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Education Summit - Charlottesville, VA Part III 9/28/89 [OA 8749]
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434
THE MIND OF THE FOUNDER
patronised by Public authority. We are teaching the world the
great truth that Governments do better without Kings &
Nobles than with them. The merit will be doubled by the other
31. Public Education and the Classes:
lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity, without than
with the aid of Government.
Virginia to Kentucky
My pen I perceive has rambled into reflections for which it
was not taken up. I recall it to the proper object of thanking
you for your very interesting pamphlet, and of tendering you
my respects and good wishes.
The American public school and state university are the am-
biguous monuments to an old republican faith in education. In
Virginia, Jefferson had been since revolutionary times the mov-
ing spirit and eloquent advocate of educational reform. Madi-
son, as usual, stood faithfully at his friend's right hand, giving
political aid and prudent counsel. In 1822, answering the in-
quiries of the Kentucky Lieutenant Governor, William T.
Barry, Madison added little to either the principles or the de-
sign of a republican educational system that Jefferson had first
outlined more than forty years before in his "Bill for the Gen-
eral Diffusion of Knowledge," and had defended memorably in
his Notes on the State of Virginia (1782-1785). (He had used
Jefferson more critically when advising Kentuckians on consti-
tutional matters in the 1780s. See Document 7.)
Sadly, Madison recognized that Virginia could not offer
much in the way of practical achievement in public education
To William T. Barry, August 4, 1822, in Writings, IX, pp. 103-109.
435
436
THE MIND OF THE FOUNDER
REFLECTIONS: THE ELDER STATESMAN
437
to guide the Kentuckians. New England, the native ground of
Federalism, provided a far better example. Few Virginians
would have disputed Madison's statement of a common truth
August 4, 1822.
of republican politics: "A popular government, without popu-
lar information or the means of acquiring it, is but a prologue
DEAR SIR,-I received some days ago your letter of June 30,
and the printed Circular to which it refers.
to a farce or a tragedy or, perhaps, both." Yet the representa-
The liberal appropriations made by the Legislature of Ken-
tives of the people, counting the costs, had provided only the
tucky for a general system of Education cannot be too much
barest beginnings of elementary education for the poor and,
finally, in 1818, had reluctantly granted authorization and mod-
applauded. A popular Government, without popular informa-
tion, or the means of acquiring it, is but a Prologue to a Farce
est support for Jefferson's projected University of Virginia. (See
Document 32.)
or a Tragedy; or, perhaps both. Knowledge will forever govern
ignorance: And a people who mean to be their own Governors,
Writing from hard experience, Madison armed Barry, a pro-
fessor as well as a politician, with arguments that might over-
must arm themselves with the power which knowledge gives.
I have always felt a more than ordinary interest in the des-
come popular prejudice against publicly supported higher
education. Republicans of his generation never imagined, or
tinies of Kentucky. Among her earliest settlers were some of my
wished, that significant numbers of "the labouring classes"
particular friends and Neighbors. And I was myself among the
foremost advocates for submitting to the Will of the "District"
would advance beyond elementary schooling. It was neverthe-
less essential for ordinary citizens to recognize their great stake
the question and the time of its becoming a separate member
in institutions that would interest the wealthy in public edu-
of the American family. Its rapid growth & signal prosperity in
this character have afforded me much pleasure; which is not a
cation, open present opportunities for gifted boys of modest
means and future opportunities for the successful sons of the
little enhanced by the enlightened patriotism which is now pro-
poor. For the rich, the poor, and the middling alike, "learned
viding for the State a Plan of Education embracing every class
institutions" would broaden the sources of educated leadership
of Citizens, and every grade & department of Knowledge. No
for society, foster science and the useful arts to the greater
error is more certain than the one proceeding from a hasty &
glory of the American Republic, and would-above all-"throw
superficial view of the subject: that the people at large have no
that light over the public mind which is the best security
interest in the establishment of Academies, Colleges, and Uni-
versities, where a few only, and those not of the poorer classes
liberty." against crafty and dangerous encroachments on the public
can obtain for their sons the advantages of superior education.
Although Barry's comprehensive report on education was not
It is thought to be unjust that all should be taxed for the benefit
adopted by the Kentucky legislature, that commonwealth-
of a part, and that too the part least needing it.
unlike Virginia-did create a respectable public-school system
If provision were not made at the same time for every part,
by 1860. Discounting his Virginia pride, Madison might have
the objection would be a natural one. But, besides the consid-
seen this as another case of "salutary emulation" among the
eration when the higher Seminaries belong to a plan of general
states of a federal system: a friendly competition in experi-
education, that it is better for the poorer classes to have the aid
mental reform.
of the richer by a general tax on property, than that every
parent should provide at his own expence for the education of
438
THE MIND OF THE FOUNDER
REFLECTIONS: THE ELDER STATESMAN
439
his children, it is certain that every Class is interested in estab-
lishments which give to the human mind its highest improve-
general diffusion of knowledge" that wherever a youth was
ascertained to possess talents meriting an education which his
ments, and to every Country its truest and most durable
parents could not afford, he should be carried forward at the
celebrity.
Learned Institutions ought to be favorite objects with every
public expence, from seminary to seminary, to the completion
of his studies at the highest.
free people. They throw that light over the public mind which
is the best security against crafty & dangerous encroachments
But why should it be necessary in this case, to distinguish the
Society into classes according to their property? When it is con-
on the public liberty. They are the nurseries of skilful Teachers
for the schools distributed throughout the Community. They
sidered that the establishment and endowment of Academies,
are themselves schools for the particular talents required for
Colleges, and Universities are a provision, not merely for the
existing generation, but for succeeding ones also; that in Gov-
some of the Public Trusts, on the able execution of which the
ernments like ours a constant rotation of property results from
welfare of the people depends. They multiply the educated in-
dividuals from among whom the people may elect a due por-
the free scope to industry, and from the laws of inheritance,
and when it is considered moreover, how much of the exertions
tion of their public Agents of every description; more especially
and privations of all are meant not for themselves, but for
of those who are to frame the laws; by the perspicuity, the con-
their posterity, there can be little ground for objections from
sistency, and the stability, as well as by the just & equal spirit
any class, to plans of which every class must have its turn of
of which the great social purposes are to be answered.
Without such Institutions, the more costly of which can
benefits. The rich man, when contributing to a permanent plan
scarcely be provided by individual means, none but the few
for the education of the poor, ought to reflect that he is provid-
whose wealth enables them to support their sons abroad can
ing for that of his own descendants; and the poor man who
give them the fullest education; and in proportion as this is
concurs in a provision for those who are not poor that at no
distant day it may be enjoyed by descendants from himself. It
done, the influence is monopolized which superior information
every where possesses. At cheaper & nearer seats of Learning
fortune. does not require a long life to witness these vicissitudes of
parents with slender incomes may place their sons in a course
It is among the happy peculiarities of 'our Union, that the
of education putting them on a level with the sons of the Rich-
States composing it derive from their relation to each other and
est. Whilst those who are without property, or with but little,
must be peculiarly interested in a System which unites with
to the whole, a salutary emulation, without the enmity in-
volved in competitions among States alien to each other. This
the more Learned Institutions, a provision for diffusing through
emulation, we may perceive, is not without its influence in
the entire Society the education needed for the common pur-
several important respects; and in none ought it to be more
poses of life. A system comprizing the Learned Institutions may
be still further recommended to the more indigent class of
felt than in the merit of diffusing the light and the advantages
Citizens by such an arrangement as was reported to the Gen-
of Public Instruction. In the example therefore which Kentucky
is presenting, she not only consults her own welfare, but is
eral Assembly of Virginia, in the year 1779, by a Committee
giving an impulse to any of her sisters who may be behind her
appointed to revise laws in order to adapt them to the genius of
in the noble career.
Republican Government. It made part of a "Bill for the more
Throughout the Civilized World, nations are courting the
440
THE MIND OF THE FOUNDER
REFLECTIONS: THE ELDER STATESMAN
441
praise of fostering Science and the useful Arts, and are opening
by a Globe & Maps, and a concise Geographical Grammar. And
their eyes to the principles and the blessings of Representative
how easily & quickly might a general idea even, be conveyed
Government. The American people owe it to themselves, and
of the Solar System, by the aid of a Planatarium of the Cheap-
to the cause of frec Government, to prove by their establish-
est construction. No information seems better calculated to
ments for the advancement and diffusion of Knowledge, that
expand the mind and gratify curiosity than what would thus
their political Institutions, which are attracting observation
be imparted. This is especially the case, with what relates to
from every quarter, and are respected as Models, by the new-
the Globe we inhabit, the Nations among which it is divided,
born States in our own Hemisphere, are as favorable to the
and the characters and customs which distinguish them. An
intellectual and moral improvement of Man as they are con-
acquaintance with foreign Countries in this mode, has a kin-
formable to his individual & social Rights. What spectacle can
dred effect with that of seeing them as travellers, which never
be more edifying or more seasonable, than that of Liberty &
fails, in uncorrupted minds, to weaken local prejudices, and
Learning, each leaning on the other for their mutual & surest
enlarge the sphere of benevolent feelings. A knowledge of the
support?
Globe & its various inhabitants, however slight, might more-
The Committee, of which your name is the first, have taken a
over, create a taste for Books of Travels and Voyages; out of
very judicious course in endeavouring to avail Kentucky of the
which might grow a general taste for History, an inexhaustible
experience of elder States, in modifying her Schools. I enclose
fund of entertainment & instruction. Any reading not of a
extracts from the laws of Virginia on that subject; though I
vicious species must be a good substitute for the amusements
presume they will give little aid; the less as they have as yet
too apt to fill up the leisure of the labouring classes.
been imperfectly carried into execution. The States where such
I feel myself much obliged Sir by your expressions of per-
systems have been long in operation will furnish much better
sonal kindness, and pray you to accept a return of my good
answers to many of the enquiries stated in your Circular. But
wishes, with assurances of my great esteem & respect.
after all, such is the diversity of local circumstances, more par-
ticularly as the population varies in density & sparseness, that
the details suited to some may be little so to others. As the
population however, is becoming less & less sparse, and it will
be well in laying the foundation of a Good System, to have a
view to this progressive change, much attention seems due to
examples in the Eastern States, where the people are most com-
pact, & where there has been the longest experience in plans of
popular education.
I know not that I can offer on the occasion any suggestions
not likely to occur to the Committee. Were I to hazard one, it
would be in favour of adding to Reading, Writing, & Arithme-
tic, to which the instruction of the poor, is commonly limited,
some knowledge of Geography; such as can easily be conveyed
James,
t
THE MIND
Sources of the
OF THE
Political Thought of
FOUNDER:
JAMES MADISON
Edited with Introduction and Commentary by
MARVIN MEYERS
THE BOBBS-MERRILL COMPANY, INC.
PUBLISHERS INDIANAPOLIS NEW YORK
Chapter XXII
IDEAS AND PROJECTS
EDUCATION FOR A LAWYER1
c.1767
Before you enter on the study of the law a sufficient groundwork must
be laid. For this purpose an acquaintance with the Latin and French lan-
guages is absolutely necessary. The former you have; the latter must now
be acquired. Mathematics and Natural Philosophy are so useful in the
most familiar occurrences of life, and are so peculiarly engaging and de-
lightful as would induce everyone to wish an acquaintance with them. Be-
sides this, the faculties of the mind, like the members of the body, are
strengthened and improved by exercise. Mathematical reasonings and deduc-
tions are therefore a fine preparation for investigating the abstruse specula-
tions of the law. In these and the analogous branches of science the follow-
ing books are recommended:
Mathematics.-Beyzout, Cours de Mathématiques-the best for a student
ever published; Montucla or Bossut, Histoire des Mathématiques.
Astronomy.-Ferguson, and le Monnier or de Lalande.
Geography.-Pinkerton.
Natural Philosophy.-Joyce's Scientific Dialogues; Martin's Philosophia
Britannica, Muschenbroek's Cours de Physique.
This foundation being laid, you may enter regularly on the study of the
law, taking with it such of its kindred sciences as will contribute to emi-
nence in its attainment. The principal of these are Physics, Ethics, Religion,
Natural Law, Belles Lettres, Criticism, Rhetoric, and Oratory. The carrying
1 This was written at the time when Jefferson began to practice law. Half a century later,
1814, he sent a revised copy to a friend, with the comment: "I have at length found the paper
of which you requested a copy. It was written near fifty years ago, for the use of a young
friend whose course of reading was confided to me; and it formed a basis for the studies of
others subsequently placed under my direction." He apologized that the paper "betrays
sufficiently its juvenile date."
[1043]
on several studies at a time is attended with advantage. Variety relieves the
mind as well as the eye, palled with too long attention to a single object,
worthy now of being studied; for so much of the admirable work of Brac-
but, with both, transitions from one object to another may be so frequent
ton is now obsolete that the students should turn to it occasionally only,
and transitory as to leave no impression. The mean is therefore to be steered,
when tracing the history of particular portions of the law. Coke's Institutes
and a competent space of time allotted to each branch of study. Again, a
are a perfect digest of the law in his day. After this, new laws were added
great inequality is observable in the vigor of the mind at different periods
by the Legislature, and new developments of the old law by the judges,
of the day. Its powers at these periods should therefore be attended to, in
until they had become so voluminous as to require a new digest. This was
marshalling the business of the day. For these reasons I should recommend
ably executed by Matthew Bacon, although unfortunately under an alpha-
the following distribution of your time:
betical instead of analytical arrangement of matter. The same process of
new laws and new decisions on the old laws going on, called at length for
Till Eight 'clock in the morning, employ yourself in Physical Studies
the same operation again, and produced the inimitable Commentaries of
Ethics, Religion, natural and sectarian, and Natural Law, reading the fol-
Blackstone. In the department of the Chancery, a similar progress has taken
lowing books:
place. Lord Kames has given us the first digest of the principles of that
Agriculture.-Dickson's Husbandry of the Ancients; Tull's Horse-hoeing
branch of our jurisprudence, more valuable for the arrangement of matter
Husbandry; Lord Kames' Gentleman Farmer; Young's Rural Economy;
than for its exact conformity with the English decisions. The reporters
Hale's Body of Husbandry; De Serres's Théâtre d'Agriculture.
from the early times of that branch to that of the same Matthew Bacon
Chemistry.-Lavoisier, Conversations in Chemistry.
are well digested, but alphabetically also in the abridgment of the cases in
Anatomy.-John and James Bell's Anatomy.
equity, the second volume of which is said to be done by him. This was
Zoology.-Abrégé du Système de la nature de Linné par Gilibert; Man-
followed by a number of able reporters, of which Fonblanque has given
uel d'Histoire Naturelle by Blumenbach, Buffon, including Montbeiliard
us a summary digest by commentaries on the text of the earlier work,
and La Cepède; Wilson's American Ornithology.
ascribed to Ballow, entitled "A Treatise on Equity." The course of reading
Botany.-Barton's Elements of Botany; Turton's Linneus; Persoon's Sy-
recommended then in these two branches of law is the following:
nopsis Plantarum.
Common Law-Coke's Institutes; Select Cases from the Subsequent Re-
Ethics and Natural Religion.-Locke's Essay; Locke's Conduct of the
porters to the time of Matthew Bacon; Bacon's Abridgment; Select Cases
Mind in the Search after Truth; Stewart's Philosophy of the Human Mind;
from the Subsequent Reporters to the Present Day; Select Tracts on Law,
Enfield's History of Philosophy; Condorcet, Progrès de l'Esprit Humain;
among which those of Baron Gilbert are all of the first merit; the Virginia
Cicero de Officiis, Tusculanae, de Senectute, Somnia Scipionis; Senecae
Laws; Reports on them.
Philosophica; Hutchinson's Introduction to Moral Philosophy; Lord Kames'
Chancery.-Lord Kames' Principles of Equity, 3d edition; Select Cases
Natural Religion; Traité Elémentaire de Morale et Bonheur; La Sagesse
from the Chancery Reporters to the time of Matthew Bacon; the Abridg-
de Charron.
ment of Cases in Equity; Select Cases from the Subsequent Reporters to
Religion, Sectarian.-Bible: New Testament, Commentaries on them by
the Present Day; Fonblanque's Treatise of Equity.
Middleton in his Works, and by Priestley in his Corruptions of Christianity,
Blackstone's Commentaries (Tucker's edition) as the best perfect digest
and Early Opinions of Christ; The Sermons of Sterne, Massillon and Bour-
of both branches of law.
daloue.
In reading the Reporters, enter in a common-place book every case of
Natural Law.-Vattel, Droit des Gens; Rayneval, Institutions du Droit
value, condensed into the narrowest compass possible, which will admit of
de la Nature et des Gens.
presenting distinctly the principles of the case. This operation is doubly
useful, insomuch as it obliges the student to seek out the pith of the case,
From Eight to Twelve read Law
and habituates him to a condensation of thought, and to an acquisition of
the most valuable of all talents, that of never using two words where one
The general course of this reading may be formed on the following
will do. It fixes the case, too, more indelibly in the mind.
grounds. Lord Coke has given us the first views of the whole body of law
[ 1044]
1045 ]
Rhetoric.-Blair's Rhetoric; Sheridan on Elocution; Mason on Poetic and
From Twelve to One read Politics
Prosaic Numbers.
Politics, General.-Locke on Government, Sidney on Government, Priest-
Oratory.-This portion of time (borrowing some of the afternoon when
ley's First Principles of Government, Review of Montesquieu's Spirit of
the days are long and the nights short) is to be applied also to acquiring the
Laws. De Lolme sur la constitution d'Angleterre; De Burgh's Political Dis-
art of writing and speaking correctly by the following exercises: Criticize
quisitions; Hatsell's Precedents of the House of Commons; Select Parlia-
the style of any book whatsoever, committing the criticism to writing. Trans-
mentary Debates of England and Ireland; Chipman's Sketches of the Prin-
late into the different styles, to wit, the elevated, the middling, and the fa-
ciples of Government; The Federalist.2
miliar. Orators and poets will furnish subjects of the first, historians of the
Political Economy.-Say's Economie Politique; Malthus on the Principles
second, and epistolary and comic writers of the third. Undertake, at first,
of Population; de Tracy's work on Political Economy, now about to be
short compositions as themes, letters, etc., paying great attention to the eic-
printed, 1814.
gance and correctness of your language. Read the orations of Demosthenes
In the Afternoon read History
and Cicero; analyze these orations, and examine the correctness of the dis-
History, Ancient.-The Greek and Latin originals; select histories from
position, language, figures, state of the cases, arguments, etc.; read good
the Universal History; Gibbon's. Decline of the Roman Empire; Histoire
samples also of English eloquence. Some of these may be found in Small's
ancienne de Millot.
American Speaker, and some in Carey's Criminal Recorder; in which last
the defence of Eugene Aram is distinguished as a model of logic, conden-
Modern.-Histoire moderne de Millot; Russel's History of Modern Eu-
sation of matter and classical purity of style. Exercise yourself afterwards in
rope; Robertson's Charles V.
preparing orations on feigned cases. In this, observe rigorously the disposi-
English.-The original historians, to wit: The History of Edward 2nd, by
tion of Blair into introduction, narration, etc. Adapt your language to the
E. F.; Habington's Edward 4th; More's Richard 3rd; Lord Bacon's Henry
several parts of the oration, and suit your arguments to the audience before
7th; Lord Herbert's Henry 8th; Goodwin's Henry 8th, Edward 7th, Mary;
which it is supposed to be delivered. This is your last and most important
Camden's Elizabeth, James, Ludlow; Macaulay [Catharine]; Fox; Belsham;
exercise. No trouble should therefore be spared. If you have any person in
Baxter's History of England; Hume republicanized and abridged; Robert-
your neighborhood engaged in the same study, take each of you different
son's History of Scotland.
sides of the same cause, and prepare pleadings according to the custom of
American.-Robertson's History of America; Gordon's History of the
the bar, where the plaintiff opens, the defendant answers, and the plaintiff
Independence of the U.S.; Ramsay's History of the American Revolution;
replies. It will further be of great service to pronounce your oration (having
Burk's History of Virginia; Continuation of d°., by Jones and Girardin,
before you only short notes to assist the memory) in the presence of some
nearly ready for the press.
person who may be considered as your judge.
NOTE.-Under each of the preceding heads, the books are to be read in the
From Dark to Bedtime
order in which they are named. These by no means constitute the whole of
Belles Lettres; Criticism; Rhetoric; Oratory, to wit:
what might be usefully read in each of these branches of science. The mass
Belles Lettres.-Read the best of the poets, epic, didactic, dramatic, pas-
of excellent works going more into detail is great indeed. But those here
noted will enable the student to select for himself such others of detail as
toral, lyric, etc.; but among these, Shakespeare must be singled out by one
who wishes to learn the full powers of the English language. Of him we
may suit his particular views and dispositions. They will give him a respect-
must declare as Horace did of the Grecian models, "Vos exemplaria Graeca
able, an useful and satisfactory degree of knowledge in these branches, and
will themselves form a valuable and sufficient library for a lawyer who is at
nocturna versate manu, versate diurna."
the same time a lover of science.
Criticism.-Lord Kames' Elements of Criticism; Tooke's Diversions of
Purley. Of Bibliographical criticism, the Edinburgh Review furnishes the
finest models extant.
2 This, together with a number of other works (for example, Robertson's History of
America, which was not published until 1777), was inserted in 1814, when Jefferson made
the copy for Bernard Moore.
