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Singapore and American Business Community--Singapore 1/4/92 [OA 8332] [3]
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26
22
1
7
OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT
WASHINGTON, DC
12/3/91
Note to: Tony Snow
As discussed.
Jeff Nesbit
REMARKS BY THE VICE PRESIDENT
BUSH/QUAYLE FUNDRAISING DINNER
COPLEY PLAZA HOTEL
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 1991
7:00 P.M.
Thank you, Bill Weld. Tom Kershaw, Reverend Rice, distinguished
guests, ladies and gentlemen:
It's wonderful to be in Massachusetts, the cradle of the American
Revolution --
and a place where at least one Hoosier from Indiana is loved --
Larry Bird.
Massachusetts Republicans have much to be proud of tonight.
Last year I campaigned all over the country talking about
electing more Republican Governors.
And during that campaign I said, wouldn't it be wonderful to
elect a Republican Governor in Massachusetts!"
Ladies and gentlemen, congratulations, and a job well done.
Not only did we elect Governor Bill Weld -- we also elected
Lieutenant Governor Paul Celucci, and Treasurer Joe Malone.
And I am proud to declare that Massachusetts is a two-party
state!
Look around the northeast.
We have new Republican leadership here in Massachusetts.
Three weeks ago we captured both houses in New Jersey -- with
veto-proof majorities.
And, my friends, our next target is the state of New York!
Speaking of New York:
I understand Mr. Cuomo can't decide whether to run the state of
New York, or to run for President --
so in the meantime he's not doing either one.\\
I'm sure you've read about my comments recently concerning the
Governor of New York.
We had an interesting exchange.
I'm still not sure if I'm supposed to call him Mario,
2
or Governor Cuomo,
or Mario Cuomo,
or Mister Cuomo.
But I know one thing we'll never call him:
Mr. President!
Seriously, thank you for all your are doing for Bush/Quayle
campaign '92.
As you know, the President hasn't formally declared his condidacy
for President.
But let me venture a few predictions:
O
He's going to run;
O
I will be with him every step of the way;
o
And the American people will re-elect our great President!
In next year's campaign we'll be taking our ideas to the American
people.
We'll be talking about America's global role in the 21st century;
we'll be talking about values;
and we'll talking about our top domestic priority: jobs.
Let's be frank: the economy hasn't recovered as we'd hoped, and
many Americans are uncertain about the future.
3
I can offer you technical data, and cite the recent growth
statistics,
but that won't be of any comfort to those who have lost their
jobs, or those whose jobs are threatened.
It won't change consumer confidence, which has been dragging.
There's been a lot of discussion about an economic growth
package, and one is plainly needed.
You wouldn't know this from the media, and the Democrats in
Congress,
but the President has had a growth package on Capitol Hill for
over two years.
It's a package that extends the Research and Development tax
credit, expands the benefits of the Individual Retirement
Account,
and reduces the capital gains tax.
This package would create new jobs and get America working they
way it should.
A job means prosperity.
A job gives a person hope, and self-sufficiency.
4
A person with a job has pride and dignity.
The Democrats know capital gains is the silver bullet that would
stop this recession and put more Americans back to work.
Even Mario Cuomo and Paul Tsongas support a capital gains tax
cut.
But it's not supported by the leading Democrat in Congress --
George Mitchell.
George Mitchell and the Democratic Congress are in total
disarray.
They are partisan.
They are polarizing.
And they are playing politics with America's problems.
If George Mitchell took unemployment seriously, he wouldn't have
played politics with a bill expanding benefits for the
unemployed,
and delayed its passage several weeks -- forcing many to go
without benefits.
If George Mitchell took jobs seriously, and economic growth
seriously,
5
he wouldn't have torpedoed the capital gains tax cut.
What are George Mitchell and the Democratic Congress afraid of?
I'll tell you what their fears are.
Fear that the economy might recover.
And fear this will help George Bush and the Republicans.
If the capital gains tax cut had been passed --
no recession.
more jobs.
a growing economy.
But one senator kept this tax cut from getting through: George
Mitchell.
So, let's not call this the George Bush recession.
This is the George Mitchell recession, and it'll take George Bush
to get us out of it.
It now appears Congress will be going on recess without passing a
growth package.
I say: FINE -- let the Congressmen and Senators go home and feel
a little heat from the American people!
6
You know, we get a lot of complaints from Congress, and we get a
lot of excuses.
We just don't get enough results.
This is the product of a divided government.
It isn't responsive, and it's not serving you the way it should.
The Democratic Congress has simply failed the American people.
O
Failed to pass our transportation bill -- a bill that means
600,000 jobs for American workers;
Failed to pass our product liability reforms;
Failed to pass a tough crime bill.
And failed to accept new ideas and new solutions.
The only fresh idea coming from the Democrat Congress is a plan
for a brand-new entitlement program.
But it's not an entitlement program for farmers.
It's not for workers,
or senior citizens,
or the middle class,
or the unemployed.
It's an entitlement program for themselves -- taxpayer financing
7
of their own elections.
Well, here's a better idea -- Instead of taxpayer financing for
the Congress of the United States,
how about term limitation for the Congress of the United States!
Reagan - 2 terms/ Bush - 2 terms/ Ted Kennedy and John Kerry
Now, on the issue of reform, let me talk about something that
needs a lot of reforming -- our legal system.
America has the very best legal system in the world, but I'll
tell you this: there's lots of room for improvement.
That's the message I brought to the American Bar Association a
few months ago.
The ABA leadership had a conniption.
But the idea plays well with the American people, for one reason:
the system is simply out of control.
Product liability costs for American firms are as much as 15
times higher than those of some foreign competitors.
And we've become the most litigious society in the world.
Recent flooding in Florida: "I wish I could sue
8
somebody. "
Wall Street Journal article last month: class action
suit over Milli Vanilli lip-synching.
Ladies and gentlemen, it's about time we had more incentives to
create and innovate, not incentives to file lawsuits.
Think of this: America has only five percent of the world's
population.
But we have 70 percent of the world's lawyers.
Don't you think that's a few more than we really need?
My friends, let me say once again how important your support is
to me, and to the President.
All of us are here tonight because we believe in George Bush:
A man who shares our values.
A man with business sense, and common sense.
o
And a man who is the people's last protection against the
high-dollar Democrats who control the House and Senate.
To put it another way, ladies and gentlemen: We have the right
President. But we have the wrong Congress!
Finally: I've travelled to 42 countries as Vice President.
9
And one thing has been made clear to me time and time again:
No single leader is more admired and more respected around the
world than our great President, George Bush.
And here's what it means for America to have a first-class world
statesman as President.
O
It means other nations look to America for advice and
leadership --- not the other way around.
It means our security interests are taken seriously.
And it means that when America speaks, others listen.
My friends, this is a decade of opportunity at home and abroad.
All we want
and all we ask for
is a Republican Congress,
and four more years of George and Barbara Bush.
Thank you all very much.
# # #
10
OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT
PREPARED TEXT OF REMARKS BY THE VICE PRESIDENT
PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION CONFERENCE, PECC
SINGAPORE, MAY 22, 1991
It's an honor for me to address the Pacific Economic
Cooperation Conference.
Before I begin, I would like to congratulate Chandra Das for
his excellent work as PECC chairman, and to wish the incoming
chairman, Dick Fairbanks, best wishes in his new position.
When I last visited Singapore, in May of 1989, I spoke to the
American Business Council. The topic of my speech was "American
Decline." At the time the so-called declinists were in full swing.
It was then fashionable to say that America's best days were behind
her, and we had to resign ourselves to inevitable decline.
I said then: These prophets of gloom and doom were wrong.
And I say now, two years later: These prophets were wrong. They
stand refuted by history -- first by the collapse of communism, and
then by the events in the Persian Gulf.
Look at the changed world of the last two years: The Berlin
wall is down; Germany is unified; communism has been consigned
to the dust bin of history; Saddam Hussein's aggression did not
stand; the post-Cold War Era has begun.
But some still say America should retreat. Retreat from what?
-- victory? Retreat from responsibility? Retreat from world
affairs?
I say no. We are not interested in retreating into a fortress
America. We will remain engaged around the world because that
engagement means peace and freedom.
Actually, America is more committed than ever to its world
responsibilities. We are committed to providing security and
deterrence from attack. We can and will help promote economic
development and investment opportunities. We can and will foster
the growth of democracy and human rights. We can and will deter
nuclear proliferation. Finally, we can and will work to promote
trade, open markets and generate prosperity.
No one better understands the importance of this last goal
than the members of the Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference.
Indeed, the founders of PECC, some of whom are with us today, were
pioneers of Pacific Economic Cooperation. Their vision is carried
on. today, as PECC's membership is being expanded to include four
new economies: Hong Kong, Mexico, Peru and Chile.
Hong Kong's growth is legendary. It has a strong commitment
to open markets and free trade.
With the admission of Mexico, Peru, and chile, we recognize
the change of attitude in Latin America. The leaders of these
countries represent a new generation -- a generation without the
anti-American and anti-private sector prejudices of some of its
predecessors. Today's Latin America wants trade and trade
opportunities, not hand-outs and subsidies.
People use many geographical descriptions for the countries
of the Pacific: The Pacific Rim, The Pacific Basin, The Asia-
Pacific Region: But two words describe this area best of all --
growth and opportunity.
At the beginning of the last decade, U.S. trans-Atlantic trade
exceeded U.S. trans-Pacific trade. By 1990, the situation was
reversed, and our trans-Pacific trade was one-third greater than
our trans-Atlantic trade. In 1990, U.S. trade turnover with ASEAN
alone almost equaled U.S. trade with Germany, our leading European
trade partner. Indeed, the United States is ASEAN's largest export
market.
But more than trade binds this region together. Travel within
the region, whether for business or tourism, has increased
enormously. By 1993, traffic on Pacific air routes should overtake
the Atlantic on a passenger-mile basis.
The Asia-Pacific region is clearly suited for economic
cooperation. The enormous success of ASEAN as a diplomatic entity
indicates that there are great benefits to be attained from
cooperation.
Given the vast economic flows linking our economies, we need
to discuss the issues facing us all, and to work together where we
can. That is why, following the vision of PECC, the ministers of
twelve countries in November 1989 created a new vehicle for
cooperation -- the Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation or APEC.
We are pleased with the progress APEC has made in its brief
existence. From the outset, APEC reaffirmed its support for a
strong, open, multilateral trading system. APEC's number one
priority this year is a successful outcome to the Uruguay Round,
and the group has worked actively to this end.
Let us think what the world would be like if the Uruguay Round
were to fail: Slow world economic growth with poor nations
condemned to the cycle of poverty; stagnant trade; regional blocs
committed to protectionism and closed markets.
With a successful Uruguay Round, we can expect: An additional
$4 trillion of world GNP over the next decade; additional exports,
which mean additional jobs; international acceptance of free trade
and open markets; and the best hope for underdeveloped countries
to achieve prosperity and growth.
We agree totally with APEC's choice of a successful outcome
of the Uruguay Round as its primary objective this year.
I just came from Japan, where the most talked about topic was
completion of the Uruguay Round of GATT. And I say to the Japanese
what I say here, everything must be on the table. That means Japan
must put on the table sensitive commodities like rice; it means
Europe must put on the table wheat, sugar, and dairy products; and
the U.S. must deal with products like sugar, peanuts, dairy, and
cotton.
The conclusion of the Uruguay Round is the United States' top
trade priority.
Let me say a word about Japan. As you know, Japan is now an
economic superpower. We welcome that fact. It has allowed her to
be a powerful engine for Asia-Pacific growth. She has provided
major economic assistance and investment to Asia and the Pacific
region. And Japan's contribution of four minesweepers to the Gulf
Operation is a welcome step in the development of our global
partnership with Japan.
We also would welcome a political role by Japan commensurate
with its economic strength -- an assumption of leadership and
responsibility in concert with the United States and the other
nations of the region.
Earlier this week in Tokyo, I stressed to Japanese leaders the
importance of their role in producing a successful completion to
the Uruguay Round -- a fitting contribution symbolizing their new
role of economic and political leadership. And after five years
of intensive work, the world's trading countries must not fail in
our efforts to achieve a far-reaching agreement.
Let me briefly address a related development in the Eastern
part of the Pacific Rim, which will benefit the region as a whole.
As you know, the U.S., Canada and Mexico intend to pursue a
free trade agreement. We expect this agreement to lead to expanded
growth in our three countries. This should make us even more
attractive trading partners to other Pacific Basin countries.
Let me, however, make one point clear: The U.S., Canada and
Mexico do not seek to create a trading bloc. On the contrary, we
seek to eliminate trade barriers.
Expanded trade and economic growth require political security
and stability. Since the end of World War II, The U.S. military
presence has helped provide the Asia Pacific region with stability.
This stability has allowed the nations of the region to develop and
prosper.
of course, our military presence will be adjusted to deal with
the threat and potential threat. New arrangements are appropriate
for new times, such as the MOU we signed last year with Singapore.
Meanwhile, our security arrangements with the Philippines
remain important. We hope that an updated bases agreement can be
negotiated soon. Regardless of the result of the base negotiations
in the Philippines, the U.S. will remain a Pacific power.
The principal elements of our Asian security strategy --
forward deployed forces, overseas bases, and bilateral security
arrangements will remain in place. These provide the basis for
economic growth and the advancement of democratic values. We must
never permit occasional friction over trade and other economic
issues to undermine the security arrangements on which our common
prosperity rests.
Our goals have been, and remain: A secure and peaceful world;
a growing world economy dedicated to free trade, open markets, and
economic integration; freedom and democracy. These goals are in
America's vital interests. These goals are in Asia's vital
interests. And these goals require continued Asian-American
cooperation of the sort PECC embodies.
Thank you.
Snow/Nix
Asia
Draft Three
November 11, 1991
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: THE ASIA SOCIETY
WALDORF-ASTORIA HOTEL
NEW YORK, NEW YORK
TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 1991
7:35 P.M.
Thank you very much, John [Whitehead]. John has served this
country with great distinction over the years, and it's great to
join him -- and his wife Nancy -- this evening. It's also à
pleasure to see Asia Society President Robert Oxnam, and vice
Chairman, Peter Aaron. To you, and to the distinguished men and
women in this audience, greetings -- and my thanks for this
opportunity to speak with you on topics of great concern to us
all.
As you know, I have just returned from Rome and the Hague.
There, I worked and other Western leaders to build a post Cold-
War world characterized by mutual security, democracy, individual
liberty, free enterprise, and unfettered international trade. I
want to talk about those topics tonight, with the accent on Asia.
But first, for audiences here and in Asia, I think it's
important to discuss once again why I will not travel to the
region later this month. As President, I must serve the entire
nation in the domestic and foreign arenas. Sometimes those
obligations clash. When we planned our trip, Congress had
planned to adjourn early in this month. Now the members say they
2
will wrap up by November 22, but who knows? We will reschedule
the trip, but I will not leave while Congress is wrapping up a
session: It can commit too much mischief in times like that.
Frankly, I don't mind telling you that I just don't feel
comfortable leaving Congress home alone. //
Make no mistake, however: I will not turn my back on my
responsibility to do the nation's business here and abroad, and
in times of economic pain, I certainly will not give up an
opportunity to work with our allies to create new markets, new
jobs and new opportunities for American workers -- in
agriculture, in manufacturing and in service industries.
And I certainly will not permit us to retreat into a kind of
Fortress America, which will doom us to irrelevance and poverty.
The notion that we can separate domestic and foreign policy rests
upon the stubborn fantasy that we can live as an isolated island
surrounded by a changing and developing world. We tried
isolationism, and we ended up fighting two bloody world wars.
We tried economic isolationism -- protectionism -- and we
helped set off a worldwide depression. I remain deeply committed
to building closer ties with the Asia Pacific region. Although
much of our Nation's heritage comes from Europe, our future
points equally toward Asia.
Asia has transformed itself in the space of a generation
into the most rapidly growing region on the face of the earth.
Asia-Pacific nations enjoyed staggering real economic growth in
the decade of the Eighties: The Australian economy grew 41
3
percent; Japan's grew nearly 52 percent; Malaysia almost 60
percent; Hong Kong, 89 percent; Singapore, 93 percent; Taiwan,
116 percent and South Korea, 150 percent.
The Asia-Pacific region has become our largest and fastest
growing trade partner. We conduct more than 300 billion dollars
worth of two-way trade annually. Together, we generate nearly
half the world's GNP. American firms have invested more than 61
billion dollars in the region, and that figure will grow. Asians
have invested more than 95 billion dollars in the United States.
In everything from automobiles to microchips, from baseball to
Australian rules football, we grow closer each day.
A few years ago, it was fashionable to refer to the 20th
Century as the American Century and the 21st as the Pacific
Century, as if we were engaged in some long-term competition with
our Asian allies. I don't see it that way. The United States
will remain large and powerful, but in years to come, we will
deepen our partnership with our Asian friends in building
democracy and freedom.
We'd be here forever if I tried to tick off our interests
and activities, country-by-country. So instead I will address
the three central issues in our relationships with the nations of
the region: security, democracy, and trade.
In the area of security, Asia's variety has spawned a
diverse pattern of political and strategic cooperation. Our
custom-made agreements and relationships provide a strong
foundation for future security.
4
Let me give you a few examples of how we seek to build the
peace. The ASEAN Nations, Japan, Australia and the U.N. Security
Council's permanent members recently forged a Cambodian peace
process that promises free elections in a nation previously rent
by tyranny and genocide. Just yesterday, for the first time in
16 years, we sent an accredited diplomat to Cambodia, to
participate in the peacemaking arrangements.
The conflict in Indochina has preoccupied this nation for
years. Finally, we have entered into a period of healing and
constructive cooperation. We will work step-by-step to resolve
the painful issues left by that war. We envision normal
relations with Vietnam as the logical conclusion of a step-by-
step process that begins by resolving the problems in Cambodia
and by addressing thoroughly, openly and conclusively the status
of American POW-MIAs.
Today, I am happy to announce that we will upgrade our
relations with Laos, and that, we soon will place an ambassador
in Vientiane.
The Republic of Korea has moved to build better ties with
North Korea while boldly challenging the North to abandon its
menacing nuclear weapons program, which threatens regional peace.
We welcome recently organized efforts involving us, the
Japanese, Soviets, Chinese and Koreans to bring North Korea's
nuclear program under international supervision. Meanwhile, we
will maintain our conventional military presence in the South as
long as the people want or need us.
5
In laying the foundation for peace through our global
partnership, we have worked closely with Japan in the area of
foreign aid: we are the world's two foremost providers of such
aid. We also cooperate on development assistance, environmental
protection, trade, arms control, refugees and regional peace.
The Japanese have joined us in trying to lead the Soviet
Union and Eastern Europe toward free enterprise. They support
more than 50,000 U.S. military forces in Japan with 3 billion
dollars in annual host nation contributions. Japan contributed
nearly 13 billion dollars to the multinational forces for the
Gulf War, 10 billion dollars of which went to the United States.
This required new taxes -- a very tough thing for any politician
to ask of working people -- but Japan deserves praise for
choosing the right course.
To the South, Australia casts a shadow far larger than its
population and size would suggest. It takes justifiable pride in
its long tradition of defending democracy, and its economic,
political and cultural presence helps unite the Asia-Pacific
region with the rest of the world.
We can help ensure future peace in the region and defend our
interests through a range of military arrangements. Bilateral
alliances, access agreements and Five-Power defense arrangements
give us the flexibility we need.
While we must adjust our force structure to reflect post-
Cold-War realities, we also must protect our interests and
allies. In this light, we cannot afford to ignore the important
6
sources of instability: in North Korea; in Burma, where socialist
despotism holds sway, despite the heroic efforts of freedom
fighters like Nobel Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi; in China and other
states that resist the worldwide movement toward political
pluralism -- and that sometimes support our adversaries, even by
contributing to the proliferation of dangerous weapons.
Fortunately, the key to future stability in the region lies
not with arms, but with ballots. Democracy has swept across Asia
-- with some notable exceptions, such as Burma, China, North
Korea, and Vietnam. Yet we remain engaged in the region, and
especially in China. If we retreat from the challenge of
building democracy, we will have failed many who have worked
hard, even died, for the cause.
The United States will support democracy wherever it can,
understanding that nations adopt political freedom in their own
ways, in manners consistent with their histories and cultures.
After decades of uncertainty, the future seems full of hope, and
even the intransigent few seem likely to join the rest of the
world in building a commonwealth of freedom.
This brings us to the third focal point, and a crucial
ingredient in a stable, free society: economic prosperity.
No nation can ignore the incredible vitality of this region
-- or afford to. Yes, we disagree on some important trade
issues, but we also recognize a more important fact: Our fates
and values have become linked forever.
7
Contrary to the opinions of American protectionists, free
trade requires efforts by all parties involved. Too often, trade
disputes bring out the worst in people. Japan-bashing has become
a minor sport in the United States, and some in Japan have become
equally scornful of the United States. Both our nations must
reject those who would rather seek scapegoats than tackle their
own problems. We've made a good start: The Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation Group encourages growth and trade. The Uruguay Round
of GATT talks remains the single most important vehicle for
advancing the cause of free trade and fending off the scourge of
protectionism. We call upon Japan and Korea to work with us in
breaking down old barriers to trade and opening up markets in
manufacturing, services and agriculture. Our Structural
Impediments Initiative talks have helped lower barriers to trade
and investment, but we need to give those talks new life and
create a better climate in Japan for U.S. businesses.
The fact is that Japan, which nearly half a century ago
became a focal point of American hatred, has become one of our
closest and most treasured allies. I enjoyed a warm and
constructive relationship working with Prime Minister Kaifu, and
I look forward to spending time with my old friend, Prime
Minister Miyazawa -- significantly, a man steeped in Western and
Eastern culture, and superbly equipped to build bridges of
culture and trade between our two great Nations.
Together, we can build an even more prosperous and
spectacular future -- but only if we take up the tough, rewarding
8
task of promoting worldwide economic liberty: no trade blocs; no
new trade barriers. We seek a vibrant international economic
system that unites markets on every continent.
We in the United States also must strengthen our economy.
We levy an unacceptably high effective tax rate on capital gains.
Germany levies no capital gains tax. The complicated Japanese
tax averages about 1 percent. This puts our own entrepreneurs
and venture capitalitsts at a huge and shameful disadvantage.
We run an enormous and growing budget deficit, which seems
to serve no greater purpose than to inflame political divisions
within our own country. We must take purposeful action to reduce
that deficit, while nourishing economic growth.
To compete internationally we must modernize our banking
industry and make our industrial base more competitive. We must
work with our allies to build a stable and sound monetary regime.
Perhaps most important, we must build human capital. We
have an obligation to prepare future generations for life in the
21st Century. The integrated global economy will demand more of
us than ever before, and our schools must meet that challenge.
Technological change can do much more than make our lives
more comfortable. It can sweep away totalitarianism and forge
the foundation for lasting liberty. We live in an age of
liberation technology, and no technology does more for the cause
of freedom than the means of mass communications. No wall is
high enough and no government sufficiently despotic to shut off
what some call a revolution of electrons. As we compete with our
9
allies in this area, we must remember that information feeds
intellect, and good information fosters freedom.
Let me close by summarizing our general approach to
relations with Asia. Our administration sees six keys to
promoting lasting peace in the Asia-Pacific region:
Progressive trade liberalization / Security cooperation /
A shared commitment to democracy and human rights / Educational
and scientific innovation / Respect for the environment / And an
appreciation of our distinct cultural heritages.
Americans have always looked to the horizons for their
destiny, even from our earliest days. We have grown great
because we have welcomed people from every continent and country,
and we have tried to make use of their distinct talents, while
constructing a common culture.
Today, we celebrate that diversity, and celebrate the
prospect that in years to come, we will develop with our Asian
friends even greater ties of trade and culture.
I look forward to traveling soon to Asia, to advance these
important principles, and to expand market opportunities for tens
of thousands of American workers and businesses. As President, I
will continue building ties with our allies, because those ties
mean peace at home and jobs for American men and women.
I want to thank the Asia Society for its vital contributions
to the cause of peace, prosperity and understanding. I look
forward to your help as I seek to build closer bonds of affection
10
and interest with the peoples of the vast, marvelous, varied
Asia-Pacific region.
Thank you. May God bless our Asian-Pacific friends and the
United States of America.
# # # #
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
November 4, 1991
TC
TP
JK
Please review and
comment.
DP
11. 0,4. 91 05:49 PM
P O 1
United States Department of State
Washington, D.C. 20520
OFFICE OF JAPANESE AFFAIRS
FAX COVER SHEET
DATE: November 4, 1991
TO:
Mr. Doug Paal, NSC
FAX NUMBER:
395-5661
ADDRESSEE'S PHONE:
395-4213
FROM: EAP/ J - Rust Deming
FAX NUMBER: 202-647-' 4402
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DRAFT
SECRETARY BAKER ASIA SPEECH
THE U.S. AND ASIA: ARCHITECTURE FOR A PACIFIC COMMUNITY
Introduction: Asian Realities
I am pleased to be here at this momentous time of
historic transition and to have the opportunity to discuss
U.S. views on the Asia-Pacific region. There is no more
fitting place to do this than here in Tokyo. Japan is the
center of American interests not just in Asia, but
globally as well. In my two Berlin speeches I presented
our ideas about the new post-Cold War architecture of the
Euro-Atlantic community evolving in one part of the great
Eurasian landmass.
But make no mistake: we look West as well as East.
From Seattle to Sydney, Honolulu to Hong Kong, a new
Pacific community is emerging. America's destiny lies
across the Pacific. Forging an enduring sense of
community in this diverse and dynamic region is vital to
the success of the international system we are trying to
shape. And we can accomplish this only with a full
partnership between Japan and the United States.
Two years ago before the Asia Society in New York, I
spoke of a new order beginning to unfold and called for a
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new Pacific partnership to shape the contours of the 21st.
Century. The past two years have seen some epoch-making
changes in Asia: The first visit of an American Secretary
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of State to Ulan Baator in a newly democratic Mongolia;
President Gorbachev in San Francisco meeting South Korean
President Roh by the Golden Gate; Japanese minesweepers
plying the troubled waters of the Persian Gulf; North and
South Korea joining the U.N. And at long last, the
elusive goal of peace in Cambodia is within reach.
