Ask the Scholar
Document scope · 1 page
Scholar
Ask about this object, its catalog metadata, its source description, or the page inventory.
For page-specific OCR and visual context, open one of the page chats.
Scholar Source Context
Document identity
localId
323154044
label
Mexican Cultural Institute 5/5/92 [OA 7573] [2]
core
doc
dtoType
document
citationUrl
pageCount
1
Source metadata
id
323154044
contentType
document
title
Mexican Cultural Institute 5/5/92 [OA 7573] [2]
citationUrl
identifierLocal
13812-003
collections
Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
imageCount
1
hasImages
yes
source
import
hasTranscription
no
Source extras
naId
323154044
levelOfDescription
fileUnit
recordType
description
ocrSource
nara-archive
Single page context
seq
1
pageIndex
0
type
document
mediaId
86e77baded712ca1
ocrText
Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13812
Folder ID Number:
13812-003
Folder Title:
Mexican Cultural Institute 5/5/92 [OA 7573] [2]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
22
5
2
APR-27-1992 10:13 FROM
TO
12024566218
P.09
10-12 SE
E-10-12(4)
/
1
Driving through South Central Los Angeles offers the common
sight of Mexican fruit vendors on numerous street corners; a
sight many people callously overlook. When I was younger, and
ignorance served as my excuse, I too was indifferent to such
"insignificant" sights. What did these strangers have in common
with me? Except for the fact that we were the same race, we had
nothing in common. as far as I was concerned. Yet as I matured
physically and internally, and was expected to apply to college,
I was faced with seriously questioning my destiny and purpose in
life. In this process, I had a crucial realization: How could' I
possibly know where I was headed if I did not have an apprecia-
tion for my roots and heritage? It was during this transition
that I began to view these fruit vendors as a reflection of my
self. and I could recognize the strength that empowered them to
defend what is theirs; this strength is scmething that I and
other Mexican-Americans possess. With this knowledge. I began to
metaphorically view Mexican people as the fruit itself, the very
fruit that they so desperately produce for survival. This led me
to understand Mexican people's ancestral fight for survival, and
I realized why General Zaragoza and his few Mexican troops fought
so fiercely against the French to defend their beloved soil.
On May 5, 1862, General Ignacio Zaragoza, along with only
2,000 Mexican troops, repulsed 6,000 invading French soldiers.
The French were looking to confiscate land from Mexico to settle
a debt. Though the Mexican people were aware of their small
numbers in comparison to the French, they did not relent. Though
APR-27-1992 10:13 FROM
TO
12024566218 P.10
E- 10-12-8
2
their chance for victory was slender, to surrender to the French
was unthinkable. Why? To understand this, one must first
understand the strong bond that Mexicans have maintained with the
land. For many generations, the land guaranteed survival. Not
only did the land produce the day's meal. it existed as a way for
many to earn wages and acquire other necessities. Mexican people
were in harmony with the land, and harmony meant survival; a
victory against the French in 1862 would undeniably and ultima-
tely determine their survival.
The celebration and significance of Cinco de Mayo, then,
extends far beyond the battle between French invaders and the
Mexican people. It is a symbol of the principles of freedom and
liberty, as well as the strength and tenacity of the Mexican
people. Though the victory of Cinco de Mayo occurred almost 129
years ago, it parallels the Mexican people's current fight for
survival. Ironically, the land continues to be a means of
survival for many Mexican-American families. Upon migrating to
the United States, many Mexicans are limited to agricultural jobs
because they lack skills for "high-status" jobs. Many of them
sell fruit on the street corners of the city to "make it."
Though most people will look down on their CHOICE, for Mexican
people, defeat is the barrier to overcome. and survival the goal
to reach.
My life can also be described as the long and difficult
process of cultivating fruit: I began like the tiny seed,
nurtured with close attention by my heritage: taken through the
APR-27-1992 10:14 FROM
TO
12024566218 P.11
E- 10- 12
(4)
3
long process of life; produced to derive my purpose and define my
existence. At times, I feel drained by societal pressures: yet
when confronted by hardship, I can now draw on the strength
inherent in my people and replenish my self. While I represent
both the American and Mexican cultures, I know that my proud,
ancestral heritage stems from Mexico. No one can ever influence
me otherwise as long as I know my history.
Cinco de Mayo has served as an inspiration for me. It has
instilled within me an external pride and appreciation for the
beauty of my people and the richness of my roots. Knowing my
-
history gives me power: it provides the knowledge that will serve
as my guide as I seek to determine my direction in life. Though
we did not win the war. the battle of Cinco de Mayo serves to
remind all people of the great strength and survival instinct of
Mexican people. This strength, I know, lives within me.
APR-27-1992 10:12 FROM
TO
12024566218
P.07
10-12E
ENG/10-12/4
" The Experience of Cinco de Mayo"
At six- thirty Saturday morning the neighborhood was silent and the only
noise that could be vividly heard was the crowing of two red- orange roosters
which walked across the wooden fence. As the sunrise rose over the small hen
house I could see my chubby grandfather's still shadow calmly walking towards
the house. As my grandfather glanced towards the kitchen doorway I loudly
called out "Abuelito your breakfast is ready." He entered and sat down to eat
his favorite meal Huevos con Chorizo, with warm tortillas, and automatically
began to grin. We both sat at the small table and ate our delicious breakfast. In
our conversing I mentioned to him, that I was going to go to the Los Angeles
County Art Museum, to work as a high school student guide for a new exhibit of
Chicano Art Works which represented different aspects of Mexican History and
viewed Chicano ideas. This is when he quickly invited himself telling me how
some of his friends had gone and said that it was a wonderful expression of art
work. very appropriate for the Cinco de Mayo festivities.
That day, the gallery was filled with people of all nationalities admiring
the creative portraits. As I turned to hear the curators comments I heard her
state,
This is the first time that the Los Angeles Museum of Art has held in their
possession so many styles of paintings, by SO many different Chicano Artists
from the United States. We are hoping to educate and teach the community of
the the roots of the Chicano people. For example, in this painting called " La
Batalla de Puebla" it is a collage of people who fought in the historical, bloody
battle of 1862. The victorious leaders, which were the skillful and gifted
APR-27-1992 10:12 FROM
TO
12024566218
P.08
ENG/10-12/4
Ignacio Zaragosa, along with President Benito Juarez, the spirit of México. For
those of you who are lost, Cinco de Mayo represents an enormous victory to the
Mexican people because they undertook the most vigorous of the French Army.
This triumphant conquest defended European invasion for all the Americas and
granted national freedom to México. The blood shed was immense and the
sacrifices were valiant. Although this heroic victory occurred a century ago
life's problems today are parallel to those of our forefathers. Through the
beauty of art. artists of today try to reflect the true outlook of the past, but also
include modern ideas and struggles that are presently occurring in our societies.
Some of which are education, unemployment, lack of political representation
and prejudices. Also, the problems of barrio warfare etc."
As I walked outside of the museum I could see my grandfather drinking
a hot cup of coffee and patiently admiring the serene view. He slowly turned
and looked at me with a prudent glance and said, "See how important your
Mexican History is. A person may deny their heritage, but in the realization of
our journey through life, our souls will retain our true identity which retains in
our blood, richness of our culture and remains in our family ancestry forever."
His words were so true, I turned and gave him a hug. That day I not only
learned about the meaning of Cinco de Mayo, but I was able to link myself to
something I could identify with. History, language and music are educational
remembrances that are reminders of our beauty and values that chain us to our
Raza.
10-12 SE
E- 12
D
1
Driving through South Central Los Angeles offers the common
sight of Mexican fruit vendors on numerous street corners; a
sight many people callously overlook. When I was younger, and
ignorance served as my excuse, I too was indifferent to such
"insignificant" sights. What did these strangers have in common
with me? Except for the fact that we were the same race, we had
nothing in common, as far as I was concerned. Yet as I matured
physically and internally, and was expected to apply to college,
I was faced with seriously questioning my destiny and purpose in
life. In this process, I had a crucial realization: How could' "I
possibly know where I was headed if I did not have an apprecia-
tion for my roots and heritage? It was during this transition
that I began to view these fruit vendors as a reflection of my
self, and I could recognize the strength that empowered them to
defend what is theirs; this strength is something that I and
other Mexican-Americans possess. With this knowledge, I began to
metaphorically view Mexican people as the fruit itself, the very
fruit that they so desperately produce for survival. This led me
to understand Mexican people's ancestral fight for survival, and
I realized why General Zaragoza and his few Mexican troops fought
so fiercely against the French to defend their beloved soil.
On May 5, 1862, General Ignacio Zaragoza, along with only
2,000 Mexican troops, repulsed 6,000 invading French soldiers.
The French were looking to confiscate land from Mexico to settle
a debt. Though the Mexican people were aware of their small
numbers in comparison to the French, they did not relent. Though
E- 10-12-19
2
their chance for victory was slender, to surrender to the French
was unthinkable. Why? To understand this, one must first
understand the strong bond that Mexicans have maintained with the
land. For many generations, the land guaranteed survival. Not
only did the land produce the day's meal, it existed as a way for
many to earn wages and acquire other necessities. Mexican people
were in harmony with the land, and harmony meant survival; a
victory against the French in 1862 would undeniably and ultima-
tely determine their survival.
The celebration and significance of Cinco de Mayo, then,
extends far beyond the battle between French invaders and the
Mexican people. It is a symbol of the principles of freedom and
liberty, as well as the strength and tenacity of the Mexican
people. Though the victory of Cinco de Mayo occurred almost 129
years ago, it parallels the Mexican people's current fight for
survival. Ironically, the land continues to be a means of
survival for many Mexican-American families. Upon migrating to
the United States, many Mexicans are limited to agricultural jobs
because they lack skills for "high-status" jobs. Many of them
sell fruit on the street corners of the city to "make it.'
Though most people will look down on their CHOICE, for Mexican
people, defeat is the barrier to overcome, and survival the goal
to reach.
My life can also be described as the long and difficult
process of cultivating fruit: I began like the tiny seed,
nurtured with close attention by my heritage; taken through the
E- 10-12
(4)
3
long process of life; produced to derive my purpose and define my
existence. At times, I feel drained by societal pressures; yet
when confronted by hardship, I can now draw on the strength
inherent in my people and replenish my self. While I represent
both the American and Mexican cultures, I know that my proud,
ancestral heritage stems from Mexico. No one can ever influence
me otherwise as long as I know my history.
Cinco de Mayo has served as an inspiration for me. It has
instilled within me an external pride and appreciation for the
beauty of my people and the richness of my roots. Knowing my
history gives me power; it provides the knowledge that will serve
as my guide as I seek to determine my direction in life. Though
we did not win the war, the battle of Cinco de Mayo serves to
remind all people of the great strength and survival instinct of
Mexican people. This strength, I know, lives within me.
EMG/10-12/5
B
IV
10-12
After Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, life for the "common"
mexicano' did not improve for the better. Soon came along a leader for the people,
Benito Juarez. The aristocrats and the national military, on the other hand, wanted
a stop to Juarez's too liberal reforms and decided that a monarchy, such as in Europe,
would settle Mexico's rebellious spirit. Napoleon III of France promptly agreed
and decided to send trooops to help the conservatives set up Mexico as an empire.
The cofident new rulers, Maximilian and his wife, Carlotta expected an easy victory.
Instead the troops, tunder Juarez defeated the strangers at the town of Puebla on
May 5, 1862, otherwise known to millions around the world as the popular Cinco de
Mayo.
The whole concept behind Cinco de Mayo is not just to have another holiday,
to have a "happy fiesta", and completely forget about the true significance of
the day. Instead the significance of Cinco de Mayo is the representation of the power
of any people to stop the-oppression of their "unalienable rights", the power that we as
Mexican-Americans and Mexicans have to defeat, any obstacles which might interfere with
our goals, and the chance for us, of Mexican descent, to. "show off" our Mexican culture
by celebrating with a fiesta. These three concepts are the true significance of
Cinco de Mayo:
When the French troops landed on Veracruz and slowly marched to the city of
Puebla, they expected an easy battle. Instead the brave and loyal Mexican troops
kept on fighting and amazingly won the battle, a magnificent victory against imperial-
ism. This is a. perfect example of how people, no matter how small or weak, can defeat
anyone if determined and willing to win. This especially applies to any group of
people around the world, who are faced with the choice of either oppression or
freedom. This is one of the true significance of Cinco de Mayo; the representation
of the power of the peoplet to injustice.
Another of the significances of Cinco de Mayo is also is the power that we,
as Mexican-Americans and Mexicans, have to defeat any barrier. If we would have the
Page I
ENG/10-12/5
will and determination that those brave troops had on May 5, 1862, there would be no
obsticle that would be impossible to defeat. The power that Cinco de Mayo represents
is the power in all of us to defeat any barrier.
Perhaps the most obvious significance of the whole concept behind Cinco de Mayo
is the chance for us Mexican-Americans or chicanos , to the true Mexican in all of us.
It also offers the opportunity for the other many races found in the United States
to enjoy of our beautiful culture and its customs. For example, on Cinco de Mayo,
L
every year, here in Los Angeles, traditional flokorico dances are performed and the
great tasting Mexican food is also offered. While "the typical Mexican-American"
feels equally loyal to both the United States and Mexico, Cinco de Mayo provides the
opportunity, for at least one day, to feel a proud "Mexicano". That is one of the
:
true significances of Cinco de Mayo.
"
Many people, when asked the question, What is the significance of Cinco de
11
Mayo? are completely confused, including us Mexican-Americans and Mexicans. Cinco
de Mayo is not just another excuse for a fiesta, but to inform the people of some
important things. For example, the power of anyone to stop the cruel and unjust force
of authority, the power for us people1 of Mexican descentato excel , and the oppor-
tunity for us Mexican-Americans to indulge in our culture. These three concepts
are the true significance of the day known to millions as simply as, Cinco de Mayo.
Page 2
ENG/10-12/2
E 12
4
The Significance of Cinco de Mayo
"Poor Mexico, so far from God and so close to the United
States."
This quote attributed to Porfirio Diaz is prophetic
from a historical perspective and ironic from a modern one.
The history of the Mexico-United States relationship is one
tarnished with much resentment and perceived injustice,
evidenced by a bloody war and an ensuing territorial
struggle. For many Mexican-Americans today, the struggle,
albeit a psychological one, persists.
One way that many immigrants to this country allay the
emptiness they feel is by taking pride in the culture and
history of their native countries. In the Mexican-American
community, the most obvious example of this practice is the
celebration of the Cinco de Mayo holiday. Perhaps when a
young Mexican-American boy or his elderly grandmother step
to the native dances and sample the native food of their
ancestors, they feel an indescribable connection to the
Mexican village from which they came. Most inspiring of
all, however, must be when young and old recall the
courageous exploits of Porfirio Diaz at the Battle of
Puebla.
This is why the sentiment he expresses is so ironic.
By leading the repulsion of the French army at Puebla on May
5, 1862, he paradoxically provided a solution for the
problem he described. Not only do the annual festivities of
ENG/10-12/2
Cinco de Mayo help soothe the hurt within for many Mexican-
Americans, but they also promote mutual understanding and
respect between the people of the two countries.
It is unfortunate that some Mexican-Americans are not
treated properly in this country. Aside from the obvious
implications, it is most unfortunate because the
perpetrators of this bigotry are truly missing out on
something wonderful. At a time of economic crisis, it is
quite easy to give in to xenophobia by blaming a country's
problems on its newest immigrants. Perhaps for this reason,
it is most important for native Americans to learn the
enlightening lessons of Cinco de Mayo.
This suggestion is one of many that are easier said
than done. For native Mexicans and Mexican-Americans, the
lessons are inculcated from childhood and the culture is
part of their souls. For native Americans, it might take a
bit more cultural insight than that which is present in the
history books. If this could be accomplished, if much-
needed reform could be implemented in the school curriculum,
if somehow Mexican-Americans and native Americans alike
could find a common source of inspiration, the distasteful
feeling that Porfirio Diaz affirms might forever be placed
in a historical context. Perhaps he already unknowingly
placed it there himself.
E 10-12 E
ENG/10-12/1.
5
The Significance of Cinco de Mayo
Freedom. Unity. Pride. Self-determination. These are the
ideals that the Battle of Puebla aroused in the Mexican people.
For almost four centuries, beginning at the time of Columbus, the
Mexicans had been continually conquered, colonized, dominated,
exploited, and invaded by foreign powers. At last, in 1862, the
people of Mexico decided to defend their territory and their
freedom against their oppressors. This valiant struggle of the
Mexican people for their freedom began on the fifth of May,
better known as El Cinco de Mayo.
Unable to govern itself, Mexico suffered in the hands of
dictatorships, and as a result, was unable to protect its
territories or pay its debts. Even under self-government,
Mexican President Benito Juarez was forced to stop payment on
foreign debts for two years. To carry out a settlement, England,
France, and Spain sent their fleets to Vera Cruz. It was
negotiated to give Mexico a period of grace for the payment of
its debts. Satisfied with this preliminary agreement, Britain
and Spain withdrew from Vera Cruz. However, the French, under
the orders of Napoleon III, refused to leave and began a war to
conquer Mexico.
In addition to the 3,000 French soldiers already in Mexico,
Napoleon dispatched 3,000 more well-trained, heavily-armed
troops. General de Lorencez, the commander of all these troops,
was so confident of their victory over a poor, disorganized
country, that he wrote to Paris on April 26, 1862 saying, "We
have such an enormous superiority over the Mexicans in point of
ENG/10-12/1
discipline, organization, and morale, that I beg you will assure
the Emperor that at the head of six thousand men I would
undertake to become complete master of Mexico.'
Mexican President Benito Juarez sent General Ignacio
Zaragoza and an army of 2,000 soldiers to the city of Puebla to
stop the French invasion. The Mexican force was made up, mainly,
of untrained local "indios" who were armed only with machetes.
The first confrontation of the two forces was on April 28th
at the town of Acultzingo. Heavily outnumbered, the Mexican army
was forced to retreat to the outskirts of Puebla. General de
Lorencez occupied Acultzingo and established his camp there.
From there, he planned to take the town of Puebla.
The French troops tried to enter the town through the
passage of "La Cumbres," but it was heavily guarded by the
Mexicans; the buildings inside the city were armed by civilian
volunteers, prepared for a resistance against the French forces.
The 29th and the 30th of April passed and neither the French nor
the Mexicans gained any advantage.
Puebla was attacked on May 5, 1862. Fighting began around
noon and ended before it became dark. The French forces were
badly beaten and were, eventually, forced to retreat to the east
coast to wait for reinforcements from France. The French
sustained an estimated 500 casualties, while the Mexicans lost
only 227 of their soldiers.
Although the Battle of Puebla was a small victory over the
French, it had significant results on the Mexican people. It
filled them with the self-assurance, determination, and strength
ENF/10-12/1
that was necessary to win the war in 1867. The Battle of Puebla
also helped to bring the Mexicans together after a civil war; the
love for their country united them to fight for it. The fact
that the world knew Mexico was not going to be pushed around was
important, but it was not the reason why Cinco de Mayo is
significant. It is the unity, national pride, and self-
determination of the Mexican people to fight for their freedom
that are the significant aspects of El Cinco de Mayo.
ENG/7-9/2
E 7-9
2 +
It was Cinco de Mayo, 1985, I was Six years
old and this was the first year I remember
ever celebrating this day. It was very warm
and sort of breezy and we were going to my
favorite spot in Los Angeles, Olvera St. I was
feeling very excited because of the festivities that
were waiting for me, I put on my favorite dress
that my grandma brought me from Mexico. I.Z. had
white Zace with colorful flower disigns. Somehow
just wearing it made me feel proud to be a
Mexican
When we arrived I heard Singing, guitars,
and trumpets. There was a Large enthusiastic
crowd of people circled around the mariachis. that
were dressed Like charros, It made me feel Like
dancing! There were art and crafts, mexican candies,
and pastries, and sidewalk restaurants. There were
folkzoric dancers with pretty ruffled dresses with
carnations in their hair. I was happy to be a part
of all this but I was touyoung Zo understand
what we were really celebrating.
It was Cinco de Mayo, 1862, and a very long
time before I was born, when the battle of
Puebla took place. The victorious Mexican army
took it's first step down the road to freedom,
ENG/7-9/2
But before this, in the 1800's Mexico found
itself under Spanish rule. Then the people of
Mexico rebelled and formed their own government
Europe waited for this government to fall. Some
nation; Zent Mexico money hoping to collect much
more in return Mexico was heavily in debt
with Spain, England, and France, When Mexico decided
on a two year break from making their paments,
Spain and England threatened to invade, France
saw this as an opportunity to expand its empire
under the rule of Napoleon III, In 1862 the
French army went into Puebla from Veracruz with
the hope of taking over its capital. But the
Mexican people wer ready for this. Ignacio
Zaragoza, the youngest general in Mexico, took
his troops to the hills and waited for the enemy.
When the French army arrived, the Mexican army
took them by surprise and many of the French were
Killed, Mexico had was their first battle with the
French
Now I'm older and I understand the meaning
of this holiday. It gives me great pride to
celebrate this day because my ancestors were
courageous enough to fight for what they believed in.
I hope to be just as brave as they were.
aty 2
ENE/7,9/3
"The Significance of Cinco de Mayo"
E 7-9
immortalized the Mexican Army and
The baTTLe of Cinco de Mayo
many other people. On this date a
historic battle was fought that would
Mexico. This battle also revolutionized
revolutionize the way people thought of
the way Mexican people lived.
