionist economic policies. The
magnitude of economic reform needed is greater in
Argentina than in the other countries the President is
visiting and resistance to Menem's efforts is strong.
Themes:
Argentina is enjoying one of the longest periods
of constitutional rule in its recent history and
the protection offered to human and civil rights
has increased.
Argentina led the hemispheric move away from
military governments to democracy in the 1980's.
--
The United States supports President Menem's
courageous economic reform program, including
restructuring of the public sector, and other
policies leading to a modern, growing,
market-oriented economy.
--
Economic reform will encourage greater individual
initiative, thereby improving the prospects of
prosperity for this and future generations.
---
The increasing attention paid to the
establishment of a sound currency merits hope and
further encouragement by those who have supported
Argentina's past efforts in this area.
- 10 -
--
President Menem's determination to divest
monopolistic enterprises, especially the
privatization of the national telephone system,
sets an example for the other nations of Latin
America.
The Bilateral Investment Treaty which we have
signed will encourage United States investors to
join Argentines in a cooperative partnership that
will result in greater productivity, more
exports, more jobs and a return to the level of
optimism and the standard of living that
Argentina enjoyed in the past.
The Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty we have signed
is a further step forward in our close
cooperation in the figlt against narcotrafficking
and other transnational criminal activity
In this spirit of reform and modernization, the
United States welcomes Argentina's decision to
help halt the proliferation of dangerous missile
systems and to cooperate more fully with the
international community in nuclear safeguards
within the spirit of the Tlatelolco Treaty.
As President Menem's economic reform policies
develop and are implemented, they may provide the
potential for voluntary, negotiated debt and debt
service reduction as a compliment to new
commercial bank lending.
Quotable Quotes:
"To take advantage of democratic experiences to propel
economic growth and progress is the principal
crossroads and challenge for our peoples and
governments.
"We Argentines must abandon this fabled mental
colonialism that tells us that all of our problems
come from elsewhere. Because if we think that way
we'll come to the conclusion that we have no solution
within our own means, by our decisions, by our
courage. The people will do it; through the people is
how its done. People think of opportunities rather
than excuses, of possibilities rather than risks, or
new horizons rather than old dangers." (President
Menem, Congress, May 1, 1990)
- 11 -
TAB D
CHILE (Thursday, September 20)
Suggested Venue: the GOC very much wants the
President to address a joint session of the Chilean
Congress at its new headquarters in Valparaiso. This
would pose logistical and security problems.
Alternative venues are the old congress building in
Santiago, the University of Chile and the Diego
Portales Building, headquarters of the previous
military government, all of which pose political
problems.
Probable Audience: in Valparaiso, members of the
congress, selected members of the GOC and
representatives of the diplomatic corps.
Local Color: After more than 16 years of estrangement
in U.S.-Chilean relations, the President's visit will
be interpreted by most observers as a strong
endorsement for democracy and for the kind of
market-oriented economic reforms that have made
Chile's economy one of the strongest in the region.
According to an independent study, Chile has
transferred twice the value of state-owned assets to
the private sector than has Britain, and in half the
time.
Themes:
--
Latin America, like Eastern Europe, is shedding
failed political and economic ideologies and
rediscovering the power of individual citizens
seeking their own and collective interests within
a free and open society.
--
The United States joins all Chileans in
celebrating the return to democracy and renewed
respect for the sanctity of individual liberties
and is ready to play an active, positive role in
this process.
--
Chile's economic achievements serve as a guide to
economic planners in other countries. Recent
economic growth is the envy of the rest of Latin
America, fully one third of national output is
devoted to international trade, a tribute to the
openness of the economy and the productivity of
the Chilean people.
- 12 -
--
Chile's uniformly low tariffs, simplified
investment rules, efficient procedures and honest
civil servants combine to give Chile a
significant advantage in the new, more integrated
world that faces us in the 21st century.
As a result, Chile stands to benefit more from
more open international markets than any other
country in Latin America.
Similarly, Chile's sound, innovative management
of is foreign debt, which appear overwhelming
only a few years ago, has been impressive and
serves a a model for the rest of Latin America.
Through hard work and sacrifice the debt has been
reduced from 14 billion to 5 billion dollars,
making Chile the first country in the region to
regain normal access to sources of international
finance.
Quotable Quotes:
"Chileans, with a tradition of democratic
institutions, of respect for human rights, of the rule
of law, have chosen to remake their society, based on
those values which honored their country in the past
at the same time we want to seek progress and
economic development, based on an open and competitive
system, in which all creative initiatives find space
for expression." (President Aylwin, Expomin 90, May
15, 1990)
'We need to grow if we want to overcome poverty. This
requires that we stimulate savings, investments,
creative initiative and the entrepreneurial spirit.
Government policies must reconcile the spirit of
social justice and the legitimate requirement to
satisfy essential needs with the unavoidable demand
for growth and development. " (President Aylwin,
Inaugural Address, March 12, 1990)
- 13 -
TAB E
VENEZUELA (Saturday, September 22)
Suggested Venue: breakfast meeting of the
Venezuelan-American Chamber of Commerce (VENAMCHAM),
at the Hilton.
Probable Audience: members of VENAMCHAM and
representatives of other appropriate Venezuelan and
U.S. organizations.
Local Color: Venezuela is one of South America's most
stable democracies, with a long tradition of free,
openly contested elections and respect for civil and
political liberties. The oil bonanza is over,
however, and Venezuelans are adjusting to the new
reality of austerity. Although this has tempered
somewhat Venezuelans' image of themselves as regional
leaders, President Perez still aspires to play a
leading role in hemisphere affairs and can be counted
on to be generally supportive of U.S. interests.