1046
[1047]
A BILL FOR THE MORE GENERAL DIFFUSION OF
KNOWLEDGE 1
SECTION IV. The said Aldermen on the first Monday in October, if it be
fair, and if not, then on the next fair day, excluding Sunday, shall meet at
1779
the court-house of their county, and proceed to divide their said county into
hundreds, bounding the same by water courses, mountains, or limits, to be
SECTION I. Whereas it appeareth that however certain forms of government
run and marked, if they think necessary, by the county surveyor, and at the
are better calculated than others to protect individuals in the free exercise of
their natural rights, and are at the same time themselves better guarded against
county expence, regulating the size of the said hundreds, according to the
best of their discretion, so as that they may contain a convenient number
degeneracy, yet experience hath shewn, that even under the best forms, those
of children to make up a school, and be of such- convenient size that all the
entrusted with power have, in time, and by slow operations, perverted it into
children within each hundred may daily attend the school to be established
tyranny; and it is believed that the most effectual means of preventing this
therein, and distinguishing each hundred by a particular name; which divi-
would be, to illuminate, as far as practicable, the minds of the people at large,
sion, with the names of the several hundreds, shall be returned to the court
and more especially to give them knowledge of those facts, which history.
of the county and be entered of record, and shall remain unaltered until the
exhibiteth, that, possessed thereby of the experience of other ages and coun-
increase or decrease of inhabitants shall render an alteration necessary, in
tries, they may be enabled to know ambition under all its shapes, and prompt
the opinion of any succeeding Alderman, and also in the opinion of the
to exert their natural powers to defeat its purposes; And whereas it is gen-
court of the county.
erally true that that people will be happiest whose laws are best, and are
SECTION V. The electors aforesaid residing within every hundred shall meet
best administered, and that laws will be wisely formed, and honestly admin-
on the third Monday in October after the first election of Aldermen, at such
istered, in proportion as those who form and administer them are wise and
place, within their hundred, as the said Aldermen shall direct, notice thereof
honest; whence it becomes expedient for promoting the public happiness
being previously given to them by such person residing within the hundred
that those persons, whom nature hath endowed with genius and virtue,
as the said Aldermen shall require who is hereby enjoined to obey such
should be rendered by liberal education worthy to receive, and able to guard
requisition, on pain of being punished by amercement and imprisonment.
the sacred deposit of the rights and liberties of their fellow citizens, and that
they should be called to that charge without regard to wealth, birth or other
The electors being so assembled shall choose the most convenient place
within their hundred for building a school-house. If two or more places,
accidental condition or circumstance; but the indigence of the greater num-
having a greater number of votes than any others, shall yet be equal between
ber disabling them from so educating, at their own expence, those of their
themselves, the Aldermen, or such of them as are not of the same hundred,
children whom nature hath fitly formed and disposed to become useful in-
on information thereof, shall decide between them. The said Aldermen shall
struments for the public, it is better that such should be sought for and edu-
forthwith proceed to have a school-house built at the said place, and shall
cated at the common expence of all, than that the happiness of all should be
see that the same shall be kept in repair, and, when necessary, that it be re-
confined to the weak or wicked:
built; but whenever they shall think necessary that it be rebuilt, they shall
SECTION II. Be it therefore enacted by the General Assembly, that in every
give notice as before directed, to the electors of the hundred to meet at the
county within this commonwealth, there shall be chosen annually, by the
said school-house, on such a day as they shall appoint, to determine by vote,
electors qualified to vote for Delegates, three of the most honest and able
in the manner before directed, whether it shall be rebuilt at the same, or
men of their county, to be called the Aldermen of the county; and that the
what other place in the hundred.
election of the said Aldermen shall be held at the same time and place, be-
SECTION VI. At every of those schools shall be taught reading, writing, and
fore the same persons, and notified and conducted in the same manner as by
common arithmetick, and the books which shall be used therein for in-
law is directed, for the annual election of Delegates for the county.
structing the children to read shall be such as will at the same time make
SECTION III. The person before whom such election is holden shall certify
them acquainted with Graecian, Roman, English, and American history. At
to the court of the said county the names of the Aldermen chosen, in order
these schools all the free children, male and female, resident within the re-
that the same may be entered of record, and shall give notice of their elec.
spective hundred, shall be intitled to receive tuition gratis, for the term of
tion to the said Aldermen within a fortnight after such election.
three years, and as much longer, at their private expence, as their parents,
1 Ch. LXXIX of the Report of the Revisors.
guardians, or friends shall think proper.
1048
SECTION VII. Over every ten of these schools (or such other number nearest
[ 1049`]
thereto, as the number of hundreds in the county will admit, without frac-
land, shall meet at Richmond court-house; those for the counties of King
tional divisions) an overseer shall be appointed annually by the Aldermen at
George, Stafford, Spotsylvania, Prince William and Fairfax, shall meet at
their first meeting, eminent for his learning, integrity, and fidelity to the
Spotsylvania court-house; those for the counties of Loudoun and Fauquier,
commonwealth, whose business and duty it shall be, from time to time, to
shall meet at Loudoun court-house; those for the counties of Culpeper,
appoint a teacher to each school, who shall give assurance of fidelity to the
Orange and Louisa, shall meet at Orange court-house; those for the county
commonwealth, and to remove him as he shall see cause ; to visit every
of Shenandoah and Frederick, shall meet at Frederick court-house; those for
school once in every half year at the least; to examine the scholars; see that
the counties of Hampshire and Berkeley, shall meet at Berkeley court-house;
any general plan of reading and instruction recommended by the visiters
and those for the counties of Yohogania, Monongalia, and Ohio, shall meet
of William and Mary College shall be observed; and to superintend the con-
at the Monongalia court-house; and shall fix on such place in some of the
duct of the teacher in everything relative to his school.
counties in their district as shall be most proper for situating a grammar
SECTION VIII. Every teacher shall receive a salary of - by the year, which,
school-house, endeavoring that the situation be as central as may be to the
with the expences of building and repairing the school-houses, shall be pro-
inhabitants of the said counties, that it be furnished with good water, con-
vided in such manner as other county expences are by law directed to be
venient to plentiful supplies of provision and fuel, and more than all things
provided and shall also have his diet, lodging, and washing found him, to
that it be healthy. And if a majority of the overseers present should not
be levied in like manner, save only that such levy shall be on the inhabitants
concur in their choice of any one place proposed, the method of determin-
of each hundred for the board of their own teacher only.
ing shall be as follows: If two places only were proposed, and the votes be
SECTION IX. And in order that grammar schools may be rendered con-
divided, they shall decide between them by fair and equal lot; if more than
venient to the youth in every part of the commonwealth, be it therefore
two places were proposed, the question shall be put on those two which on
enacted, that on the first Monday in November, after the first appointment
the first division had the greater number of votes; or if no two places had
of overseers for the hundred schools, if fair, and if not, then on the next fair
a greater number of votes than the others, then it shall be decided by fair
day, excluding Sunday, after the hour of one in the afternoon, the said over-
and equal lot (unless it can be agreed by a majority of votes) which of the
seer appointed for the schools in the counties of Princess Ann, Norfolk,
places having equal numbers shall be thrown out of the competition, so that
Nansemond and Isle-of-Wight, shall meet at Nansemond court-house; those
the question shall be put on the remaining two, and if on this ultimate ques-
for the counties of Southampton, Sussex, Surry and Prince George, shall
tion the votes shall be equally divided, it shall then be decided finally by lot.
meet at Sussex court-house; those for the counties of Brunswick, Mecklen-
SECTION X. The said overseers having determined the place at which the
burg and Lunenburg, shall meet at Lunenburg court-house; those for the
grammar school for their district shall be built, shall forthwith (unless they
counties of Dinwiddie, Amelia and Chesterfield, shall meet at Chesterfield
can otherwise agree with the proprietors of the circumjacent lands as to loca-
court-house; those for the counties of Powhatan, Cumberland, Goochland,
tion and price) make application to the clerk of the county in which the
Henrico and Hanover, shall meet at Henrico court-house; those for the coun-
said house is to be situated, who shall thereupon issue a writ, in the nature
ties of Prince Edward, Charlotte and Halifax, shall meet at Charlotte court-
of a writ of ad quod damnum, directed to the sheriff of the said county
house; those for the counties of Henry, Pittsylvania and Bedford, shall meet
commanding him to summon and impanel twelve fit persons to meet at
at Pittsylvania court-house; those for the counties of Buckingham, Amherst,
the place, so destined for the grammer school-house, on a certain day, to be
Albemarle and Fluvanna, shall meet at Albemarle court-house; those for the
named in the said writ, not less than five, nor more than ten, days from the
counties of Botetourt, Rockbridge, Montgomery, Washington and Kentucky,
date thereof; and also to give notice of the same to the proprietors and ten-
shall meet at Botetourt court-house; those for the counties of Augusta, Rock-
ants of the lands to be viewed if they be found within the county, and if
ingham and Greenbriar, shall meet at Augusta court-house; those for the
not, then to their agents therein if any they have. Which freeholders shall
counties of Accomack and Northampton, shall meet at Accomack court-
be charged by the said sheriff impartially, and to the best of their skill and
house; those for the counties of Elizabeth City, Warwick, York, Gloucester,
judgment to view the lands round about the said place, and to locate and
James City, Charles City and New-Kent, shall meet at James City court-
circumscribe, by certain meets and bounds, one hundred acres thereof, hav-
house; those for the counties of Middlesex, Essex, King and Queen, King
ing regard therein principally to the benefit and convenience of the said
William and Caroline, shall meet at King and Queen court-house; those
school, but respecting in some measure also the convenience of the said pro-
for the counties of Lancaster, Northumberland, Richmond and Westmore-
prietors, and to value and appraise the same in so many several and distinct
[ 1050]
[ 1051]
parcels as shall be owned or held by several and distinct owners or tenants,
execution of their office, shall give assurance of fidelity to the common-
and according to their respective interests and estates therein. And after such
wealth.
location and appraisement so made, the said sheriff shall forthwith return
SECTION XV. A steward shall be employed, and removed at will by the
the same under the hands and seals of the said jurors, together with the writ,
master, on such wages as the visiters shall direct; which steward shall see to
to the clerk's office of the said county and the right and property of the said
the procuring provisions, fuels, servants for cooking, waiting, house clean-
proprietors and tenants in the said lands so circumscribed shall be immedi-
ing, washing, mending, and gardening on the most reasonable terms; the
ately devested and be transferred to the commonwealth for the use of the
expence of which, together with the steward's wages, shall be divided equally
said grammar school, in full and absolute dominion, any want of consent or
among all the scholars boarding either on the public or private expence. And
disability. to consent in the said owners or tenants notwithstanding. But it
the part of those who are on private expence, and also the price of their tui-
shall not be lawful for the said overseers so to situate the grammer school-
tions due to the master or usher, shall be paid quarterly by the respective
house, nor to the said jurors so to locate the said lands, as to include the
scholars, their parents, or guardians, and shall be recoverable, if withheld,
mansion-house of the proprietor of the lands, nor the offices, curtilage, or
together with costs, on motion in any Court of Record, ten days' notice
garden, thereunto immediately belonging.
thereof being previously given to the party, and a jury impanelled to try the
SECTION XI. The said overseers shall forthwith proceed to have a house of
issue joined, or enquire of the damages. The said steward shall also, under
brick or stone, for the said grammar school, with necessary offices, built on
the direction of the visiters, see that the houses be kept in repair, and neces-
the said lands, which grammar school-house shall contain a room for the
sary enclosures be made and repaired, the accounts for which, shall, from
school, a hall to dine in, four rooms for a master and usher, and ten or
time to time, be submitted to the Auditors, and on their warrant paid by the
twelve lodging rooms for the scholars.
Treasurer.
SECTION XII. To each of the said grammar schools shall be allowed out of
SECTION XVI. Every overseer of the hundred schools shall, in the month of
the public treasury, the sum of - pounds, out of which shall be paid by the
September annually, after the most diligent and impartial examination and
Treasurer, on warrant from the Auditors, to the proprietors or tenants of the
inquiry, appoint from among the boys who shall have been two years at the
lands located, the value of their several interests as fixed by the jury, and the
least at some one of the schools under his superintendence, and whose
balance thereof shall be delivered to the said overseers to defray the expense
parents are too poor to give them farther education, someone of the best and
of the said buildings.
most promising genius and disposition, to proceed to the grammer school
SECTION XIII. In either of these grammar schools shall be taught the Latin
of his district; which appointment shall be made in the court-house of the
and Greek languages, English Grammar, geography, and the higher part of
county, and on the court day for that month if fair, and if not, then on the
numerical arithmetick, to wit, vulgar and decimal fractions, and the extrica-
next fair day, excluding Sunday, in the presence of the Aldermen, or two
tion of the square and cube roots.
of them at the least, assembled on the bench for that purpose, the said over-
SECTION XIV. A visiter from each county constituting the district shall be
seer being previously sworn by them to make such appointment, without
appointed, by the overseers, for the county, in the month of October an-
favor or affection, according to the best of his skill and judgment, and being
nually, either from their own body or from their county at large, which
interrogated by the Aldermen, either on their own motion, or on suggestions
visiters, or the greater part of them, meeting together at the said grammar
from the parents, guardians, friends, or teachers of the children, competitors
school on the first Monday in November, if fair, and if not, then on the next
for such appointment; which teachers the parents shall attend for the infor-
fair day, excluding Sunday, shall have power to choose their own Rector, who
mation of the Aldermen. On which interrogatories the said Aldermen, if
shall call and preside at future meetings, to employ from time to time a
they be not satisfied with the appointment proposed, shall have right to nega-
master, and if necessary, an usher, for the said school, to remove them at
tive it; whereupon the said visiter may proceed to make a new appointment,
their will, and to settle the price of tuition to be paid by the scholars. They
and the said Aldermen again to interrogate and negative, and so toties quo-
shall also visit the school twice in every year at the least, either together or
ties until an appointment be approved.
separately at their discretion, examine the scholars, and see that any general
SECTION XVII. Every boy so appointed shall be authorized to proceed to the
plan of instruction recommended by the visiters, of William and Mary Col-
grammer school of his district, there to be educated and boarded during such
lege shall be observed. The said masters and ushers, before they enter on the
time as is hereafter limited; and his quota of the expences of the house to-
gether with a compensation to the master or usher for his tuition, at the
[ 1052]
[ 1053]
rate of twenty dollars by the year, shall be paid by the Treasurer quarterly
said, and shall superintend the preservation thereof. Whensoever a keeper
on warrant from the Auditors.
shall be found necessary they shall appoint such keeper, from time to time,
SECTION XVIII. A visitation shall be held, for the purpose of probation, an-
at their will, on such annual salary (not exceeding one hundred pounds) as
nually at the said grammer school on the last Monday in September, if fair,
they shall think reasonable.
and if not, then on the next fair day, excluding Sunday, at which one third
SECTION III. If during the time of war the importation of books and maps
of the boys sent thither by appointment of the said overseers, and who shall
shall be hazardous, or if the rate of exchange between this commonwealth
have been there one year only, shall be discontinued as public foundationers,
and any state from which such articles are wanted, shall from any cause be
being those who, on the most diligent examination and enquiry, shall be
such that they cannot be imported to such advantage as may be hoped at a
thought to be the least promising genius and disposition; and of those who
future day, the visiters shall place the annual sums, as they become due, in
shall have been there two years, all shall be discontinued save one only the
the public loan office, if any there be, for the benefit of interest, or otherwise
best in genius and disposition, who shall be at liberty to continue there four
shall suffer them to remain in the treasury until fit occasions shall occur of
years longer on the public foundation, and shall thence forward be deemed
employing them.
a senior.
SECTION IV. It shall not be lawful for the said keeper, or the visiters them-
SECTION XIX. The visiters for the districts which, or any part of which, be
selves, or any other person to remove any book or map out of the said
southward and westward of James river, as known by that name, or by the
library, unless it be for the necessary repair thereof; but the same be made
names of Fluvanna and Jackson's river, in every other year, to wit, at the
useful by indulging the researches of the learned and curious, within the
probation meetings held in the years, distinguished in the Christian compu-
said library, without fee or reward, and under such rules for preserving them
tation by odd numbers, and the visiters for all the other districts at their said
safe and in good order and condition as the visiters shall constitute.
meetings to be held in those years, distinguished by even numbers, after dili-
SECTION V. The visiters shall annually settle their accounts with the Audi-
gent examination and enquiry as before directed, shall chuse one among the
tors and leave with them the vouchers for the expenditure of the monies put
said seniors, of the best learning and most hopeful genius and disposition,
into their hands.
who shall be authorized by them to proceed to William and Mary College;
there to be educated, boarded, and clothed, three years; the expence of which
OBJECTIONS TO SENDING AMERICAN STUDENTS TO
annually shall be paid by the Treasurer on warrant from the Auditors.
EUROPE 1
A BILL FOR ESTABLISHING A PUBLIC LIBRARY
October 15, 1785
But why send an American youth to Europe for education? What are the
1779
objects of an useful American education? Classical knowledge, modern lan-
SECTION I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly, that on the first day of
guages, chiefly French, Spanish, and Italian; Mathematics, Natural phi-
January, in every year, there shall be paid out of the treasury the sum of two
losophy, Natural history, Civil history, and Ethics. In Natural philosophy, I
thousand pounds, to be laid out in such books and maps as may be proper
mean to include Chemistry and Agriculture, and in Natural history, to in-
to be preserved in a public library, and in defraying the expences necessary
clude Botany, as well as the other branches of those departments. It is true
for the care and preservation thereof; which library shall be established-at
that the habit of speaking the modern languages cannot be so well acquired
the town of Richmond.2
in America; but every other article can be as well acquired at William and
SECTION II. The two houses of Assembly shall appoint three persons of
Mary College, as at any place in Europe. When college education is done
learning and attention to literary matters, to be visiters of the said library,
with, and a young man is to prepare himself for public life, he must cast his
and shall remove them, and fill any vacancies from time to time, as they
eyes (for America) either on Law or Physics. For the former, where can he
shall think fit; which visiters shall have power to receive the annual sums
apply so advantageously as to Mr. Wythe? For the latter, he must come to
before mentioned, and therewith to procure such books and maps as afore-
Europe: the medical class of students, therefore, is the only one which need
come to Europe. To enumerate them all, would require a volume. I will
1 This is Chapter LXXXXI of the Report of the Revisors.
2 Richmond became the capital of Virginia in 1779.
1 Letter, from Paris, to J. Bannister.
[ 1054]
[ 1055]
select à few. If he goes to England, he learns drinking, horse racing, and
alarming to me, as an American. I sin, therefore, through zeal, whenever I
boxing. These are the peculiarities of English education. The following cir-
enter on the subject.
cumstances are common to education in that and the other countries of
Europe. He acquires a fondness for European luxury and dissipation, and a
contempt for the simplicity of his own country; he is fascinated with the
EDUCATION OF A YOUNG MAN1
privileges of the European aristocrats, and sees, with abhorrence, the lovely
August 10, 1787
equality which the poor enjoy with the rich, in his own country; he con-
tracts a partiality for aristocracy or monarchy; he forms foreign friendships
DEAR PETER: I have received your two letters of December the 30th and
which will never be useful to him, and loses the seasons of life for forming,
April the 18th, and am very happy to find by them, as well as by letters from
in his own country, those friendships which, of all others, are the most
Mr. Wythe, that you have been so fortunate as to attract his notice and good
faithful and permanent; he is led, by the strongest of all the human passions,
will; I am, sure you will find this to have been one of the most fortunate
into a spirit for female intrigue, destructive of his own and others' happi-
events of your life, as I have ever been sensible it was of mine. I enclose you
ness, or a passion for whores, destructive of his health, and, in both cases,
a sketch of the sciences to which I would wish you to apply, in such order
learns to consider fidelity to the marriage bed as an ungentlemanly practice,
as Mr. Wythe shall advise; I mention, also, the books in them worth your
and inconsistent with happiness; he recollects the voluptuary dress and arts
reading, which submit to his correction. Many of these are among your
of the European women, and pities and despises the chaste affections and
father's books, which you should have brought to you. As I do not recollect
simplicity of those of his own country; he retains, through life, a fond recol-
those of them not in his library, you must write to me for them, making out
lection, and a hankering after those places, which were the scenes of his first
a catalogue of such as you think you shall have occasion for, in eighteen
pleasures and of his first connections; he returns to his own country, a for-
months from the date of your letter, and consulting Mr. Wythe on the sub-
eigner, unacquainted with the practices of domestic economy, necessary to
ject. To this sketch, I will add a few particular observations:
preserve him from ruin, speaking and writing his native tongue as a for-
I. Italian. I fear the learning this language will confound your French
eigner, and therefore unqualified to obtain those distinctions, which elo-
and Spanish. Being all of them degenerated dialects of the Latin, they are
quence of the pen and tongue ensures in a free country; for I would observe
apt to mix in conversation. I have never seen a person speaking the three
to you, that what is called style in writing or speaking is formed very early
languages, who did not mix them. It is a delightful language, but late events
in life, while the imagination is warm, and impressions are permanent. I am
having rendered the Spanish more useful, lay it aside to prosecute that.
of opinion, that there never was an instance of a man's writing or speaking
2. Spanish. Bestow great attention on this, and endeavor to acquire an
his native tongue with elegance, who passed from fifteen to twenty years of
accurate knowledge of it. Our future connections with Spain and Spanish
age out of the country where it was spoken. Thus, no instance exists of a
America, will render that language a valuable acquisition. The ancient his-
person's writing two languages perfectly. That will always appear to be his
tory of that part of America, too, is written in that language. I send you a
dictionary.
native language, which was most familiar to him in his youth. It appears to
3. Moral Philosophy. I think it lost time to attend lectures on this branch.
me, then, that an American, coming to Europe for education, loses in his
knowledge, in his- morals, in his health, in his habits, and in his happiness.
He who made us would have been a pitiful bungler, if he had made the
rules of our moral conduct a matter of science. For one man of science, there
I had entertained only doubts on this head before I came to Europe: what
are thousands who are not. What would have become of them? Man was
I see and hear, since I came here, proves more than I had even suspected.
destined for society. His morality, therefore, was to be formed to this object.
Cast your eye over America: who are the men of most learning, of most
He was endowed with a sense of right and wrong, merely relative to this.
eloquence, most beloved by their countrymen and most trusted and pro-
This sense is as much a part of his nature, as the sense of hearing, seeing,
moted by them? They are those who have been educated among them, and
feeling; it is the true foundation of morality, and not the to xalov, truth,
whose manners, morals, and habits are perfectly homogeneous with those
&c., as fanciful writers have imagined. The moral sense, or conscience, is as
of the country.
much a part of man as his leg or arm. It is given to all human beings in a
Did you expect by so short a question, to draw such a sermon on your-
stronger or weaker degree, as force of members is given them in a greater
self? I dare say you did not. But the consequences of foreign education are
1 Letter to Peter Carr, Jefferson's nephew.
[ 1056]
[ 1057 ]
or less degree. It may be strengthened by exercise, as may any particular
limb of the body: This sense is submitted, indeed, in some degree, to the
have prostrated animals, trees, buildings, and should after a certain time
guidance of reason; but it is a small stock which is required for this: even a
have resumed its revolution, and that without a second general prostration.
less one than what we call common sense. State a moral case to a plough-
Is this arrest of the earth's motion, or the evidence which affirms it, most
man and a professor. The former will decide it as well, and often better than
within the law of probabilities? You will next read the New Testament. It
the latter, because he has not been led astray by artificial rules. In this branch,
is the history of a personage called Jesus. Keep in your eye the opposite
therefore, read good books, because they will encourage, as well as direct
pretensions: I, of those who say he was begotten by God, born of a virgin,
your feelings. The writings of Sterne, particularly, form the best course of
suspended and reversed the laws of nature at will, and ascended bodily into
morality that ever was written. Besides these, read the books mentioned in
heaven; and 2, of those who say he was a man of illegitimate birth, of a
the enclosed paper; and, above all things, lose no occasion of exercising your
benevolent heart, enthusiastic mind, who set out without pretensions to
dispositions to be grateful, to be generous, to be charitable, to be humane,
divinity, ended in believing them, and was punished capitally for sedition,
to be true, just, firm, orderly, courageous, &c. Consider every act of this kind,
by being gibbeted, according to the Roman law, which punished. the first
as an exercise which will strengthen your moral faculties and increase your
commission of that offence by whipping, and the second by exile, or death
worth.
in furea. See this law in the Digest, Lib. 48. tit. 19. § 28. 3. and Lipsius Lib.
