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Marshall Hall Dedication 9/27/91 [OA 8329] [3]
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Marshall Hall Dedication 9/27/91 [OA 8329] [3]
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Speech Backup Chronological Files
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Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
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Speechwriting, White House Office of
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Speech File Backup Files
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Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13772
Folder ID Number:
13772-010
Folder Title:
Marshall Hall Dedication 9/27/91 [OA 8329] [3]
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26
21
6
4
enera
rmy
George Marshall
Sunset
729)
sman
If Eisenhower had injured his old commander in bowing to McCarthy,
S. I sent Eisenhower to
the new president would atone for it many times over, Katherine insisted.
was secretary of state,
The Marshalls were invited to the inauguration as members of the offi-
tions and our program
avoid having to choose
cial party. Later they would often grace the guest list of White House
of not voting.
dinners honoring visiting heads of state.
his way to praise Mar-
Despite friendship and frequent visits to the White House, Marshall
the American Legion
claimed no special influence with the administration or with the man he
dard-bearer asked rhe-
now punctiliously addressed as "Mr. President." The retired general
laims himself a patriot-
eschewed any political interest or involvement.
S the patriotism of faith-
Other things occupied him. More and more he stood at gravesites in
ample, the attacks which
Arlington for the funerals of old comrades, Jonathan Wainwright, Ernest
es of our great wartime
King, and Brehon Somervell among them.
the type of 'patriotism'
In March 1953, Undersecretary of State Walter Bedell Smith pro-
e of scoundrels."
posed that Marshall head the American delegation to the June corona-
I, stumbled in Wisconsin.
tion of Queen Elizabeth II. Eisenhower made the appointment, ignoring
ome state with a section
political advisers who warned of McCarthy's continued attacks on Mar-
senhower deleted those
shall for the loss of "a hundred million persons a year to international
Communism."
nd Wisconsin Governor
tion leaked to newsmen,
Marshall was an apt choice to represent the United States in London.
for having "betrayed his
He had met both King George VI and his elder daughter during the
n was also scornful since
war. A decade later, the highest ranking of all American soldiers was
ment of McCarthy-who
representing not only his president but those who had helped preserve
d the speech.
Great Britain and make this ceremony possible: Franklin D. Roosevelt,
in incident. "Eisenhower
stricken on the eve of victory; Harry Hopkins, Lord Root of the Matter,
he told his goddaughter,
who had wasted to death early in 1946; Hap Arnold, buried in the Valley
hall added, "There is no
of the Moon, California, in January 1950; and tens of thousands of young
in jail.'' (Similarly, when
men like Allen lying in cemeteries in strange lands.
former Secretary of War
Both Marshall and Katherine were delighted with the splendor and
"sell out his grandmother
pomp of the occasion. Marshall was specially honored by his hosts. Just
thetic. "Poor fellow. They
before the coronation in Westminster Abbey began, Omar Bradley
gry. Queried by reporters,
recalled, first Winston Churchill, then Alan Brooke and Montgomery in
g fist to palm snapped, "I
their robes as Lords of the Realm pointedly turned out of the procession
t fifty years' service to this
to shake Marshall's hand.
erican and that he served
It was a grand celebration among old friends. There was a round of
bitions.")
lunches with wartime colleagues and a day at the races with Churchill.
g victory in the November
He and Katherine spent time with Lady Mary Burghley, during the war
tevenson, assuring him he
the wife of the governor of the Bahamas where Marshall and Dill had
etter of the electorate and
once vacationed, now "my best friend over here," as the general wrote
great American."
Truman.
Marshall had praised, Ste-
A greater honor followed. On October 31, 1953, Marshall learned that
the disappointment of my
he had been named the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. Nominated
would be sufficient regard
by former President Truman, among others, Marshall received the prize
for his sponsorship of the European Recovery Program. He rose from a
(730
PART IV . The Statesman
sickbed and month-long bout with the flu-he found it harder and harder
drowning out the prot
to bounce back from these annual sieges-to hold an impromptu press
Marshall go home!"
conference in the living room of his Pinehurst cottage.
While fifty Commun
Regardless of the citation, he said in a hoarse voice, his greatest con-
the following night, M:
tribution to world peace "was in 1940 in the effort to persuade the
Nobel address.
administration and Congress to get under way with the preparations for
"There has been cons
the inevitable war. That was the hardest thing I ever did."
Peace Prize for 1953 to
The award, Marshall told reporters, came as "a tribute to the whole
this does not seem as re
American people." A number of people contributed to the plan, "the
others.
The cost of
Tate Senator Vandenberg more than anyone else." His citation and the
me, written neatly in ma
accompanying award of $33,840, thus was "unusual," he added, a con-
deeply moved to find SO
trast to the individual prize for literature, won that year by Winston
ity of war."
Churchill.
For the moment, the
The choice was widely applauded, except in the Soviet bloc. Pravda
"A very strong military
ran a satirical cartoon of a prognathous George Marshall, firebrand over
must continue I am not
one shoulder, dollar-sign insignia on the other sleeve, decked in a mask
narrow a basis on which
in the shape of a lamb's head.
That would take moi
The reporters gone, Marshall and Katherine spent two weeks recu-
change in national attitu
perating from bronchial infections at Walter Reed. Confined there, he
also require attention I
was unable to attend the White House dinner in honor of Queen Fred-
dreadful conditions "wl
erika of Greece. The queen instead visited him at the hospital.
aspire to a fair share of
To attend the Nobel ceremony in December, Marshall undertook a
Marshall did not thin
second sea voyage to Europe, hoping that the eight-day southern cross-
was ill. Yet the speech CO
ing to Naples would aid his recuperation. He traveled alone; Katherine
future challenge:
did not feel up to the trip. Awed passengers on the Andrea Doria gave
him a wide berth, until one approached to ask for an autograph. Mar-
We must present de
shall was more than gracious, the passenger recalled, "grateful for the
seeds of unlimited pi
momentary companionship. He complained that he was unhappy because
should make it clear
no one came near him or talked to him. He was lonely."
way of life, together
Still weak from the influenza attack, Marshall husbanded his strength
Tyranny inevitably m
throughout the trip, preparing for the climactic banquet address he was
of the gospel of free
to give.
have to recognize th
Newsreels of the award ceremony before a glittering audience at Oslo
on empty stomachs
University's Festival Hall caught Marshall as a seemingly weary man, the
tators because they a
first professional soldier to be burdened by the responsibility of a Nobel
better than the miser
Peace Prize. Just as Marshall was called to receive the medal, a small
group of demonstrators in the balcony shouted: "Murderer! Murderer!"
Marshall returned to I
Described by police as members of Norway's ragged Communist Party.
never quite enjoy the be
the protesters scattered over the audience below leaflets describing Mar-
of minor illnesses-cold
shall as "the man who decisively contributed to the atomic death of 100,000
suite at Walter Reed st
people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
trouble with his sense 0
Even before members of Marshall's air crew, an embassy agriculture
Marshall confessed in le
attaché, and police could grapple with the demonstrators, Norway's King
He maintained a sens
Haakon VII rose to applaud the general. The entire audience followed,
he told inquiring White
Sunset
731)
man
id it harder and harder
drowning out the protesters' shouts that "this is no peace candidate.
d an impromptu press
Marshall go home!"
tage.
While fifty Communist protesters picketed outside the banquet hall
voice, his greatest con-
the following night, Marshall in white tie and tails delivered his formal
ffort to persuade the
Nobel address.
h the preparations for
"There has been considerable comment over the awarding of the Nobel
ver did."
Peace Prize for 1953 to a soldier," Marshall acknowledged. "I am afraid
a tribute to the whole
this does not seem as remarkable to me as it quite evidently appears to
uted to the plan, "the
others.
The cost of war in human lives is constantly spread before
His citation and the
me, written neatly in many ledgers whose columns are gravestones. I am
ual," he added, a con-
deeply moved to find some means or method of avoiding another calam-
that year by Winston
ity of war."
For the moment, the means to peace included, paradoxically, arms.
he Soviet bloc. Pravda
"A very strong military posture is vitally necessary today. How long it
arshall, firebrand over
must continue I am not prepared to estimate, but I am sure that it is too
eve, decked in a mask
narrow a basis on which to build a dependable, long-enduring peace."
That would take more, in particular, education of individuals and a
spent two weeks recu-
change in national attitudes to foster international understanding. It would
ed. Confined there, he
also require attention to the aspirations of the millions living under
honor of Queen Fred-
dreadful conditions "who have now come to a realization that they may
the hospital.
aspire to a fair share of the God-given rights of human beings."
Marshall undertook a
Marshall did not think highly of his Nobel address, written while he
ht-day southern cross-
was ill. Yet the speech contained an insightful vision of the Western world's
veled alone; Katherine
future challenge:
the Andrea Doria gave
or an autograph. Mar-
We must present democracy as a force holding within itself the
alled, "grateful for the
seeds of unlimited progress by the human race. By our actions we
e was unhappy because
should make it clear that such a democracy is a means to a better
onely."
way of life, together with a better understanding among nations.
usbanded his strength
Tyranny inevitably must retire before the tremendous moral strength
anquet address he was
of the gospel of freedom and self-respect for the individual, but we
have to recognize that these democratic principles do not flourish
tering audience at Oslo
on empty stomachs and that people turn to false promises of dic-
mingly weary man, the
tators because they are hopeless and anything promises something
sponsibility of a Nobel
better than the miserable existence that they endure.
ive the medal, a small
Murderer! Murderer!"
Marshall returned to the United States still weak, still hoarse. He would
ged Communist Party,
never quite enjoy the best of health thereafter. He suffered a succession
eaflets describing Mar-
of minor illnesses-colds, bronchitis, a rash-his stays in the presidential
tomic death of 100,000
suite at Walter Reed stretching out. His hearing worsened and he had
trouble with his sense of balance. His limitations were more numerous,
n embassy agriculture
Marshall confessed in letters to friends.
strators, Norway's King
He maintained a sense of humor. On the tenth anniversary of D-Day,
ire audience followed,
he told inquiring White House newsmen his big worries now were "the
(732
PART IV. The Statesman
blackbirds eating all my marigolds." He and Katherine did "a lot of gar-
neatly brushed hair thinning,
dening" he explained.
godfather, dear Colonel Marsh
Nearing his seventy-fifth birthday, Marshall still struck New York Times
She sat by his bed, holding h
writer Walter S. White as "rather like a finely coiled spring. The steel
time now to remember," he to
has bent a bit, become a bit less supple with the passing of the years. Still,
father down Uniontown's steep
it remains." Marshall appeared aloof, lofty, no man for small talk. It was
"Colonel Marshall," the won
Katherine, a "lady of subdued, relaxed gaiety," who softened the other-
live long enough to know what
wise forbidding soldier.
very proud of you."
To some who did not know him well, Marshall in retirement seemed
"Do you really think so?" Ma
venerable, a man still in command. One British guest recalled driving
have approved of me."
with the general to the country club in Leesburg for dinner; there Mar-
Two weeks into the new year
Marshall's bedroom heard the
shall's neighbors stood as he entered the club's dining room.
Some first-time visitors were awed despite themselves, perhaps by the
shall had suffered a crippling Si
signed photographs in the parlor from Queen Elizabeth and President
corpsman kept the general aliv
Eisenhower, "Your Old Lieutenant"; perhaps by the expensive tapes-
Fort Bragg hospital nearby.
tries and paintings Madame Chiang had sent to Dodona Manor.
The stroke left him weaken
Visitors came often enough, both to Leesburg and Pinehurst. Omar
municate. Even in sickness he C
Bradley came for a visit and golf. Marshall's stepgrandson Jimmie Winn
to a request from The Observer
stayed when his parents visited Japan. Queen Frederika brought her
used in that newspaper's stand
children, Crown Prince Constantine and daughter Sophia, to meet the
prime minister, said the ailing
man she considered Greece's protector.
soldier, orator, author and stat
He kept busy, for, after all, he was "absolutely all right from the neck
associate
dedicated to the P
up." Answering letters from well-wishers took time, and he spent some
On February 18, Marshall su
afternoons answering the questions of Forrest Pogue, the military his-
hospital issued weekly bulletin
his condition. In March he was
torian selected to write his biography.
Occasionally he was consulted about military affairs. Interviewed on
to oust cancer-stricken John F
proposed reorganization of the Department of Defense, "the general
Sick herself, Katherine stayed
made some very keen answers," Lieutenant Colonel George wrote Rob-
ing her frail husband as best sh
ert Lovett. "He reminisced quite a bit, almost entirely along lines of the
For a while Marshall seeme(
importance of a unified and well coordinated team." Rather wryly Mar-
wheelchair, but slipping more
shall noted for another interviewer, "Hindsight would be a valuable
of the uncomprehending. Old
member of any cabinet."
nized and greeted in a whispe
The years grew harder. He took to using a cane on his afternoon walks
all old soldiers. His former or
with Katherine. Sergeant Heffner now made the daily run to pick up
came for a short visit, then sta
the mail in the civilian version of the Jeep Marshall so fancied. He had
man visited. President Eisenh
lately lost some weight and lacked energy, he wrote friends in May 1957:
Churchill, himself eighty-four
In August 1958, Marshall checked into Walter Reed for the removal
of the hospital room, watchin
of a cyst on his face and for dental work. The short stay stretched out
lying so small under the cover
when he fell and cracked a rib. His concerned doctors discharged Mar-
Marshall lost his sight, his 1
shall only after arranging for a medical corpsman to be on duty around-
nent coma, fed by tubes, but
the-clock at Liscombe Lodge.
constitution. His old doctor, I
He was not well. Rose Wilson recalled visiting her godfather, sitting
helped Marshall beat the doct
up in bed in his spartan bedroom, dressed in a dark blue Chinese dress-
was nothing medicine could d
ing gown. Marshall was drawn, his skin pulled taut across his cheeks, his
Shortly after 6:00 p.m. on
Sunset
a n
733)
le did "a lot of gar-
neatly brushed hair thinning, completely white. She was stunned. Her
godfather, dear Colonel Marshall, was an old man.
uck New York Times
She sat by his bed, holding his hand for long hours. "I have so much
I spring. The steel
time now to remember," he told her. He recalled tobogganing with his
g of the years. Still,
father down Uniontown's steepest street. "What great sport that was!"
or small talk. It was
"Colonel Marshall," the woman replied, "I'm sorry your father didn't
oftened the other-
live long enough to know what a great son he had. He would have been
very proud of you."
retirement seemed
"Do you really think so?" Marshall asked. "I'd like to believe he would
st recalled driving
have approved of me."
dinner; there Mar-
Two weeks into the new year, the medical corpsman stationed outside
room.
Marshall's bedroom heard the strangled gasps of a man choking. Mar-
es, perhaps by the
shall had suffered a crippling stroke and had swallowed his tongue. The
beth and President
corpsman kept the general alive while an ambulance raced them to the
e expensive tapes-
Fort Bragg hospital nearby.
na Manor.
The stroke left him weakened and easily fatigued, but able to com-
I Pinehurst. Omar
municate. Even in sickness he clung to a sense of obligation. Responding
dson Jimmie Winn
to a request from The Observer (London), he dictated comments to be
erika brought her
used in that newspaper's standing obituary for Winston Churchill. The
ophia, to meet the
prime minister, said the ailing general, was "a citizen of the world
a
soldier, orator, author and statesman. Great was he in all
the perfect
ight from the neck
associate
dedicated to the principle that the right will prevail."
and he spent some
On February 18, Marshall suffered a second, more severe stroke. The
e, the military his-
hospital issued weekly bulletins and kept the White House informed of
his condition. In March he was transferred to Walter Reed, but refused
rs. Interviewed on
to oust cancer-stricken John Foster Dulles from the presidential suite.
ense, "the general
Sick herself, Katherine stayed in a guest cottage, always nearby, protect-
George wrote Rob-
ing her frail husband as best she could.