On May 5, 1862 in the city of Puebla,
Mexico, the Mexican Army fought the
The sluggish and weary Mexican soldiers
French Army in a very gruelling combaT,
were skeptical because they did not
believe they were able To defeat the
French. On the other hand, the French
Army was very optimistic and ready to
go into the battle head on, Both armies
lost a lot of men as a result of the
war, but They were also led by efficient
men, The French being led by Count Lorene
and Mexico by General Ignacio Zaragozia.
In the end, the Mexican Army defected
the French Army, This was an amazing
victory because Mexico was outnumbered
6,000 men to 2,000 men, As a result
of this war, Mexico gained a lot of
respect, and since then no other foreign
power has tried to invade Mexico
Cinco de Mayo is celebrated everywhere
each year. Not only mexicans and Mexican
Americans, but many other facial cultures
recognize this as a significant day in
ENO/7-9/3
history. Each year on May 5, people
celebrate this event with big festivals
and gatherings. People gather in large
crowds to watch The performers, The
dancers dress in brightly colored clothes
and put on a breathtaking show.
I believe that knowing abouT your
country's history is imporTanT and
essential. You have to have a knowledge
and understanding of what your
ancestors went through and how they
lived. Even more so, it is important to
know what they did and achieved to
provide you with what you have today.
Significant events in history like
Cinco de Mayo should be recognized and
celebrated because they are a true
and firm sign of one's heritage your
heritage is something to be proud of
because it reminds you of who you are
and where you came from,
ENG/7-9/5
7-9E 9
3
The Significance of Cinco de Mayo
In a small town in Mexico a band of people came together
to defeat the French army. That day in Puebla, Mexico is
the greatest example of people overcoming obstacles and gaining
their freedom that we can heed today. Everybody can learn
from this almost fairy - tak like episode.
Cinco de Mayo celebrates a large victory in Mexico's fight
for freedom. The hispanic community in United States celebrates
Cinco de Mayo in a big way. There are parades and parties to
celebrate not so much the actual event, but the hispanic culture
as a whole. Their rich culture really reigns supreme on this
fifth of May.
The importance of the event is more than just a few men
defeating an army. It shows that the human spicit is the
greatest weapon of them all, and when used correctly can defeat
any oppresser. People can also see that the fight for freedom
is a quest that can be won, if the people want it badly enough.
This event shows that unity can accomplish great things. IP
people band together they can do anything. Cinco de Mayo
teaches us a lesson in human nature that is more valuable
than any money, diamond, or chunk of gold you can find-
it tells you that the impossible can be achieved and never
to give up on something you believe strongly about. A thing is
only impossible if you think it can't be done.
It is really a shame that we only set aside one day to
1
celebrate the rich hispanic culture. Cinco de Mayo gives
us an excuse to learn about other customs and cultures,
which is something the world really needs. Cinco de Mayo
however is not just an event that occured in Mexico one
hundred years ago it is a testimony to the human spirit and
it hungers for freedom. Many people celebrate Cinco de Mayo,
it's too bad they don't know it's true significance.
end
APR-27-1992 10:09 FROM
TO
12024566218
P.02
ENG/7-9/4
= E 7-9
41
The Significance of Cinco de Mayo
Cinco De Mayo is a day that celebrates
a great Mexican victory over the French at a
battle on May 5, 1862 at the city of Puebla.
Although this holiday is very famous, its real
significance is not always known. The battle
celebrated by Cinco de Mayo was a major victory
against the French, a factor in the Civil War and
a great ego booster for Mexico.
First of all, this victory against the
French may have given Mexico a chance or
break that enabled it to eventually drive off the
French army. The victory on that fifth of May in
1862 greatly surprised foreign countries because
of the French army's reputation. Although the
French eventually conquered Mexico City, that
time spent sending rein forcements made a
difference. During this time, the Civil War was
raging in the United States Since the French
had to de lay help to the Confederacy to deal
with Mexico, the Union started to get an upper
hand.
Soon after, the Union won the Civil
War. Many Americans didn't like the idea of the
French Empire so close by and finally the
Secretary of State ordered Napoleon to get out
of Mexico, The French Emperor did out of fear
of war with the American Union. Without the
victory of Cinco de Mayo, much might have been
different.
In fact, if the French had won the
famous battle, even American history might have
CNG/7-9/4
been affected. Would the extra help from the
French cause the Confederacy to win the Civil War?
If so, the consequences would be tremendous. Our
way of life, values, and political place would be
different. It is difficult to imagine the world
with not one United States, but instead with a
Union and a Confederacy. Both countries might
even be taken over since they were less powerful
being separated than united. The possibilities are
endless.
There fore, if this battle had such an
effect on the United States, it must have had a great
on Mexico. Having Mexico stand up to the French
Empire could be compared to the American Revolution
Both times a smaller, weaker group holds its
ground against another empire considered much
more powerful. Mexico gained hope and confidence
from that battle that may have prevented them
from succuming to France. The soldiers fighting
for Mexico might have been a ffected by the glory
of the victory or might have used it as inspiration
when things looked down.
In conclusion, the battle cele brated
on Cinco de Mayo helped Mexico win independence,
affected American history and brought hope and
pride to Mexicans. Celebrating the deeds of our
ancestors helps us keep in touch with our history,
and reminds us of pass suffering and hardship that
brought about the comforts we have today. If
people stop celebrating holidays like Cinco de Mayo,
traditions and awareness of history would lost and
reduced + caragraph
ENG/7-9/4
in the history books. Hopefully, that doesn't
happen and Cinco de Mayo is celebrated for years
to come.
INTER-OFFICE CORRESPONDENCE
copy
Los ANGELES UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT
Date 4/27/90
TO:
William R. Anton
Deputy Superintendent
FROM:
Manuel N. Ponce, Director
Mexican American Education Commission
SUBJECT:
Cinco de Mayo Essay Contest
Thank you for accepting our invitation to be the guest speaker at the
Cinco de Mayo Essay Contest Awards Ceremony and Breakfast. The event
will take place Friday, May 4th at 9:00 a.m. at the Casa de Adobe,
Southwest Museum. Enclosed, please find a map and directions.
For your consideration, I have also included background information
and quotes, from the various student works, on the significance of
Cinco de Mayo. I hope this information is useful, as you prepare your
keynote speech.
Thank you again for your cooperation.
Should you have any questions, please contact me at (213) 625-6798.
MNP:acm
Enclosure
2G:3:2
The Significance of Cinco de Mayo
(student quotes)
English
Represents freedom, unity, and pride as well as preservation of culture and
tradition.
Bravery, love and bloodshed.
Time for remembering our roots, a time for being proud of our race; a time
for rejoicing in our victories and forgetting our defeats.
self-determination of the Mexican people to perish rather than to surrender
their land and liberty.
More than just a battle, it was a reminder of a significant turning point
in history. A reminder that we too are a free country. A reminder of our
pride, our Mexican pride.
To me and other Chicanos in the United States, Cinco de Mayo stands for more
than just a celebration. It is a day which we as Chicanos can celebrate our
heritage -- a heritage anyone would be proud of.
We must again and again declare a struggle against apathy and rouse ourselves
to action in order for improvement to occur.
Through the celebration of Cinco de Mayo, I truly realize the spirit and
meaning of a culturally diverse country.
Let us pay tribute to the unknown soldier. The soldier that dies to make
independence and liberty possible, that perished to uphold with their very
lives the ideals of freedom and happiness.
Spanish
todos encontramos una magnifica oportunidad para afianzar nuestros raices,
mediante esta celebracion.
significa una declaracion intrinsica del honor y orgullo que para mi repre-
senta el ser Mexicano.
significa para mi el respeto, la admiracion y el valor que tienen mis raices
Mexicanas de las cuales me siento orgulloso.
Querer es poder. Poder es querer.
La union hace la fuerza.
2G:3:3
Mariachi bands are a popular part of Cinco de
Mayo festivities.
CincodeMayo
BY ADAM GETTINGER-BRIZUELA
When Hispanics across the country
saw an opportunity to obtain a major
celebrate Cinco de Mayo, they're not
colony in this hemisphere. France's
honoring the anniversary of some long-
emperor, Napoleon III, nephew of Na-
ago independence, but the continuing
poleon Bonaparte, had grandiose illu-
life of a valiant spirit.
sions of establishing a vast Catholic
The Cinco de Mayo parade is a traditional
Although some may assume that
empire from Texas to Argentina under
part of festivities in San Diego's Old Town.
Cinco Mayo (May 5) is Mexican Inde-
French domination. The weakened,
pendence Day, counterpart to the
dismembered and disillusioned Mexico
Fourth of July, the date is actually re-
seemed a perfect place to begin. The
membered as a celebration of a Mexican
presidency of Benito Juarez, perhaps
victory against better-equipped French
Mexico's greatest leader, was barely a
invaders' first attempt to conquer Mex-
year old when the French made their
ico.
move.
The real Mexican Fourth of July, or
In early 1862, on the pretext that
Independence Day, is on September 16.
Juarez might renege on paying Mexico's
On that date in 1810, Mexicans pro-
European debts, French, English and
claimed their independence from Spain
Spanish troops occupied Veracruz.
and began a bloody, 11-year insurrec-
When the Spanish and British realized
tion to attain it. Since Spain was in a state
that the French were in fact occupying
of decline as a maritime superpower, the
Mexico by force of arms, they withdrew.
rebels succeeded and declared Mexico
After making some impossible finan-
an independent constitutional monar-
cial demands, the French launched an
chy in 1821.
invasion of Mexico City to install the
In 1848, after having been goaded
Austrian Hapsburg Archduke Maximil-
into war and decisively defeated by a
lian as "Emperor of Mexico." French
land-hungry United States, Mexico was
General Laurencez marched on the capi-
forced to cede half its territory, millions
tal with at least 6,000 well-trained, hand-
of square miles stretching from Califor-
somely-equipped cavalry and infantry-
nia to Texas and north to Colorado and
men.
Oregon. Weakened politically and eco-
On the road from Tehuacán to Mex-
nomically by this humiliating defeat,
ico City, he encountered on May 5, 1862,
Mexico wobbled through depression
(Cinco de Mayo), fewer than 4,000 ill-
and near-anarchy under a succession of
equipped and poorly-trained Mexican
presidents.
soldiers and townsfolk, commanded by
Los Voladores de Papantla. This spectacu-
Mexico's troubles were no secret in
a young general named Ignacio Zara-
lar Cinco de Mayo event on a 100-foot-pole is
Europe, and the French, in particular,
based on a 1,000-year-old Indian ritual of the
goza. Perhaps to show contempt for the
flying Indians of Vera Cruz.
12
PHOTOGRAPHY COURTESY OF THE SAN DIEGO CONVENTION AND VISITORS BUREAU.
HISPANIC.May 1989
defenders, Laurencez ordered a frontal
army of "Juaristas" loyal to the legiti-
attack on the best-fortified position,
mate president was attacking in several
After the first charge, 1,000 French sol-
areas.
diers lay dead on the Cerro de Guada-
The "Emperor," who had alienated
lupe.
the vast majority of Mexicans and tried
The French were neither prepared for
to force Mexico to become a European
such staunch resistance, nor did they
country with a wealthy, white elite, was
expect the entire civilian population of
deposed and arrested. He was tried and
Puebla descending upon them with 50-
found guilty of treason for having had
year old muskets, farm implements,
hundreds of Juaristas shot. Maximillian
machetes, even stones. Indeed ¡Hasta
was himself executed by a firing squad
con piedras!" ("Even with stones!") be-
Different equestrian groups participate in
on June 19, 1867.
came the battle cry at Puebla. Farmers,
the Cinco de Mayo parade.
Although the Battle of Puebla may
many of them Zacapoaxatla Indians,
submission within two months. The
seem insignificant in light of what hap-
stampeded their cattle onto the French
French punished the population cruelly
pened afterward, the 5th of May lives on
troops to create confusion and panic
and executed hundreds. Now the
in Mexican folklore as a day of triumph
their horses. The successful counterat-
French had gained the initiative. By
and ethnic pride. Throughout the cam-
tack by Zaragoza's forces and the Pobla-
June 10, 1863, French troops had
paign against Maximillian, as well as
nos drove the French back to the coast.
marched almost unopposed into Mexico
later, during the Revolution of 1910,
Zaragoza and the people of Puebla had
City and established military occupa-
Mexican partisans told and re-told the
handed the French Army its first defeat
non and martial law throughout the
tale of Puebla's heroic resistance to in-
anywhere in over 50 years.
central plateau. On March 12, 1864,
spire the masses.
The route of Laurencez' troops elec-
Maximillian was installed by Napoleon
The saga of Cinco de Mayo was
trified Mexico, shocked the European
III as "Emperor of Mexico."
burned into the Mexican consciousness,
nobility, and infuriated Napoleon III.
By the mid-1860s, France was suffer-
and flourishes today as a symbol of
Perceiving the honor of France to be at
ing major reverses in Europe. After
Mexican courage. H
stake, the emperor dispatched 28,000
Napoleon III withdrew most of his sup-
additional men to Mexico. On March 16,
port for Maximillian, the "Emperor of
Adam Gettinger-Brizuela is a fréelance
1863, General Foray laid siege to Puebla.
Mexico" found himself with a full-
writer in San Diego, CA.
The city was battered and starved into
fledged revolution on his hands. An
INTER-OFFICE CORRESPONDENCE
Los ANGELES UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT
TO:
William Anton, Superintendent
4/26/91
Date
Los Angeles Unified School District
Manuel N. Ponce, MY Director
FROM:
Mexican American Education Commission
SUBJECT:
CINCO DE MAYO ESSAY CONTEST AWARD CEREMONY
Thank you for accepting our invitation to do the welcome at the Tenth
Annual Cinco de Mayo Essay Contest.
The event will be held at Plaza de la Raza, 3540 N. Mission Road, Los
Angeles, CA. The program will begin at 10:30 a.m. at which time, you
will be asked to deliver the welcome.
Enclosed, you will find a copy of: 1) the Cinco de Mayo Essay Contest
Flyer; 2) an article on the Cinco de Mayo; 3) interesting facts about
the contest; and 4) quotes from selected essays. I hope that these
items will provide you with general background information about the
event.
We look forward to your participation at the event.
Should you have any questions, please contact me at (213) 625-6798.
MNP:mla
Enc. 4
5F:16:1
PLEASE
DECIMO CONCURSO ANUAL DE ENSAYO
SOBRE EL CINCO DE MAYO
El Instituto Cultural Mexicano de Los Angeles, la Comisión Educativa Mexicano Americana del Distrito
Escolar Unificado de Los Angeles (LAUSD) y Relaciones Cívicas y Comunitarias de la Universidad del Sur
de California (USC), con la colaboración de la Compañía Embotelladora Coca-Cola de Los Angeles,
natrocinan el décimo concurso anual sobre el tema:
"El Significado del Cinco de Mayo"
PREMIOS: Becas de $500.00 para cada uno de los ganadores del primer premio en las cuatro categorías.
Certificados de honor y libros para los veinte finalistas.
BASES DEL CONCURSO
1. Los concursantes deben estar matriculados en una escuela en el Condado de Los Angeles, del grado 7
al 12.
2. Hay cuatro categorías: grados 7-9, en inglés; grados 7-9 en español; grados 10-12, en inglés; y grados
10-12, en español.
3. Cada concursante podrá participar con un solo ensayo.
4. El participante debe ser el autor único de su ensayo. Los jueces prestarán particular atención a los
siguientes aspectos: originalidad; veracidad histórica; ortografía y gramática; y cuidadosa presentación.
5. La extensión del ensayo debe ser de 300 a 600 palabras.
5. Se podrá entregar el ensayo en letra de molde (papel blanco rayado, 8 1/2" por 11") o escrito a
máquina (doble espacio, papel blanco, 8 1/2" por 11").
7. En la primera página, el concursante debe escribir solamente los siguientes datos en letra de molde o a
máquina:
Su nombre completo (precedido por "Sr., Sra. o Srta.")
La dirección completa (número, calle, apartamento, ciudad, y código postal)
El número de teléfono con su área
El grado escolar (o año académico)
El nombre de la escuela
El nombre del maestro supervisor
El ensayo debe comenzar en la segunda página.
3. Se debe enviar una copia del ensayo al director del jurado:
Samuel Mark, Ph.D.
Civic and Community Relations
University of Southern California (USC)
835 West 34th Street, Suite 102
Los Angeles, CA 90089-0751
9. No se aceptarán ensayos después del 5 de abril.
0. No se devolverán los ensayos a los concursantes.
11. Los concursantes recibirán una carta con los resultados del concurso hacia el 5 de mayo.
desea más información, llame al (213) 740-5480 o al (213) 625-6798.
Se cuenta con el apoyo de la Compañía Embotelladora Coca-Cola de Los Angeles.
Coca-Cola
PLEASE POST
TENTH ANNUAL CINCO DE MAYO
ESSAY CONTEST
The Mexican Cultural Institute of Los Angeles, the Mexican-American Education Commission of the
Los Angeles Unified School District, and University of Southern California (USC) Civic and Community Re-
lations, with the support of the Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Los Angeles, sponsor the tenth annual essay
contest on the theme:
"The Significance of Cinco de Mayo"
AWARDS: $500.00 higher education scholarships for each of the first place winners in the four categories.
Honorary certificates and books for the twenty contest finalists.
CONTEST RULES
1. Contestants must be 7th to 12th grade students enrolled in a Los Angeles County school.
2. There are four categories: 7th-9th grade, in English; 7th-9th grade, in Spanish; 10th-12th grade, in
English; 10th-12th grade in Spanish.
3. Each contestant may submit only one essay.
4. The contestant must be the sole author of his/her essay. The judges will particularly look for
originality, historical accuracy, correct grammar and spelling, and neatness.
5. The essay must be from 300 to 600 words in length.
6. Essays must be legibly hand-printed (on 8 1/2" X 11" lined, white paper) or typed (double-spaced, on
plain white paper, 8 1/2" by 11").
7. On the top right-hand side of the first page, the contestant must print or type the following information:
Full name (preceded by "Mr., Miss, Ms. or Mrs.")
Complete mailing address (number, street, apartment, city, zip code)
Area code and telephone number
Year in school (grade level)
Name of school
Name of supervising teacher
The essay must begin on the second page.
8. One copy of the essay must be mailed to the Chair of the Panel of Judges:
Samuel Mark, Ph.D.
Civic and Community Relations
University of Southern California (USC)
835 West 34th Street, Suite 102
Los Angeles, CA 90089-0751
9. All essays must be received by April 5th.
10. The essays will not be returned to the contestants.
11. The contestants will be mailed the contest results around May 5th.
For additional information please call (213) 740-5480 or (213) 625-6798.
Program supported by the Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Los Angeles.
Coca-Cola
CINCO DE MAYO
A Celebration of Courage
Source: HISPANIC, by Adam Gettinger-Brizuela, May 1989.
When Latinos across the country celebrate Cinco de Mayo, they're not honoring
the anniversary of some long-ago independence, but the continuing life of a
valiant spirit.
Although some may assume that Cinco de Mayo (May 5) is Mexican Independence
Day, counterpart to the Fourth of July, the date is actually remembered as a
celebration of a Mexican victory against better-equipped French invaders'
first attempt to conquer Mexico.
The real Mexican Fourth of July, or Independence Day, is on September 16.
On that date in 1810, Mexicans proclaimed their independence. from Spain and
began a bloody, 11-year insurrection to attain it. Since Spain was in a
state of decline as a maritime superpower, the rebels succeeded and declared
Mexico an independent constitutional monarchy in 1821.
In 1848, after having been goaded into war and decisively defeated by a
land hungry United States, Mexico was forced to cede half its territory,
millions of square miles stretching from California to Texas and north to
Colorado and Oregon. Weakened politically and economically by this
humiliating defeat, Mexico wobbled through depression and near-anarchy under
a succession of presidents.
Mexico's troubles were no secret in Europe, and the French, in particular,
saw an opportunity to obtain a major colony in this hemisphere. France's
emperor, Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, had grandiose illusions
of establishing a vast Catholic empire from Texas to Argentina under French
domination. The weakened, dismembered and disillusioned Mexico seemed a
perfect place to begin. The presidency of Benito Juarez, perhaps Mexico's
greatest leader, was barely a year old when the French made their move.
In early 1862, on the pretext that Juarez might renege on paying Mexico's
European debts, French, English and Spanish troops occupied Veracruz. When
the Spanish and British realized that the French were in fact occupying Mexico
by force of arms, they withdrew.
After making some impossible financial demands, the French launched an
invasion on Mexico City to install the Austrian Hapsburg Archduke Maximillian
as "Emperor of Mexico." French General Laurencez marched on the capital with
at least 6,000 well-trained, handsomely-equipped cavalry and infantrymen.
On the road from Tehuacan to Mexico City, he encountered on May 5, 1862,
(Cinco de Mayo), fewer than 4,000 ill-equipped and poorly-trained Mexican
soldiers and townsfolk, commanded by a young general named Ignacio Zaragoza.
Perhaps to show contempt for the defenders, Laurencez ordered a frontal attack
on the best-fortified position. After the first charge, 1,000 French soldiers
lay dead on the Cerro de Guadalupe.
401:06-01
The French were neither prepared for such staunch resistance, nor did they
expect the entire civilian population of Puebla descending upon then with
50-year old muskets, farm implements, machetes, even stones. "¡Hasta con
piedras!" ("Even with stones!") became the battle cry at Puebla. Farmers,
many of them Zacapoaxatla Indians, stampeded their cattle onto the French
troops to create confusion and panic their horses. The successful
counterattack by Caragoza's forces and the Poblanos drove the French back to
the coast. Zaragoza and the people of Puebla had handed the French Army its
first defeat anywhere in over 50 years.