At the same time, some legacies of the past remain fixed
in sharp relief. Most prominently, the heavily-armed stand-off
on the Korean Peninsula is still one of the world's most
dangerous flashpoints, one now intensified by the ominous
threat of nuclear proliferation. In Burma, the tyranny of
Oilitary dictators still prevails over the expressed popular
will. And China has yet to heal the wounds of Tienanmen.
Beijing, along with the other Asian communist regimes, resist
the clarion call for democratic change.
Despite Mr. Gorbachev's historic visit to Tokyo last April,
the dispute over Japan's Northern Territories continues to
impede the full normalization of Soviet-Japanese relations.
And reducing its Far East military forces and implementation of
market reforms, the litmus test for the post-communist Soviet
Union, have yet to be accomplished.
The elements of a promising future and the difficult
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legacies of times past both fill the Asian landscape; global
trends reshaping the world are playing out in the region at
Asia's unique rhythm and in its own way.
The challenges and opportunities the U.S. and Japan now
face in Asia suggest that a viable architecture for a stable
and prosperous Pacific community rests on three elements.
1)
First, together with like-minded states in the region, we must
Econ. integration
2) democratization
build a framework for economic integration that will support an
open global trading system. Second, we must support the trend
3) security
towards democratization so as to deepen the shared values that
will reinforce a sense of community. Third, we must adjust the
defense structure of the Asia-Pacific region to reflect the
region's diverse security concerns and reduces intra-regional
fears and suspicions.
Such an architecture will enable us to best resolve the
lingering problems of the past as well as meeting the
challenges a new era. In particular, the emerging security
challenges -- of nuclear and missile proliferation, of
protecting the environment, of illegal narcotics trafficking,
of refugee flows are increasingly key elements of a
comprehensive approach to security.
This new architecture can be achieved only if the U.S. and
Japan share the vision and the responsibilities as well as the
benefits. Partnership means just that: sharing in the
responsibilities as well as the benefits.
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U.S. and Asia
--
As I look to the future, I am struck by how remarkably
consistent American interests and our role in the Pacific have
been. Since 1784 when the merchant ship "Empress of China"
sailed from New York bound for Canton, the U.S. has pursued an
open door approach to the region. Our interests have been and
remain: access to the region, an Open Door to commercial
opportunity, and preventing the rise of any single hegemonic
power or coalition hostile to the United States and its allies
and friends.
Today the Asia/Pacific is our largest trading partner,
with more than $300 billion a year in two-way trade, where U.S.
firms have invested more than $61 billion, and with whom our
companies have an enormous web of commercial and technological
linkages. Trans-Pacific trade is nearly one-third larger than
that across the Atlantic. We now export more to Thailand than
to the Soviet Union, more to Indonesia than to Eastern Europe,
and more to Singapore than to Spain or Italy.
At the same time, the spread of democratic values and
institutions which we so cherish now extends even into the far
corners of Mongolia, further deepening our sense of an
Asian-Pacific community.
And there is yet another, and perhaps the most enduring of
our bonds to Asia: the growing numbers of Asian-Americans, some
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seven million strong -- and our fastest growing group of
immigrants. There are more Laotians in the U.S. than in the
Lao capital of Vientiane; more Filipinos in California than in
Cebu. And Japanese-Americans fill leadership positions in all
segments of American society. Their presence and successes
enrich our society and gives us a still deeper understanding
of, and unique affinity with the region.
All these strands together give us a strong mutuality of
interests and a growing sense of community with the Pacific
Basin. Our interest in the security and stability of Asia is
overriding, our commitment firm, and our engagement beyond
question.
Asian Security
Yet some now are questioning whether the structures and
rationale which provided Asia's security during the Cold War
remain valid today.
What has made Asia relatively secure, stable, and under-
pinned its economic dynamism is primarily a loose network of
bilateral alliances. The U.S. -- its military presence, its
commitment, and its reassurance -- has been the balancing wheel
of an informal, yet highly effective security structure for
more than four decades. It has been the United States in
concert with each of our allies and supported by sub-regional
cooperation that, woven together, form the tapestry of Asia's
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security.
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To visualize this structure, imagine a fan spread wide
with its base in North America and radiating west across the
Pacific. The central support is the U.S.-Japan alliance, the
core of the security structure. To the north, one spoke
represents our alliance with the Republic of Korea. To the
south, others extend to our ASEAN treaty allies -- the
Philippines and Thailand. Further south, a spoke extends to
Australia, an increasingly important partner.
This system has been successful precisely because it has
respected the political and cultural diversity and the
geopolitical realities of the Asia/Pacific region. Unlike
Europe, there is no single threat commonly percieved throughout
the region. Instead there are a multiplicity of security
concerns that differ from country to country and within this
immense region.
Today, in the post-Cold War era, the overlay of
U.S.-Soviet competition has been removed. Yet, the same
mutuality of interests and diversity of Asian security concerns
continue to exist. Now, however, regional security concerns
stand out in sharper focus. In the post-Cold War world, this
regional aspect of our forward deployed security presence is
becoming the primary purpose for our security engagement in the
region -- to provide geopolitical balance, to be an honest
broker, to reassure against uncertainty.
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Supplementing our presence and alliances are emerging
multilateral responses to security challenges. As we have seen
in the. Cambodian peace process, the combined efforts of the
ASEAN countries, Japan, Australia and the five permanent
members of the U.N. Security Council have tailor-made a
conflict-resolution process. Similarly, the forum on the
disputed islands of the South China Sea hosted by Indonesia
also reflects such an ad hoc multilateral approach. At this
stage in a new era, we should be attentive to the possibilities
for such multilateral action without locking ourselves into an
overly structured approach. Form should follow function.
Spokes of the Fan
As I mentioned, the keystone of our engagement in the
Pacific is our relationship with Japan. Nothing is more basic
to realizing the new Pacific partnership we are seeking, to the
security of the region, and indeed to the effectiveness of the
post-Cold War system than the U.S.-Japan relationship.
Let me say, that as I have watched the vigorous debate
here about Japan's role in the world, I can't help but recall
our historic and persistent struggles against isolationism. I
recognize that the Gulf war was a watershed in Japan's effort
to define its global role. And Japan's support for the allied
effort is greatly appreciated. Japan's foreign policy now
seems headed in a direction broadly parallel to ours. In my
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D.) me move into Re new era,
unh together
View, we must seize the historic opportunity to synergize our
s(no)) The Rell Ronyl of Globsl and region uses
policies in pursuit of shared values and objectives, for the
post-Cold War world.
To achieve this we must recognize that our relationship
has changed profoundly over the past decade, and reach a new
harmony. I see four basic, inter-related elements as necessary
to accomplish this.
The foundation of our relationship remains the U.S.-Japan
security alliance. Japan has been steadily assuming more
responsibilities. Among them are the expansion of its roles
and missions in defense of its air and sealanes complementing
our forces and also providing generous host nation support.
This will reach 73% of the non-salary costs for our forward-
deployed forces by 1995. One area which requires greater
cooperation, however, is the goal of a balanced two-way flow of
defense-related technology.
Second, the economic aspect of our relationship has moved
centerstage. The $140 billion in annual two-way trade,
investment, and burgeoning network.of private sector linkages
-- between the world's two largest and most technologically
advanced economies -- our profound interdependence.
A solid economic foundation, with reciprocal openness, is
required if we are to renew our partnership, one now of truly
global dimensions. This requires greater market-opening
efforts by Japan, a more competitive U.S. economy, and
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intensifying the economic dialogue we have begun in the SII.
Removing the impediments to more balanced economic ties and
creating a level playing field is essential to the new harmony
we seek.
Third, we must fulfill the promise of the global
partnership the President called for at the Palm Springs Summit
last year. For the international system to work, leading
powers must lead. This is the lesson we learned from our own
reluctance to play an active role in world affairs in the
period between the two world wars. This is why today we seek
to build a global partnership with Japan -- with Tokyo assuming
a greater leadership role in a system from which it derives
significant benefits.
As democracies and market-oriented economies, The U.S. and
Japan have the unique ability to marshall unparalleled
resources to address the challenges ahead: on issues from the
Uruguay Round to Eastern Europe, from preserving the
environment to Third World debt, we must engage together
globally.
Finally, we must deepen our understanding of each other's
cultures. Japanese youth must be introduced to more about
American life and values. Fast-food, rock music and Hollywood
are one image we project, but America has much else to offer.
Americans must come to know Japan's rich history and
traditions. In particular, they should learn the Japanese
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language. The newly created Abe Fund offers one important
opportunity to expand a host of exchanges and inter-actions --
intellectual, scientific, cultural, and people-to-people --
needed to move us further down this path.
Korean Peninsula
Another spoke in the Pacific fan is our alliance with the
---
Republic of Korea. The achievements of the ROK are impressive
by any measure. In the space of a generation the ROK has
greath
transformed itself from a poor, war-ravaged society into one of
rates,
the world's leading, High-tech economies. Politically, its
9'n'
democratic transition and the success of Nordpolitik in forging
a new diplomacy in East Asia bring home to all Americans the
value of our firm support for the ROK over the past four
decades.
The ROK's dynamism helps us meet the challenge of
transforming what has been primarily a military alliance into a
more equal political, defense and economic partnership. This
is the logic of the US force restructuring underway, of Seoul's
increased Host Nation Support, of our economic dialogue, and
enhanced political consultations.
South Korea's success is all the more remarkable as it has
occurred even as Seoul remains frozen in confrontation with
North Korea. Indeed, the very real danger of nuclear
proliferation on the Korean Peninsula is now the number one
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threat to stability in East Asia.
North Korea's repeated failure to meet its international
treaty obligations under the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) by
implementing full-scope IAEA safeguards has raised serious
questions about its intentions.
Yet, as important as the NPT regime is, we saw in the case
of Iraq that even IAEA safeguards can not ensure that a
renegade regime will not acquire nuclear weapons capability.
The only firm assurance would be an agreement by both Seoul and
Pyongyang to forego reprocessing on the Korean Peninsula.
The key to reducing tensions on the Peninsula -- and
N.4
1
ultimately to reunification -- is an active North-South
falk
dialogue. The road to peace and reunification rests with the
Koreans themselves. But the halting efforts at reconciliation
suggest the need to foster a climate of trust and confidence
for real progress to occur. The recent decision by both Koreas
to join the U.N. and renewed prospects for Prime Minister talks
are hopeful signs. In my view, there is great potential for
European-style confidence-building measures and ultimately,
CFE-type arms reduction on the Korean Peninsula.
And while the process of reconciliation and, eventually,
reunification, are ultimately Korean decisions, the four major
powers -- the U.S., USSR, PRC and Japan - have important
interests that intersect in Korea. As North-South dialogue
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progresses, we will explore opportunities for new forms of
cooperation amongst the major powers in support of the
dialogue, the easing of tensions, the guaranteeing of outcomes,
and to address common security concerns.
US-Southeast Asia
Korea is not alone in its success. It is remarkable to
think that just fifteen years ago many feared that countries
such as Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia would become the next
"dominoes" of Southeast Asia. Today, their talented,
industrious people and market economies are setting the
standard for development worldwide.
Over the past fifteen years, we have built an impressive
structure of economic, political, and security cooperation with
our ASEAN colleagues that make ASEAN the focal point of our
engagement in Southeast Asia. ASEAN has become our fifth
largest trading partner, and we are ASEAN's largest market.
ASEAN was a leader in launching the Uruguay Round of the GATT,
and we look to ASEAN support in completing the market-opening
talks.
In the political realm, among the fruits of a decade of
cooperative efforts with ASEAN is the rapid pace progress we
have seen lately towards peace in Cambodia. As we look to the
future, a just and durable peace in Cambodia will open the door
to a new era in Southeast Asia -- the integration of Cambodia,
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Vietnam and Laos into the mainstream of the region.
Beyond our multilateral engagement with ASEAN, two of its
-
members, the Philippines and Thailand are bilateral treaty
allies. I know there is much concern about the future of our
presence in the Philippines.
Let me emphasize two points in this regard: First, our
overriding concern is with sustaining good relations with a
democratic and economically dynamic Philippines; and second,
regardless of our military presence in Subic Bay, our security
engagement in Southeast Asia will remain undiminished, though
realized through other means.
Indeed, we are exploring ways of enhancing security
cooperation with our friends throughout the sub-region to
ensure our ability to sustain an adequate security presence
there. The access agreement reached earlier this year with
Singapore is a reflection of this commitment to a sustained
presence in the region, and of the region's broad desire for
and support of the active U.S. role we envision.
Let me say a word about Australia, our southern anchor in
the Pacific. Canberra's activism in both global and regional
affairs from efforts to rid the world of chemical weapons to
the Cairns group in the GATT -- demonstrates it is an important
ally. In efforts to achieve a settlement in Cambodia, and in
its role of honest broker and catalyst for development in the
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South Pacific, Australia plays a vital role in regional affairs.
APEC
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While Asian security concerns are diverse, burgeoning
intra-Asian and trans-Pacific trade and investment provide
broad common interests on which to build. Today, the region is
one of the major engines of world growth. And it is economics
that holds the promise of bringing a new cohesion to the region.
This is what the U.S. and 11 other Pacific Basin economies
sought to do in coming together two years ago to initiate the
Asia/Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) process. We see APEC
as an important mechanism for sustaining market-oriented
growth, for advancing global and regional trade liberalization,
and for meeting the new challenges generated from the region's
remarkable growth, such as the protecting the environment.
With the imminent addition of China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan
to APEC's membership -- and others in line to join -- its
potential as a major trans-Pacific forum has become readily
apparent. The successful efforts of APEC's ten working groups
-- from energy and human resources to telecommunications,
tourism, and transportation -- is laying a solid foundation of
economic cooperation on a broad range of issues. This progress
leads us to conclude that APEC is ripe to emerge as a key
institution forging the greater sense of Pacific community
needed to meet the new challenges of the post-Cold War world.
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Let me be very clear: APEC is not a regional economic
bloc. Rather, it is a product of -- and catalyst for -- --
trans-Pacific economic integration that is part of a larger
global economy drawn ever closer together by the electronic
wizardry of the Information Age. It is inclusive, not
exclusive. We believe it is contributing to building support
for an open global trade system, and is a regional force for
liberalized trade.
Yet some fear the world is dividing into regional economic
zones. The North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) is viewed by
some as a step in this direction. Nothing could be further
from the truth.
The free trade area among the U.S., Mexico and Canada that
is slowly emerging will not raise barriers to those outside
Japan
it. The NAFTA will increase the productivity of the U.S.,
Canadian, and Mexican economies, thus bringing expanded markets
Maxico
trade
for Asian traders and investors, thus stregnthening, not
weakening, trans-Pacific economic links. The logic of free
trade areas is to contribute to more liberalized trade, not
trade blocs. In this regard, Thailand's proposed ASEAN free
trade area is a welcome initiative that could stimulate ASEAN
growth and also reinforce US-ASEAN economic ties.
CHINA and the USSR
Finally, a viable architecture for the Asia/Pacific region
must engage both China and the Soviet Union. Both are Perm
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Five members, and in the Gulf conflict, in our Cambodian
diplomacy, and efforts to reduce tensions on the Korean
Peninsula, both have played a constructive role. We see
promise for still deeper collaboration.
Yet great uncertainty clouds our relations with China.
The tragic violence at Tiananmen can not be forgotten. It
shattered the bipartisan consensus in the U.S for our relations
with China.
Looking back over history, since the days of the
missionaries more than a century ago, American views of China
have oscillated from one extreme to the other. We have been
exhilarated at the hope of the Chinese becoming more like us,
and then deeply disappointed when they have not.
More recently, almost overnight our images turned from
those of an exotic place of Panda Bears and ping-pong diplomacy
to those of horror and rejection after the brutal violence of
June 4, 1989.
Our ideals and values are an essential part of our
engagement with China. As President Bush pointed our at Yale,
11
no nation has discovered a way to import the world's goods and
services while stopping foreign ideas at the border. The
trends of the information age are irresistable.
With its 23% of the human race, its nuclear weapons, and
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its Permanent seat on the U.N. Security Council, China casts a
long shadow in Asia and beyond. As we have seen, China's
international role encompasses a broad range of global and
regional issues affecting our interests: from missile and
nuclear proliferation and cooperation in the Gulf to resolving
regional conflicts. This underscores the need for sustaining
engagement with China on issues of common concern.
This is why President Bush has pursued a policy of
engagement towards China. A central element of this policy is
Most-Favored-Nation status. MFN has been an important catalyst
in the growth of China's foreign trade during the 1980s to over
$100 billion annually, and in the growth of a large market-
oriented sector. Similarly this engagment has helped China's
coastal areas become integrated with Hong Kong and the world
economy.
Let me turn to the Soviet Union. The USSR is a power with
interests in Asia as well as Europe. The revolution in the
USSR leaves us with much uncertainty, yet also, much promise.
Increasingly, we see Russia playing a more active role in the
Asia/Pacific region.
I must add we welcome the growing interest in forging new
economic ties between Soviet Asia and the dynamic Pacific Rim.
The opening of Vladivostok, the establishment of free trade
zone in Nakhodka, and moves toward resolving the Northern
Territories issue are important steps that can pave the way for
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greater participation in the Asia/Pacific region. As further
military reductions are made and as market reforms take shape,
the potential for economic collaboration with the market-
oriented Pacific Rim will undoubtedly grow.
And I am pleased
to announce that the U.S. welcomes Soviet membership status in
semi-official Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC).
Conclusion
The ferment in the Asia/Pacific region points us towards a
new era. Yet, we cannot fully face the future, while burdened
by the legacies of the Cold War era in Asia. Only when true
peace in Cambodia is realized, when Korea is unified on terms
acceptable to all Koreans, and when the Northern Territories
are returned to Japan, can we finally turn a new page in the
history of the Asia/Pacific region.
For the new millenium to be a Pacific-oriented era, it
will require a strong sense of community. The agenda I have
discussed holds the promise of building that sense of
community. By accommodating Asia's diversity in security,
uniting around shared principles and values, and forging the
economic ties that bind the region, our vision can be realized
and the new Pacific partnership achieved.
SENT BY:US Dept of Commerce
10-28-91 ; 6:31PM ;
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OF
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
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STATES of
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Office of the Assistant Secretary
for International Economic Policy
DATE:
October 28, 1991
TO:
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ORGANIZATION:
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SENDING
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SENT BY:US Dept of Commerce :10-28-91 ; 6:31PM ;
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09/23/91
FINAL
REMARKS OF THE HONORABLE
THOMAS J. DUESTERBERG, PH.D.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF COMMERCE
FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY
At the KEI/AFSA Conference Titled:
The Tigers of Asia:
The Economies of Hong Kong, Korea, singapore & Taiwan
September 23, 1991
STARTMENT OF COMMISSE
UNITED STATES of
AMERICA
SENT BY:US Dept of Commerce 10-28-91 ; 6:31PM ;
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INTRODUCTION
I AM VERY HAPPY TO BE HERE THIS MORNING AT THE OPENING OF
THIS CONFERENCE ON THE TIGERS OF ASIA. THE PACIFIC RIM IS A
REGION OF CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD
ECONOMY THROUGH THE END OF THIS CENTURY AND INTO THE BEGINNING OF
THE NEXT. WHAT I HOPE TO DO THIS MORNING IS TO BRING TO YOU A
LITTLE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE ON THE REGION, A PERSPECTIVE THAT
ENCOMPASSES NOT ONLY THE RECENT ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE REGION WE
ARE DISCUSSING, BUT ALSO ATTEMPTS TO VIEW THIS HISTORY WITHIN THE
CONTEXT OF IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE REST OF THE WORLD. IT IS ONLY
FROM THAT BROADER PERSPECTIVE THAT WE CAN TRACE THE LIKELY PATH
OF THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF ASIAN ECONOMIES AS WELL AS THE
EVOLUTION OF A MORE FULLY INTEGRATED AND DYNAMIC WORLD ECONOMY.
THE PAST FEW YEARS HAVE SEEN A BREATHTAKING SUCCESSION OF
CHANGES IN THE WORLD. THE IRON CURTAIN HAS FALLEN, OR PERHAPS
MORE ACCURATELY, BEEN RIPPED AWAY BY COURAGEOUS LEADERS WHO
REALIZED THAT TOTALITARIANISM AND COMMAND ECONOMIES WERE RELICS
OF A DARK PAST. OF SIMILAR ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE, THE STATIST
ORIENTED, CLOSED ECONOMIES OF LATIN AMERICA ARE GIVING WAY TO
DEMOCRATIC, MARKET ORIENTED SYSTEMS IN CHILE, MEXICO, ARGENTINA,
VENEZUELA, AND MANY OTHER COUNTRIES. SOME WOULD HAVE US SEE
THESE TRIUMPHS OF DEMOCRACY AND FREE MARKET ECONOMICS AS THE END
OF HISTORY. DON'T WORRY, I'M NOT GOING TO RUIN YOUR BREAKFAST
WITH ESOTERIC ARGUMENTS OVER WHETHER HEGEL, AS INTERPRETED BY MR.
FUKUYAMA, WAS CORRECT. HOWEVER, I DO BELIEVE THAT THESE CHANGES
ARE PART OF A LARGER PATTERN, A PATTERN THAT JAPAN, THE FOUR
TIGERS, AND EVENTUALLY THE REST OF ASIA, HAVE PIONEERED; A
PATTERN THAT HAS SOME BEARING ON HOW WE THINK ABOUT THE ROLE OF
ASIA IN THE WORLD ECONOMY.
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THAT PATTERN IS ONE OF INCREASINGLY BALANCED INTEGRATION
INTO, AND THEREBY THE CREATION OF, A LARGER, MORE PROSPEROUS,
GLOBAL ECONOMY WHERE LONG TERM, STABLE GROWTH IS ENHANCED. BY
BALANCED, I MEAN PARTICIPATION IN THE WORLD ECONOMY AS BOTH MAJOR
IMPORTERS AND MAJOR EXPORTERS OF GOODS, SERVICES, AND CAPITAL.
OTHER AREAS OF THE WORLD WOULD LIKE TO EMULATE THIS PATTERN,
WITHIN THE BOUNDS OF THEIR OWN INDIVIDUAL ECONOMIC TRADITIONS.
THE NEW DEMOCRACIES OF EASTERN EUROPE ARE SEEKING ENTREE INTO THE
EUROPEAN COMMON MARKET, AND THROUGH THAT INTO THE GLOBAL TRADE
AND FINANCIAL MARKETPLACE. WE SEE SIMILAR DESIRES ON THE PART OF
THE LEADERS IN THE SOVIET UNION. IN OUR OWN HEMISPHERE, WE SEE
AND ARE ENCOURAGED BY THE STEPS MEXICO AND MANY OF THE LATIN
AMERICAN NATIONS HAVE TAKEN TOWARD REGIONAL AND HEMISPHERIC
INTEGRATION.
WHAT I WOULD LIKE TO HIGHLIGHT TODAY IS THE SHIFT IN
EMPHASIS OF THE ECONOMIES OF THE FOUR TIGERS FROM OVERDEPENDENCE
ON EXPORTS AS A SOURCE OF ECONOMIC DYNAMISM TO A MORE BALANCED
GROWTH STRATEGY. THE PATTERN THAT BEGAN FIRST IN JAPAN, THEN IN
THE FOUR TIGERS, IS NOW SPREADING TO MANY OF THE OTHER ECONOMIES
IN THE REGION. IN THE 1960S AND 1970S, AS THEY SOUGHT ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPERITY, THESE ASIAN ECONOMIES PURSUED A
STRATEGY OF EXPORT-LED GROWTH WITH THE CONCOMITANT POLICIES OF
HIGH DOMESTIC SAVINGS, LOW DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION, AND PROTECTED
DOMESTIC MARKETS. THIS STRATEGY PROVED REMARKABLE IN ITS
EFFECTIVENESS, AND HAS SERVED AS A MODEL FOR OTHER COUNTRIES
SEEKING THE SAME GOALS.
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AN IMPORTANT BY-PRODUCT OF THIS STRATEGY HAS BEEN A GROWING
INTEGRATION OF THESE ECONOMIES INTO THE WORLD ECONOMY. IT IS
IMPORTANT TO REALIZE, HOWEVER, THAT THIS INTEGRATION IS AN
EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS, A METAMORPHOSIS IF YOU WILL, AND NOT A
FINITE CONTROLLED EVENT. AS SUCH, IT IS AFFECTED BY THE
SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT. THIS IS WHAT I MEANT WHEN I SAID
EARLIER THAT WE MUST CONSIDER THE RECENT ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE
REGION IN THE PROPER CONTEXT IN ORDER TO DEVELOP A BETTER
UNDERSTANDING OF ITS IMPLICATIONS.
REGIONAL ECONOMICS
IT HAS BEEN SAID THAT LONG TERM ECONOMIC GROWTH IS THE
DOMINANT FACTOR IN THE SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF NATIONS. RECENT
EVENTS IN EASTERN EUROPE AND THE SOVIET UNION BEAR STARK WITNESS
TO THAT ASSERTION, AS THEIR INABILITY TO MEET THE ECONOMIC AND
TECHNICAL ASPIRATIONS OF THEIR CONSUMERS AND THEIR POLITICAL
LEADERS LED TO THE HISTORIC COLLAPSE OF THEIR MODEL OF POLITICAL
AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION. THE REGION THAT WE ARE DISCUSSING
HERE TODAY IS ONE THAT, BASED ON THE SPECTACULAR GROWTH RATES IN
RECENT YEARS, HAS MET THE BASIC CHALLENGE OF MODERN TIMES --
PROVIDING A GOOD STANDARD OF LIVING FOR ITS PEOPLE AND THE
PROSPECT OF IMPROVING IT OVER TIME. THE COUNTRIES IN THIS REGION
HAVE DEVELOPED AND MAINTAINED VIGOROUS ECONOMIES MAINLY BECAUSE
OF THEIR DEDICATION TO DEVELOPMENT THROUGH FREE ENTERPRISE, THEIR
SKILLED WORK FORCES AND THEIR PRAGMATIC ECONOMIC POLICIES.