V along lines of the
For a while Marshall seemed to rally, spending some of his time in a
Rather wryly Mar-
wheelchair, but slipping more and more often into the profound silence
uld be a valuable
of the uncomprehending. Old comrades dropped by. Some he recog-
nized and greeted in a whisper. With some he exchanged the stories of
is afternoon walks
all old soldiers. His former orderly, retired Sergeant James W. Powder,
ily run to pick up
came for a short visit, then stayed on at Marshall's request. Harry Tru-
0 fancied. He had
man visited. President Eisenhower came three times, once with Winston
ends in May 1957.
Churchill, himself eighty-four. Churchill merely stood in the doorway
d for the removal
of the hospital room, watching with tears in his eyes the comatose man
stay stretched out
lying so small under the covers.
S discharged Mar-
Marshall lost his sight, his hearing, his speech. He fell into a perma-
e on duty around-
nent coma, fed by tubes, but kept alive by dint of his strong physical
constitution. His old doctor, Major General Morrison Stayer, who had
godfather, sitting
helped Marshall beat the doctors in 1940, refused to come again. There
lue Chinese dress-
was nothing medicine could do for the general.
OSS his cheeks, his
Shortly after 6:00 p.m. on Friday, October 16, 1959, General of the
Photograph by U.S. Army Signal Corps
(734
PART IV : The Statesman
Army George Catlett Marshall, two and one-half months shy of his eigh-
Eisenhower and former Presici
tieth birthday, simply stopped breathing.
six years, sat side by side, the
At his express order, there would be no state funeral. He who had
between them. At Marshall's ro
planned the formal military funerals for Presidents Harding and Frank-
The graveside service was eo
lin Roosevelt, and for General of the Armies John J. Pershing, wanted
few honorary pallbearers: Se
no such elaborate ceremony for himself.
Sergeant William Heffner; hi
Instead, the honors would be simpler. At Eisenhower's order, flags
motion picture producer; Col
flew at half-mast until the funeral. Marshall's body lay in state in the
Bedell Smith. Mrs. Marshall a
Bethlehem Chapel of the National Cathedral for twenty-four hours.
Admiral Harold Stark and On
Cadets from VMI joined the casket's honor guard traditionally com-
ter Molly, and Allen's widow, th
posed of members of each of the services. Thousands shuffled quietly
to the green hillside below the
across the marble floor, past the casket, paying their respects.
from the equestrian statue of M
The newspaper obituaries, long and prominent, struggled to take the
Guests at the chapel heard I
measure of the man. Marshall had served his nation well. Born in 1880,
berating among the tombstones,
when men easily recalled Lincoln and the Civil War, he had served ten
presidents as a soldier and a diplomat. His career had carried him from
the Philippines to the barren Oklahoma Territory, from a hellish war in
France to service in strange, continually fascinating China. The perfect
staff man, he had yearned for a troop command, only to become com
mander of the largest army his country would ever field.
Never the most brilliant student, or even the best read, he had steadily
grown as a man and a soldier until he could be truly called a statesman.
His world also grew, from Uniontown, Pennsylvania's few short blocks,
to encompass the entire globe. In his lifetime, the United States trans-
formed itself from an insular nation of thirty-eight states into a domi-
nant world power. Marshall's own career paralleled much of that, and
he would significantly shape many of the events in that history.
Over those years, he came to influence a generation of soldiers and
scores of others who would hold high office long after his death. Some
shared his military precepts, some his diplomatic vision. The best of them
also emulated his concept of selfless service.
George Catlett Marshall exemplified in his lifetime all that was Amer-
ica's best-its sense of mission, of responsibility, of integrity, even nobil-
ity. The men and women in the small chapel at Fort Myer, Virginia, on
this Tuesday in October understood what the nation had lost with that
soldier's death.
The funeral on Tuesday, October 20, in the flower-filled chapel took
just twenty minutes, the audience limited to a small list of invited guests.
Some omitted asked to come, including Ambassador Robert Murphy,
retired Lieutenant General Lucius Clay, and Sergeant Richard Wing,
Marshall's orderly in China and in Moscow; all three were seated.
Canon Luther Miller of the National Cathedral, once Marshall's chap-
lain with the 15th Infantry at Tientsin and later chief of chaplains at the
end of the war, presided over the brief Episcopal ceremony. President
Sunset
735)
n
IS shy of his eigh-
Eisenhower and former President Truman, meeting for the first time in
six years, sat side by side, their shared grief partially healing the rift
ral. He who had
between them. At Marshall's request, there was no eulogy.
rding and Frank-
The graveside service was equally brief. Marshall had asked for only a
Pershing, wanted
few honorary pallbearers: Sergeant Powder and his current orderly,
Sergeant William Heffner; his wartime aide, Frank McCarthy, now a
ver's order, flags
motion picture producer; Colonel George; Robert Lovett; and Walter
ly in state in the
Bedell Smith. Mrs. Marshall added a handful more, including retired
enty-four hours.
Admiral Harold Stark and Omar Bradley. With Katherine, her daugh-
raditionally com-
ter Molly, and Allen's widow, the men followed the coffin from the chapel
S shuffled quietly
to the green hillside below the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier not far
spects.
from the equestrian statue of Marshall's friend, Sir John Dill.
:ggled to take the
Guests at the chapel heard first the honor guard's rifle volley rever-
ell. Born in 1880,
berating among the tombstones, then a keening trumpet sounding "Taps."
e had served ten
carried him from
m a hellish war in
hina. The perfect
y to become com-
Id.
id, he had steadily
alled a statesman.
few short blocks,
nited States trans-
tates into a domi-
much of that, and
it history.
on of soldiers and
er his death. Some
1. The best of them
all that was Amer-
egrity, even nobil-
Myer, Virginia, on
had lost with that
-filled chapel took
t of invited guests.
r Robert Murphy,
int Richard Wing,
were seated.
e Marshall's chap-
of chaplains at the
remony. President
Photograph by U.S. Army Signal Corps
532
DOCUMENTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY
THE
in an executive department or agency on
documents or information of a confidential
tories, mines, and railroads was C
grounds relating to loyalty shall be that, on
or non-public character obtained by the per-
estimated, but it has become obvious
all the evidence, reasonable grounds exist
son making the disclosure as a result of
recent months that this visible dest
for belief that the person involved is dis-
his employment by the Government of the
was probably less serious than the disl
loyal to the Government of the United
United States;
of the entire fabric of European ec
States.
E. Performing or attempting to perform
For the past 10 years conditions hav
2. Activities and associations of an appli-
his duties, or otherwise acting, so as to serve
highly abnormal. The feverish prep
cant or employe which may be considered
the interests of another government in pref-
for war and the more feverish main
in connection with the determination of dis-
erence to the interests of the United States.
of the war effort engulfed all aspects
loyalty may include one or more of the fol-
F. Membership in, affiliation with or sym-
tional economies. Machinery has fall
lowing:
pathetic association with any foreign or do-
disrepair or is entirely obsolete. Un
A. Sabotage, espionage, or attempts or
mestic organization, association, movement,
arbitrary and destructive Nazi rule, V
preparations therefor, knowingly associating
group or combination of persons, designated
every possible enterprise was geared i
with spies or saboteurs;
by the Attorney General as totalitarian, Fas-
German war machine. Long-standing
B. Treason or sedition or advocacy there-
cist, Communist, or subversive, or as having
mercial ties, private institutions, ban
of;
adopted a policy of advocating or approving
surance companies and shipping con
C. Advocacy of revolution of force or
the commission of acts of force or violence
disappeared, through loss of capital,
violence to alter the constitutional form of
to deny other persons their rights under the
tion through nationalization or by
Government of the United States;
Constitution of the United States, or as seek-
destruction. In many countries, con
D. Intentional, unauthorized disclosure to
ing to alter the form of Government of the
in the local currency has been S
any person, under circumstances which may
United States by unconstitutional means.
shaken. The breakdown of the b
indicate disloyalty to the United States, of
structure of Europe during the war wa
plete. Recovery has been seriously r
by the fact that 2 years after the C
hostilities a peace settlement with G
and Austria has not been agreed upo
578. THE MARSHALL PLAN
even given a more prompt solution 0
June 5, 1947
difficult problems, the rehabilitation
(Congressional Record, June 30, 1947)
economic structure of Europe quite ev
will require a much longer time and
On June 5, 1947, at a Harvard commencement,
Remarks by the Honorable George C. Mar-
effort than had been foreseen.
Secretary of State George C. Marshall deliv-
shall, Secretary of State, at Harvard Uni-
There is a phase of this matter W
ered a notable address setting forth the basic
versity on June 5, 1947.
both interesting and serious. The farn
principles of American policy toward the post-
always produced the foodstuffs to ex
war rehabilitation of Europe. Secretary Mar-
I need not tell you gentlemen that the
shall viewed the European economy as a unit,
with the city dweller for the other
world situation is very serious. That must
sities of life. This division of labor
and suggested that European countries in need
of American aid should join together in draw-
be apparent to all intelligent people. I think
basis of modern civilization. At the
ing up a program stating their needs. Great
one difficulty is that the problem is one of
time it is threatened with breakdow
Britain and France, after consulting with Prime
such enormous complexity that the very mass
town and city industries are not pr
Minister Molotov of the Soviet Union, issued
of facts presented to the public by press and
adequate goods to exchange with th
an invitation on July 3, 1947 to twenty-two
radio make it exceedingly difficult for the
producing farmer. Raw materials an
European countries to participate in a confer-
man in the street to reach a clear appraise-
are in short supply. Machinery is lac
ence, the purpose of which was to draw up a
ment of the situation. Furthermore, the peo-
worn out. The farmer or the peasant
blueprint of European reconstruction to present
ple of this country are distant from the
find the goods for sale which he de
to the United States. The Soviet Union took
troubled areas of the earth and it is hard
an increasingly hostile view of the undertaking,
purchase. So the sale of his farm 1
saw the Marshall Plan as the beginning of an
for them to comprehend the plight and con-
for money which he cannot use seems
anti-Russian bloc, and refused to participate.
sequent reactions of the long-suffering peo-
an unprofitable transaction. He, the
The conference of European countries opened
ples, and the effect of those reactions on their
has withdrawn many fields from cro
at Paris on July 12, and submitted a general
governments in connection with our efforts
vation and is using them for grazi
report on European needs, September 23, 1947.
to promote peace in the world.
feeds more grain to stock and finds f
See S. B. Fay, "The Marshall Plan," Current
In considering the requirements for the
self and his family an ample supply
History, September 1947; New York Times,
rehabilitation of Europe the physical loss of
however short he may be on clothi
September 24, 1947, for the conference report.
life, the visible destruction of cities, fac-
the other ordinary gadgets of civil
AN HISTORY
THE MARSHALL PLAN
533
nts or information of a confidential
tories, mines, and railroads was correctly
Meanwhile people in the cities are short of
public character obtained by the per-
estimated, but it has become obvious during
food and fuel. So the governments are forced
king the disclosure as a result of
recent months that this visible destruction
to use their foreign money and credits to
loyment by the Government of the
was probably less serious than the dislocation
procure these necessities abroad. This proc-
States;
of the entire fabric of European economy.
ess exhausts funds which are urgently needed
erforming or attempting to perform
For the past 10 years conditions have been
for reconstruction. Thus a very serious situ-
es, or otherwise acting, so as to serve
highly abnormal. The feverish preparation
ation is rapidly developing which bodes no
rests of another government in pref-
for war and the more feverish maintenance
good for the world. The modern system of
to the interests of the United States.
of the war effort engulfed all aspects of na-
the division of labor upon which the ex-
embership in, affiliation with or sym-
tional economies. Machinery has fallen into
change of products is based is in danger of
; association with any foreign or do-
disrepair or is entirely obsolete. Under the
breaking down.
organization, association, movement,
arbitrary and destructive Nazi rule, virtually
The truth of the matter is that Europe's
or combination of persons, designated
every possible enterprise was geared into the
requirements for the next 3 or 4 years of
Attorney General as totalitarian, Fas-
German war machine. Long-standing com-
foreign food and other essential products—
mmunist, or subversive, or as having
mercial ties, private institutions, banks, in-
principally from America-are so much
I a policy of advocating or approving
surance companies and shipping companies
greater than her present ability to pay that
nmission of acts of force or violence
disappeared, through loss of capital, absorp-
she must have substantial additional help,
other persons their rights under the
tion through nationalization or by simple
or face economic, social, and political de-
ution of the United States, or as seek-
destruction. In many countries, confidence
terioration of a very grave character.
alter the form of Government of the
in the local currency has been severely
The remedy lies in breaking the vicious
States by unconstitutional means.
shaken. The breakdown of the business
circle and restoring the confidence of the
structure of Europe during the war was com-
European people in the economic future of
plete. Recovery has been seriously retarded
their own countries and of Europe as a
by the fact that 2 years after the close of
whole. The manufacturer and the farmer
hostilities a peace settlement with Germany
throughout wide areas must be able and
and Austria has not been agreed upon. But
willing to exchange their products for cur-
L PLAN
even given a more prompt solution of these
rencies the continuing value of which is not
difficult problems, the rehabilitation of the
open to question.
economic structure of Europe quite evidently
Aside from the demoralizing effect on
e 30, 1947)
will require a much longer time and greater
the world at large and the possibilities of
ks by the Honorable George C. Mar-
effort than had been foreseen.
disturbances arising as a result of the des-
Secretary of State, at Harvard Uni-
There is a phase of this matter which is
peration of the people concerned, the conse-
on June 5, 1947.
both interesting and serious. The farmer has
quences to the economy of the United States
always produced the foodstuffs to exchange
should be apparent to all. It is logical that
d not tell you gentlemen that the
with the city dweller for the other neces-
the United States should do whatever it is
ituation is very serious. That must
sities of life. This division of labor is the
able to do to assist in the return of normal
arent to all intelligent people. I think
basis of modern civilization. At the present
economic health in the world, without which
ficulty is that the problem is one of
time it is threatened with breakdown. The
there can be no political stability and no
ormous complexity that the very mass
town and city industries are not producing
assured peace. Our policy is directed not
presented to the public by press and
adequate goods to exchange with the food-
against any county or doctrine but against
nake it exceedingly difficult for the
producing farmer. Raw materials and fuel
hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its
the street to reach a clear appraise-
are in short supply. Machinery is lacking or
purpose should be the revival of a working
i the situation. Furthermore, the peo-
worn out. The farmer or the peasant cannot
economy in the world so as to permit the
this country are distant from the
find the goods for sale which he desires to
emergence of political and social conditions
1 areas of the earth and it is hard
purchase. So the sale of his farm produce
in which free institutions can exist. Such
n to comprehend the plight and con-
for money which he cannot use seems to him
assistance, I am convinced, must not be on
reactions of the long-suffering peo-
an unprofitable transaction. He, therefore,
a piecemeal basis as various crises develop.
di the effect of those reactions on their
has withdrawn many fields from crop culti-
Any assistance that this Government may
nents in connection with our efforts
vation and is using them for grazing. He
render in the future should provide a cure
ote peace in the world.
feeds more grain to stock and finds for him-
rather than a mere palliative. Any govern-
onsidering the requirements for the
self and his family an ample supply of food,
ment that is willing to assist in the task of
tation of Europe the physical loss of
however short he may be on clothing and
recovery will find full cooperation, I am sure,
e visible destruction of cities, fac-
the other ordinary gadgets of civilization.
on the part of the United States Govern-
534
DOCUMENTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY
EVERSON
ment. Any government which maneuvers to
to place Europe on its feet economically.
others, to be used for their own pri
block the recovery of other countries cannot
This is the business of the Europeans. The
poses. This, it is alleged violates
expect help from us. Furthermore, govern-
initiative, I think, must come from Europe.
process clause of the Fourteenth
ments, political parties, or groups which seek
The role of this country should consist of
ment. Second. The statute and th
to perpetuate human misery in order to
friendly aid in the drafting of a European
tion forced inhabitants to pay taxe
profit therefrom politically or otherwise will
program and of later support of such a pro-
support and maintain schools which
encounter the opposition of the United
gram so far as it may be practical for us
cated to, and which regularly te
States.
to do so. The program should be a joint
Catholic Faith. This is alleged to
It is already evident that, before the
one, agreed to by a number, if not all Eu-
of State power to support church
United States Government can proceed much
ropean nations.
contrary to the prohibition of tl
further in its efforts to alleviate the situ-
An essential part of any successful action
Amendment which the Fourteenth
ation and help start the European world on
on the part of the United States is an under-
ment made applicable to the states.
its way to recovery, there must be some
standing on the part of the people of Amer-
Insofar as the second phase of
agreement among the countries of Europe
ica of the character of the problem and the
process argument may differ from
as to the requirements of the situation and
remedies to be applied. Political passion and
it is by suggesting that taxation fo
the part those countries themselves will take
prejudice should have no part. With fore-
portation of children to church scho
in order to give proper effect to whatever ac-
sight, and a willingness on the part of our
stitutes support of a religion by th
tion might be undertaken by this Govern-
people to face up to the vast responsibility
But if the law is invalid for this re
ment. It would be neither fitting nor effi-
which history has clearly placed upon our
is because it violates the First Amen
cacious for this Government to undertake
country, the difficulties I have outlined can
prohibition against the establishmen
to draw up unilaterally a program designed
and will be overcome.
ligion by law. This is the exact
raised by appellant's second conten
consideration of which we now turn.