The route of Laurencez' troops electrified Mexico, shocked the European
nobility, and infuriated Napoleon III. Perceiving the honor of France to be
at stake, the emperor dispatched 28,000 additional men to Mexico. On March
16, 1863, General Foray laid siege to Puebla. The city was battered and
starved into submission within two months. The French punished the population
cruelly and executed hundreds. Now the French had gained the initiative.
By June 10, 1363, French troops had marched almost unopposed into Mexico City
and established military occupation and martial law throughout the central
plateau. On March 12, 1864, Maximillian was installed by Napoleon III as
"Emperor of Mexico."
By the mid-1860s, France was suffering major reverses in Europe. After
Napoleon III withdrew most of his support for Maximillian, the "Emperor of
Mexico" found himself with a full-fledged revolution on his hands. An army
of "Juaristas" loyal to the legitimate president was attacking in several
areas.
The "Emperor," who had alienated the vast majority of Mexicans and tried to
force Mexico to become a European country with a wealthy, white elite, was
deposed and arrested. He was tried and found guilty of treason for having
had hundreds of Juaristas shot. Maximillian was, himself executed by a firing
squad on June 19, 1867.
Although the Battle of Puebla may seem insignificant in light of what
happened afterward, the 5th of May lives on in Mexican folklore as a day of
triumph and ethnic pride. Throughout the campaign against Maximillian, as
well as later, during the Revolution of 1910, Mexican partisans told and
re-told the tale of Puebla's heroic resistance to inspire the masses.
The saga of Cinco de Mayo was burned into the Mexican consciousness, and
flourishes today as a symbol of Mexican courage.
NOTE: When we think of patriotic holidays of importance in Mexico, we should
remember that el 16 de septiembre, Independence Day, is the most important.
The second holiday of significance is November 20, in which the Revolution of
1910 is celebrated. Cinco de mayo is the third important holiday.
However, in the United States, el cinco de mayo has become a Chicano Latino
celebration of great significance.
JMA
FACT SHEET
CINCO DE MAYO ESSAY CONTEST 1991, 10TH YEAR
First Place Winners:
English 7-9, Maria Dolores Pineda, 8th grader,
Immaculate Heart of Mary School, Martin Saldivar (Instructor)
English 10-12, Veronica Espinoza, 12th grader,
Washington Preparatory School (Los Angeles),
vickie White (Instructor)
Spanish 7-9, Tannia Aurora Jauregui-Palma, 7th grader,
West Middle School (Downey), Cheryl M. Kennedy-Rice (Instructor)
Spanish 10-12, Rodolfo Carrillo, 12th grader,
Carson High School (Carson), Ursula Nikolau (Instructor)
Judges:
Virginia Hurtado, USC Electrical Engineering
Jorge Martinez, Los Angeles Unified School District
Manuel Ponce, Los Angeles Unified School District
Elsa Zamora, Los Angeles Unified School District
Samuel Mark, USC Civie and Community Relations, Chair
of the Panel of Judges
Entries:
387 entries from Los Angeles County public and private
schools
Awards:
$500 higher education scholarships for the four first
place winners, and books and certificates for the sixteen
finalists
QUOTES FROM SELECTED ESSAYS
1. "I felt like a failure, I wanted to quit, but I did not. I
had an inspiration, and it was the endurance and perseve-
ance of the Mexican people on May 5, 1862, or otherwise
known as Cinco de Mayo."
2. "...Cinco de Mayo should be an inspiration to every youth.
It assures youth that anything is possible if they just try
to achieve it. Cinco de Mayo showed that dreams do come
true."
3. "The celebration and significance of Cinco de Mayo, then,
extends far beyond the battle between French invaders and
the Mexican people. It is a symbol of the principle of
freedom and liberty, as well as the strength and tenacity
of Mexican people."
4. "Though the victory of Cinco de Mayo occurred almost 129
years ago, it parallels the Mexican people's current fight
for survival."
5. "...Luchemos por ser unicos, y no nos avergoncemos por ser
latinos, sino al contrario nos unamos por el mismo idioma y
logremos consolidarnos como comunidad hispana...."
6. "Los principios Juaristas pueden aplicarse como ejemplo
cotidiano para el joven que lucha por el progreso logrado a
traves de la educación."
5F:25:1
On this day in history (May 5)
CHECK BOTH BOOKS
Benito Juarez
1rst pres of Mexico (Encyclopedia
reference)
Any reference to Cinco de Mayo, Battle of Peubla in
1862
?.
Mexican proverbs -- copy as many as you find - (searching for them)
Quotes re Mexico, Benita Jaurez, Cinco de Mayo. ?
Biography on Benito Juarez (No References found.)
Lincoln encyclopedia -- Did Lincoln ever say anything nice
or quotable about Juarez or Mexico
US Casus Bureau (301) 763 - 7662
From Population Division
over the last decade number of
Hispanics in this country grew by
53%
From Education Branch of Population Division
In 1990, based on a sample Survey, there
were 748,000 Hispanics enoolled in
college in the US.
04/28/92
11:46
202 707 5400
LC/HISP
001/005
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20540
SHL00557
FACSIMILE TRANSMISSION
Tel: (202) 707-5400
Fax: (202) 707-2005
Date: April 28, 1992
To:
Michele Nix
The White House
Fax: 456-6218
From:
Juan Manuel Pérez, Ref. Librn., Hispanic Division
Message: Mexican proverbs and quotes from Benito Juárez. I am also including
a copy of two pages on Juárez from Donald C. Briggs and Marvin Aliski,
Historical Dictionary of Mexico (Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, 1981).
TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: 5
04/28/92 11:46
202 707 5400
LC/HISP
002/005
MEXICAN PROVERBS
1. -- Juntos lucharemos y venceremos
[United we will fight and win]
Source: Octavio A. Ballesteros, Mexican Proverbs: The
Philosophy, Wisdom and Humor of a People (Burnet, Texas: Eakin
Press, 1979), p.8
2. - La unidad hace la fuerza
[Unity is strength]
Source: Ibid., p.9
3. - Nada es imposible
[Nothing is impossible]
Source: Ibid., p.11
4.- - No hay peor lucha que la que no se hace
[There is no worse struggle than the one that is never
undertaken]
Source: Ibid., p.74
5. - Nadie sabe el bien que tiene hasta que lo ve perdido
[Nobody knows well the good he enjoys until he sees it lost]
Source: G. Gómez de Estavillo, Mexican proverbs (Mexico: 1948),
p.34.
04/28/92 11:46
202 707 5400
LC/HISP
5
003/005
QUOTES FROM BENITO JUAREZ*
1.- La instrucción es la primera base de prósperidad de un pueblo,
a la vez que el medio más seguro de hacer imposible los abusos del
poder.
[Education is the first step towards a nation's prosperity and, at
the same time, the best way to prevent abuses of power]
2.- Entre los individuos, como en las naciones, el respeto al
derecho ajeno es la paz.
[Among men, as among nations, respect for each other's rights means
peace]
3. - Deseo que se me juzgue por mis hechos y no por mis palabras.
[I wish to be judged by my deeds and not by my words]
4. - Democracia es el destino de la humanidad futura; la libertad su
indestructible arma.
[Democracy is the future destiny of humanity; freedom its strongest
weapon]
5. El pueblo, única fuente pura para el poder y la autoridad.
[The people [are] the purest source of power and authority]
6.- Como hijo del pueblo, nunca podría yo olvidar que mi único
título es su voluntad y que mi único fin debe ser siempre su mayor
bien y prosperidad.
[As the son of the people, I could never forget that my only title
is its wishes, and that my only goal should always be its well-
being and prosperity]
*Source: Pablo Prida Santacila, Así fué Juárez (México: Centro Mexicano de
Estudios Culturales, 1972)
004/005
Jiménez
124
125
Journalism
city of San Luis Potosí. He attained the rank of lleuten-
JOURNALISM. After Spanish printer Juan Pablos Installed DO
ant general, and one of his main contributions was super-
the first printing press in Mexico In 1534, books, pam-1
vision of the manufacture of large numbers of cannon for
phlets, and journals licensed by the government were
the revolutionaries. After Hidalgo was driven from
published. Weekly newspapers helped engender Mexico's
Guanajuato, Allende ordered Jiménez to begin Insurrec-
fight for Independence from Spain In 1810, In 1805 rap-
tlons in the north. His forces enjoyed success, taking
peared the first daily newspaper, El Diario de México,
Saltillo and what today is San Antonio, Texas. He was
edited and published by Carlos de Bustamante, In 1978,
explured at Acatita de Bajan In Coahulla and executed by
the republic had 240 daily newspapers. But provincial
a firing squad on July 20, 1811.
papers have grown slowly because Mexlco City dailies
circulate nationally among government and clvici leaders.
JIMENEZ, MIGUEL BERNAL. 1010-1956. Composer of the
The three largest metropolitan areas surrounding Mexico
symphonic suite Michoacan (1940) and Noche on Morelia
City, Guadalajara, and Monterrey have 60 percent of the
(1941). He also composed the historical opera Tata
total daily newspaper circulation. The remainder of Mex-
Vasco (1941), based on the life of Vasco de Quiroga.
leo, with 00 percent of the population, has 40 percent of
the circulation. Daily radio broadcasting In Mexico began
JIMENEZ CANTU, JORGE. Born In 1914 in Mexlco City.
in July 1923 at a station Inter called XEB. On August
A medical degree from the National Autonomous Univer-
31, 1960, Channel 4 or station XHTV. began Latin: Ameri-
alty (UNAM). Governor of the state of Mêxico 1975-81.
ca's first dally television broadcasting. Today privately-
Head of the National Commission for School Construction
owned and governmont-owned radio and television stations
LC/HISP
during the 1050's. As general manager of the Basic
and networks blanket the republic. Whereas less than one
Commodities Corporation (CONASUPO), he directed nu-
fifth of Mexico's adults buy or read daily newspapers,
merous government programs for rural improvements In
better than 95 percent of all Mexicans obtain their daily
crop marketing 1904-69. As Minister of Health and Wel-
news from radio.
fare, 1970-70, be promoted family planning in provincial
cities and towns.
JUAREZ, BENITO PABLO. 1806-1872. Born In San Pablo
Guelatao, Опхаса, he was PL pure-biooded Zapotec Indian
JIQUILPAN. A tiny village In western Michoacan and the birth
and 18 regarded by many as Mexico's, greatest statesman
place of General LAzaro Cardonas.
and politician. He lost both of his parents when he) was
three and for many years afterwards he was cared for by
JOHN PAUL II. Pope John Paul II became the first hand of
his uncle. At the ago of 12 he was still Illiterate and
202 707 5400
the Catholic Church ever to visit Mexico, for six days
had yet to learn Spanish, but due to the efforts of a kind-
during January 26-31, 1070. Ife opened the third Latin
ly Franciscan he showed outstanding scholastle aptitude
America Conference of Bishops in Puebla. The Polish
and quickly made up for past deficiencies. For a while
cardinal who became Pope In 1978 challenged decades of
he planned to enter the priesthood, but finally decided
anti-clerical tradition to amellorate Charch-State relations,
against It, becoming a lawyer and entering public life.
Cross and crown had been entwined in the colonial orn
He had a long and distinguished careor, culminating
and the hterarchy had been foes of social reform before
in the Laws of the Reform and the presidency of Mexico
the Revolution started In 1010, The Pope visited the
in 1858. Judrez was forced to leave Mexico City by Max-
shrine of the Virgin of Guadalupe, Mexico's patron saint,
Imilian and the Invasion of French-led forces. After his
11:47
and Mexleo City, Monterrey, Guadalajara, and Oaxaca
victory over Maximilian he was again elected president
City.
in 1067, a position he held until his death in 1872.
Among his many reforms was the establishment of civil
JONGUITUD, CARLOS. A leader In the Institutional Revolu-
registry, a drastic limiting of the power of the Roman,
tiomary Party (PRI) since the 1960's, a former Senator
Catholic Church, nationalization of cemeteries and the
04/28/92
from the state of México, who since 1976 has been In the
changing of marriage into a clvll contract. His fondest
presidential cabinet as director of the Institute of Social
ideal was that people should be governed by laws and not
Security for Government Workers (ISSSTE).
by the whims of men, The most famous phrase attributed
005/005
Juárez
126
127
noin Kinship
to him is the following: "El respeto al derecho ajeno es
classes, both urban and rural, extending from- baptism to
la paz y la democracia es primero" ("Respect for the
confirmation to weddings, ceremonles for a new home or
rights of others is the basis of peace, and democracy le
business, funerals, birthdays, and most other social
foremost"). He practiced honesty in government and al-
events.
ways Insisted on it in others, but his respect for the
democratic process sometimes took on an exaggerated
KUKULCAN. The Maya name Kukulean is the same as the
form, considering the evolutionary state of democracy In
Aztec Quetzalcoatl, meaning serpent god with feathers of
Mexico at that time. There were times when he would
the quetzal bird. Both Mayas and Aztecs believed him
allow the legislature long periods of debate over issues
to be the god of the morning and evening stars.
which he should have insisted be resolved in much less
time. Mexico holds him In the highest esteem and has
bestowed upon him the very prestigious title of "Benemé-
- L -
rito de las Americas (Hero of the Americas).
LA ANGOSTURA, BATTLE OF 800 BUENA VISTA, BATTLE
JUZGADO GENERAL DE INDIOS. A special court established
OF
In 1673 and designed to ald Indians. The latter could ap-
pear before the court and denounce abuses committed
LA MALINCHE 800 MALINCHE, LA
against them by Spanlards and others In authority. The
Juzgado is a good example of sincere efforts on the part
LABASTIDA, JAIME. Born in 1030 In Los Mochis, Sinaloa,
of the Spanish Crown to eliminate exploitation of its Indian
He studied philosophy at the National University, then be-
LC/HISP
subjects.
came a writer for the Revista Mexicana do Literatura,
Revolución, and most other leading Mexlcan magazines.
In addition to being a leading short story writer and :08-
- K and
anylet, he la a noted poet since the 1960 publicationiof
La espiga amontinada, a volume of his poems.
K. This letter le not In the Spanish alphabet but Is employed
in transliterations or transcriptions of Maya, Aztec, and
LABOR MINISTRY. The Secretaría de Trabajo y Previsión
other Indian words and In foreign words and foreign prop-
Social or Ministry of Labor and Social Needs had its be-
or names. Usually words beginning with a "K" sound can
gloning ne the Department of Labor within the Ministry.
be found In Spanish under the letter "Q" as In "que" and
of Development and Industry of the first Revolutionary
"qui" prefixes.
government In 1911. Not until 1932 did It gain its auton-
6202 707 5400
omy and not until 1940 did It adopt its current name. clit,
KINO, EUSEBIO. A Jesult from Spain, Father Kino founded
enforces the federal labor code, all federal; state, and
settlements, churches, and missions In the state of Son-
local labor laws, and overseas labor-management rola-
ora from 1687 until 1700, He also founded the Mission
tiona, It administers Federal Conelliation and Arbitration
San Xavier del Bac south of Tueson in 1700, then part
Boards, the National Commission for Minimum Wages,
of Sonora in colonial Mexico. He Is buried at the princi-
and the National Profit-Sharing Commission.
pal church in the city of Magdalona In northern Sonora.
LABOR UNION PLURALISM. In Mexico, the hundreds of A.C
KINSHIP. Among Indian groups and rural and small-town
untons federate within a pluralistic system. There is a
mestizo aocleties, klaship plays a vital social and politi-
federation for federal government workers unions and one
04/28/92 11:48
cal role In Mexico. Elaborate distinctions are made for
for state and municipal government workers unions, In
first, second, and more remote cousins and for paternal
the private sector, a majority of the labor unions belong
and maternal In-laws. Godparents nt christenings become
to the Mexican Federation of Labor (CTM), but some be-
unofficial members of the children's families and lifelong
long to the Revolutionary Workers Federation (CROC),
associates of the parents. The institution of godparent-
some to the Regional Federation (CROM), and some are
hood, the padrino system, functions among all social
autonomous, as the National Federation of Sugar Cane
04/27/92
21:04
7033585962
ARL CO VA LIBR
001/007
ARLINGTON COUNTY, VIRGINIA
STATE
DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARIES
CENTRAL LIBRARY
IIIIII
1015 N. QUINCY STREET
ARLINGTON. VIRGINIA 22201
(703) 358-5990
CHARLES M BROWN
DIRECTOR OF LIBRARIES
DATE 4-27-92
NUMBER OF PAGES
7
(including cover sheet)
TO Michelle Nix
FAX NUMBER 202-456-6218
voice 202-456-7750
FROM Central Reference /NC
FAX NUMBER 703-358-5962
VOICE MAIL
NUMBER 703-358-5990 /Reference Lesk
is you requested:
Merican national anthem
and title page of book
it Comes from
asairport. of paid we'rem are panding
because pasing
Sent but was firt
of Fransma of sur me
OF DIRECTOR : COURTHOUSE PLAZA. SUITE 402. 2'00 CLARENDON BOULEVARD ARLINGTON. VIRGINIA 22201. 703:
04/27/92 21:04
7033585962
ARL CO VA LIBR
002/007
NATIONAL ANTHEMS
of the
WORLD
Edited by
MARTIN SHAW, HENRY COLEMAN
and T. M. CARTLEDGE
77-2 995
CANADA
DISTARY
ARCO PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. IN :.
New York
1976
04/27/92 21:04
7033585962
ARL CO VA LIBR
003/007
MEXICO
281
Wer is by
FRANCISCO GONZALEZ BOCANEGRA
1824-1861
Music by
JAIME NUNO
Translated by
1424-1908)
Miss B. ROMERO
Versified by
E HALES
Marziale
/CHORUS
Pi
1. Me
xi
ca
nos
al gri
to
de
gue
TTG
E1
1. Mex - i cans, when the trum
pet
is
call
ing C isp year
3
P/
roap
res-ted
yel
bri
dón
in
re
sword and your har
ness
as
sem
ble.
the
tiem
bleen
sus cen
tros
la
tie
Fra,
11
so
with
theirthun
der
ap - pal
ling
Mike the
for performed 16th September, 1854. at the National Thestre in Mexico
writing. Later the postn, Set to Nund's music was selected throu h
competition.
eds : : pyright J.B.Cramer 4 Ca Co.Ltd.
Fine
WAST
01
$3011
op-unof
deep
Earth's
non.
T:
1°F
1:8 nd
as
ou
and
E
09
the
Make
ling
[%d
de
der
.
theirthun
with
suns
os
10
011
3:1
of
5017
uas sms
usala
tiem
-
a
127
019
E
01 suo:1
foun-da
deep
- 22
surrey
A
'uy
to
17F
13.8-ns
04
ou
282
L00/$00
ARL CO VA LIBR
*7033585962
04/27/92 21:05
04/27/92 21:05
7033585962
ARL CO VA LIBR
005/007
283
VERSE
78
Ci-RaiOh pa trial tus sie
nes deo
ii
De
la
et the
May the an gel di vine.
0 dear Home
Crow:
thr
*
el at can
gel
di
of
Ousen el
yw
with the o
live
bran
of
F.-
thy
so
the
10
tue
ter
no
des
ti
no
Por el
ti
ny,
traced
by
God's own bund
In th
10 le Dios
sees CTI bió
Mas
vens, shall e
ver
in
(Teas
€
Fine
dier
[0s
Thy
'punoj
29
one thy sol . dier shall
105
40
our
at
of
?4 up . 00 us op - oF -
AB
thee,
1181
you
thy sons shall
Coun . try,
03
"n
01
- "
15anb
10P . 11 - and
0111 - od
4
4
L
ep
thyground, Know,
fane
old
foot
1451 05 - u!
DS - used
01
ans
nj
DI
plan
ns
uos
102 -
4
4
L
L
29
9
MA puv
thee,
1!"s se
20]
proud the
19A
2
°4d
of
1121 - su
you
011-x2
unes
us
284
L00/900
1
ARL CO VA LIBR
#7033585962
21:06 04/27/92
04/27/92
21:07
7033585962
ARL CO VA LIBR
007/007
285
D.C.
- da . doen
CA
da
hi
jo
te
dió.
id
ev
'ry
one
shall
be
found.
D.C.
NO
b
2. ¡Patria! ¡Patria! Tus hijos tejuran
Exhalar en tus aras $11 aliento,
Si el clarin, con su bélico acento,
Los convoca a lidiar con valor.
¡Para ti las guirnaldas de olioal
¡Un recuerdo para ellos de glorial
¡Un laurel para ti de victorial
¡Un sepularo para ellos de honor!
CORO: Mexicanos, etc.
2. Blessed Homeland, thy children have vowed them
If the bugle to battle should call,
They will fight with the last breath allowed them
Till on thy loved altars they fall.
Let the garland of olive thine be;
Unto them be deathless fame;
Let the laurel of victory be assigned thee,
Enough for them the tomb's honoured name.
CHORUS: Mexicans, etc.
04/27/92 20:27
6703 385 6977
FX REG LIBRARY
001/006
Fairfax
County
Public
TELEFÁCSIMILE COVER SHEET
Library
DATE:
4/27/92
TO: Michelle Nix
202-
FAX NUMBER: 456-6218 TELEPHONE NUMBER: 202-456-6218
MATERIAL SENT: National Anthem of Mexico
FROM:
BRANCH: Fairfax City Regional TELEPHONE NUMBER: (703) 246-2741
ADDITIONAL MESSAGE:
OPERATOR'S INITIALS: Rjm
NO. OF PAGES INCLUDING THIS COVER: 6
DATE AND TIME: 4/27/92
8:10
THIS MATERIAL MAY BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW, TITLE 17, U.S. CODE
04/27/92 20:27
703 385 6977
FX REG LIBRARY
002/006
312
MEXICO
Music by
Words by
FRANCISCO GONZALEZ BOCANEGRA (1824-1861)
JAIME NUNÓ (1824-1908)
no
Marziale ( d . 76)
CHORUS
Me , xi - ca - nos al gri - to de guer
ra
El
a
-
3
tie:
ce - rea - pre-stad yel bri - dón.