SENT BY:US Dept of Commerce :10-28-91 ; 6:33PM ;
DAS for Europe-
94566218:# 6
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THE FOUR TIGERS AVERAGED 9.2 PERCENT GDP GROWTH IN THE 70S,
AND 8.7 PERCENT GDP GROWTH IN THE 80S. STRONG GROWTH IS
CONTINUING INTO THIS DECADE. A RECENT STUDY BY THE ASIAN
DEVELOPMENT BANK REPORTS THAT ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE FOUR TIGERS
WAS 6.6 PERCENT IN 1990, UP FROM 6.2 PERCENT IN 1989. WHILE MUCH
OF THE GROWTH IN THE PREVIOUS TWO DECADES WAS EXPORT-LED, I WOULD
UNDERSCORE THAT AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF THIS ADB STUDY WAS THAT
THE GROWTH IN 1990 WAS LARGELY FUELED BY DOMESTIC DEMAND.
IN THE LAST DECADE, ASIAN INCOMES GREW AT MORE THAN DOUBLE
THE PACE OF THE REST OF THE WORLD. DURING THAT PERIOD, EXPORTS
FROM THE REGION EXPANDED AT ABOUT TWICE THE RATE OF NORTH
AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN EXPORTS. HOWEVER, ABOUT MID-DECADE, WE SAW
A SHIFT IN THE DESTINATION OF THOSE EXPORTS, AND AN IMPORTANT NEW
TREND EMERGING. IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1980S, THE U.S. WAS THE
PRINCIPAL "MARKET OF OPPORTUNITY" FOR ASIAN EXPORTS. EVEN AS
LATE AS 1989 THE U.S. MARKET ABSORBED 26 PERCENT OF THE EXPORTS
OF TAIWAN, SINGAPORE, HONG KONG AND KOREA. BUT IN 1986, AND HERE
I QUOTE FROM A RECENT ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK REPORT, "A PROFOUND
SHIFT OCCURRED IN THE GEOGRAPHIC PATTERN OF ASIAN EXPORTS, WITH
ASIA BECOMING ITS OWN MOST IMPORTANT AND MOST RAPIDLY EXPANDING
MARKET."
SENT BY:US Dept of Commerce :10-28-91 ; 6:34PM ;
DAS for Europe-
94566218:# 7
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BETWEEN 1985 AND 1990, THE VALUE OF INTRA-ASIAN TRADE MORE
THAN DOUBLED. IN 1990, INTRA-ASIAN EXPORTS ACCOUNTED FOR 41
PERCENT OF THE TOTAL EXPORTS OF THE REGION, COMPARED WITH 36
PERCENT IN 1985. JAPAN AND THE FOUR TIGERS ACCOUNTED FOR NEARLY
TWO THIRDS OF INTRA-ASIAN EXPORTS, AND A LARGE PERCENTAGE OF
INTRA-ASIAN INVESTMENT AS WELL. PERHAPS THE MOST INTERESTING
FACET OF THE INTRA-ASIAN EXPORT BOOM IS THE LEADING ROLE PLAYED
BY THE EXPORTS OF ASIAN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO JAPAN. THIS
LARGELY REFLECTS THE RESULT OF AN INCREASE IN JAPANESE INVESTMENT
IN PRODUCTION FACILITIES IN THESE COUNTRIES, A REACTION TO
"ENDAKA", THE APPRECIATION OF THE YEN IN THE MID EIGHTIES.
I COULD NOT CLOSE THIS REGIONAL OVERVIEW WITHOUT NOTING THAT
THE PACIFIC BASIN IS OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE FROM THE U.S.
ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE AS WELL. IN THE FIRST HALF OF THIS YEAR,
U.S. EXPORTS TO THE PACIFIC BASIN ACCOUNTED FOR NEARLY 30 PERCENT
OF OUR EXPORTS TO THE WORLD, WHILE NEARLY 40 PERCENT OF TOTAL
U.S. IMPORTS CAME FROM THIS REGION. TO LOOK AT IT ANOTHER WAY,
APPROXIMATELY ONE THIRD OF U.S. GLOBAL TRADE WAS WITH THE PACIFIC
BASIN, AND JAPAN AND THE FOUR TIGERS COMBINED NEARLY ACCOUNTED
FOR OUR ENTIRE TRADE DEFICIT.
FINALLY, LET ME NOTE THAT U.S. EXPORTS TO THE FOUR TIGERS
INCREASED BY 36 PERCENT BETWEEN 1987 AND 1990. THIS HAS BEEN A
POWERFUL SOURCE OF STIMULUS TO THE U.S. ECONOMY. THE DEPARTMENT
OF COMMERCE ESTIMATES THAT GROWTH IN U.S. MERCHANDISE EXPORTS
CONTRIBUTED OVER 40 PERCENT OF THE GROWTH OF U.S. GNP BETWEEN
1986 AND 1990.
SENT BY:US Dept of Commerce :10-28-91 ; 6:34PM ;
DAS for Europe
94566218;# 8
- 6 -
JAPAN
IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO TALK ABOUT THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION
WITHOUT TALKING ABOUT JAPAN. SOME SPEAKERS, IN SEEKING TO EXPAND
ON THE FOUR TIGERS ANALOGY, HAVE REFERRED TO JAPAN AS ASIA'S
"ELEPHANT." OTHERS HAVE REFERRED TO IT AS THE ORIGINAL ASIAN
TIGER. NO MATTER WHAT VERBAL IMAGERY WE MAY ASSIGN TO IT, JAPAN
IS STILL THE REGION'S DOMINANT ECONOMIC PRESENCE. THIS POINT IS
VIVIDLY BROUGHT TO LIFE WHEN YOU REALIZE THAT THE INCREASE IN
JAPAN'S GDP OVER THE LAST FOUR YEARS IS GREATER THAN THE WHOLE OF
THE CURRENT GDP OF THE FOUR TIGERS.
REFLECTING JAPAN'S IMPORTANCE IN BOTH THE ASIAN AND THE
WORLD ECONOMY, THIS ADMINISTRATION HAS BEEN PARTICULARLY ACTIVE
IN ENCOURAGING A MORE BALANCED INTEGRATION OF JAPAN INTO THE
WORLD ECONOMY. A PRIME EXAMPLE OF THIS IS THE STRUCTURAL
IMPEDIMENTS INITIATIVE, KNOWN AS SII, WHICH HAS MADE IMPORTANT
PROGRESS TOWARD IMPROVING OUR OVERALL TRADE RELATIONSHIP. BUT
SII HAS MUCH BROADER IMPLICATIONS. WITHIN THE SII PROCESS, WHICH
SEEKS REFORMS IN BOTH JAPAN AND THE U.S., JAPAN HAS PLEDGED TO
ENACT ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING MEASURES TO BOOST DOMESTIC DEMAND
AND EXPAND IMPORTS OF MANUFACTURED GOODS.
THIS WILL REINFORCE THE ALREADY DEVELOPING TREND TOWARD
INCREASED IMPORTS INTO JAPAN. TOTAL IMPORTS ROSE FROM $130
BILLION IN 1985 TO $235 BILLION IN 1990. JAPAN HAS ALSO
COMMITTED IN SII TO INVEST OVER 430 TRILLION YEN ($3.1 TRILLION)
IN INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS OVER THE NEXT TEN YEARS. CLEARLY
DOMESTIC DEMAND IS PLAYING A MUCH LARGER ROLE IN OVERALL JAPANESE
GROWTH GIVEN THESE TRENDS.
SENT BY:US Dept of Commerce ;10-28-91 ;
6:35PM
;
DAS for Europe
94566218:# 9
- 7 -
IF IMPLEMENTED, THESE MEASURES WOULD NOT ONLY CONTRIBUTE TO
THE REDUCTION OF JAPAN'S TRADE SURPLUS AND A CONCOMITANT
IMPROVEMENT IN THE U.S. TRADE DEFICIT, BUT SHOULD ALSO CONTRIBUTE
TO THE CONTINUED EXPANSION OF INTRA-ASIAN TRADE. THIS WOULD HAVE
A SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE IMPACT ON THE CONTINUED ECONOMIC GROWTH OF
THE FOUR TIGERS AND OTHER DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN ASIA.
KOREA
MOVING WEST FROM JAPAN, WE COME TO THE LARGEST OF THE FOUR
TIGERS, THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA. FOR THE PAST THIRTY YEARS, THE
KOREAN ECONOMY HAS GROWN AT A RATE OF OVER 8 PERCENT. PER CAPITA
GDP IN KOREA, WHICH BROKE THE $100 MARK FOR THE FIRST TIME IN
1963, IS NOW OVER $4000.
KOREA'S GDP GREW AT AN UNEXPECTEDLY HIGH RATE OF OVER 8.7
PERCENT LAST YEAR, COMPARED WITH 6.1 PERCENT IN 1989. EXPORT
PERFORMANCE IN 1990 WAS CONSIDERED TO BE RELATIVELY WEAK, WITH
EXPORT GROWTH UNDER 5 PERCENT. THIS MEANS THAT FOR THE FIRST
TIME IN THREE DECADES, KOREA'S EXPORTS HAVE GROWN AT A RATE OF
LESS THAN 10 PERCENT FOR TWO CONSECUTIVE YEARS.
THIS DECLINE IN EXPORT GROWTH WAS MORE THAN COMPENSATED FOR
BY LAST YEAR'S 10 PERCENT GROWTH IN DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION. TOTAL
IMPORTS GREW FROM $41 BILLION IN 1987 TO NEARLY $70 BILLION IN
1990. THE OTHER MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO GDP GROWTH WAS INVESTMENT,
WHICH WAS UP OVER 20 PERCENT; AND HAS BECOME AN INCREASINGLY
IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF KOREAN GDP OVER THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS.
SENT BY:US Dept of Commerce 10-28-91 ; 6:35PM ;
DAS for Europe-
94566218;#10
- 8 -
THE KOREAN ECONOMY HAS ENTERED A PERIOD OF TRANSITION WHICH
WILL DOMINATE ITS SHORT TERM ECONOMIC OUTLOOK. THERE ARE
PRESSING INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS. THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR IS
SHIFTING TOWARD HIGHER TECHNOLOGY AND LESS LABOR INTENSIVE
PRODUCTION. AT THE SAME TIME, KOREAN FIRMS ARE LOOKING TO
DIVERSIFY THEIR EXPORT MARKETS AWAY FROM THE U.S., WHICH RECEIVED
APPROXIMATELY 29 PERCENT OF TOTAL KOREAN EXPORTS LAST YEAR, THE
LOWEST LEVEL SINCE 1982.
ONE CAUSE FOR CONCERN IS THE RECURRING EFFORTS BY PUBLIC AND
PRIVATE AUTHORITIES IN KOREA TO DISCOURAGE CONSUMPTION, AND THIS
HAS USUALLY MEANT CONSUMPTION OF IMPORTED GOODS. WE ARE WORKING
WITH THE KOREAN GOVERNMENT TO DISCOURAGE ATTACKS ON WESTERN
"LUXURY" GOODS SUCH AS MOVIES, CIGARETTES, CARS, AND APPLIANCES.
TAIWAN
MOVING SOUTH FROM KOREA WE COME TO TAIWAN. SINCE 1950,
TAIWAN'S REAL GNP HAS GROWN BY AN AVERAGE OF NEARLY NINE PERCENT
PER YEAR. ITS FOREIGN TRADE MULTIPLIED BY MORE THAN 500 TIMES
BETWEEN 1952 AND 1984. BY 1990, TAIWAN HAD BECOME THE WORLD'S
TWELFTH LARGEST EXPORTER. BY ANY MEASURE, THIS IS A REMARKABLE
RECORD OF ECONOMIC ACHIEVEMENT.
SENT BY:US Dept of Commerce :10-28-91 ; 6:36PM ;
DAS for Europe
94566218;#11
- 9 -
THE U.S. HAS STOOD BY TAIWAN THROUGHOUT EACH STAGE OF ITS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BEGINNING WITH THE PROVISION OF U.S.
ECONOMIC AND MILITARY AID IN THE EARLY FIFTIES. AS TAIWAN
SHIFTED TO EXPORT-LED GROWTH POLICIES IN THE SIXTIES, SEVENTIES,
AND EIGHTIES, THE OPEN U.S. ECONOMY PROVIDED MARKETS FOR TAIWAN'S
BURGEONING EXPORT PRODUCTS. TAIWAN'S EXPORTS TO THE U.S. GREW
FROM $19 MILLION IN 1960 TO $22 BILLION LAST YEAR. AS EARLY AS
1968, TAIWAN WAS ALREADY RUNNING A TRADE SURPLUS OF $39 MILLION
WITH THE UNITED STATES. ON AVERAGE, 40 PERCENT OF TAIWAN'S
EXPORTS FROM 1970 TO THE PRESENT ENTERED THE U.S. MARKET.
I WOULD LIKE TO TAKE A MOMENT HERE TO DISCUSS TWO RATHER
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS: TAIWAN'S ENTRY INTO APEC AND PRESIDENT BUSH'S
RECENT EXPRESSION OF SUPPORT FOR TAIWAN'S ENTRY INTO THE GATT.
I AM DELIGHTED THAT TAIWAN WILL BE PARTICIPATING IN APEC AND
LOOK FORWARD TO ITS JOINING IN THE FULL COMPLEMENT OF APEC
ACTIVITIES. I FIRMLY BELIEVE TAIWAN WILL PLAY A POSITIVE AND
CONSTRUCTIVE ROLE IN FURTHERING ECONOMIC COOPERATION IN THE
ASIA-PACIFIC REGION.
THE PRESIDENT RECENTLY STATED OUR POSITION WITH REGARD TO
TAIWAN'S GATT APPLICATION. THE U.S. WILL WORK ACTIVELY WITH
OTHER CONTRACTING PARTIES TO RESOLVE IN A FAVORABLE MANNER THE
ISSUES RELATING TO TAIWAN'S GATT ACCESSION. WE ARE CURRENTLY
ASSESSING HOW THE U.S. CAN BEST CONTRIBUTE TO THIS EFFORT.
SENT BY:US Dept of Commerce :10-28-91 ; 6:36PM ;
DAS for Europe
94566218:#12
- 10 -
THE PRESIDENT'S RECENT INDICATION OF SUPPORT IS A REFLECTION
OF THE STRENGTH AND IMPORTANCE OF TAIWAN'S ECONOMY. WHILE IT IS
THE WORLD'S TWELFTH LARGEST EXPORTER, TAIWAN'S ECONOMY HAS
MATURED TO THE POINT THAT IT IS NO LONGER SOLELY RELIANT ON
EXPORTS TO DRIVE ITS ECONOMIC GROWTH. PRIVATE CONSUMPTION AS A
PERCENTAGE OF GNP GREW FROM 47 PERCENT IN 1986 TO 52 PERCENT IN
1989, WHILE EXPORTS FELL FROM 57 PERCENT OF GNP TO 49 PERCENT IN
THAT SAME TIME PERIOD. EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES AS A
PROPORTION OF GNP FELL FROM 24 PERCENT IN 1987 TO 14 PERCENT IN
1990.
ANOTHER IMPORTANT INDICATION OF THE MATURATION OF TAIWAN'S
ECONOMY IS THE SIX YEAR DEVELOPMENT PLAN. UNDER THIS PLAN TAIWAN
WILL SPEND OVER $200 BILLION DOLLARS ON MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE
PROJECTS BETWEEN NOW AND 1996. THE PLAN WAS CREATED TO HELP
TAIWAN MAKE THE TRANSITION FROM A NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED ECONOMY TO
A DEVELOPED ECONOMY IN THE MOST TIMELY AND COST EFFECTIVE MANNER.
THIS PLAN WILL FURTHER THE TREND TOWARD BALANCING INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL DEMAND AND, PRESUMABLY, REDUCE THE HIGH CURRENT ACCOUNT
IMBALANCE.
TAIWAN IS PLAYING AN INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE
REGION. AS ITS ECONOMY SHIFTS FROM LABOR INTENSIVE TO TECHNOLOGY
AND CAPITAL INTENSIVE PRODUCTS, ITS TRADITIONAL INDUSTRIES ARE
RELOCATING TO OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES. THIS HAS HELPED TO
DIVERSIFY TAIWAN'S EXPORT MARKETS AND REDUCE ITS TRADE SURPLUS
WITH THE UNITED STATES, WHILE HELPING TO FOSTER ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT AMONG ITS NEIGHBORS.
SENT BY:US Dept of Commerce :10-28-91 ; 6:37PM ;
DAS for Europe-
94566218;#13
- 11 -
SINGAPORE & HONG KONG
MOVING SOUTH AGAIN, WE COME TO THE LAST TWO OF THE TIGERS,
HONG KONG AND SINGAPORE. ALTHOUGH ONE CANNOT MINIMIZE IMPORTANT
DIFFERENCES, THESE TWO ECONOMIES SHARE MANY TRAITS, THE MOST
BASIC OF WHICH IS THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITS. IF YOU GO TO THE
TROUBLE TO LOOK UP THESE TWO COUNTRIES IN THE CIA WORLD FACT
BOOK, YOU WOULD FIND "DEEP HARBORS" LISTED AS ONE OF THE ONLY
NATURAL RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO EACH ECONOMY.
TRADE HAS BEEN THE LIFE BLOOD OF THESE TWO CITY STATES FOR
CENTURIES. LACKING ABUNDANT NATURAL RESOURCES, SINGAPORE AND
HONG KONG HAVE PROSPERED ON THE STRENGTH OF INEXPENSIVE AND
PRODUCTIVE LABOR POOLS, LOCATION, AND PRUDENT ECONOMIC
MANAGEMENT. AND PROSPERED THEY HAVE. SINGAPORE AND HONG KONG
HAVE THE HIGHEST PER CAPITA GNP IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD, AND
HIGHER THAN SOME DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. SINGAPORE'S PER CAPITA GNP
OF OVER $14,000 IS HIGHER THAN PORTUGAL, IRELAND, OR GREECE.
GNP GROWTH IN SINGAPORE CONTINUES TO BE STRONG. ALTHOUGH
THE ECONOMY IS EXPECTED TO SLOW IN 1991 TO A RATE OF ABOUT 7.5
PERCENT, DOWN FROM 8.3 PERCENT IN 1990, THIS IS STILL A HANDSOME
GROWTH RATE BY ANYONE'S STANDARDS. AS GNP AND INCOMES HAVE
RISEN, so TOO HAS DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION. DURING THE 70S AND 80s,
WHILE GNP GREW DRAMATICALLY, TRADE DECREASED AS A PERCENT OF GNP
FROM 30 PERCENT IN 1970 TO 17 PERCENT IN 1990. DOMESTIC
CONSUMPTION AND INVESTMENT HAVE MADE UP THE DIFFERENCE. AS THE
SINGAPORE ECONOMY MOVES INTO THE NINETIES, THE SERVICES AND HIGH
TECHNOLOGY SECTORS, HAVING ALREADY REPLACED MANUFACTURING IN
IMPORTANCE, WILL BECOME INCREASINGLY DOMINANT.
SENT BY:US Dept of Commerce 10-28-91 ; 6:37PM ;
DAS for Europe-
94566218;#14
- 12 -
HONG KONG, THE OTHER CITY STATE TIGER, EXPERIENCED THE
WEAKEST GROWTH OF THE FOUR TIGERS IN 1990. AS MUCH OF ITS LABOR
INTENSIVE MANUFACTURING BASE RELOCATES TO SOUTHERN CHINA AND
SOUTHEAST ASIA, HONG KONG IS SHIFTING MUCH OF ITS ECONOMIC FOCUS
TO HIGHER TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS AND SERVICES. IN RECENT YEARS,
HONG KONG HAS BEEN PUTTING GREATER EMPHASIS ON FINANCIAL SERVICES
IN RESPONSE TO THE SUBSTANTIAL DEMANDS FOR SUCH SERVICES TO
FACILITATE TRADE AND INVESTMENT FLOWS IN THE REGION. THIS
TRANSITION SHOULD PROVIDE THE BASE FOR DYNAMIC ECONOMIC GROWTH IN
HONG KONG INTO THE NEXT CENTURY, ESPECIALLY IF HONG KONG FULFILLS
ITS PROMISE AS THE WINDOW TO MAINLAND CHINA.
HONG KONG, TOO, HAS REDUCED IT DEPENDENCE ON THE U.S.
MARKET. IN 1985, 44 PERCENT OF ITS EXPORTS WERE TO THE UNITED
STATES, WHILE IN 1990 THIS PROPORTION FELL TO 30 PERCENT.
OTHER COUNTRIES
TURNING VERY BRIEFLY TO TWO OTHER ASIAN ECONOMIES THAT HAVE
SIGNIFICANT POTENTIAL OVER THE MEDIUM TO LONG TERM, COUNTRIES
THAT APPEAR TO REPRESENT THE NEXT WAVE OF TIGERS.
THAILAND WAS THE FASTEST GROWING ECONOMY IN ASIA LAST YEAR,
REGISTERING DOUBLE DIGIT GROWTH FOR THE THIRD CONSECUTIVE YEAR.
THIS GROWTH WAS FUELED LARGELY BY A BOOM IN PRIVATE CONSUMPTION
AND INVESTMENT. THE THAI ECONOMY HAS UNDERGONE A RAPID
STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION FROM BEING ALMOST SOLELY A PRODUCER OF
PRIMARY COMMODITIES TO NOW BEING A LARGE PRODUCER OF MANUFACTURED
GOODS. THAILAND'S EXPORTS HAVE INCREASED FROM $7 BILLION IN 1985
TO $23 BILLION IN 1990.
SENT BY:US Dept of Commerce
:10-28-91
;
6:38PM
;
DAS for Europe-
94566218:#15
- 13 -
DOMESTIC DEMAND, PARTICULARLY INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT,
PROVIDED A STRONG IMPETUS TO MALAYSIA'S ECONOMY, CONSIDERED BY
SOME TO BE ONE OF THE MOST DYNAMIC IN THE WORLD. IT TOO HAS
TRANSFORMED ITS ECONOMY, FROM ONE BASED ON AGRICULTURE AND OIL TO
A MORE INDUSTRIALIZED, AND PROSPEROUS, ONE. MANUFACTURING, ONCE
A RELATIVELY SMALL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY, NOW ACCOUNTS FOR
APPROXIMATELY 25 PERCENT OF GDP AND OVER 50 PERCENT OF TOTAL
EXPORTS. MALAYSIAN EXPORTS HAVE ALSO INCREASED, FROM $15 BILLION
IN 1985 TO OVER $29 BILLION IN 1990.
INVESTMENT
AS THE FOUR TIGERS, THAILAND, MALAYSIA, AND OTHER COUNTRIES
WITHIN ASIA GROW AND DEVELOP, AND AS THE U.S. AND OTHER G-7
COUNTRIES RECOVER FROM ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS, DEMANDS FOR CREDIT
WILL RISE. IN ADDITION TO WHAT WE WOULD THINK OF AS THE NORMAL
INCREASES IN BUSINESS INVESTMENT ASSOCIATED WITH RECOVERY AND
EXPANSION, WE FACE AN AMALGAM OF UNUSUAL CIRCUMSTANCES.
INVESTMENT IS NEEDED TO REBUILD EASTERN EUROPE, THE SOVIET UNION,
AND KUWAIT. MORE FUNDS ARE NEEDED TO HELP SOLVE THE LATIN
AMERICAN DEBT PROBLEM, AND TO HELP MEET DEVELOPING COUNTRY CREDIT
NEEDS. THESE DEMANDS ON THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM ARE
ALSO PART OF THE CONTEXT WITHIN WHICH WE MUST VIEW THE FUTURE OF
JAPAN, THE FOUR TIGERS, AND THE ASIAN ECONOMY AS A WHOLE.
SENT BY:US Dept of Commerce 10-28-91 ; 6:38PM ;
DAS for Europe->
94566218;#16
- 14 -
IT HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY IMPOSSIBLE TO TALK ABOUT TRADE
WITHOUT TALKING ABOUT INVESTMENT. ONE INEVITABLY LEADS TO THE
OTHER. A RECENT STUDY BY THE GROUP OF 30 ARGUES THAT "AS A
MECHANISM FOR INTEGRATING INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, TRADE AND
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ARE TWINS." BOTH CAN ENABLE FIRMS IN
ONE COUNTRY TO REACH MARKETS IN ANOTHER. WHEN BARRIERS TO BOTH
INVESTMENT AND TRADE ARE LOWERED, BOTH TEND TO INCREASE AND
COMPLEMENT ONE ANOTHER.
THUS, IN EXAMINING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOUR TIGERS, IT IS
EQUALLY IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER INVESTMENT FLOWS AS WELL AS TRADE
FLOWS. THE FIRST ASIAN COUNTRY TO EMERGE AS A MAJOR SOURCE OF
DIRECT INVESTMENT CAPITAL WAS, NOT SURPRISINGLY, JAPAN. LOOKING
AT THE STATISTICS, WE SEE THAT JAPAN'S SHARE OF THE WORLD STOCK
OF DIRECT INVESTMENT ABROAD ROSE FROM 1 PERCENT ($2 BILLION) IN
1967, TO 5 PERCENT ($10 BILLION) IN 1973, AND THEN TO 12 PERCENT
($154 BILLION) BY 1989. THE MOST DRAMATIC GROWTH OCCURRED
BETWEEN 1985 TO 1989, DURING WHICH PERIOD JAPAN'S TOTAL OUTWARD
DIRECT INVESTMENT INCREASED BY MORE THAN 500 PERCENT. WHILE OVER
HALF OF THIS FOUR YEAR INVESTMENT SURGE WENT TO THE U.S. AND
EUROPE, SIGNIFICANT INVESTMENTS WERE ALSO MADE IN THE FOUR TIGERS
AS WELL AS OTHER ASIAN ECONOMIES. THESE INVESTMENTS UNDOUBTEDLY
PLAYED A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN GENERATING THE INCREASED INTRA-ASIAN
TRADE FLOWS, AS WELL AS ASIAN GROWTH, THAT I REFERRED TO EARLIER.