579. EVERSON V. BOARD OF EDUCATION
Second. The New Jersey statute
330 U.S. 1
lenged as a "law respecting an establ
1947
of religion." The First Amendment,
applicable to the states by the Fou
The rising costs of education during the war
rules and contracts for the transportation
commands that a state "shall make
and postwar years led to demands from paro-
of children to and from schools. The ap-
respecting an establishment of relig
chial and independent schools for some form of
pellee, a township board of education, acting
prohibiting the free exercise thereof.
governmental aid. The Board of Education of
pursuant to this statute authorized reim-
words of the First Amendment refle
Ewing, New Jersey, provided for free transporta-
bursement to parents of money expended by
the minds of early Americans a vivid
tion for all pupils to public and parochial schools
them for the bus transportation of their
alike. The challenge to this act reintroduced the
picture of conditions and practices
old controversy over the separation of church
children on regular busses operated by the
they fervently wished. to stamp out i)
and state. The concurring and dissenting opin-
public transportation system. Part of this
to preserve liberty for themselves a
ions in this case give abundant historical analysis
money was for the payment of transporta-
their posterity. Doubtless their goal
and bibliographical references; see, also, J. M.
tion of some children in the community to
been entirely reached; but so far
O'Neill, Religion and Education Under the Con-
Catholic parochial schools.
Nation moved toward it that the exp
stitution; A. W. Johnson, Legal Status of Church-
The appellant, in his capacity as a district
"law respecting an establishment
State Relationships in the United States; Leo
taxpayer, filed suit in a State court challeng-
gion," probably does not so vividly
Pfeffer, Church, State, and Freedom; Leo Pfeffer,
ing the right of the Board to reimburse
present-day Americans of the evils,
"Church and State, Something Less than Separa-
parents of parochial school students. He
and political problems that caused tl
tion," 19 U. of Chicago Law Rev. 1; E. S. Cor-
contended that the statute and the resolu-
pression to be written into our Bill of
win, "Supreme Court as National School Board,"
14 Law and Cont. Problems 3.
tion passed pursuant to it violated both the
Whether this New Jersey law is one r
State and the Federal Constitutions.
ing the "establishment of religion" r
The only contention here is that the State
an understanding of the meaning of th
statute and the resolution, in so far as they
guage, particularly with respect to t]
Appeal from the Court of Errors and Appeals
authorized reimbursement to parents of chil-
position of taxes. Once again, therefor
of the State of New Jersey.
dren attending parochial schools, violate the
not inappropriate briefly to review the
Affirmed.
Federal Constitution in these two respects,
ground and environment of the per
which to some extent, overlap. First. They
which that constitutional language was
BLACK, J.
A New Jersey statute au-
authorize the State to take by taxation the
ioned and adopted.
thorizes its local school districts to make
private property of some and bestow it upon
This Court has previously recognize
QUOTES By MARSHALL
Marshall Con
from Nobel
PUOTES ABOUT MARSHALL
Acceptance
BY CHURCHILL, ROOSEVENT,
TRUMAN -etal.
Marshall Pla
speech
PLEASE,
Harvard Comm
can you get P. 432 ?
June 5,194
Marquand
Marshall
Marsha
in his forties found even greater success in serious
and New York, traveled extensively around the
cadet-first corporal, first
literary creation. In the twentv-fifth report of the
world, and dearly loved China, John Marquand
captain. The superintenden
Harvard class of 1915 he wrote: "In 1936 I wrote
nearly always set off in a novel from his New-
Institute, in recommendin
a novel called The Late George Apley. When I
buryport doorstep. The original doorstep not
William McKinley in 190
showed it to my literary agent, his manner became
having been as high as his heart's desire, what a
"was equal of the best" cade
sad and gentle. He passed it without comment to
springboard he made of it! It was one of the
from that school.
the ladv who was his novel expert, and a day later
paradoxes of his being that, having labored
After passing a competit
she called me into her early American pine
conscientiously and achieved a nationwide repu-
high marks, Marshall tool
sanctum. She said she had alwavs thought I might
tation, Marquand remained an Essex County
lieutenant of infantry on F
write a 'serious novel' some day. and now after all
man to the last-and rather an uneasy one at that.
of rank from the act of Feb.
these years, what had I produced? A humorless
He was so diffident and delicately sensitive that at
new officers. On Feb. 1
fantasy. All that she could suggest, she said, was to
one moment his friends would marvel at his in-
Elizabeth Carter Coles. A
put it away and to forget it as quickly as possible.
sight into them and their kind. and at the next
Washington, D.C., he
It was published in 1937. In 1938 it won the
instant they would be moved to wonder that John
Philippines, arriving just
Pulitzer Prize."
Marquand could seem so little at home with
Philippine Insurrection. I
The instant success of this subtle. half-
himself. But Essex County bv tradition and ex-
officer and then as the onl
affectionate satire of the Boston he had known
perience and long-gathered affection was the true
post on the island of Mine
paved the way for some dozen novels, which
end of his journevs. It was there, at his home on
first taste of command. Re
would satirize other aspects of American life in
Kent's Island, Newbury, that he died in his sleep
States in late 1903, he ser
the next twenty vears. Marquand's power of
of a heart attack.
Oklahoma Territory and tl
mimicrv, his gift for reproducing characteristic
of West Texas. In 1906,
turns of speech with literal exactness, made him in
[A New Yorker profile bv Philip Hamburger. re-
Infantry-Cavalry School
conversation a superlative storvteller. With The
printed in 1952 as J. P. Marquand, Esquire: A Portrait
of the Line) at Fort Lea
Late George Apley, he clearly demonstrated his
in the Form of a Novel. is the best and most perceptive
biography. Stephen Birmingham, The Late John
qualified for a second y
ability to transpose the spoken word to paper. He
was thus able to abandon his commercial adven-
Marquand (1972), although longer, is marred by er-
College by placing first
ture stories for studies of places and people in
rors of fact and interpretation. Reports of Marquand's
second year he served fo
Harvard class of 1915 contain valuable comments.
structor in the Departm
which plot was subordinated to the presentation of
Helen Howe, The Gentle Americans (1965), describes
neering at the Fort Leave
human foibles. Apart from his highly accurate
John and Christina Marquand as summer neighbors at
Schools.
recollection of speech and choice of details,
Cotuit. Marquand contributed a thirty-page memoir to
Marshall's solid found
Marquand's most noteworthv literarv device was
a project on the Book-of-the-Month Club done for the
was laid in 1907-1912, И
his use of the flashback. The whole of his last book,
Oral History Collection of Columbia University in
militia and regular units
Timothy Dexter Revisited. consists of a flashback
1951.]
neuvers and given tasks
to the Newburyport eccentric whose life had,
WALTER MUIR WHITEHILL
served for men of higher
thirty-five vears earlier, inspired Marquand's
that won him recogniti
only venture in biography, Lord Timothy Dexter
Philippines in 1914, whe
of Newburyport, Mass. (1925).
was called on at the last m
Next to The Late George Apley, Point of No
MARSHALL, GEORGE CATLETT, JR.
chief of staff for the attac
Return (1949), Melville Goodwin, USA (1951),
(Dec. 31, 1880-Oct. 16, 1959). soldier and
maneuvers.
Thirty Years (1954), and Sincerely, Willis Wayde
statesman, the only professional soldier to win the
Marshall's performar
(1955) are considered to be some of his strongest
Nobel Prize for peace (1953), was born in Un-
tion of the Philippine
works. The trade sales of most of Marquand's
iontown, Pa., the son of George Catlett Marshall.
Major General J. Frank
later novels ran into six figures, while Philip
a well-to-do coke and coal merchant. and Laura
staff of the U.S. Army.
Hamburger calculated in 1952 that book club and
Bradford. His great-great-grandfather. the
Major General Hunter
cheap editions had accounted for nearly four
Reverend William Marshall, was a brother of
shall served as aide, 1'
million copies. Unfortunately Marquand had
Thomas Marshall, father of Chief Justice John
succeeded John J. Persh
greater success in shaping the lives of his char-
Marshall.
Army in France, in 191
acters than his own. He married Adelaide F.
Marshall's father had accumulated a modest
of operations. Bell requ
Hooker in New York on Apr. 17, 1937. Thev had
fortune by 1890. But unfortunate investments in
1916 at San Francisco
two children but were divorced in 1958. Also, in
real estate near Luray, Va., left him hard-pressed
Island, N.Y. At both
spite of his phenomenal success, the memory of
to pay his son's fees at Virginia Military Institute,
his childhood as a poor relation in Newbury-
which the boy entered in 1897. III-prepared
signed tasks in training
served for officers con
port haunted Marquand; this type of preoccupa-
academically, Marshall did poorly in his first year,
For it was only on his
tion was shared bv many of his characters.
but he graduated well above the middle of his class
California that he made
Although he lived for long periods in Boston
and was selected at the end of each year as the top
joined the First Infan
428
Marshall
Marshall
the
cadet-first corporal, first serge and first
being organized as the first American field unit to
Marquand
captain. The superintendent of Virgi ja Military
go to France in World War I. After serving as
his
New.
Institute, in recommending him to President
training officer, he became chief of operations of
William McKinley in 1901, said that Marshall
the division and remained with it until the summer
not
what
a
"was equal of the best" cadets who had graduated
of 1918, when he was called to General Head-
of
the
from that school.
quarters to help plan the battle in the St. Mihiel
labored
After passing a competitive examination with
salient. While that battle was still in progress, he
high marks, Marshall took the oath as second
coordinated the withdrawal of French and Italian
repu-
County
lieutenant of infantry on Feb. 3, 1902, with date
units from the Meuse-Argonne front and the
at
that.
of rank from the act of Feb. 2, 1901, providing for
movement forward of a large American force.
that
at
new officers. On Feb. 11, 1902, he married
Marshall's share of the activity involved han-
at
his
in-
Elizabeth Carter Coles. After a honeymoon in
dling more than 400,000 men, an action that
the
Washington, D.C., he was ordered to the
earned him the nickname "Wizard" in some of
next
that
John
Philippines, arriving just at the close of the
the newspapers and high praise from Pershing,
with
Philippine Insurrection. Here, as a company
who showed his appreciation by proposing
and
ex-
officer and then as the only officer at an isolated
Marshall for a star, later, bv naming him his
the
true
post on the island of Mindoro, Marshall had his
principal aide. The war ended before Marshall got
home
on
first taste of command. Returning to the United
he would not reach that eminence until
his
sleep
States in late 1903, he served at a small post in
fifteen years later.
Oklahoma Territory and then helped to map part
The years with Pershing (1919-1924) were
of West Texas. In 1906, Marshall studied at the
valuable ones, since Marshall worked closely with
burger,
re-
Infantry-Cavalry School (soon renamed School
his commander in outlining defense legislation
A
Portrait
of the Line) at Fort Leavenworth, Kans., and
presented to committees of Congress, visited
perceptive
Late
qualified for a second year at the Army Staff
most of the army posts and bases, and aided in the
John
College by placing first in his class. After the
writing of Pershing's official reports.
by
er-
Marquand's
second year he served for two years as an in-
From 1924 to 1927 Marshall served as execu-
structor in the Department of Military Engi-
tive officer of the Fifteenth Infantry Regiment at
comments.
describes
neering at the Fort Leavenworth Army Service
Tientsin, China, where he learned to speak
eighbors
at
Schools.
rudimentary Chinese and became familiar with
memoir
to
Marshall's solid foundation as a staff officer
the thinking of the people. Several of his favorite
for
the
was laid in 1907-1912, when he was assigned to
officers, including Joseph W. Stilwell and
iversity
in
militia and regular units during summer ma-
Matthew B. Ridgway, were among those who
neuvers and given tasks of planning normally re-
served under him.
served for men of higher rank. It was this training
Particularly important among Marshall's as-
that won him recognition and applause in the
signments was that as assistant commandant in
Philippines in 1914, when, as a first lieutenant, he
charge of instruction at the Infantry School, Fort
was called on at the last moment to serve as acting
Benning, Ga. (1927-1932). Sent there shortly
JR.
chief of staff for the attacking force in important
after the death of his wife a few weeks following
and
maneuvers.
their return from China, he influenced ground-
to
win
the
Marshall's performance attracted the atten-
force doctrine and leadership by his bold re-
in
Un-
tion of the Philippine department commander.
writing of instruction manuals to gain simplici-
Marshall.
Major General J. Franklin Bell, former chief of
ty and realism. More than 160 future generals-
and
Laura
staff of the U.S. Army, and of Bell's successor,
including Omar N. Bradley, Joseph Stilwell, J.
the
Major General Hunter Liggett, for whom Mar-
Lawton Collins, Matthew Ridgway, and Walter
rother
of
shall served as aide, 1915-1916. Liggett, who
Bedell Smith-were instructors or students at
John
succeeded John J. Pershing as commander of First
Fort Benning during that period. In October
Army in France, in 1918 made Marshall his chief
1930 he married Katherine Tupper Brown,
a
modest
of operations. Bell requested Marshall as aide in
widow of a Baltimore attornev and mother of
in
1916 at San Francisco and in 1917 at Governors
three children. In the next six vears Marshall
d-pressed
Island, N.Y. At both headquarters he was as-
worked with National Guard units and with
Institute,
signed tasks in training and supply normally re-
young men in the newly formed Civilian Con-
-prepared
served for officers considerably higher in rank.
servation Corps (CCC). In the little more than a
first
year,
For it was only on his way to the new post in
year during which he served as a battalion com-
of
his
class
California that he made captain. In 1917, Marshall
mander at Savannah, Ga., and a much shorter
as
the
top
joined the First Infantry Division, which was
period as a regimental chief at Charleston, S.C.,
429
Marshall
Marshall
he built and developed camps for the CCC. From
one. When he proved to be a true prophet,
1933 to 1936, Marshall directed instruction for
Congress provided more money that he could at
the Illinois National Guard, and in 1936-1938,
once effectively use. Complicating his task was
after he received his first star, he commanded the
the fact that in addition to procuring and training
Fifth Infantry Brigade at Vancouver Barracks, in
men and increasing the production of war mate-
the state of Washington, and directed the CCC
rials, the army had to find scarce weapons and
camps in that area. Few commanders knew better
munitions to aid Britain, China, and, after the
the problems and possibilities of young men who
summer of 1941, the Soviet Union. Before the end
would be brought into the armed forces after
of 1940, Congress passed the Selective Service
Joseph W. St
1940.