Y
re .
n
tiem - bleen 5145 cen tros la tier - ra,
Al
so
Poem first performed 16 September. 1854, at the National Theatre, to a different setting. Later the poem,
set to Nunó's music, was selected through a government competition.
English words copyright J.B. Cramer & Co. Ltd.
003/006
04/27/92 20:28
6703 385 6977
FX REG LIBRARY
'ШЭО
3NLF
6
CG - ñón.
1ap
138 78.4
- os
02
ou
ENIS
s
- - at
- os
1V
ra,
- 4923
v1
50.17 - use 5725 45319 - were
- 0
$
-2.1 A
'ugu - 00
up
198-ne
of
-
ou
824-1908)
EIE
04/27/92 20:28 703 385 6977
FX REG LIBRARY
1004/006
314
P
1. Ci-na/Oh pa . tria! tus sie - nes deo - li -
va
De
la
F
paz el ar - cán gel di - wi
no,
Queen el
cie - lo the - ter
no des - ti
no
Por el
de
do de Dios sees . cri - bió.
Mas sig-
315
Pro a fa.
Pien - sa salOh
Un sol-
.
04/27/92
105
4
7
20,
4
to
to
7
80
be
Un
20:28 6703 385
.
7
7
6977
4
reun ex. tra - noe - ne - mi
ex-tra
con 516 plan - ta the sue
que_el cie
que - ri - da!
do_en hi - jo te di6,
FX REG LIBRARY
L
sa
pa - tria
do
da - en ca - da
nar
005/006
8 la
12 1
el
sio -
04/27/92 20:29
703 385 6977
FX REG LIBRARY
1
006/006
316
D.C. al Fine
da . doen
ca
da
hi
jo
te
dió.
Words by
D.C. al Fine
THEOPHI
.2. /Patria! / Patria! Tus hijos te juran
Exhalar en tus aras su aliento,
Si el clarín, con su bélico acento,
Los convoca a lidiar con valor,
/Para n las guirnaldas de olival
/ Un recuerdo para ellos de gloria!
1Un laurel para tl de victorial
1Un sepulero para ellos de honor!
CHORUS
Translation by B. Romero. English versification by J.E. Hales
CHORUS
Mexicans, when the trumpet is calling,
Grasp your sword and your harness assemble,
Let the guns with their thunder appalling
Make the earth's deep foundations to tremble.
}
(twice)
1.
May the angel divine, o dear Homeland,
Crown thy brow with the olive branch of peace;
For thy destiny traced by God's own hand
In the heavens, shall ever increase.
But should ever the proud foe assail thee,
And with Insolent foot profane thy ground,
Know, dear Country, thy sons shall not fail thee,
Ev'ry one thy soldier shall be found,
Thy soldier ev'ry one shall be found.
CHORUS
2.
Blessed Homeland, thy children have Vowed them
If the bugle to battle should call,
They will fight with the last breath allowed them
Till on thy loved altars they fall.
Let the garland of olive thine be;
Unto them be deathless fame;
Let the laurel of victory be assigned thee,
Enough for them the tomb's honoured name.
CHORUS
Performe
words as
Lincoin, Abraham, Pres. U.S., 1809-1565.
t: THE
LINCOLN
ENCYCLOPEDIA
THE SPOKEN AND WRITTEN WORDS OF
A.Lincoln
ARRANGED FOR READY REFERENCE
COMPILED AND EDITED BY
ARCHER H. SHAW
With an Introduction by David C. Mearns
Assistant Librarian, Library of Congress
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY : NEW YORK
1950
Mexico
206
The Lincoln En
the field itself greatly and permanently injured.
4.-I beg you to believe we do not act in
It is a fact that when the Mexicans captured Capt.
disregarding merit.-To Gen. Sherman, Jul
Thornton and his command, they found and captured
X, 175.
them within another Mexican field.-To Rev. J. M.
Military Arm, hopes not to use-It is not
Peck, May 21, 1848. II, 25.
pleasure that I contemplate the possibili
Mexico, "disorganized"-See SLAVERY, no compromise
necessity may arise in this country for the
on, 9.
military arm.-Speech, Pennsylvania Legisle
22, 1861. VI, 164.
Mexico, good wishes toward-You have hitherto re-
sided with us.
You know how sincerely and how
Military Arrests-See WAR POWER, use of,
5, 7.
profoundly during that residence the United States
desired that Mexico might always enjoy the blessings
"Military Coat-Tails"-The gentleman fro:
of domestic and foreign peace with perfect security,
further says we [Whigs] have deserted all
prosperity, independence and freedom.
I have
ciples, and taken shelter under Gen. Ta
the pleasure of assuring you that in all things, as
tary coat-tails, and he seems to think this
well affecting your country as yourself personally,
ingly degrading. Well, as his faith is, so
these feelings remain unchanged.-To Ambassador
him. But can he remember no other milita
Romero, Oct. 29, 1863. Hertz II, 915.
under which a certain other party has been
for more than a quarter of a century? I
Mexico, nation of "mongrels"-I understand that
acquaintance with the ample military coat-t
there is not more than one person there [in Mexico]
Jackson? Does he not know that his own
out of eight who is a pure white, and I suppose from
run the last five presidential races under
the judge's [Douglas's] previous declaration that when
tail? And that they are now running the S
we get Mexico, or any considerable portion of it, he
the same cover? Yes, sir, that coat-tail wa
will be in favor of these mongrels settling the ques-
only for Gen. Jackson himself, but has bee
tion [of slavery], which would bring him somewhat
with the grip of death, by every Democrati
into collision with his horror of an inferior race.—
since. You have never ventured, and dar
Debate, Galesburg, Oct. 1, 1858. IV, 292.
venture, from under it.-Speech in Congre
See TERRITORY, grab for new, feared, 1.
1848. II, 72.
2.-Old horses and military coat-tails, or t
Mexico, slavery abolished by-See TEXAS, By what
sort, are not figures of speech such as I WO
right a slave state?
first to introduce into discussions here;
gentleman from Georgia has seen fit to
Military Appointments, merit controls—I have
them, he and you are welcome to all you 1
scarcely appointed a Democrat to a [military] com-
or can make by them. If you have any
mand, who was not urged by many Republicans and
horses, trot them out; any more tails, just
opposed by none.
But, after all, many Repub-
and come to us.-Speech in Congress, Jul
licans were appointed; and I mean no disparage-
II, 73.
ment to them when I say I do not see that their
superiority of success has been so marked as to throw
Military Courts (for collection of debts
great suspicion on the good faith of those who are
surgents), recommendation for, resisted-
not Republicans.-To Gen. Schurz, Nov. 10, 1862.
no courts nor officers to whom the citizer
Stern, 734.
states may apply for the enforcement of t
2.-I cannot even conjecture what junior of yours
claims against citizens of the insurgent
you suppose I contemplate promoting over you. True,
there is a vast amount of debt constit
seniority has not been my rule in this connection;
claims. Some have estimated it as high as $2
but in considering military merit, the world has
due in large part from insurgents in ope
abundant evidence that I disregard politics.-To
to loyal citizens who are even now making
Col. W. R. Morrison, Nov. 5, 1862. VIII, 72.
rifices in the discharge of the patriotic d
3.-If a brigade was promised him [Charles Wiegand]
port the government.
I have been u
by the War Department, I know nothing of it; and
licited to establish by military power CO.
not knowing whether he is fit for any place, I could
minister summary justice in such cases. I
not with propriety recommend him for any.-Mem-
far declined it, not because I had any dou
orandum, March 24, 1863. VIII, 231.
end proposed-the collection of the debts
E300
4
L5
THRE
t;
THE COLLECTED WORKS OF
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN ASSOCIATION
SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS
VI
ROY P. BASLER, EDITOR
MARION DOLORES PRATT AND LLOYD A. DUNLAP
ASSISTANT EDITORS
RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS
NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY
1953
OCTOBER 29, 1863
1 NH, IX, 190-91. This letter like the preceding one to Grimes, supra, is
ferred,
written on a printed copy of the act, the verso of which contains the form for
certification. On November 4 Hamlin acknowledged receipt of Lincoln's letter
the good
and promised to act on the suggestion made (DLC-Nicolay Papers).
of assur
yourself
you for
To George G. Meade¹
States, a
Major General Meade
Executive Mansion,
your Gc
Army of Potomac
Washington, Oct. 29, 1863.
that I b
I see in a newspaper that you have recently approved sentences
1 New
of death for desertion, of Thomas Sands, James Haley, H. H.
by Rome
and mini
Williams, Mathias Brown, alias Albert Brown, H. C. Beardsley,
and George F. Perkins. Several of these are persons in behalf of
whom appeals have been made to me. Please send me a short state-
ment of each one of the cases, stating the age of each, so far as you
can.?
Hon. Z.
A. LINCOLN
My dea
1 ALS, IHi. See Lincoln to Meade, October 15, supra. Meade replied at 9:40
There
P.M., "Your telegram is received. The sentence to be shot to death in the cases
clude in
of private James Haley 116 Penna & Private H. C. Beardsly 5th Michigan was
ordered to be carried into execution on the sixteenth (16) inst & they were, ac-
tives, W
REFERENCE CENTER
cordingly shot on that day. The records of courts in these cases together with
which t
the order of promulgation was forwarded to the Judge Advocate General on
ernor h
the 23d. The record of the court in the case of private Thomas Sands 118th
Penna was forwarded for your orders on the thirteenth (13) that in the cases
bring the
of Sergeant H H Williams 11th. Penna & private Mathias Brown alias Albert
and the
Brown 90th Penna was forwarded for your orders on the twenty fifth (25). No
or set of
communication was received from you in relation to Haley and Beardsley.
Nothing is known here in relation to Geo. T. Perkins & no order has been is-
half of 1
sued from these Head Quarters to carry out the sentence of a court in his case."
that you
(DLC-RTL).
Of the men named, rosters show Thomas Sands wounded at Dabney's Mills,
with yc
Virginia, on February 6, 1865, but "not accounted for" thereafter, and James
might St
Haley, executed on October 16, 1863; Henry H. Williams' and Albert (Mathias)
selves n
Brown's sentences were commuted to imprisonment in Dry Tortugas by AGO,
Special Orders No. 166, May 3, 1864. Henry C. Beardsley and George T.
1 ALS,
Perkins do not appear in the records, but William Pitt Fessenden wrote Lincoln
and Ham
on October 26, enclosing appeals in Perkins' behalf (DLC-RTL).
verso of
Novembe
out for fc
to the C
Reply to Matias Romero¹
certificat
more is ]
October 29, 1863
Mr. ROMERO: You have hitherto resided with us, and for a con-
siderable period have been the chief diplomatic representative of-
your country at this Capital. You know how sincerely and how pro-
foundly during that residence the United States desired that Mex-
Hon. Ja
ico might always enjoy the blessings of domestic and foreign peace
My I
with perfect security, prosperity, independence and freedom. You
intende
know also that, during the previous residence to which I have re-
proper
[548]
63
OCTOBER 30, 1863
one to Grimes, supra, is
ferred, you enjoyed the respect and esteem of this Government and
hich contains the form for
receipt of Lincoln's letter
the good-will of the people of the United States. I have the pleasure
Nicolay Papers).
of assuring you that in all things, as well affecting your country as
yourself personally, these feelings remain unchanged. Thanking
you for the liberal sentiments you have expressed for the United
de1
States, and congratulating you upon the renewed confidence which
Executive Mansion,
your Government has reposed in you, it is with unaffected pleasure
gton, Oct. 29, 1863.
that I bid you welcome to Washington.
ly approved sentences
1 New York Times, October 30, 1863. Lincoln replied to a brief speech made
James Haley, H. H.
by Romero upon being presented by Secretary Seward as envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary of Mexico.
wn, H. C. Beardsley,
persons in behalf of
send me a short state-
To Zachariah Chandler¹
of each, so far as you
Hon. Z. Chandler
Executive Mansion
A. LINCOLN
My dear Sir
Washington D.C. Oct. 30. 1863.
ra. Meade replied at 9:40
There is danger that the above act of congress, intended to ex-
shot to death in the cases
clude improper applicants from seats in the House of Representa-
eardsly 5th Michigan was
16) inst & they were, ac-
tives, will be used to exclude proper ones. Your State is one upon
these cases together with
which the attempt will probably be made if upon any. If the Gov-
dge Advocate General on
ernor has already made out the ordinary certificates, let the M.C's
vate Thomas Sands 118th
th (13) that in the cases
bring them along. In addition, I suggest that you, Senator Howard,
athias Brown alias Albert
and the Governor, have a consultation, and that another certificate
the twenty fifth (25). No
or set of certificates be made out according to the form on the other
to Haley and Beardsley.
& no order has been is-
half of this sheet, and still another, if you gentlemen can frame one
ce of a court in his case."
that you shall think will give additional security, and bring them
with you to be used, if needed. Let it be quietly done. Publicity
unded at Dabney's Mills,
r" thereafter, and James
might stir up the danger we wish to guard against. The M.C's them-
ms' and Albert (Mathias)
selves need not to know it Yours truly
A. LINCOLN
n Dry Tortugas by AGO,
Beardsley and George T.
1 ALS, DLC-Chandler Papers. This letter like the preceding ones to Grimes
Fessenden wrote Lincoln
and Hamlin on October 29, supra, is written on a printed copy of the act, the
DLC-RTL).
verso of which contains the form for certification. Senator Chandler replied on
November 13 that "the Governor has directed triplicate certificates to be made
out for for [sic] each of our members of Congress, one to be sent immediately
to the Clerk of the HR & the others to be retained by the Members all the
ero¹
certificates to be made in accordance with our own State Law. If any thing
more is required please advise me.
(DLC-RTL).
October 29, 1863
ith us, and for a con-
atic representative of
To Jacob Collamer¹
ncerely and how pro-
Executive Mansion
tes desired that Mex-
Hon. Jacob Collamer.
Washington, D.C., Oct. 30, 1863.
tic and foreign peace
My Dear Sir:-There is danger that the above Act of Congress,
ce and freedom. You
intended to exclude improper members, will be used to exclude
to which I have re-
proper ones. May I ask that you, Senator Foot and your Governor
[549]
35th YEAR OF PUBLIC. ATION
THE DAY-BY-DAY DIRECTORY TO
More than 10,000 entries
National and regional festivals
Celebrity birthdays
Now Including
Holidays and holy days
Event Sponsors'
Special events
Phone Numbers
Historic birth and death dates
Ethnic celebrations
Astronomical phenomena
Presidential proclamations
Entertainment awards
State-by-state index
Chase's Annual Events
May
ie-building contests, hoagie-eating contests, celeb-
WADE-DAVIS RECONSTRUCTION BILLS PASSES THE
naking, festivals at Hog Island, Hoagie samples and
HOUSE: ANNIVERSARY. May 4. Over the objections of
rom: Wawa, Inc, Lori Bruce, Red Roof, Baltimore
President Lincoln, the House of Representatives passed the
PA 19063.
Wade-Davis Reconstruction bill on May 4, 1864. The bill con-
NURSES WEEK. May 4-11. A week to honor the
tained stiff punitive measures against the South that if put into
rts of nurses everywhere on behalf of the sick and
law would have destroyed Lincoln's more moderate reconstruc-
0 from: Amer Nurses Assn, 2420 Pershing Rd, Kan-
tion aims. The bill was also adamantly opposed by Radical
O 64108. Phone: (816) 474-5720.
Republicans, led by Thaddeus Stevens for whom it was insuffi-
ciently severe in its treatment of the Southern rebels. Lincoln
PLASTICS DAY. May 4. Cobo Hall, Detroit, MI.
eventually killed the bill by using the pocket veto.
njunction with the Society of Plastics Engineers'
hnical Conference (ANTEC) to promote national
ZAMBIA: LABOR DAY. May 4. Dedicated to "Freedom and
of the significant benefits this diverse family of mate-
Labor," the motto of Zambia's only political party, UNIP. A day
to all facets of society. SPE celebrates its 50th
of mobilization for maximum productivity. Annually, the first
in 1992. Sponsor: James P. Toner, Society of Plas-
Monday in May.
ers, 14 Fairfield Dr, "Brookfield, CT 06804-0403.
) 775-0471.
WEATHER OBSERVER'S DAY. May 4. For
le, amateurs and professionals alike, who love to
veryday phenomenon known as weather. Sponsor:
1e, 157 Charles St, Montgomery, NY 12549.
HIP RENEWAL DAY. May 4. To salute and
committed couples who value change and accep-
context of an ongoing relationship. Celebrants will
e the challenges and changes met in the past year
ch other well-deserved congratulations. Annually,
nday in May. Sponsor: Peter M. Rosenzweig, PhD,
er, Nondisposable Relationships, 713 Golf Mill Pro-
dg, Niles, IL 60648. Phone: (708) 297-5750.
AND INDEPENDENCE DAY. May 4. Rhode Is-
ned allegiance to Great Britain on this day, 1776.
TERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S FESTIVAL.
eattle Center Urban Park, Seattle, WA. Performing
nies from around the world will perform for young
All disciplines encompassed, including music, dance,
edy, clowning, puppetry, mime, acrobatics, juggling
Info from: Mary Machala, Promotions Dir, Seattle
en's Festival, 305 Harrison, Seattle, WA 98109.
) 684-7346.
STONE: ATLANTIS (US). May 4. First Ameri-
ary expedition in 11 years. Space shuttle was
ay 4, 1989. Atlantis was on 65th orbit when it landed
9. Accomplished major objective of deploying the
pacecraft on its way to Venus to map the planet's
BIRTHDAYS TODAY
J SCHOOL LIBRARIAN DAY. May 4. Recog-
Nickolas Ashford, 50, singer, songwriter, born at Fairfield, SC,
ique contribution made by school librarians who are
May 4, 1942.
eople extraordinaire, supporting the myriad educa-
Howard Da Silva, 83, actor, born at Cleveland, OH, May 4,
of faculty, staff, students and parents all year long!
1909.
ers to all the public, private and parochial school
Maynard Ferguson, 64, musician, born at Verdun, Quebec,
S whose true love of reading and lifelong learning
Canada, May 4, 1928.
great role models for kids of all ages. To help cele-
Audrey Hepburn, 63, actress, born at Brussels, Belgium, May 4,
your school librarian to lunch, donate a book in his/
1929.
0 the library, tell your librarian what a difference he/
Jackie Jackson (Sigmund Esco Jackson), 41, singer, born
de in your life. Sponsor: "Carpe Libris" (Seize the
at Gary, IN, May 4, 1951.
osely knit group of underappreciated librarians,
Roberta Peters, 62, singer, born at New York, NY, May 4, 1930.
se, Organizer, PO Box 1285, Tucson, AZ 85702-
Randy Travis, 33, country western musician, born at Marshville,
e: (602) 798-2827.
NC, May 4, 1959.
IA GARDINER: BIRTH ANNIVERSARY. May
George F. Will, 51, editor, columnist, born at Champaign, IL,
May 4, 1941.
vife of John Tyler, 10th president of the US, born at
Tammy Wynette (Virginia Wynette Pugh), 50, singer, ac-
sland, NY, May 4, 1820. Died July 10, 1889.
tress, born at Red Bay, MS, May 4, 1942.
GDOM: MAY DAY BANK HOLIDAY. May 4.
ublic holiday in England, Wales, Scotland and North-
MAY 5 - TUESDAY
; CLAY COURTS OF CHARLOTTE TENNIS
126th Day - Remaining, 240
MENT. May 4-10. Charlotte, NC. This tournament,
BASEBALL'S FIRST PERFECT GAME: ANNIVERSARY.
IBM/ATP tour, is one of 79 leading to a year-end
May 5. On May 5, 1904, Denton T. "Cy" Young pitched base-
ship. Info from: Art Culbertson, Old Providence
ball's first perfect game, not allowing a single opposing player to
b, PO Box 220808, Charlotte, NC 28226. Phone:
reach first base. Young's performance led the Boston Ameri-
317.
cans in a 3-0 victory over Philadephia in the American League.
147
May
Chase's Annual Events
1992
BATTLE OF THE WILDERNESS: ANNIVERSARY. May 5.
the fame of this "wonder girl of the air," who became a legend
The Battle of the Wilderness began on May 5, 1864, and was the
in her own lifetime. Amy Johnson, working as an air ferry pilot
first major encounter between opposing troops under Robert E.
during World War II, was lost over the Thames Estuary in 1941.
Lee and Ulysses S. Grant. So named for the area of dense
KOREA: CHILDREN'S DAY. May 5. A time for families to take
forest and underbrush of northern Virginia where the battle
their children on excursions. The various parks and children's
occured, the fighting was especially fierce with opposing armies
centers throughout the country are packed with excited and
often fighting at point-blank range as the battle lines became
colorfully dressed children. A national holiday since 1975.
obscured in the smoke-filled forest. Both sides suffered heavy
MEXICO: CINCO DE MAYO. May 5. Mexican national holiday
casualties totaling more than 24,000, and after the fighting had
ceased on the second day, more than 200 wounded Federal
recognizing anniversary of Battle of Puebla, May 5, 1862, in
troops were trapped and killed by the flames of fires started by
which Mexican troops under General Ignacio Zaragoza, out-
numbered three to one, defeated invading French forces of
the battle.
Napoleon III. Anniversary is observed by Mexicans everywhere
with parades, festivals, dances and speeches.
NETHERLANDS: LIBERATION DAY. May 5. Marks libera-
tion of the Netherlands from Nazi Germany, May 5, 1945.