SENT BY:US Dept of Commerce
10-28-91 ; 6:39PM ;
DAS for Europe+
94566218;#17
- 15 -
AS WAS THE CASE WITH TRADE, WHERE JAPAN HAS LED, THE FOUR
TIGERS ARE FOLLOWING. TAIWAN, FOR INSTANCE, INVESTED AN
ESTIMATED $2 BILLION LAST YEAR IN CHINA ALONE. FROM 1979 TO 1988
HONG KONG ACCOUNTED FOR 70 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL FOREIGN
INVESTMENT IN CHINA. SINGAPORE IS WORKING WITH INDONESIA IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF BATAM ISLAND. ELSEWHERE, THERE IS SIGNIFICANT
INVESTMENT INTEREST BY THE FOUR TIGERS IN MEXICO IN PREPARATION
FOR THE NAFTA.
ALL OF THE TIGERS ARE NOW MAJOR FINANCIAL MARKETS IN THEIR
OWN RIGHT. IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED THAT ASIA AS A WHOLE CURRENTLY
ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT 30% OF TOTAL WORLD SAVINGS, MUCH OF IT
CONCENTRATED IN JAPAN AND THE TIGERS. THE INVESTMENTS, AND
THEREFORE TRADE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH, GENERATED BY THIS SAVINGS
POOL WILL BE OF TREMENDOUS IMPORTANCE TO A MORE INTEGRATED GLOBAL
ECONOMY.
IMPLICATIONS & CONCLUSION
AS WE HAVE SEEN IN OUR BRIEF DISCUSSION HERE THIS MORNING,
JAPAN AND THE FOUR TIGERS ARE ECONOMIES ENTERING THE NEXT STAGE
OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT. WHILE THEY WILL CONTINUE TO EXPORT, IT
WILL NOT BE THE SOLE FOCUS OF THEIR ECONOMY. THE U.S. WILL NOT
NECESSARILY BE THE MAJOR ENGINE OF GROWTH TO THESE ECONOMIES.
INSTEAD, GROWTH IN THE PACIFIC RIM WILL BE INCREASINGLY DRIVEN BY
DOMESTIC DEMAND AND INTRA-ASIAN TRADE.
SENT BY:US Dept of Commerce :10-28-91 ; 6:39PM ;
DAS for Europe
94566218:#18
- 16 -
AS OTHER AREAS COUNTRIES AND REGIONS IN THE WORLD DEVELOP,
PERHAPS PURSUING THE SAME EXPORT-LED GROWTH POLICIES PIONEERED BY
JAPAN AND THE FOUR TIGERS, THEY WILL NEED DYNAMIC, MATURE
ECONOMIES TO SERVE AS THEIR "MARKETS OF OPPORTUNITY." JUST TO
SUMMARIZE AGAIN, LAST YEAR ALONE JAPAN IMPORTED OVER $235
BILLION, AND THE FOUR TIGERS OVER $260 BILLION. THE INVESTMENTS,
TRADE, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH FROM THIS REGION OF THE WORLD WILL BE
ONE OF THE PRIMARY SOURCES OF THE NECESSARY DYNAMISM FOR THE NEXT
PERIOD OF GROWTH IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY.
DURING THE 80s, THE U.S. ACTED AS THE "MARKET OF
OPPORTUNITY" FOR JAPAN, THE FOUR TIGERS, AND OTHER EXPORT-LED
ECONOMIES. HOWEVER, THE U.S. IS ENTERING A DIFFERENT STAGE OF
ITS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, AND AS SUCH IS NO LONGER WILLING OR
ABLE TO PLAY THAT ROLE TO THE SAME EXTENT IT DID IN THE PAST.
INDEED, AS I NOTED EARLIER, THE U.S. ECONOMY HAS BECOME
INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT ON GROWTH IN EXPORTS TO ASIA, EUROPE, AND
OTHER DYNAMIC AREAS. IN A SENSE, THE U.S. ECONOMY IS BECOMING
MORE BALANCED IN TERMS OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DEMAND, JUST AS
THE ASIAN ECONOMIES ARE DOING AT THE SAME HISTORIC MOMENT.
THE NEXT "MARKETS OF OPPORTUNITY" WILL HAVE TO BE JAPAN, THE
FOUR TIGERS, SOUTHEAST ASIA, AND THE NEWLY DYNAMIC EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY. THEN, THE REAL CHALLENGE WILL BE TO HELP GUIDE THE
NEW MARKET ECONOMIES OF EASTERN EUROPE, LATIN AMERICA, AND,
HOPEFULLY, THE SOVIET UNION TO LEARN THE LESSONS OF GROWTH
ORIENTED POLICIES WHICH RESULT IN INCREASINGLY BALANCED
INTEGRATION IN THE WORLD ECONOMY.
10/24/81
11:17
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OF EDUCATION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20202-
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
October 24, 1991
NOTE TO JIM KEITH/TORKEL PATTERSON
SUBJECT: Information on Education in Singapore
Attached is a brief discussion of education in Singapore. As
with the other materials on Japan, Korea, and Australia, we have
tried to focus on common areas of interest between Singapore and
the United States that could be the basis for further joint
efforts between the two countries. In particular, I would call
your attention to two areas: the significant reform efforts that
are underway at the elementary and secondary level and the recent
improvements in vocational training. The fact that Singapore has
a system of national standards and certification in vocational
training is particularly relevant to the President's AMERICA 2000
strategy, which calls for the creation of national "job-related
(and industry-specific) skill standards."
or
Alan Ginsburg
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Education and
SINGAPORE
Singapore
Background
Though smaller in size than New York City, Singapore is one of the world's largest ports. The
major ethnic groups are Chinese, Malay, and Indian. The official languages are Malay (the national
language), Chinese, Tamil, and English. Singapore has progressed from being a developing country
with a per capita income of $800 in 1965 to a newly industrialized economy with a per capita
income of $10,000 in 1989.
The education system in Singapore is highly structured. Most students attend government or
government-aided schools, which are directly supervised by the Ministry of Education, although some
privately-owned, independent, and special schools (for disabled students) are available. Students in
Singapore complete an average of 10 years of formal education.
Under the current system, children in Singapore start school at the age of six in "primary one."
Primary education lasts for six to eight years, with some "streaming" or tracking currently beginning
after "primary three," on the basis of an examination. Students then proceed to secondary school for
another four to five years. Depending upon their scores on the General Certificate of Education
(GCE) "O" level examinations, students are tracked or "streamed" into pre-university or vocational
training. However, major reforms, described below, will significantly restructure all levels of
education in Singapore.
Compatitle
Common Areas of Interest
To prepare its citizens for life in a developed economy, Singapore has placed a high priority on
education. The country has come to view education as a life-long process, necessary for both
individual success and national economic competitiveness. In order to make education and training
America 2000
more accessible to a greater number of people, Singapore's entire education system is in the process
of being revamped. The first wave of reform began in October 1990, with the restructuring of
secondary and technical/vocational levels. Beginning in January 1992, major restructuring will take
place at the primary, polytechnic, and university levels. Like AMERICA 2000, these reforms are
based on a vision of national needs at the beginning of a new century.
Restructuring of Primary Schools. In the 1992 school year, the primary school (grades 1-6)
system will be restructured to help students improve their English and math skills while
maintaining and developing skills in their native language. The Ministry of Education has
determined that basic skills need more emphasis in the early grades, based on a study of the
Japanese, Taiwanese, and German education systems, all of which provide nine years of basic
schooling before students specialize in academic or vocational areas. Prior to the reform, only
three years had been devoted to basic schooling before the children were "streamed" or placed
into special tracks, despite the fact that Singapore students face the additional challenge of
learning a second language.
Under the new system, students will share a common curriculum through four years of primary
education (as opposed to three years in the old system), with mathematics, English, and native
language skills taught. Curriculum will then be differentiated beginning in grades 5 and 6 on
the basis of examination results. In some situations, students will be able to transfer from one
track to another.
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Beginning in January 1992, some primary schools will offer full-day programs. Students will
attend classes longer and have the option of after-school programs such as subject enrichment
and homework assistance.
Expanding Coverage of Preschool Education. Under the new system, a year of preschool,
currently offered in only 10 schools, will become more widely available. Three types of
preschool will be offered, one which focuses on teaching English and Chinese as the first
languages, a second which offers lessons in English, Chinese, Malay, and Tamil, and a two-year
pilot program, which gives four-year-old children exposure to languages.
Restructuring of the Secondary and Technical/Vocational Schools. Under the previous secondary
system, students were placed into tracks including special, express, and normal programs after
the first year of secondary education. Special and express students completed secondary school
in four years; normal students spent five years in secondary school.
Reform measures implemented in technical/vocational and secondary schools in October 1990
were designed to better support low achievers. Under the new system, students are placed into
the Express/Gifted, Normal (Academic), or Normal (Technical) programs, all of which offer four-
year courses. While several examinations separate students into different streams, there are
"second chance" opportunities. Streams include:
Express/Gifted: This course is essentially the same as in the previous system. Passing
scores on examinations taken after the fourth year of secondary school enable students to
enter junior college or polytechnical institutes. Junior college graduates may enter the
university after passing examinations; polytechnical graduates may enter the university
immediately.
Normal (Academic): Core subjects are English, mathematics, and the mother tongue.
Examinations are taken at the end of "secondary four," high scoring students may take the
examination which allows them to enter junior college or polytechnical institutes; low-
scoring students either become apprentices or enroll in vocational/technical training at the
Vocational and Industrial Training Board (VITB) institutes. VITB graduates have the
option of attending a polytechnical institute, which could qualify them to enter a university.
Normal (Technical): This new program is intended to strengthen low-achieving students'
skills in English and mathematics so that they will have the skills to complete VITB's basic
training course. Core subjects are English, mathematics, and computer application. The
potential academic path of a Normal (Technical) student is the same as that of a Normal
(Academic) student.
National skill standards and certification in vocational education. The Vocational and Industrial
Training Board (VITB) promotes, provides and administers vocational training in Singapore. It
conducts institutional training, registers apprentices and offers part-time continuing education
and training programs for workers. The VITB is responsible for the setting of national skill
standards, the conduct of public trade testing and the certification of skills. Skills training leads
to one of several certificates or diplomas in specific vocational areas.
The VITB has recently undergone major restructuring. VITB training is now only a
postsecondary option rather than a secondary option. The VITB reform includes revising course
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content to serve better prepared students, expanding apprenticeship program course offerings,
reserving places at the polytechnical institutes for VITB graduates, and upgrading VITB
facilities.
Upgrading Basic Skills for Those in the Workplace. The VITB is also responsible for the Basic
Education for Skills Training (BEST) program. This national program offers part-time basic
skills training in four modules each of six months, for workers who do not have sufficient
education to take training to upgrade their skills. Workers who obtain the Certificate in Basic
Education at the highest level, in English or mathematics, are eligible for entry into secondary
academic education programs.
Reforms at the University and Polvtechnical Institute Level. Several reforms at the university
and polytechnical institute level address the same concerns prompting primary and secondary
school reform: the need to make education and training more accessible to a greater number of
students.
More places are to be reserved for VITB trainees and polytechnic graduates in the university,
and Singapore Polytechnic will accept secondary school leavers with passing examination scores
and work experience. The polytechnics and universities are also expanding their course
offerings.
U.S. and Asia
EVISED
Statistical Handbook
7%
⑇
1991
Edition
Compiled by
Kenneth J. Conboy
with
Henry M. Butler
and
William Randolph Jack
The Heritage Foundation
Asian Studies Center
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U.S. and Asia
Statistical Handbook
1991 Edition
Compiled by
Kenneth J. Conboy
with
Henry M. Butler
and
William Randolph Jack
WESTERN SAMOA
Kenneth J. Conboy is the Deputy Director of The Heritage Foundation's
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
Asian Studies Center.
(Millions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
Henry M. Butler and William Randolph Jack were Research Interns at The
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Heritage Foundation's Asian Studies Center during the summer of 1991.
GDP
na
86.8
93.0
93.0
100.0
123.75
134.46
Growth
na
na
na
na
2.0%
3.5%
3.5%
Thomas J. Timmons, The Heritage Foundation's Art Editor, created the
CPI Rise
11.9%
9.1%
7.2%
3.2%
8.5%
12.2%
8.4%
charts and maps in this publication.
Exports
19.75
27.26
10.49
11.08
14.70
15.39
17.73
to U.S.
7.0
25.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
na
Imports
50.33
50.73
47.94
61.96
69.19
71.5
74.52
from U.S.
4.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
na
CurAccount
0.68
1.86
-4.8
-5.4
-5.9
-7.6
-5.6
Western Samoa is a minor U.S. trading partner
MILITARY
1989 Military Budget: na
Increase over 1988: na
Outlay as a share of GNP: na
As a share of Government Spending: na
Total Regular Forces: none
Army: none
Reserves: none
Navy: none
Airforce: none
Combat Aircraft: na
Naval Vessels: na
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
Other Security Alliances: none
U.S. Military Installations: none
U.S. Military Personnel: none
Foreign Military Personnel: Australian: small number of advisers to paramilitary forces
Armed Opposition Groups: none
INVESTMENT
1989 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 1,000,000
1989 Western Samoan Direct Investment in the U.S.: none
ISBN 0-89195-228-4
Copyright © 1991 by The Heritage Foundation
ii
83
WESTERN SAMOA
LAND
Area: 1,130 square miles
Cultivated: 24%
Forest: 47%
Pasture: 0%
Resources: hardwood, fish, copra, cocoa
Table of Contents
POPULATION
1990 Estimate: 186,000
Annual Growth: 2.3%
Life Expectancy: 66
Literacy: 90%
INTRODUCTION
1
Infant Mortality: 48
Fertility: 4.6
EXPLANATORY NOTES
4
Ethnic Divisions: Samoan: 92%, Euronesian: 7%, other: 1%
MAPS AND CHARTS
6
Workforce: 37,000
Unemployment: na
Commerce and Services: na
Manufacturing: na
COUNTRY PAGES
Agriculture and Fishing: 60%
Construction: na
AUSTRALIA
16
Government and Public Authorities: na
Students: Primary and Secondary: na
University: na
BANGLADESH.
18
POLITICAL
BHUTAN
20
Official Name: INDEPENDEDNT STATE OF WESTERN SAMOA
Capital: Apia
BRUNEI
22
Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy under native chief
Chief of State: King MALIETOA Tunumafili II
BURMA
24
Head of Government: Prime Minister Tofilau ETI
Foreign Minister: same
CAMBODIA
.26
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Political Freedom: 2
Civil Liberties: 2
CHINA, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF
28
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 21.95%
CHINA, REPUBLIC OF
30
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
Economic: none
Military: none
FIJI
32
ECONOMY
HONG KONG
Currency: Tala, 1 US$ = 2.31 Tala (1990)
34
Major Industries: timber, tourism, light industry, fishing
INDIA
Major Agricultural Products: cocoa, bananas, copra, coconuts
36
Major Imports: food, manufactured goods, machinery, fuel
INDONESIA
Major Exports: cocoa, timber, mineral fuel, bananas
38
Per Capita GDP: US$ 730 (1989)
JAPAN
40
KIRIBATI
42
iii
82
VIETNAM
KOREA, NORTH
44
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
KOREA, SOUTH
46
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
LAOS
48
GDP
8.9
na
na
12.8
12.9
14.2
na
Growth
na
5.6%
3.3%
2.6%
5.7%
5.5%
2.4%
MACAU
50
CPI Rise
na
na
1000.0%
1000.0%
700.0%
50.0%
40.0%
Exports
0.238
0.296
0.291
0.366
0.458
0.740
1.5
MALAYSIA
52
to U.S.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
na
Imports
0.509
0.554
0.534
0.541
0.642
0.741
MALDIVES
54
na
from U.S.
0.022
0.020
0.030
0.023
0.015
0.011
na
MONGOLIA
56
CurAccount
na
-1.1
na
na
-0.8
-1.6
-1.6
Vietnam is not a U.S. trading partner.
NEPAL
58
("Imports" from U.S. are mostly remittances sent to relatives)
NEW CALEDONIA
60
MILITARY
NEW ZEALAND
62
1989 Military Budget: US$ 2,500,000,000 (est.)
Increase over 1988: na
PAKISTAN
64
Outlay as a share of GNP: 20%
As a share of Government Spending: na
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
66
Total Regular Forces: 1,052,000
Army: 900,000
Reserves: 4,500,000
THE PHILIPPINES
68
Navy: 40,000
Airforce: 112,000 (including Air Defense)
SINGAPORE
70
Combat Aircraft: 250
Naval Vessels: 7 Frigates, 8 Fast-Attack Craft (missile), 23 Fast Attack Craft (torpedo),
SOLOMON ISLANDS
72
2 Offshore Patrol Craft, 31 Inshore Patrol Craft, 5 Minesweepers
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
SRI LANKA
74
Other Security Alliances: Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation Treaty with Laos (1977);
Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation Treaty with Cambodia (1979); Cooperation and
THAILAND
76
Mutual Friendship Treaty with USSR (1978)
U.S. Military Installations: none
VANUATU
78
U.S. Military Personnel: none
Soviet Military Installations: Da Nang Airbase, Cam Ranh Bay Naval and Airbase
VIETNAM
80
Foreign Military Personnel: Soviet: small number of advisers, airmen and sailors
Armed Opposition Groups: a small number of groups oppose the government with
WESTERN SAMOA
82
minimal effect
INVESTMENT
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: none
1990 Vietnamese Direct Investment in the U.S.: none
iv
81
VIETNAM
LAND
Area: 127,200 square miles
Cultivated: 20%
Forest: 31.3%
Pasture: 14.8%
Resources: phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, apatite, chromite
INTRODUCTION
POPULATION
1990 Estimate: 66,171,000
Annual Growth: 2.1%
Life Expectancy: 64
Literacy: 78%
Nowhere in the world is economic and political dynamism more evi-
Infant Mortality: 50
Fertility: 3.8
dent than in Asia. In Japan and the Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)
Ethnic Divisions: Vietnamese: 85%, Chinese: 3%, Thai, Muong, Meo,
of Hong Kong, the Republic of China on Taiwan, Singapore and South
Khmer, Man, Cham: 10%
Korea, strong economic growth has become standard. According to the In-
Workforce: 32,900,000
Unemployment: 10% (est.)
ternational Management Development Institute and World Economic Fed-
Commerce and Services: 5.0%
Manufacturing: 5.0%
eration, two of the top five countries in the world with the highest growth
Agriculture and Fishing: 73.0%
Construction: na
potential for the future are South Korea and Japan. In 1990, Seoul's Gross
Government and Public Authorities: 10%
Domestic Product (GDP) increased 8.6 percent while Tokyo's rose 4.9 per-
Students: Primary and Secondary: 11,850,000
University: 152,000
cent. Furthermore, in December 1990, Japan recorded its fiftieth consecu-
tive month of economic expansion. Meanwhile, the island nations of Sin-
POLITICAL
gapore and Taiwan continued keeping pace, posting 1990 growth rates of
Official Name: SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
8.3 percent and 5.2 percent respectively. Hong Kong also registered a posi-
Capital: Hanoi
tive growth figure of 2.3 percent, despite continued unease about the Brit-
Type of Government: Communist State
ish colony's pending 1997 return to Mainland China.
Chief of State: Secretary General Do MOUI
What's more, the economic miracle is spreading to Southeast Asia. A
Head of Government: Prime Minister Vo Van KIET
second wave of "little dragons," namely Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thai-
Foreign Minister: NGUYEN Manh Cam
land, are enjoying record economic growth. Over the past three years, the
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
vibrant Malaysian and Thai economies have expanded at an annual rate of
Political Freedom: 7
Civil Liberties: 7
over 8 and 11 percent respectively, among the fastest in the world. This
year Malaysia and Thailand are predicted to grow at 8.5 percent and 7.4
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 9.90%
percent respectively. The world's fifth most populous nation, Indonesia,
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
has also seen growth increase, with 1990's growth rate topping 6.5 percent.
Economic: none
Military: none
While rapid industrialization in these nations will not come without infla-
ECONOMY
tion, urban overcrowding, and disparate regional development, the spread
Currency: Dong, 1 US$ = 6,510.0 Dong (1990)
of Asia's economic dynamos guarantees that the Pacific Rim will replace
Major Industries: food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, cement, fertilizer
the North Atlantic as the center of world trade in this century's final decade.
Major Agricultural Products: rice, rubber, fruits and vegatables, corn, sugarcane,
DEMOCRATIC CHANGES
cassava, coffee
Asia's collective economic surge is rivaled in intensity only by political
Major Imports: petroleum, steel, railroad equipment, chemicals, medicines, military
change in the region. On the South Asian subcontinent for example,
equipment, wheat, corn, fertilizer
Bangladesh and Nepal are making unprecedented strides toward democ-
Major Exports: rice, agricultural and handicraft products, coal, ores
racy. India, meanwhile, rebounded from the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
Per Capita GDP: US$ 215 (1989)
to reconfirm itself as a resilient democracy.
80
1
VANUATU
In Southeast Asia, several nations face imminent political change. Thai-
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
land and the Philippines have elections set for next spring. Indonesia has a
(Millions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
key election scheduled for the following year; it could usher in the first
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
new president in a quarter of a century.
GDP
In Northeast Asia, Japan, long a linchpin of U.S. foreign policy in Asia,
79.0
na
na
113.0
120.0
120.0
na
is expected to have a new government by next year. Regardless of who the
Growth
2.0%
1.1%
-2.0%
0.3%
0.6%
4.5%
4.7%
next Japanese leader is, he will not be able to escape the mounting interna-
CPI Rise
5.5%
1.1%
4.8%
na
8.5%
9.2%
5.1%
tional and domestic pressures to define Tokyo's world role. Whether or not
Exports
na
19.0
9.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
13.0
that role includes greater diplomatic initiatives or is limited largely to finan-
to U.S.
na
na
0.4
0.9
8.0
15.0
na
cial contributions, it is clear that Japan seeks a greater voice in shaping
Imports
na
52.0
47.0
57.0
58.0
58.0
71.0
world events in general, and in Asia in particular.
from U.S.
na
na
na
na
2.0
1.0
na
While democracy spreads its roots throughout Asia, the Far East also
has the dubious distinction of having a near monopoly on the world's re-
CurAccount
19.3
1.3
-2.8
na
na
na
na
maining communist nations. In the People's Republic of China, nearly 20
Vanuatu is a minor U.S. trading partner
percent of the world's population remains captive to a regime that persists
in violating human rights and blocking political and economic liberaliza-
MILITARY
tion. Communist regimes also rule Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam, while
communist factions are certain to dominate any coalition in Cambodia. As
Vanuatu maintains no armed forces
these residual communist outposts come under pressure to reform, the po-
tential for instability remains.
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
AMERICA'S ROLE
Other Security Alliances: none
For the United States, the economic and political changes taking place
U.S. Military Installations: none
in Asia have several implications. First, Washington now faces a new cast
U.S. Military Personnel: none
of Asian leaders, many of whom lack the special ties that Asian leaders
Foreign Military Personnel: Australian: small number of advisers to paramilitary forces
forged with America immediately after World War II; the relationships
Armed Opposition Groups: none
Washington develops with this new generation of leaders will affect pro-
INVESTMENT
foundly the future of both America and Asia. Second, Washington con-
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: na
fronts the question of free and fair trade with Asia as part of the greater
1990 Vanuatu Direct Investment in the U.S.: US$ 2,000,000
issue of making American goods more competitive in foreign markets.
Most important, perhaps, is the need for Washington to determine
America's place in Asia in the 1990s. Specifically, Washington must chose
whether to maintain a stabilizing military presence in Asia or withdraw the
bulk of its forces from the region.
To help policy makers and the public understand these and other issues
facing this vital region, The Heritage Foundation has compiled key social,
economic, political and military statistics on 34 countries and territories in
Asia. In addition, a special appendix was added to this edition, detailing
Asia-Pacific support for Operation Desert Shield/Storm. The sixth in a se-
ries published by the Asian Studies Center, this handbook updates U.S. and
Asia Statistical Handbook, 1990 Edition.
2
79
VANUATU
SOURCES UTILIZED
The basic sources used in compiling this year's Handbook include: the
LAND
Far Eastern Economic Review's Yearbook, the International Institute
Area: 4,700 square miles
of Strategic Studies' The Military Balance 1989-1990, the International
Cultivated: 6%
Forest: 1%
Pasture: 2%
Monetary Fund's International Financial Statistics Yearbook and Direc-
Resources: manganese, hardwood, cattle, fish
tion of Trade Statistics Yearbook, the Central Intelligence Agency's World
Factbook, the World Bank's World Development Report and World Bank
POPULATION
Atlas, the U.S. Department of State's Country Reports on Economic Pol-
1990 Estimate: 165,000
Annual Growth: 3.2%
icy and Trade Practices, the Department of Commerce's Survey of Cur-
Life Expectancy: 69
Literacy: 15%
rent Business, the Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference's Pacific
Infant Mortality: 35
Fertility: 5.5
Economic Outlook, Freedom House's Freedom in the World 1990-1991,
Ethnic Divisions: Melanesian: 94%, French: 4%, other: 2%
the Agency for International Development's Congressional Presenta-
Workforce: na
Unemployment: na
tion, the Asian Development Bank's Asian Development Outlook 1991
Commerce and Services: na
Manufacturing: na
and Comwell Systems' PC-GLOBE 3.0 computer program. In addition,
Agriculture and Fishing: na
Construction: na
newspaper and magazine articles, foreign research organizations and for-
Government and Public Authorities: na
eign government reports were all utilized to fill in the gaps in the informa-
Students: Primary and Secondary: na
University: an
tion coverage. The most widely used periodicals used were: the Asian Wall
Street Journal, The Bangkok Post, the Far Eastern Economic Review,
POLITICAL
Asiaweek, The Japan Economic Journal, The Japan Times, Korea
Official Name: REPUBLIC OF VANUATU
BusinessWorld and TradeKorea.
Capital: Port-Vila
Type of Government: Republic
Kenneth J. Conboy
Chief of State: President Fred TIMAKATA
Deputy Director
Head of Government: Prime Minister Walter LINI
Asian Studies Center
Foreign Minister: Daniel KALPOKAS
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Henry M. Butler
Research Intern
Political Freedom: 2
Civil Liberties: 3
Asian Studies Center
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 11.00%
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
William Randolph Jack
Economic: none
Military: US$ 30,000
Research Intern
Asian Studies Center
ECONOMY
Currency: Vatu, 1 US$ = 116.74 Vatu (1990)
Major Industries: fish-freezing, canneries, tourism
Major Agricultural Products: copra, cocoa, coffee, taro, yams, coconuts, fruits
Major Imports: food, consumer goods, machinery, transport equipment, fuels
Major Exports: copra, frozen fish, meat
Per Capita GDP: US$ 890 (1989)
78
3
THAILAND
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
GDP
40.70
36.70
40.96
45.66
54.551
60.0
79.33
Growth
7.1%
3.5%
4.7%
7.1%
11.0%
11.0%
12.2%
EXPLANATORY NOTES
CPI Rise
0.9%
2.4%
1.8%
2.5%
3.8%
5.5%
5.4%
Exports
7.414
7.123
8.864
11.564
15.956
20.028
23.397
to U.S.