4. Religion. Your reason is now mature enough to examine this object. In
2. de cruce. cap. 2. These questions are examined in the books I have men-
the first place, divest yourself of all bias in favor of novelty and singularity
tioned, under the head of Religion, and several others. They will assist you
of opinion. Indulge them in any other subject rather than that of religion.
in your inquiries; but keep your reason firmly on the watch in reading
It is too important, and the consequences of error may be too serious. On the
them all. Do not be frightened from this inquiry by any fear of its conse-
other hand, shake off all the fears and servile prejudices, under which weak
quences. If it ends in a belief that there is no God, you will find incitements
minds are servilely crouched. Fix reason firmly in her seat, and call to her
to virtue in the comfort and pleasantness you feel in its exercise, and the love
tribunal every fact, every opinion. Question with boldness even the existence
of others which it will procure you. If you find reason to believe there is a
of a God; because, if there be one, he must more approve of the homage of
God, a consciousness that you are acting under his eye, and that he approves
reason, than that of blindfolded fear. You will naturally examine first, the
you, will be a vast additional incitement; if that there be a future state, the
religion of your own country. Read the Bible, then, as you would read Livy
hope of a happy existence in that increases the appetite to deserve it; if that
or Tacitus. The facts which are within the ordinary course of nature, you
Jesus was also a God, you will be comforted by a belief of his aid and love.
will believe on the authority of the writer, as you do those of the same kind
In fine, I repeat, you must lay aside all prejudice on both sides, and neither
in Livy and Tacitus. The testimony of the writer weighs in their favor, in
believe nor reject anything, because any other persons, or description of per-
one scale, and their not being against the laws of nature, does not weigh
sons, have rejected or believed it. Your own reason is the only oracle given
against them. But those facts in the Bible which contradict the laws of na-,
you by heaven, and you are answerable, not for the rightness, but upright-
ture, must be examined with more care, and under a variety of faces. Here
ness of the decision. I forgot to observe, when speaking of the New Testa-
you must recur to the pretensions of the writer to inspiration from God.
ment, that you should read all the histories of Christ, as well of those whom
Examine upon what evidence his pretensions are founded, and whether that
a council of ecclesiastics have decided for us to be Pseudo-evangelists, as
evidence is so strong, as that its falsehood would be more improbable than
those they named Evangelists. Because these Pseudo-evangelists pretended to
a change in the laws of nature, in the case he relates. For example, in the
inspiration, as much as the others, and you are to judge their pretensions by
book of Joshua, we are told, the sun stood still several hours. Were we to
your own reason, and not by the reason of those ecclesiastics. Most of these
read that fact in Livy or Tacitus, we should class it with their showers of
are lost. There are some, however, still extant, collected by Fabricius, which
blood, speaking of statues, beasts, &c. But it is said, that the writer of that
I will endeavor to get and send you.
book was inspired. Examine, therefore, candidly, what evidence there is of
2, Travelling. The maber 0000 WAY, less, haggy. 11.23 is
his having been inspired. The pretension is entitled to your inquiry, because
when 23, travel, May gather knowledge, which they may acily usefully
willions beheve I On the one hand, yrs == sorth % know
the if "", All win pigh! / MA,
now manualy I is TD the Farm 51 ITIS is I viry serving r. in asks, as
the Marrina " way ANAMON NYCL objects;
the earth does, should have stopped, should not, by that sudden stoppage,
and they learn new habits which cannot be gratified when they return
1058
1059 ]
home. Young men, who travel, are exposed to all these inconveniences in a
of my medical creed. But, to finish first with respect to my grandson, I will
higher degree, to others still more serious, and do not acquire that wisdom
state the favor I ask of you, and which is the object of this letter.
for which a previous foundation is requisite, by repeated and just observa-
tions at home. The glare of pomp and pleasure is analogous to the motion
of the blood; it absorbs all their affection and attention, they are torn from
This subject dismissed, I may now take up that which it led to, and fur-
it as from the only good in this world, and return to their home as to a
ther tax your patience with unlearned views of medicine; which, as in most
place of exile and condemnation. Their eyes are forever turned back to the
cases, are, perhaps, the more confident in proportion as they are less
enlightened.
object they have lost, and its recollection poisons the residue of their lives.
Their first and most delicate passions are hackneyed on unworthy objects
We know, from what we see and feel, that the animal body is in its
here, and they carry home the dregs, insufficient to make themselves or any-
organs and functions subject to derangement, inducing pain, and tending
to its destruction. In this disordered state, we observe nature providing for
body else happy. Add to this, that a habit of idleness, an- inability to apply
the re-establishment of order, by exciting some salutary evacuation of the
themselves to business is acquired, and renders them useless to themselves
morbific matter, or by some other operation which escapes our imperfect
and their country. These observations are founded in experience. There is
senses and researches. She brings- on a crisis, by stools, vomiting, sweat, urine,
no place where your pursuit of knowledge will be so little obstructed by
expectoration, bleeding, &c., which, for the most part, ends in the restora-
foreign objects, as in your own country, nor any, wherein the virtues of the
tion of healthy action. Experience has taught us, also, that there are certain
heart will be less exposed to be weakened. Be good, be learned, and be
substances, by which, applied to the living body, internally or externally,
industrious, and you will not want the aid of travelling, to render you
we can at will produce these same evacuations, and thus do, in a short
precious to your country, dear to your friends, happy within yourself. I
time, what nature would do but slowly, and do effectually, what perhaps
repeat my advice, to take a great deal of exercise, and on foot. Health is the
she would not have strength to accomplish. Where, then, we have seen a
first requisite after morality. Write to me often, and be assured of the inter-
disease, characterized by specific signs or phenomena, and relieved by a cer-
est I take in your success, as well as the warmth of those sentiments of
tain natural evacuation or process, whenever that disease recurs under the
attachment with which I am, dear Peter, your affectionate friend.
same appearances, we may reasonably count on producing a solution of it,
by the use of such substances as we have found produce the same evacuation
ON THE SCIENCE OF MEDICINE1
or movement. Thus, fulness of the stomach we can relieve by emetics; dis-
eases of the bowels, by purgatives; inflammatory cases, by bleeding; inter-
June 21, 1807
mittents, by the Peruvian bark; syphilis, by mercury; watchfulness, by
I have a grandson, the son of Mr. Randolph, now about fifteen years of
opium; &c. So far, I bow to the utility of medicine. It goes to the well-
defined forms of disease, and happily, to those the most frequent. But the
age, in whose education I take a lively interest.
I am not a friend to placing young men in populous cities, because they
disorders of the animal body, and the symptoms indicating them, are as
various as the elements of which the body is composed. The combinations,
acquire there habits and partialities which do not contribute to the happi-
ness of their after life. But there are particular branches of science, which
too, of these symptoms are so infinitely diversified, that many associations of
them appear too rarely to establish a definite disease; and to an unknown
are not so advantageously taught anywhere else in the United States as in
Philadelphia. The garden at the Woodlands for Botany, Mr. Peale's Museum
disease, there cannot be a known remedy. Here then, the judicious, the
for Natural History, your Medical school for Anatomy, and the able pro-
moral, the humane physician should stop. Having been so often a witness
to the salutary efforts which nature makes to re-establish the disordered
fessors in all of them, give advantages not to be found elsewhere. We pro-
pose, therefore, to send him to Philadelphia to attend the schools of Botany,
functions, he should rather trust to their action, then hazard the interruption
Natural History, Anatomy, and perhaps Surgery; but not of Medicine. And
of that, and a greater derangement of the system, by conjectural experi-
why not of Medicine, you will ask? Being led to the subject, I will avail
ments on a machine so complicated and so unknown as the human body,
myself of the occasion to express my opinions on that science, and the extent
and a subject so sacred as human life. Or, if the appearance of doing some-
thing be necessary to keep alive the hope and spirits of the patient, it should
1 Letter to Dr. Caspar Wistar, Professor of Anatomy, University of Pennsylvania.
be of the most innocent character. One of the most successful physicians
[ 1060]
1061 ]
I have ever known, has assured me, that he used more bread pills, drops
sions of their theories. You see that I estimate justly that portion of instruc-
of colored water, and powders of hickory ashes, than of all other medicines
tion which our medical students derive from your labors; and, associating
put together. It was certainly a pious fraud. But the adventurous physician
with it one of the chairs which my old and able friend, Doctor Rush, so
goes on, and substitutes presumption for knowledge. From the scanty field
honorably fills, I consider them as the two fundamental pillars of the edifice.
of what is known, he launches into the boundless region of what is un-
Indeed, I have such an opinion of the talents of the professors in the other
known. He establishes for his guide some fanciful theory of corpuscular
branches which constitute the school of medicine with you, as to hope and
attraction, of chemical agency, of mechanical powers, of stimuli, of irrita-
believe, that it is from this side of the Atlantic, that Europe, which has
bility accumulated or exhausted, of depletion by the lancet and repletion
taught us so many other things, will at length be led into sound principles
by mercury, or some other ingenious dream, which lets him into all nature's
in this branch of science, the most important of all others, being that to
secrets at short hand. On the principle which he thus assumes, he forms
which we commit the care of health and life.
his table of nosology, arrays his diseases into families, and extends his cura-
I dare say, that by this time, you are sufficiently sensible that old heads as
tive treatment, by analogy, to all the cases he has thus arbitrarily marshalled
well as young, may sometimes be charged with ignorance and presumption.
together. I have lived myself to see the disciples of Hoffman, Boerhaave,
The natural course of the human mind is certainly from credulity to scepti-
Stahl, Cullen, Brown, succeed one another like the shifting figures of a
cism; and this is perhaps the most favorable apology I can make for ventur-
magic lantern, and their fancies, like the dresses of the annual doll-babies
ing so far out of my depth, and to one too, to whom the strong as well as
from Paris, becoming, from their novelty, the vogue of the day, and yielding
the weak points of this science are so familiar. But having stumbled on the
to the next novelty their ephemeral favor. The patient, treated on the fash-
subject in my way, I wished to give a confession of my faith to a friend;
ionable theory, sometimes gets well in spite of the medicine. The medicine
and the rather, as I had perhaps, at times, to him as well as others, expressed
therefore restored him, and the young doctor receives new courage to pro-
my scepticism in medicine, without defining its extent or foundation. At
ceed in his bold experiments on the lives of his fellow creatures. I believe we
any rate, it has permitted me, for a moment, to abstract myself from the
may safely affirm, that the inexperienced and presumptuous band of medical
dry and dreary waste of politics, into which I have been impressed by the
tyros let loose upon the world, destroys more of human life in one year,
times on which I happened, and to indulge in the rich fields of nature, where
than all the Robin hoods, Cartouches, and Macheaths do in a century. It is
alone I should have served as a volunteer, if left to my natural inclinations
in this part of medicine that I wish to see a reform, an abandonment of
and partialities:
hypothesis for sober facts, the first degree of value set on clinical observa-
I salute you at all times with affection and respect.
tion, and the lowest on visionary theories. I would wish the young practi-
tioner, especially, to have deeply impressed on his mind, the real limits of
AN ACADEMICAL VILLAGE
his art, and that when the state of his patient gets beyond these, his office
is to be a watchful, but quiet spectator of the operations of nature, giving
May 6, 1810
them fair play by a well-regulated regimen, and by all the aid they can
derive from the excitement of good spirits and hope in the patient. I have
I consider the common plan followed in this country, but not in others, of
no doubt, that some diseases not yet understood may in time be transferred
making one large and expensive building, as unfortunately erroneous. It is
to the table of those known. But, were I a physician, I would rather leave
infinitely better to erect a small and separate lodge for each separate pro-
the transfer to the slow hand of accident, than hasten it by guilty experi-
fessorship, with only a hall below for his class, and two chambers above
ments on those who put their lives into my hands. The only sure founda-
for himself; joining these lodges by barracks for a certain portion of the
tions of medicine are, an intimate knowledge of the human body, and
students, opening into a covered way to give a dry communication between
observation on the effects of medicinal substances on that. The anatomical
all the schools. The whole of these arranged around an open square of grass
and clinical schools, therefore, are those in which the young physician should
and trees, would make it, what it should be in fact, an academical village,
be formed. If he enters with innocence that of the theory of medicine, it is
instead of a large and common den of noise, of filth and of fetid air. It
scarcely possible he should come out untainted with error. His mind must
would afford that quiet retirement so friendly to study, and lessen the dan-
be strong indeed, if, rising above juvenile credulity, it can maintain a wise
gers of fire, infection and tumult. Every professor would be the police of-
infidelity against the authority of his instructors, and the bewitching delu-
1 Letter to the Trustees for the Lottery of East Tennessee College.
[ 1062]
1063 ]
ficer of the students adjacent to his own lodge, which should include those
shall correspond with our own social condition, and shall admit of en-
of his own class of preference, and might be at the head of their table, if,
largement in proportion to the encouragement it may merit and receive.
as I suppose, it can be reconciled with the necessary economy to dine them
As I may not be able to attend the meetings of the trustees, I will make
in smaller and separate parties, rather than in a large and common mess.
you the depository of my ideas on the subject, which may be corrected, as
Those separate buildings, too, might be erected successively and occasion-
you proceed, by the better view of others, and adapted, from time to time,
ally, as the number of professorships and students should be increased, or
to the prospects which open upon us, and which cannot be specifically seen
the funds become competent.
and provided for.
I pray you to pardon me if I have stepped aside into the province of
In the first place, we must ascertain with precision the object of our in-
counsel; but much observation and reflection on these institutions have
stitution, by taking a survey of the general field of science, and marking
long convinced me that the large and crowded buildings in which youths
out the portion we mean to occupy at first, and the ultimate extension of
are pent up, are equally unfriendly to health, to study, to manners, morals
our views beyond that, should we be enabled to render it, in the end, as
and order.
comprehensive as we would wish.
I. ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM1
It is highly interesting to our country, and it is the duty of its function-
September 7, 1814
aries, to provide that every citizen in it should receive an education pro-
portioned to the condition and pursuits of his life. The mass of our citizens
DEAR SIR: On the subject of the academy or college proposed to be estab-
may be divided into two classes-the laboring and the learned. The labor-
lished in our neighborhood, I promised the trustees that I would prepare
ing will need the first grade of education to qualify them for their pursuits
for them a plan, adapted, in the first instance, to our slender funds, but
and duties; the learned will need it as a foundation for further acquire-
susceptible of being enlarged, either by their own growth or by accession
ments. A plan was formerly proposed to the legislature of this State for
from other quarters.
laying off every county into hundreds or wards of five or six miles square,
I have long entertained the hope that this, our native State, would take
within each of which should be a school for the education of the children
up the subject of education, and make an establishment, either with or
of the ward, wherein they should receive three years' instruction gratis, in
without incorporation, into that of William and Mary, where every branch
reading, writing, arithmetic as far as fractions, the roots and ratios, and
of science, deemed useful at this day, should be taught in its highest degree.
geography. The Legislature at one time tried an ineffectual expedient for
With this view, I have lost no occasion of making myself acquainted with
introducing this plan, which having failed, it is hoped they will some day
the organization of the best seminaries in other countries, and with the
resume it in a more promising form.
opinions of the most enlightened individuals, on the subject of the sciences
worthy of a place in such an institution. In order to prepare what I have
2. GENERAL SCHOOLS
promised our trustees, I have lately revised these several plans with atten-
At the discharging of the pupils from the elementary schools, the two
tion; and I am struck with the diversity of arrangement observable in them
classes separate-those destined for labor will engage in the business of
-no two alike. Yet, I have no doubt that these several arrangements have
agriculture, or enter into apprenticeships to such handicraft art as may be
been the subject of mature reflection, by wise and learned men, who, con-
their choice; their companions, destined to the pursuits of science, will pro-
templating local circumstances, have adapted them to the conditions of
ceed to the college, which will consist, Ist of general schools; and, 2d, of
the section of society for which they have been framed. I am strengthened
professional schools. The general schools will constitute the second grade
in this conclusion by an examination of each separately, and a conviction
of education.
that no one of them, if adopted without change, would be suited to the cir-
The learned class may still be subdivided into two sections: I, Those who
cumstances and pursuit of our country. The example they set, then, is au-
are destined for learned professions, as means of livelihood; and, 2, The
thority for us to select from their different institutions the materials which
wealthy, who, possessing independent fortunes, may aspire to share in con-
are good for us, and, with them, to erect a structure, whose arrangement
ducting the affairs of the nation, or to live with usefulness and respect in
¹'Letter to Peter Carr.
the private ranks of life. Both of these sections will require instruction in
1064
[ 1065]
all the higher branches of science; the wealthy to qualify them for either
3. PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS
public or private life; the professional section will need those branches,
especially, which are the basis of their future profession, and a general
At the close of this course the students separate; the wealthy retiring,
knowledge of the others, as auxiliary to that, and necessary to their stand-
with a sufficient stock of knowledge, to improve themselves to any degree
ing and association with the scientific class. All the branches, then, of use-
to which their views may lead them, and the professional section to the
ful science, ought to be taught in the general schools, to a competent de-
professional schools, constituting the third grade of education, and teach-
gree, in the first instance. These sciences may be arranged into three de-
ing the particular sciences which the individuals of this section mean to
partments, not rigorously scientific, indeed, but sufficiently so for our pur-
pursue, with more minuteness and detail than was within the scope of
poses. These are, I. Language; II. Mathematics; III. Philosophy.
the general schools for the second grade of instruction. In these professional
I. Language. In the first department, I would arrange a distinct science.
schools each science is to be taught in the highest degree it has yet at-
I, Languages and History, ancient and modern; 2, Grammar; 3, Belles
tained. They are to be the
Lettres; 4, Rhetoric and Oratory; 5, A school for the deaf, dumb and blind.
Ist Department, the fine arts, to wit: Civil Architecture, Gardening, Paint-
History is here associated with languages, not as a kindred subject, but on
ing, Sculpture, and the Theory of Music; the
the principle of economy, because both may be attained by the same course
2d Department, Architecture, Military and Naval; Projectiles, Rural
of reading, if books are selected with that view.
Economy (comprehending Agriculture, Horticulture and Veterinary), Tech-
II. Mathematics. In the department of Mathematics, I should give place
nical Philosophy, the Practice of Medicine, Materia Medica, Pharmacy and
distinctly: I, Mathematics pure; 2, Physico-Mathematics; 3, Physics; 4,
Surgery. In the
Chemistry; 5, Natural History, to wit: Mineralogy; 6, Botany; and 7, Zool-
3d Department, Theology and Ecclesiastical History; Law, Municipal and
ogy; 8, Anatomy; 9, the Theory of Medicine.
Foreign.
III. Philosophy. In the Philosophical department, I should distinguish:
To these professional schools will come those who separated at the close
I, Ideology; 2, Ethics; 3, the Law of Nature and Nations; 4, Government;
of their first elementary course, to wit:
5, Political Economy.
The lawyer to the school of law.
But, some of these terms being used by different writers, in different de-
The ecclesiastic to that of theology and ecclesiastical history.
grees of extension, I shall define exactly what I mean to comprehend in
The physician to those of medicine, materia medica, pharmacy and sur-
each of them.
gery.
I. 3. Within the term of Belles Lettres I include poetry and composition
The military man to that of military and naval architecture and pro-
generally, and criticism.
jectiles.
II. I. I consider pure mathematics as the science of, I, Numbers, and 2,
The agricultor to that of rural economy.
Measure in the abstract; that of numbers comprehending Arithmetic, Al-
The gentleman, the architect, the pleasure gardener, painter and musi-
gebra and Fluxions; that of Measure (under the general appellation of
cian to the school of fine arts.
Geometry), comprehending Trigonometry, plane and spherical, conic sec-
And to that of technical philosophy will come the mariner, carpenter,
tions, and transcendental curves.
shipwright, pumpmaker, clockmaker, machinist, optician, metallurgist,
II. 2. Physico-Mathematics treat of physical subjects by the aid of mathe-
founder, cutler, druggist, brewer, vintner, distiller, dyer, painter, bleacher,
matical calculation. These are Mechanics, Statics, Hydrostatics, Hydrody-
soapmaker, tanner, powdermaker, saltmaker, glassmaker, to learn as much
namics, Navigation, Astronomy, Geography, Optics, Pneumatics, Acoustics.
as shall be necessary to pursue their art understandingly, of the sciences
II. 3. Physics, or Natural Philosophy (not entering the limits of Chemis-
of geometry, mechanics, statics, hydrostatics, hydraulics, hydrodynamics,
try), treat of natural substances, their properties, mutual relations and ac-
navigation, astronomy, geography, optics, pneumatics, physics, chemistry,
tion. They particularly examine the subjects of motion, action, magnetism,
natural history, botany, mineralogy and pharmacy.
electricity, galvanism, light, meteorology, with an etc. not easily enumerated.
The school of technical philosophy will differ essentially in its functions
These definitions and specifications render immaterial the question whether
from the other professional schools. The others are instituted to ramify and
I use the generic terms in the exact degree of comprehension in which others
dilate the particular sciences taught in the schools of the second grade on
use them; to be understood is all that is necessary to the present object.
a general scale only. The technical school is to abridge those which were
[ 1066]
[ 1067 ]
taught there too much in extenso for the limited wants of the artificer or
I. Professorship.
practical man. These artificers must be grouped together, according to the
Language and History, ancient and modern.
particular. branch of science in which they need elementary and practical
Belles Lettres, Rhetoric and Oratory.
instruction; and a special lecture or lectures should be prepared for each
group. And these lectures should be given in the evening, so as not to inter-
II. Professorship.
rupt the labors of the day. The school, particularly, should be maintained
Mathematics pure, Physico-Mathematics.
wholly at the public expense, on the same principles with that of the ward
Physics, Anatomy, Medicine, Theory.
schools. Through the whole of the collegiate course, at the hours of recrea-
III. Professorship.
tion on certain days, all the students should be taught the manual exercise;
Chemistry, Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy.
military evolutions and manœuvers should be under a standing organiza-
IV. Professorship.
tion as a military corps, and with proper officers to train and command
Philosophy.
them.