NORTH CAROLINA STATE PRIMARY ELECTION. May
5. Date was tentative at presstime. Info from: Republican Natl
Committee, 310 First St SE, Washington, DC 20003. Telephone:
(202) 863-8500. Info also from: Office of the Secretary, Demo-
cratic Natl Committee, 430 S Captiol St, Washington, DC
20003. Phone: (202) 863-8000.
OHIO STATE PRIMARY ELECTION. May 5. Dates were
tentative at presstime. Info from: Republican Natl Committee,
310 First St SE, Washington, DC 20003. Telephone: (202) 863-
8500. Info also from: Office of the Secretary, Democratic Natl
BLY, NELLY: 125TH BIRTH ANNIVERSARY. May 5. Nelly
Committee, 430 S Capitol St, Washington, DC 20003. Phone:
Bly, American journalist and fighter for women's rights, whose
(202) 863-8000.
real name was Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman, was born at Arm-
strong County, PA, May 5, 1867. Her career is said to have
SPACE MILESTONE: FREEDOM 7 (US). May 5. First US
started as result of her heated response to newspaper article
astronaut, second man in space, Alan Shepard, Jr, projected
entitled "What Girls Are Good For." Called "the best reporter
115 miles into space in suborbital flight reaching a speed of
in America," she courageously wrote on then-dangerous sub-
more than 5,000 miles per hour, May 5, 1961.
jects of divorce, insanity, mashers, factory conditions, poverty,
THAILAND: CORONATION DAY: ANNIVERSARY. May
capital punishment, etc. Died of pneumonia, at New York, NY,
5. Thailand.
Jan 27, 1922. Marker placed on her grave 56 years later, June
22, 1978.
BIRTHDAYS TODAY
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA PRIMARY ELECTION. May 5.
Pat Carroll, 65, actress, born at Shreveport, LA, May 5, 1927.
Date was tentative at presstime. Info from: Republican Natl
Alice Faye (Ann Leppert), 77, actress, born at New York, NY,
Committee, 310 First St SE, Washington, DC 20003. Telephone:
May 5, 1915.
(202) 863-8500. Info also from: Office of the Secretary, Demo-
Michael Palin, 49, actor, comedian, born at Sheffield, Yorkshire,
cratic Natl Committee, 430 S Capitol St, Washington, DC
England, May 5, 1943.
20003. Phone: (202) 863-8000.
Roger Rees, 48, actor, born at Aberystwyth, Wales, May 5, 1944.
HALFWAY POINT OF SPRING. May 5. At 1:01 AM, EST, on
Tina Yothers, 19, actress, born at Whittier, CA, May 5, 1973.
May 5, 1992, 45 days, 21 hours and 13-minutes of spring will
have elapsed, and the equivalent will remain before June 20,
10:14 PM, EST, which is the summer solstice and the beginning of
summer.
INDIANA STATE PRIMARY ELECTION. May 5. Date was
MAY 6 - WEDNESDAY
tentative at presstime. Info from: Republican Natl Committee,
127th Day - Remaining, 239
310 First St SE, Washington, DC 20003. Telephone: (202) 863-
8500. Info also from: Office of the Secretary, Democratic Natl
BABE RUTH'S FIRST MAJOR LEAGUE HOME RUN:
Committee, 430 S Capitol St, Washington, DC 20003. Phone:
ANNIVERSARY. May 6. On May 6, 1915, George Herman
(202) 863-8000.
"Babe" Ruth, of the Boston Red Sox, hit his first major league
home run in a game against the New York Yankees in New
JAPAN: CHILDREN'S DAY. May 5. National holiday. Ob-
York.
served on the fifth day of the fifth month each year.
BONNIE BLUE NATIONAL HORSE SHOW. May 6-9. Vir-
JOHNSON, AMY: FLIGHT ANNIVERSARY. May 5. On
ginia Horse Center, Lexington, VA. Major all-breed event, "A"
May 5, 1930, Yorkshire-born Amy Johnson began the first suc-
rated show of the American Horse Show Association. Info from:
cessful solo flight by a woman from England to Australia. Leav-
Lexington Visitors Bureau, 102 E Washington St, Lexington, VA
ing Croydon Airport in a de Havilland D.H. 60 Gypsy Moth
24450. Phone: (703) 463-3777.
named Jason, she flew 9,960 miles to Port Darwin, Australia,
arriving May 28. The song "Amy, Wonderful Amy" celebrated
EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA SEAFOOD FESTIVAL.
May 6. Tom's Cove Campground, Chincoteague, VA. Clams
and oysters raw, steamed and frittered; fish sandwiches; hush
puppies, cole slaw and french fried sweet potatoes. All you can
S
M
T
W
T
F
S
eat. Tickets advance sale only. Annually, the first Wednesday in
1
2
May
May. Info from: Eastern Shore of Virginia Chamber of Com-
3
4
5
6
7.
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
merce, PO Box R, Melfa, VA 23410. Phone: (804) 787-2460.
1992
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
27
29
30
GREAT LAKES AWARENESS DAY. May 6. To focus regional
26
28
31
attention on environmental issues concerning the Great Lakes.
Scheduled concurrently with National Drinking Water Week
Ref.
ISSN 1045-2621
DIP
G34
1990
WH
Holidays and
Anniversaries
of the World
A Comprehensive Catalogue Containing Detailed Information
on Every Month and Day of the Year, with Coverage of 23,000 Holidays,
Anniversaries, Fasts and Feasts, Holy Days, Days of the Saints, the Blesseds,
and Other Days of Heortological Significance, Birthdays of the Famous,
Important Dates in History, and Special Events and Their Sponsors
SECOND EDITION
Jennifer Mossman, Editor
Gale Research Inc.
DETROIT
NEW YORK
FORT LAUDERDALE
LONDON
Holidays
Iran
Jerusalem Day
A day set aside for protesting
the annexation of Jerusalem by
Israel.
Japan
Children's Day or Kodomo-No-
May 5
Hi
A day set aside to honor all
children of the country and to
wish them happiness.
(Continues. .)
Birthdates
1282
Juan Manuel, Infante de Castile, Spanish
1883
Archibald Percival Wavell, 1st Earl
soldier, statesman, writer; his writings pro-
Wavell, British Army field marshal during
vided models for the works of Chaucer,
World War II. [d. May 24, 1950]
Boccaccio, and Lope de Vega. [d. c. 1349]
1897
Jacob Shapiro (Jake Gurrah), U.S. mob-
1809
Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard, U.S.
ster. [d. June 9, 1947]
educator; established Barnard College
1899
Freeman Gosden, U.S. radio comedian;
for Women, thus extending Columbia
played Amos in Amos 'n' Andy radio show.
University's educational opportunities to
[d. December 10, 1982]
women. [d. April 27, 1889]
1903
James Beard, U.S. cooking authority, cook-
1813
Sören Kierkegaard, Danish philosopher,
book author. [d. January 23, 1985]
theologian; called the Father of Existential-
ism. [d. November 11, 1855)
Sally Stanford (Marcia Busby), U.S. politi-
cian; ran San Francisco brothel; Mayor of
1818
Karl Marx, German social philosopher;
Sausalito, California, 1976-78. [d. February 2,
chief theorist of modern socialism and
1982]
communism. [d. March 14, 1883]
Hubert Howe Bancroft, U.S. historian; di-
1906
1832
Mary Astor (Lucille Langehanke), U.S. act-
rected the creation of Western American
ress. [d. September 24, 1977]
Historical Series, a 39-volume history of
1908
Rex Harrison (Reginald Carey), British
the American West. [d. March 2, 1918]
stage and film actor.
1846
Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish novelist,
1913
Tyrone (Edmund) Power, U.S. actor. [d.
short-story writer; Nobel Prize in literature,
November 15, 1958]
1905. [d. November 15, 1916]
1915
Alice Faye (Ann Leppert), U.S. actress,
1852
Pietro Gasparri, Italian cardinal; Papal
singer.
Secretary of State, 1914-34. [d. November
18, 1934]
Richard H(alworth) Rovere, U.S. journal-
ist, author; best known for the commentar-
1867
Nellie Bly (Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman),
ies he contributed to the New Yorker called
U.S. journalist; well known for her unor-
"Letter from Washington," 1948-79. [d. No-
thodox and aggressive journalistic proce-
vember 23, 1979]
dures. [d. January 27, 1922]
1916
1882
Sir Douglas Mawson, Australian explorer
Giani Zail Singh, Indian statesman; Presi-
of Antarctica; made some of most impor-
dent, 1982-88.
tant discoveries regarding that region in
1921
Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S. physicist; Nobel
the early twentieth century. [d. October 14,
Prize in physics for his work in spectros-
1958]
copy (with Nicolaas Bloembergen), 1981.
(Continues. .)
343
Mexico
Puebla Battle Day or Cinco de
Mayo
Commemorates defeat of
T
Napoleon III's forces, 1867.
S
The
Liberation Day
S
Netherlands
Commemorates the liberation
S
from German occupation, 1945.
a
May 5
Continued
South Korea
Children's Day
S
Thailand
Coronation Day
Celebrates the coronation of
King Bhumibol Adulyades, the
titular head of state, 1946.
1925
Leo Joseph Ryan, U.S. politician; Con-
1860
Giuseppe Garibaldi and his thousand
gressman, 1973-78; murdered by a member
Redshirts sail from Genoa to Sicily (Italian
of Jim Jones' Peoples Temple. [d. November
Revolution).
19, 1978]
1867
Mexican army, led by Gen. Ignacio Zara-
1927
Pat(ricia Ann Angela Bridgit) Carroll, U.S.
goza, defeats a large French force near
actress, comedian; Tony Award for Catch a
Puebla, Mexico.
1
Star, 1955; Emmy Award for Caesar's Hour,
1893
Stocks on New York Stock Exchange
1956-57.
drop sharply, setting off Panic of 1893.
1941
Jane Ellen Brody, U.S. author, journalist;
1904
Cy Young of Boston Americans Baseball
wrote Jane Brody's Nutrition Book, 1981.
Team becomes first major league pitcher
1943
Michael Palin, British actor, author; mem-
to pitch a perfect game.
1
ber of Monty Python's Flying Circus comedy
1930
Mahatma Gandhi is arrested by the Brit-
group.
ish for violating India's salt-tax law in his
1962
civil disobedience campaign.
Patrick Aloysius Ewing, U.S. basketball
1936
player; highest paid National Basketball
Italy captures Addis Ababa, ending Ethio-
Association rookie in history.
pian resistance.
I
1941
1973
Tina Yothers, U.S. actress; known for her
Isaias Medina Angarita is inaugurated as
role as Jennifer Keaton on television series,
president of Venezuela.
Family Ties, 1982-89.
1945
Nazi occupation of Denmark ends (World
War II).
Historical Events
A Japanese balloon bomb lands in Lake-
view, Oregon, killing six people. They
1292
Adolf, Count of Nassau, is elected King of
represent the first recorded casualties
Germany.
resulting from an enemy attack on the U.S.
1645
Charles I surrenders to Scottish army at
mainland. (World War II)
Newark (English Civil War).
Poet Ezra Pound is charged with treason
1705
for making broadcasts on behalf of the
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I dies and
is succeeded by Josef I.
Italian Facist regime (World War II).
1950
Gwendolyn Brooks becomes the first
1811
British defeat French at Fuentes d'Oñoro,
black American to win the Pulitzer Prize for
Portugal (Napoleonic Wars).
poetry.
1821
Napoleon I of France dies at St. Helena,
The National Science Foundation is
where he has been in exile since 1815.
created as an independent government
344
Religious Calendar
The Saints
St. Hilary, Bishop of Arles. [d. 449]
St. Mauruntius, abbot. Also called Mauront. [d. 701]
St. Avertinus. Invoked against dizziness and head-
ache. Also called Avertin. [d. C. 1180]
St. Angelo, martyr and Carmelite. Also called
Angelus. [d. 1220]
St. Jutta, widow and recluse; patroness of Prussia.
Also called Judith. [d. 1260]
St. Hydroc, hermit. Also called Hydoc. [death date
unknown]
agency to grant research funds and pro-
work authorization from aliens previously
mote science.
classified as illegal. Under the terms of the
Phumiphon Adundet is crowned King of
amnesty program those who entered the
Thailand as Rama IX in ceremonies at
U.S. illegally prior to 1982 will be given legal
status.
Bangkok.
1954
Paraguayan president, Federico Chaves, is
U.S. Senate and House committees investi-
overthrown in a coup led by army officers
gating the Iran-contra affair begin joint
including General Alfredo Stroessner.
public hearings.
1955
Adler and Ross's Damn Yankees premieres
in New York.
1957
Adolf Schaerf is elected president of Aus-
tria.
1958
James Agee is awarded a Pulitzer Prize
posthumously for his only novel, A Death in
the Family.
1959
Senate confirms the nomination of Potter
Stewart to the U.S. Supreme Court.
1961
Alan B. Shepard makes 15-minute flight
in Freedom 7 from Cape Canaveral, reach-
ing altitude of 116 miles and becoming first
American in space.
1964
Israel's pipeline from the Sea of Galilee to
the southern Negev Desert begins opera-
tion.
1973
The University of Miami awards the first
female athletic scholarship in the U.S. to
Terry Williams.
1981
Irish Republican Army hunger striker,
Bobby Sands, dies in Maze Prison, Bel-
fast.
1987
The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization
Service begins accepting applications for
345
Weekly Compilation of
Presidential
Documents
Monday, September 30, 1991
Volume 27-Number 39
Pages 1319-1355
111 RESEARCH
Pres Documents
4
Contents
Week Ending Friday, September 27, 1991
Addresses to the Nation
Remarks at the Annual National
Executive Orders
you work up a little more enthusiasm?"
Avention of the United States
Reduction of U.S. and Soviet nuclear weapons-
And you saw it today. But he's doing a
Amending Executive Order 10480-1344
Chamber of Commerce in
1348
great job for us as Secretary of Housing and
Chicago, Illinois
Urban Development. His concept, our con-
Interviews With the News Media
Addresses and Remarks
September 20, 1991
cept, of tenant management and home
Exchanges with reporters
ownership offers really hope to millions.
See also Interviews With the News Media and
Cabinet Room-1336, 1345
Thank you very much. And I really want
But then, Jack and all our administration
Meetings With Foreign Leaders
New York City-1329, 1331, 1332
Education Department's Blue Ribbon schools—
South Lawn-1323
to thank you for that warm reception here.
believe in the greatest and most visionary
1338
First, may I salute two Secretaries of my
of American ideals, the ideal of real equali-
Hispanic Chamber of Commerce meeting in
Meetings With Foreign Leaders
Cabinet, Secretary Lujan, who many of you
ty, ensuring that people can go as far as
Chicago-1319
Morocco, visit of King Hassan
have known over the years, is with us today;
their abilities and their hard work will take
Minority Business Development Week awards
and also Secretary Sam Skinner, who just
them.
ceremony-1337
Welcoming ceremony-1341
Republican Party fundraising dinner, NJ-1332
State dinner-1343
came in with us from California, a son of
Ukraine, meeting with Chairman Kravchuk-
Five centuries ago, men crossed the great
United Nations
Chicago in a sense, and doing a great job as
1340
ocean and brought Hispanic America into
General Assembly-1324
Secretary of Transportation.
being. Ever since then, we have called the
Secretary-General's luncheon-1328
Notice
May I also thank the Governor of the
combination of European and American
Extension of export control regulations-1344
State, Jim Edgar; and the mayor of this
peoples on these vast lands not a new terri-
Appointments and Nominations
great city, Mayor Daley, for greeting me at
tory, not a new colony, not a new settle-
Proclamations
Education Department, Assistant Secretary
the airport here and welcoming us to Illi-
ment. We've called it a new world.
(Intergovernmental and Interagency
Fire Prevention Week-1330
nois and to Chicago. And this is, as I view it,
Hispanic America arose out of risk and
Affairs)-1323
Leif Erikson Day-1347
State Department, Ambassador to Chile-1336
National Domestic Violence Month-1345
certainly not a partisan gathering, and I
romance. Several forces fed its growth:
White House Office, Special Assistant to the
National Forest Products Week-1346
think their both showing up together, 'side-
transoceanic trade, the movement and min-
President for National Security Affairs and
National Hispanic Heritage Month-1322
by-side, was a manifestation of that. [Laugh-
gling of peoples, the grand enterprise of
Senior Director for International Programs
National School Lunch Week-1331
ter]
discovery and development. On September
and African Affairs-1341
Statements Other Than Presidential
But may I thank José, José Niño, who just
20, this very date, but in 1519, Magellan
introduced me, your very able president;
and his party set sail from Spain to sail
See Meetings With Foreign Leaders
Announcements
abe Aguirre, the outgoing chairman. And
around the globe. Next month we begin a
Points of Light daily recognition program-
Supplementary Materials
Bank you all, ladies and gentleman, for,
year of commemoration leading to the
1352
Acts approved by the President-1355
once again, that very warm welcome. Let
500th anniversary of Columbus' daring jour-
Checklist of White House press releases-1354
me congratulate my fellow Texan, Delia
ney.
Communications to Congress
Digest of other White House announcements
Reyes, your newly elected chair. And
We must not think of these achievements
1352
Extension of export control regulations-1344
Nominations submitted to the Senate-1354
warmest greetings to the many dignitaries
as somehow antique and irrelevant. Fron-
that are here.
tiers don't close when men settle the wil-
derness, when they build cities and factories
I'm here a little later than originally
and schools. Subtle but braver adventures
scheduled. Would you believe we experi-
confront advanced civilizations: the adven-
enced a slight flight delay? [Laughter] I
know it happens all the time. We had to
tures of creating families, educating chil-
dren, knowing that no matter how hard or
circle the city while Michael Jordan prac-
how comfortable our circumstances, we
ticed takeoffs and landings out here.
must make our world better. In the life of
[Laughter] And there's a second reason, too,
if I may be candid. I know you've just heard
the Americas, in our mission of discovery
Jack Kemp speak, and I thought you'd want
and development, 1492 was only yesterday.
to catch your breath for a little bit. [Laugh-
How true this is in the case of commerce.
Voyagers charted the trade routes of the
ter]
tions prescribed by the Administrative Committee of the Federal
Americas centuries ago, but we've only now
WEEKLY COMPILATION OF
Register. approved by the President (37 FR 23607; 1 CFR Part
If you're still feeling winded, it's my fault.
begun to explore their full potential.
10).
It goes back to our first Cabinet meeting,
PRESIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS
Your convention theme sings with this
Distribution is made only by the Superintendent of Docu-
and I asked Jack, "Can't you generate, can't
ments, Government Printing Office. Washington, DC 20402. The
spirit: "Launching New Partnerships."
Published every Monday by the Office of the Federal Register,
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents will be furnished
National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC
by mail to domestic subscribers for $55.00 per year ($96.00 for
20408, the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents con-
mailing First class) and to foreign subscribers for $68.75 per year,
tains statements, messages, and other Presidential materials re-
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Print
1319
leased by the White House during the preceding week.
ing Office, Washington, DC 20402 The charge for a single copy
The Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents is pub-
$2.00 ($2.50 for foreign mailing).
lished pursuant to the authority contained in the Federal Register
There are no restrictions on the republication of material
Act (49 Stat. 500, as amended; 44 U.S.C. Ch. 15). under regula-
pearing in the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents.
Sept. 20 / Administration of George Bush, 1991
Administration of George Bush, 1991 / Sept. 20
America's more than 400,000 Hispanic-
quadrupled. Exports of iron and steel
Our efforts to expand U.S. exports will
owned firms provide new jobs and generate
leaders to help reinvent American educa-
which were running a $12-million
another boost when my friend, José
tion.
new wealth. In 1987, the latest date for
just 4 years ago, now are achieving
artinsz, becomes Director of the United
these statistics, our Hispanic-owned busi-
million surplus. And this rise in exports cre
To further this goal, I have announced
states Trade and Development Program.
nesses pumped nearly $25 billion into our
ated almost 300,000 jobs in the United
And of course, one more event will dem-
the membership of the President's Advisory
economy and created half a million jobs.
States. Each additional $1 billion in exports
Commission on Educational Excellence for
onstrate to one and all that we really have
You believe in yourselves, in your abili-
will translate into nearly 20,000 American
Hispanic Americans. Chicago's own Andrés
entered into a new era of freedom and op-
ties, your determination, your excellence.
jobs.
Bande, CEO of Ameritech International,
portunity. I'm speaking of Cuba's becoming
Because you believe in yourselves, you
But these reforms, it's not a one-way
free and democratic.
will chair the panel, and its work will play a
helped our administration get congressional
street, these reforms have helped Mexico, a
Today we hear the creaking and crum-
major role in unleashing the America 2000
approval to extend our Fast Track proce-
revolution in education.
classic win-win situation, if you will. Fidel
bling of that Castro dictatorship. And the
dures for trade negotiations. Armed with
Velazquez Sanchez, the head of the Mexi-
day is coming. I'm absolutely convinced of
I understand Andres is here today, and
that powerful tool-and as you heard this
can Labor Confederation, recognizes that
this, sooner than Castro dares to believe,
I'd like him to stand up, right there. Thank
morning from an able team from three
increased trade will create new jobs,
when the people of Cuba will reclaim their
you for undertaking this. This is important
countries-we are negotiating a North
indeed, new industries in Mexico, and he
destiny and rejoin the Western Hemi-
work he's about to be engaged in. And I
American free trade agreement.
strongly supports the trade agreement.
sphere's family of free nations:
know, on his behalf, I'd like to solicit your
I might say that Mexico, under President
Salinas, has been a powerful leader and ally.