1.426
1.543
1.873
2.387
3.420
4.635
5.3
LAND
Imports
10.415
9.260
9.165
13.003
20.140
25.296
28.090
Total Area is in square miles.
from U.S.
1.114
0.849
0.936
1.544
1.892
2.292
3.0
Land Use: Cultivated land is the percentage of total area used for either
CurAccount
-2.109
-1.537
0.247
-0.365
-1.671
-2.1
-6.1
permanent or seasonal crops. Pasture includes all land that is actively
used to graze livestock.
Thailand is the 22nd largest U.S. trading partner
POPULATION
MILITARY
Total Population: Mid-year 1990 estimate.
1990 Military Budget: US$ 2,040,000,000
Infant Mortality: Number of deaths prior to one year of age per 1,000 live
Increase over 1989: 13.3%
births in 1990.
Outlay as a share of GNP: 2.8%
Literacy: Percentage of adults with a functional reading ability in domi-
nant native language in 1990.
As a share of Government Spending: 16.4%
Life Expectancy: Average number of years to be lived for persons born in
Total Regular Forces: 283,000
1990.
Army: 190,000
Reserves: 500,000
Fertility: Average number of children born per woman in her life.
Navy: 50,000
Airforce: 43,000
Combat Aircraft: 185
ECONOMY
Naval Vessels: 5 Frigates,2 Corvettes, 6 Fast-Attack Craft (missile), 14 Coastal Patrol
Currency: Market rate year-end 1990 value, unless noted.
Craft, 30 Inshore Patrol Craft, 7 Minesweepers
GDP: Gross Domestic Product-Measures total production of goods and
services of a country.
Security Alliance with U.S.: Informal Rusk-Thanat Communique of 1962 obliges the
GNP: Gross National Product-GDP adjusted for international transac-
U.S. to assist in Thailand's defense; U.S. and Thai forces participate in annual
tions, such as trade.
military exercises.
Growth: Real GNP or GDP increase, adjusted for inflation.
Other Security Alliances: none
CPI: Consumer Price Index-Increase in cost of living.
U.S. Military Installations: none
Per Capita GNP: GNP divided by the population, an aggregate measure-
U.S. Military Personnel: none
ment of average personal income.
Foreign Military Personnel: none
CurAccount: Current Account Balance-Overall balance in the trade of
Armed Opposition Groups: Communist Party of Thailand: 200; Phak Mai (Viet-
goods, services, investment income and government grants and gifts.
nam/Laos-backed communists): less than 100; Patani United Liberation Organization
Note: Figures for GNP, Current Account and Trade are all given in Current
and Barisan Revolusi Nasional (Islamic): numbers unknown
Dollars; no adjustment has been made for the varying value of the dollar
INVESTMENT
due to inflation or currency revaluations
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 1,515,000,000
1990 Thai Direct Investment in the U.S.: US$ 137,000,000
4
77
THAILAND
POLITICAL
Last names (family) are in CAPITAL letters.
LAND
Voting with U.S. at the U.N.: Totals for 44th General Assembly session,
from September to December 1989, indicating percentage agreement
Area: 198,500 square miles
on votes on which both countries voted either yes or no (absences and
Cultivated: 38%%
Forest: 29%
Pasture: 1%
abstentions are not included).
Resources: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber
Freedom House: Index from Freedom In The World: 1990-1991.
POPULATION
U.S. Foreign Economic Assistance: Includes Direct Assistance, Eco-
1990 Estimate: 55,115,000
Annual Growth: 1.3%
nomic Support Funds, Food Aid, Anti-Narcotics Aid, and Peace Corps.
Life Expectancy: 67
Literacy: 82%
U.S. Foreign Military Assistance: Includes International Military Educa-
Infant Mortality: 34
Fertility: 2.1
tion and Training, Military Assistance Program and Foreign Military
Ethnic Divisions: Thai: 75%, Chinese: 14%, other: 11%
Sales.
Workforce: 30,850,000
Unemployment: 5.8%
MILITARY
Commerce and Services: 20.5%
Manufacturing: 10.0%
Military Budget Increase: Change in U.S. dollar value.
Agriculture and Fishing: 57.0%
Construction: 2.7%
Regular Forces and Reserves: Does not include militias.
Government and Public Authorities: 6.3%
U.S. Military Personnel: Number of U.S. personnel based in country.
Students: Primary and Secondary: 9,200,000
University: 359,000
Foreign Military Personnel: Each country with forces present is indicated
and broken down when known.
POLITICAL
Armed Opposition Groups: Only included are active insurgent and/or
Official Name: KINGDOM OF THAILAND
terrorist groups. Non-English names are in italics.
Capital: Bangkok
Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy, under caretaker government
INVESTMENT
Chief of State: King BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ (Rama IX)
Amount represents year end Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) position.
Head of Government: Anand PANYARACHUN
Negative numbers represent net withdrawals of capital.
Foreign Minister: Asa SARASIN
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Political Freedom: 2
Civil Liberties: 3
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 14.12%
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
Economic: US$ 15,995,000
Military: US$ 2,400,000
ECONOMY
Currency: Baht, 1 US$ = 25.30 Baht (1990)
Major Industries: agricultural processing, textiles and garments, wood, cement, mining,
light manufactures, tourism, tobacco
Major Agricultural Products: rice, sugarcane, corn, rubber, tobacco
Major Imports: machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, base metals,
chemicals and fertilizers
Major Exports: rice, sugar, corn, rubber, tin, textiles and garments, integrated circuits,
canned seafood, fruits
Per Capita GDP: US$ 1,440 (1990)
76
5
SRI LANKA
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
GDP
5.50
5.95
6.38
6.66
7.0
6.9
7.1
Growth
5.1%
5.0%
4.3%
1.5%
2.6%
2.5%
4.0%
CHARTS AND MAPS
CPI Rise
16.6%
1.5%
8.0%
7.7%
14.0%
11.6%
18.0%
Exports
1.436
1.265
1.163
1.334
1.481
1.540
1.7
to U.S.
0.302
0.313
0.376
0.464
1.459
0.491
0.137
Imports
1.846
1.832
1.829
2.056
2.279
2.186
2.3
from U.S.
0.092
0.073
0.066
0.077
0.126
0.143
0.538
CurAccount
0.001
-0.418
-0.417
-0.344
-0.350
-0.31
-0.33
Sri Lanka is a minor U.S. trading partner
MILITARY
1989 Military Budget: US$ 223,000,000
Chart 1
Increase over 1988: -30.5%
Total Population
Outlay as a share of GNP: 3.3%
1990
As a share of Government Spending: 22%
Total Regular Forces: 65,100
PRC
Army: 50,000
Reserves: 25,000
Malaysia
17.5
S.Korea
Navy: 8,100
Airforce: 7,000
43.4
Thailand
66.1
Combat Aircraft: 9
Philippines
66.1
Naval Vessels: 2 Coastal Patrol Craft, 36 Inshore Patrol Craft
Vietnam
Japan
66.2
Pakistan
India
indonesta
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
114.7
Japan
123.6
Other
Other Security Alliances: some terms of the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord (1987) may
Indonesia
190.1
still apply
USA
261
U.S. Military Installations: none
India
849.8
U.S. Military Personnel: none
PRC
1118.2
Foreign Military Personnel: none
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Armed Opposition Groups: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (secessionist Tamil
Millions of People
Heritage DataChart
group): 2,000
ROC: Republic of China on Taiwan
PRC: People's Republic of China
INVESTMENT
1989 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 16,000,000
1990 Sri Lankan Direct Investment in the U.S.: US$ -1,000,000
6
75
Chart 2
SRI LANKA
Declining Infant Mortality
1987 and 1990
LAND
Area: 25,332 square miles
Japan
Cultivated: 35.7%
Forest: 44.2%
Pasture: 6.5%
Australia
Resources: limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates
ROC
S.Korea
POPULATION
N.Korea
PRC
1990 Estimate: 17,196,000
Annual Growth: 1.5%
Thailand
Life Expectancy: 70
Literacy: 87%
Vietnam
Infant Mortality: 31
Fertility: 2.3
Indonesia
India
Ethnic Divisions: Sihalese: 74%, Tamil: 18%, Moor: 7%, other 1%
Pakistan
Workforce: 6,400,000
Unemployment: 20%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Commerce and Services: 26.3%
Manufacturing: 13.3%
Deaths per 1000 live births
Agriculture and Fishing: 45.5%
Construction: 4.6%
1990
1987
Government and Public Authorities: 10.0%
Students: Primary and Secondary: 3,830,000
University: 20,000
Heritage DataChart
POLITICAL
Official Name: DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA
Capital: Colombo
Type of Government: Republic
Chief of State: President Ransinghe PREMADASA
Head of Government: same
Chart 3
Foreign Minister: Harold HARATH
Gross Domestic Product
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
1990
Political Freedom: 4
Civil Liberties: 5
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 12.12%
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
Singapore
$34.8
Economic: US$ 43,664,000
Military: US$ 160,000
Malaysia
$42.6
U.S: GDP: $5,423 billion
Philippines
$46.48
Japan GDP: $2,963 billion
ECONOMY
Hong Kong
$70
Currency: Sri Lankan Rupee, 1 US$ = 39.89 Rupees (1990)
Thailand
$79.3
Major Industries: rubber, consumer goods, textiles, garments, tea and coconut
Indonesia
$96.3
processing, oil products
ROC
$162.1
Major Agricultural Products:tea, rice, rubber, coconuts, spices
S.Korea
$223.8
Major Imports: petroleum, machinery, transport equipment, sugar, textiles, rice, wheat
India
$276.3
Major Exports: tea, rubber, petroleum products, textiles, coconuts, gems and jewelry
Australia
$310.6
Per Capita GDP: US$ 415 (1990)
PRC
$366
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
Billions of US$
Heritage DataChart
7
74
Chart 4
SOLOMON ISLANDS
Per Capita Gross Domestic Product
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
1990
(Millions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Vietnam
0.22
GDP
151.99
130.40
149.0
124.0
130.0
133.0
na
PRC
0.33
Growth
India
6.4%
6.4%
6.4%
0.8%
5.3%
5.5%
5.0%
0.33
Indonesia
0.61
CPI Rise
11.0
9.6%
13.6%
11.0%
17.3%
10.8%
10.2%
Philippines
0.7
Thailand
Exports
89.780
69.819
65.350
64.290
80.2
72.0
67.3
1.44
Malaysia
2.43
to U.S.
1.052
1.676
0.043
4.64
3.0
1.0
0.1
S.Korea
5.14
ROC
Imports
65.589
69.224
60.930
67.600
118.0
110.2
86.0
7.89
Singapore
12.72
from U.S.
2.188
1.442
1.39
8.0
5.0
6.0
na
Hong Kong
12.15
Australia
CurAccount
5.3
-23.0
-9.0
-4.0
-16.0
na
na
18.35
USA
21.17
Japan
23.96
The Solomon Islands are a minor U.S. trading partner
o
5
10
15
20
25
30
Thousands of US$
MILITARY
Heritage DataChart
1990 Military Budget: na
Increase over 1989: na
Outlay as a share of GNP: na
As a share of Government Spending: na
Total Regular Forces: none
Chart 5
Army: none
Reserves: none
Average Annual Economic Growth
Navy: none
Airforce: none
1984-1990
Combat Aircraft: none
Naval Vessels: none
Philippines
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
2%
Bangladesh
Other Security Alliances: none
3.4%
Japan
U.S. Military Installations: none
4.6%
Indonesia
4.9%
U.S. Military Personnel: none
India
6.7%
Foreign Military Personnel: Australian: small number of advisers to paramilitary forces
Hong Kong
6%
Armed Opposition Groups: none
Pakistan
6.1%
INVESTMENT
Thailand
8.1%
ROC
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: none
8.2%
PRC
1990 Solomon Island Direct Investment in the U.S.: none
9%
S.Korea
9.9%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
GPD Annual Average Increase
Heritage DataChart
8
73
Chart 6
Defense Spending
SOLOMON ISLANDS
1990
LAND
Area: 10,980 square miles
Philippines
$1.05
Cultivated: 2%
Forest: 93%
Pasture: 1%
Indonesia
$1.48
U.S. Defense Spending: US$ 291.4 billion
Resources: timber, marine shells, phosphates, gold, bauxite
Singapore
$1.64
Thailand
$2.04
POPULATION
Vietnam
$2.5
Pakistan
Annual Growth: 3.5%
$2.89
1990 Estimate: 335,100
N.Korea
$4.15
Life Expectancy: 69
Literacy: 60%
PRC
$6.13
Infant Mortality: 40
Fertility: 6.3
ROC
$8.66
Ethnic Divisions: Melanesian: 93%, Polynesian: 4%, Micronesian: 1.5%,
India
$9.26
European: 0.8%, Chinese: 0.3%
S.Korea
$10.89
Japan
$28.12
Workforce: 23,500
Unemployment: na
Commerce and Services: 4.7%
Manufacturing: 3.0%
$0
$5
$10
$15
$20
$25
$30
$35
Agriculture and Fishing: 32.5%
Construction: 3.0%
Billions of US$
Heritage DataChart
Government and Public Authorities: na
Students: Primary and Secondary: na
University: na
POLITICAL
Official Name: SOLOMON ISLANDS
Capital: Honiara
Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
Chart 7
Chief of State: Queen Elizabeth II
Defense Spending as a Share of
Head of Government: Solomon MAMALONI
Foreign Minister: Paul TOVUA
Gross National Product: 1990
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Political Freedom: 1
Civil Liberties: 1
Japan
1%
PRC
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 14.89%
1.6%
Australia
2.2%
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
Thailand
2.8%
Economic: none
Military: US$ 50,000
India
3.3%
S.Korea
4.7%
ECONOMY
USA
5.4%
Currency: Solomon Islands Dollar, 1 US$ = 2.53 SI$ (1990)
ROC
5.4%
Major Industries: fish canning, rice milling, wood products, furniture, garments,
Singapore
5.6%
Pakistan
7%
handicrafts, boatbuilding
Indonesia
7.3%
Major Agricultural Products: fish, coconuts, timber, yams, taro
Vietnam
20%
Major Imports: transport equipment, foodstuffs, mineral fuels, manufactured goods
N.Korea
24%
Major Exports: fish timber, copra, palm oil, seashells
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Per Capita GDP: US$ 570 (1989)
Percent of GNP
Heritage DataChart
9
72
Chart 8
U.S. Trade Deficit with Asia
SINGAPORE
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
Billions of US$
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
$70
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
$60
GDP
19.13
18.33
19.26
20.72
22.31
29.19
34.59
$50
Growth
8.3%
-1.6%
1.7%
8.8%
11.0%
9.2%
8.3%
$40
CPI Rise
2.6%
0.5%
-1.4%
0.5%
1.5%
3.0%
3.5%
$30
Exports
24.070
22.812
22.501
28.696
39.318
44.769
49.292
to U.S.
4.121
4.412
4.884
$20
6.395
8.223
9.178
9.8
Imports
28.667
26.237
25.513
32.626
43.869
49.694
52.112
$10
from U.S.
3.675
3.476
3.380
4.053
5.739
7.353
8.0
$0
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
CurAccount
-0.385
-0.004
0.542
0.539
1.660
2.1
4.2
S.Korea
Hong Kong
ROC
Japan
Singapore is the 12th largest U.S. trading partner
Heritage DataChart
MILITARY
1990 Military Budget: US$ 1,640,000,000
Increase over 1989: 10.1%
Outlay as a share of GNP: 5.6%
As a share of Government Spending: 27%
Chart 9
Total Regular Forces: 55,500
Trade with U.S. as a Share
Army: 45,000
Reserves: 212,000
of Total Trade, 1990
Navy: 4,500
Airforce: 6,000
Combat Aircraft: 193
Naval Vessels: 3 Corvette, 6 Fast-Attack Craft (missile), 20 Inshore Patrol Craft,
India
14%
2 Minesweepers
Thailand
15%
Hong Kong
Security Alliance with U.S.: none, although U.S. and Singaporean forces periodically
16%
excercise together
Australia
17%
Other Security Alliances: Five Power Defense Arrangement with Australia, Britain,
Malaysia
18%
New Zealand, Malaysia (1971)
PRC
18%
U.S. Military Installations: U.S. will station aircraft in Singapore under a recently signed
S.Korea
26%
agreement
Japan
27%
U.S. Military Personnel: less than 100
Philippines
30%
Foreign Military Personnel: New Zealand: 20
ROC
30%
Armed Opposition Groups: none
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
INVESTMENT
Heritage DataChart
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 3,971,000,000
1990 Singaporean Direct Investment in the U.S.: US$ 1,129,000,000
10
71
SINGAPORE
LAND
Area: 239 square miles
Cultivated: 9.5%
Forest: 4.6%
Pasture: 0%
Resources: none
POPULATION
PACIFIC OCEAN
SAMOA
1990 Estimate: 2,720,000
Annual Growth: 1.3%
Life Expectancy: 74
Literacy: 87%
Infant Mortality: 8
Fertility: 2.0
NEW ZEALAND
Ethnic Divisions: Chinese: 76.4%, Malay: 14.9%, Indian: 6.4%, other 2.3%
Workforce: 1,280,000
Unemployment: 2.0%
Commerce and Services: 60.0%
Manufacturing: 28.5%
SOLOMON
CALEDONIA
Note: Boundary representations are not necessarily authoritative.
Agriculture and Fishing: 0.4%
Construction: 5.0%
VANUATU
Government and Public Authorities: 5.5%
Students: Primary and Secondary: 464,250
University: 46,900
JAPAN
REPUBLIC OF CHINA
PAPUA
NEW
POLITICAL
Official Name: REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE
NKOREA
SKOREA
(ROC),
Capital: Singapore
THE PHILIPPINES
AUSTRALIA
Type of Government: One-Party Dominant Republic
Chief of State: President WEE Kim Wee
USSR
Head of Government: Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong
TETNAM
BRUNEI
Foreign Minister: WONG Kan Seng
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
MONGOLIA
Political Freedom: 4
Civil Liberties: 4
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC
MALAYSIA
INDONESL
OF CHINA
(PRC)
THAI
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 14.61%
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION
BHUTAN-
BANG
BURMA
NEPAL
SRI
LANKA
Economic: none
Military: US$ 20,000
INDIA
ECONOMY
Currency: Singapore Dollar, 1 US$ = 1.78 S$ (1990)
Major Industries: petroleum refining, rubber processing, electronics, food processing,
ship repair, garments
1000 Nautical Miles
PAKISTAN
MALDIVES
INDIAN OCEAN
Major Agricultural Products: hogs, poultry, orchids, vegetables
Major Imports: capital equipment, manufactured goods, crude oil, transport equipment,
consumer goods
Major Exports:machinery, manufactured goods, transport equipment, refined petro-
leum, rubber, electronics
Per Capita GDP: US$ 12,720 (1990)
11
70
Sea of Okhotsk
Occupied by USSR
Claimed by Japan
THE PHILIPPINES
Tokyo
PACIFIC OCEAN
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
Sea of Japan
Note: Boundary representations are not necessarily authoritative.
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
GDP
31.58
32.12
30.15
34.20
39.08
40.0
46.48
NORTH KOREA
REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Growth
-6.0%
5.3%
-7.8%
4.7%
6.4%
5.8%
5.7%
THE PHILIPPINES
CPI Rise
50.3%
23.1%
0.8%
3.8%
8.8%
10.6%
12.5%
Pyongyang
Seoul
SOUTH KOREA
Exports
5.343
4.614
4.807
5.696
7.034
7.754
8.200
(ROC)
to U.S.
2.622
-2.334
2.150
2.481
2.897
3.308
3.4
Taipei
Imports
6.262
5.351
5.211
6.937
8.662
11.165
12.114
Yellow Sea
from U.S.
1.766
1.379
1.363
1.599
1.876
2.206
2.5
CurAccount
-1.268
-0.018
0.971
-0.498
-0.373
-1.6
-1.466
HONG KONG
(U.K.)
The Philippines are a minor U.S. trading partner
Beijing
MACAO
(Portugal)
MILITARY
1990 Military Budget: US$ 1,052,000,000
Increase over 1989: -17.8%
USSR
Outlay as a share of GNP: 2.9%
As a share of Government Spending: 10.9%
Ulan Bator
MONGOLIA
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Total Regular Forces: 108,500
VIETNAM
Army: 68,000
Reserves: 128,000
Navy: 25,000
Airforce: 15,500
(PRC)
LAOS
Combat Aircraft:31
THAILAND
Naval Vessels: 2 Frigates, 8 Offshore Patrol Craft, 4 Coastal Craft, 39 Inshore Patrol Craft
Security Alliance with U.S.: U.S. Philippine Mutual Defense Treaties: (1957, 1983)
CHINA AND NORTHEAST ASIA
(MYANMAR)
Other Security Alliances: none
BURMA
U.S. Military Installations: Clark Field Airbase (to revert to Philippine control in
September 1992), Subic Bay Naval Base, Cubi Point Naval Air Station
U.S. Military Personnel: 5,000 Navy, 8,700 Air Force, 200 Army, 800 Marines
Foreign Military Personnel: none
Armed Opposition Groups: New People's Army: 19,000; Moro National Liberation
Front: 15,000; Moro Islamic Libration Front (breakaway from MNLF): 2,900; Moro
Indian Claim
Islamic Reformist Group (breakaway from MNLF): 900; several factions in the
500 Nautical Miles
military oppose the current government, including: Reform the Armed Forces Move-
ment (RAM) and the Young Officers Union (YOU)
INDIA
INVESTMENT
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 1,655,000,000
1990 Philippine Direct Investment in the U.S.: US$ 77,000,000
12
69
THE PHILIPPINES
LAND
Area: 115,830 square miles
Cultivated: 39.1%
Forest: 37%
Pasture: 4%
BURMA
(MYANMAR)
Resources: timber, petroleum, nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, gold
POPULATION
1990 Estimate: 66,117,000
Annual Growth: 2.5%
Literacy: 88%
SOUTH ASIA
250 Nautical Miles
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
BHUTAN
Thimphu
BANGLADESH
Dhaka
Life Expectancy: 66 years
Infant Mortality: 48
Fertility: 4.3
Bay of Bengal
INDIAN OCEAN
Ethnic Divisions: Christian Malay: 91.5%, Muslim Malay: 4%, Chinese: 1.5%,
Kathmandu
Note: Boundary representations are not necessarily authoritative.
other: 3%
Workforce: 24,225,000
Unemployment: 8.8% (official rate)
Commerce and Services: 36.2%
Manufacturing: 20.6%
Agriculture and Fishing: 9.9%
Construction: 7.6%
NEPAL
SRI
LANKA
Colombo
Government and Public Authorities: 25.7%
Students: Primary and Secondary: 13,670,000
University: 2,190,000
POLITICAL
Indian Claim
Line of
Control
Official Name: REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
New Delhi
INDIA
Capital: Manila
Type of Government: Republic
Islamabad
Male
Chief of State: President Corazon AQUINO
Head of Government: same
Foreign Minister: Raul MANGLAPUS
Political Freedom: 3
Civil Liberties: 3
AFGHANISTAN
PAKISTAN
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
MALDIVES
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 13.68%
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
Economic: US$ 353,689,000
Military: US$ 202,600,000
INDIAN OCEAN
ECONOMY
Currency: Philippine Peso, 1 US$ = 27.94 Pesos (1990)
Major Industries: textiles, pharmaceuticals, wood products, food processing,
electronics, chemicals, oil products
Major Agricultural Products: rice, coconut, sugarcane, corn, bananas, pineapples
Major Imports: petroleum, industrial equipment, wheat
Major Exports: sugar, lumber, bananas, garments, electrical components
Per Capita GDP: US$ 700 (1990)
13
68
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
PAPUA
NEW
GUINEA
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1990
SOUTHEAST ASIA
PACIFIC OCEAN
1989
GDP
2.35
2.19
2.43
2.71
2.92
3.0
2.95
THE PHILIPPINES
Growth
1.2%
4.8%
5.0%
4.8%
0.5%
-7.5%
-1.6%
CPI Rise
7.4%
3.7%
5.5%
3.3%
5.5%
8.0%
5.4%
500 Nautical Miles
:
Exports
0.894
0.918
1.048
1.172
1.396
1.278
1.3
REPUBLIC OF CHINA
INDONESIA
to U.S.
0.029
0.036
0.048
0.023
0.036
0.032
na
(ROC)
Imports
0.845
0.788
0.844
1.092
1.212
1.330
1.35
0
from U.S.
0.053
0.041
0.051
0.051
0.113
1.121
na
Manila
CurAccount
-0.322
-0.155
-0.105
-0.325
-0.470
-0.70
-0.70
Taipei
Papua New Guinea is a minor U.S. trading partner
HONG KONG (U.K.)
MACAO (Portugal)
MILITARY
Begawan BRUNEI
1989 Military Budget: US$ 45,610,000
Increase over 1987: 19.7%
Outlay as a share of GNP: 1.2%
As a share of Government Spending: 4.5%
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC
VIETNAM
Bandar Seri
OF CHINA
MALAYSIA
INDONESIA
Note: Boundary representations are not necessarily authoritative.