A tabular statement of this distribution of the sciences will place the
The organization of the branch of the institution which respects its gov-
system of instruction more particularly in view:
ernmènt, police and economy, depending on principles which have no
1st or Elementary Grade in the Ward Schools.
affinity with those of its institution, may be the subject of separate and subse-
quent consideration.
Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Geography.
2d, or General Grade.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE TRANSPORTATION OF THE
I. Language and History, ancient and modern.
MONTICELLO LIBRARY¹
2. Mathematics, viz.: Mathematics pure, Physico-Mathematics, Physics,
Chemistry, Anatomy, Theory of Medicine, Zoology, Botany and Mineralogy.
February 27, 1815
3. Philosophy, viz.: Ideology, and Ethics, Law of Nature and Nations,
The books stand at present in pine cases with backs and shelves without
Government, Political Economy.
fronts. The cases are generally of three tier, one upon another, about 9 feet
3d, or Professional Grades.
high in the whole. The lowest case is generally 13 inches deep, the second
Theology and Ecclesiastical History; Law, Municipal and Foreign; Prac-
6³/₄ inches and the uppermost 5%, averaging 8½ inches, to that add 3/4 inch
tice of Medicine; Materia Medica and Pharmacy; Surgery; Architecture,
for the front of boards to be nailed on, and it makes 91/4 inches depth. I
Military and Naval, and Projectiles; Technical Philosophy; Rural Economy;
have measured the surface of wall which these cases cover and find it to
Fine Arts.
be 855.39 feet, which divided into the depth of 9½ inches equals 676 cubic
On this survey of the field of science, I recur to the question, what por-
feet; of this 232 cubic feet would be the wood of the cases and 444 cubic
feet the books. I find a cubical foot of books to weigh 40 pounds, and as this
tion of it we mark out for the occupation of our institution? With the first
grade of education we shall have nothing to do. The sciences of the second
is the weight of dry pine also, we need not distinguish between the weight
grade. are our first object; and, to adapt them to our slender beginnings, we
of the wood and the books, but say the whole 676 cubic feet at 40 pounds
makes 27,046 pounds, or eleven waggon loads of 2,458 each.
must separate them into groups, comprehending many sciences each, and
greatly more, in the first instance, than ought to be imposed on, or can be
It is said that waggon hire at Washington is eight dollars a day, finding
competently conducted by a single professor permanently. They must be
themselves here it is exactly half that price, or a half dozen waggons can be
subdivided from time to time, as our means increase, until each professor
1 This accompanied a letter to Samuel Harrison Smith, Jefferson's agent. Congress had au-
thorized the purchase of Jéfferson's library, consisting of nearly 6,500 volumes, on January 30,
shall have no more under his care than he can attend to with advantage to
1815. Altogether it took 10 wagons to transport the books, the last wagon leaving Monticello
his pupils and ease to himself. For the present, we may group the sciences
on May 8. The trip from Monticello to Washington took six days. Of his library, Jefferson
wrote to Smith, May 8, 1815: "It is the choicest collection of books in the United States, and
into professorships, as follows, subject, however, to be changed, according
I hope it will not be without some general effect on the literature of our country." The li-
to the qualifications of the persons we may be able to engage.
brary became the foundation of the great Library of Congress. Jefferson received $23,950 for
his superb collection.
[ 1068]
[ 1069]
got here at four dollars, who will undertake to carry 2,500 pounds. I think
communicate with pleasure what occurs to me on it. Two methods offer
it would be better, therefore, to employ the waggons of this neighborhood,
themselves, the one alphabetical, the other according to the subject of the
and let them make two trips, but as the interstices between the books and
book. The former is very unsatisfactory, because of the medley it presents
shelves (which, however, are very small), will require a certain quantity of
to the mind, the difficulty sometimes of recalling an author's name, and the
book binder's paper-parings; a great many elegant bindings will require to
greater difficulty, where the name is not given, of selecting the word in the
be wrapped in waste paper, and all should have slips of paper between them,
title, which shall determine its alphabetical place. The arrangement accord-
which cannot be had here. Would it not be necessary to send on a waggon
ing to subject is far preferable, although sometimes presenting difficulty also,
load from Washington to be deposited here before the books are packed?
for it is often doubtful to what particular subject a book should be ascribed.
It might take a return load of the books. And the books should go in their
cases, every one its station, so that the cases on their arrival need only be set
This is remarkably the case with books of travels, which often blend together
up on end, and they will be arranged exactly as they stand in the catalogue.
the geography, natural history, civil history, agriculture, manufactures, com-
I will have the fronts closed with boards for the journey, which, being taken
merce, arts, occupations, manners, &c., of a country, so as to render it diffi-
off on their arrival at Washington, sash doors may be made there at little
cult to say to which they chiefly relate. Others again, are polygraphical in
expense. But the books will require careful and skilful packing, to prevent
their nature, as Encyclopedias, magazines, etc. Yet on the whole I have pre-
their being rubbed in so long and rough a journey, by the jolting of the
ferred arrangement according to subject, because of the peculiar satisfaction,
waggons.²
when we wish to consider a particular one, of seeing at a glance the books
The best road, by far, for waggons at this season, is from Monticello by
which have been written on it, and selecting those from which we effect
Orange Court House, Culpeper Court House, Fauquier Court House,
most readily the information we seek. On this principle the arrangement of
Emil's mill, Sorgater Lanes, and George T. ferry, because it is along cross
my library was formed, and I took the basis of its distribution from Lord
roads nearly the whole way, which are very little travelled by waggons. The
Bacon's table of science, modifying it to the changes in scientific pursuits
road by Fredericksburg is considerably further, and deeply cut through the
which have taken place since his time, and to the greater or less extent
whole. That by Stephensburg is the shortest and levellest of all, but being
of reading in the science which I proposed to myself. Thus the law having
generally a deep living clay is absolutely unpassable from November to
been my profession, and politics the occupation to which the circumstances
May. The worst circumstance of the road by the Court Houses is that two
of the times in which I have lived called my particular attention, my provi-
branches of the Rappahannock and three of the Occoquam are to be forded,
sion of books in these lines, and in those most nearly connected with them
and they are liable to sudden swells. I presume a waggon will go loaded in
was more copious, and required in particular instances subdivisions into sec-
seven days, and return empty in six, and allowing one for loading and acci-
tions and paragraphs, while other subjects of which general views only were
dents, the trip will be of a fortnight and come to $56.³ I will have the wag-
contemplated are thrown into masses. A physician or theologist would have
gons engaged if it is desired, to attend on any day which may be named.
modified differently, the chapters, sections, and paragraphs of a library
adapted to their particular pursuits.
LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION
You will receive my library arranged very- perfectly in the order observed
in the catalogue, which I have sent with it. In placing the books on their
May 7, 1815
shelves, I have generally, but not always, collocated distinctly the folios,
I have duly received your favor of April 26th,5 in which you are pleased
quarto, octavo, and duodecimo, placing with the last all smaller sizes. On
to ask my opinion on the subject of the arrangement of libraries. I shall
every book is a label, indicating the chapter of the catalogue to which it be-
2 Jefferson packed the books so well that not one was damaged during the transportation.
longs, and the other it holds among those of the same format. So that, al-
3 Joseph Dougherty, the master wagoner, wrote to Samuel Harrison Smith, on March 20:
though the numbers seem confused on the catalogue, they are consecutive
"I will now state what my travelling expenses will amount to per day-so that you may see
what my compensation would amount to per day. Horse-hire, $1.25 per day; breakfast, $0.50;
on the volumes as they stand on their shelves, and indicate at once the place
dinner, $0.75; supper and lodging, $0.75, for gallons oats and hay, $0.87. Expence per day,
$4.12." Dougherty asked $6.00 per day, but was finally paid $5.00.
with books and your literary habits have, doubtless, led you to the adoption of some plan of
4 Letter to George Watterston, Librarian of Congress.
arrangement with respect to libraries, which I should be happy if you would communicate."
5 On that date Librarian Watterston wrote to Jefferson: "I am solicitous to obtain your
Jefferson sent him a scientifically classified catalogue. "I am happy to inform you," Watterston
opinion as a gentleman of literary taste on the subject of arrangement. Your long acquaintance)
wrote to Jefferson, October 13, 1815, "that the catalogue is now in press
I have preserved
your arrangement." The Librarian made but a few minor changes.
[ 1070]
1071 ]
they occupy there. Mr. Milligan in packing them has preserved their arrange-
with reasonable notice to the third, shall have agreed; and shall proceed to
ment so exactly, in their respective presses, that on setting the presses up
divide their county into wards,8 by metes and bounds so designated as to
on end, he will be able readily to replace them in the order corresponding
comprehend each, about the number of militia sufficient for a company, and
with the catalogue, and thus save you the immense labor which their rear-
so also as not to divide, and throw into different wards the lands of any
rangement would otherwise require.
one person held in one body; which division into wards shall, within six
To give to my catalogue the convenience of the alphabetical arrangement
months from the date of their appointment, be completely designated, pub-
I have made at the end an alphabet of authors' names and have noted the
lished, and reported, by their metes and bounds, to the office of the clerk
chapter or chapters, in which the name will be found; where it occurs sev-
of the Superior Court, there to be recorded, subject, however, to such altera-
eral times in the same chapter, it is indicated, by one or more perpendicular
tions, from time to time afterwards, as changes of circumstances shall, in
scores, thus according to the number of times it will be found in the
the opinion of the said visitors or their successors, with the approbation of
chapter. Where a book bears no author's name, I have selected in its title
the said court, render expedient.
some leading word for denoting it alphabetically. This member of the
3. The original division into wards being made, the visitors shall appoint
catalogue would be more perfect if, instead of the score, the number on the
days for the first meeting of every ward, at such place as they shall name
book were particularly noted. This could not be done when I made the
within the same, of which appointment notice shall be given at least two
catalogue, because no label of numbers had then been put on the books.
weeks before the day of meeting, by advertisement at some public place
That alteration can now be readily made, and would add greatly to the
within the ward, requiring every free, white male citizen, of full age, resi-
convenient use of the catalogue.
dent within the ward, to meet at the place, and by the hour of twelve of the
day so appointed, at which meeting some one of the visitors shall also at-
AN ACT FOR ESTABLISHING ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS'
tend, and a majority of the said warders being in attendance, the visitor
present shall propose to them to decide by a majority of their votes,-I. The
September 9, 1817
location of a school-house for the ward, and a dwelling-house for the teacher
I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia, that at the first ses-
(the owner of the ground consenting thereto). 2. The size and structure of
sion of the Superior Court in every county within this commonwealth, next
the said houses; and 3. Whether the same shall be built by the joint labor
ensuing the passage of this act, the judge thereof shall appoint three discreet
of the warders, or by their pecuniary contributions; and also 4. To elect by
and well-informed persons, residents of the county, and not being ministers
a plurality of their votes a warden, resident, who shall direct and superin-
of the gospel 2 of any denomination, to serve as visitors of the Elementary
tend the said buildings, and be charged with their future care.
Schools in the said county; of which appointment the sheriff shall, within
4. And if they decide that the said buildings shall be erected by the joint
fifteen days thereafter, deliver a certificate, under the hand of the clerk of
labor of the warders, then all persons within the said ward liable to work
the said court, to each of the persons so appointed.
8 § 2. This designation of the size of a ward is founded on these considerations: 1st. That
2. The said visitors shall meet at the court-house of their county on the
the population which furnishes a company of militia will generally about furnish children
enough for a school. 2d. That in most instances, at present, the militia captaincies being laid
first county court day after they shall have received notice of their appoint-
off compactly by known and convenient metes and bounds, many will be adopted without
ment, and afterwards at such times and places as they, or any two of them,
change, and others will furnish a canvas to work on and to reform. 3d. That these wards once
of established, will be found convenient and salutary aids in the administration of
1 In sending this Act to Joseph C. Cabell, Jefferson wrote: "I should apologize, perhaps, You, for
position of the military.—T. J.
which they will constitute the organic elements, and the first integral members government, in the com-
the style of this bill. I dislike the verbose and intricate style of the English statutes.
however, can easily correct this bill to the taste of my brother lawyers, by making every other
in a To body is, Ist. To save the proprietor from the perplexity of multiplied responsibilities; and
4 § 3. The prohibition to place among different wards the lands of a single individual, held
word a. 'said' or 'aforesaid,' and saying everything over two or three times, so that nobody
but we of the craft can untwist the diction, and find out what it means; and that, too, not
2. prevent arbitrary and inconsistent apportionments, by different wardens, of the com-
so plainly but that we may conscientiously divide one half on each side."
parative 5 values of the different portions of his lands in their respective wards.-T.
The text of this Bill is taken from H. A. Washington's edition of Jefferson's Writings. The
$ 4. It is presumed that the wards will generally build such log-houses for the J. school and
version in N. F. Cabell's Early History of the University of Virginia (1856), p. 413-17, contains
teacher them as they now*do, and will join force and build them themselves, experience proving
some variations and omissions.
2 Ministers of the Gospel are excluded to avoid jealousy from the other sects, were the
houses in the country wards, which, from changes in their population, will be liable to
to be as comfortable as they are cheap. Nor. would it be advisable to build expensive
public education committed to the ministers of a particular one; and with more reason than
changes of their boundaries and consequent displacements of their centre, drawing with it a
in the case of their exclusion from the legislative and executive functions.-r. J.
both purposes.-T. J.
removal of their school-house. In towns, better houses may be more safely built, or rented for
[ 1072 ]
1073 ]
in the highways, shall attend at the order of the warden, and, under his
of good moral character, qualified to teach reading, writing, numeral arith-
direction, shall labor thereon until completed, under the same penalties as
metic and geography, whose subsistence shall be furnished by the residents
provided by law to enforce labor on the highways. And if they decide on
and proprietors of the ward, either in money or in kind, at the choice of
erection by pecuniary contributions, the residents and owners of property
each contributor, and in the ratio of their public taxes, to be apportioned
within the ward shall contribute toward the cost, each in proportion to the
and levied as on the failures before provided for. The teacher shall also have
taxes they last paid to the State for their persons and for the same property:
the use of the house and accommodations provided for him, and shall more-
of which the sheriff or commissioners shall furnish a statement to the
over receive annually such standing wages as the visitors shall have deter-
warden, who, according to the ratio of that statement, shall apportion and
mined to be proportioned on the residents and proprietors of the ward, and
assess the quota of contribution for each, and be authorized to demand, re-
ceive, and apply the same to the purposes of the contribution, and to render
contribution. to be paid, levied and applied as before provided in other cases of pecuniary
account thereof, as in all other his pecuniary transactions for the school, to
6. At this school shall be received and instructed gratis, every infant of
the visitors; and on failure of payment by any contributor, the sheriff, on
competent age who has not already had three years' schooling. And it is
the order of the warden, shall collect and render the same under like powers
declared and enacted, that no person unborn or under the age of twelve
and regulations as provided for the collection of the public taxes. And in
years at the passing of this act, and who is compos mentis, shall, after the
every case it shall be the duty of the warden to have the buildings completed
age of fifteen years, be a citizen of this commonwealth until he or she can
within six months from the date of his election.
read readily in some tongue, native or acquired.
5. It shall be the duty of the said visitors to seek and to employ for every
7. To keep up a constant succession of visitors, the judge of the Superior
ward,6 whenever the number and ages of its children require it, a person
Court of every county shall at his first session in every bissextile year, ap-
6 § 5. Estimating eight hundred militia to a county, there will be twelve captaincies or
point visitors as before characterized, either the same or others, at his dis-
wards in a county on an average. Suppose each of these, three years in every six, to have
children enough for a school, who have not yet had three years' schooling; such a county
cretion. And in case of the death or resignation of any visitor during the
will employ six teachers, each serving two wards by alternate terms. These teachers will be
term of his appointment, or of his removal by the said judge for good cause,
taken from the laboring classes, as they are now, to wit: from that which furnishes mechanics,
moral or physical, he shall appoint another to serve until the next bissextile
overseers and tillers of the earth; and they will chiefly be the cripples, the weakly and the
old, of that class, who will have been qualified for these functions by the ward schools them-
appointment. Which visitors shall have their first meeting at their court
selves. If put on a footing then, for wages and subsistence, with the young and the able of
their class, they will be liberally compensated: say with one hundred and fifty dollars wages
house on the county court day next ensuing their appointment, and after-
and the usual allowance of meat and bread. The subsistence will probaby be contributed in
wards at such times and places as themselves or any two of them with rea-
kind by the warders, out of their family stock. The wages alone will be a pecuniary tax of
sonable notice to the third shall agree. But the election of wardens shall be
about nine hundred dollars. To a county, this addition would be of about one-fifth of the
taxes we now pay to the State, or about one-fifth of one per cent on every man's taxable
annually, at the first meeting of the ward after the month of March, until
property; if tax can be called that which we give to our children in the most valuable of all
which election the warden last elected shall continue in office.
forms, that of instruction. Were those schools to be established on the public funds, and to be
managed by the Governor and council, or the commissioners of the Literary fund, brick
8. All ward meetings shall be at their school house, and on a failure of
houses to be built for the schools and teachers, high wages and subsistence given them, they
the meeting of a majority of the wardens on the call of a visitor, or of their
would be badly managed, depraved by abuses, and would exhaust the whole Literary fund.
While under the eye and animadversion of the wards, and the control of the wardens and
warden, such visitor or warden may call another meeting.
visitors, economy, diligence, and correctness of conduct, will be enforced, the whole Literary
fund will be spared to complete the general system of education, by colleges in every district
9. At all times when repairs or alterations of the buildings before pro-
for instruction in the languages, and an university for the whole of the higher sciences; and
vided for shall be wanting, it shall be the duty of the warden or of a visitor,
this, by an addition to our contributions almost insensible, and which, in fact, will not be
to call a ward meeting and to take the same measures towards such re-
felt as a burthen, because applied immediately and visibly to the good of our children.
A question of some doubt might be raised on the latter part of this section, as to the
pairs or alterations as are herein before authorized for the original buildings.
rights and duties of society towards its members, infant and adult. Is it a right or a duty in
society to take care of their infant members in opposition to the will of the parent? How far
IO. When, on the application of any warden, authorized thereto by the
does this right and duty extend?-to guard the life of the infant, his property, his instruction,
vote of his ward, the judge of the Superior Court shall be of opinion that
his morals? The Roman father was supreme in all these: we draw a line, but where?-public
sentiment does not seem to have traced it precisely. Nor is it necessary in the present case. It
the contributors of any particular ward are disproportionably and oppres-
is better to tolerate the rare instance of a parent refusing to let his child be educated, than to
sively overburthened with an unusual number of children of non-contrib-
shock the common feelings and ideas by the forcible asportation and education of the infant
against the will of the father. What is proposed here is to remove the objection of expense,
utors of their ward, he may direct an order to the county court to assess in
by offering education gratis, and to strengthen parental excitement by the disfranchisement of
his child while uneducated. Society has certainly a right to disavow him whom they offer,
and are not permitted to qualify for the duties of a citizen. If we do not force instruction,
let us at least strengthen the motives to receive it when offered.-r. J.
1074
[ 1075]
their next county levy the whole or such part of the extra burthen as he
Fauquier, Culpeper, Madison, Caroline, and Spotsylvania; one other of the
shall think excessive and unreasónable, to be paid to the warden for its
counties of Hanover, City of Richmond, Goochland, Louisa, Fluvanna,
proper use, to which order the said county court is required to conform.
Powhatan, Cumberland, Buckingham, Orange, Albemarle, Nelson, Am-
II. The said teachers shall, in all things relating to the education and
herst, Augusta, and Rockbridge; one other of the counties of Chesterfield,
government of their pupils, be under the direction and control of the visit-
town of Petersburg, Dinwiddie, Brunswick, Amelia, Nottoway, Lunenburg,
ors; but no religious reading, instruction or exercise, shall be prescribed or
Mecklenburg, Prince Edward, Charlotte, and Halifax; one other of the
practiced inconsistent with the tenets of any religious sect or denomination.
counties of Campbell, Pittsylvania, Bedford, Franklin, Henry, Patrick, Bote-
I2. Some one of the visitors, once in every year at least, shall visit the
tourt, and Montgomery; one other of the counties of Frederick, Jefferson,
several schools: shall inquire into the proceedings and practices thereat:
Berkeley, Hampshire, Shenandoah, Hardy, Rockingham, and Pendleton;
shall examine the progress of the pupils, and give to those who excel in read-
one other of the counties of Monongalia, Brooke, Ohio, Randolph, Harrison,
ing, in writing, in arithmetic, or in geography, such honorary marks and
Wood, and Mason; and one other of the counties of Bath, Greenbrier,
testimonies of approbation, as may encourage and excite to industry and
emulation.
Kanawha, Cabell, Giles, Monroe, Tazewell, Wythe, Grayson, Washington,
Russell, and Lee.
13. All decisions and proceedings of the visitors relative to the original
15. Within three months after the passing of this act, the President and
designation of wards at any time before the buildings are begun, or changes
Directors of the Literary Fund, who shall henceforward be called the Board
of wards at any time after, to the quantum of subsistence, or wages allowed
of Public Instruction, shall appoint one fit person in every county, in each
to the teacher, and to the rules prescribed to him for the education and
of the districts, who, with those appointed in the other counties of the same
government of his pupils, shall be subject to be controlled and corrected by
district, shall compose the Board of Visitors for the College of that district;
the judge of the Superior Court of the county, on the complaint of any in-
and shall, within four months after passing this act, cause notice to be given
dividual aggrieved or interested.
to each individual so appointed, prescribing to them a day, within one month
thereafter, and a place within their district, for their first meeting, with
A BILL FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DISTRICT COLLEGES
supplementary instructions for procuring a meeting subsequently, in the
AND UNIVERSITY 1
event of failure at the time first appointed.
16. The said Visitors, or so many of them as, being a majority, shall attend,
October 24, 1817
shall appoint a rector, of their own body, who shall preside at their meetings,
And for the establishment of colleges whereat the youth of the Common-
and a secretary to record and preserve their proceedings; and shall proceed
wealth may, within convenient distances from their homes, receive a higher
to consider of the site for a college most convenient for their district, having
grade of education,
regard to the extent, population and other circumstances, and within the
14.2 Be it further enacted as follows: The several counties of this Com-
term of six months from the passing of this act shall report the same to the
monwealth shall be distributed into nine collegiate districts, whereof one
Board of Public Instruction, with the reasons on which each site is preferred;
shall be composed of the counties of Accomac, Northampton, Northumber-
and if any minority of two or more members prefer any other place, the
land, Lancaster, Richmond, Westmoreland, Middlesex, Essex, Matthews,
same shall be reported, with the reasons for and against the same.