Themes:
The VENAMCHAM venue is an ideal forum for
emphasizing the U.S. role as Venezuela's largest
market and, reciprocally, our role as its
principal supplier.
|
The recently concluded free trade agreement with
Canada, ongoing negotiations with Mexico for a
similar accord, and the recently announced
Enterprise for the Americas initiative bode well
for economic growth in the hemisphere and the
expansion of Latin American trade to
non-traditional markets.
Venezuela, which has implemented an innovative
economic reform program which includes reduction
of trade barriers, free market discipline and
export oriented growth, is poised to take
advantage of these opportunities.
Venezuela's role in international cooperation to
eliminate narcotics production and trafficking is
also important. Although not a producing
country, we need Venezuela's help in suppressing
transshipment, the uncontrolled use of precursor
chemicals and money laundering is crucial to
regional anti-narcotics efforts.
- 14 -
Quotable Quotes:
"President Bush has thrown down a positive challenge
to us Latin Americans, to which we cannot, nor should
we, respond with the same old suspicions which have
generally fed the misunderstandings of the past. If
we think what he prooses is easy, it is not. We have
to bridge that gap between out beliefs and
understanding of Latin America's realities and the
concepts that we still hold to with regard to the role
our peoples and economies must play in the wake of the
industrialized world. Yet never has the United States
taken an initiative of such enormous importance for
the region. The dialogue we are offered opens up
paths so far not explored. II (President Perez'
Independence Day address, July 5, 1990.)
- 15 -
Drafted:
ARA/PPC: WLofstrom 7-6374
Approved:
ARA: DMalpass
Cleared
ARA: WBrownfield
ARA/BR: MLore
ARA/SC: BOwens
ARA/AND: CShapiro
ARA/EPC: MHarrington
ARA/PPC: DSkocz
Document SEARAPPC 8450
7/6/90
STAFFED
Grant/Dooley
November 28, 1990
2:00 p.m.
A:CHILE.TOA
PRESIDENTIAL TOAST: CHILE STATE DINNER
LA MONEDA PALACE
SANTIAGO, CHILE
THURSDAY, DECEMBER 6, 1990
President Aylwin, thank you for your hospitality and
generosity during my visit to your beautiful country. We first
met earlier this year at the White House, and I hope to see you
again when you next visit the United States.
In accepting Ambassador Silva's credentials as Chile's
representative in the United States, I said, "We are happy for
Chile and optimistic about its future. Your country's deep
MK
democratic tradition, its strong economy, and the richly deserved
reputation of the Chilean people for dynamism and creativity
reinforce our confidence."
I shouldn't have been so restrained.
Now that I've had the opportunity to visit Chile, I am even
more convinced that Chile's future is bright. You deserve your
reputation as a model for other countries in the region and the
state
world. Your recent economic growth is the envy of Latin America.
It's a pleasure to hear freedom spoken of as the recognized
right of all people not only to elect their own government, but
to control their own destiny and follow their dreams.
And it's a pleasure to listen to the language of optimism,
to hear trade barriers spoken of as obstacles to eliminate -- and
openness as the path to prosperity. Today, I've heard economic
2
growth and development discussed, not as ends in themselves, but
as the means to raise the standard of living and to broaden
opportunity for all Chile's citizens -- as the means to a better
life for her people.
Earlier this year, Mr. President, you observed: "Chileans,
with a tradition of democratic institutions, of respect for human
rights, of the rule of law, have chosen to remake their society,
based on those values which honored their country in the past
MK
at the same time we want to seek progress and economic
development, based on an open and competitive system, in which
all creative initiatives find space for expression."
And so it is with a noble spirit and honorable values that
the Chilean people are remaking their society -- a society
founded on democracy and economic liberty. To achieve this, the
people of Chile need leaders of vision and courage. And in
President Alywin, they have found one.
To the bright future of this nation, to the freedom-loving
people of Chile, and to you, Mr. President, I raise my glass in a
toast -- May the renewed friendship between our two great nations
remain as strong and healthy as it is tonight.
Thank you and God bless you.
# # #
SUGGESTED STATE DINNER TOAST
SANTIAGO, CHILE
In accepting Ambassador Silva's credentials as Chile's
representative in the U.S., I said, "We are happy for Chile and
optimistic about its future. Your country's deep democratic
tradition, its strong economy, and the richly deserved
reputation of the Chilean people for dynamism and creativity
reinforce our confidence."
I shouldn't have been so restrained.
Now that I've had the opportunity to visit Chile, I am
even more convinced that Chile's future is bright. You earned
and deserve your reputation as a model for other countries in
the region and the world.
It's a pleasure to hear freedom spoken of as the
recognized right of all people not only to elect their
government, but to chart their own economic path and develop
their own culture.
And it's a pleasure to listen to the language of optimism,
to hear trade barriers spoken of as things to eliminate and
openness as the key to prosperity.
-2-
It's also good to hear economic growth and development
discussed, not as ends in themselves, but as the means to raise
the standard of living of all Chile's citizens, to broaden
opportunities for creative initiative, and to satisfy the basic
needs of all.
The United States and Chile have had diplomatic relations
for over 170 years. At times, we have our differences --
that's not unusual.
But differences have been overwhelmed by shared values
which have carried us, sometimes along different paths, but
always in the same direction toward the common goals of freedom
and democracy.
Today, I visited Chile's Congress. I saw in Valparaiso
further proof that Chile's democracy has reasserted itself, and
with it there is a renewed commitment to justice and the rule
of law.
Democracy and economic freedom together are a winning
combination, and I salute you, Mr. President, and all Chileans
as you go forward.
FYI
:
A good contact
Mr. Duncan
(202)663-1122
State Dept. Historian
Good for history of
aiptomatic relations, etc.