Act and nationalized units of the National Guard.
Wedemeyer,
Summoned to Washington, D.C., as chief of
For planning purposes Marshall accepted a pro-
large units wo
posal by the chief of naval operations, Admiral
mainland. Ne
the War Plans Division in the summer of 1938,
Marshall was promoted a few months later to
Harold R. Stark, in late 1940, embodying the idea
Churchill call
deputy chief of staff. He impressed President
that if the United States was forced to fight
victory." A fe
Franklin D. Roosevelt by his frankness and won
simultaneously in the Atlantic and the Pacific, it
on Nov. 20,
the support of Harry Hopkins, the president's
would adopt a "Europe First" strategy. Discus-
citation sayin
closest adviser, by his appraisal of what was
sions were held with British representatives in
had given the
needed for American defense. Marshall received
Washington early in 1941 and at the Anglo-
General of th
his second permanent star and his four temporary
American meeting at Argentia, Newfoundland,
it victory.
in August. Even after the Japanese attack on Pearl
Marshall's
stars when he became head of the army, suc-
ceeding General Malin Craig on Sept. 1, 1939.
Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, Marshall and his as-
at once by Pr
While Craig was on terminal leave (July
sociates remained firm on the European attack. At
to China as the
1-September 1), Marshall acted as chief of staff,
home he demanded a complete reorganization of
to secure a tru
Communist (
succeeding to the full title a few hours after Hitler
the War Department staff so that he could have a
invaded Poland. Marshall became general of the
more effective command post. Marshall also was
government.
army on Dec. 16, 1945, a rank that was made
responsible for the appointment of Admiral
tions, Marsha
mission. He I
permanent in 1949.
William D. Leahy in the summer of 1942 as
As head of the U.S. Army until Nov. 20, 1945,
chairman of the joint chiefs of staff.
F. Byrnes as
Marshall played a leading part in the great
January 1947
when he asked to be relieved, he was the only
top-level British or American political or military
conferences and meetings with the president, the
had a kidney
health.
figure to hold the same post throughout World
prime minister, and the British and American
War II. Six feet tall, aloof, soft-spoken except
chiefs of staff from Argentia to Potsdam, be-
As secreta
coming the chief advocate of the cross-Channel
tariat of the
when deeply angered, and moving with great
self-confidence, Marshall won the confidence of
attack. Nevertheless, in 1942 and 1943 he ac-
policy-plann
Presidents Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman,
cepted compromises. He was particularly aided in
master of a
gained the deep respect of Winston Churchill
his efforts by the close friendship he developed
1970 State [
for role
and the British and American chiefs of staff, and
with Field Marshal Sir John Dill, who headed the
British mission in Washington from early 1942
Progran
enjoyed excellent relations with Congress and the
until his death in late 1944. In preparation for the
gave credit
press Time magazine, in proclaiming him Man of
the Year in January 1944, declared that he had
invasion of Europe, Marshall was responsible for
their contrib
armed the republic.
the appointment of General Dwight D. Eisen-
ing of the sp
In his two months as acting chief of staff,
hower, who had become chief of the War
during the di
on June 5,
Marshall strove to bring the army up to its autho-
Plans Division in February 1942, to head Amer-
ican forces in the United Kingdom. He backed
nonpartisan
rized strength under the Defense Act of 1920. His
goal of 225,000 men was reached shortly after he
him for the chief command of Allied forces in the
the country
Mediterranean at the time of the North African
Marshall
became chief of staff. By the end of the war he
commanded an American army and army air
invasion in November 1942. But it was assumed
force of 8.3 million men. He frequently visited
that Marshall would command the European in-
Foreign March-Apr M
ber-Decem
units in training, demanding realism in instruc-
vasion in 1944. At the Cairo and Teheran con-
tion and maneuvers and ruthlessly weeding out
ferences in 1943, Roosevelt, who had initially
ican delegar
insisted on Marshall's appointment. became
at Paris fro
officers who lacked stamina, imagination, and the
power to inspire men to action. In numerous
disturbed at the thought of not having him in
appearances before committees of Congress, he
Washington. At first he agreed to leave the
Conference Peace 1948. and He S a
warned early in 1940 that before the year ended
decision to Marshall, but when the chief of staff
the "phony war" in Europe might become a real
declined to make it, Roosevelt, saying he could not
signing of t
430
Marshall
Marshall
a' true prophet,
sleep well at night with Marshall out of Wash-
tance. and the Ninth International Conference of
V that he could at
ington, appointed Eisenhower.
American States at Bogotá (1948). This meeting
ting his task was
In the closing year and a half of the war,
arranged for the Pan American Union to be
iring and training
Marshall redoubled his efforts to step up pro-
reorganized under the name Organization of
tion of war mate-
duction, to get necessary manpower, and to as-
American States.
rce weapons and
sure that during the main effort in Europe,
Marshall's term was marked by the announce-
a, and, after the
General Douglas Arthur would get support
ment of the Truman Doctrine, which was be-
n. Before theend
in the Pacific and supplies would flow to General
ing discussed when the secretary left for Moscow
Selective Service
Joseph W. Stilwell and his successor, Albert C.
in March 1947. Although he objected to some of
National Guard.
Wedemeyer, in China. But he made it clear that
the tough rhetoric in Truman's final draft, Mar-
ill accepted a pro-
large units would not be committed on the Asian
shall did not insist when he was told that the
rations, Admiral
mainland. Near the end of the war in Europe,
Congress would not grant assistance for Greece
bodying the idea
Churchill called Marshall "the true organizer of
and Turkey without a warning against Soviet
forced to fight
victory." A few days after Marshall's retirement
aggression.
nd the Pacific, it
on Nov. 20, 1945, President Truman read a
In May 1948 Truman decided to recognize
trategy. Discus-
presentatives in
CHUROPILL
citation saying that while millions of Americans
Israel's statehood within minutes of its proc-
had given their country outstanding service,
lamation of independence. Marshall was con-
I at the Anglo-
General of the Army George Marshall had given
sidering a compromise solution consisting of
Newfoundland,
it victory.
partition or a tripartite trusteeship when White
attack on Pearl
Marshall's retirement was interrupted almost
House advisers pressed the president to recog-
shall and his as-
at once by President Truman's request that he go
nize a state of Israel as soon as the British gave up
opean attack. At
to China as the president's special representative
their Palestine mandate. Believing that the way to
eorganization of
to secure a truce between warring Nationalist and
such a step should be diplomatically prepared,
he could have a
Communist Chinese and to press for a coalition
Marshall protested against a decision made on a
larshall also was
government. After a year of personal negotia-
basis of domestic politics. In one of the few cases
nt of Admiral
tions, Marshall had to acknowledge failure of his
where the president went contrary to Marshall's
ner of 1942 as
mission. He had already agreed to succeed James
advice, Truman decided to give prompt recog-
ff.
F. Byrnes as secretary of state. He took office in
nition to the new state.
rt in the great
January 1947 and held it until early 1949, when he
A month later, on June 24, worsening rela-
e president, the
had a kidney removed and resigned for reasons of
tions between the Western occupation powers
and American
health.
and the Soviet Union came to a head when Rus-
Potsdam, be-
As secretary Marshall reorganized the secre-
sian authorities in Berlin closed ground com-
cross-Channel
tariat of the State Department and ablished a
munications from the West into the former
d 1943 he ac-
policy-planning staff. proving himself to be "a
German capital. General Lucius Clay favored the
cularly aided in
master of administration." in the words of a
sending of a convoy along the highway, but
he developed
1970 State Department studv. He is best known
Marshall and Under Secretary Lovett advised
who headed the
for his role in developing the European Recov-
against that course. Clay then proposed the Berlin
om early 1942
erv Program, known as the Marshall Plan. He
airlift that proved successful.
paration for the
gave credit to a number of individuals for
During the summer of 1948, discussions were
responsible for
their contributions, suggestions, or actual draft-
held with representatives of Canada and the
ight D. Eisen-
ing of the speech in which he set forth the plan
Brussels Pact countries concerning a security
of the War
during the dav of the Harvard commencement.
organization for western Europe. These early
head Amer-
on June 5, 1947, but correctly believed that his
negotiations were followed up by Secretary of
m. He backed
nonpartisan stance and speeches given across
State Dean Acheson, who signed agreements for
d forces in the
the country had aided passage of the legislation.
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Later, 1950
rth African
Marshall took a leading role in the Council of
Marshall as Secretary of Defense helped to im- PRESIDENT
OF
was assumed
Foreign Ministers meetings in Moscow in
plement the treaties.
RED CROSS
European in-
March-April 1947 and in London in Novem-
In September 1950, after service as president of
SEC. of DEFEN
Teheran con-
ber-December 1947; and he led the Amer-
the American Red Cross, Marshall accepted
had initially
Truman's offer of the secretaryship of the
UNDER TRUMA
ican delegation to the U.N. General Assembly
ent. became
at Paris from mid-September to mid-December
Department of Defense. Special congressional
aving him in
1948. He also took part in the Inter-American
action was required to waive the requirement
to leave the
Conference for the Maintenance of Continental
barring a professional military man from this
chief of staff
Peace and Security (1947), which resulted in the
position in his case. In his year in office Marshall
he could not
signing of the Rio Treatv of Reciprocal Assis-
helped to rebuild the strength of the army and to
431
Marshall
Marshall
increase military production so that there would
As secretary of state Marshall gave his name
Coalition Warfar
be a chance of victory. He was involved in Pres-
and his strong backing to legislation that under-
Strategic Plannin
ident Truman's decision to remove General
took to set Europe on the road to economic
(1959); Ray Chi
MacArthur from command of U.N. forces in the
recovery. Although aware that such reconstruc-
Operations Divisi
Far East in April 1951. Although Marshall had
tion was in the best interests of the United States,
Supreme Comma
first advised against a removal at that time, he
his first consideration was the defeat of hunger
Commander (Har
Special U.S. S
ended by giving his approval. In congressional
and misery in Europe. In his postwar career he
volumes dealing "
hearings that followed, he strongly supported the
tried to combine a policy of firmness toward the
cadia to Potsdam:
civilian against military authority. In an effort to
Soviet Union with an effort to promote peaceful
dealing with the C
build up the army's manpower without recourse
relations. He embodied a happy combination of
the years 1947-19
to a large professional army, Marshall made a
military and political leadership in one of the most
secretary of state, C
strong but unsuccessful effort to have universal
violent decades in world history.
and summaries of
military training adopted. In September 1951, he
project is now und
retired. As a permanent five-star general, he
[The George C. Marshall Research Library, Lex-
publish approxima
remained on duty at the call of the president.
ington, Va., contains 250,000 of his personal papers;
papers.]
Marshall was appointed by President Eisenhower
more than a million pages copied from official files of
in 1953 to head the U.S. mission at the coronation
the Armv. Defense, and State departments; files of
of Elizabeth II, and he was called on by the White
photographs; 25,000 books and periodicals on Mar-
House and the Pentagon for advice on military
shall and the period 1900-1951; articles about Mar-
developments until near the end of his life.
shall; and obituaries. The most extensive collection of
interview material on General Marshall is in the
Marshall's last months in office were over-
MASON, LUCY
Marshall Library. It consists of interviews with more
shadowed by the lengthy attack made on him in
1882-May 6, 1959
than 350 people (more than half of the interviews are
the Senate on June 14, 1951, by Senator Joseph
taped) brought together between 1956 and the present.
for the Congress
McCarthy of Wisconsin in which his insistence
Forty hours of twenty-nine interviews with Marshall
(CIO), was born in
on the cross-Channel attack, his failure to press
are on tape, and notes are provided for at least fifteen
the Reverend Lar
for the capture of Berlin and Prague, his policy in
hours of additional material. The holdings of the
Episcopalian minist
China, and his part in the removal of MacArthur
Columbia Oral History Collection contain numerous
Most of her childho
were all pictured as softness on Communism.
interviews that contain material pertaining to Marshall.
Va. Influenced by
Marshall was promptly defended by members of
Other interview collections containing material on
mitment to social
Marshall are those at the Truman, Roosevelt, and
both parties in the Congress; and his Alma Mater
becoming a missiona
Eisenhower libraries, the U.S. Army Military History
proclaimed a Marshall Dav on which he received
Institute, and the Dulles project at Princeton Univer-
can be put to work
the highest civilian decoration given by the
sity. Copies of notes on a large number of
nitv." Thus, even afte
Commonwealth of Virginia.
interviews-collected by Harry B. Price and
rapher in 1904, she re
Marshall died in Washington, D.C., and was
assistants-from individuals associated with the Mar-
for social service org
buried at Arlington National Cemetery. In 1964
shall Plan are in the Marshall Library. The collection
labor and social le
the George C. Marshall Research Library was
includes notes on interviews with individuals in every
cooperation.
dedicated at Lexington, Va., by a group includ-
Marshall Plan country.
In 1914 Mason V
ing President Lyndon B. Johnson, former Presi-
The authorized biography. by Forrest C. Pogue,
professional and volur
dent Eisenhower, former Secretary of Defense
will consist of four volumes. Those now in print are
George C. Marshall: Education of a General, 1880-1939
industrial secretary f
Robert A. Lovett, and General Omar N. Bradley.
Women's Christian
(1963); George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope,
In military affairs Marshall will be remembered
1939-1942 (1966); George C. Marshall: Organizer of
After the death of her
as the individual who above all others built the
Victory, 1943-1945 (1973). See also Mrs. George C.
full-time work to car
U.S. Army and Army Air Force that contributed
Marshall, Together (1946); William Frve. George
Nevertheless, she cont
heavily to victory in World War II. No wartime
Marshall (1947); Rose Page Wilson, General Marshall
becoming president
commander so long enjoyed the trust and stand-
Remembered (1968); John Robinson Beal, Marshall in
Suffrage League and,
ing he held with the White House, with Con-
China (1970); Major H. A. DeWeerd, ed., Selected
Women Voters.
gress, and with the public. His strength lay in his
Speeches and Statements of General of the Army George C.
The death of her fath
candor with Congress and the press, his refusal to
Marshall, Chief of Staff, U.S. Army (1945); Joseph R.
to resume her profess:
play politics with military matters, and his firm
McCarthy, America's Retreat from Victory (1952);
secretary of the Richmo
insistence that the civilian power be superior to
Joseph P. Hobbs, Dear General, Eisenhower's Wartime
Letters to Marshall (1971); Alfred D. Chandler et al.,
confine herself to tradit
that of the military. In approving President
The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower: The War
used this post to contir
Truman's action to remove General MacArthur
Years (1971); numerous volumes in the U.S. in World
social issues, particularly
from command in Korea in 1951, he spelled out
War II series, including in particular, Mark Watson,
race relations. In 1931,
for a congressional committee the limits of mili-
Chief of Staff: Plans and Preparations (1950); Maurice
two months traveling in
tary authority.
Matloff and Edward M. Snell, Strategic Planning for
child labor laws and short
432
424
CURRENT BIOGRAPHY 1947
MARDIKIAN, GEORGE M.-Continued
poverished European nations and aid of a mili-
the War Depar
can be prepared by the American housewife
tary nature to those combating "foreign ag-
officers. At the
without recourse to rare ingredients. The cook-
gressions." In United Nations conferences he
Don Cook in I
book received the favorable attention of sev-
has introduced measures designed to help the
Marshall's "love
eral critics, one of them describing the author
organization toward the achievement of world
his sixth sense
and his work, respectively-"Mardikian is a
peace.
well." The bri
rambunctious, amusing showman. His book
George Catlett Marshall was born December
class-was instru
is charming, and full of the best smell and
31, 1880, in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, to
he was graduate
taste of life" (Chicago Sun).