Total Regular Forces: 3,540
(PRC)
Army: 3,100
Reserves: 0
Jakarta
Navy: 300
Airforce: 140
Combat Aircraft: 3
Hanoi
LAOS
Vientiane
CAMBODIÀ
THAILAND
Phnom Penh
MALAYSIA
Kuala Lumpur
SINGAPORE
Naval Vessels: 5 Inshore Patrol Craft
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
Other Security Alliances: Status of Forces Treaty with Australia (1976, updated 1990)
Bangkok
U.S. Military Installations: none
U.S. Military Personnel: none
BURMA
INDIAN OCEAN
Foreign Military Personnel: Australian: 290 engineers, trainers and advisers
(MYANMAR)
Armed Opposition Groups: Secessionist Bougainville Revolutionary Army (armed
Rangoon
strength: 200) contests control of Bougainville island
INVESTMENT
°C
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 232,000,000
1990 Papuan Direct Investment in the U.S.: none
14
67
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
LAND
Area: 178,700 square miles
Cultivated: 3%
Forest: 78%
Pasture: 2%
Resources: gold, copper, silver, gas, timber
POPULATION
1990 Estimate: 3,822,900
Annual Growth: 2.3%
Life Expectancy: 55
Literacy: 32%
Infant Mortality: 68
Fertility: 5.0
KIRIBATI
PACIFIC OCEAN
Ethnic Divisions: Papuan, Melanesian, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian
Workforce: 230,000
Unemployment: 5%
Commerce and Services: 34.0%
Manufacturing: 10.0%
Agriculture and Fishing: 35.0%
Construction: 7.0%
Students: Primary and Secondary: 433,300
University: 7,100
FIJI
WESTERN SAMOA
0000
NEW ZEALAND
Note: Boundary representations are not necessarily authoritative.
Government and Public Authorities: 14.0%
Wellington
POLITICAL
Official Name: PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Capital: Port Moresby
Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
Chief of State: Queen Elizabeth II
AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND AND OCEANIA
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
Head of Government: Prime Minister Rabbie NAMALIU
0
VANUATU
NEW
CALEDONIA
(France)
Foreign Minister: Michael SOMARE
Tasman Seal
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Political Freedom: 2
Civil Liberties: 3
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 15.85%
Coral Sea
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
Economic: none
Military: US$ 75,000
PAPUA
NEW
GUINEA
Port Moresby
Canberra
ECONOMY
Currency: Kina, 1 US$ = 0.95 Kina (1990)
Major Industries: wood products, copper mining, fish canning, construction, food
1000 Nautical Miles
00
Major Agricultural Products: coffee, cocoa, copra, palm oil, timber, tea, rubber
INDONESIA
AUSTRALIA
processing, tourism
INDIAN OCEAN
Major Imports: machinery, fuels, food, chemicals
Major Exports: gold, copper, coffee, palm oil, logs, cocoa
Per Capita GDP: US$ 770 (1990)
15
66
PAKISTAN
AUSTRALIA
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 2,968,200 square miles
GDP
32.59
32.41
34.89
35.55
38.4
40.0
40.97
Cultivated: 2.5%
Forest: 14%
Pasture: 58%
Growth
5.6%
8.2%
7.8%
5.9%
5.3%
5.5%
4.8%
Resources: bauxite, coal, copper, iron ore, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, mineral sands,
CPI Rise
6.1%
5.6%
3.5%
4.7%
8.0%
10.5%
10.7%
lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, oil
Exports
2.559
2.738
3.383
4.168
4.509
4.660
4.992
POPULATION
to U.S.
0.268
0.299
0.353
0.438
0.496
0.565
0.609
1990 Estimate: 16,923,000
Annual Growth: 1.3%
Imports
5.852
5.889
5.367
5.819
6.588
7.107
7.256
Life Expectancy: 77 years
Literacy: 98.5%
from U.S.
1.903
1.042
0.830
0.733
1.090
1.136
1.1
Infant Mortality: 8
Fertility: 1.8
CurAccount
-1.195
-1.090
-0.645
-0.562
-1.6
-1.99
-1.652
Ethnic Divisions: Caucasian: 95%, Asian: 4%, Aboriginal: 1%
Workforce: 8,410,000
Unemployment: 7.5%
Pakistan is a minor U.S. trading partner
Commerce and Services: 61.2%
Manufacturing: 14.3%
Agriculture and Fishing: 5.0%
Construction: 7.0%
MILITARY
Government and Public Authorities: 4.4%
1990 Military Budget: US$ 2,890,000,000
Students:Primary and Secondary: 3,010,000
University: 441,100
Increase over 1989: 17.0%
POLITICAL
Outlay as a share of GNP: 7.0%
As a share of Government Spending: 29%
Official Name: COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
Capital: Canberra
Total Regular Forces: 550,000
Type of Government: Federal Parliamentary State
Army: 500,000
Reserves: 513,000
Chief of State: Queen Elizabeth II
Navy: 20,000
Airforce: 30,000
Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert HAWKE
Combat Aircraft: 475
Foreign Minister: Gareth EVANS
Naval Vessels: 6 Attack Submarines, 3 Midget Submarines, 3 Destroyers, 10 Frigates,
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
8 Fast-Attack Craft (missile), 4 Fast-Attack Craft (torpedo), 4 Coastal Patrol Craft,
Political Freedom: 1 Civil Liberties: 1
9 Inshore Patrol Craft, 3 Minesweepers
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 40.79%
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
Other Security Alliances: Friendship and Non-Aggression Treaty with PRC (1960)
Economic: none
Military: none
U.S. Military Installations: none
U.S. Military Personnel: none
ECONOMY
Foreign Military Personnel: none
Currency: Australian dollar, 1 US$ = 1.29A$ (1990)
Armed Opposition Groups: none
Major Industries: mining, iron and steel, industrial equipment, food processing, textiles,
INVESTMENT
aircraft, ships, chemicals
Major Agricultural Products: wheat, barley, oats, corn, hay, lamb,beef, sugarcane, dairy
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 200,000,000
products, wine, fruit, vegetables
1990 Pakistani Direct Investment in the U.S.: US$ 19,000,000
Major Imports: machinery, manufactures, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum,
metal goods, textiles and clothing
Major Exports: wheat, coal, wool, iron ore, metal manufactures, meat, dairy products
Per Capita GDP: US$ 18,350 (1990)
16
65
AUSTRALIA
PAKISTAN
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
Area: 310,525 square miles
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Cultivated: 20.7%
Forest: 0.8%
Pasture: 0.8%
GDP
166.51
168.07
175.46
216.48
274.53
283.99
310.53
Resources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, iron ore, copper, salt
Growth
7.2%
5.1%
2.0%
4.7%
3.7%
4.0%
4.3%
CPI Rise
4.0%
POPULATION
6.7%
9.1%
8.5%
7.2%
7.6%
6.0%
Exports
23.875
22.611
22.541
1990 Estimate: 114,649,000
26.330
32.751
37.037
39.117
Annual Growth: 2.2%
Life Expectancy: 56
Literacy: 26%
to U.S.
2.899
3.076
2.873
3.287
3.856
4.196
4.4
Infant Mortality: 40
Fertility: 6.7
Imports
23.423
23.499
23.839
27.053
33.334
40.941
38.942
Ethnic Divisions: Punjabi: 66%, Sindhi: 13%, Pushtun: 8.5%
from U.S.
4.793
5.440
5.551
5.495
6.981
8.347
8.5
Workforce:
Unemployment: 3.6%
CurAccount
-8.549
-8.717
-9.724
-8.772
-10.946
-15.6
-14.246
Commerce and Services: 29.0%
Manufacturing: 12.6%
Australia is the 17th largest U.S. trading partner.
Agriculture and Fishing: 51.0%
Construction: 6.4%
Government and Public Authorities: 1.0%
MILITARY
Students: Primary and Secondary: 10,769,000
University: 589,000
1990 Military Budget: US$ 6,380,000,000
POLITICAL
Increase over 1989: 3.4%
Official Name: ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
Outlay as a share of GNP: 2.2%
Capital: Islamabad
As a Share of Government Spending: 9.7%
Type of Government: Federal Republic
Total Regular Forces: 68,100
Chief of State: President Ghulam Ishaq KHAN
Army: 30,300
Reserves: 26,500
Head of Government: Prime Minister Mian Mohammed Nawaz SHARIF
Navy: 15,650
Airforce: 22,100
Foreign Minister: Shibzada Yaqub KHAN
Combat Aircraft: 116
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Naval Vessels: 6 Attack Submarines, 3 Destroyers, 9 Frigates, 22 Large Patrol Craft,
Political Freedom: 4
Civil Liberties: 4
3 Minehunters
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 9.80%
Security Alliance with U.S.: ANZUS (1951) -- without New Zealand
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
Other Security Alliances: Five Power Defense Arrangement with Britain, Malaysia,
Economic: US$ 145,000,000
Military: US$ 92,815,000
New Zealand, Singapore (1971); Status of Forces Agreement with Papua New Guinea
ECONOMY
(1976, updated 1990)
Currency: Rupee, 1 US$ = 21.86 Rupees (1990)
U.S. Military Installations: Joint U.S.-Australian communication/intelligence facilities
at Northwest Cape, Nurrungar and Pine Gap and the U.S. Navy has access to Cockburn
Major Industries: cotton textiles, steel, food processing, tobacco, chemicals, natural gas,
Sound Naval Facilities
mining, fertilizer production
Major Agricultural Products: rice, wheat, cotton, sugarcane
U.S. Military Personnel: 270 Air Force, 450 Navy
Foreign Military Personnel: none
Major Imports: petroleum, cooking coal, defense equipment
Armed Opposition Groups: none
Major Exports: sporting goods, rice, cotton, textiles, carpets
Per Capita GDP: US$ 360 (1990)
INVESTMENT
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 14,529,000,000
1990 Australian Direct Investment in the U.S.: US$ 8,394,000,000
64
17
NEW ZEALAND
BANGLADESH
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 55,600 square miles
Cultivated: 59.7%
GDP
21.37
21.34
23.31
Forest: 16%
Pasture: 4%
26.25
32.11
33.0
41.2
Resources: natural gas, uranium, offshore oil
Growth
5.6%
1.6%
1.4%
1.0%
1.5%
1.5%
1.4%
CPI Rise
6.2%
15.4%
13.2%
15.7%
6.4%
7.2%
7.2%
POPULATION
Exports
5.378
5.714
5.921
7.209
8.833
8.849
9.094
1990 Estimate: 118,433,000
Annual Growth: 2.8%
to U.S.
0.880
0.969
1.097
1.181
1.301
1.341
1.1
Life Expectancy: 53 years
Literacy: 29%
Infant Mortality: 136
Fertility: 5.7
Imports
6.144
5.944
5.997
7.263
7.378
8.810
9.420
Ethnic Divisions: Bengali: 98%, Bihari and tribal groups: 2%
from U.S.
0.708
0.728
0.881
0.819
0.943
1.117
1.2
Workforce: 34,750,000
Unemployment: 30%
CurAccount
-1.748
-1.411
-1.481
-1.758
-0.761
-2.1
-2.4
Commerce and Services: 18.1%
Manufacturing: 10.9%
New Zealand is a minor U.S. trading partner
Agriculture and Fishing: 55.3%
Construction: 4.0%
Government and Public Authorities: 11.6%
MILITARY
Students:Primary and Secondary: 14,410,000
University: 47,040
1990 Military Budget: US$ 840,000,000
POLITICAL
Increase over 1989: 2.6%
Official Name: PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH
Outlay as a share of GNP: 2.0%
Capital: Dhaka
As a share of Government Spending: 13.6%
Type of Government: Multi-Party Republic
Total Regular Forces: 11,600
Chief of State: Justice Ahmed SHAHABUDDIN
Army: 5,200
Reserves: 10,130
Head of Government: Prime Minister Begun Khaleda Ahman ZIA
Navy: 2,400
Airforce: 4,200
Foreign Minister: Mostafizur RAHMAN
Combat Aircraft: 43
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Naval Vessels: 4 Frigates, 6 Patrol Craft
Political Freedom: 5 Civil Liberties: 5
Security Alliance with U.S.: ANZUS treaty signatory. In 1986, the U.S. declared it
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 13.48%
would not honor security obligations to New Zealand due to Wellington's 1985 re-
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
fusal to allow nuclear-powered or nuclear-armed ships into its ports
Economic: US$ 127,370,000
Military: US$ 300,000
Other Security Alliances: Five Power Defense Arrangment with Australia, Britain,
Malaysia, and Singapore (1971)
ECONOMY
U.S. Military Installations: none
Currency: Taka, 1 US$ = 32.85 Taka (1990)
U.S. Military Personnel: none
Major Industries: jute manufactures, food processing, cotton textiles, garments
Foreign Military Personnel: none
Major Agricultural Products: jute, rice, fish, tea, sugar, wheat
Armed Opposition Groups: none
Major Imports: capital equipment, foodgrains, petroleum, raw cotton, fertilizer,
manufactured products
INVESTMENT
Major Exports: raw and manufactured jute, leather, tea, textiles
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 3,139,000
Per Capita GDP: US$ 155 (1990)
1990 New Zealand Direct Investment in the U.S.: US$ 254,000,000
18
63
BANGLADESH
NEW ZEALAND
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 103,880 square miles
GDP
13.80
14.89
14.93
17.42
18.72
18.8
18.3
Cultivated: 3.0%
Forest: 26.4%
Pasture: 52.7%
Growth
4.2%
3.7%
4.7%
4.0%
2.6%
2.0%
2.4%
Resources:natural gas, iron, coal, timber, gold
CPI Rise
10.5%
10.7%
11.0%
9.5%
9.3%
8.0%
8.0%
POPULATION
Exports
0.931
0.999
0.889
1.077
1.291
1.305
1.529
1990 Estimate: 3,296,000
Annual Growth: 0.4%
to U.S.
0.159
0.227
0.264
0.414
0.413
0.475
0.538
Life Expectancy: 75
Literacy: 99%
Imports
2.693
2.526
2.550
2.730
3.034
3.609
3.750
Infant Mortality: 10
Fertility: 1.9
from U.S.
0.303
0.219
0.165
0.193
0.258
0.281
0.182
Ethnic Divisions: European: 88%, Maori: 8.9%, Pacific Islander: 2.9%, other 0.2%
CurAccount
-0.543
-0.539
-0.615
Workforce: 1,582,000
-0.335
-0.286
-0.760
-0.760
Unemployment: 7.4%
Commerce and Services: 36.5%
Manufacturing: 18.0%
Bangladesh is a minor U.S. trading partner
Agriculture and Fishing: 10.1%
Construction: 6.5%
Government and Public Authorities: 28.6%
MILITARY
Students: Primary and Secondary: 658,370
University: 193,200
1990 Military Budget: US$ 348,000,000
POLITICAL
Increase over 1989: 20.4%
Official Name: NEW ZEALAND
Outlay as a share of GNP: 1.45%
Capital: Wellington
As a Share of Government Spending: 15%
Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
Total Regular Forces: 103,000
Chief of State: Queen Elizabeth II
Army: 90,000
Reserves: 30,000 (Border Guards)
Head of Government: Prime Minster Jim BOLGER
Navy: 7,000
Airforce: 6,000
Foreign Minister: Don MCKINNON
Combat Aircraft: 82
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Naval Vessels: 4 Frigates, 8 Fast-Attack Craft (missile), 8 Fast-Attack Craft (torpedo),
Political Freedom: 1
Civil Liberties: 1
11 Coastal Patrol Craft, 13 Inshore Patrol Craft, 5 River Patrol Boats
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 40.24%
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
Other Security Alliances: na
Economic: none
Military: none
U.S. Military Installations: none
U.S. Military Personnel: none
ECONOMY
Foreign Military Personnel: none
Currency: New Zealand Dollar, 1 US$ = 1.69 NZ$ (1990)
Armed Opposition Groups: Shanti Bahini: 5,000
Major Industries: food processing, wood and paper products, textiles, machinery,
transport equipment, banking, mining
INVESTMENT
Major Agricultural Products: meat, wool, timber, wheat, dairy
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 15,000,000
Major Imports: oil and petroleum products, motor vehicles, iron and steel, machinery,
1990 Bangladeshi Direct Investment in the U.S.: none
electrical equipment
Major Exports: meat, wool, forest products, dairy products, fruits and vegetables,
aluminum and alloys, manufactured equipment
Per Capita GDP: US$ 12,500 (1990)
62
19
NEW CALEDONIA
BHUTAN
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Millions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 17,800 square miles
GDP
na
na
na
Cultivated: 8.8%
na
na
na
na
Forest: 68.7%
Pasture: 5.0%
Growth
Resources: timber, gypsum, calcium carbide
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
CPI Rise
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
POPULATION
Exports
207.0
272.0
208.0
224.0
468.0
672.0
na
1990 Estimate: 1,566,000
Annual Growth: 2.0%
to U.S.
12.0
14.0
13.0
17.0
34.0
56.0
na
Life Expectancy: 49 years
Literacy: 5%
Imports
310.0
347.0
531.0
624.0
604.0
764.0
na
Infant Mortality: 137
Fertility: 5.0
from U.S.
20.0
29.0
Ethnic Divisions: Bhote: 60%, Nepalese: 25%, Tribal groups: 15%
25.0
28.0
27.0
65.0
na
CurAccount
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Workforce: 650,000
Unemployment: na
Commerce and Services: 3.6%
Manufacturing: 0.7%
New Caledonia is a minor U.S. trading partner
Agriculture and Fishing: 93%
Construction: 0.7%
Government and Public Authorities: 2%
MILITARY
Students:Primary and Secondary: 68,010
University: 410
France is responsible for defense
POLITICAL
Official Name: KINGDOM OF BHUTAN
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
Capital: Thimpu
Other Security Alliances: na
Type of Government: Monarchy
U.S. Military Installations: none
Chief of State: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK
U.S. Military Personnel: none
Head of Government: same
Foreign Military Personnel: French: 9,500 combined Army, Marine, and Air Force
Foreign Minister: Lyonpo Dawa TSERING
Armed Opposition Groups: elements of the Kanak Socialist National Liberation Front
remain committed to violence
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Political Freedom: 6 Civil Liberties: 5
INVESTMENT
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 12.00%
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: none
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
1990 New Caledonian Direct Investment in the U.S.: none
Economic: none
Military: none
ECONOMY
Currency: Ngultrum, 1 US$ = 17.95 Ngultrum (1990)
Major Industries: cement, wood products, chemical products, mining, distilling,
food processing, handicrafts
Major Agricultural Products: maize, rice, oranges, potatoes, wheat
Major Imports: aircraft, fuel, rice, vehicles, textiles, machinery
Major Exports: cement, talc powder, agricultural products, sawn timber, potatoes
Per Capita GDP: US$ 160 (1990)
20
61
BHUTAN
NEW CALEDONIA
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Millions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 8,550 square miles
GDP
130.0
155.6
171.0
205.0
215.0
222.0
237.71
Cultivated: 0%
Forest: 51%
Pasture: 14%
Growth
6.0%
6.0%
6.0%
6.5%
2.6%
5.6%
9.0%
Resources: nickle, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold
CPI Rise
8.4%
10.0%
10.1%
13.0%
4.0%
9.1%
8.5%
POPULATION
Exports
15.6
17.4
22.2
25.3
na
na
na
1990 Estimate: 152,200
Annual Growth: 1.1%
to U.S.
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Life Expectancy: 67
Literacy: na
Imports
80.4
69.4
75.7
88.0
na
na
na
Infant Mortality: 34
Fertility: 3.0
from U.S.
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Ethnic Divisions: Melanesian: 42.5%, European: 37.1%, Wallisian: 8.4%,
CurAccount
na
-83.3
-77.0
-93.2
-80.0
-64.0
0.05
Polynesian: 3.8%, Indonesian: 3.6%, Vietnamese: 1.6%, other 3.0%
Workforce: 50,500
Unemployment: na
Bhutan is a minor U.S. trading partner.
Commerce and Services: na
Manufacturing: na
Agriculture and Fishing: na
Construction: na
MILITARY
Government and Public Authorities: na
1990 Military Budget: na
Students: Primary and Secondary: na
University: na
Increase over 1989: na
Outlay as a share of GNP: na
POLITICAL
As a Share of Government Spending: na
Official Name: TERRITORY OF NEW CALEDONIA AND DEPENDENCIES
Total Regular Forces: 600 (est.)
Capital: Noumea
Army: na
Reserves: na
Type of Government: French Overseas Territory
Navy: none
Airforce: none
Chief of State: French President Francois MITTERRAND
Head of Government: High Commissioner Clement BOUHIN
Combat Aircraft: none
Foreign Minister: under the auspices of France
Naval Vessels: none
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
Political Freedom: 2
Civil Liberties: 2
Other Security Alliances: none
U.S. Military Installations: none
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: Not a member of the U.N.
U.S. Military Personnel: none
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
Foreign Military Personnel: Indian: small number of advisers
Economic: none
Military: none
Armed Opposition Groups: none
ECONOMY
INVESTMENT
Currency: Comptoirs Français du Pacifique Franc, 1 US$ = 113.63 CFPF (1989)
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: none
Major Industries: nickel mining
1990 Bhutanese Direct Investment in the U.S.: less than $500,000
Major Agricultural Products: cattle, coffee, maize, wheat, cotton, manioc, tobacco,
bananas, pineapples
Major Imports: fuels, minerals, machinery and electrical equipment
Major Exports: nickel metal, nickel ore
Per Capita GDP: US$ 8,030 (1983)
60
21
NEPAL
BRUNEI
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 2,226 square miles
GDP
2.32
2.29
2.36
2.59
2.65
2.98
3.08
Cultivated: 1%
Forest: 85%
Pasture: 1%
Growth
9.7%
7.9%
3.9%
Resources: oil, natural gas, timber
2.4%
7.1%
1.5%
2.0%
CPI Rise
2.8%
8.1%
19.0%
10.8%
10.9%
10.1%
11.5%
POPULATION
Exports
0.083
0.133
0.139
0.155
0.217
0.231
0.214
1990 Estimate: 372,000
Annual Growth: 7.1%
to U.S.
0.008
0.052
0.038
0.038
0.061
0.055
na
Life Expectancy: 75 years
Literacy: 45%
Imports
0.289
0.320
0.342
0.529
0.613
0.593
0.714
Infant Mortality: 10
Fertility: 2.9
from U.S.
0.004
0.007
0.008
0.056
0.064
0.009
Ethnic Divisions: Malay: 64%, Chinese: 20%, other: 16%
na
CurAccount
-0.095
-0.122
-0.119
-0.123
-0.280
-0.250
-0.366
Workforce: 90,000
Unemployment: na
Commerce and Services: 26.4%
Manufacturing: 8.6%
Nepal is a minor U.S. trading partner.
Agriculture and Fishing: 5.0%
Construction: 33.0%
Government and Public Authorities: 40.0%
MILITARY
Students: Primary and Secondary: 55,700
University: 900
1990 Military Budget: US$ 39,000,000
POLITICAL
Increase over 1990: 0.0%
Official Name: STATE OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
Outlay as a Share of GNP: 1.4%
Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
As a Share of Government Spending: 6.5%
Type of Government: Sultanate
Total Regular Forces: 35,000
Chief of State: Sultan Haji Hassanal BOLKIAH
Army: 30,000
Reserves: none
Head of Government: same
Navy: none
Airforce: na
Foreign Minister: Prince Muda Haji Mohamed BOLKIAH
Combat Aircraft: none
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Naval Vessels: none
Political Freedom: 6 Civil Liberties: 5
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 12.37%
Other Security Alliances: none
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
U.S. Military Installations: none
Economic: none
Military: none
U.S. Military Personnel: none
Foreign Military Personnel: none
ECONOMY
Armed Opposition Groups: none
Currency: Brunei dollar, 1 US$ = 1.74 B$ (1990)
Major Industries: crude petroleum, liquefied natural gas, construction
INVESTMENT
Major Agricultural Products: rice, pepper, timber
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: na
Major Imports: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs,
1990 Nepalese Direct Investment in the U.S.: na
consumer goods, chemicals
Major Exports: crude petroleum, petroleum products, liquefied natural gas
Per Capita GDP: US$ 11,000 (1990)
22
59
BRUNEI
NEPAL
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 56,140 square miles
GDP
3.98
3.97
3.57
3.3
3.7
3.8
3.7
Cultivated: 18%
Forest: 29%
Pasture: 13.4%
Growth
2.0%
Resources: quartz, timber, lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore
-10.0%
-10.0%
-10.05
3.0%
4.5%
4.5%
CPI Rise
3.1%
4.0%
2.3%
2.3%
2.3%
2.3%
2.3%
POPULATION
Exports
3.183
2.934
1.798
1.799
1.849
1.931
2.3
1990 Estimate: 19,146,000
Annual Growth: 2.4%
to U.S.
0.011
0.002
0.064
0.017
0.030
0.080
na
Life Expectancy: 50 years
Literacy: 20%
Imports
0.622
0.606
1.653
1.285
1.253
1.494
na
Infant Mortality: 99
Fertility: 5.6
from U.S.
0.034
0.051
0.202
Ethnic Divisions: Newars, Indians, Tibetan, Gurungs, Magars
0.093
0.078
0.063
na
CurAccount
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Workforce: 7,500,000
Unemployment: 5%
Commerce and Services: 6.2%
Brunei is a minor U.S. trading partner.
Manufacturing: 1.5%
Agriculture and Fishing: 90.0%
Construction: 0.8%
MILITARY
Government and Public Authorities: 1.5%
Students: Primary and Secondary: 3,500,000
University: 83,400
1988 Military Budget: US$ 229,025,000
Increase over 1987: 18.5%
POLITICAL
Outlay as a share of GNP: 7.1%
Official Name: KINGDOM OF NEPAL
As a Share of Government Spending: 15.0%
Capital: Kathmandu
Total Regular Forces: 4,200
Type of Government: Monarchy, pending elections
Army: 3,400
Reserves: 900
Chief of State: King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev
Navy: 550
Airforce: 300
Head of Government: Caretaker Prime Minister Krishna Prasad BHATTARAI
Foreign Minister: Shailendra Kumar UPADHAYA
Combat Aircraft: 4
Naval Vessels: 3 Fast-Attack Craft (missile), 3 Patrol Craft
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Political Freedom: 4 Civil Liberties: 4
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
Other Security Alliances: Treaty of Friendship with Britain (1979)
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 12.24%
U.S. Military Installations: none
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
U.S. Military Personnel: none
Economic: US$ 12,245,000
Military: US$ 125,000
Foreign Military Personnel: British: 900, Singaporean: 500
ECONOMY
Armed Opposition Groups: none
Currency: Rupee, 1 US$ = 29.40 Rupees (1989)
INVESTMENT
Major Industries: oilseed, sugar, jute and rice mills, match, cigarette and brick factories,
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ -22,000,000
cement, garments
1990 Bruneian Direct Investment in the U.S.: none
Major Agricultural Products: rice, jute, corn, wheat, oilseeds, sugarcane, potatoes
Major Imports: manufactured consumer goods, fuel, construction materials, fertilizers,
food products
Major Exports: rice, jute, timber, manufactured goods, sugar, hides, garments
Per Capita GDP: US$ 160 (1989)
58
23
MONGOLIA
BURMA
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 261,150 square miles
Cultivated: 12.2%
GDP
1.90
na
na
1.82
1.89
1.96
na
Forest: 47.6%
Pasture: 3.3%
Resources: oil, copper, asbestos, marble, limestone, teak, gems, timber, tin, tungsten
Growth
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
CPI Rise
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
POPULATION
Exports
0.625
0.618
na
na
na
na
na
1990 Estimate: 41,277,000
Annual Growth: 2.0%
to U.S.