17. Within seven months after the passing of this act the said Board of
Gloucester, King & Queen, King William, Elizabeth City, Warwick, York,
James City, New Kent, and Charles City; one other of the counties of
Public Instruction shall determine on such of the sites reported as they shall
think most eligible for the college of each district, shall notify the same to
Princess Anne, Norfolk, Norfolk borough, Nansemond, Isle of Wight,
the said Visitors, and shall charge them with the office of obtaining from the
Southampton, Surry, Prince George, Sussex, and Greensville; one other of
proprietor, with his consent, the proper grounds for the building, and its
the counties of Fairfax, Loudoun, King George, Stafford, Prince William,
appurtenances, either by donation or purchase; or if his consent, on reason-
1 This is, in effect, a continuation of the preceding Bill which Jefferson prepared soon after
able terms, cahnot be obtained, the clerk of the county, wherein the site is,
he sent the former to J. C. Cabell. Combining the two into a "A Bill for Establishing a System
of Public Education," Jefferson submitted the new draft to Cabell on October 24.
shall, on their request, issue and direct to the sheriff of the same county a
The text above is from N. F. Cabell's Early History of the University of Virginia, pp. 417-27
writ of ad quod damnum, to ascertain by a jury the value of the grounds
2 This number follows number I3 in the preceding Bill.
selected, and to fix their extent by metes and bounds, so, however, as not
1076
[ 1077]
to include the dwelling house, or buildings appurtenant, the curtilage,
vided for him, and a standing salary of $500 yearly, to be drawn from the
gardens or orchards of the owner; which writ shall be executed according
literary fund, with such tuition fee from each pupil as the Visitors shall
to the ordinary forms prescribed by the laws in such cases; and shall be
establish.
returned to the same clerk to be recorded: Provided, that in no case, either
23. The said Visitors shall be charged with the preservation and repair
of purchase or valuation by a jury, shall more grounds be located than of
of the buildings, the care of the ground and appurtenances for which, and
the value of $500; which grounds, if by donation or purchase, shall, by the
other necessary purposes, they may employ a steward and competent laborers;
deed of the owner, or if by valuation of a jury, shall, by their inquest, become
they shall have power to appoint and remove the professors, to prescribe their
vested in the said Board of Public Instruction, as trustees for the Common-
duties, and the course of education to be pursued; they shall establish rules
wealth, and for the uses and purposes of a college of instruction.
for the government and discipline of the pupils, for their subsistence and
18. On each of the sites so located shall be erected one or more substantial
board, if boarded in the college, and for their accommodation, and the
buildings-the walls of which shall be of brick or stone, with two school
charges to which they shall be subject for the same, as well as the rent for
rooms, and four rooms for the accommodation of the professors, and with
the dormitories they occupy. They may draw from the literary fund such
sixteen dormitories in or adjacent to the same, each sufficient for two pupils,
moneys as are hereby charged on it for their institution. And, in general,
and in which no more than two shall be permitted to lodge, with a fireplace
they shall direct and do all matters and things which, not being inconsistent
in each, and the whole in a comfortable and decent style, suitable to their
with the laws of the land, to them shall- seem most expedient for promoting
purpose.
the purposes of the said institution; which several functions may be exercised
I9. The plan of the said buildings, and their appurtenances, shall be
by them in the form of by-laws, resolutions, orders, instructions, or other-
furnished or approved by the said Board of Public Instruction, and that of
wise, as they shall deem proper.
the dormitories shall be such as may conveniently receive additions from
24. The rents of the dormitories, the profits of boarding the pupils, dona-
time to time. The Visitors shall have all the powers which are necessary and
tions and other occasional resources shall constitute the fund, and shall be
proper for carrying them into execution, and shall proceed in their execution
at their disposal for the necessary purposes of the said institution, and not
accordingly. Provided, that in no case shall the whole cost of the said build-
otherwise provided for; and they shall have authority to draw on the said
ings and appurtenances of any one college exceed the sum of $7,500.
Board of Public Instruction for the purchase or valuation money of the site
20. The college of the district first in this act described, to wit: of Accomac,
of their college, for the cost of the buildings and improvements authorized
&c. shall be called the Wythe College, or the College of the District of
by law, and for the standing salaries of the professors herein allowed-for
Wythe; that of the second description, to wit: Princess Anne, &c. shall be
the administration of all which they may appoint a bursar.
called
the
; that of the third description, to wit: Fairfax, &c. shall be
25. They shall have two stated meetings in the year, at their colleges, on
called
the
; that of the fourth description, to wit: Hanover, &c. shall
be
called
the
the first Mondays of April and October, and occasional meetings at the
-;
that of the fifth description, to wit: Chesterfield, &c.
shall
be
called-
the
same place, and at such other times, as they shall appoint; giving due notice
-; that of the sixth description, to wit: Campbell,
thereof to every individual of their board.
&c.
shall
be
called
the
; that of the seventh description, to wit: Fred-
erick,
&c.
shall
be
called
the
26. A majority of them shall constitute a quorum for business, and on the
; that of the eighth description, to wit:
Monongalia, &c. shall be called the ; and that of the ninth description,
death or resignation of a member, or on his removal by the Board of Public
to wit: Bath, &c. shall be called the
Instruction, or out of the county from which he was rappointed, the said
21. In the said colleges shall be taught the Greek, Latin, French, Spanish,
Board shall appoint a successor, resident in the same county.
Italian and German languages, English grammar, geography, ancient and
27. The Visitors of every collegiate district shall be a body politic and
modern, the higher branches of numerical arithmetic, the mensuration of
corporate, to be called the Visitors of the College, by name, for which they
land, the use of the globes, and the ordinary elements of navigation.
are appointed, with capacity to plead, or be impleaded, in all courts of justice,
22. To each of the said colleges shall be appointed two professors, the one
and in all cases interesting to their college, which may be the subject of legal
for teaching Greek, Latin, and such other branches of learning before de-
cognizance and jurisdiction, which pleas shall not abate by the determination
scribed, as he may be qualified to teach, and the other for the remaining
of the office of all or any of them, but shall stand revived in the name of their
branches thereof, who shall each be allowed the use of the apartments pro-
successors; and they shall be capable in law, and in trust for their college, of
[ 1078]
[ 1079]
receiving subscriptions and donations, real and personal, as well from bodies
pointed, prescribing to them a day
College, in possession, in interest or
corporate, or persons associated, as from private individuals.
for their first meeting at the Court-
in action (save only so much as may
28. Some member, or members, of the Board of Visitors, to be nominated
house of the said county, with sup-
discharge their engagements then
by the said Board, or such other persons as they shall nominate, shall, once
plementary instruction for procuring
existing), the same shall be there-
in every year, at least, visit the college of their district, enquire into the pro-
a meeting subsequently in the event
upon vested in this Commonwealth,
ceedings and practices thereat, examine the progress of the pupils, and give
of failure at the time first appointed.
and shall be appropriated to the in-
to those who excel in any branch of learning prescribed for the said college,
stitution of an University to be called
such honorary marks and testimonies of approbation as may encourage or
the University of Virginia, which
excite to industry and emulation.
shall be established on the said lands.
29. The decisions and proceedings of the said Visitors shall be subject to
The said Board of Public Instruction
control and correction by the Board of Public Instruction, either on the com-
shall thereupon forthwith appoint
plaint of any individual, aggrieved or interested, or on the proper motion of
eight fit persons who shall compose
the said board.
the Board of Visitors for the govern-
30. On every 29th day of February, or, if that be Sunday, then on the next
ment of the said University, notify-
or earliest day thereafter, on which a meeting can be effected, the Board of
ing thereof the persons so appointed,
Public Instruction shall be in session, and shall appoint, in every county of
and prescribing to them a day for
each district, a Visitor, resident therein, either the same before appointed,
their first meeting at Charlottesville,
or another, at their discretion, to serve until the ensuing 29th day of Feb-
with supplementary instructions for
ruary, duly and timely notifying to them their appointment, and prescribing
procuring a meeting subsequently, in
a day for their first meeting at the college of their district, after which, their
the event of failure at the time first
stated meetings shall be at their college, on the first Mondays of April and
appointed.
October, annually; and their occasional meetings at the same place, and at
32. The said Visitors, or so many
32. The said Visitors, or so many
such times as themselves shall appoint, due notice thereof being given to
of them as, being a majority, shall
of them as, being a majority, shall
every member of their board.
attend, shall appoint a Rector of their
attend, shall appoint a Rector of
own body, who shall preside at their
their own body to preside at their
Utrum horum?
meetings, and a Secretary to record
meetings, and a Secretary to record
and preserve their proceedings, and
and preserve their proceedings, and
And for establishing in a central
And for establishing in a central
shall proceed to enquire into and
shall proceed to examine into the
and healthy part of the State an
and healthy part of the State and
select the most eligible site for the
state of the property conveyed as
University wherein all the branches
University wherein all the branches
University, and to obtain from the
aforesaid, shall make an inventory
of useful science may be taught, Be
of useful science may be taught, Be
proprietor, with his consent, the
of the same, specifying the items
it enacted as follows:
it further enacted as follows:
proper grounds for the buildings
whereof it consists, shall notice the
31. Within the limits of the county
31. Whensoever the Visitors of the
and appurtenances, either by dona-
buildings and other improvements
of there shall be established an
Central College in Albemarle, au
tion or purchase, or, if his consent
already made, and those which are
University, to be called the Univer-
thorized thereto by the consent in
on reasonable terms cannot be ob-
in progress, shall take measures for
sity of Virginia; and so soon as may
writing of the subscribers of the
tained, the clerk of the county shall,
their completion, shall consider what
be after the passage of this act the
major part of the amount subscribed
on their request, issue and direct to
others may be necessary in addition,
Board of Public Instruction shall ap-
to. that institution, shall convey or
the sheriff of the county a writ of
and of the best plan for effecting the
point eight fit persons to constitute
cause to be conveyed to the Board of
ad quod damnum to ascertain by a
same, with estimates of the probable
the Board of Visitors for the said
Public Instruction, for the use of this
jury the value of the grounds se-
cost, and shall make report of the
University; and shall forthwith give
Commonwealth, all the lands, build-
lected, and to fix their extent by
whole to the said Board of Public
notice to each individual so ap-
ings, property and rights of the said
metes and bounds, so however as
Instruction, which is authorized to
[ 1080]
[ 1081]
not to include the dwelling house or
approve, negative or modify any of
buildings appurtenant, the curtilage,
yearly, as the Visitors shall think proper, to be drawn from the literary fund,
the measures so proposed by the said
with such tuition fees from the students as the Visitors shall establish.
gardens or orchards of the owner;
Visitors.
which writ shall be executed accord-
36. The said Visitors shall be charged with the erection, preservation and
ing to the ordinary forms prescribed
repair of the buildings, the care of the grounds and appurtenances, and of
by the laws in such cases, and shall
the interests of the University generally; they shall have power to appoint a
be returned to the same clerk to be
bursar, employ a steward and all other necessary agents; to appoint and
remove professors; to prescribe their duties, and the course of education to
recorded: Provided, That in no case,
either of purchase or valuation by a
be pursued; to establish rules for the government and discipline of the
jury, shall more grounds be located
students, for their subsistence, board and accommodation, if boarded by the
than of the value of $2,000; which
University, and the charges to which they shall be subject for the same, as
grounds, if by donation or purchase,
well as for the dormitories they occupy; to provide and control the duties
shall, by the deed of the owner, or if
and proceedings of all officers, servants and others, with respect to the build-
ings, lands, appurtenances, and other property and interests of the Univer-
by valuation of a jury, shall, by their
inquest, become vested in the Board
sity; to draw from the literary fund such moneys as are hereby charged on
of Public Instruction aforesaid, as
it for this institution; and in general to direct and do all matters and things
trustees for the commonwealth, for
which, not being inconsistent with the laws of the land, to them shall seem
the uses and purposes of an Uni-
most expedient for promoting the purposes of the said institution; which
versity.
several functions may be exercised by them in the form of by-laws, rules,
33. A plan of the buildings and
33. The said measures being ap-
resolutions, orders, instructions, or otherwise, as they shall deem proper.
appurtenances necessary and proper
proved or modified, the Visitors shall
37. They shall have two stated meetings in the year, to wit: on the first
for an University being furnished or
have all the powers relative thereto
Mondays of April and October, and occasional meetings at such other times
approved by the Board of Public In-
which shall be necessary or proper
as they shall appoint, due notice thereof being given to every individual of
struction, in which that of the dor-
for carrying them into execution,
their Board, which meetings shall be at the said University; a majority of
mitories shall be such as may con-
and shall proceed in their execution
them shall constitute a quorum for business; and on the death or resignation
veniently admit additions from time
accordingly.
of a member, or on his removal by the Board of Public Instruction, or change
to time, the Visitors shall have all
of habitation to a greater than his former distance from the University, the
the powers which shall be necessary
said Board shall appoint a successor.
and proper for carrying them into
38. The Visitors of the said University shall be a body politic and cor-
execution, and shall proceed in their
porate under the style and title of the Visitors of the University of Virginia,
execution accordingly.
with capacity to plead or be impleaded in all courts of justice, and in all
34. In the said University shall be taught history and geography, ancient
cases interesting to their College, which may be the subjects of legal cogni-
and modern; natural philosophy, agriculture, chemistry and the theories of
zance and jurisdiction, which pleas shall not abate by the determination of
medicine; anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy and geology; mathematics,
their office, but shall stand revived in the name of their successors; and they
pure and mixed; military and naval science; ideology, ethics, the law of
shall be capable in law, and in trust for their College, of receiving subscrip-
nature and of nations; law, municipal and foreign; the science of civil gov-
tions and donations, real and personal, as well from bodies corporate or
ernment and political economy; languages, rhetoric, belles lettres, and the
persons associated, as from private individuals.
fine arts generally; which branches of science shall be so distributed and
39. Some member or members of the Board of Visitors, to be nominated
under so many professorships, not exceeding ten, as the Visitors shall think
by the said Board, or such other person as they shall nominate, shall, once
most proper.
in every year at least, visit the said University, enquire into the proceeding
35. Each professor shall be allowed the use of the apartments and accom-
and practices thereat, examine the progress of the students, and give to those
modations provided for him, and such standing salary, not exceeding $1,000
who excel in any branch of science there taught such honorary marks and
[ 1082]
[ 1083]
testimonies of approbation as may encourage and excite to industry and
and impartial enquiry and best information, be adjudged by them to be of
emulation.
the most sound and promising understanding and character, and most im-
40. All decisions and proceedings of the Visitors shall be subject to control
proved by their course of education, who shall be sent on immediately there-
and direction by the Board of Public Instruction, either on the complaint
after to the University, there to be maintained and educated in such branches
of any individual aggrieved or interested, or on the proper motion of the
of the sciences taught there as are most proper to qualify him for the calling
said Board.
to which his parents or guardians may destine him; and to continue at the
41. On every 29th day of February, or, if that be Sunday, then on the
said University three years at the public expense, under such rules and
next or earliest day thereafter on which a meeting can be effected, the said
limitations as the Board of Public Instruction shall prescribe. And the ex-
Board of Public Instruction shall be in session, and shall appoint Visitors for
penses of the persons so to be publicly maintained and educated at the
the said University, either the same or others, at their discretion, to serve
Colleges and University shall be drawn by their respective Visitors from the
until the 29th day of February next ensuing, duly and timely notifying to
literary fund.
them their appointment, and prescribing a day for their first meeting at the
FEMALE EDUCATION1
University, after which their stated meetings shall be on the first Mondays
of April and October annually, and their occasional meetings at the same
March 14, 1818
place, and at such times as themselves shall appoint, due notice thereof being
given to every member of their Board.
A plan of female education has never been a subject of systematic con-
[NOTE.-If the Central College be adopted for the University, the following
templation with me. It has occupied my attention so far only as the educa-
section may be added: "Provided, that nothing in this act contained shall
tion of my own daughters occasionally required. Considering that they
suspend the proceedings of the Visitors of the said Central College of Albe-
would be placed in a country situation where little aid could be obtained
marle; but, for the purpose of expediting the objects of the said institution,
from abroad, I thought it essential to give them a solid education, which
they shall be authorized, under the control of the Board of Public Instruc-
might enable them, when become mothers, to educate their own daughters,
tion, to continue the exercise of their functions until the first meeting of the
and even to direct the course for sons, should their fathers be lost, or in-
Visitors of the University."]
capable, or inattentive. My surviving daughter accordingly, the mother of
And to avail the Commonwealth of those talents and virtues which nature
many daughters as well as sons, has made their education the object of her
has sown as liberally among the poor as rich, and which are lost to their
life, and being a better judge of the practical part than myself, it is with
country by the want of means for their cultivation, Be it further enacted as
her aid and that of one of her élèves, that I shall subjoin a catalogue of the
follows:
books for such a course of reading as we have practised.2
42. On every 29th day of February, or, if that be Sunday, then on the
A great obstacle to good education is the inordinate passion prevalent for
next day, the Visitors of the Ward-schools in every county shall meet at the
novels, and the time lost in that reading which should be instructively em-
Court-House of their county, and after the most diligent and impartial
ployed. When this poison infects the mind, it destroys its tone and revolts
observation and enquiry of the boys who have been three years at the Ward
it against wholesome reading. Reason and fact, plain and unadorned, are
schools, and whose parents are too poor to give them a collegiate education,
rejected. Nothing can engage attention unless dressed in all the figments
shall select from among them some one of the most promising and sound
of fancy, and nothing so bedecked comes amiss. The result is a bloated
understanding, who shall be sent to the first meeting of the Visitors of their
imagination, sickly judgment, and disgust towards all the real businesses of
collegiate district, with such proofs as the case requires and admits, for the
life. This mass of trash, however, is not without some distinction; some few
examination and information of that Board; who, from among the candi-
modeling their narratives, although fictitious, on the incidents of real life,
dates so offered from the several counties of their district, shall select two of
have been able to make them interesting and useful vehicles of a sound
the most sound and promising understanding, who shall be admitted to
morality. Such, I think, are Marmontel's new moral tales, but not his old
their College, and there be maintained and educated five years at the public
ones, which are really immoral. Such are the writings of Miss Edgeworth,
expense, under such rules and limitations as the Board of Public Instruction
and some of those of Madame Genlis. For a like reason, too, much poetry
shall prescribe; and at the end of the said five years the said Collegiate
should not be indulged. Some is useful for forming style and taste. Pope,
Visitors shall select that one of the two who shall, on their most diligent
1 Letter to N. Burwell.
2 The catalogue is not available.
1084
1085 ]
Dryden, Thomson, Shakespeare, and of the French, Molière, Racine, the
rheumatic hand to write too briefly on this litigated question. The utilities
Corneilles, may be read with pleasure and improvement.
we derive from the remains of the Greek and Latin languages are, first, as
The French language, become that of the general intercourse of nations,
models of pure taste in writing. To these we are certainly indebted for the
and from their extraordinary advances, now the depository of all science,
national and chaste style of modern composition which so much distin-
is an indispensable part of education for both sexes. In the subjoined cata-
guishes the nations to whom these languages are familiar. Without these
logue, therefore, I have placed the books of both languages indifferently,
models we should probably have continued the inflated style of our northern
according as the one or the other offers what is best.
ancestors, or the hyperbolical and vague one of the east. Second. Among
The ornaments, too, and the amusements of life, are entitled to their por-
the values of classical learning, I estimate the luxury of reading the Greek
tion of attention. These, for a female, are dancing, drawing, and music. The
and Roman authors in all the beauties of their originals. And why should
first is a healthy exercise, elegant, and very attractive for young people. Every
not this innocent and elegant luxury take its preëminent stand ahead of all
affectionate parent would be pleased to see his daughter qualified to par-
those addressed merely to the senses? I think myself more indebted to my
ticipate with her companions and without awkwardness at least, in the
father for this than for all the other luxuries his cares and affections have
circles of festivity, of which she occasionally becomes a part. It is a neces-
placed within my reach; and more now than when younger, and more
sary accomplishment, therefore, although of short use; for the French rule
susceptible of delights from other sources. When the decays of age have
is wise, that no lady dances after marriage. This is founded in solid physical
enfeebled the useful energies of the mind, the classic pages fill up the
reasons, gestation and nursing leaving little time to a married lady when
vacuum of ennui, and become sweet composers to that rest of the grave into
this exercise can be either safe or innocent. Drawing is thought less of in
which we are all sooner or later to descend. Third. A third value is in the
this country than in Europe. It is an innocent and engaging amusement,
stores of real science deposited and transmitted us in these languages, to-wit:
often useful, and a qualification not to be neglected in one who is to be-
in history, ethics, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, natural history, &c.
come a mother and an instructor. Music is invaluable where a person has
But to whom are these things useful? Certainly not to all men. There are
an ear. Where they have not, it should not be attempted. It furnishes a
conditions of life to which they must be forever estranged, and there are
delightful recreation for the hours of respite from the cares of the day, and
epochs of life too, after which the endeavor to attain them would be a great
lasts us through life. The taste of this country, too, calls for this accom-
misemployment of time. Their acquisition should be the occupation of our
plishment more strongly than for either of the others.
early years only, when the memory is susceptible of deep and lasting im-
I need say nothing of household economy, in which the mothers of our
pressions, and reason and judgment not yet strong enough for abstract
country are generally skilled, and generally careful to instruct their daugh
speculations. To the moralist they are valuable, because they furnish ethical
ters. We all know its value, and that diligence and dexterity in all its
writings highly and justly esteemed: although in my own opinion, the
processes are inestimable treasures. The order and economy of a house are
moderns are far advanced beyond them in this line of science, the divine
as honorable to the mistress as those of the farm to the master, and if either
finds in the Greek language a translation of his primary code, of more im-
be neglected, ruin follows, and children destitute of the means of living.
portance to him than the original because better understood; and, in the
This, sir, is offered as a summary sketch on a subject on which I have
same language, the newer code, with the doctrines of the earliest fathers,
not thought much. It probably contains nothing but what has already OC-
who lived and wrote before the simple precepts of the founder of this most
curred to yourself, and claims your acceptance on no other ground than as
benign and pure of all systems of morality became frittered into subtleties
a testimony of my respect for your wishes, and of my great esteem and
and mysteries, and hidden under jargons incomprehensible to the human
respect.
mind. To these original sources he must now, therefore, return, to recover
THE STUDY OF GREEK AND LATIN1
the virgin purity of his religion. The lawyer finds in the Latin language
the system of civil law most conformable with the principles of justice of
August 24, 1819
any which has ever yet been established among men, and from which much
has been incorporated into our own. The physician as good a code of his
You ask my opinion on the extent to which classical learning should be
art as has been given us to this day. Theories and systems of medicine, in-
carried in our country. A sickly condition permits me to think, and a
deed, have been in perpetual change from the days of the good Hippocrates
1 Letter to John Brazier.
to the days of the good Rush, but which of them is the true one? the pres-
[ 1086]
[ 1087]
ent, to be sure, as long as it is the present, but to yield its place in turn to
extant statutes, may be considered as having given a digest of the laws then
the next novelty, which is then to become the true system, and is to mark
in being, written and unwritten, and forming, therefore, the textual code
the vast advance of medicine since the days of Hippocrates. Our situation is
of what is called the common law, just at the period too when it begins to
certainly benefited by the discovery of some new and very valuable medi-
be altered by statutes to which we can appeal. But so much of his matter
cines; and substituting those for some of his with the treasure of facts, and
is become obsolete by change of circumstances or altered by statute, that the
of sound observations recorded by him (mixed to be sure with anilities of
student may omit him for the present, and
his day) and we shall have nearly the present sum of the healing art. The
Ist. Begin with Coke's four Institutes. These give a complete body of
statesman will find in these languages history, politics, mathematics, ethics,
the law as it stood in the reign of the first James, an epoch the more inter-
eloquence, love of country, to which he must add the sciences of his own
esting to us, as we separated at that point from English legislation, and
day, for which of them should be unknown to him? And all the sciences
acknowledge no subsequent statutary alterations.
must recur to the classical languages for the etymon, and sound understand-
2. Then passing over (for occasional reading as hereafter proposed) all
ing of their fundamental terms. For the merchant I should not say that the
the reports and treatises to the time of Matthew Bacon, read his abridgment,
languages are a necessary. Ethics, mathematics, geography, political economy,
compiled about one hundred years after Coke's, in which they are all em-
history, seem to constitute the immediate foundations of his calling. The
bodied: This gives numerous applications of the old principles to new cases,
agriculturist needs ethics, mathematics, chemistry and natural philosophy.
and gives the general state of the English law at that period.