George Catlett and Laura (Bradford) Mar-
rank usually wa
Mardikian is a member of the California
shall. He is the descendant of a long line
following this 1
Writers' Club, the Boy Scouts of America, the
of Americans primarily of Southern stock, his
field duty as ins]
San Francisco Opera Association, and the Save
parents themselves being Kentuckians who had
chusetts Nation:
the Children Federation. He is president of
settled in Pennsylvania. He is related to Chief
officer with the
the American National Committee to Aid
Justice John Marshall, one of the most eminent
and Texas until
Homeless Armenians. Mardikian's church is
of American jurists, through one of his fore-
For a second
the Old Armenian Gregorian. The restaurateur,
bears, the Reverend William Marshall, an
who weighs 235 pounds, has been described as
uncle of the chief justice. The elder George
until the spring
in the Philippine
"the big man with the bright face" by William
Catlett was a prosperous businessman engaged
Saroyan, who wrote the foreword to Mardi-
in the operation of coal and coke industries
camp to General
in the southwestern region of his adopted
ing the period
kian's book. Mardikian's brown hair is gray-
Manila's defense
ing and thinning. His height is a half an inch
State. In the Marshall family there were two
shall's ability as
under eight feet when he is wearing his two-
other sons, William (who died in infancy) and
acclaim of his
foot chef's cap. He names his hobbies as pho-
Stuart, and a daughter, Marie.
Although from his earliest years he had
hurriedly into con
tography, fishing, and helping Armenian stu-
Force when its
dents to obtain an education in the United
planned to become a soldier, young George
Marshall, when he entered the Virginia Mili-
shall dictated a fi
States.
tary Institute in 1897, is said to have shown
tection of Corre:
References
little of his future promise-he was a "long, a
which won the da
Christian Sci Mon p3 Te 27 '47 por
lean, and a gawky cadet, sensitive and shy."
General James Fr
Collier's 114:48+ N 18 '44 por
During his free hours Cadet Marshall studied
commander (for
Coronet 12:137 O '42
the terrain of the old Civil War battlefields, in
Army), announce
Life 18:55-8 Je 4 '45 pors
the neighborhood of the school. Despite his
lieutenant's plan 11
N Y Sun p24 Ja 31 '47
unpretentious beginning at the college, Marshall
Calling Marshall
was graduated in 1901 as Senior First Captain
live and dream i
Read Digest 39:93-6 N '41
of the Corps of Cadets, being voted to the
who is not satisfi
Sat Eve Post 215:11 Ja 23 '43 por
done," General B
Washington Daily News J1 9 '47 por
highest cadet rank at the institute by his class.
Mardikian, G. M. Dinner at Omar
mates; scholastically he was fifteenth in his
"Keep your eyes
Khayyam's (1944)
class. In his final year at V.M.I., Marshall
the greatest milit:
lso became an outstanding player on the
Stonewall Jackson
college's football team and later a tackle on
On his return 1
MARSHALL, GEORGE C(ATLETT)
the All-Southern Eleven.
1916 (he became
Dec. 31, 1880- United States Secretary of
State; Army officer
In February of 1902 the twenty-two-year-
numerous assignm
old V.M.I. alumnus was commissioned a
de-camp in San F
Address: b. c/o Department of State, Wash-
second lieutenant in the United States Army.
executive officer
ington, D.C.
Attached to the Thirtieth Infantry stationed
at Fort Douglas
in the Philippine Islands, the second lieutenant
on General Bell's
NOTE: This biography supersedes the
article which appeared in Current Biog-
remained there until November 1903, returning
(New York). Hi
raphy in 1940.
with his regiment to quarters in Oklahoma
in efficiency from
Territory. Then, after several years' duty
recognized-they
When General George C. Marshall became
in the West and on the Pacific Coast, Marshall
disciplinary effort
United States Secretary of State in January
was selected as one of the trainees to be sent
was drawn into
1947, having been named to the Cabinet posi-
to the Infantry-Cavalry School at Fort Leaven-
member of the (
tion earlier in the month by President Tru-
worth (Kansas), of which he was a senior
accompanied the f
man he was the first career. soldier to as-
honor graduate in 1907. In March of the
vision to France.
sume that post. This appointment climaxed
same year he was promoted to the rank of
ville (fall of 191
forty-five years of service in the United
first lieutenant. It was a decided handicap in
(January to Marc
States Army, during which period he advanced
that era for a career soldier not to have been
and Cantigny batt
from the rank of second lieutenant to become
a product of West Point. (Before the youth
the same year), tl
Chief of Staff of the Army of World War II
had entered the institute his father had at-
of a G-3 or opera
and General of the Army (now permanently),
tempted to obtain an appointment for him to
the American sect
the highest American military rank. Marshall's
West Point but failed because he was a Ken-
portant combat. I
previous work of a diplomatic nature included
tucky Democrat in a Republican Pennsylvania
attained the rank (
meetings with leaders of Allied Governments
district.) Because of his V.M.I. education,
major in August 1
during the war and his mission as American
because promotions were few in peacetime,
(all three were te
special envoy to civil war-torn China. As the
and because of rigid army seniority laws,
Not long before
Secretary of State, the General, who, it is
future advancements in grade were to come
organized, early in
said, preferred to retire but accepted the
slowly to him.
American Army a:
position solely out of a sense of public re-
Lieutenant Marshall was next assigned to
Marshall had been
sponsibility, has formulated a foreign policy
study at the Army Staff College, also in Fort
ters at Chaumont
(the Marshall Plan or the European Recovery
Leavenworth, an institution which, patterned
formulate plans fo
Program) which includes economic aid to im-
after European counterparts, was founded by
Still occupied with
CURRENT BIOGRAPHY 1947
425
and aid of a mili-
the War Department in 1903 to train staff
ting "foreign ag-
officers. At the Army Staff College, wrote
us conferences he
Don Cook in Fighting Americans of Today,
igned to help the
Marshall's "love of military theory, as well as
evement of world
his sixth sense about strategy, served him
well." The brilliant student-he headed his
is born December
class-was instructor there for two years after
Pennsylvania, to
he was graduated (1908), teaching men whose
(Bradford) Mar-
rank usually was above his. Marshall's work
it of a long line
following this position consisted of practical
outhern stock, his
field duty as inspector-instructor of the Massa-
tuckians who had
chusetts National Guard (1911-12) and as
is related to Chief
officer with the Fourth Infantry in Arkansas
the most eminent
and Texas until the summer of 1913.
one of his fore-
For a second time, from the middle of 1913
im Marshall, an
until the spring of 1916, Marshall saw duty
The elder George
in the Philippines, in the last year as aide-de-
inessman engaged
camp to General Hunter Liggett. It was dur-
di coke industries
ing the period when maneuvers involving
of his adopted
Manila's defense were being held that Mar-.
ly there were two
shall's ability as tactician brought him the
di in infancy) and
acclaim of his superior officers. Ushered
e.
hurriedly into command of the defending Field
est years he had
Force when its chief of staff fell ill, Mar-
er, young George
shall dictated a field order, providing for pro-
Press Assn., Inc.
the Virginia Mili-
tection of Corregidor and Bataan Peninsula,
id to have shown
GEORGE C. MARSHALL
which won the day for Marshall's Field Force.
-he was a "long, a
General James Franklin Bell, the departmental
ensitive and shy."
t Marshall studied
commander (formerly Chief of Staff of the
tailed to the First Army (in August) where
War battlefields, in
Army), announced later to his staff that the
his added assignment consisted of "transferring
hool. Despite his
lieutenant's plan was the best he had ever seen.
some 500,000 troops and 2,700 guns"-within
Calling Marshall "one of those rare men who
two weeks and at night-to their new position
e college, Marshall
live and dream in their profession-a soldier
at the Argonne front in preparation for the
nior First Captain
who is not satisfied with daily duty superbly
Meuse-Argonne offensive. In his diary Persh-
eing voted to the
stitute by his class-
AMERICAN
done," General Bell ended with these words:
ing, in praising Marshall's well-prepared plans,
is fifteenth in his
SINCE
"Keep your eyes on George Marshall. He is
reveals that the enemy detected nothing of
V.M.I., Marshall
the greatest military genius of America since
these large-scale movements. In October Mar-
Stonewall Jackson."
shall was released from his post at GHQ to
g player on the
become chief of operations of the First Army,
later a tackle on
On his return to the United States in May
then still in action in the Meuse-Argonne sec-
1916 (he became captain in July) Marshall's
tor; and in the succeeding months until the
numerous assignments included those of aide-
twenty-two-year-
spring of 1919, when he was recalled to Gen-
commissioned a
de-camp in San Francisco to General Bell, of
executive officer in a Civilian Training Camp
eral Headquarters to aid in outlining the pro-
lited States Army.
jected advance of the American Army into
at Fort Douglas (Utah), and again of officer
Infantry stationed
Germany, he served as Chief of Staff of the
on General Bell's staff at Governor's Island
e second lieutenant
Eighth Army Corps.
ber 1903, returning
(New York). His ability to obtain the utmost
Shortly after the Armistice was declared he
ters in Oklahoma
in efficiency from soldiers in his charge was
had an opportunity to retire as a soldier to
recognized-they did not, it is said, resent his
veral years' duty
accept a lucrative position in private business.
fic Coast, Marshall
disciplinary efforts. When the United States
was drawn into World War I, Marshall, as a
Marshall, nevertheless, preferred the Army: in
trainees to be sent
May 1919 he had become aide-de-camp to
ool at Fort Leaven-
member of the General Staff, in July 1917
Pershing (both returned to the United States
accompanied the first convoy of the First Di-
he was a senior
in September). The General and Marshall
vision to France. In the sector east of Luné-
In March of the
(Pershing's opinion of him-"He's a man who
ville (fall of 1917), at the St. Mihiel front
di to the rank of
(January to March 1918), and at the Picardy
understands military"-was the General's high-
ecided handicap in
est form of praise), worked together in
not to have been
and Cantigny battle areas (March to July of
Washington, D.C., to obtain legislative support
(Before the youth
the same year), the captain's tasks were those
for their national defense measures. Their
is father had at-
of a G-3 or operations officer to that division,
recommendations, designed to eliminate the
the American section earliest involved in im-
ntment for him to
conditions of unpreparedness responsible for
ise he was a Ken-
portant combat. By August 1918 Marshall had
many World War I military blunders, were
lican Pennsylvania
attained the rank of a colonel, having become a
incorporated in the National Defense Act
V.M.I. education,
major in August 1917 and a lieutenant colonel
(June 1920), which provided for a trained
(all three were temporary ranks) in 1918.
few in peacetime,
army of 450,000 men. Congress, however, in
y seniority laws,
Not long before General John J. Pershing
the wave of postwar isolationism, continually
We were to come
organized, early in August 1918, "the first great
neglected to allocate the funds needed and the
American Army and took personal command,"
Act remained merely a paper act. In June of
next assigned to
Marshall had been sent to General Headquar-
1920, too, Marshall's rank reverted to that of
ters at Chaumont where he was ordered to
llege, also Fort
captain, but he became a major one month
which, terned
formulate plans for the St. Mihiel offensive.
afterward.
was fou ded by
Still occupied with drafting these he was de-
(Continued next page)
sumor semi schools
Base historian
semon mility education
284-9458
CURRENT BIOGRAPHY 1947
SMSAN LEMKE
426
MARSHALL, GEORGE C.-Continued
tion at Dunkirk did Americans in official quar-
diplomatic: he a
Lieutenant Colonel Marshall (he was ad-
ters take action. At that time-the summer of
ings of leaders
vanced in 1923) was aide to Pershing until
1940-Marshall "urged the establishment of
In August 1941
1924. For the next three years he was attached
Selective Service and the federalization of the
ence at sea betw
the Fifteenth United States Infantry sta-
National Guard for a year of training," which
ill which res
program Congress adopted in the fall. So as to
Atlantic Charter
tioned in Tientsin, China. By 1927 he was
alleviate the grave national emergency which
January 1942
again in the United States acting as instructor
the Chief of Staff, five months before the
Churchill, and
at the Army War College (Washington, D.C.)
and in that year was selected Assistant Com-
United States entered the war, declared existed,
at a meeting wl
Roosevelt
mandant of the Infantry School at Fort Ben-
he obtained an eighteen-month extension of
of command in
ning (Georgia). During his five-year tenure
training for the two classes of recruits; and
ences, some atte
Hall
he transformed the infantry college "from a
in the autumn (1941) the Army detailed about
shek wer
mere school of technique into an important
one million men to maneuvers-the largest
1943
Quebec
peacetime operations in American history-the
vember-Decemb
school of command for junior officers" and
"developed new tactical methods and fathered
1945), and with
o/c college d Nati war
handling of which was evidence that "great
progress had been made in the training of
Three meeting
a plan by which within a few hours foot troops
can be taught" all that is required about close-
the Army higher commanders, staffs, supply
Marshall's plan
the
to's
order drill. From 1932 until his initial asso-
services, and troops during the year which
invading Wester
ciation with the office of the Army General
preceded." Unlike many of his predecessors
which arranged
cluving
Staff in July 1938 Marshall served successively
and contemporaries in War and Navy Depart-
tinent by way 01
as Commander of the Eighth Infantry at Fort
ment bureaus, Marshall as Chief of Staff was
the Combined (
Screven (Georgia) and at Fort Moultrie (South
to maintain friendly relations with legislators
Although Marsl
army war
and the press and to impress all questioners
pabilities had in
Carolina) during 1932-33, as senior instructor
at military affairs committee meetings and else-
mentioned in the
Caryon college it PA. now
of the Illinois National Guard in the years
1933 to 1936, and as commander (August 1936)
where with his knowledge of the subject under
of the "Red" forces in the Second Army
GEN.
choice for Supre
discussion.
American forces
As "professional head of the nation's military
direct the over-a
Maneuvers in Michigan and (August 1937)
of the "Red" forces in the Fourth Army
establishment and commander of the field
Thansan
D. Eisenhower
Maneuvers at American Lake, Washington.
forces" responsible by Executive Order (March
Commander in tl
Meanwhile, in 1936, he was made a brigadier
1942) only to the President, Marshall directed
In November
general, having been a colonel since 1933, and
the building and arming of a wartime force
secured his relea
was then given charge of the Fifth Infantry
which reached the proportions of eight and a
and was succe
Brigade at Vancouver Barracks (Washington).
quarter million men by May 1945 and the con-
Later the same
When Brigadier General Marshall assumed
struction of far-flung battle and supply lines.
shall "Special R
his General Staff post in July 1938 his title
In that same period of time the air force
to China, with 1
was that of Assistant Chief of Staff in the
(Marshall is known to be air-minded) grew to
fort(i)
dor." Before he
War Plans Division in the American capital.