What's good for Hispanic America will be
And if we want to make our hemisphere
ideas and your full cooperation.
good for the United States. And with open
a neighborhood of peoples, we must do
Let me close with a few comments on a
And I would also say that relationships be-
trade, by the year 2000, United States firms
more than lift economic and political bar-
concept we talked about earlier, develop-
tween Mexico and the United States have
never in history been better. And that is in
will be doing a robust business with dynam-
riers. Our administration also has promoted
ment. It's a term of art, of course, in inter-
educational and cultural exchanges between
national economics. We tend to use "devel-
the best interests of the United States of
ic economy of 100 million Mexican consum-
America. When we complete that accord,
ers.
our country and our neighbors in the hemi-
oping country" as a sort of fuzzy euphe-
The prospects seem equally exciting
sphere. As in commerce, the natural leaders
mism for "poverty," for a nation short on
and I'm confident we will, we'll build a free
south of Mexico, too. We've heard a lot
in this enterprise will be Hispanic Ameri-
material or financial wealth.
trade zone that ranges from the Yukon to
cans.
But when we use the term "develop-
the Yucatan, "a market of 360, get the
about the Mexican free trade agreement.
You see, something more than mere ge-
ment" in this way, we forget its deeper
figure, 360 million consumers and a present
We've heard about the negotiations. They
ography unites us. Common cultural roots
meaning. Isn't the United States-must it
annual output of $6 trillion.
are our friendly neighbors on the borde
able us all to seek a shared destiny for
not be still "developing"? For all our
When we seal the free trade agreement,
and we ought to-parenthetically ! mig
Hispanic-owned firms in the United States
say, we should never just take those frien
hemisphere, for ourselves.
present wealth, can we afford to become
for granted, whether it be to our north or
And I want to thank the Hispanic Cham-
static or stagnant? And if we're not giving
will enjoy strong natural advantages. Bonds
ber of Commerce for its endorsement of
our children a moral and intellectual inher-
of family, language, understanding the cul-
to our south. We are blessed by peaceful
borders. But we're already advancing cre-
our America 2000 education strategy. I am
itance as good as our parents gave us, are
ture, already cherished in the families rep-
grateful for your initiatives to teach eco-
we a "developed" society?
resented here today, all of these will gain
ative plans now to reduce debt, boost in-
nomics and entrepreneurship to our kids,
I think again of the explorers on our con-
value as business assets.
vestment, and increase trade. We've now
beginning in the kindergarten. And now, if
tinent five centuries ago. Some were wise,
Because you believe in yourselves, you
signed framework trade liberalization
only someone could do the same for econo-
some were foolish. And we remember the
also have supported our Enterprise for the
agreements involving 28 countries in the
hemisphere. So, it's not just Mexico. But we
mists, I think we'd be in pretty good shape
effort wasted in trying to find the imaginary
Americas Initiative, aiming to establish a
around here. [Laughter]
Seven Cities of Gold. And those adventur-
network of expanded trade, investment,
need your help.
America 2000, like our economic propos-
ers were not just looking in the wrong
and cooperation from Hudson Bay to the
Congress still has failed to give us debt
als, begins with an article of faith: We be-
place; they were searching for the wrong
Straits of Magellan.
reduction authority and funding and to give
lieve that parents care about their children,
treasure. The treasure was, and is, in men
The North American free trade agree-
us the ability to contribute to the Multilat-
care about education, and can help find
and women, in "human resources," in mind
ment and the Enterprise for the Americas
eral Investment Fund. This would help
schools that will help their children reach
and muscle and soul. And these, not un-
Initiative incorporate the great lesson of our
stimulate investment and build stable de-
their potential. So, we want to expand pa-
earned bonanzas, build civilizations.
age: trade and enterprise can build wealth
mocracies within our hemisphere. So
rental choice so that parents will have as
Our work never ends. That's the key to
and preserve freedom. Protectionism and
please, speak out in support of the Enter-
much choice in the crucial matter of educa-
life's excitement. In these hopeful times, as
Government control only create poverty
prise for the Americas Initiative. And join
tion as they now have when they wish to
we tear down economic barriers and liber-
and backwardness, and yes, a denial of free-
me in urging Congress to pass the legisla-
purchase peanut butter.
ate ourselves from ideological confines, we
dom.
tion to put it into full effect. Enterprise for
And if we want to make the most of our-
must continue supplying our own sons and
Consider the case of Mexico. Since 1986,
the Americas is not a slogan. It will
selves, we must invite competition and
our own daughters with the values, the fun-
when Mexico joined the GATT and
strengthen democracy and freedom in
show just how well we can do.
damentals, of a good society. Together, I
dropped tariff rates from 100 percent, 100
those friendly countries south of the Rio
America 2000 will enable Hispanic com-
know that we shall.
percent, to little more than 10 percent, U.S.
Grande, and it will be good for America
unities to draw upon their natural
You know, the longer I'm in the White
exports to Mexico have more than doubled.
exports, and that means it will be good
ngths and values. And it will enable par-
House and privileged to serve as President
Exports of automobiles and auto parts have
American jobs.
ents, teachers, and yes, church and business
of the United States, and the more Barbara
1320
1321
Sept. 20 / Administration of George Bush, 1991
Administration of George Bush, 1991 / Sept. 23
and I discuss these enormous problems that
Proclamation 6337-National Hispanic
Many Hispanic Americans have come to
Nomination of Lanny Griffith To Be an
Mayor Daley confronts in his excellent way
Heritage Month, 1991
ese shores as immigrants, seeking better
Assistant Secretary of Education
every day, or Jim Edgar, the Governor of
September 20, 1991
ves for themselves and their children. The
September 20, 1991
this State, confronts in his very effective
achievements of these men and women in-
way as Governor, the more we contemplate
By the President of the United States
dicate that they have not taken liberty for
The President today announced his inten-
those problems and the more I look at this
of America
granted. Today Hispanic Americans are
tion to nominate Lanny Griffith, of Missis-
great country of ours that I'm privileged to
reaping the rewards of hard work: more
sippi, to be Assistant Secretary for Intergov-
lead at this point in history, and I must say
A Proclamation
and more are entering the political, social,
ernmental and Interagency Affairs at the
it's a very exciting point, the more Barbara
When we speak of our Hispanic heritage,
and economic mainstream of American life.
Department of Education. He would suc-
and I conclude that family is absolutely es-
we speak of more than one particular set of
Hispanic Americans are eager to enjoy
ceed Michelle Easton.
sential to our success. We have got to stay
customs and traditions. Indeed, the Hispan-
the blessings of freedom and economic op-
Since 1989, Mr. Griffith has served as
involved, we have got to stay fundamentally
ic American heritage can be traced back to
portunity because many have known the
Special Assistant to the President for Inter-
involved. And when I speak to this group,
many different lands-to places as far-flung
bitter reality of life without them. As a
governmental Affairs at the White House in
it's almost like preaching to the choir be-
as Cuba, Mexico, Spain, and Peru. Never-
Nation, we must keep faith with them and
Washington, DC. Prior to this, he served as
cause I think if you exemplify one of the
theless, Americans of Spanish and Latin
continue working to ensure equal opportu-
the southern political director for George
prime values and principles that this group
American descent share a great sense of
nity for all of our citizens. With that in
Bush for President, 1987-1988; regional po-
and, indeed, Hispanic American culture all
pride in the deep cultural and historical ties
mind, last September I signed the Execu-
litical director for the Republican National
across our country exemplifies, is love of
that exist between them.
tive Order on Educational Excellence for
Committee, 1984-1986; and as campaign
family and its faith and its conviction about
Rich and varied, the Hispanic American
Hispanic Americans. This order established
manager for Haley Barbour for Senate,
1983. Mr. Griffith served as executive direc-
our great country, the freest and fairest on
heritage is as old as the story of America
a special Presidential Advisory Commission
that will help to identify ways that the Fed-
tor for the Mississippi Republican Party,
the face of the Earth.
itself. Daring Spanish navigators who ex-
1979-1981 and 1983. From 1976 to 1979,
plored the New World nearly half a millen-
eral Government can improve educational
So, thank you very much for letting me
Mr. Griffith served as an associate with the
nium ago were the first Europeans to estab-
opportunities for Hispanic Americans.
come by and visit this highly successful con-
law firm of Freeland and Gafford, Lawyers
lish settlements in what is now United
vention. And let me tell you that it's a great
The Congress, by Joint Resolution ap-
in Oxford, MI.
joy to be back with you again. And may
States territory. In fact, by 1565-almost
proved September 17, 1968, as amended by
Mr. Griffith graduated from the Universi-
half a century before British colonists
Public Law 100-402, has authorized and re-
God bless our great country. Thank you
ty of Mississippi (B.B.A., 1973;.] D., 1976).
landed at Jamestown-the Spanish had
uested the President to issue annually a
very very much.
He was born August 13, 1951. Mr. Griffith
tablished a permanent settlement at Saw
roclamation designating the month begin-
is married, has two children, and resides in
Augustine, Florida. Traders and missionaries
ning September 15 and ending October 15
Alexandria, VA.
followed in the wake of explorers such as
as "National Hispanic Heritage Month."
Note: The President spoke at 1:45 p.m. at
Coronado, Ponce de León, and Álvar
Now, Therefore, I, George Bush, Presi-
Note: This nomination was not received in
the Hyatt Regency Hotel. In his remarks, he
Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, helping to open the
dent of the United States of America, do
time for publication in the appropriate
referred to Secretary of the Interior Manuel
American Southwest to further settlement
hereby proclaim the month beginning Sep-
issue.
Lujan, Jr.; Secretary of Transportation
and development.
tember 15, 1991, and ending October 15,
Samuel K. Skinner; Governor James Edgar
Making use of the land's resources
1991, as National Hispanic Heritage Month.
of Illinois; Richard M. Daley, mayor of Chi-
through farming, ranching, and mining,
I call upon the people of the United States
cago; José Niño, president and chief execu-
Spanish peoples shaped much of the West-
to observe this month with appropriate pro-
tive officer of the United States Hispanic
ern frontier. Thriving communities took
grams, ceremonies, and activities.
Exchange With Reporters on an
Chamber of Commerce; Gabriel E. Aguirre,
root around many Spanish missions, and
Unemployment Benefits Bill
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set
former chairman of the board of the His-
today cities such as San Diego, Los Angeles,
my hand this 20 day of September, in the
September 23, 1991
panic Chamber of Commerce; Delia Reyes,
San Antonio, and Santa Fe continue to bear
year of our Lord nineteen hundred and
chairman; Michael Jordan, member of the
Q. Mr. President, do you have any indica-
evidence of their celebrated past. However,
ninety-one, and of the Independence of the
Chicago Bulls basketball team; Secretary of
tion Saddam Hussein is doing the right
over the years, Hispanic Americans have
United States of America the two hundred
thing in Iraq today?
Housing and Urban Development Jack
made vital contributions in communities
and sixteenth.
The President. I've been working on un-
Kemp; President Salinas de Gortari of
across the country and in virtually every
Mexico; Fidel Velazquez Sanchez, union
field of endeavor.
George Bush
employment benefits this morning. Been on
the telephone. And we strongly support
leader of the Mexican Labor Confederation;
Today Hispanic Americans are our Na-
tion's fastest growing minority. The number
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Regis-
Bob Dole's package, which is budgetarily
José E. Martinez, Director of the Trade and
ter, 11:12 a.m., September 23, 1991]
sound, forward-looking, takes care of those
Development Program; President Fidel
of Hispanics in this country grew by 53 per-
that really need help. So, I've been focusing
Castro Ruz of Cuba; and Andrés Bande,
cent during the past decade, up from 14.6
Note: This proclamation was not received in
on that this morning and calling several
CEO of Ameritech International. These re-
million to 22.4 million. This means that H
time for publication in the appropriate
Senators about it, and I just hope that the
marks were not received in time for publi-
panics now constitute about 9 percer
Issue. It was published in the Federal Regis-
Senate will do what's needed, and that is
cation in the appropriate issue.
our population.
ter of September 24.
help these people, but also do something
1322
1323
Sept. 20 / Administration of George Bush, 1991
Administration of George Bush, 1991 / Sept. 23
and I discuss these enormous problems that
Proclamation 6337-National Hispanic
Many Hispanic Americans have come to
Mayor Daley confronts in his excellent way
Nomination of Lanny Griffith To Be an
Heritage Month, 1991
ese shores as immigrants, seeking better
every day, or Jim Edgar, the Governor of
Assistant Secretary of Education
this State, confronts in his very effective
September 20, 1991
ves for themselves and their children. The
September 20, 1991
achievements of these men and women in-
way as Governor, the more we contemplate
By the President of the United States
dicate that they have not taken liberty for
those problems and the more I look at this
The President today announced his inten-
of America
granted. Today Hispanic Americans are
tion to nominate Lanny Griffith, of Missis-
great country of ours that I'm privileged to
lead at this point in history, and I must say
A Proclamation
reaping the rewards of hard work: more
sippi, to be Assistant Secretary for Intergov-
and more are entering the political, social,
ernmental and Interagency Affairs at the
it's a very exciting point, the more Barbara
When we speak of our Hispanic heritage,
and economic mainstream of American life.
Department of Education. He would suc-
and I conclude that family is absolutely es-
we speak of more than one particular set of
Hispanic Americans are eager to enjoy
ceed Michelle Easton.
sential to our success. We have got to stay
customs and traditions. Indeed, the Hispan-
the blessings of freedom and economic op-
Since 1989, Mr. Griffith has served as
involved, we have got to stay fundamentally
ic American heritage can be traced back to
portunity because many have known the
Special Assistant to the President for Inter-
involved. And when I speak to this group,
many different lands—to places as far-flung
bitter reality of life without them. As a
governmental Affairs at the White House in
it's almost like preaching to the choir be-
as Cuba, Mexico, Spain, and Peru. Never-
Nation, we must keep faith with them and
Washington, DC. Prior to this, he served as
cause I think if you exemplify one of the
theless, Americans of Spanish and Latin
continue working to ensure equal opportu-
the southern political director for George
prime values and principles that this group
American descent share a great sense of
nity for all of our citizens. With that in
Bush for President, 1987-1988; regional po-
and, indeed, Hispanic American culture all
pride in the deep cultural and historical ties
mind, last September I signed the Execu-
litical director for the Republican National
across our country exemplifies, is love of
that exist between them.
tive Order on Educational Excellence for
Committee, 1984-1986; and as campaign
family and its faith and its conviction about
Rich and varied, the Hispanic American
Hispanic Americans. This order established
manager for Haley Barbour for Senate,
our great country, the freest and fairest on
heritage is as old as the story of America
a special Presidential Advisory Commission
1983. Mr. Griffith served as executive direc-
the face of the Earth.
itself. Daring Spanish navigators who ex-
that will help to identify ways that the Fed-
tor for the Mississippi Republican Party,
So, thank you very much for letting me
plored the New World nearly half a millen-
eral Government can improve educational
1979-1981 and 1983. From 1976 to 1979,
nium ago were the first Europeans to estab-
Mr. Griffith served as an associate with the
come by and visit this highly successful con-
opportunities for Hispanic Americans.
vention. And let me tell you that it's a great
lish settlements in what is now United
The Congress, by Joint Resolution ap-
law firm of Freeland and Gafford, Lawyers
joy to be back with you again. And may
States territory. In fact, by 1565-almost
in Oxford, MI.
proved September 17, 1968, as amended by
half a century before British colonists
Mr. Griffith graduated from the Universi-
God bless our great country. Thank you
Public Law 100-402, has authorized and re-
landed at Jamestown-the Spanish had
ty of Mississippi (B.B.A., 1973; J. D., 1976).
very very much.
uested the President to issue annually a
tablished a permanent settlement at San
He was born August 13, 1951. Mr. Griffith
roclamation designating the month begin-
Augustine, Florida. Traders and missionaries
is married, has two children, and resides in
ning September 15 and ending October 15
followed in the wake of explorers such as
Alexandria, VA.
Note: The President spoke at 1:45 p.m. at
as "National Hispanic Heritage Month."
Coronado, Ponce de León, and Álvar
the Hyatt Regency Hotel. In his remarks, he
Now, Therefore, I, George Bush, Presi-
Note: This nomination was not received in
Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, helping to open the
referred to Secretary of the Interior Manuel
dent of the United States of America, do
American Southwest to further settlement
time for publication in the appropriate
Lujan, Jr.; Secretary of Transportation
hereby proclaim the month beginning Sep-
issue.
and development.
Samuel K. Skinner; Governor James Edgar
tember 15, 1991, and ending October 15,
Making use of the land's resources
of Illinois; Richard M. Daley, mayor of Chi-
1991, as National Hispanic Heritage Month.
through farming, ranching, and mining,
cago; José Niño, president and chief execu-
I call upon the people of the United States
Spanish peoples shaped much of the West-
tive officer of the United States Hispanic
to observe this month with appropriate pro-
ern frontier. Thriving communities took
Chamber of Commerce; Gabriel E. Aguirre,
grams, ceremonies, and activities.
Exchange With Reporters on an
root around many Spanish missions, and
former chairman of the board of the His-
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set
Unemployment Benefits Bill
today cities such as San Diego, Los Angeles,
my hand this 20 day of September, in the
September 23, 1991
panic Chamber of Commerce; Delia Reyes,
San Antonio, and Santa Fe continue to bear
chairman; Michael Jordan, member of the
year of our Lord nineteen hundred and
evidence of their celebrated past. However,
ninety-one, and of the Independence of the
Q. Mr. President, do you have any indica-
Chicago Bulls basketball team; Secretary of
over the years, Hispanic Americans have
Housing and Urban Development Jack
United States of America the two hundred
tion Saddam Hussein is doing the right
made vital contributions in communities
and sixteenth.
thing in Iraq today?
Kemp; President Salinas de Gortari of
across the country and in virtually every
The President. I've been working on un-
Mexico; Fidel Velazquez Sanchez, union
field of endeavor.
George Bush
employment benefits this morning. Been on
leader of the Mexican Labor Confederation;
Today Hispanic Americans are our Na-
the telephone. And we strongly support
José E. Martinez, Director of the Trade and
tion's fastest growing minority. The number
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Regis-
Bob Dole's package, which is budgetarily
Development Program; President Fidel
of Hispanics in this country grew by 53 per-
ter, 11:12 a.m., September 23, 1991]
sound, forward-looking, takes care of those
Castro Ruz of Cuba; and Andrés Bande,
cent during the past decade, up from 14.6
that really need help. So, I've been focusing
Note: This proclamation was not received in
CEO of Ameritech International. These re-
million to 22.4 million. This means that H
on that this morning and calling several
ime for publication in the appropriate
marks were not received in time for publi-
panics now constitute about 9 percer
Senators about it, and I just hope that the
Issue. It was published in the Federal Regis-
cation in the appropriate issue.
Senate will do what's needed, and that is
our population.
ter of September 24.
help these people, but also do something
1322
1323
May 5 / Administration of George Bush, 1989
told Mrs. Chamorro that he shared her dis-
pression, the law is a more systematic com-
appointment and concern that the new
pilation of existing restrictions and sanc-
media law promulgated by the Sandinistas
tions.
does not guarantee the free functioning of
The Sandinista media law, as well as the
the media and unrestricted political expres-
recently approved electoral law, do not
sion. The new law gives the Ministry of In-
comply with the letter or the spirit of the
terior wide latitude for prosecuting and
Esquipulas and El Salvador agreements
punishing the media for such ill-defined
signed by Central American leaders. The
concepts as violating "national integrity"
President and Mrs. Chamorro expressed
and for publishing "injurious, defamatory
their hope that international leaders would
and false news." Rather than relaxing exist-
use their influence to persuade the Sandi-
ing controls and increasing freedom of ex-
nistas to fulfill their commitment.
Remarks at a Cinco de Mayo Celebration
May 5, 1989
Welcome to this Rose Garden celebration.
nation. Hispanic culture is growing deep
[Laughter] But even the weather couldn't
roots into American life, and that's why the
put a damper on a wonderful event like
Hispanic community plays such a pivotal
this, and I'm delighted to be here. I salute
role in our national culture and in this ad-
Mexico's Ambassador to the United States,
ministration. Not only do we have two
who honors us with his presence. And next
highly respected Hispanic leaders-Lauro
to him, my trusted friend, John Negro-
Cavazos and Manuel Lujan [Secretary of
ponte, who is going to be our next Ambassa-
the Interior] serving in the Cabinet-but
dor to Mexico. So, we're well-represented
key advisers, six senior members of the
here today.
White House staff sharing your Hispanic
Secretary [of Education] Cavazos, thank
heritage and pride. And I see that several of
you, sir, for, in a sense, sponsoring this won-
our new appointees are with us today-His-
derful program. But isn't it a great sight to
panic Americans whose service to their
see the folklore and the traditions of a
country will add to that pride. We deeply
proud past so refreshingly alive in these
respect your commitment to family, honor,
kids! And you're all from Toledo, Ohio?
and tradition. We need the advice and the
[Laughter] Are you? That's fantastic. The
involvement of everybody here. You are
whole scene-the costumes, the music, the
leaders, and this is the age of empower-
pageantry-reminds me of my days as a
ment. Empowerment is economic as well as
Congressman in Houston, or indeed, some
political. Since 1982 more than two-and-a-
of my times in West Texas. Cinco de Mayo
half million Hispanic Americans have joined
is a big one down in Texas, as I'm sure
the job market, but this is not enough. We
many of you in this room know, just as it is
will not be satisfied until every Hispanic
throughout the United States. And, in my
man and woman can make the most of
view, it's becoming more significant or
their drive and their talent in the United
more celebrated each year, and the reason
States of America.
is obvious: We and Mexico are bound by
And on this day we also recognize some-
ties of family, culture, and friendship. This
thing else that binds together the United
is keenly appreciated in the Bush family.