The mechanic the same. To them the languages are but ornament and com-
Here, too, the student should take up the chancery branch of the law,
fort. I know it is often said there have been shining examples of men of
by reading the first and second abridgments of the cases in Equity. The
great abilities in all the businesses of life, without any other science than
second is by the same Matthew Bacon, the first having been published some
what they had gathered from conversations and intercourse with the world.
time before. The alphabetical order adopted by Bacon, is certainly not as
But who can say what these men would not have been had they started in
satisfactory as the systematic. But the arrangement is under very general
the science on the shoulders of a Demosthenes or Cicero, of a Locke or
and leading heads, and these, indeed, with very little difficulty, might be
Bacon, or a Newton? To sum the whole, therefore, it may truly be said
systematically instead of alphabetically arranged and read.
that the classical languages are a solid basis for most, and an ornament to
3. Passing now in like manner over all intervening reports and tracts, the
all the sciences.
student may take up Blackstone's Commentaries, published about twenty-
five years later than Bacon's abridgment, and giving the substance of these
A COURSE OF LAW READING¹
new reports and tracts. This review is not so full as that of Bacon, by any
means, but better digested. Here, too, Woodeson should be read as supple-
February 26, 1821
mentary to Blackstone, under heads too shortly treated by him. Foublanque's
While you were in this neighborhood, you mentioned to me your inten-
edition of Francis' Maxims of Equity, and Bridgman's digested Index, into
tion of studying the law, and asked my opinion as to the sufficient course
which the latter cases are incorporated, are also supplementary in the chan-
of reading. I gave it to you, ore tenus, and with so little consideration that
cery branch, in which Blackstone is very short.
I do not remember what it was; but I have since recollected that I once
This course comprehends about twenty-six 8vo volumes, and reading four
wrote a letter to Dr. Cooper,2 on good consideration of the subject. He was
or five hours a day would employ about two years.
then law-lecturer, I believe, at Carlisle. My stiffening wrist makes writing
3 Since the date of this letter, a most important and valuable edition has been published
now a slow and painful operation, but my granddaughter Ellen undertakes
of Coke's First Institute. The editor, Thomas, has analyzed the whole work, and re-composed
to copy the letter, which I shall enclose herein.
its matter in the order of Blackstone's Commentaries, not omitting a sentence of Lord Coke's
text, nor inserting one not his. In notes, under the text, he has given the modern decisions
I notice in that letter four distinct epochs at which the English laws have
relating to the same subjects, rendering it thus as methodical, lucid, casy and agreeable to
been reviewed, and their whole body, as existing at each epoch, well di-
the reader as Blackstone, and more precise and profound. It can now be no longer doubted
that this is the very best elementary work for a beginner in the study of the law. It is not,
gested into a code. These digests were by Bracton, Coke, Matthew Bacon
I suppose, to bc had in this State, and questionable if in the North, as yet, and it is dear,
costing in England four guineas or ninctcen dollars, to which add the duty here on im-
and Blackstone. Bracton having written about the commencement of the
ported books, which, on the three volumes 8vo, is something more than three dollars, or
one dollar the 8vo volume. This is a tax on learned readers to support printers for the
1 Letter to Dabney Terrell.
2 January 16, 1814.-T. J.
readers of "The Delicate Distress," and "The Wild Irish Boy. J.
[ 1088]
1089
After these, the best of the reporters since Blackstone should be read for
LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION
the new cases which have occurred since his time. Which they are I know
not, as all of them are since my time.
Between 1820 and 1825
By way of change and relief for another hour or two in the day, should
An Explanation of the Views on which this Catalogue has been Prepared
be read the law-tracts of merit which are many, and among them all those
of Baron Gilbert are of the first order. In these hours, too, may be read
I. Great standard works of established reputation, too voluminous and too
Bracton (now translated), and Justinian's Institute. The method of these
expensive for private libraries, should have a place in every public library,
two last works is very much the same, and their language often quite so.
for the free resort of individuals.
Justinian is very illustrative of the doctrines of equity, and is often appealed
2. Not merely the best books in their respectivé branches of science should
to, and Cooper's edition is the best on account of the analogies and con-
be selected, but such also as were deemed good in their day, and which
trasts he has given of the Roman and English law. After Bracton, Reeves'
consequently furnish a history of the advance of the science.
History of the English Law may be read to advantage. During this same
3. The opera omnia of writers on various subjects are sometimes placed
hour or two of lighter law reading, select and leading cases of the reporters
in that chapter of this Catalogue to which their principal work belongs, and
may be successively read, which the several digests will have pointed out
sometimes referred to the Polygraphical chapter.
and referred to.
4. In some cases, besides the opera omnia, a detached tract has been also
+
placed in its proper chapter, on account of editorial or other merit.
5. Books in very rare languages are considered here as specimens of lan-
I have here sketched the reading in common law and chancery which
guage only, and are placed in the chapter of Philology, without regard to
I suppose necessary for a reputable practitioner in those courts. But there
their subject.
are other branches of law in which, although it is not expected he should be
6. Of the classical authors, several editions are often set down on account
an adept, yet when it occurs to speak of them, it should be understandingly
of some peculiar merit in each.
to a decent degree. There are the Admiralty law, Ecclesiastical law, and the
7. Translations are occasionally noted, on account of their peculiar merit
Law of Nations. I would name as elementary books in these branches, Mol-
or of difficulties of their originals.
loy de Jure Maritimo. Brown's Compend of the Civil and Admiralty Law,
8. Indifferent books are sometimes inserted, because none good are known
2 vols. 8vo. The Jura Ecclesiastica, 2 vols. 8vo. And Les Institutions du droit
on the same subject.
de la Nature et des Gens de Reyneval, I vol. 8vo.
9. Nothing of mere amusement should lumber a public library.
Besides these six hours of law reading, light and heavy, and those neces-
IO. The 8vo. form is generally preferred, for the convenience with which
sary for the repasts of the day, for exercise and sleep, which suppose to be
it is handled, and the compactness and symmetry of arrangement on the
ten or twelve, there will still be six or eight hours for reading history, poli-
shelves of the library.
tics, ethics, physics, oratory, poetry, criticism, &c., as necessary as law to
II. Some chapters are defective for the want of a more familiar knowledge
form an accomplished lawyer.
of their subject in the compiler, others from schisms in the science they
relate to. In Medicine, e.g., the changes of theory which have successively
The letter to Dr. Cooper, with this as a supplement, will give you those
ideas on a sufficient course of law reading which I ought to have done with
prevailed, from the age of Hippocrates to the present day, have produced
distinct schools, acting on different hypotheses, and headed by respected
more consideration at the moment of your first request. Accept them now
names, such as Stahl, Boerhaave, Sydenham, Hoffman, Cullen, and our own
as a testimony of my esteem, and of sincere wishes for your success; and the
good Dr. Rush, whose depletive and mercurial systems have formed a
family, unâ voce, desires me to convey theirs with my own affectionate
school, or perhaps revived that which arose on Harvey's discovery of the
salutations.
circulation of the blood. In Religion, divided as it is into multifarious creeds,
differing in their, bases, and more or less in their superstructure, such moral
1 This is from the preface of "A Catalogue of Books Forming the Body of a Library
for the University of Virginia," which Jefferson wrote sometime between 1820 and 1825.
The catalogue is in the University of Virginia and was printed for the first time in that Uni-
versity's Alumni Bulletin, November, 1895, pp. 79-80.
[ rogo ]
1091 ]
1092
fire, or other agent, subordinate to the fiat of the Creator.
verse, or the particular revolutions of our own globe by the agency of water,
while it takes no cognisance of theories for the self-generation of the uni-
and sequence of the different species of rocks and other mineral substances,
science, that is to say, a knowledge of the general stratification, collocation
merged in Mineralogy, which may properly embrace what is useful in this
time too unprofitable to be worthy of indulgence. Geology, too, has been
gations of a faculty unamenable to the test of our senses, is an expense of
may be usefully bestowed on the operations of thought, prolonged investi-
with Ethics, and little extension given to them. For, while some attention
is controversial and merely sectarian. Metaphysics have been incorporated:
works have been chiefly selected as may be approved by all, omitting what
Books are addressed to the three faculties of
MEMORY
REASON
IMAGINATION
To these belong respectively
HISTORY
PHILOSOPHY
FINE ARTS
Civil
Physical
Mathematical
Moral
Ancient
6. Physics, pure and mixed
17. Arithmetic
I9. Ethics
29. Architecture
2. Modern, Foreign
7. Agriculture
18. Geometry
20. Religion
Gardening
3. I. 4. 5.
British
8. Chemistry
2I. Law-Nature and Nations
30. Painting
" " "
American
9. Anatomy
22. Law of Equity
Sculpture
1093
Ecclesiastical
Surgery
23. " Common
Music
IO. Medicine
24. " Merchant
31. Poetry, Epic
II. Zoology
25. " Maritime
32.
Romance
I2. Botany
26. " Ecclesiastical
33.
13. Mineralogy
14. Technics
28. Politics
35.
" " " " " "
Pastoral
27. " Foreign
34.
Didactic
Tragedy
I5. Astronomy
36.
Comedy
16. Geography
37.
Dialogue and
Epistolary
38. Rhetoric
39. Criticism, Theory
40.
" "
Bibliography
41.
Philology
42. Polygraphical
THE STUDY OF HISTORY'
them up to some favor, the object of his work was an apology for them. He
spared nothing, therefore, to wash them white, and to palliate their mis-
October 25, 1825
government. For this purpose he suppressed truths, advanced falsehoods,
DEAR SIR: I do not know whether the professors to whom ancient and mod-
forged authorities, and falsified records. All this is proved on him un-
ern history are assigned in the University, have yet decided on the course of
answerably by Brodie. But so bewitching was his style and manner, that
historical reading which they will recommend to their schools. If they have,
his readers were unwilling to doubt anything, swallowed everything, and
I wish this letter to be considered as not written, as their course, the result
all England became Tories by the magic of his art. His pen revolutionized
of mature consideration, will be preferable to anything I could recommend.
the public sentiment of that country more completely than the standing
Under this uncertainty, and the rather as you are of neither of these schools,
armies could ever have done, which were so much dreaded and deprecated
I may hazard some general ideas, to be corrected by what they may recom-
by the patriots of that day.
mend hereafter.
Having succeeded so eminently in the acquisition of fortune and fame
In all cases I prefer original authors to compilers. For a course of ancient
by this work, he undertook the history of the two preceding dynasties, the
history, therefore, of Greece and Rome especially, I should advise the usual
Plantagenets and Tudors. It was all-important in this second work, to main-
suite of Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Diodorus, Livy, Cæsar, Sue-
tain the thesis of the first, that "it was the people who encroached on the
tonius, Tacitus, and Dion, in their originals if understood, and in transla-
sovereign, not the sovereign who usurped on the rights of the people." And,
tions if not. For its continuation to the final destruction of the empire we
again, chapter 53d, "the grievances under which the English labored [to
must then be content with Gibbons, a compiler, and with Segur, for a judi-
wit: whipping, pillorying, cropping, imprisoning, fining, &c.,] when con-
cious recapitulation of the whole. After this general course, there are a
sidered in themselves, without regard to the Constitution, scarcely deserve
number of particular histories filling up the chasms, which may be read
the name, nor were they either burthensome on the people's properties, or
at leisure in the progress of life. Such is Arrian, Q. Curtius, Polybius, Sallust,
anywise shocking to the natural humanity of mankind." During the con-
Plutarch, Dionysius, Halicarnassus, Micasi, &c. The ancient universal his-
stant wars, civil and foreign, which prevailed while these two families occu-
tory should be on our shelves as a book of general reference, the most
pied the throne, it was not difficult to find abundant instances of practices
learned and most faithful perhaps that ever was written. Its style is very
the most despotic, as are wont to occur in times of violence. To make this
plain but perspicuous.
second epoch support the third, therefore, required but a little garbling of
In modern history, there are but two nations with whose course it is inter-
authorities. And it then remained, by a third work, to make of the whole
esting to us to be intimately acquainted, to wit: France and England. For
a complete history of England, on the principles on which he had advocated
the former, Millot's General History of France may be sufficient to the
that of the Stuarts. This would comprehend the Saxon and Norman con-
period when I Davila commences. He should be followed by Perefixe,
quests, the former exhibiting the genuine form and political principles of
Sully, Voltaire's Louis XIV and XV, la Cretelle's XVIIIᵐᵉ siècle, Marmon-
the people constituting the nation, and founded in the rights of man; the
tel's Regence, Foulongion's French Revolution, and Madame de Staël's,
latter built on conquest and physical force, not at all affecting moral rights,
making up by a succession of particular history, the general one which they
nor even assented to by the free will of the vanquished. The battle of Has-
want.
tings, indeed, was lost, but the natural rights of the nation were not staked
Of England there is as yet no general history so faithful as Rapin's. He
on the event of a single battle. Their will to recover the Saxon constitution
may be followed by Ludlow, Fox, Belsham, Hume and Brodie. Hume's,
continued unabated, and was at the bottom of all the unsuccessful insur-
were it faithful, would be the finest piece of history which has ever been
rections which succeeded in subsequent times. The victors and vanquished
written by man. Its unfortunate bias may be partly ascribed to the accident
continued in a state of living hostility, and the nation may still say, after
of his having written backwards. His maiden work was the History of the
losing the battle of Hastings,
Stuarts. It was a first essay to try his strength before the public. And whether
as a Scotchman he had really a partiality for that family, or thought that
What though the field is lost?
All is not lost; the unconquerable will
the lower their degradation, the more fame he should acquire by raising
And study of revenge, immortal hate
1 Letter to an unnamed member of the University faculty.
And courage never to submit or yield.
1094
1095 ]
The government of a nation may be usurped by the forcible intrusion of
an individual into the throne. But to conquer its will, so as to rest the right
on that, the only legitimate basis, requires long acquiescence and cessation
of all opposition. The Whig historians of England, therefore, have always
gone back to the Saxon period for the true principles of their constitution,
while the Tories and Hume, their Coryphæus, date it from the Norman
conquest, and hence conclude that the continual claim by the nation of the
Chapter XXIII
good old Saxon laws, and the struggles to recover them, were "encroach-
ments of the people on the crown, and not usurpations of the crown on the
THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
people." Hume, with Brodie, should be the last histories of England to be
read. If first read, Hume makes an English Tory, from whence it is an easy.
step to American Toryism. But there is a history, by Baxter, in which, abridg-
ing somewhat by leaving out some entire incidents as less interesting now
AIM AND CURRICULUM1-
than when Hume wrote, he has given the rest in the identical words of
Hume, except that when he comes to a fact falsified, he states it truly, and
August I-4, 1818
when to a suppression of truth, he supplies it, never otherwise changing a
In proceeding to the third and fourth duties prescribed by the Legislature,
word. It is, in fact, an editic expurgation of Hume. Those who shrink from
of reporting "the branches of learning, which should be taught in the Uni-
the volume of Rapin, may read this first, and from this lay a first foundation
versity, and the number and description of the professorships they will re-
in a basis of truth.
quire," the Commissioners were first to consider at what point it was under-
For modern continental history, a very general idea may be first aimed at,
stood that university education should commence. Certainly not with the
leaving for future and occasional reading the particular histories of such
alphabet, for reasons of expediency and impracticability, as well from the
countries as may excite curiosity at the time, This may be obtained from
obvious sense of the Legislature, who, in the same act, make other provi-
Mollet's Northern Antiquities, Vol. Esprit et Mœurs des Nations, Millot's
sion for the primary instruction of the poor children, expecting, doubtless,
Modern History, Russel's Modern Europe, Hallam's Middle Ages, and
that in other cases it would be provided by the parent, or become, perhaps,
Robertson's Charles V.
subject of future and further attention of the Legislature. The objects of
You ask what book I would recommend to be first read in law. I am
this primary education determine its character and limits. These objects
very glad to find from a conversation with Mr. Gilmer, that he considers
would be,
Coke Littleton, as methodized by Thomas, as unquestionably the best
To give to every citizen the information he needs for the transaction of
elementary work, and the one which will be the text book of his school.
his own business;
It is now as agreeable reading as Blackstone, and much more profound.
To enable him to calculate for himself, and to express and preserve his
I pray you to consider this hasty and imperfect sketch as intended merely
ideas, his contracts and accounts, in writing;
to prove my wish to be useful to you, and that with it you will accept the
To improve, by reading, his morals and faculties;
assurance of my esteem and respect.
To understand his duties to his neighbors and country, and to discharge
with competence the functions confided to him by either;
To know his rights; to exercise with order and justice those he retains;
to choose with discretion the fiduciary of those he delegates; and to notice
their conduct with diligence, with candor, and judgment;
And, in general, to observe with intelligence and faithfulness all the social
relations under which he shall be placed.
To instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests and
1 From the report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia, meeting in Rockfish
Gap, on the Blue Ridge, to the Legislature of the State. Jefferson wrote the report.
1096 ]
[ 1097]
duties, as men and citizens, being then the objects of education in the pri-
which they are assembled as proof that the Legislature is far from the
mary schools, whether private or public, in them should be taught reading,
abandonment of objects so interesting. They are sensible that the advantages
writing and numerical arithmetic, the elements of mensuration (useful in
of well-directed education, moral, political and economical, are truly above
so many callings), and the outlines of geography and history. And this
all estimate. Education generates habits of application, of order, and the
brings us to the point at which are to commence the higher branches of
love of virtue; and controls, by the force of habit, any innate obliquities in
education, of which the Legislature require the development; those, for
our moral organization. We should be far, too, from the discouraging per-
example, which are,
suasion that man is fixed, by the law of his nature, at a given point; that
To form the statesmen, legislators and judges, on whom public prosperity
his improvement is a chimera, and the hope delusive of rendering ourselves
and individual happiness are so much to depend;
wiser, happier or better than our forefathers were. As well might it be urged
To expound. the principles and structure of government, the laws which
that the wild and uncultivated tree, hitherto yielding sour and bitter fruit
regulate the intercourse of nations, those formed municipally for our own
only, can never be made to yield better; yet we know that the grafting art
government, and a sound spirit of legislation, which, banishing all arbitrary
and unnecessary restraint on individual action, shall leave us free to do
whatever does not violate the equal rights of another;
To harmonize and promote the interests of agriculture, manufactures and
commerce, and by well informed views of political economy to give a free
scope to the public industry;
To develop the reasoning faculties of our youth, enlarge their minds, cul-
tivate their morals, and instill into them the precepts of virtue and order;
To enlighten them with mathematical and physical sciences, which ad-
JEFFERSON'S DRAWINGS OF THE BUILDINGS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
vance the arts, and administer to the health, the subsistence, and comforts
of human life;
implants a new tree on the savage stock, producing what is most estimable
And, generally, to form them to habits of reflection and correct action, ren-
both in kind and degree. Education, in like manner, engrafts a new man
dering them examples of virtue to others, and of happiness within themselves.
on the native stock, and improves what in his nature was vicious and per-
These are the objects of that higher grade of education, the benefits and
verse into qualities of virtue and social worth. And it cannot be but that
blessings of which the Legislature now propose to provide for the good and
each generation succeeding to the knowledge acquired by all those who
ornament of their country, the gratification and happiness of their fellow-
preceded it, adding to it their own acquisitions and discoveries, and handing
citizens, of the parent especially, and his progeny, on which all his affec-
the mass down for successive and constant accumulation, must advance the
tions are concentrated.
knowledge and well-being of mankind, not infinitely, as some have said,
In entering on this field, the Commissioners are aware that they have to
but indefinitely, and to a term which no one can fix and foresee. Indeed,
encounter much difference of opinion as to the extent which it is expedient
we need look back half a century, to times which many now living remem-
that this institution should occupy. Some good men, and even of respect-
ber well, and see the wonderful advances in the sciences and arts which
able information, consider the learned sciences as useless acquirements; some
have been made within that period. Some of these have rendered the ele-
think they do not better the condition of man; and others that education,
ments themselves subservient to the purposes of man, have harnessed them
like private and individual concerns, should be left to private individual
to the yoke of his labors, and effected the great blessings of moderating his
effort; not reflecting that an establishment embracing all the sciences which
own, of accomplishing what was beyond his feeble force, and extending the
may be useful and even necessary in the various vocations of life, with the
comforts of life to a much enlarged circle, to those who had before known
buildings and apparatus belonging to each, are far beyond the reach of in-
its necessaries only. That these are not the vain dreams of sanguine hope,
dividual means, and must either derive existence from public patronage, or
we have before our eyes real and living examples. What, but education, has
not exist at all. This would leave us, then, without those callings which de-
advanced us beyond the condition of our indigenous neighbors? And what
pend on education, or send us to other countries to seek the instruction they
chains them to their present state of barbarism and wretchedness, but a
require. But the Commissioners are happy in considering the statute under
bigoted veneration for the supposed superlative wisdom of their fathers, and
[ 1098]
1099 ]
the preposterous idea that they are to look backward for better things, and
Some of the terms used in this table being subject to a difference of ac-
not forward, longing, as it should seem, to return to the days of eating
acorns and roots, rather than indulge in the degeneracies of civilization?
ceptation, it is proper to define the meaning and comprehension intended
And how much more encouraging to the achievements of science and im-
to be given them here:
provement is this, than the desponding view that the condition of man can-'
Geometry, Elementary, is that of straight lines and of the circle.
not be ameliorated, that what has been must ever be, and that to. secure
Transcendental, is that of all other curves; it includes, of course, Projectiles,
ourselves where we are, we must tread with awful reverence in the foot-
a leading branch of military art.
steps of our fathers. This doctrine is the genuine fruit of the alliance between
Military Architecture includes Fortification, another branch of that art.