69,000 planes of all types, the officer corps
he was called to
General Malin L. Craig then Chief of Staff,
alone reached 764,000 men. His staff and field
committee seekit
and Louis Johnson Assistant Secretary of
officers-Eisenhower McNair Arnold
able warning to
War, who were primarily responsible for Mar-
Somervell ", etc.-were men he had tested in
in December 19
shall's appointment, found in him all the quali-
every way possible to ascertain their fitness
Japan. The ea
ties, including physical ruggedness, which they,
for command; officers who by right of seniority
report (printed
in the light of explosive international events,
should have held high posts were disregarded
gust 30, 1945)
deemed requisite in an officer working with an
in favor of younger, more able soldiers who
alert and newly energized War Department and
were appointed by Marshall without regard to
General Staff. In October Marshall became
REBREANIZATION
that he "failed
waiian Departm
personal favoritism. The reorganization of the
the tenseness of
Deputy Chief of Staff; nine months later (July
Army (1942) into Ground, Air, and Service
Forces under the Chief of Staff and an Oper-
ARMY
gate the readit
1939) he was designated Acting Chief of Staff,
OF
Short's comm:
a post which he held until September (1939)
ations Division under the General Staff, the co-
course of the
when he was chosen Chief of Staff, acquiring
ordination of military and naval strategy by the
1945) Marshall
the rank of general. Thirty-four officers
United States Joint Chiefs of Staff, and close
Army command
(twenty major and fourteen brigadier gen-
cooperation with civilian and war production
ficiently alerted
erals) preceded Marshall in order of degree;
agencies also were to contribute their share to
no recollection
but President Roosevelt after a conference
the eventual winning of the war. From 1941
his warning-it
with General Pershing, decided that the Penn-
when work on the atomic bomb was begun,
other officials n
sylvanian was the most capable man for the job.
supervised by the Office of Scientific Research
from the reply
In December 1944 Marshall became General
and Development, General Marshall was one
that he had not
of the Army, the recently created five-star
of the members of the policy committee guid-
Harbor, believir
(highest) rank.
ing the atomic studies of American and British
much of a risk
The long-time advocate of military readiness,
scientists.
For some m
once again, while on the General Staff, had the
A member also of the Combined Chiefs of
Patrick J. Hurl
opportunity to influence legislation providing
Staff of the United States and Great Britain
the divided Asi:
for expansion of the armed services, for train-
(the group maintained liaison "with the Soviet
unification. Ma
ing and mobilization of peacetime forces, and
Union through an Allied Military Mission to
for additional defenses both at home and in the
Moscow, and with China by the Allied Military
Washington in
ican Marines W
American possessions. Despite warnings by
Council at Chungking"). Marshall exercised an
important influence on United Nations strategy.
ment to deport
press, radio, etc., Marshall and his co-workers
He recognized the necessity of supplying equip-
of Japanese for
received little support for their measures from
ment to all anti-Axis nations and guided the
tion a number
Congress or the American people. Only with
distribution. Many of his tasks were partially
Americans, Chir
the debacle of France and the British evacua-
CURRENT BIOGRAPHY 1947
427
1 official quar-
diplomatic: he accompanied Roosevelt to meet-
ists (Kuomintang) were to be sent to Man-
he summer of
ings of leaders of the other Allied countries.
churia to keep the peace between the two major
blishment of
In August 1941 he was present at the confer-
opposing Chinese forces in that section when
ization of the
ence at sea between the President and Church-
Soviet Russia withdrew. As a means of pre-
ining," which
which resulted in the adoption of the
venting famine, creating employment, and help-
fall. So as to
Atlantic Charter. Between December 1941 and
ing to institute a democratic Government, he
rgency which
January 1942 he assisted with Roosevelt,
urged a loan to China. Little had been accom-
$ before the
Churchill, and the Combined Chiefs of Staff
plished by his mission when he was recalled
lared existed,
at a meeting which set up "principles of unity
to Washington in January 1947 to assume the
extension of
of command in the Far East." Other confer-
Cabinet post of Secretary of State. In a state-
recruits; and
ences, some attended by Stalin and Chiang
ment issued to the public in the same month
letailed about
Kai-shek were those at Casablanca (January
he reviewed the complexities which had pre-
-the largest
1943), Quebec (August), Cairo-Teheran (No-
vented settlement of China's problems (The
history-the
vember-December 1943), Yalta (February
Department of State Bulletin, January 19,
that "great
1945), and with President Truman at the Big
1947). A dominant party of reactionaries in
e training of
Three meeting in Potsdam (August 1945).
the Kuomintang and extremists among the
taffs, supply
Marshall's plan for conquering Germany by
Communists were responsible for obstructing
year which
invading Western Europe instead of Churchill's,
unification, he alleged; those liberal democratic
predecessors
which arranged for troops to enter the Con-
groups among Communists drawn to the party
avy Depart-
tinent by way of the Balkans, was accepted by
primarily because of the corruption in local
of Staff was
the Combined Chiefs of Staff in April 1942.
governments, those progressive members of the
h legislators
Although Marshall, whose character and ca-
Kuomintang and other factions must be en-
1 questioners
pabilities had impressed foreign leaders, was
couraged under the leadership of Chiang. He
ngs and else-
mentioned in the press (in 1943) as the possible
deplored also "the dominating influence of the
ubject.under
choice for Supreme Commander of the Anglo-
military" which "accentuates the weakness of
American forces in the West, he continued to
civil Government in China." As a means of
on's military
direct the over-all strategy and General Dwight
enabling the two opponents to come to terms,
Marshall late in January withdrew all but a
MARSHALL
f the field
D. Eisenhower was given the post of Supreme
rder (March
Commander in the European theater.
handful of Marines from China. "War," he
hall directed
had once said, "is the most terrible tragedy of
QUOTE
In November 1945, at his request, Marshall
the human race and it should not be prolonged
arce
secured his release from duty as Chief of Staff
ONWAR
eight and a
Ambassador to
an hour longer than is absolutely necessary."
and was succeeded by General Eisenhower.
and the con-
Later the same month Truman appointed Mar-
Although different newspapers criticized
supply lines.
shall "Special Representative of the President
the increase in the number of professional sol-
e air force
to China, with the personal rank of Ambassa
diers being appointed to civilian diplomatic posts
ed) grew to
dor." Before he left for his new assignment,
of many varieties, most observers of Ameri-
fficer corps
he was called to testify before a Congressional
can domestic affairs lauded the choice of the
aff and field
committee seeking cause for the lack of suit-
soldier and statesman Marshall, for the State
Arnold
able warning to American forces at Hawaii
Department secretaryship, vacated by James
ad tested in
in December 1941 of the coming break with
F. Byrnes because of illness. To interroga-
heir fitness
Japan. The earlier conclusion of the Army
tors who sought to learn whether or not Mar-
of seniority
report (printed in the New York Times, Au-
shall would be a 1948 Presidential candidate,
disregarded
gust 30, 1945) stated, in respect to Marshall,
he replied that he considered his new office to
oldiers who
that he "failed in his relations with the Ha-
be a nonpolitical one, for himself, and that he
it regard to
waiian Department to keep it fully advised of
refused to be considered a candidate for any
ation of the
the tenseness of the situation" and "to investi-
political office. (Like many Army officers,
and Service
gate the readiness of General [Walter C.]
Marshall has never voted.) At his first press
di an Oper-
Short's command" on the island. During the
conference in February 1947 he declared that
taff, the co-
course of the hearings (November-December
the international control of atomic energy and
tegy by the
1945) Marshall asserted that he considered the
the general issues involved in preserving the
and close
Army commander in Hawaii to have been suf-
peace must be solved before any discussions on
production
ficiently alerted to possible attacks, that he had
world wide disarmament would be valid. Among
ir share to
no recollection of having seen Short's reply to
the other subjects mentioned was that of uni-
From 1941
his warning-it was seen by subordinates and
versal military training. In his biennial report
vas begun,
other officials none of whom had been aware
of 1945 (appearing in the New York Times,
: Research
from the reply of insufficient precautions, and
October 10. 1945) Marshall, then Chief of Staff,
I was one
that he had not visualized any attack upon Pearl
had injected into his history of the final two
ittee guid-
Harbor, believing that it would constitute too
years of the war a plea for postwar prepared-
and British
much of a risk for Japan.
ness, of which universal military training was
one phase. (All of Marshall's official war re-
For some months after Marshall replaced
Chiefs of
ports, along with those of General Arnold and
Patrick J. Hurley as special envoy to China,
at Britain
Admiral King '42 have been published in The
the divided Asiatic nation appeared capable of
the Soviet
War Reports [1947]. In Selected Speeches and
unification. Marshall on his brief return to
Statements of General of the Army George C.
Mission to
Washington in March 1946 reported that Amer-
di Military
Marshall [1945], edited by H. A. DeWeerd, is
ican Marines were aiding the Chinese Govern-
ercised an
to be found also his "expositions of military
ment to deport to their homeland the remnants
needs and policies.") For reasons of defense
strategy.
of Japanese forces. Through Marshall's media-
ing equip-
expediency Marshall, too, has supported uni-
cuided the
tion a number of tripartite teams composed of
fying all departments for national defense under
partially
Americans, Chinese Communists, and National-
one department, with a civilian head. (While
part of today's NDU
428
CURRENT BIOGRAPHY 1947
1946 found
theodore Roos. Hall
MARSHALL, GEORGE C.-Continued
any country or doctrine but against hunger,
cussions reach
the helperonal
still Army Chief of Staff he had helped to
poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose
Marshall's retu
found in 1946 the National War College.)
should be the revival of a working economy in
ber 19), he CO
Other early actions of the new Secretary
the world SO as to permit the emergence of
pact under wh
war college
of State were reorganization of the State
political and social conditions in which free
financial and
Department's intelligence unit and recommen-
institutions can exist." He called upon all
American zone
dations for aid to European displaced persons,
European nations desiring economic aid to sub-
equally by both
continuance of relief abroad after termination
mit to the United States a program of economic
responsibility
of UNRRA, and for a publicly chartered cor-
construction outlining the "part those countries
Conference, M
poration to control the short-wave foreign
themselves will take in order to give proper
the American
broadcasts, hitherto managed by the State De-
effect to whatever action might be undertaken
Soviet leaders
partment. In addition, his recommendations to
by this Government." Upon Marshall's invi-
dict that the 11
Congress included proposals to permit United
tation, Bevin, Molotov, and Bidault met in
not prove str
States membership in the United Nations In-
Paris to discuss the Secretary's suggestions.
destructive eff
ternational Refugee Organization; and to rat-
In July, sixteen European nations, including
healthy society
ify the peace treaties with Italy, Bulgaria, Ru-
Britain and France (Russia and her "satellite
confident in the
nations" boycotted the meetings), met at the
mania, and Hungary.
ropean civilizat
Paris Economic Conference on the ERP and
During March-April 1947 Secretary of State
Among othe
established the Committee of European Eco-
Marshall attended the meetings in Moscow of
tions in 1947
the Big Four Council of Foreign Ministers.
nomic Cooperation (and four sub-committees),
Department or
Before he left for Moscow he had received a
whose report in September stated that during
policy planning
1948-51 member nations and Western Germany
note from the British Foreign Office informing
Kennan to
would require aid to the amount of $22,440,
the United States Government that after March
long-range for
000,000. Because of the need also for interim
31 Britain would withdraw her support from
persistently ur:
aid to prevent privation and communism, espe-
Greece and cease aid to Turkey. This an-
of which he
cially in France, Italy, and Austria, Marshall
nouncement resulted in the formulation of what
the Department
later in 1947 asked Congress for an allotment
Cultural Relat
has been called the "Truman Doctrine," pre-
of $597,000,000 for the purpose; in December
America forei
sented in an address by the President to Con-
a special session of Congress, in the Foreign
gress on March 12. Truman recommended
threatened by
Aid Act of 1947, voted $522,000,000 for interim
actions were hi
$400,000,000 of aid to Greece and Turkey, and
assistance. Marshall averred that action on
the St. Lawre
the authorization of the "detail of American
the long-range ERP must be taken by March
civilian and military personnel" to be advisers
Canada (May)
1948. Earlier, in November, Marshall gave to
and supervisers of the investment. Marshall
thority" for tl
the Senate Foreign Relations Committee an esti-
was described as the shaper, with Eisenhower,
military missio
mate of $300,000,000 for proposed aid to China
Dean Acheson, and others, of this "simple, de-
terests, to any
during 1948-49.
clarative statement of new United States pol-
(June) and
Secretary Marshall was present at the Inter-
admit four h
icy" to prevent the imposition of totalitarian
American Defense Conference (meeting in Au-
regimes on European nations. In May the
placed persons
gust-September in Petropolis, Brazil, near Rio
President signed the $400,000,000 Greek-Turk-
For his ser
de Janeiro) to draw up a mutual Western
ish aid bill.
Hemisphere defense pact implementing the 1945
was the recipi
On March 10, 1947, the Council of Foreign
Act of Chapultepec. On September the In-
Medal (its O:
Ministers convened in Moscow to discuss pri-
ter-American Treaty of Reciproc ssistance
II duty), the
marily the drafting of the German and Aus-
Medal and G
(also called the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro) was
trian peace treaties. (Marshall in February had
of the Western Hemisphere and for united de-
posed in the Potsdam agreement [1945] and in
fense against outside aggression.
first approvance un
for service in
signed. It includes provisions for the peaceful
revealed that the United States policy toward
theater ribbon
settlement of all disputes between the nations
Germany was basically the same as that pro-
Defense Ribb
Campaign M
James F. Byrnes's Stuttgart address [1946].)
September 1947 saw Secretary Marshall's
clude the Cr
The Ministers' discussions, however, made little
first appearance before the U.N. General As-
before,
Legion of ]
progress, one of the main hindrances being
sembly. To prevent abuse of the veto he pro-
Knight Grand
Russia's demand for reparations from current
posed that it not be used in peaceful settlement
tary Division
German production. Although observers had
of disputes and in the admission of new mem-
Suvarov, Fir:
hoped that Marshall's call on Premier Stalin
bers (the veto on "use of force to maintain
a number fr
on April 15 would break the East-West im-
peace" would be kept). He also proposed the
Latin-Americ
passe, there were no "concrete results," the
establishment of a continuous-session, all-nation
LL.D., and ]
matters talked about by Marshall and Stalin
interim committee on peace security which
awarded him.
remaining a secret (United States News, April
would "consider disputes at the request of
tions with wl
25, 1947). The forty-six-day meeting of the
Security Council or individual states", "recom-
and Navy Ch
council adjourned on April 24. During the
mend special General Assembly sessions it
of the Natio
conference a number of agreements-concern-
deemed necessary", "determine whether this
(life member
ing Ruhr and Saar coal shipments to France,
'little assembly' should be made permanent."
Marshall's
repatriation of German prisoners, etc.-were
Other points included were the referring of
heart Elizab
concluded.
the Korean independence question to the As-
daughter, too
On June 5, 1947, at the Harvard University
sembly. and support of the partition plan for
years after 1
commencement exercises, the Secretary deliv-
Palestine. The United States plan for the
(October 19,
Brown, daug
Harvard
ered an address which developed into the so-
"Little Assembly" was accepted later by Gen-
called Marshall Plan, later officially named the
eral Assembly delegates with some modifica-
of Clifton
European Recovery Program (ERP). The
speech, on the European economic plight, stated
tions. On November 25 the four-power Council of
stepchildren
and Clifton
in part: "Our policy is directed not against
Foreign Ministers met in London. The dis-
Brown was
on Marshall
olan
CURRENT BIOGRAPHY 1947
429
against hunger,
cussions reached another stalemate. Before
Together: Annals of an Army Wife (1946),
Its purpose
Marshall's return to the United States (Decem-
written by Katherine Tupper Marshall, presents
ing economy in
ber 19), he concluded with Britain a bi-zonal
an informal biography of General Marshall
emergence of
pact under which his country was to assume
and herself since their courtship.
in which free
financial and economic charge of the Anglo-
A tall, lean, vigorous man with blue eyes,
alled upon all
American zone, political control to be handled
and graying sandy-brown hair, Marshall has
nic aid to sub-
equally by both nations. Charging Russia with
been described as an "intellectual with some-
im of economic
responsibility for the failure of the London
thing of the artist in his sense of language,"
those countries
Conference, Marshall, in his radio address to
and as a good-humored, equanimous individual
to give proper
the American nation, declared that whereas
with "force behind his quietness." His wife
be undertaken
Soviet leaders and the Communist parties pre-
finds him neither "retiring nor overly modest"
larshall's invi-
dict that the Western European civilization will
but possessing "a sense of humility and self-
idault met in
not prove strong enough "to rise above the
lessness." An avid reader who considers Ben-
suggestions.
destructive effects of the war and restore a
jamin Franklin and Robert E. Lee his heroes,
ons, including
healthy society", "we, on the other hand, are
Marshall, for his occasional physical relaxation
her "satellite
confident in the rehabilitation of Western Eu-
from his many duties, prefers walking, horse-
), met at the
ropean civilization with its freedoms."
the ERP and
back riding, surf casting, or gardening at his
Among other of Secretary Marshall's ac-
uropean Eco-
tions in 1947 were his added changes in State
Leesburg (Virginia) home, Dodona Manor.
b-committees),
Department organization: the creation of a
References
d that during
policy planning staff, headed by George F.