0.002
0.004
0.001
0.002
na
na
na
Life Expectancy: 54 years
Literacy: 78%
Infant Mortality: 97
Fertility: 4.2
Imports
0.898
0.988
na
na
na
na
na
Ethnic Divisions: Burmese: 68%, Shan: 9%, Karen: 7%, Rakhine: 4% Chinese: 3%,
from U.S.
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.009
na
na
na
Indian: 2%, other: 7%
CurAccount
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Workforce: 15,200,000
Unemployment: 10% (est.)
Mongolia is a minor U.S. trading partner.
Commerce and Services: 17.5%
Manufacturing: 8.0%
Agriculture and Fishing: 70.0%
Construction: 1.0%
MILITARY
Government and Public Authorities: 3.5%
Students: Primary and Secondary: 6,960,000 University: 0 (closed since June 1988)
1988 Military Budget: US$ 268,380,000
Increase over 1987: 7.6%
POLITICAL
Outlay as a Share of GNP: 14.2%
Official Name: UNION OF MYANMAR
As a Share of Government Spending: 14.8%
Capital: Rangoon
Total Regular Forces: 21,500
Type of Government: Military Dictatorship
Army: 21,000
Reserves: 200,000
Chief of State: General Saw MAUNG
Navy: none
Airforce: 500
Head of Government: same
Combat Aircraft: 28
Foreign Minister: same
Naval Vessels: none
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
Political Freedom: 7 Civil Liberties: 7
Other Security Alliances: Treaty of Cooperation and Mutual Friendship
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 12.63%
with USSR (1966)
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
U.S. Military Installations: none
Economic: none
Military: none
U.S. Military Personnel: none
ECONOMY
Foreign Military Personnel: Soviets: 37,000 troops (reducing)
Armed Opposition Groups: none
Currency: Kyat, 1US$ = 5.95 Kyat (1990 official rate)
Major Industries: agricultural processing, textiles and footwear, wood processing,
INVESTMENT
petroleum refining, copper, tin
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: none
Major Agricultural Products: rice, cotton, pulses, sugarcane, beans, peanuts, teak
1990 Mongolian Direct Investment in the U.S.: none
Major Imports: machinery, transportation equipment, building materials, oil equip-
ment, consumer goods, capital goods
Major Exports: teak, rice, pulses, beans, base metals, ores, gems
Per Capita GDP: US$ 195 (1990)
24
57
BURMA
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
MONGOLIA
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 604,250 square miles
GDP
6.39
6.62
6.37
7.78
7.90
8.0
8.0
Cultivated: 0.7%
Forest: 10.2%
Pasture: 78.8%
Resources: coal, tungsten, copper, molybdenum, gold, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar,
Growth
5.6%
4.3%
3.7%
1.0%
2.3%
3.4%
3.6%
23.3%
17.8%
27.2%
17.5%
phosphates
CPI Rise
4.8%
6.8%
9.2%
Exports
0.301
0.303
0.288
0.219
0.147
0.250
0.59
POPULATION
to U.S.
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.013
0.013
0.018
na
1990 Estimate: 2,187,000
Annual Growth: 2.7%
Imports
0.239
0.283
0.304
0.268
0.244
0.311
na
Life Expectancy: 64 years
Literacy: 80%
from U.S.
0.016
0.010
0.016
0.008
0.011
0.005
na
Infant Mortality: 50
Fertility: 4.7
Ethnic Divisions: Mongol: 90%, Kazakh: 4%, Chinese: 2%, Russian: 2%, other: 2%
CurAccount
-0.218
-0.205
-0.250
-0.360
-0.280
na
-0.60
Workforce: 430,000
Unemployment: na
Burma is a minor U.S. trading partner.
Commerce and Services: 24.6%
Manufacturing: 23.0%
Agriculture and Fishing: 10.8%
Construction: 7.4%
MILITARY
Government and Public Authorities: 34.2%
1989 Military Budget: US$ 334,000,000
Students:Primary and Secondary: 499,000
University: 14,300
Increase over 1988: 16.8%
Outlay as a share of GNP: 3.0%
POLITICAL
As a Share of Government Spending: 21.0%
Official Name: MONGOLIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC
Capital: Ulan Bator
Total Regular Forces: 230,000
Army: 212,000
Reserves: 35,000 (People's Militia)
Type of Government: One-Party Dominant Republic
Chief of State: President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT
Navy: 9,000
Airforce: 9,000
Head of Government: Prime Minister Dashiyn BYAMBASÜREN
Combat Aircraft: 16
Foreign Minister: Tserenpiliyn GOMBOSÜREN
Naval Vessels: 2 Corvettes, 2 Coastal Patrol Craft, 30 Inshore Patrol Craft,
5 River Patrol Craft
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Political Freedom: 4 Civil Liberties: 4
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
Other Security Alliances: Friendship and Non-Aggression Treaty with PRC (1961)
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 10.10%
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
U.S. Military Installations: none
Economic: none
Military: none
U.S. Military Personnel: none
Foreign Military Personnel: none
ECONOMY
Armed Opposition Groups: (partial listing) Burma Communist Party: fragmented,
Currency: Tugrick, 1 US$ = 2.8 Tugrick (1989 official rate)
several thousand; National Democratic Front: 20,000; numerous private armies, some
Major Industries: cement, knitwear, footwear, meat, coal, textiles, chemicals, building
associated with opium druglords
materials, mining
INVESTMENT
Major Agricultural Products: livestock, wheat, oats, barley, foodgrains, vegetables
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: none
Major Imports: petroleum, sheet metal, trucks, fertilizer, paper, sugar, tea, chemicals,
1990 Burmese Direct Investment in the U.S.: none
machinery, garments
Major Exports: timber, wool, meat, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, phosphates
Per Capita GDP: US$ 890 (1988)
56
25
MALDIVES
CAMBODIA
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Millions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 69,900 square miles
GDP
76.17
83.97
87.0
94.0
101.0
100.0
105.6
Cultivated: 11%
Forest: 74%
Pasture: 3%
Resources: timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese, phosphates
Growth
27.0%
13.8%
8.6%
8.9%
8.7%
9.3%
9.3%
CPI Rise
na
na
na
na
14.0%
5.0%
5.0%
POPULATION
Exports
13.01
22.28
28.76
28.76
55.30
56.02
na
1990 Estimate: 6,991,000
Annual Growth: 2.2%
to U.S.
na
na
na
na
16.0
13.0
na
Life Expectancy: 48 years
Literacy: 48%
Imports
69.99
70.16
77.28
96.62
120.01
137.90
Infant Mortality: 128
Fertility: 4.5
na
Ethnic Divisions: Khmer: 90%, Chinese: 5%, other: 5%
from U.S.
na
na
na
na
na
3.0
na
CurAccount
-16.5
-5.0
na
na
na
na
na
Workforce: 3,750,000
Unemployment: 30% (est.)
Commerce and Services: 17%
Manufacturing: na
The Maldives are a minor U.S. trading partner.
Agriculture and Fishing: 80%
Construction: 3%
Government and Public Authorities: na
MILITARY
Students: Primary and Secondary: 1,018,000
University: 11,500
POLITICAL
The Maldives maintains no armed forces, only a
Official Name: STATE OF CAMBODIA
paramilitary National Security Service.
Capital: Phnom Penh
Type of Government: Communist State
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
Chief of State: President Heng SAMRIN
Other Security Alliances: none
Head of Government: Prime Minister Hun SEN
U.S. Military Installations: none
Foreign Minister: same
U.S. Military Personnel: none
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Foreign Military Personnel: none
Political Freedom: 7 Civil Liberties: 7
Armed Opposition Groups: none
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 11.96%
INVESTMENT
(The U.N. recognizes the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea [CGDK] led
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: none
by Prince Norodom SIHANOUK, Son SANN and Khieu SAMPHAN, as the legitimate
1990 Maldivian Direct Investment in the U.S.: none
government of Cambodia, not the Heng SAMRIN regime)
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
Economic: US$ 25,000,0000 (to the CGDK)
Military: none
ECONOMY
Currency: Riel, 1 US$ = 560.0 Riel (1990)
Major Industries: textiles, cement, fishing, wood and wood products
Major Agricultural Products: rice, rubber, corn
Major Imports: fuel, consumer goods, raw materials, fertilizer, international food aid
Major Exports: rubber, rice, pepper
Per Capita GDP: US$ 130 (1990)
26
55
CAMBODIA
MALDIVES
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Millions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 115 square miles
GDP
630.0
na
na
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
890.0
Cultivated: 5.7%
Forest: 3.3%
Pasture: 3%
Growth
na
na
na
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
na
Resources: fish, coconuts, shells
CPI Rise
na
na
na
na
10.0%
10.0%
10.0%
POPULATION
Exports
4.4
3.21
3.0
na
na
na
na
1990 Estimate: 217,900
Annual Growth: 3.7%
to U.S.
0.0
0.4
0.5
0.4
na
na
na
Life Expectancy: 62 years
Literacy: 36%
Imports
47.9
27.6
17.0
na
na
na
na
Infant Mortality: 76
Fertility: 6.6
from U.S.
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
na
na
na
Ethnic Divisions: Sinhalese, Dravidan, Arab and African
CurAccount
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Workforce: 110,000
Unemployment: na
Commerce and Services: 20.0%
Cambodia is a very minor U.S. trading partner.
Manufacturing: 22.0%
Agriculture and Fishing: 35.0%
Construction: 5.0%
Government and Public Authorities: 16.0%
MILITARY
Students:Primary and Secondary: 55,500
University: 0
1990 Military Budget: na
Increase over 1989: na
POLITICAL
Outlay as a share of GNP: na
Official Name: REPUBLIC OF MALDIVES
As a Share of Government Spending: na
Capital: Male
Total Regular Forces: 57,300
Type of Government: Republic
Army: 55,500
Reserves: 55,000 (provincial/district forces)
Chief of State: President Abdul GAYOOM
Navy: 1,000
Airforce: 800
Head of Government: same
Foreign Minister: Fathulla JAMEEL
Combat Aircraft: 12
Naval Vessels: 2 Torpedo Patrol Craft, 9 Inshore Patrol Craft
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Political Freedom: 6 Civil Liberties: 5
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
Other Security Alliances: Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation Treaty with
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 13.86%
Vietnam (1979)
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
U.S. Military Installations: none
Economic: none
Military: US$ 50,000
U.S. Military Personnel: none
ECONOMY
Foreign Military Personnel: Soviet: 200, Vietnamese: 5,000
Currency: Rufikaa, 1 US$ = 8.4 Rufikaa (1989)
Armed Opposition Groups: Khmer Rouge: 30,000; Khmer People's National Liberation
Major Industries: fish processing, tourism, garments, handicrafts
Front: 12,000; Armée Nationale Khmer Independente: 15,000
Major Agricultural Products: fish, coconuts, fruit, millet
INVESTMENT
Major Imports: food, manufactured goods, petroleum products, capital goods,
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: none
machinery, chemicals
1990 Cambodian Direct Investment in the U.S.: none
Major Exports: fish, shells, apparel
Per Capita GDP: US$ 500 (1990)
54
27
MALAYSIA
CHINA, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 3,691,500 square miles
GDP
31.65
28.92
29.48
29.90
31.46
33.0
42.61
Cultivated: 10.1%
Forest: 12.5%
Pasture: 33.3%
Growth
7.8%
-1.0%
1.2%
5.2%
8.1%
8.5%
8.5%
Resources: coal, iron, petroleum, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, uranium,
CPI Rise
3.9%
0.3%
0.7%
0.9%
2.0%
2.8%
2.8%
zinc, bauxite, lead
Exports
16.563
15.408
13.977
17.934
21.096
25.049
28.698
POPULATION
to U.S.
2.825
2.399
2.534
3.053
3.848
4.927
5.3
1990 Estimate: 1,118,163,000
Annual Growth: 1.4%
Imports
14.057
12.301
10.828
12.701
16.513
22.588
26.158
Life Expectancy: 68 years
Literacy: 75%
from U.S.
1.856
1.539
1.730
1.897
2.141
2.875
3.4
Infant Mortality: 34
Fertility: 2.3
CurAccount
-1.671
-0.613
0.052
2.572
1.884
-0.15
-0.691
Ethnic Divisions: Han Chinese: 93.3%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Mioa,
Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and others: 6.7%
Malaysia is the 20th largest U.S. trading partner.
Workforce: 557,000,000 Unemployment: 4.0%
MILITARY
Commerce and Services: 13%
Manufacturing: 18%
Agriculture and Fishing: 60%
Construction: 5%
1990 Military Budget: US$ 1,560,000,000
Government and Public Authorities: 1.5%
Increase over 1989: 12.7%
Students: Primary and Secondary: 177,900,000
University: 2,100,000
Outlay as a As a Share of GNP: 3.7%
As a Share of Government Spending: 14.2%
POLITICAL
Total Regular Forces: 129,500
Official Name: PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Army: 105,000
Reserves: 46,600
Capital: Beijing
Navy: 12,500
Airforce: 12,000
Type of Government: Communist State
Combat Aircraft: 67
Chief of State: President YANG Shangkun
Naval Vessels: 4 Frigates, 8 Fast-Attack Craft (missile), 2 Offshore Patrol Craft,
Head of Government: Premier LI Peng
27 Inshore Patrol Craft, 4 Minesweepers
Foreign Minister: QIAN Qichen
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Other Security Alliances: Five Power Defense Agreement with Australia, Britain,
Political Freedom: 7 Civil Liberties: 7
New Zealand, Singapore (1971)
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 11.11%
U.S. Military Installations: none
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
U.S. Military Personnel: none
Economic: none
Military: none
Foreign Military Personnel: Australian: Army and RAAF elements, plus a small number
of advisers
ECONOMY
Armed Opposition Groups: Communist Party of Malaya: 850; North Kalimantan
Currency: Renminbi Yuan, 1 US$ = 5.22 Yuan (1990)
Communist Party: 50
Major Industries: iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, light
industrial products, petroleum
INVESTMENT
Major Agricultural Products: rice, wheat, soybeans, oilseed, cotton
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 1,425,000,000
Major Imports: grain, chemical fertilizer, steel, industrial raw materials, machinery
1990 Malaysian Direct Investment in the U.S.: US$ 31,000,000
Major Exports: manufactured goods, agricultural products, oil, minerals
Per Capita GDP: US$ 330 (1990)
28
53
CHINA, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
MALAYSIA
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 127,320 square miles
GDP
300.09
291.76
281.68
304.96
376.53
350.0
365.96
Cultivated: 15.0%
Forest: 70%
Pasture: 1%
Growth
13.5%
12.1%
7.9%
10.3%
11.0%
3.9%
4.5%
Resources: tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron, palm oil, rubber
CPI Rise
2.7%
11.9%
7.0%
8.8%
20.7%
17.8%
4.1%
POPULATION
Exports
24.824
27.329
31.367
39.464
47.663
51.751
60.522
1990 Estimate: 17,511,000
Annual Growth: 2.3%
to U.S.
3.381
4.224
5.241
6.910
9.261
12.901
15.2
Life Expectancy: 68
Literacy: 65%
Imports
25.953
42.480
43.247
43.222
55.352
58.316
49.520
Infant Mortality: 30
Fertility: 3.5
from U.S.
3.004
3.856
3.106
3.497
5.017
5.807
4.8
Ethnic Divisions: Malay: 59%, Chinese: 32%, Indian: 9%
CurAccount
2.509
-11.417
-7.034
0.3
-3.9
-7.8
-3.934
Workforce: 6,834,000
Unemployment: 7.9%
Commerce and Services: 27.5%
Manufacturing: 17.0%
The PRC is the 10th largest U.S. trading partner.
Agriculture and Fishing: 30.5%
Construction: 6.5%
Government and Public Authorities: 14.0%
MILITARY
Students:Primary and Secondary: 3,670,000
University: 51,080
1990 Military Budget: US$ 6,130,000,000
Increase over 1989: -8.1%
POLITICAL
Outlay as a share of GNP: 1.6%
Official Name: MALAYSIA
As a Share of Government Spending: 8.4%
Capital: Kuala Lumpur
Total Regular Forces: 3,030,000
Type of Government: Federal Constitutional Monarchy
Army: 2,300,000
Reserves: 1,200,000
Chief of State: Paramount Ruler AZLAN Muhibbuddin Shah ibni Sultan
Navy: 260,000
Airforce: 470,000
Yusof Izzuddin
Head of Government: Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad
Combat Aircraft: 5,894
Foreign Minister: Datuk Abu HASSAN
Naval Vessels: 1 Ballistic Missile Submarine, 1 Cruise Missile Submarine, 91 Attack
Submarines, 189 Destroyers, 37 Frigates, 110 Coastal Patrol Craft, 380 Inshore Patrol
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Craft, 215 Fast-Attack Craft (missile), 160 Fast-Attack Craft (torpedo),
Political Freedom: 5
Civil Liberties: 4
52 Minesweepers
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 10.58%
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
Other Security Alliances: Friendship and Non-Aggression Treaties with Burma (1961),
Economic: none
Military: none
North Korea (1951), and Pakistan (1960)
ECONOMY
U.S. Military Installations: none
Currency: Ringgit (Malaysian dollar), 1 US$ = 2.71 M$ (1990)
U.S. Military Personnel: none
Major Industries: rubber and palm oil processing and manufacturing, tin mining,
Foreign Military Personnel: none
logging, petroleum production, electronics
Armed Opposition Groups: none
Major Agricultural Products: natural rubber, palm oil, rice, coconuts, pepper
INVESTMENT
Major Imports: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, crude petro-
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 289,000,000
leum, foodstuffs, chemicals
1990 PRC Direct Investment in the U.S.: US$ 112,000,000
Major Exports: natural rubber, palm oil, tin, timber, petroleum, light manufactures
Per Capita GDP: US$ 2,4300 (1990)
52
29
MACAU
CHINA, REPUBLIC OF (TAIWAN)
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Millions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 13,800 square miles
GDP
979.8
1030.0
1137.7
1992.0
2160.0
2330.0
na
Cultivated: 25%
Forest: 64%
Pasture: 5%
Growth
8.0%
2.5%
6.2%
12.4%
6.0%
na
5.7%
Resources: small amounts of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, asbestos, timber
CPI Rise
11.1%
2.1%
1.7%
4.7%
na
na
8.8%
POPULATION
Exports
659.4
907.09
1033.55
1396.5
1493.7
1636.7
na
1990 Estimate: 20,547,000
Annual Growth: 1.1%
to U.S.
207.2
292.7
343.2
568.7
509.1
599.7
na
Life Expectancy: 74 years
Literacy: 94%
Imports
593.4
775.7
874.31
1111.6
1297.3
1464.1
na
Infant Mortality: 17
Fertility: 1.7
from U.S.
37.5
55.69
53.10
54.43
58.3
77.6
na
Ethnic Divisions: Taiwanese: 84%, Mainland Chinese: 14%, Aboriginal: 2%
CurAccount
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Workforce: 8,470,000
Unemployment: 1.7%
Macau is a minor U.S. trading partner.
Commerce and Services: 35.3%
Manufacturing: 33.8%
Agriculture and Fishing: 17%
Construction: 6.8%
MILITARY
Government and Public Authorities: 7%
Students: Primary and Secondary: 4,150,000
University: 479,200
Portugal is responsible for defense
POLITICAL
Official Name: REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
Capital: Taipei
Other Security Alliances: none
Type of Government: Multi-Party Republic
U.S. Military Installations: none
Chief of State: LEE Teng-hui
U.S. Military Personnel: none
Head of Government: Prime Minister HAU Pei-Tsun
Foreign Military Personnel: na
Foreign Minister: Frederick CHIEN
Armed Opposition Groups: none
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
INVESTMENT
Political Freedom: 3 Civil Liberties: 3
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: less than US$ 500,000
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: Not a member of the U.N.
1990 Macau Direct Investment in the U.S.: none
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
Economic: none
Military: none
ECONOMY
Currency: New Taiwan Dollar, 1 US$ = 27.13 NT$ (1990)
Major Industries: textiles, clothing, chemicals, electronics, food processing, plywood,
sugar milling, cement, shipbuilding
Major Agricultural Products: rice, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples
Major Imports: machinery and equipment, crude oil, chemicals, chemical products,
basic metals, foodstuffs, machine tools
Major Exports: textiles, electronic machinery, general machinery, telecommunications
equipment, basic metals, foodstuffs, plywood
Per Capita GNP: US$ 7,890 (1990)
30
51
CHINA, REPUBLIC OF (TAIWAN)
MACAU
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 6.17 square miles
GDP
57.7
60.08
73.25
97.57
119.5
150.4
162.09
Cultivated: 2%
Forest: 5%
Pasture: 0%
Growth
10.9%
4.3%
10.8%
11.9%
7.1%
7.3%
5.2%
Resources: none
CPI Rise
0.0%
-0.2%
0.7%
0.35%
1.5%
4.7%
4.1%
POPULATION
Exports
30.42
30.39
39.78
53.54
60.59
66.21
66.526
1990 Estimate: 441,700
Annual Growth: 1.1%
to U.S.
16.099
17.761
21.257
26.406
26.217
25.628
22.7
Life Expectancy: 77 years
Literacy: 90%
Imports
21.99
20.12
24.16
34.96
49.65
52.27
55.572
Infant Mortality: 7
Fertility: 2.2
from U.S.
5.003
4.699
5.524
7.413
12.010
11.323
11.5
Ethnic Divisions: Chinese: 95%, Portuguese: 3%, other: 2%
CurAccount
6.976
9.195
16.217
18.172
10.117
10.5
11.150
Workforce: 190,000
Unemployment: na
Commerce and Services: 34%
Manufacturing: 45%
The Republic of China is the 6th largest U.S. trading partner.
Agriculture and Fishing: 6%
Construction: 8%
Government and Public Authorities: 7%
MILITARY
Students: Primary and Secondary: 46,900
University: 7,500
1990 Military Budget: US$ 8,550,000,000
POLITICAL
Increase over 1989: 4.5%
Official Name: MACAU
Outlay as a share of GNP: 5.4%
Capital: Macau
As a Share of Government Spending: 35.5%
Type of Government: Chinese Territory under Portuguese Administration
Total Regular Forces: 370,000
Chief of State: Governor Carlos MELANCIA
Army: 270,000
Reserves: 1,657,500
Head of Government: same
Navy: 30,500
Airforce: 70,000
Foreign Minister: under the auspices of Portugal
Combat Aircraft: 536
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Naval Vessels: 4 Attack Submarines, 24 Destroyers, 10 Frigates, 52 Fast-Attack
Political Freedom: 3
Civil Liberties: 3
Craft (missile), 21 Patrol Craft, 8 Minesweepers
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: Not a member of the U.N.
Security Alliance with U.S.: Security guarantees in the 1979 Taiwan Relations Act
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
Other Security Alliances: none
Economic: none
Military: none
U.S. Military Installations: none
U.S. Military Personnel: none
ECONOMY
Military Personnel: Singaporean: small number of trainees
Currency: Pataca, 1 US$ = 8.05 Pataca (1990 official rate)
Armed Opposition Groups: none
Major Industries: textiles, toys, gambling, furniture, tourism, garments
Major Agricultural Products: rice, vegetables
INVESTMENT
Major Imports: foodstuffs, fabric, machinery, oil
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 2,273,000,000
Major Exports: textiles and clothing, toys, electronics
1990 ROC Direct Investment in the U.S.: US$ 928,000,000
Per Capita GDP: US$ 5,000 (1989)
50
31
LAOS
FIJI
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Millions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 7,050 square miles
GDP
530.0
600.0
643.0
679.0
693.0
na
na
Cultivated: 15%
Forest: 65%
Pasture: 3%
Growth
na
na
na
na
2.0%
4.0%
4.0%
Resources: timber, fish, gold, copper
CPI Rise
20.0%
20.0%
20.0%
20.0%
11.9%
68.1%
18.6%
POPULATION
Exports
11.38
15.65
12.55
64.31
95.76
98.14
na
1990 Estimate: 759,600
Annual Growth: 1.5%
to U.S.
2.00
0.455
0.272
0.91
3.0
1.0
na
Life Expectancy: 68 years
Literacy: 80%
Imports
36.39
50.96
55.99
82.57
110.56
121.97
na
Infant Mortality: 22
Fertility: 3.3
from U.S.
0.11
0.22
0.10
0.22
1.0
0.2
na
Ethnic Divisions: Fijian: 48%, Indian: 47%, others: 5%
CurAccount
na
na
na
na
-130.0
-180.0
-180.0
Workforce: 252,000
Unemployment: 15%
Laos is a very minor U.S. trading partner.