Church and State; the tenants of which, finding themselves but too well
Statics respect matter generally, in a state of rest, and include Hydrostatics,
or the laws of fluids particularly, at rest or in equilibrio.
in their present condition, oppose all advances which might unmask their,
Dynamics, used as a general term, include
usurpations, and monopolies of honors, wealth, and power, and fear every.
Dynamics proper, or the laws of solids in motion; and
change, as endangering the comforts they now hold. Nor must we omit
Hydrodynamics, or Hydraulics, those of fluids in motion.
to mention, among the benefits of education, the incalculable advantage of
Pneumatics teach the theory of air, its weight, motion, condensation, rare-
training up able counsellors to administer the affairs of our country in all
faction, &c.
its departments, legislative, executive and judiciary, and to bear their proper
Acoustics, or Phonics, the theory of sound.
share in the councils of our national government; nothing more than edu-
Optics, the laws of light and vision.
cation advancing the prosperity, the power, and the happiness of a nation.
Physics, or Physiology, in a general sense, mean the doctrine of the physical
Encouraged, therefore, by the sentiments of the Legislature, manifested
objects of our senses.
in this statute, we present the following tabular statement of the branches
Chemistry is meant, with its other usual branches, to comprehend the theory
of agriculture.
of learning which we think should be taught in the University, forming
Mineralogy, in addition to its peculiar subjects, is here understood to embrace
them into groups, each of which are within the powers of a single professor:
what is real in geology.
I. Languages, ancient:
Acoustics
Ideology is the doctrine of thought.
Latin
Optics
General Grammar explains the construction of language.
Greek
Astronomy
Some articles in this distribution of sciences will need observation. A
Hebrew
Geography
II. Languages, modern:
professor is proposed for ancient languages, the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew,
V. Physics, or Natural Philosophy:
French
Chemistry
particularly; but these languages being the foundation common to all the
Spanish
Mineralogy
sciences, it is difficult to foresee what may be the extent of this school. At
Italian
VI. Botany
the same time, no greater obstruction to industrious study could be pro-
German
Zoology
posed than the presence, the intrusions and the noisy turbulence of a multi-
Anglo-Saxon
VII. Anatomy
tude of small boys; and if they are to be placed here for the rudiments of
III. Mathematics, pure:
Medicine
the languages, they may be so numerous that its character and value as an
Algebra
VIII. Government
University will be merged in those of a Grammar school. It is, therefore,
Fluxions
Political Economy
Geometry, Elementary
greatly to be wished, that preliminary schools, either on private or public
Law of Nature and Nations
Transcendental
History, being interwoven
establishment, could be distributed in districts through the State, as prepara-
Architecture, Military
with Politics and Law
tory to the entrance of students into the University. The tender age at which
Naval
IX. Law, municipal
this part of education commences, generally about the tenth year, would
IV. Physico-Mathematics:
X. Ideology
weigh heavily with parents in sending their sons to a school so distant as
Mechanics
General Grammar
the central establishment would be from most of them. Districts of such
Statics
Ethics
extent as that every parent should be within a day's journey of his son at
Dynamics
Rhetoric
school, would be desirable in cases of sickness, and convenient for supplying
Pneumatics
Belles Lettres and the fine arts.
their ordinary wants, and might be made to lessen sensibly the expense of
[II00 ]
[1101]
this part of their education. And where a sparse population would not,
of view, the Anglo-Saxon is of peculiar value. We have placed it among
within such a compass, furnish subjects sufficient to maintain a school, a
the modern languages, because it is in fact that which we speak, in the
competent enlargement of district must, of necessity, there be submitted to.
earliest form in which we have knowledge of it. It has been undergoing,
At these district schools or colleges, boys should be rendered able to read the
with time, those gradual changes which all languages, ancient and modern,
easier authors, Latin and Greek. This would be useful and sufficient for
have experienced; and even now needs only to be printed in the modern
many not intended for an University education. At these, too, might be
character and orthography to be intelligible, in a considerable degree, to an
taught English grammar, the higher branches of numerical arithmetic, the
English reader. It has this value, too, above the Greek and Latin, that
geometry of straight lines and of the circle, the elements of navigation, and
while it gives the radix of the mass of our language, they explain its inno-
geography to a sufficient degree, and thus afford to greater numbers the
vations only. Obvious proofs of this have been presented to the modern
means of being qualified for the various vocations of life, needing more
reader in the disquisitions of Horn Tooke; 2 and Fortescue Aland has well
instruction than merely menial or praedial labor, and the same advantages
explained the great instruction which may be derived from it to a full
to youths whose education may have been neglected until too late to lay a
understanding of our ancient common law, on which, as a stock, our whole
foundation in the learned languages. These institutions, intermediate be-
system of law is engrafted. It will form the first link in the chain of an
tween the primary schools and University, might then be the passage of
historical review of our language through all its successive changes to the
entrance for youths into the University, where their classical learning might
present day, will constitute the foundation of that critical instruction in it
be critically completed, by a study of the authors of highest degree; and it is
which ought to be found in a seminary of general learning, and thus reward
at this stage only that they should be received at the University. Giving
amply the few weeks of attention which would alone be requisite for its
then a portion of their time to a finished knowledge of the Latin and
attainment; a language already fraught with all the eminent science of our
Greek, the rest might be appropriated to the modern languages, or to the
parent country, the future vehicle of whatever we may ourselves achieve,
commencement of the course of science for which they should be destined.
and destined to occupy so much space on the globe, claims distinguished
This would generally be about the fifteenth year of their age, when they
attention in American education.
might go with more safety and contentment to that distance from their
Medicine, where fully taught, is usually subdivided into several professor-
parents. Until this preparatory provision shall be made, either the University
ships, but this cannot well be without the accessory of an hospital, where
will be overwhelmed with the grammar school, or a separate establishment,
the student can have the benefit of attending clinical lectures, and of assist-
under one or more ushers, for its lower classes, will be advisable, at a mile
ing at operations of surgery. With this accessory, the seat of our University
or two distant from the general one; where, too, may be exercised the stricter
is not yet prepared, either by its population or by the numbers of poor who
government necessary for young boys, but unsuitable for youths arrived at
years of discretion.
would leave their own houses, and accept of the charities of an hospital.
The considerations which have governed the specification of languages
For the present, therefore, we propose but a single professor for both medi-
to be taught by the professor of modern languages were, that the French is
cine and anatomy. By him the medical science may be taught, with a history
the language of general intercourse among nations, and as a depository of
and explanations of all its successive theories from Hippocrates to the present
human science, is unsurpassed by any other language, living or dead; that
day; and anatomy may be fully treated. Vegetable pharmacy will make a
the Spanish is highly interesting to us, as the language spoken by so great
part of the botanical course, and mineral and chemical pharmacy of those
a portion of the inhabitants of our continents, with whom we shall prob-
of mineralogy and chemistry. This degree of medical information is such
ably have great intercourse ere long, and is that also in which is written
as the mass of scientific students would wish to possess, as enabling them
the greater part of the earlier history of America. The Italian abounds
in their course through life, to estimate with satisfaction the extent and
with works of very superior order, valuable for their matter, and still more
limits of the aid to human life and health, which they may understand-
distinguished as models of the finest taste in style and composition. And
ingly expect from that art; and it constitutes such a foundation for those
the German now stands in a line with that of the most learned nations in
intended for the profession, that the finishing course of practice at the bed-
richness and erudition and advance in the sciences. It is too of common
sides of the sick, and at the operations of surgery in a hospital, can neither
descent with the language of our own country, a branch of the same original
2 John Horne Tooke (1736-1812), English philologist and author of The Diversions of
Gothic stock, and furnishes valuable illustrations for us. But in this point
Purley.
II02 ]
[1103]
be long nor expensive. To seek this finishing elsewhere, must therefore be
ing, music, and drawing; the last more especially, as an important part of
submitted to for a while.
military education. These innocent arts furnish amusement and happiness to
In conformity with the principles of our Constitution, which places all
those who, having time on their hands, might less inoffensively employ it.
sects of religion on an equal footing, with the jealousies of the different
Needing, at the same time, no regular incorporation with the institution,
sects in guarding that equality from encroachment and surprise, and with
they may be left to accessory teachers, who will be paid by the individuals
the sentiments of the Legislature in favor of freedom of religion, manifested
employing them, the University only providing proper apartments for their
on former occasions, we have proposed no professor of divinity; and the
exercise.
rather as the proofs of the being of a God, the creator, preserver, and su-
The fifth duty prescribed to the Commissioners, is to propose such general
preme ruler of the universe, the author of all the relations of morality, and
provisions as may be properly enacted by the Legislature, for the better
of the laws. and obligations these infer, will be within the province of the
organizing and governing the University.
professor of ethics; to which adding the developments of these moral obliga-
In the education of youth, provision is to be made for, I, tuition; 2, diet;
tions, of those in which all sects agree, with a knowledge of the languages,
3, lodging; 4, government; and 5, honorary excitements. The first of these
Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, a basis will be formed common to all sects.
constitutes the proper functions of the professors; 2, the dieting of the
Proceeding thus far without offence to the Constitution, we have thought
students should be left to private boarding houses of their own choice, and
it proper at this point to leave every sect to provide, as they think fittest, the
at their own expense; to be regulated by the Visitors from time to time, the
means of, further instruction in their own peculiar tenets.
house only being provided by the University within its own precincts, and
We are further of opinion, that after declaring by law that certain sciences
thereby of course subjected to the general regimen, moral or sumptuary,
shall be taught in the University, fixing the number of professors they
which they shall prescribe. 3. They should be lodged in dormitories, making
require, which we think should, at present, be ten, limiting (except as to
a part of the general system of buildings. 4. The best mode of government
the professors who shall be first engaged in each branch) a maximum for
for youth, in large collections, is certainly a desideratum not yet attained
their salaries (which should be a certain but moderate subsistence, to be
with us. It may be well questioned whether fear after a certain age, is a
made up by liberal tuition fees, as an excitement to assiduity), it will be
motive to which we should have ordinary recourse. The human character is
best to leave to the discretion of the visitors, the grouping of these sciences
susceptible of other incitements to correct conduct, more worthy of employ,
together, according to the accidental qualifications of the professors; and
and of better effect. Pride of character, laudable ambition, and moral dis-
the introduction also of other branches of science, when enabled by private
positions are innate correctives of the indiscretions of that lively age; and
donations, or by public provision, and called for by the increase of popula-
when strengthened by habitual appeal and exercise, have a happier effect
tion, or other change of circumstances; to establish beginnings, in short, to
on future character than the degrading motive of fear. Hardening them to
be developed by time, as those who come after us shall find expedient.
disgrace, to corporal punishments, and servile humiliations cannot be the
They will be more advanced than we are in science and in useful arts, and
best process for producing erect character: The affectionate deportment
will know best what will suit the circumstances of their day.
between father and son, offers in truth the best example for that of tutor
We have proposed no formal provision for the gymnastics of the school,
and pupil; and the experience and practice of other countries, in this
although a proper object of attention for every institution of youth. These
respect, may be worthy of enquiry and consideration with us. It will then
exercises with ancient nations, constituted the principal part of the education
be for the wisdom and discretion of the Visitors to devise and perfect a
of their youth. Their arms and mode of warfare rendered them severe in
proper system of government, which, if it be founded in reason and comity,
the extreme; ours, on the same correct principle, should be adapted to our
will be more likely to nourish in the minds of our youth the combined
arms and warfare; and the manual exercise, military manoeuvres, and
spirit of order and self-respect, so congenial with our political institutions,
tactics generally, should be the frequent exercises of the students, in their
and so important to be woven into the American character.
hours of recreation. It is at that age of aptness, docility, and emulation of
the practices of manhood, that such things are soonest learnt and longest
8 A police exercised by the students themselves, under proper discretion, has been tried with
success in some countries, and the rather as forming them for initiation into the duties and
remembered. The use of tools too in the manual arts is worthy of encourage-
practices of civil life.-r. J.
ment, by facilitating to such as choose it, an admission into the neighboring
workshops. To these should be added the arts which embellish life, danc-
II04
[ 1105]
REGULATIONS
first ensuing meeting, and whenever else required. The compensation for
October 4, 1824
such secretary shall be fifty dollars yearly, payable from the funds of the
University.
The Board then proceeded to consider of the regulations necessary for
Meetings of the faculty may be called by the presiding member of the
constituting, governing and conducting the institution in addition to those
year, or by any three of the professors, to be held in an apartment of the
passed at their last session, agreed to the following supplementary enact-
rotunda, and the object of the call shall be expressed in the written notifica-
ments:
tion to be served by the janitor. But when assembled, other business also
Each of the schools of the University shall be held two hours of every
may be transacted.
other day of the week; and that every student may be enabled to attend
The faculty may appoint a janitor, who shall attend its meetings, and
those of his choice, let their sessions be so arranged, as to days and hours,
the meetings of the Visitors, and shall perform necessary menial offices for
that no two of them shall be holden at the same time. Therefore,
them, for which he shall receive 150 dollars yearly from the funds of the
The school of ancient languages shall occupy from 7.30 to 9.30 A.M., on
University, and be furnished with a lodging room.
Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.
No student is to be received under sixteen years of age, rigorously proved.
That of modern languages shall occupy the same hours on Tuesdays,
None to be admitted into the mathematical school, or that of natural
Thursdays and Saturdays.
philosophy, who is not an adept in all the branches of numerical arith-
That of mathematics shall occupy from 9.30 to II.30 A.M. on Mondays,
metic; and none into the school of ancient languages, unless qualified, in the
Wednesdays and Fridays.
judgment of the professor, to commence reading the higher Latin classics;
That of natural philosophy the same hours on Tuesdays, Thursdays and
nor to receive instruction in Greek, unless qualified in the same degree in
Saturdays.
that language.
That of natural history shall occupy from 11.30 A.M. to 1.30 P.M. on Mon-
No one shall enter as a student of the University, either at the beginning
days, Wednesdays and Fridays.
or during the progress of the session, but as for the whole session, ending on
That of anatomy and medicine the same hours on Tuesdays, Thursdays
the 15th day of December, and paying as for the whole.
and Saturdays.
The dormitories shall be occupied by two students each, and no more, at
That of moral philosophy shall occupy from 1.30 to 3.30 P.M. on Mon-
fifteen dollars yearly rent, to be paid to the proctor at or before the end of
days, Wednesdays and Fridays.
the session, one-half by each occupant, or the whole by one, if there be only
That of law the same hours on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays.
one. And every student, within the same term, shall pay to the proctor, also,
The Visitors of the University shall be free, severally or together, to attend
for the University, fifteen dollars annually for his participation in the use
occasionally any school, during its session, as inspectors and judges of the
of the public apartments during the session.
mode in which it is conducted.
The students shall be free to diet themselves in any of the hotels of the
Wherein the instruction is by lessons, and the class too numerous for a
University, at their choice, or elsewhere, other than in taverns, as shall suit
single instructor, assistant tutors may be employed, to be chosen by the
themselves, but not more than fifty shall be allowed to diet at the same
professor, to have the use of two adjacent dormitories each, rent free, and
hotel.
to divide with the professor the tuition fees, as shall be agreed between them.
No keeper of any of the hotels of the University shall require or receive
The professors, tutors and all officers of the University shall reside con-
more than 100 dollars for dieting any student and for performing the neces-
stantly in the apartments of the University, or of its precincts, assigned to
sary offices of his dormitory, during the session of ten months and a half,
them.
nor shall suffer ardent spirits or wine, mixed or unmixed, to be drank
At a meeting of the faculty of professors, on matters within their func-
within his tenement, on pain of an immediate determination of his lease,
tions, one of them shall preside, by rotation, for the term of one year each.
and removal by the Faculty; nor shall any person boarding elsewhere than
A majority of the members shall make a quorum for business. They may
with their parents, in any house, and using wine or ardent spirits, mixed
appoint a secretary of their own body, or otherwise, who shall keep a journal
or unmixed, within such house, or its tenement, or paying more than I20
of their proceedings, and lay the same before the Board of Visitors at their
dollars for diet, lodging, and other offices and accommodations of the house
[ 1106]
[ 1107]
and tenement, during a like term, be admitted to any school of the Uni-
by the faculty, from the most discreet of the students, whose duty it shall
versity.
be, sitting as a board, to inquire into the facts, propose the minor punish-
Every student shall be free to attend the schools of his choice, and no
ment which they think proportioned to the offence, and to make report
other than he chooses.
thereof to the professors for their approbation, or their commutation of the
There will be one vacation only in the year, and that shall be from the
penalty, if it be beyond the grade of the offence. The censors shall hold
15th day-of December to the last day of January.
their offices until the end of the session of their appointment, if not sooner
Examination of the candidates for honorary distinctions shall be held in
revoked by the faculty.
the presence of all the professors and students, in the week preceding the
Inattendance on school, inattention to the exercises prescribed, and misbe-
commencement of the vacation. At these examinations shall be given, to
havior or indecorum in school shall be subject to any of the minor punish-
the highly meritorious only, and by the vote of a majority of the professors,
ments; and the professor of the school may singly reprove, impose a task,
diplomas, or premiums of medals or books, to be provided by the Univer-
or dismiss from the room for the day.
sity, to wit: Diplomas to those of the highest qualifications, medals of more
Habits of expense, of dissoluteness, dissipation, or of playing at games of
or less value to those of the second grade of acquisition, and books of more
chance, being obstructive to the acquisition of science by the student him-
or less value. to those of a third. These diplomas shall be of two degrees;
self and injurious by example to others, shall be subject in the first instance
the highest of doctor, the second of graduate. And the diploma of each
to admonition and reproof to the offender, and to communication and warn-
shall express the particular school or schools in which the candidate shall
ing to the parent or guardian, and, if not satisfactorily corrected, to a refusal
have been declared eminent, and shall be subscribed by the particular pro-
of further continuance at the University.
fessors approving it. But no diploma shall be given to anyone who has not
No student shall make any festive entertainment within the precincts of
passed such an examination in the Latin language as shall have proved him
the University, nor contribute or be present at them, there or elsewhere,
able to read the highest classics in that language with ease, thorough under-
but with the consent of each of the professors whose school he attends, on
standing and just quantity; and if he be also a proficient in the Greek, let
pain of a minor punishment.
that, too, be stated in his diploma. The intention being that the reputation
No student shall admit any disturbing noises in his room, or make them
of the University shall not be committed but to those who, to an emi-
anywhere within the precincts of the University, or fire a gun or pistol
nence in some one or more of the sciences taught in it, add a proficiency in
within the same, on pain of such minor sentence as the faculty shall decree
these languages which constitute the basis of good education, and are indis-
or approve. But the proper use of musical instruments shall be freely allowed
pensable to fill up the character of a "well-educated man."
in their rooms, and in that appropriated for instruction in music.
Punishment for major offences shall be expulsion, temporary suspension,
Riotous, disorderly, intemperate or indecent conduct of any student within
or interdiction of residence or appearance within the precincts of the Uni,
the precincts shall be punished by interdiction of a residence within the
versity. The minor punishment shall be restraint within those precincts,
precincts; and repetitions of such offences, by expulsion from the University.
within their own chamber, or in diet, reproof by a professor, privately or in
Fighting with weapons which may inflict death, or a challenge to such
presence of the school of the offender, or of all the schools, a seat of degrada-
fight, given or accepted, shall be punished by instant expulsion from the
tion in his school-room of longer or shorter duration, removal to a lower
University, not remissible by the Faculty; and it shall be the duty of the
class, dismission from the school-room for the day, imposition of a task; and
proctor to give information thereof to the civil magistrate, that the parties
insubordination to these sentences shall be deemed and punished as con-
may be dealt with according to law.
tumacy.
Offences cognisable by the laws of the land shall be left to the cognisance
Contumacy shall be liable to any of the minor punishments.
of the civil magistrate, if claimed by him, or otherwise to the judgment
The precincts of the University are to be understood as co-extensive with
of the faculty; all others to that of the faculty. And such of these as are not
the lot or parcel of its own grounds on which it is situated.
specially designated in enactments of the Visitors may be subjected by
The major punishments of expulsion from the University, temporary
the faculty to any of the minor punishments permitted by these enactments.
suspension of attendance and presence there, or interdiction of residence or!
Sentences of expulsion from the University (except in the case of chal-
appearance within its precincts, shall be decreed by the professors them
lenge or combat with arms) shall not be final until approved by the Board
selves. Minor cases may be referred to a board of six censors, to be named
of Visitors or, when they are not in session, by a majority of them, sepa-
[ 1108]
[1109]
rately consulted. But residence within the precincts, and attendance on the
The upper circular room of the rotunda shall be reserved for a library.
schools may be suspended in the meantime.
One of its larger elliptical rooms on its middle floor shall be used for
No student shall, within the precincts of the University, introduce, keep
annual examinations, for lectures to such schools as are too numerous for
or use any spiritous or vinous liquors, keep or use weapons or arms of any
their ordinary school-room, and for religious worship, under the regulations
kind, or gunpowder, keep a servant, horse or dog, appear in school with a
allowed to be prescribed by law. The other rooms on the same floor may be
stick, or any weapon, nor while in school, be covered without permission of
used by schools of instruction in drawing, music, or any other of the inno-
the professor, nor use tobacco by smoking or chewing, on pain of any of the
cent and ornamental accomplishments of life; but under such instructors
minor punishments at the discretion of the faculty, or of the board of
only as shall be approved and licensed by the faculty.
censors, approved by the faculty.