Collier's 112:11+ D 18 '43 por
tern Germany
Kennan to decide upon the Department's
Life 16:51+ Ja 3 '44 por
it of $22,440,
long-range foreign policy plans. Marshall also
N Y Times Mag p⁹⁺ O 3 '43; p10+
SO for interim
persistently urged greater appropriations, some
D '44
munism, espe-
of which he obtained, when the existence of
New Yorker 16:26+ O 26 '40
tria, Marshall
the Department's Office of Information and
PM Mag p6-7+ Mr 30 '47 pors
an allotment
Cultural Relations (of which the Voice of
Read Digest 44:113+ F '44
in December
America foreign broadcasts are part) was
Time 43:16+ Ja 3 '44 por
1 the Foreign
threatened by Congressional budget cuts. Other
00 for interim
actions were his appeal for legislation to create
Cook, D. Fighting Americans of Today
at action on
the St. Lawrence seaway, in conjunction with
(1944)
en by March
Canada support of "discretionary au-
Frye, W. Marshall: Citizen Soldier
shall gave to
thority" for the President "to send American
(1947)
nittee an esti-
International Who's Who, 1947
military missions, consonant with American in-
aid to China
terests, to any country that asked for them"
J
Marshall, K. T. Together: Annals of an
(June) and support of the Stratton bill to
Army Wife (1946)
at the Inter-
admit four hundred thousand European dis-
National Cyclopædia of American Biog-
eeting in Au-
placed persons into the United States (July).
raphy Current vol G, 1943-46
zil, near Rio
These Are the Generals (1943)
For his service in World War I Marshall
ual Western
Who's Who, 1947
was the recipient of the Distinguished Service
ting the 1945
Who's Who in America, 1946-47
Medal (its Oak Leaf Cluster for World War
er 2 the In-
II duty), the Silver Star, and the Victory
Assistance
Medal and German Occupation Ribbons, and
MASON, JAMES May 15, 1909- Actor
was
for service in World War II, of the three
the peaceful
Address: b. c/o London Films Ltd., 350 5th
theater ribbons without stars, and the National
the nations
Ave., New York 1; h. Olleberrie Farm, Sar-
Defense Ribbons; he holds, too, the Philippine
or united de-
ratt, Hertfordshire, England
Campaign Medal. His foreign decorations in-
clude the Croix de Guerre with Palm and
Since his first appearance in motion pictures
Marshall's
Legion of Honor, Grand Croix (France),
in 1935, actor James Mason, publicized in the
General As-
Knight Grand Cross, Order of the Bath, Mili-
American press as "Britain's popular screen
veto he pro-
il settlement
tary Division (Great Britain), the Order of
menace," has gained a following which in 1946
Suvarov, First Degree (Soviet Russia), and
won for him Britain's first national motion pic-
f new mem-
a number from Italy, Morocco, and various
ture award. American movie-goers, impressed
to maintain
Latin-American republics. The D.Sc., D.M.Sc.,
by his performance in The Seventh Veil, joined
roposed the
LL.D., and D.C.L. are the honorary degrees
English fans in applauding him and "stirred
n, all-nation
rity which
awarded him. Among the clubs and organiza-
up a trans-Atlantic postal storm."
tions with which he is affiliated are the Army
The son of a wool merchant, James Neville
request of
s". "recom-
and Navy Club (Washington) and the Society
Mason grew up in the mill town of Hudders-
sessions it
of the National Shrine of the Bill of Rights
field, in Yorkshire, England, where he had been
hether this
(life member). His church is the Episcopal.
born to John and Mabel Hattersley (Gaunt)
Marshall's marriage to his college sweet-
Mason on May 15, 1909. One interviewer, to
permanent."
heart Elizabeth Carter Coles, a physician's
whom he gave the facts, wrote of him as "an
ferring of
daughter, took place in February 1902. Three
ordinary, rather dull little boy." On grad-
to the As-
n plan for
years after her death in 1927, he was married
uation from Marlborough College, he studied
in for the
(October 1930) to Katherine Boyce (Tupper)
architecture at Peterhouse, Cambridge, obtain-
er by Gen-
Brown, daughter of a clergyman and widow
ing his B.A. degree from the university in 1931
modifica-
of Clifton S. Brown, a lawyer. Marshall's
(in 1943 Cambridge awarded him the M.A. de-
stepchildren are Molly Pender Brown Winn,
gree.) His amateur interest in acting made
Council of
and Clifton Stevenson Brown. (Allan Tupper
young Mason reconsider his choice of career.
The dis-
Brown was killed in action in Italy in 1944.)
At the university he had taken part in stu-
SENT BY:Xerox Telecopier 7020 ; 9-23-91 ; 14:39 ;
2024750724-
94566218;# 6
Morale is a state of mind. It is steadfastness and courage and
hope. It is confidence and zeal and loyalty. It is 'elan,
esprit de corps and determination.
It is staying power, the spirit which endures to the end--the
will to win.
With it all things are possible, without it everything else,
planning, production, count for naught.
The soldier's heart, the soldier's spirit, the soldier's soul,
are everything. Unless the soldier's soul sustains him, he
cannot be relied on and will fail himself and his commander and
his country in the end.
From 1941. address at Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, 15 June
NATIONAL POWER
We have tried since the birth of our nation to promote our love
utterly. of peace by a display of weakness. This course has failed us
Report of the Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, 1945.
NATIONAL WAR COLLEGE
The real test of the undertaking lies in the future. The
necessity for keeping carefully in step with the changing
framework in which the national security must be pursued should
be one of the important concepts as a basis for this institution.
From address at the National War College, Washington, DC, 20 June
1947. (Manuscript)
WAR
Total war is not a succession of mere episodes in a day or week.
It is a long drawn out and intricately planned business, and the
longer it continues the heavier are the demands on the character
of the men engaged in it.
Address at Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, 15 June 1941.
09/23/91
12:35
703 464 5229
GEO MARSHALL FND
001
GEORGE C. MARSHALL FOUNDATION
Drawer 1600, Lexington. Virginia 24450. 1600 703/463-7103 FAX: 703 to 5229
Preserve and
TRANSMITTAL HEADER SHEET
promote in
American
Society the
ideals and
values of
TRANSMITTED TO:
KATHLEEN GRAF
disciplined
relflexs service,
hard work,
integrity; and
compassion of
George Calton
Marshall
FAX NO. 202-456-6569
9/23/91
STEPHEN AILES
TIME
DATE
Chairman. Board of Trustees
RONALD F MARRYOTT
Procedent
NO. OF PAGES:
21 (including header)
FROM:
Glenn Cook, Archivist/Librarian
FAX NO. 703/464-5229
REMARKS:
Marshall's Nobel Prize speech, Dec. 1953
09/23/91
12:35
703 464 5229
GEO MARSHALL FND
002
I have been greatly and surprisingly honored in the past twenty-
four hours, and in return I have been requested to speak here tonight.
While no subject has been suggested, it is quite evident that the
Cause of Peace is pre-eminent in your mindo.
Discussions without end have been devoted to the subject of
peace, and the efforts to obtain a general and lasting peace have been
frequent through many years of world history. There has been success
temporarily, but all have broken down, and with the most tragic
consequences since 1914. What I would like to do is point our
attention to some directions in which efforts to attain peace seem
promising of success.
I will try to phrase my views or suggestions in the simplest
possible terms though I lack the magic and artistry of that great
orator whom the Nobel Committee in Stockholm so appropriately honored
yesterday. In making my statement I will assume your familiarity
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003
with the discussions and efforts of the past eight years and also
with something of the conditions which have governed each long
continued peace in world history.
I would like to make special mention of the years of the Pax
Romana, which endured through almost all the first two centuries of
the Christian era. I do so because of & personal incident which made a
A
profound impression on me in the spring of 1919. Arriving late at
night in Chaumont, the American Headquarters in France, I sought
shelter for the night in the house of a group of friends. I found
they were temporarily absent, so I selected an unoccupied room and
looked about for a book to read as I waited for sleep to come. The
books available were mostly in French or German. Since I was unable
to read them with facility, I looked further and finally found an
English textbook on the history of Gaul. Casting about for an
interesting portion, I landed on a description of the famous Roman
2
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Peace. Included in this description was a statement of the
dispositions of the Roman troops during this prolonged period, a
legion at Cologne, another at Coblenz, a third at Mayence, and the
reserve at Trier. Now those happen to be the identical dispositions
of our Allied Forces some eighteen hundred years later, with the
Peace Commission sitting in Paris and evolving the policy of the
League of Nations.
I would not wish to imply that the military deployment I have
just described corresponde to the protective NATO deployment of
today. The threat today is quite different, but I do think that
this remarkable historical repetition does suggest that we have
walked blindly, ignoring the lessons of the past with, in our century,
the tragic consequences of two world wars and the Korean struggle as
a result.
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In my country my military associates frequently tell me that
we Americans have learned our lesson. I completely disagree with
contention
this accumption, and point to the rapid disintegration between 1945
and 1950 of our once vast power for maintaining the peace. As a
direct consequence, in my opinion, there resulted the brutal invasion
of South Korea, which for = time threatened the complete defeat of
our hastily arranged forces in that field. I speak of this with deep
feeling because in 1939 end again in the early fall of 1950 it
suddenly became my duty, my responsibility, to rebuild our national
military strength in the very face of the gravest emergencies.
These opening remarks may lead you to assume that my suggestions
for the advancement of world peace will rest largely on military
strength. For the moment the maintenance of peace in the present
hazardous world situation does depend in very large measure on
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military power, together with Allied cohesion. But the maintenance
of large armies for an indefinite period
-
1s not a practical
or a promising basis for policy. We must stand together strongly for
these present years, that is in this present situation, but we must,
I repeat, we must find another solution, and that is what I wish to
discuss this evening.
There has been considerable comment over the awarding of the
Nobel Peace Prime to a soldier. I am afraid this does not seem as
remarkable to me as it quite evidently appeare to others. I know a
great doal of the horrors end tragedies of war. Today, an Chairwan
of the American Battle Monuments Commission, it is my duty to super-
vise the construction and maintenance of military cemeteries in many
countries overseas, particularly in Western Europe. The cost of war
in human lives is constantly spread before me, written neatly in many
ledgers whose columns are gravestones.
I
am deeply moved to find
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some means or method of avoiding another calamity of war. Almost
daily I hear from the wives, or mothers, or families of the fallen.
The tragedy of the aftermath is almost constantly before me.
I share with you an active concern for some practical method
for avoiding war. Let me first say that I regard the present highly
dangerous situation as a very special one, which naturally dominates
our thinking on the subject of peace, but which should not, in my
opinion, be made the principal basis for our reasoning towards the
manner for securing a condition of long continued psace. A very
strong military posture ie vitally necessary today. How long it must
continue I am not prepared to estimate but I am sure that it is too
narrow a basis on which to build a dependable, long-enduring peace.
The guarantee for a long continued peace will depend on other factors
in addition to a moderated military strength, and no less
1.1.1
important. Perhaps the most important single factor will be a
6.
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spiritual regeneration to develop good will, faith and understanding
among nations. Economic factors will undoubtedly play an important
part. Agreements to secure a balance of power, however disagreenble
they may seem, must likewise be considered. And with all these there
must be wisdom and the will to act on that wisdom.
II.
In this brief discussion, I can give only a very limited
treatment of these great essentials to peace. However, I would like
to select three more specific areas for closer attention.
The first relates to the possibilitics of better education in
the various factors effecting the life of peaceful security, both in
terms of its development and of its disruption. Because wisdom in
action in our Western democracies rests squarely upon public under-
standing, I have long believed that our schools have 8. key role to
play. Peace could, I believe, be advanced through careful study of
7.
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all the factors which have gone into the various incidents now
historical that have marked the breakdown of peace in the past. As
an initial procedure our schools, at least our colleges but preferably
our senior high schools, as we call them, should have courses which
not merely instruct our budding citizens in the historical sequence
of events of the past, but which treat with almost scientific
accuracy the circumstances which have marked the breakdown of peace
and have led to the disruption of life and the horrors of war.
There may perhaps have been a "last clear chance" to avoid the
tragic conflagrations of our century. In the case of World War II,
for example, the challenge may well have come in the early thirties,
and passed largely unrecognized until the situation was unlikely to
be retrieved. We are familiar with specific events such as the march
into the Rhineland or aggression in Ethopia or Manchuria. Perhaps
there was also a last clear chance to begin to build up the strength
to
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of the democracies to keep the military situation in equilibrium.
There may also have been & last clear chance to penetrate to the
spirit of the peoples of the nations threatening the peace, and to
find ways of peaceful adjustment in the economic field as well.
Certainly, had the outcome of the war,
with its devastation and
disruption, been foreseen, and had there been an understanding on
all sides of the problems that were threatening the peace, I feel
sure that many possibilities for accommodation would have been much
more thoroughly explored.
It is for this reason that I believe our students must first
seek to understand the conditions, as far as possible without
national prejudices, which have led to past tragedies and should
strive to determine the great fundamentals which must govern a
peaceful progression toward a constantl higher level of civilization.
9.
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There are innumerable instructive lessons out of the past, but all
too frequently their presentation is highly colored or distorted in
the effort to present a favorable national point of view. In our
school histories at home, certainly in years past, those written
in the North present a strikingly different picture of our Civil War
from those written in the South. In some portions it is hard to
realize they are dealing with the same war. Such reactions are all
too common in matters of peace and security. But we are told that
we live in a highly scientific age. Now the progress of science
depends on facts and not fancies or prejudice. Maybe in this age
we can find a way of facing the facts and discounting the distorted
records of the past.
I am certain that = solution of the general problem of peace
must rest on broad and basic understanding on the part of free peoples.
Great single endeavors like a League of Nations, a United Nations, and
undertakings of that character, are of great importance and in fact
10.
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012
absolutely necessary, but they must be treated as steps toward the
desired end.
We must depend in large measure on the impartiality of those
who teach. Their approach must be on a scientific basis in order to
present the true facts. The scientists, no matter of what nationality,
make a common approach to their problems.
For my second suggestion, I would like to consider the national
attitudes that bear on the great problem of peace. I hope you will
not think me amiss if I turn to my own country and certain rather
special circumstances found there to illustrate my point. Despite
the amazing conquest of the air and its reduction of distances to e.
matter of hours and not days, or minutes instead of hours, the United
States is remote in a general sense from the present turbulent areas
of the world. I believe the measure of detachment, limited though
1t is, has been of help in enabling us on occasion to take an impartial
11.
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stand on heated international problems.