Commerce and Services: 12.4%
Manufacturing: 6.0%
Agriculture and Fishing: 50%
Construction: 2.6%
MILITARY
Government and Public Authorities: 11.1%
Students: Primary and Secondary: 182,000
University: 2,000
1990 Military Budget: na
Increase over 1989: na
POLITICAL
Outlay as a Share of GNP: na
Official Name: REPUBLIC OF FIJI
As a Share of Government Spending: na
Capital: Suva
Total Regular Forces: 55,100
Type of Government: Interim government, pending constitutional ratification
Army: 52,500
Reserves: na
Chief of State: President Ratu Sir Penaia GANILAU
Navy: 600
Airforce: 2,000
Head of Government: Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA
Combat Aircraft: 34
Foreign Minister: same
Naval Vessels: 40 River Patrol Craft
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Political Freedom: 6 Civil Liberties: 4
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
Other Security Alliances: Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation Treaty
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 21.18%
with Vietnam (1977)
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
U.S. Military Installations: none
Economic: US$ 300,000 Military: US$ 50,000
Foreign Military Personnel: Soviets: 500; Vietnamese: 15,000
ECONOMY
Armed Opposition Groups: United Lao National Liberation Front: 2,000; some
Currency: Fijian dollar, 1 US$ = 1.41 F$ (1990)
smaller anti-communist resistance groups
Major Industries: sugar refining, tourism, gold, lumber, light manufacturing, mining
INVESTMENT
Major Agricultural Products: sugar, copra, ginger, rice, bananas
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: none
Major Imports: manufactured goods, machinery, foodstuffs, fuel, transport equipment,
1990 Laotian Direct Investment in the U.S.: none
consumer goods
Major Exports: sugar, copra, coconut oil, fish
Per Capita GNP: US$ 1,550 (1990)
32
49
FIJI
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
LAOS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 91,430 square miles
GDP
1.179
1.138
1.319
1.26
1.29
1.15
1.18
Cultivated: 4%
Forest: 58%
Pasture: 3%
Growth
8.4%
-4.6%
8.8%
-7.8%
-2.5%
12.1%
12.1%
Resources: tin, timber, gypsum
CPI Rise
5.3%
4.4%
1.8%
5.7%
11.8%
6.5%
7.0%
POPULATION
Exports
0.256
0.230
0.274
0.299
0.312
0.370
0.399
1990 Estimate: 4,024,000
Annual Growth: 2.2%
to U.S.
0.025
0.011
0.012
0.055
0.014
0.018
na
Life Expectancy: 49 years
Literacy: 85%
Imports
0.450
0.441
0.436
0.380
0.454
0.615
0.629
Infant Mortality: 126
Ferility: 5.1
from U.S.
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.029
0.015
0.021
na
Ethnic Divisions: Lao: 50%, Kha: 15%, Tribal Thai: 20%, Meo, Hmong,
CurAccount
-0.027
-0.013
0.004
-0.005
0.030
-0.004
-0.004
Yao and other: 15%
Workforce: 1,850,000
Unemployment: 17%
Fiji is a minor U.S. trading partner.
Commerce and Services: 18%
Manufacturing: 2%
Agriculture and Fishing: 75%
Construction: 1%
MILITARY
Government and Public Authorities: na
1990 Military Budget: US$ 19,730,000
Students: Primary and Secondary: 564,600
University: 20,100
Increase over 1989: -6.8%
Outlay as a share of GNP: 6.5%
POLITICAL
As a Share of Government Spending: 6.5%
Official Name: LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Capital: Vientiane
Total Regular Forces: 3,500
Type of Government: Communist State
Army: 3,200
Reserves: 5,000
Chief of State: President Phoumi VONGVICHIT
Navy: 300
Airforce: 0
Head of Government: Prime Minister Kaysone PHOMVIHAN
Combat Aircraft: none
Foreign Minister: Phoun SIPASEUTH
Naval Vessels: 3 Coastal Patrol Craft, 2 Inshore Patrol Craft
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
Political Freedom: 6
Civil Liberties: 7
Other Security Alliances: none
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 10.78%
U.S. Military Installations: none
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
U.S. Military Personnel: none
Economic: none
Military: none
Military Personnel: none
Armed Opposition Groups: none
ECONOMY
INVESTMENT
Currency: Kip, 1 US$ = 700.0 Kip (1990)
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: none
Major Industries: tin mining, timber, coffee, electric power
Major Agricultural Products: rice, corn, vegetables, tobacco, cotton
1990 Fijian Direct Investment in the U.S.: none
Major Imports: rice and other foodstuffs, petroleum products, machinery, vehicles
Major Exports: electric power, forest products, tin, coffee
Per Capita GDP: US$ 180 (1990)
48
33
KOREA, SOUTH
HONG KONG
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 404 square miles
GDP
Cultivated: 8.8%
Forest: 12%
Pasture: 1%
87.0
89.7
102.7
128.4
169.2
204.0
223.85
Resources: none
Growth
9.3%
7.0%
12.9%
12.8%
12.2%
6.5%
8.6%
CPI Rise
2.3%
2.5%
2.8%
3.0%
7.1%
5.2%
9.2%
POPULATION
Exports
29.259
30.289
34.792
47.301
60.679
62.371
63.124
1990 Estimate: 5,760,000
Annual Growth: 1.0%
to U.S.
10.027
10.713
13.497
17.991
21.164
20.543
18.5
Life Expectancy: 79 years
Literacy: 75%
Infant Mortality: 6
Fertility: 1.4
Imports
30.628
31.058
31.734
41.025
51.812
61.556
65.127
Ethnic Divisions: Chinese: 98%, other: 2%
from U.S.
5.983
5.956
6.355
8.099
11.290
13.478
14.4
CurAccount
-1.372
-0.887
Workforce: 2,822,000
Unemployment: 1.4%
4.617
9.854
14.161
5.1
-1.8
Commerce and Services: 37.3%
Manufacturing: 33.8%
South Korea is the 7th largest U.S. trading partner.
Agriculture and Fishing: 1.6%
Construction: 8.0%
Government and Public Authorities: 18%
MILITARY
Students: Primary and Secondary: 1,009,000
University: 52,150
1990 Military Budget: US$ 10,891,000,000
Increase over 1989: 10.2%
POLITICAL
Outlay as a Share of GNP: 4.7%
Official Name: BRITISH CROWN COLONY OF HONG KONG
As a Share of Government Spending: 31.1%
Capital: Victoria
Type of Government: British Dependent Territory, to revert to Chinese control in 1997
Total Regular Forces: 750,000
Chief of State: Queen Elizabeth II
Army: 650,000
Reserves: 4,500,000
Head of Government: Sir David WILSON
Navy: 60,000
Airforce: 40,000
Foreign Minister: under the auspices of Britain
Combat Aircraft: 493
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Naval Vessels: 3 Attack Submarines, 9 Destroyers, 25 Frigates, 4 Corvettes, 11 Fast-
Political Freedom: 4
Civil Liberties: 3
Attack Craft (missile), 68 Inshore Patrol Craft, 9 Minesweepers
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: Not a member of the U.N.
Security Alliance with U.S.: Mutual Cooperation and Security (1954)
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
Other Security Alliances: none
Economic: none
Military: none
U.S. Military Installations: Kunsan Air Base, Uijong-Bu HQ, Tongduchon Army Base,
Osan Air Base
ECONOMY
U.S. Military Personnel: 32,000 Army, 12,200 Air Force
Currency: Hong Kong Dollar, 1 US$ = 7.79 HK$ (1990)
Foreign Military Personnel: none
Major Industries: textiles and clothing, tourism, electronics, plastics
Armed Opposition Groups: none
Major Agricultural Products: small amounts of rice and vegetables
INVESTMENT
Major Imports: raw materials and semi-manufactured goods, fuel, consumer goods,
capital goods, foodstuffs
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 2,096,000,000
Major Exports: many re-exports: clothing and textiles, electrical apparatus, electronics,
1990 South Korean Direct Investment in the U.S.: US$ -850,000,000
footwear, machinery, telecommunications equipment
Per Capita GDP: US$ 12,150 (1990)
34
47
HONG KONG
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
KOREA, SOUTH
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 38,200 square miles
GDP
31.9
34.1
38.43
46.17
53.0
62.0
70.0
Cultivated: 21.6%
Forest: 65.8%
Pasture: 1.0%
Growth
6.0%
0.6%
8.7%
14.6%
7.5%
2.5%
2.3%
Resources: coal, tungsten, graphite, iron ore, limestone, graphite
CPI Rise
8.5%
3.4%
3.2%
5.3%
7.4%
10.1%
10.1%
Exports
28.314
30.182
35.438
48.473
63.182
73.114
82.870
POPULATION
to U.S.
8.899
8.994
9.474
10.490
10.815
10.238
9.5
1990 Estimate: 43,350,000
Annual Growth: 0.8%
Life Expectancy: 69 years
Literacy: 93%
Imports
28.558
29.701
35.360
48.463
63.900
72.149
82.974
Infant Mortality: 23
Fertility: 1.6
from U.S.
3.062
2.786
3.303
3.983
5.656
6.304
6.8
Ethnic Divisions: Korean: 100%
CurAccount
na
2.080
2.000
3.000
3.100
3.400
2.220
Workforce: 17,963,000
Unemployment: 3.0%
Hong Kong is the 13th largest U.S. trading partner.
Commerce and Services: 25.5%
Manufacturing: 27.5%
Agriculture and Fishing: 20.5%
Construction: 6.0%
MILITARY
Government and Public Authorities: 20.0%
1988 Military Budget: US$ 208,000,000
Students: Primary and Secondary: 9,640,000
University: 1,300,000
Increase over 1987: 9.9%
POLITICAL
Outlay as a share of GNP: 0.7%
Official Name: REPUBLIC OF KOREA
As a Share of Government Spending: 3.8%
Capital: Seoul
Total Regular Forces: 8,505 (combined British and Chinese)
Type of Government: Multi-party Republic
Army: 7,540
Reserves: na
Chief of State: President ROH Tae Woo
Navy: 700
Airforce: 269
Head of Government: same
Combat Aircraft: none
Foreign Minister: LEE Sang Och
Naval Vessels: 5 Patrol Craft, 12 Patrol Boats
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
Political Freedom: 2
Civil Liberties: 3
Other Security Alliances: Great Britain responsible for defense
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: Not a voting member of the U.N.
U.S. Military Installations: none
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
U.S. Military Personnel: none
Economic: none
Military: US$ 1,000,000
Military Personnel: British: 6,300 Army, 300 Navy/Marines,
265 Royal Air Force
ECONOMY
Armed Opposition Groups: none
Currency: Won, 1 US$ = 716.4 Won (1990)
Major Industries: textiles and clothing, food processing, chemicals, steel, electronics,
INVESTMENT
ship building, automobile production
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 6,537,000,000
Major Agricultural Products: rice, barley, vegetables, legumes
1990 Hong Kong Direct Investment in the U.S.: US$ 1,240,000,000
Major Imports: machinery, oil, steel, transportation equipment, textiles, organic
chemicals, grains
Major Exports: textiles and clothing, electrical machinery, footwear, steel, ships, auto-
mobiles, fish
Per Capita GDP: US$ 5,140 (1990)
46
35
KOREA, NORTH
INDIA
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 1,269,420 square miles
GDP
18.9
19.7
20.1
19.59
20.18
20.78
21.5
Cultivated: 50.3%
Forest: 11.3%
Pasture: 4.5%
Growth
2.7%
4.0%
2.0%
2.0%
2.0%
2.0%
2.0%
Resources: coal, iron ore, manganese, bauxite, chromite, natural gas
CPI Rise
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
POPULATION
Exports
0.691
0.638
0.673
0.796
0.931
na
2.1
1990 Estimate: 849,746,000
Annual Growth: 2.0%
to U.S.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Life Expectancy: 58 years
Literacy: 36%
Imports
0.813
0.825
0.839
1.120
2.5
2.6
2.6
Infant Mortality: 89
Fertility: 3.8
from U.S.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Ethnic Divisions: Indo-Aryan: 72%, Dravidan: 25%, Mongoloid and other: 3%
CurAccount
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Workforce: 327,000,000 Unemployment: 20% (est.)
Commerce and Services: 10.5%
Manufacturing: 6.5%
Trade with North Korea is illegal.
Agriculture and Fishing: 52.3%
Construction: 7.2%
Government and Public Authorities: 6.5%
MILITARY
Students: Primary and Secondary: 142,000,000 University: 4,000,000
1989 Military Budget: US$ 4,154,000,000
Increase over 1988: -10.2%
POLITICAL
Outlay as a Share of GNP: 24%
Official Name: REPUBLIC OF INDIA
As a Share of Government Spending: 30%
Capital: New Dehli
Total Regular Forces: 1,111,000
Type of Government: Federal Republic
Army: 1,000,000
Reserves: 540,000+
Chief of State: President Ramaswamy VENKATRAMAN
Navy: 41,000
Airforce: 70,000
Head of Government: Prime Minister NARSHINAROY
Combat Aircraft: 716
Foreign Minister: Madhavsinh SOLANSKI
Naval Vessels: 24 Attack Submarines, 3 Frigates, 3 Corvettes, 34 Fast-Attack Craft
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
(missile), 173 Fast-Attack Craft (torpedo), 6 Coastal Patrol Craft, 148 Inshore Patrol
Political Freedom: 2
Civil Liberties: 3
Craft, 20 Minesweepers
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 5.43
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
FY 1991 U.S. Foreign Assistance (Allocations)
Other Security Alliances: Treaty of Cooperation and Mutual Friendship with USSR
Economic: US$ 96,982,00 Military: US$ 300,000
(1961); Friendship and Non-Agression Treaty with PRC (1951)
U.S. Military Installations: none
ECONOMY
U.S. Military Personnel: none
Currency: Rupee, 1 US$ = 18.12 Rupees (1990)
Foreign Military Personnel: none
Major Industries: textiles, food processing, steel, machinery, transportation equipment,
Armed Opposition Groups: none
cement, jute manufactures
Major Agricultural Products: rice, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, cotton, jute, sugarcane,
INVESTMENT
tobacco, tea, coffee
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: none
Major Imports: machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum, edible oils
1990 North Korean Direct Investment in the U.S.: none
Major Exports: engineering goods, textiles, clothing, tea
Per Capita GDP: US$ 325 (1990)
36
45
INDIA
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
KOREA, NORTH
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 47,100 square miles
GDP
200.76
210.45
231.231
253.56
270.6
265.1
276.3
Cultivated: 19%
Forest: 74%
Pasture: 1%
Growth
3.3%
6.1%
6.2%
4.4%
11.0%
4.5%
4.5%
Resources: coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron, copper, gold, phosphates,
CPI Rise
8.3%
5.6%
8.7%
8.8%
9.4%
9.5%
10.0%
salt, fluorspar
Exports
9.916
9.916
9.499
11.375
13.313
16.003
18.153
POPULATION
to U.S.
2.737
2.479
2.465
2.725
3.167
3.551
3.2
1990 Estimate: 21,293,000
Annual Growth: 1.7%
Imports
14.361
16.075
15.406
16.724
19.168
21.165
26.001
Life Expectancy: 72 years
Literacy: 95%
from U.S.
1.570
1.642
1.536
1.464
2.498
2.463
2.5
Infant Mortality: 27
Fertility: 2.1
CurAccount
-2.343
-4.214
-4.178
-4.597
-10.6
-6.7
-11.5
Ethnic Divisions: Korean: 100%
Workforce: 8,100,000
Unemployment: officially none
India is a minor U.S. trading partner.
Commerce and Services: na
Manufacturing: na
Agriculture and Fishing: na
Construction: na
MILITARY
Government and Public Authorities: na
1990 Military Budget: US$ 9,250,000,000
Students:Primary and Secondary: 5,000,000
University: 100,000
Increase over 1989: 3.5%
POLITICAL
Outlay as a share of GNP: 3.3%
As a Share of Government Spending: 18.8%
Official Name: DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Capital: Pyongyang
Total Regular Forces: 1,262,000
Type of Government: Communist State, one-man rule
Army: 1,100,000
Reserves: 460,000
Chief of State: President KIM II-Sung
Navy: 52,000
Airforce: 110,000
Head of Government: same
Combat Aircraft: 874
Foreign Minister: KIM Yong Nam
Naval Vessels: 1 Cruise Missile Submarine, 2 Aircraft Carriers, 18 Attack Submarines,
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
20 Frigates, 5 Destroyers, 10 Corvettes, 12 Fast-Attack Craft (missile), 2 Offshore
Political Freedom: 7
Civil Liberties: 7
Patrol Craft, 13 Inshore Patrol Craft, 20 Minesweepers
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: Not a voting member of the U.N.
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
Other Security Alliances: Treaty of Cooperation and Mutual Friendship with
Economic: none
Military: none
USSR (1971, renewed 1991); some terms of the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord (1987)
may still apply
ECONOMY
U.S. Military Installations: none
Currency: Won, 1 US$ = 2.18 Won (1989 official rate)
U.S. Military Personnel: none
Major Industries: machine building, electric power, chemicals, mining, metallurgy,
Foreign Military Personnel: Soviets: 200 advisers and technicians
textiles, steel, cement
Armed Opposition Groups: Sikh separatists, number unknown; Kashmiri separatists,
Major Agricultural Products: corn, rice, vegetables, fruits, fish
number unknown; United Liberation Front of Assam, number unknown.
Major Imports: petroleum, machinery and equipment, coking coal, grain
INVESTMENT
Major Exports: minerals, metallurgical products, agricultural products, manufactures,
machinery, chemicals, fish
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 639,000,000
Per Capita GDP: US$ 930 (1989)
1990 Indian Direct Investment in the U.S.: US$ 29,000,000
44
37
KIRIBATI
INDONESIA
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Millions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 741,100 square miles
GDP
25.0
25.8
32.0
36.0
32.0
33.0
na
Cultivated: 14%
Forest: 67%
Pasture: 7%
Growth
na
na
na
0.5%
na
na
na
Resources: oil, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper
CPI Rise
na
na
na
5.0%
na
na
na
POPULATION
Exports
11.0
4.0
4.1
23.0
na
na
na
1990 Estimate: 190,136,000
Annual Growth: 1.8%
to U.S.
na
na
na
na
2.0
1.0
1.0
Life Expectancy: 60 years
Literacy: 62%
Imports
21.0
18.0
32.6
17.5
na
na
na
Infant Mortality: 75
Fertility: 3.1
from U.S.
na
na
na
na
3.0
16.0
na
Ethnic Divisions: Javanese: 45%, Sundanese: 14%, Madurese: 7.5%,
CurAccount
10.0
6.0
7.0
na
na
na
na
Coastal Malay: 7.5%, other: 26%
Workforce: 76,800,000
Kiribati is a minor U.S. trading partner.
Unemployment: 3.1%
Commerce and Services: 30.0%
Manufacturing: 8.0%
Agriculture and Fishing: 53.0%
Construction: 3.0%
MILITARY
Government and Public Authorities: 6.0%
Kiribati has no military forces
Students:Primary and Secondary: 40,900,000
University: 1,660,000
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
POLITICAL
Other Security Alliances: none
Official Name: REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
U.S. Military Installations: none
Capital: Jakarta
U.S. Military Personnel: none
Type of Government: Republic
Foreign Military Personnel: Australian: small number of advisers
Chief of State: SUHARTO
Armed Opposition Groups: none
Head of Government: same
INVESTMENT
Foreign Minister: Ali ALATAS
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: none
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
1990 Kiribati Direct Investment in the U.S.: none
Political Freedom: 6
Civil Liberties: 5
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 11.54%
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
Economic: US$48,494,000
Military: US$ 1,900,000
ECONOMY
Currency: Rupiah, 1 US$ = 1,901 Rupiah (1990)
Major Industries: petroleum, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer, timber,
palm oil, light manufactures
Major Agricultural Products: rice, cassava, rubber, copra
Major Imports: rice, wheat, flour, cereals, textiles, chemicals, iron and steel products,
machinery, transport equipment
Major Exports: petroleum, liquified natural gas, timber, coffee, tin, palm oil, tea
Per Capita GDP: US$ 505 (1990)
38
43
INDONESIA
KIRIBATI
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 266 square miles
GDP
80.79
81.54
71.55
76.22
75.96
80.0
96.30
Cultivated: 5%
Forest: 3%
Pasture: 0%
Growth
6.0
2.5%
4.0%
3.6%
5.7%
6.2%
6.5%
Resources: copra, fish
CPI Rise
10.5%
4.7%
5.8%
9.3%
8.0%
6.5%
6.4%
POPULATION
Exports
21.881
18.597
14.804
17.170
19.376
21.936
25.874
1990 Estimate: 70,000
Annual Growth: 1.7%
to U.S.
5.867
4.933
3.657
3.719
3.484
3.874
3.343
Life Expectancy: 55
Literacy: 90%
Imports
13.880
10.275
10.724
12.850
13.489
16.467
20.048
Infant Mortality: 65
Fertility: 4.3
from U.S.
1.217
0.795
0.946
0.767
1.047
1.256
1.897
Ethnic Divisions: Micronesian: 100%
CurAccount
-1.856
-1.923
-3.911
-2.098
-1.189
-2.2
-2.531
Workforce: na
Unemployment: na
Indonesia is a minor U.S. trading partner.
Commerce and Services: na
Manufacturing: na
Agriculture and Fishing: na
Construction: na
MILITARY
Government and Public Authorities: na
Students: na
1990 Military Budget: US$ 1,476,000,000
Increase over 1989: 2.2%
POLITICAL
Outlays as a Share of GNP: 1.5%
Official Name: REPUBLIC OF KIRIBATI
As a Share of Government Spending: 3.5%
Capital: Tarawa
Total Regular Forces: 283,000
Type of Government: Republic
Army: 215,000
Reserves: 800,000
Name of Chief of State: President Ieremia T. TABAI
Navy: 43,000
Airforce: 25,000
Name of Head of Government: same
Combat Aircraft: 99
Foreign Minister: same
Naval Vessels: 2 Attack Submarines, 16 Frigates, 4 Fast-Attack Craft (missile),
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
2 Fast-Attack Craft (torpedo), 4 Coastal Patrol Craft, 17 Inshore Patrol Craft,
Political Freedom: 1
Civil Liberties: 2
2 Minesweepers
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: Not a member of the U.N.
Security Alliance with U.S.: none
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
Other Security Alliances: none
Economic: none
Military: none
U.S. Military Installations: none
U.S. Military Personnel: none
ECONOMY
Foreign Military Personnel: none
Currency: Australian dollar, 1 US$ = 1.29 A$ (1990)
Armed Opposition Groups: Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor: 400;
Major Industries: fishing, handicrafts
Free Papua Movement: 100
Major Agricultural Products: copra, vegetables, coconuts, melons, bananas
INVESTMENT
Major Imports: foodstuffs, fuel, transportation equipment
Major Exports: copra, fish
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 3,827,000,000
Per Capita GDP: US$ 580 (1989)
1990 Indonesian Direct Investment in the U.S.: US$ 62,000,000
42
39
JAPAN
ECONOMIC STATISTICS
JAPAN
(Billions of US$, percentages where appropriate)
LAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Area: 147,470 square miles
GDP
1256.5
1330.0
1966.2
2384.5
2528.6
2555.0
2963.0
Cultivated: 15.5%
Forest: 66.4%
Pasture: 1.7%
Growth
5.1%
4.7%
2.7%
4.5%
5.6%
4.9%
4.9%
Resources: negligible mineral resources, fish, timber
CPI Rise
2.3%
2.0%
0.6%
1.4%
0.7%
2.1%
2.1%
POPULATION
Exports
169.748
177.189
210.718
231.332
264.961
274.597
286.0
1990 Estimate: 123,642,000
Annual Growth: 0.4%
to U.S.
60.371
72.380
85.457
88.074
89.802
93.455
89.7
Life Expectancy: 79 years
Literacy: 99%
Imports
136.142
130.516
127.660
150.907
187.483
209.635
234.799
Infant Mortality: 5
Fertility: 1.6
from U.S.
23.575
22.631
26.882
28.249
37.183
43.673
48.6
Ethnic Divisions: Japanese: 99.4%, other (mostly Korean): 0.6%
CurAccount
35.003
49.169
85.845
87.015
79.631
56.98
53.5
Workforce: 62,400,000
Unemployment: 2.3%
Commerce and Services: 54.5%
Manufacturing: 24.5%
Japan is the 2nd largest U.S. trading partner.
Agriculture and Fishing: 8.5%
Construction: 8.5%
Government and Public Authorities: 3.0%
MILITARY
Students: Primary and Secondary: 15,230,000
University: 2,070,000
1990 Military Budget: US$ 28,122,000,000
Increase over 1989: -1.0%
POLITICAL
Outlay as a Share of GNP: 1.0%
Official Name: JAPAN
As a Share of Government Spending: 6.5%
Capital: Tokyo
Total Regular Forces: 249,000
Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
Army: 156,200
Reserves: 48,400
Chief of State: Emperor AKHITO
Navy: 46,400
Airforce: 46,400
Head of Government: Prime Minister Toshiki KAIFU
Foreign Minister: Taro NAKAYAMA
Combat Aircraft: 473
Naval Vessels: 14 Attack Submarines, 6 Destroyers, 58 Frigates, 5 Fast-Attack
1991 Freedom House Index (1 is highest, 7 is lowest)
Craft (torpedo), 9 Patrol Craft, 1 Minelayer, 48 Minesweepers
Political Freedom: 1
Civil Liberties: 1
Security Alliance with U.S.: Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaties (1951, 1960)
1989 Voting with U.S. at U.N.: 61.02%
Other Security Alliances: none
FY 1991 U.S. Assistance (Allocations)
U.S. Military Installations: Yokosuka Naval Base, Yokohama Naval Base, Atsugi Naval
Economic: none
Military: none
Air Facility, Sasebo Naval Base, Futenma (Marines), Iwakuni Marine Air Base,
ECONOMY
Misawa Air Base, Kadena Air Base, Yokota Air Base, Zukeran Marine Air Base,
Currency: Yen, 1 US$ = 135.0 Yen (1990)
Makiminato (Army), Atsugi Naval Air Facility, Kamiseya (Navy)
Major Industries: machinery, automobiles, metallurgy, engineering, electronics,
U.S. Military Personnel: 2,100 Army, 7,100 Navy, 16,800 Air Force, 24,800 Marines
textiles, chemicals
Foreign Military Personnel: none
Major Agricultural Products: rice, sugar, vegetables, fruit, fish
Armed Opposition Groups: Japanese Red Army: 25; Chukaku-Ha: 200
Major Imports: fuel, manufactures, foodstuffs, machinery, wood, coal
INVESTMENT
Major Exports: machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, metals, chemicals, textiles
1990 U.S. Direct Investment: US$ 20,994,000,000
Per Capita GDP: US$ 23,965 (1990)
1990 Japanese Direct Investment in the U.S.: US$ 83,498,000,000
40
41