States and Mexico. We are two former Eu-
Barbara and I have always felt at home in
ropean colonies whose independence has
the Hispanic community, and living in
been hard won. Less than 1 week ago, I
Texas, we are impressed by those values—
joined in the celebration of the 200th anni-
caring, patriotism, love of God.
versary of the swearing-in of George Wash-
What is true of a family is true of a
ington in New York. How appropriate it is
520
Administration of George Bush, 1989 / May 5
ore systematic com-
for us to now observe the victory of another
Hispanic community, and this is the spirit of
trictions and sanc-
champion of liberty, Benito Juarez. Like
all Americans, north and south of the Rio
law, as well as the
Washington, he possessed a homespun dig-
Grande.
nity, a simple eloquence, and a command-
:toral law, do not
Thank you for being with us today.
ing presence. Both were men of peace who
or the spirit of the
Happy Cinco de Mayo, and welcome.
were forced to fight for freedom.
Ivador agreements
So, this is a day for all of us to look south-
erican leaders. The
Note: The President spoke at 2:15 p.m. in
ward-to memories of home and hearth for
hamorro expressed
the East Room at the White House. In his
some, to memories of friendship and re-
ional leaders would
remarks, he referred to Gustavo Petricioli,
spect for the rest. Think of the 5th of May
persuade the Sandi-
Mexican Ambassador to the U.S., and
as not a national holiday of another country
mitment.
only but as the celebration of ideals that
Benito Juarez, the first President of Mexico.
know no border-ideals of pride, family,
A mariachi band performed prior to his re-
and tradition. And this is the spirit of the
marks.
Message on the Observance of Cinco de Mayo, 1989
is growing deep
May 5, 1989
and that's why the
ys such a pivotal
It is with great pleasure that I join the
country is proud of the long-standing
are and in this ad-
people of Mexico and all those of Mexican
friendship that has existed between the
do we have two
heritage in the United States in celebrating
United States and Mexico and prouder still
ic leaders-Lauro
Cinco de Mayo.
of the wonderful contributions Mexican
ujan [Secretary of
The historic victory at the Battle of
Americans have made to our Nation.
the Cabinet-but
Puebla clearly showed the unbeatable de-
On this special day, I send congratula-
members of the
termination of a people struggling for inde-
tions and good wishes to the people of
ng your Hispanic
pendence. Though badly outnumbered by
Mexico and to our citizens of Mexican de-
see that several of
the French, the Mexican people fought
scent. May we remember in gratitude and
with us today-His-
bravely for the freedom of their country.
admiration the sacrifices your ancestors
service to their
With the beacon of democracy giving them
made for liberty, and may their brave
pride. We deeply
hope and inspiration, their cause could not
legacy be a reminder to us all of the eternal
t to family, honor,
be denied.
vigilance that freedom demands.
he advice and the
Every American immediately identifies
God bless you.
ly here. You are
with that cause and shares in the pride and
age of empower-
happiness Mexicans feel on this day. Our
GEORGE BUSH
conomic as well as
e than two-and-a-
ricans have joined
S not enough. We
Message to the Congress Transmitting a Report on Radiation
il every Hispanic
ake the most of
Control for Health and Safety
nt in the United
May 5, 1989
recognize some-
To the Congress of the United States:
360D of the Public Health Service Act that
ether the United
In accordance with section 360D of the
requires the completion of this annual
3 two former Eu-
Public Health Service Act, I am submitting
report be repealed. All the information
dependence has
the report of the Department of Health and
found in this report is available to the Con-
n 1 week ago, I
Human Services regarding the administra-
gress on a more immediate basis through
of the 200th anni-
tion of the Radiation Control for Health and
congressional committee oversight and
of George Wash-
Safety Act during calendar year 1988.
budget hearings. This annual report serves
appropriate it is
The report recommends that section
little useful purpose and diverts agency re-
521
VOLUME 22
Photography to Pumpkin
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
772
PUEBLA-PUEBLO INCIDENT
PUEBLA, pwãvlä, is a city in Mexico, the capital
a new settlement called Fountain City. The town
of Puebla state, about 70 miles (110 km) south-
of Pueblo was laid out in 1860 and soon ab-
east of Mexico City. Its full name is Puebla de
sorbed Fountain City. It was organized as a
Zaragoza. The city is situated in the high, vol-
town in 1870 and incorporated as a city in 1885.
cano-girt Basin of Puebla, on the express high-
Pueblo has a council-manager form of govern-
way connecting Mexico City with the Gulf Coast
ment. Population: 101,686.
port of Veracruz.
Puebla is one of Mexico's main commercial
PUEBLO BONITO is an 800-room structure in
and industrial cities. Long the national center
New Mexico where Indians once lived. See
of cotton textile manufactures, it acquired major
CHACO CANYON NATIONAL MONUMENT.
automotive, steel, and chemical industries in the
latter half of the 20th century. The traditional
PUEBLO INCIDENT, pweb'lō, the seizure of the
ceramic and onyx-carving industries are still im-
U.S. intelligence ship Pueblo and its crew by
portant. The city's ceramic ware was modeled
North Korea in 1968 and the subsequent im-
on the Moorish style of Talavera, Spain, and is
prisonment of the crew for nearly a year.
still called Talavera ware.
On Jan. 23, 1968, the Pueblo was off the coast
Puebla was founded in 1531 by Spanish
of North Korea, a Communist regime. Four
Franciscan friars. At first it was named La
North Korean patrol boats surrounded the craft.
Puebla de los Ángeles. It soon displaced the
The Pueblo's commanding officer, Comdr. Lloyd
nearby Indian city of Cholula as the leading com-
Bucher, protested that the ship was in interna-
munity of the thickly settled Puebla basin. The
tional waters, beyond the 12-mile (19-km) limit
twin-towered cathedral and the University of
claimed by North Korea. North Korean crewmen
Puebla had their beginnings in the late 16th
boarded the Pueblo. The Pueblo, armed only
century. A distinguishing feature of Puebla's
with two machine guns, offered little resistance.
architecture is the lavish use of brightly colored
Bucher ordered crewmen to burn secret docu-
Talavera tiles, especially on the many old
ments. While doing so, four U.S. crewmen were
churches. Baroque decoration in Puebla reached
wounded by North Korean fire, and one subse-
its height of exuberance in the Rosary Chapel of
quently died. The attackers seized ten bags of
the Church of Santo Domingo.
documents.
Because of its strategic position between
The 83 officers and crewmen were taken to
Mexico City and Veracruz, Puebla became a
the port of Wonsan and imprisoned. The United
military base and the object of many campaigns.
States demanded their release. The Koreans re-
At Puebla on May 5, 1862, a Mexican army led
fused, charging that the ship had been captured
by Gen. Ignacio Zaragoza defeated a much larger
legally in Korean waters. President Lyndon John-
French force during the invasion that led to the
son activated 15,000 military reservists and bol-
brief reign of Emperor Maximilian. The anni-
stered U.S. forces in the area.
versary of the battle is a national holiday com-
On January 24 the North Korean radio broad-
memorating Mexico's resistance to foreign inter-
cast a purported confession by Bucher, who al-
vention. Population: (1974) 465,000.
legedly admitted that his ship had violated Ko-
rean waters and that it was on a spy mission.
PUEBLO, pweb'lō, a city in south central Colo-
On March 4, President Johnson received a letter
rado, is the third-largest city in the state and the
purportedly signed by all 82 surviving crewmen
seat of Pueblo county. Situated on the Arkansas
stating that they would be released only if the
River, it lies at an altitude of 4,695 feet (1,431
United States admitted violating North Korean
meters) in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains.
waters, apologized, and gave assurances that it
The city is at the crossroads of major north-south
would not happen again.
and east-west highways and is served by several
Throughout 1968, U.S. and North Korean
railroads and airlines.
representatives met at Panmunjom, in Korea. An
Pueblo is the industrial and commercial cen-
unusual agreement was finally reached. The
ter of the Arkansas Valley. Its principal industry
United States, in a written statement, acknowl-
is the manufacture of steel and steel products,
edged that the Pueblo had intruded into North
including tubing, wire, and bars. Other indus-
Korean waters, and apologized. But before sign-
tries include meat-packing, photo-processing, and
ing, U.S. Maj. Gen. Gilbert Woodward read a
the manufacture of skiwear. The city lies just
statement disavowing the admission. He signed
east of the Pueblo Dam and Reservoir, the largest
the agreement "only to free the crew." The 82
dam in the Fryingpan-Arkansas Water Diver-
men and the body of their comrade were re-
sionary Project. Also nearby are the U.S. De-
turned to U.S. control on December 22. The
partment of Transportation's High Speed Ground
Koreans retained the Pueblo.
Test Center and the Pueblo Army Depot.
At a U.S. Navy court of inquiry in 1969,
Pueblo is the seat of the University of South-
Bucher contended that he lacked both weapons
ern Colorado, which gained university status in
to defend the ship and equipment to destroy the
1975. The city's mild climate and proximity to
secret documents quickly. He and the crewmen
many major recreational areas have made it an
described how they had been beaten and forced
important tourist center. The annual Colorado
to sign confessions. High-ranking naval officers
State Fair and Industrial Exposition is held there
acknowledged that no air or sea forces were in
in August and September.
position to aid the Pueblo in the event of attack.
Spanish explorers camped at the present-day
Although the court recommended that Bucher
site of Pueblo in the 18th century, and the area
and another Pueblo officer be tried by court-
was later visited by trappers, traders, and pros-
martial, Navy Secretary John Chafee announced
pectors. U.S. explorer Zebulon Pike camped
that no disciplinary action would be taken against
there in 1806. The first permanent settlement
anyone. But many persons in and out of the
was a trading post built in 1842 and named Fort
Navy believed that the incident left unresolved
Pueblo. The fort was abandoned after an Indian
questions relating to the defense of U.S. ships
massacre in 1854, but in 1858 prospectors began
and the conduct of U.S. prisoners of war.
VOLUME 18
M to Mexico City
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
MEXICO: 8. History
throw of Santa Anna in 1855 could prompt Mex-
ican politicians to set aside their differences in
the interest of harmony and growth. A major
civil conflict, the War of the Reform, pitted lib-
erals against conservatives from 1858 to 1861.
The liberals, championing the causes of federal-
ism, separation of church and state, and curtail-
ment of special military privileges, carried the
day. Their victory assured that a liberal consti-
tution enacted in 1857 would remain in force as
the supreme charter of the nation. Emerging
from the War of the Reform, Mexico needed a
period of uninterrupted peace to begin the proc-
ess of national reconstruction. However, still
another foreign war was about to begin.
The liberal victory in the civil war brought a
distinguished statesman, Benito Juárez, to the
presidency. Finding that the country had an
empty treasury, he declared a moratorium on
Mexico's foreign debts to Britain, Spain, and
France. In October 1861 the three European
countries signed the Convention of London, in
which they agreed to the military occupation of
the Mexican customshouse at Veracruz. Emperor
Napoleon III of France, however, decided that
the situation in Mexico afforded him the oppor-
tunity to overrun the entire country and convert
it into a French protectorate.
The war of the French occupation began in
1862, and the troops of Napoleon III captured
Mexico City in the following year. Mexico's sec-
ond empire was established shortly after Napo-
leon III chose Archduke Maximilian of Austria to
THE BETTMANN ARCHIVE
occupy an imperial Mexican throne. When Max-
José María Morelos, also a priest, led the Mexican inde-
imilian and his wife, Carlota, arrived in Mexico
pendence forces after the death of Father Hidalgo.
in 1864 they found that the French army had
not finished its job. Mexican liberals still recog-
nized Benito Juárez as president and had orga-
ernization. The original impulse came from
nized guerrilla armies led by Juárez and Luis
Juárez himself, and after his death in office in
Terrazas in the north and by Porfirio Díaz in the
1872 his initiatives were continued by his suc-
south. When Napoleon III began withdrawing
cessor, Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada.
the French troops in late 1866 the guerrillas
The philosophical underpinning for a new
launched major offensives. In May 1867, Em-
Mexican outlook came from Gabino Barreda, a
peror Maximilian himself was captured. Con-
brilliant orator who had studied with the French
victed by a court-martial, he was executed in
philosopher Auguste Comte in Paris. Barreda
Querétaro the next month. The republic was
introduced Comtean positivism into Mexico and
then restored with Juárez at its head.
then adapted it to Mexican reality. Barreda's fol-
Economic Life, 1810-1867. Mexico's turbulent
lowers, the científicos, viewed society as an orga-
political development from 1810 to 1867 wrecked
nism, which like any organism was subject to
the economy. During the civil and foreign wars,
scientific laws. Mexican development had to be
fields went unplanted, mines closed down, and
rationalized in the best positivist tradition.
trade and commerce stagnated. Government ex-
The thrust for modernization manifested itself
penditures consistently ran ahead of income. The
graphically from 1867 to 1876. The political life
country's ruined transportation system left travel-
of the country gradually stabilized itself; tax and
ers frustrated, merchants without inventories, and
tariff reform encouraged foreign investment;
consumers in need of essential commodities.
antagonism between church and state was re-
During this turbulent period, domestic capital
duced markedly; and for ten years Mexico was
was in short supply, and the only alternative was
free of imbroglios with foreign powers. Although
foreign investment. But Mexico's political repu-
the Restored Republic was remarkable for the
tation was hard to live down. Potential investors
changes that it wrought, Mexico in 1876 was far
from Europe and the United States were reluc-
behind most of the Western world. The indus-
tant to bring their francs, pounds sterling, or dol-
lars to a country where revolt and civil war pro-
trial and technological revolutions had scarcely
made an impact, and the comforts and amenities
duced such an unfavorable business climate. Po-
that Western culture offered were confined main-
litical violence could destroy a factory or a small
ly to the few large urban areas. Modernization
business. An abrupt change in public policy,
of more dramatic impact awaited the election of
prompted by a successful coup, could make a
Porfirio Díaz to the presidency in 1876.
foreign investor unwelcome. The multifaceted
The Diaz Regime. The long dictatorship (1876-
needs of development had fallen victim to the
1880, 1884-1911) of Porfirio Díaz is known as
rancor of the day.
the Porfiriato. Mexico changed more between
The Restored Republic. With the overthrow of
1876 and 1911 than it ever had in the past.
Maximilian's empire and the restoration of Juárez
Through an adroit combination of statesmanship
to the presidency, Mexico for the first time began
and deceit, diplomatic finesse and bribery, artful
to demonstrate its potential for growth and mod-
persuasion and brute force, Porfirio Díaz estab-
865
VOLUME 16
Jefferson to Latin
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
JUANA LA LOCA-JUÁREZ
191
JUÁREZ, Benito Pablo (1806-1872), Mexican pres-
ident and wartime leader, who laid the founda-
tions of modern Mexico. A Zapotec Indian, he
was born in the village of San Pablo Guelatao,
Oaxaca state, on March 21, 1806. Orphaned at
an early age, he became a houseboy for a pious
bookbinder in Oaxaca city, where he learned
Spanish, shed his Indian ways, and, encouraged
by his employer, began studying for the priest-
hood. Later he had a change of heart, switched
to the study of law, and joined the anticlerical
Liberal-Federalist party. In the 1830's he prac-
ticed law and held local political offices.
Elected to Congress during the war with the
United States, Juárez went to Mexico City in
1846 but returned to Oaxaca the next year, fol-
lowing the takeover of the national government
by Gen. Antonio López de Santa Anna. In Oax-
aca, Juárez became head of a provisional Liberal
state government opposed to the Santa Anna re-
gime. With the fall of Santa Anna, the end of the
war, and the restoration of constitutional rule,
Juárez was elected governor of Oaxaca in 1848.
An able and honest administrator, he adopted a
conciliatory attitude toward the Roman Catholic
Church and the Conservative opposition. Nev-
ertheless, with the return to power of Santa Anna
and the Conservatives in 1853, Juárez was ban-
ished from Mexico. He went to New Orleans,
CLICHÉ DES MUSÉES NATIONAUX-PARIS
where he took menial jobs and joined other Mex-
Juana la Loca (the Mad), queen of Castile, daughter of
ican exiles in plotting against Santa Anna.
Ferdinand and Isabella, and mother of Emperor Charles V.
Meanwhile, in Mexico, Moderates and Liberals
rose in armed revolt at Ayutla in 1854. Juárez
joined them shortly before their triumph over
JUANA LA LOCA, hwä'nä lä lō'kä (1479-1555),
Santa Anna.
queen of Castile and Aragón. Born in Toledo on
The revolutionary victory of 1855 brought to
Nov. 6, 1479, Juana was the third child of Ferdi-
power the movement called La Reforma ("The
nand and Isabella of Spain. In 1496 she married
Reform"), with the Liberal Juan Álvarez as pres-
Philip of Habsburg, son of Emperor Maximilian
ident, the Moderate Ignacio Comonfort as minis-
I, and lived with him in the Habsburg Nether-
ter of war, and Juárez as minister of justice.
lands for several years. They had two sons, the
Juárez formulated one of La Reforma's key
future emperors Charles V and Ferdinand I, and
pieces of legislation-the Ley Juárez ("Juárez
four daughters.
Law")-which restructured the judicial system,
The flagrant infidelities of her husband,
known as "Philip the Handsome," caused her
great distress and contributed to the intervals of
Benito Juarez was constitutional president of Mexico from
insanity that she began to suffer after 1502. This
1858 to 1872, a critical period in the country's history.
caused great alarm because she had become heir-
ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS)
ess to the Castilian throne in 1500 after the unex-
pected deaths of her older brother and sister. By
her mother's will she was declared queen propri-
etress of Castile, and in November 1504, Juana
succeeded her. But her husband was deter-
mined to rule in her stead. Her father, who had
acted as administrator of the realm until she
reached Spain from the Netherlands, had to step
aside, leaving the government to Philip.
Philip's sudden death on Sept. 25, 1506,
caused her mind to become permanently unbal-
anced. Called la Loca ("the Mad"), she was set-
tled at Tordesillas in February 1509 where she
lived, in total neglect of her person, mourning for
her dead husband. Before Ferdinand's death in
1516, he designated Juana as heiress to Aragón.
But her son Charles assumed the title of king of
Castile and Aragón, with her permission, in No-
vember 1517. In theory mother and son ruled
jointly, but he exercised effective authority. In
1520 the comunero rebels tried to use her against
her unpopular son, but while expressing sympa-
thy for them, she refused to sign any documents.
She died at Tordesillas on April 12, 1555.
JOSEPH F. O'CALLAGHAN
Fordham University
192
JUÁREZ-JUDAH
limiting the jurisdiction of military and ecclesias-
began organizing a federal rural police force, and
tical courts. Its enactment in 1855 brought a
promoted positivism as the guiding philosophy
storm of protest by supporters of the Church and
of Mexican education-providing bases for eco-
led to the resignations of Álvarez and Juárez.
nomic development and social control later ex-
Comonfort succeeded to the presidency, ap-
ploited by the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.
pointed Juárez governor of Oaxaca, and tried to
Juárez died of a heart attack in Mexico City on
conciliate the Church-without abandoning the
July 18, 1872.
principles of La Reforma. These were embod-
NEILL MACAULAY, University of Florida
ied in the Ley Lerdo of 1856, which mandated
the sale at public auction of agricultural lands
Further Reading: Cadenhead, Ivie E., Jr., Benito
held in mortmain by the Church and by Indian
Juarez (Twayne 1973); Roeder, Ralph, Juarez and His Mex-
communes. Intended to free Mexican farmland
ico, 2 vols. (1947; reprint, Greenwood Press 1968); Weeks,
for capitalistic development, this law struck at
Charles A., The Juarez Myth in Mexico (Univ. of Ala. Press
1986).
the interests of both Church and peasantry.
The Lerdo and Juárez Laws were incorpo-
JUÁREZ, Mexico. See CIUDAD JUÁREZ.
rated into the Constitution of 1857, under which
Comonfort was elected president and Juárez
JUBILEE, joo'ba-lé, a celebration of a period of
chief justice and de facto vice president. The
time, anniversary, or other special occasion.
Church anathematized the constitution and in-
The word is from the Hebrew yobel, meaning
cited army officers in Mexico City to seize the
ram's horn. In the Old Testament the Jews cel-
government in December 1857. Comonfort re-
ebrated a jubilee every 50th year, at the end of
signed and fled the country; Juárez escaped to
seven sabbatical years, during which Jewish
Querétaro, where he was sworn in as constitu-
slaves for debt were freed, purchased land re-
tional president; and Gen. Miguel Miramón
verted to its original owners, and no agricultural
emerged as the strongman of a Conservative gov-
work was done. The year, heralded by the blow-
ernment in Mexico City.
ing of a ram's horn, signified the authority of God
Thus began the War of the Reform. The Lib-
over the Jews and their land.
erals financed their war effort with customs re-
In the Roman Catholic Church an ordinary
ceipts from the port of Veracruz, which they
jubilee, or Holy Year, occurs every 25th year and
seized early in the conflict, and with property
carries a plenary indulgence for those who re-
confiscated from the Church. The Conserva-
pent and make a pilgrimage to Rome. In the
tives sold bonds, at huge discounts, to European
next year, the indulgence is granted for local pil-
bankers. The Conservatives had the better gen-
grimage. An extraordinary jubilee marks a spe-
erals, in Miramón and the Indian Tomás Mejía,
cial occasion, such as the close of Vatican Coun-
while the Liberals, in Juárez, had the superior
cil II in 1965. In secular usage, a jubilee may
political leadership. Swarthy, short, and squat,
also mark an anniversary, such as the silver (25
acknowledged as homely even by his wife, som-
years), golden (50 years), or diamond (60 or 75
ber in manner and dress, Juárez was the antithe-
years) jubilee of a school's founding or a mon-
sis of the dashing Miramón. Juárez prevailed by
arch's accession. See also HOLY YEAR.
intelligent management of men and resources.