Also, my country is very specially constituted in terms
of population. We have many families of Norwegian ancestry
in our population. My country also includes large numbers
of former citizens of many of the other countries of Europe,
including the present Satellite States. I recall that when
the first Folar flight was made by the Russians from Moscow
over the top of the world to land on the little airfield of
the post 1 cormanded at Vancouver on the Columbia River in
the State of Washington, my home was surrounded within a few
hours by hundreds and hundreds of Russians, all presumably
citizens of the United States. Italians, Turks, Greeks and
many, many others who came to our country now constitute an
organic portion of our population.
From ti.is fact we have acquired, I think, a feeling and
a concern for the problems of other peoples.
There is a deep urge to help
12.
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the oppressed and to give aid to those upon whom great and sudden
hardship has fallen.
We, naturally, cannot see a problem in the exact terms as people
like yourselves or the Danes, or the Dutch, or the French, for example;
people living in the closest contact with each other, yet widely
differing in national heritage. I believe there is, however, o.
readiness to cooperate which is one of the great and hopeful factors
of the world of today. While we are not in close contact with the
details of problems, neither are we indifferent to them, and we are
not involved in your historical tensions and suspicions.
If I am correct in thinking that these factors have given us
as & nation some advantage in the ouest for peace, then I would
suggest that principles of cooperation based on these factors might
contribute to a better understanding amongst all nations.
13.
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I realize fully that there 1s another side to this picture.
In America we have not suffered the destruction of our homes, our
towns and cities. We have not been enslaved for long periods, at the
complete mercy of a conqueror. We have enjoyed freedom in its fullest
sense. In fact, we have come to think in terms of freedom and the
dignity of the individual more or less as a. matter of course, and our
apparent unconcern until times of acute crisis presents a difficult
problem to the citizens of the countries of Western Europe, who have
seldom been free from foreign threat to their freedom, their dignity
and their security. I think nevertheless that the people of the
United States have rully demonstrated their willingness to fight
and die in the terrible struggle for the freedom we all prize, to
sacrifice their own men in large numbers for this common cause, and
to contribute vast sums for the general benefit of the Western countries.
14.
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I recognize that there are bound to be misunderstandings under
the conditions of wide separation between your countries and mine.
But I believe the attitude of cooperation has been thoroughly proven.
I also believe that the participation of millions of our young men
and women in the struggle in Western Turope, in the closest contact
with your people, will bring as its result less of misunderstanding
on our side of the Atlantic than perhaps on yours.
In my own case, for exemple, I spent two and one half years in
France during the First World War. Frequently I was quartered in the
households of the French peasantry and spent long evenings by the
kitchen fires, talking fer into the night. I came to know them well,
admired them, and in some cases came to love them. Now, how many
do you suppose of the present citizens of Western Durope have had e.
similar look in on the homes of people in the farms and small towns
15.
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of America. A few may know much of New York, Washington and Chicago,
but those great cities do not represent the heart of America.
The third area I would like to discuss has to do with the problem
of the millions who live under sub-normal conditions and who have
now come to a realization that they may aspire to a fair share of the
God-given rights of human beings. Their aspirations present a
challenge to the more favored nations to lend assistance in bettering
the lot of the poorer. This is a special problem in the prosent
crisis, but it is of basic importance to any successful effort toward
an enduring peace. The question is not merely one of self-interect
arising from the fact that these people present a situation which is
a seed bed for either one or the other of two greatly differing ways
of life. Oure is democracy, according to our intorpretation of the
meening of that word. If we act with wisdom and magnanimity, we can
16.
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guide these yearnings of the poor to a richer and better life
through democracy.
We must present democracy as & force holding within itself the
seeds of unlimited progress by the human race. By our actions we
should make it clear that such et democracy is 21 means to 11 better way
of life, together with a better understanding among nations. Tyranny
inevitably must retire before the tremendous morel strength of the
gospel of freedom and self-respect for the individual, but we have
to recognize that these democratic principles do not flourish on
empty stomachs and that people turn to false promises of dictators
because they are hoseless and anything promises something better than
the miserable existence that they endure. However, material assistence
in
alone is not sufficient. The most important thing for the world today
in my opinion 1G a spiritual regeneration which would re-establish
a feeling of good faith among men generally. Discouraged people are
17.
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in sore need of the inspiration of great principles. Such leadership
can be the rallying point against intolerance, against distrust,
against that fatal insecurity that leads to war. It is to be hoped
that the democratic nations can provide the necessary leadership.
The points I have just discussed are, of course, no more than
a very few suggestions in behalf of the cause of peace. I realize that
they hold nothing of glittering or early promise, but there can be no
substitute for effort in many fields.
There must be effort of the
spirit - to be magnenimous, to act in friendship, to strive to help
rather than to hinder. There must be effort of analysis, to seek out
the causes of war and the factors which favor peace, and to study their
application to the difficult problems which will beset our international
intercourse. There must be material effort - to initiate and Gustain
those great undertakings, whether military or economic, on which world
equilibrium will depend.
If we proceed in this manner, there should develop a dynamic
18.
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philosophy which knows no restrictions of time or space. In America
we have a creed which comes to us from the deep roots of the past.
It springs from the convictions of the men and women of many lands
who founded the nation and made it great! We share that creed with
many of the nations of the Old World and the New with hom W6 are
joined in the cause of peace. We are yourg in world history, but
these ideals of ours we can offer to the world with the certninty
that they have the power to inspire and to impel action.
I am not implying in any way that we would attempt to persuade
other people to adopt our particular form of government. I refer
here specifically to those fundamental values on which our government,
like many other democracies, is based. These, I believe, are timeless
and have a validity for all mankind. These, I believe, will kindle
the imagination and arouse the spirit.
19.
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A great proponent of much of what I have just been saying is
Dr. Albert Schweitzer, the world humanitarien, who
received the
Nobel Peace Award for 1952. I feel it a VEET compliment to be
associated with him in these awards this year. His life has been
utterly different from mine, and we should all be happy that his
example among the poor and benighted of the carth should have been
recognized by the Peace Award of the Notel Committee.
I must not further complicate this discussion with the wide
variety of specific considerations which will enfold the gradual
growth of a sound approach toward some method of securing an enduring
peace in the world. I fear, in fact I am rather certain, that due to
my inability to express myself with the power and penetration of the
great Churchill, I have not made clear the points that assume such
prominence and importance in my mind. However, I have done my best,
and I hope I have sown some seeds which may bring forth good fruit.
20.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT HALL (BLDG. NO. 61)
NATIONAL WAR COLLEGE
TITANIC
NDU HILL CONFERENCE
FORT LESLEY J. McNAIR
MEMORIAL
STRATEGIC CONCEPTS DEVELOPMENT CENTER
WAR GAMING AND SIMULATION CENTER
POST DISPENSARY
WASHINGTON CHANNEL
FIRST AVENUE
OFFICERS' CLUB
SECOND AVENUE
INTER-AMERICAN
PARKING
TENNIS COURTS
DEFENSE COLLEGE
A ST ST₂
4TH ST SW
3RD AVE
MAIN ENTRANCE
ST
ST1
C ST
B ST
BLDG. NO. 29, P.O.
ANACOSTIA RIVER
BLDG. NO. 39, P.X.
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PARKING
PARKING
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3RD ST SW
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P ST SW
PARKING
ENTRANCE
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER HALL (BLDG. NO. 59)
GEORGE C. MARSHALL HALL (BLDG. NO. 63)
POST
COMMISARY AND
INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE OF THE ARMED FORCES
OFFICE, PRESIDENT NDU
GAS STATION
POST THEATER
INSTITUTE FOR HIGHER DEFENSE STUDIES
NDU LIBRARY
CAPSTONE COURSE
NDU ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF
INTERNATIONAL FELLOWS PROGRAM
INSITUTE OF NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES
INFORMATION RESOURCES MANAGEMENT COLLEGE
1
OFFICE AREA
2
CLASSROOM
7
3
MULTIPURPOSE ROOM
4
DINING
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MECHANICAL ROOM
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PHOTO LAB
7
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LOADING DOCK
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NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY
BAND
AUDIENCE
Non-Travel
ELLERBE BECKET
Academic Operations Center
AAY 1001
PIATFORM
Chris lend advance
(A. M°Nair walk through to 9/24/91.2 2pm (NDU)
(30 mins a to d)
Marghall Hall Dedication
(mod travel psel)
ribbon catting
Rolacque be on prtrait
3rd major chrons bldg.; the 2 did. by POTUS n off @ time
(Col. Easkins - dean of academics)
Bedical they event that day
students, faculty stay virtualy M that day
reception follow remarks / dedication
four 9 facily
I
inited 2,500 expet 2,000 attendance
See. we - Chrm. to former commendants
1
platform
adm. Baldwin, Mrs. Win (stepday hter) Porus, Chrm. $ VICE
chain Chings of stall, PSTUS/FLORIS, Univ. President
frontsteps
State/tembon Plags
19 people @ coffee
gift in pre-brig 4 uol. Act 8/ Poque bir of gen. Marshall
tentative
arrival N amim
1:25
Vice- - admiral and Mrs. (Lesline) Baldwin (Jack), pres. NDU
mly 2 greeters
pre brief- -
1:27 briy 6 rm. (5 min)
1:32 off stage ann. area & hold
1:42 ann. m stry rif (Hair to Chil)
remain stand 4 Nht's anther invocation
mins
Chaplain Lb on stage NDU chap Col. Selvayn GELLER Air for
43
- adm. Ball catro PETUS
1:50 remards POTUS (7min)
unveil potrait
1:58 departure stage
2:02 "sh departure
[quests in bring m. /dias quests]
[guests seall in street)
Call Lt. Jayr
lots of glass and brick
Baldeoin Chse Jusome friends/ god moolver of mg the
Bush grandchillren
Spent Xmb tog Q KPort
Knew@ CIA
Cembarged copy fn adm Baldwin 7)
1000 Deated - render standing
- 8. frank forus pervin colors
In back
backdrop
polum
rozing Cume like shps, cuch drive
part of industries
bidg staye left
uph trup
college
Pains and lade Jorus rt.
band to porus left
[can ptill smill epoxy]
(No teleprongter)
magnotia left and mght
[FK.8mmilin]
can su Cyntrol dome Paus It.
[modern looking
Dedication Ceremony
Marshall Hall
National Defense University Academic Operations Center
Host: Vice Admiral J.A. Baldwin, USN
President, National Defense University
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
1:25
Pre-Ceremony Concert
Arrival of Official Party
Honors
The National Anthem
Invocation University chaplain
Introductions Admiral Baldwin
Remarks
Dedication of Marshall Hall velvet drape over portrait, on Platform
Conclusion of Ceremony
Reception and Marshall Hall tour will follow dedication.
wn
City/State:
Event: Ft. McNair
Date: EVENT: 9-27-91
MT6: 9-24-91
OFFICE OF PRESIDENTIAL ADVANCE
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202
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
September 27, 1991
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
AT DEDICATION OF MARSHALL HALL,
NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY
Marshall Hall
Fort McNair, Virginia
1:42 P.M. EDT
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you, Admiral Baldwin. They have a
nice informal way when you jog here at Ft. McNair. I think it was
last year when I was jogging around the place, suddenly a manhole
opened up and a plumber who also doubles as Santa Claus at the White
House -- he's called Red -- those around here probably know him --
yells, "Hi, George, how you doing." (Laughter.) And it made me feel
right at home. And I would thank all those who put up with that.
But we're here today for more serious matters. And may
I say how pleased I am that General Powell and General Scowcroft came
down with me from the White House for this. I want to salute our
Secretary of the Air Force and other distinguished Defense Department
officials here with us today. General Reimer, the Vice Chief of
Staff for the Army. And I see Ambassador Perkins and Judge Sessions
here. And we have a most distinguished turnout for a wonderful
event.
May I thank Colonel Geller for that invocation. And
most importantly, I guess, is for Barbara and I to join Admiral
Baldwin in saying how pleased we are that Mrs. Winn, General
Marshall's step-daughter, could be here for this very special event.
I am pleased to be here. What a beautiful afternoon to
dedicate this building, Marshall Hall. I can think of few people
more deserving of this honor than General George Marshall. He's been
described as "a citizen of the world; a soldier, orator, author and
statesman." In keeping with this marvelous list of talents, he had
an inspiring vision of the future. He understood the imperative of
standing firm against aggression.
The world learned that lesson recently, once again,
during Operation Desert Storm. And our forces demonstrated the power
and promise of a military that has been trained to carry out its
mission, and leadership that can devise a strategy capable of winning
without unnecessary bloodshed. And may I once again salute General
Colin Powell, General Schwarzkopf, and all of you who helped in the
planning of this magnificent operation and in its execution. And
that means every man and woman, whatever they were doing in our
marvelous Armed Forces today. Most important, on this last one, our
Armed forces were sustained by the support, the steadfast support, of
the American people. And a large share of the credit for our victory
belongs right here, actually. From your ranks have come the brigade,
the division and the corps commanders who led us to a swift, decisive
victory that many considered impossible.
I am grateful to scholars from this institution, like
Ambassador David Newton, the International Affairs Advisor to the
National War College; specialists such as Doctor O'Neill -- Doctor
Bard O'Neill, and Phebe Marr who provided insightful information to
me.
And your mission here at the National Defense University
was really best defined by a distinguished graduate of this
MORE
- 2 -
institution, President Eisenhower. He said, "Our liberties rest with
our peoples, upon the scope and depth of their understanding of the
nation's spiritual, political, military and economic realities." And
then Ike went on: "It is the high mission of the Industrial College
of the Armed Forces to develop such understanding among our people
and their military and civilian leaders."
The college Ike attended remains a cornerstone of your
great university, And while your structure has changed over the
years, your work continues to make a direct and lasting contribution
to the preservation of peace. For here you craft the strategies that
will help this nation respond to the global challenges of tomorrow.
In our new world, lasting peace requires cooperation
from allies dedicated to the values of liberty. Allies such as
Colonel Ghassan Bashiramer of Saudi Arabia, Colonel Hee Wook Yoon of
Korea, Commodore Antonio Bruno of Argentina, just to name a few of
the International Fellows being trained right here. Cooperation can
make a fragile peace strong and a temporary peace permanent. And we
are committed to a lasting, prosperous peace.
As we enter the 1990s, the United States will reshape
its military to meet a changing international environment, one that
potentially may be safer, but one that surely will have its share of
uncertainties and dangers. We need a smaller, more agile, more
flexible active force -- one ready to meet likely contingencies
worldwide. The events in the Persian Gulf, Eastern Europe and, yes,
in the Soviet Union have changed our strategic defense requirements.
still, military challenges to democracy persist in every hemisphere.
America must always be prepared to defend our hard-won freedoms and
safeguard our own national security.
But the new world we've entered means changes in our
national security strategy. Tonight, I will talk to the American
people -- will discuss -- on this subject -- and will discuss what
this means for our nuclear weapons program. In seizing the historic
opportunity before us, we will advance the cause of world peace, and
we will advance the cause of international security.
We draw our strength as a nation -- moral and
intellectual, economic and military -- from the values of freedom,
democracy and justice. But any nation is only the sum of the men and
women who believe in it. In the words of General MacArthur, "Wars
may be fought with weapons, but they are won by men. It is the
spirit of the men who follow and of the man who leads that gains the
victory." That spirit guides the dedicated men and women of the
National Defense University.
Through all of the radical changes that we've witnessed
in the recent past, as well as the growing international
interdependence, the world needs American leadership. I hear it over
and over again from leaders around the world: The world is looking
to the United States of America. Clearly, today's decisions will
determine whether we as a nation are prepared for tomorrow. And that
challenge and the mandate for leadership will fall on your shoulders.
Barbara and I congratulate each and every one of you on
your professional achievements and your personal commitment to the
defense of this great nation. I am very honored that they asked me
to come here today with Barbara to join in this dedication.
Thank you all, and may God bless the United States of
America. Thank you very, very much. (Applause.)
END
1:50 P.M. EDT