The Liberals occupied Mexico City at the end of
JUBILEES, Book of, jōō'bә-lēz, a pseudepigraphal
1860, and Miramón fled to France.
(noncanonical) work written in Hebrew about
Elected president in 1861, with the federal
100 B.C. The author recounts the history of the
treasury empty, Juárez suspended payment on
world from the Creation, as told in Genesis and
the foreign debt. This provoked a joint punitive
early Exodus. He omits or exaggerates various
expedition by three of Mexico's creditors:
biblical points and incorporates later material in
Britain, Spain, and France. They seized Vera-
order to stress the divine origin of the Jewish law
cruz in 1861, but Britain and Spain withdrew on
and ceremonial of his time and to urge the impor-
learning of France's plans to install a puppet gov-
tance of observing them in view of the tendency
ernment in Mexico City. French troops, after a
to laxity resulting from Hellenistic influences.
setback in 1862, marched into Mexico City in
Such observance, he believes, sets off the Jews
1863. Juárez retreated to the north with his gov-
as the people chosen by God as an example to
ernment, vowing to resist the invaders.
the rest of the world. His emphasis on law and
To Mexican Conservatives, who longed for
division of history into jubilees of 49 years (in-
the restoration of monarchy, French Emperor
stead of 50 as in Leviticus) suggests a close rela-
Napoleon III offered a candidate for the Mexican
tion to the Qumran community, rather than to the
throne: Austrian Archduke Maximilian, who was
Pharisees, as was once thought.
installed as emperor in Mexico City in 1864, with
Manuscripts in Hebrew were discovered at
Miramón and Mejía as imperial marshals.
Qumran, but the only full text (four copies) is in
Juárez, with the backing of the United States,
Ethiopic. Alternative titles are The Little Gene-
rallied Liberal forces against the empire. Diplo-
sis, The Apocalypse of Moses, The Testament of
matic pressure from Washington and an impend-
Moses, The Book of Adam's Daughters, and The
ing crisis in Europe caused Napoleon III to with-
Life of Adam.
draw French troops from Mexico early in 1867.
The Mexican Conservatives fought on until they
JUDAEA, joo-dē'a, the Greco-Roman name for the
were overwhelmed at Querétaro, where Maxi-
kingdom of Judah, the southern region of Pales-
milian, Miramón, and Mejía were captured and
tine that included the cities of Jerusalem and
executed in June 1867.
Bethlehem. During the Roman period Judaea
Reelected president in 1867, Juárez ruled in
was first ruled by native client kings and then by
an increasingly authoritarian manner. In his
Roman procurators. See JUDAH, KINGDOM OF.
1871 reelection bid he barely survived opposi-
tion within his party and a military revolt. His
JUDAH, joo'de, in the Bible, the fourth son of
post-intervention administration authorized lu-
Jacob and Leah; also, the name of one of the 12
crative concessions to foreign railroad builders,
tribes of Israel.
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
April 24, 1992
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
IN TELECONFERENCE WITH THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HISPANIC JOURNALISTS
IN ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO
2:34 P.M. EDT
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you very much, Monica. And first,
let me thank your President, Don Flores, for this opportunity to
speak with you. May I salute the hundreds of Hispanic women and men
who inform and enliven our great country through the press and
through the broadcast media. I look forward to answering your
questions.
A top priority of my presidency is to consolidate the
peaceful revolution that's taken place in Latin America over the past
decade -- the movement towards democracy and free markets. And
yesterday I heard a solid endorsement of those goals in a meeting
with hundreds of business and civic leaders and government leaders
from around our hemisphere.
Democratic neighbors are peaceful neighbors. Experience
teaches us that. And I am determined to keep working to promote and
protect democracy in Latin America.
Recently, we've been working closely with our partners
in the hemisphere to defend democracy under attack in Venezuela,
Haiti, and Peru. In Cuba we envision a new birth of freedom and
democracy, and that day cannot be far off. I expect one day soon,
after the inevitable fall of the Castro dictatorship, to be the first
President of the United States to visit the free soil of Cuba.
Also vital is liberating the markets of the Western
Hemisphere. I want to create a North American free trade area to
increase the levels of trade, investment and jobs in Mexico, Canada,
and the United States of America. And I am thankful for the support
from the Hispanic community that helped us win our great victory for
fast track authority.
Some politicians don't share our views on the value of
free trade. They want to address this issue from both sides of their
mouths, and they suggest that we can hide in a cocoon of protection
and still benefit from the fresh air of competition. Well, that is
simply not possible. And you can pander to the protectionists, or
you can promote free trade. You cannot have it both ways.
I will fight to tear down economic barriers with Mexico
and throughout the hemisphere, and I'll oppose any special interest
that tries to stand in our way.
And one other thing: We must not let election-year
politics delay for one minute our getting a good free trade agreement
and getting it approved. The North American Free Trade Agreement
will increase our trade with Mexico and create thousands more jobs
right here in the United States of America. And I'll keep working
with my good friend, President Carlos Salinas, who is a bold and
imaginative leader. Already, in just three years, I believe we've
made U.S.-Mexican relations the best that they have ever been in
history. And we're going to keep working to forge a new relationship
MORE
- 2 -
between our nations, based on free trade, open markets and mutual
respect.
And we will not stop with Mexico. My Enterprise for the
Americas Initiative will encourage open trade and job-creating
investment from Alaska to Argentina.
The interests we share do not end with free trade. I'm
committed to action on a full range of key reforms, and I want to
mention just two of urgent interest to the Hispanic community.
On health care, I have put forward a comprehensive plan
to open to all Americans access -- access to quality health care.
And I'm also proud of my administration, as part of the public-
private initiative called "Growing Up Hispanic," to improve the
quality of health in your communities.
And on the vital matter of education, Hispanic support
for America 2000 has been steady and strong. And I want to see every
American family win the right to choose which school is best for
their children -- public, private and religious.
But even the most ambitious reform effort here at home
must go hand-in-hand with economic growth through open trade. And
I've asked Congress repeatedly for funds to assist the brave
reformers who are now leading many of the Latin American nations.
But Congress has done nothing. We must not stand for
this lack of foresight. And if we can aid the transformation of the
former Soviet Union -- and in my view, we must do that -- we can and
we must also help our closest neighbors who are trying to consolidate
their own revolution for freedom and prosperity.
And there are many, many other issues. But let me just
say to you today before taking your questions, as I think of the
Hispanic community in this country, I think of family. I think of
family values. And Barbara and I are, I hope you know by now,
dedicated to that concept. And every piece of legislation that comes
my way, we're looking at it to see that it does nothing but
strengthen the American family. That's one of the reasons I feel so
strongly about choice that I just mentioned for education. We must
strengthen the family values. And I will do my level best to do just
that.
And now on to the questions. Fire away. And thank you
so much for letting me drop in on you.
Q
Why did your pro-statehood for Puerto Rico effort
fail in Congress last year? What will you do about it if reelected?
THE PRESIDENT: I have remained strongly in favor of
pro-statehood. And the first step on that is a referendum. And we
are having great difficulty getting that approved by the United
States Congress -- the part that has to be approved by Congress.
As you know, there's great divisions. It's divided in
Puerto Rico by those who favor statehood, those who favor
commonwealth, and then a tiny group of those who favor independence.
That group has heretofore been considered one of the most radical
groups.
My choice is for statehood. But I also say that the
matter should be left up to the people of Puerto Rico. And so we
will continue to push in a reluctant Congress to get them to come
along and support Bob Lagomarsino's approach to support a referendum
that will make the determination. And then we'd have to follow on
with whatever is required after that.
MORE
- 3 -
But I have not changed my position. And I wish, Monica,
I could tell you that this is the only area where I'm having
difficulty with the Congress, but it's not. But I haven't lessened
my intentions at all in favor of statehood for Puerto Rico.
I know you could get in a lively debate right out there
at your meeting. But I think it's best, I think it's right. And I
believe it's in the best interest of all Americans, all the members
of -- all the people in the United States right now, citizens herein.
So we'll keep trying.
&
Judges appointed by you and Ronald Reagan are more
and more limiting access to fair treatment of U.S. Hispanics in such
areas as voting rights, employment, housing and education. If
reelected, would you change your emphasis on conservative philosophy
and appoint more persons to the bench who understand the realities of
inequality faced by poor people of color?
THE PRESIDENT: I think that people that I've appointed
to the bench understand -- both the district bench, the circuit bench
and the Supreme Court understand that. But I don't want people to
legislate from the bench. Now, if the person that asked this
question feels that we need judges that are going to set social
policy from the bench, then we just have a philosophical difference.
I have appointed people that care. And I have appointed people that
I think are compassionate. And I have appointed people that I am
confident will interpret the Constitution and not legislate from the
bench. So I do not plead guilty to the charges in that question at
all.
I think the way that you better the lot of all people is
to have them have equal access, fair access to the law. And the
people that I've appointed certainly agree with that concept.
So we'll continue to do this. We've got some fine
Hispanic appointments -- and others -- to the various levels of the
federal bench. But I am not going to change my view that what we
need are people that know the Constitution and interpret it, and do
not go into a bunch of social legislation from the federal bench.
That is not what is required in my view of an independent judiciary.
O Many people feel the 1st Amendment was violated
with severe press restrictions imposed during the war. In subsequent
conflicts will your administration continue with the limitations
imposed on the media during Desert Storm, or will we be allowed to do
our jobs?
THE PRESIDENT: Well, you're allowed to do your job.
After Desert Storm a review was taken. I do not believe that the
constitutional rights of the press were violated in Desert Storm.
And if you remember, one journalist who didn't play by the rules was
kidnapped and taken prisoner, and we spent a great deal of time and
an awful lot of anxiety in trying to help get that person released
from jail because he didn't follow the guidelines of the military.
And when you're in a war every correspondent does not have the --
should not have the freedom to go anyplace they want at any time.
And that example proved it.
But I do think you're on to something because I think,
as each incident of this nature takes place -- and let's hope there
won't be another one for a long time we ought to review it. We
ought to see if there's ways that we can guarantee more access for
journalists to the front lines, or more access of journalists to the
briefers, or whatever it is. so I don't think rights were violated.
I do think we can learn from the Desert War pooling experience and
from the Desert War coverage -- Desert Storm coverage -- and see if
we can't do a better job on access for journalists.
MORE
- 4 -
Q
President Bush, on behalf of the National
Association of Hispanic Journalists we thank you for your time today.
THE PRESIDENT: Monica, thank you very, very much. And
good luck to you out there. And we are -- I am one who, as you may
know from my own family, is doubly blessed in a sense because of
having three Hispanic American grandchildren. And so I hope I've
been sensitive to your needs and to the things that bring you
together. But I can guarantee you this, I'm going to keep on trying.
And when I talk of -- think about patriotism and service
to country I know what I'm talking about when I say Hispanics have
been in the forefront of that. And when I think about family values
I know what I'm talking about when I say the Hispanic American
families epitomize, more than most, the family values that Barbara
and I, at least, hold so dear.
so I'll keep on trying, trying to do my best. And I
might say in conclusion -- you don't need to hear me twice now -- but
I might say in conclusion that the economic news is a little better.
And as that turns around -- and I'm confident it will -- I think
we'll see this country coming together; I think we'll see a return to
a little more optimism. And certainly, I will keep dedicated and
rededicating our administration to fair play for our Hispanic
American citizens.
So thank you and thanks for letting me drop in. And
good luck to each and every one of you. Thank you. (Applause.)
END
2:46 P.M. EDT
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
May 5, 1992
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
AT CINCO DE MAYO CEREMONIES
Mexican Cultural Institute
Washington, D.C.
2:17 P.M. EDT
THE PRESIDENT: If I might be informal, Gus, thank you
very much for the warm introduction and the warm welcome. And I just
can't tell you how pleased I am to be in this beautiful place. There
are many familiar faces out there -- so many members of both chambers
from Mexico -- we salute you and we welcome you all. I had a chance
to greet the members a second ago. Members of the Hispanic America
-- Mexican American business community, we're very pleased to have
you all here. I see Senator Gramm and Representative Colby and
Gilman and Talon, all here to salute this show of force and show of
friendship for the delegates from south of the Rio Grande.
The interparliamentary union, the Mexican-American
interparliamentary relationship is a good one, and I can tell some of
you older member of this delegation that I was a member of that
interparliamentary action back in 1968 and 1969 and 1970. So I
welcome you all once again.
I was pleased earlier to see Jose Nino and Raul
Yzaguirre, two American leaders who do so much for strong relations
between Mexico and the United States.
And, of course, I want to take this opportunity to
congratulate President Carlos Salinas for preserving this remarkable
historical landmark and for creating the institute to strengthen the
ties of friendship between our two nations.
Relations between the United States and Mexico are
tremendously important to both our countries -- and it's exciting to
note -- and I would note, and I'd say with some pride, that relations
between Mexico and the United States have never been better than they
are now.
And I take great pride in that, as I say, but I commend
especially Carlos Salinas for the role that he's played in
strengthening the special friendship that benefits both our peoples.
The Mexican President has done an awful lot to hold out his hand to
us, to emphasize the importance to Mexico of the U.S.-Mexican
relationship. And he's done a wonderful job.
I want to thank all of you for letting me share this
special day -- a day made even more meaningful because 1992 marks 500
years of Hispanic heritage in this hemisphere. And this heritage is
a wonderful, rich tapestry that Barbara and I -- that our kids,
Barbara and I, were lucky enough to first experience during our West
Texas years. I remember our Cinco de Mayo festivities out there,
exploring the ties between our countries, ties of family, friendship
and faith. So my exposure to Cinco de Mayo started in the year 1949
out in West Texas and it's been a part of us ever since.
The Bushes are very lucky to be able to keep that
celebration alive. Our daughter-in-law, as some of you know, was
MORE
- 2 -
from Mexico, now an American citizen, and we take great pride in
that. Three of our grandchildren are Hispanic American, and they
bring the wonder of this dual heritage into our family. I have only
one complaint with them all four of them; my daughter-in-law and
the three grandchildren none of them has been able to teach their
grandfather to speak Spanish. (Laughter.) When things calm down a
little, maybe I can make a little more headway.
I remember being so proud when Noelle, our granddaughter
and her mariachi group sang at Barbara's First Ladies luncheon during
our inauguration. I heard the mariachi group upstairs, and I'm kind
of glad there wasn't a comparison between Noelle's mariachi group and
this group of wonderful musicians that enlivened the festivities
here. (Laughter.) But I was delighted to hear the music today.
We all know the facts of Cinco de Mayo; that long-ago
May 5th when General Zaragoza and his outnumbered troops stood up to
the empire of Napoleon III. Stirring facts. But what's most
important is the spirit of that day, the spirit of those few poorly-
armed men who turned the battle into a glorious symbol. Cinco de
Mayo is a symbol of the struggle for self-determination against
astounding odds. And it's the symbol of a brave people's unbeatable
determination to fight for their own destiny.
It's a day like the downing of the Berlin Wall, the vote
against apartheid, the defeat of Iraq's aggression -- events that
transform our world and the way we see each other. It's also, of
course, a national holiday, a day of pride in Mexican culture, a day
of pride in Mexican heritage.
And the Los Angeles Unified School District sponsors an
annual Cinco de Mayo essay contest, and I just want to share with you
a couple of the quotes. A senior high school student wrote that this
day and here's the quote "instilled within me pride and
appreciation for the beauty of my people and the richness of my
roots." And a middle school student wrote, "The real significance of
Cinco de Mayo is the pride Mexicans everywhere have in their
heritage.'
And that's a glorious thing to celebrate. And when I
think of the Hispanic community in our country, the first words to
come to mind are faith, family and freedom. These values have been
interwoven into the strong, bright fabric of the Hispanic tradition
for generations and they're also the very values that this nation was
founded on.
Cinco de Mayo shows that we all have debts to our
ancestors who took risks and made sacrifices for us, whether on the
battlefield or out in the farm field. And we must honor these men
and women who ached to pass on a richer life, a freer life, a better
life; who sacrificed all they had in order to guarantee opportunity,
freedom and hope for their children and their children's children.
One essay winner in this Los Angeles contest wrote,
"Celebrating the deeds of our ancestors helps us keep in touch with
our history and reminds us of past suffering and hardship that
brought about the comfort we have today." Cinco de Mayo -- it does
not belong solely to another land; it's a celebration of ideals that
know no border.
And today we rejoice at the men and women who came to
this country from across the world, brought their finest strengths,
their rich culture, their proudest tradition and sift them into the
vibrant mosaic that is America.
We must also look toward the future to prepare the
legacy we will leave our children. I believe of all the gifts that
we could give them, the three most important are jobs, family, and
MORE
- 3 -
peace. And the America we will leave to our country will be a better
land and more just land if we make progress here on five key areas.
I'm thinking of our health care system, our legal system, our
education system, our system of government and, of course, we must
expand world trade. And these are the keys to thriving in the
future.
And so much depends upon trade. Mexico and the United
States share a great deal. President Salinas, as I say, is a dear
friend. He also is a bold and imaginative leader, and the deep and
enduring relationship we're forging between our countries is based on
cooperation, mutual respect, and open trade. And I will fight to
tear down economic barriers with Mexico.
I notice the portrait of Juarez watching us. And seeing
him reminds me of that great fresco I saw upstairs, "The Liberators
of the American Continent.' For those who haven't seen it, it's a
symbol of the friendship and union that we share. It shows the great
leaders of our lands and a picture of North America and Latin America
shaking hands.
This idealized portrait shows what we're going to
achieve in trade, because I am absolutely committed -- put the
politics aside -- I am absolutely committed to signing a sound North
American Free Trade Agreement just as soon as possible. (Applause.)
The time of opportunity is now. I've told our
negotiators to accelerate their work. I believe we can conclude a
sound and sensible deal before this United States election, and I
will sign it just as soon as it's ready.
A great lesson of our age is that trade and enterprise
can build jobs and certainly can preserve freedom. NAFTA, the North
American Free Trade Agreement, will be the key to higher standards of
living for the peoples of our continent. I hope it helps, and I'm
sure it will, the standard of living in Mexico. I know it will do
the same for the United States. And then I believe the benefits will
flow south where it will open the door for other such free trade
agreements.
It will liberate our markets and it will increase trade,
investment and jobs -- yes, jobs. In Mexico, in Canada, and right
here in the United States of America.
I must say, as I look over here I have a little guilt
complex because I see Bernie Aronson who is working so very hard and
in such effectiveness to bring forth a trade agreement, and he's done
a wonderful job in our relationship. Bernie, I should have mentioned
you earlier, but I'm just delighted you're here. (Applause.)
But as he knows and all of us, I think, know, a free
trade market made up of these three nations -- Mexico, Canada, and
the United States would be the stuff of dreams -- one of the
largest markets in the world; 360 million consumers in a $6 trillion
economy.
Now, Mexico is among the fastest-growing national
markets for U.S. exports, and they've increased by two-thirds just
over the past three years. And our exports of auto parts and
telecommunications equipment have doubled. Imagine what will happen
under a free trade agreement. And it will create thousands more jobs
on both sides of the border. And all of us will be winners.
And in that spirit of vital cooperation, I know that we
will grow together. But all communities within the United States
MORE
0
- 4 -
need to pause right now in the wake of tragic events in Los Angeles.
We must rethink and reaffirm the bonds that knit all nationalities
together.
The violence brought much suffering to the Los Angeles
Hispanic community. And I am certain that many of you, as did I,
shared in their pain. And even as my heart, too, goes out to them, I
found in the midst of the devastation, there were signs of promise --
neighbor helping neighbor, regardless of race or cultural background.
Converging in Los Angeles were three fundamental issues of a
civilized society justice, order and tolerance. And these must
remain our goals as we mend the wounds of Los Angeles.
From New York to San Antonio to as we mend the wounds of
Los Angeles.
From New York to San Antonio to San Jose, we must
redouble our efforts to build on our strengths -- the same strengths
of character that are at the heart of the Hispanic community here in
the United States and in Mexico as well.
My friends, I look forward to spending future Cinco de
Mayo days with you. I loved the music, as I said. I can't wait to
hear it again. And thank you very much, Gus, for including me in
this wonderful day. And here's something my eight-year-old grandson,
Jebby, did teach me -- "Vayan con Dios."
Thank you very, very much. (Applause.)
END
2:31 P.M. EDT
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
May 6, 1992
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
IN MEETING WITH PRESIDENT CALLEJAS OF HONDURAS
The Oval Office
3:15 P.M. EDT
Q
Mr. President, do you think your feelings about the
blame game have been misinterpreted?
THE PRESIDENT: I hope not. I've made it very clear.
You heard me speak on it. I hope it's clear.
Q
Your remarks on Monday and your spokesman's
remarks.
THE PRESIDENT: My remarks on Monday about what?
Q
Blaming Congress for not passing your programs.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, I'd like to get them passed. But
I really don't think this is the time for blame, I think this is a
time to move forward. And I think what Marlin said got grossly
misinterpreted.
So I don't want to discuss it anymore. I've got a
distinguished visitor and a good friend here. The man is doing a
first-class job down there, and we've got some business to talk
about.
Q
You're not taking him to the woodshed -- Marlin?
THE PRESIDENT: Absolutely not.
Q
Do you think that Clinton's playing politics --
THE PRESIDENT: Helen, get out of here. Come on. We've
got to go to work.
Q
We'll see you outside, right? (Laughter.)
THE PRESS: Thank you.
END
3:20 P.M. EDT