The rooms in the basement story of the rotunda shall be, one of them
All damages done to instruments, books, buildings or other property of
for a chemical laboratory, and the others for any necessary purpose to
the University by any student, shall be made good at his expense; and wilful
which they may be adapted.
injury to any tree, shrub or other plant within the precincts, shall be pun-
The two open apartments, adjacent to the same story of the rotunda,
ished by fine, not exceeding ten dollars, at the discretion of the faculty.
shall be appropriated to the gymnastic exercises and games of the students,
When a professors knocks at the door of a student's room, any person
among which shall be reckoned military exercises.
being within, and announces himself, it shall be opened, on pain of minor
A military instructor shall be provided at the expense of the University,
punishment; and the professor may, if refused, have the door broken open;
to be appointed by the faculty, who shall attend on every Saturday from
and the expenses of repair shall be levied on the student or students within.
half after one o'clock to half after three P.M., and shall instruct the stu-
At the hour appointed for the meeting of every school, the roll of the
dents in the manual exercise, in field evolutions, manœuvres and encamp-
school shall be called over, the absentees and those appearing tardily, shall
ments. The students shall attend these exercises, and shall be obedient to
be noted, and if no sufficient cause be offered, at the rising of the school, to
the military orders of their instructor. The roll shall be regularly called
the satisfaction of the professor, the notation shall stand confirmed, and
over by him at the hour of meeting, absences and insubordinations shall be
shall be given in to the faculty, the presiding member of which for the
noted, and the list of the delinquents shall be delivered to the presiding
time being shall, on the 15th days of May, August and December, or as
member of the faculty for the time being to be animadverted on by the
soon after each of these days às may be, transmit by mail a list of these
faculty, and such minor punishment imposed as each case shall, in their
notations to the parent or guardian of each delinquent.
discretion, require. The school of modern languages shall be pretermitted
When testimony is required from a student, it shall be voluntary, and not
on the days of actual military exercise.
on oath. And the obligation to give it shall-(if unwilling to give it, let the
Substitutes in the form of arms shall be provided by the proctor, at the
moral obligation be explained and urged, under which everyone is bound to
expense of the University; they shall be distinguished by numbers, delivered
bear witness, where wrong has been done, but finally let it)-be left to his
out, received in and deposited under the care and responsibility of the
own sense of right.
instructor, in a proper depository to be furnished him; and all injuries to
Should the religious sects of this State, or any of them, according to the
them by a student shall be repaired at the expense of such student.
invitation held out to them, establish within, or adjacent to, the precincts
Work-shops shall be provided, whenever convenient, at the expense of
of the University, schools for instruction in the religion of their sect, the
the University, wherein the students who choose, may exercise themselves
students of the University will be free, and expected to attend religious
in the use of tools, and such mechanical practices as it is convenient and
worship at the establishment of their respective sects, in the morning, and in
useful for every person to understand, and occasionally to practice. These
time to meet their school in the University at its stated hour.
shops may be let, rent free, to such skillful and orderly mechanics as shall
The students of such religious school, if they attend any school of the
be approved by the faculty, on the condition that they will permit the use
University, shall be considered as students of the University, subject to the
of their tools, instruments and implements, within the shop, to such stu-
same regulations, and entitled to the same rights and privileges.
dents as shall desire and use the permission discreetly, and under a liability
The room provided for a school-room in every pavilion shall be used
for any injury they may do them; and on the further condition, if neces-
for the school of its occupant professor, and shall be furnished by the Uni-
sary, of such. mechanics receiving instruction gratis in the mechanical and
versity with necessary benches and tables.
philosophical principles of his art, so far as taught in any of the schools.
[ IIIO]
[IIII]
POLITICAL SCIENCE
No student shall carry any book borrowed from the library, out of the
precincts of the University; nor shall any student be permitted to have more
March 4, 1825
than three volumes in his possession at any time.
Whereas, it is the duty of this Board [of Visitors of the University of
If a student shall not return a borrowed book on or before the day limited
Virginia] to the government under which it lives, and especially to that
in his permit, he shall receive no other until it be returned; and he shall
of which this University is the immediate creation, to pay especial attention
pay, moreover, for every week's detention beyond the limitation, ten cents
to the principles of government which shall be inculcated therein, and to
for a I2mo. or book of smaller size, twenty cents for an 8mo., thirty cents
provide that none shall be inculcated which are incompatible with those on
for a 4mo. and forty cents for a folio.
which the Constitutions of this State, and of the United States were genu-
Not every book in the library shall be free to be lent to students, but such
inely based, in the common opinion; and for this purpose it may be necessary
only as shall not be expressly prohibited by the faculty on account of their
to point out specially where these principles are to be found legitimately
rarity, value or liableness to injury.
No student shall ever be in the library but in presence of the librarian, or
developed
Resolved, that it is the opinion of this Board that as to the general prin-
of some professor whom he attends, nor shall be allowed to take any book
ciples of liberty and the rights of man, in nature and in society, the doctrines
from the shelves, nor remain in the room to read or consult any book, but
during such presence.
of Locke, in his "Essay concerning the true original extent and end of civil
government," and of Sidney in his "Discourses on government," may be
If any student deface, injure, or lose any book of the library, he shall
considered as those generally approved by our fellow citizens of this, and
pay the value of the book if defaced, double value if injured, and three-
the United States, and that on the distinctive principles of the government
fold, if lost; and shall be suspended from the privilege of borrowing during
such term as the faculty shall adjudge.
of our State, and of that of the United States, the best guides are to be
On some one day of every week during term, and during one hour of that
found in, I. The Declaration of Independence, as the fundamental act of
day (such day and hour to be fixed on by the faculty) the librarian shall
union of these States. 2. The book known by the title of "The Federalist,"
attend in the library, to receive books returned, and to lend such others as
being an authority to which appeal is habitually made by all, and rarely
shall be applied for according to rule. And at some one hour of every day
declined or denied by any evidence of the general opinion of those who
(to be fixed by the faculty) the librarian shall attend, if requested by any
framed, and of those who accepted the Constitution of the United States,
such professor, such book or books as he may require; and to receive any he
on questions as to its genuine meaning. 3. The Resolutions of the General
may have to return.
Assembly of Virginia in 1799 on the subject of the alien and sedition laws,
The librarian shall make an entry of every book lent, and cancel the same
which appeared to accord with the predominant sense of the people of the
when returned, so that it may always be known in what hands every book is.
United States. 4. The valedictory address of President Washington, as con-
Strangers whom the librarian may be willing to attend, may visit the
veying political lessons of peculiar value. And that in the branch of the
library; but, to prevent derangement of the books, they are to take no book
school of law, which is to treat on the subject of civil polity, these shall be
from the shelf, but in his presence. They may also be permitted to consult
used as the text and documents of the school.
any book, to read in it, make notes or quotations from it, at the table,
under such accommodations and arrangements as the librarian shall pre-
LIBRARY REGULATIONS
scribe, on his own responsibility.
Resolved, that the salary of the librarian be raised to the sum of 150
March 5, 1825
dollars.
Books may be lent to the students of the University, by the librarian, and
PROBLEMS OF DISCIPLINE
by no other person, on a written permit from a professor whom such student
October 3, 1825
attends, specifying the day beyond which they will not be retained. But it
is meant that the books lent are for reading only, and not for the ordinary
Resolved, that it be communicated to the Faculty of the professors of the
purpose of getting lessons in them as school books.
University, as the earnest request and recommendation of the rector and
[III2]
[III3]
Visitors, that so far as can be effected by their exertions, they cause the
sion, from infecting with their inconsideration the institution itself, and the
statutes and rules enacted for the government of the University, to be
sound mass of those which it is preparing for virtue and usefulness.
exactly and strictly observed; that the roll of each school particularly be
Although nocturnal absences from their chambers occasionally happening
punctually called at the hour at which its students should attend; that the
are not entirely forbidden, yet if frequent, habitual, or without excusable
absent and the tardy, without reasonable cause, be noted, and a copy of these
cause, they should be also noted and reported, with other special delin-
notations be communicated by mail or otherwise to the parent or guardian
quencies, to the parent or guardian.
of each student respectively, on the first days of every month during the
term (instead of the days prescribed in a former statute for such communi-
October 5, 1825
cations).
That it is requested of them to make known to the students that it is with
Resolved that the 47th enactment be amended, by inserting after the word
great regret that some breaches of order, committed by the unworthy few
"chewing" the words "or smoking."
who lurk among them unknown, render necessary the extension to all of
No student shall appear out of his dormitory masked or disguised in any
processes afflicting to the feelings of those who are conscious of their own
manner whatever, which may render the recognition of his person more
correctness, and who are above all participation in these vicious irregularities.
difficult, on pain of suspension or expulsion by the faculty of professors.
While the offenders continue unknown the tarnish of their faults spreads
Intoxication shall, for the first offence, be liable to any of the minor pun-
itself over the worthy also, and confounds all in a common censure. But
ishments, and any repetition of the offence to any of the major punishments.
that it is in their power to relieve themselves from the imputations and pain-
Resolved, that the 40th enactment be amended, by inserting after the word
ful proceedings to which they are thereby subjected, by lending their aid to
"dissipation," the words "of profane swearing."
the faculty, on all occasions towards detecting the real guilty. The Visitors
No person who has been a student at any other incorporated seminary of
are aware that a prejudice prevails too extensively among the young that it
learning shall be received at this University, but on producing a certificate
is dishonorable to bear witness one against another. While this prevails, and
from such seminary or other satisfactory evidence to the faculty with respect
under the form of a matter of conscience, they have been unwilling to au-
to his general good conduct.
thorize constraint, and have therefore, in their regulations on this subject,
The professors being charged with the execution of the laws of the Uni-
indulged the error, however unfounded in reason or morality. But this loose
versity, it becomes their duty to pursue proper means to discover and pre-
principle in the ethics of school-boy combinations, is unworthy of mature
vent offences. Respect from the student to the professor being at all times
and regulated minds, and is accordingly condemned by the laws of their
due, it is more especially so when the professor is engaged in his duty. Such
country, which, in offences within their cognisance, compel those who have
respect, therefore, is solemnly enjoined on every student, and it is declared
knowledge of a fact, to declare it for the purposes of justice, and of the gen-
and enacted, that if any student refuse his name to a professor, or being re-
eral good and safety of society. And certainly, where wrong has been done,
quired by him to stop, shall fail to do so, or shall be guilty of any other dis-
he who knows and conceals the doer of it, makes himself an accomplice, and
respect to a professor, he shall be liable to any of the punishments, minor
justly censurable as such. It becomes then but an act of justice to themselves,
or major.
that the innocent and the worthy should throw off with disdain all com-
munion of character with such offenders, should determine no longer to
screen the irregular and the vicious under the respect of their cloak, and to
notify them, even by a solemn association for the purpose, that they will
co-operate with the faculty in future, for preservation of order, the vindica-
tion of their own character, and the reputation and usefulness of an institu-
tion which their country has so liberally established for their improvement,
and to place within their reach those acquirements in knowledge on which
their future happiness and fortunes depend. Let the good and the virtuous
of the alumni of the University do this, and the disorderly will then be sin-
gled out for observation, and deterred by punishment, or disabled by expul-
[1114]
[1115]
N. TIMES 09-03-89
WHERE WE STAND
AFT
By Albert Shanker. President
Americân Federation of Teachers
Labor Day 1989
Closing the Skills Gap
A
merica's economic position on Labor Day 1989 is not reassuring.
The news from Wall Street was good this week, but our continuing
competitiveness in world markets is going to depend on something that
Wall Street cannot supply - skilled workers. We don't have enough of
them to meet current needs, and the situation is likely to get much
worse. This is not news. But I don't think the reality of the "skills gap"
has come home to most people. Partly because we're given to optimism
- it's almost un-American to admit we're in a tough spot. And partly
because no one likes to think about a problem that doesn't seem to have
an easy answer.
A new report from the Department of Labor, Investing in People: À
Strategy to Address America Workforce Crisis, to be released tomor-
row, goes beyond merely laying out the problem to propose some pos-
sible solutions. The writers of the report, a bipartisan commission of
which I was a member, made up of leaders from business and labor,
educators, economists and public policy analysts, see four areas where
basic changes need to be made: (1) preparing young people who have
not yet started work; (2) training and retraining experienced workers
whose jobs have changed or been phased out; (3) making efficient use
of people who already have necessary skills; and (4) providing data on
which to base future policy decisions about the U.S. workforce.
Some of the solutions the report offers will sound familiar, but the
composition of the commission gives the report weight and a feeling of
urgency. When people who don't usually sit at the same table aca-
demics, presidents of unions and business leaders- together to talk
about a problem, it seems almost like a council of war.
Our schools, the report points out, are not meeting the needs of our
economy; they are not preparing young people to be productive work-
ers. When compared with students in other industrialized nations, "U.S.
students lag behind in science and mathematics at every grade level
The top 5 percent of college-bound high-school seniors in the U.S. have
scores in advanced mathematics comparable to the average score of all
Japanese seniors." And if we need confirmation of what the test scores
tell us, we can find it, the report reminds us, in the complaints of com-
panies that discover that many of their young employees are so poor at
reading and calculating they can hardly be trained.
Investing in People's strategies for change, some of which I've
discussed in past columns, include getting students engaged with the
work they do in school and linking school work with the world of work.
The report sees incentives as an important tool for improving the
schools. But it does not see change simply as something that's up to the
schools; most of the strategies depend on cooperation-on joint efforts
between the schools and the business community or various levels of
government.
Some of these changes would be relatively easy to make- a matter
of logistics. Others would mean altering the curriculum in basic ways
and, really, changing the way our schools run. It would not be difficult,
for example, for businesses to link up school performance with hiring,
and promotion - one of the report's suggestions - or for an industry
council to set up in-school employment bureaus where local businesses
could advertise jobs to students. Nor would it be hard for schools to
develop easily understood transcripts and provide them in a timely
fashion to prospective employers. But carrying out these three sugges-
tions would show that school counts and would provide students with
incentives to work in school instead of just doing the minimum.
Some of the report's other suggestions include:
Asking the business community to suggest course content and
techniques of instruction to meet the current and emerging needs of
the workplace." The resulting courses might place less stress on com-
petition and more on cooperative effort and practice in problem solving.
Setting up a student-credentialing program based on voluntary
tests. This would recognize student achievement in a wide variety of
academic and vocational areas and would be a further incentive to
excellence.
Creating other incentive programs to recognize outstanding teach-
ers and outstanding schools.
Encouraging school restructuring. Investing in People sees this as
a three-way effort involving schools. departments of education and the
business community.
Investing in People takes this same cooperative approach in making
suggestions about the other three problem areas it deals with. That's a
real strength. It's easy enough to say that our current workforce is a
crippling handicap to increasing our competitiveness, but fixing the
problem is complicated. Schools can't go it alone. Neither can business
or labor or government. We can close the skills gap only if various
sectors of our society work together. If we achieve solidarity and
that, after all, is the lesson of Labor Day.
Copies of Investing in People: 4 Strategy to Address America's Workforce Crisis are
available for $3.75 each from the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing
Office. Washington. D.C. 20402-9328 Ask for stock number 029-000-00428-
STATE OF THE STATES
Neal R. Peirce
Bush's Chance to Take the Lead in Education
No matter how you slice it, President Bush's education "sum-
First, it can spotlight, in dramatic form, the serious threat
mit" meeting with the nation's governors, set for Sept. 27-28
that today's underperforming schools pose to American soci-
in Charlottesville, Va., has to be good news.
ety.
At a minimum, the meeting should focus fresh national
Second, the summit should honor but not falsely prolong
attention on the faltering performance of the nation's schools.
the reform wave that began in 1983. It was important to
At best, it could produce new urgency in launching a deter-
stiffen course requirements in such areas as math and foreign
mined "second wave" of basic school reform.
languages, to eliminate near-automatic "social promotion"
The President promises to attend "every minute" of the
from grade to grade and to mandate teacher competency
two-day session. So important is the meeting, he has argued,
tests.
that history offers only two comparable summits-the first in
But the reforms produced at most a 5 per cent increase in
1908, when President Theodore Roosevelt assembled the
the school's effectiveness, education expert Jack Brizius esti-
governors to talk about ending the ravaging of the country's
mates. And we now know that the "top-down" state man-
forests; the second in 1933, when Pres-
dates didn't help underprivileged kids
ident Franklin D. Roosevelt convened
much at all.
the state executives to discuss ways out
Third, partnerships between the
of the Great Depression.
The President with his
business community and school sys-
The need for a presidentially con-
visibility, and the
tems, such as the adopt-a-school and
vened effort was pinpointed in June by
Ernest L. Boyer, head of the Carnegie
governors with their
mentoring programs seen in Baltimore
and Boston, are helpful. (See NJ, 9/3/
Foundation for the Advancement of
powers to set budgets
88, p. 2192.) But what's needed is per-
Teaching:
vasive reform of the way education is
"If [an] epidemic were striking one-
and policies, are the
run in America.
fourth of the children in this country,
if we had heaps of garbage on the
right combination for
What does that mean?
We could start by taking control of
curbs, a national emergency would be
reform.
schools away from independently
declared," Boyer told a meeting of the
Business Roundtable, the New York
elected school boards and putting
them under general-purpose govern-
City-based lobbying and research
ment. If war is too important to be left
group made up of top corporate execu-
to generals, education is too important
tives. "But when hundreds of thousands of students leave
to be left to the builders of petty political fiefdoms and to
school every year shockingly unprepared, the nation remains
imperious school administrators unaccountable to the may-
far too lethargic. We need a larger vision-an urgent call to
ors and councils. We ultimately hold mayors accountable for
action-and the President himself must lead the way."
the whole municipal enterprise. Why not let them appoint the
Boyer went on to urge a $12 billion "Marshall Plan" for
school superintendents of their choice and then hold the
education-precisely the kind of solution Bush rejects. If our
mayors accountable for the results?
schools are still failing despite the total of $330 billion that the
A summit should celebrate and promote the idea of school-
nation invests in them yearly, Bush reasoned in an April
based management. This means radical slimming down of
speech in New Jersey intended to promote his own $441
central school bureaucracies that busy themselves with fastid-
million education package, "the challenge of education re-
ious micromanagement of schools.
form suggests something much more fundamental than
We must stop running our schools like 1920s industrial
money."
conglomerates, with orders from on high for how each princi-
Bush proposed 10 programs, including $250 million for
pal and teacher, in lockstep, has to function. The new
cash awards to "merit schools" that raise student achieve-
model-proving successful even in deprived, inner-city ar-
ment, cut the number of dropouts and fight drugs, as well as
eas-is to give each principal and his or her cadre of teachers
$45 million for new college scholarships.
the professional responsibility to decide how they will edu-
Even Bush's critics should acknowledge his legitimate per-
cate their charges. And hold them accountable for the results.
sonal concern about the schools. In contrast with Ronald
School-based management fits nicely with the recent move
Reagan, who rode into Washington trying to abolish the
toward letting parents choose which public school their child
Education Department, Bush appears earnest in asserting
will attend-a concept Bush supports. Like the rest of soci-
that "education is the key to our very competitiveness in the
ety, schools need to compete, each developing its own
future as a nation, and to our very soul as a people."
strengths, in effect becoming its own "magnet" school.
Here is a President who even understands that it's ulti-
mately a matter of "national security" when schools fail to
American education must become an exciting enterprise,
full of fresh and competing ideas. The President with his
reach and educate poor and disadvantaged students. Maybe
Bush is simply surrounded by so many children and grand-
visibility, and the governors with their powers to change
budgets and set policies, are the right combination to set off a
children that he instinctively grasps society's nurturing and
new reform wave. The process can also goad more governors,
educating imperatives in a way the more isolated "Gipper"
never could.
and their states, into launching full reform agendas.
But if it's to make any difference, Bush can't leave it at one
But without new money, what can a "summit" achieve?
"summit." He'll have to keep on leading.
NATIONAL JOURNAL 9/16/89 2277
A life based on trying to do the right thing
CURT SMITH
age to cable's affluent. Here, too,
linguini, his conversation was
memorandums, especially regard-
Glamatti acted honorably. He dis-
nonparell. And unlike most politi-
ing the CBS pact. And before deliv-
liked the decision - and at the
clans, he spoke of ideas and val-
ering the commencement speech
WASHINGTON - I lost a friend
time of his death, according to the
ues, not incessantly of himself
last May at my alma mater, the
recently. So did America, and its
New York Daily News, "was pre-
as a man of Old World manners,
Renaissance scholar was the first
national game. Our friend had the
paring to meet with CBS officials
steering focus to a visitor. He did
person I asked to critique the ad-
soul of a poet, the mind of a schol-
in an effort to alter the national
that in December in his New York
dress. No editor was ever more
ar and a heart as big as Yankee
TV deal by increasing its number
office, amid the shadows of late
perceptive, or precise.
Stadium. He was A. Bartlett Gla-
of games. 'He was very upset by
afternoon.
matti.
that arrangement,' a source close
I was not a close friend of Bart
to Glamatti said.'
"Our backgrounds are more
Giamatti's, not like hundreds of
Many public men are weak,
than a little similar," he began,
uncivil. Bart Glamatti was strong
people; Fay Vincent, his likely suc-
What was baseball to Bart Gla-
more than a little charitably. Both
cessor as commissioner, marveled
and gentle. His career was a meta-
matti? America's richest cultural
of us loved academe, he said, cor-
phor for decency; he ennobled
at Glamatti's "capacity for mak-
inheritance, embedded in the mar-
rectly: Giamatti had been a Ren-
ing friends." But I would like to
public service. And If not adjudged
row of its bone - older than the
aissance scholar, professor of lit-
- even now - the greatest commis-
have been one, and perhaps to
Broadway musical, less byzantine
erature and, at 39, president of
sioner in baseball history, it Is
serve him one day. For he was
than Faulker, less regional than
Yale University: I, the public rela-
only because the insanity of the
proud and introspective, disci-
the Grand Ol' Opry. more populist
tions head of smaller, "Little Ivy"
plined and sensitive, and asked
moment never gave him a chance.
than the Grand Walt Disney. He
Hamilton College. Giamatti had
more of himself than of a universe
I met Bart Giamatti late last
adored it - purely, almost child-
written many articles for aca-
of others. To know him - even cas-
year, shortly before I was appoint-
like - in a way too deep for ap-
demic journals; I had edited The
ed a speech writer for President
ually - was to admire his divining,
plause. He knew that while other
Saturday Evening Post Each of us
Bush. Giamatti was president of
and displaying, the most lyric im-
sports were enjoyable - basket-
loved politics; his were more liber-
pulse of mankind.
the National League, shortly to be-
ball, for its sleekness; football its
tarian. Each of us was an author;
come commissioner. We talked of
Within 30 minutes of Giamat-
force - baseball was the only sport
his books were more complex and
baseball and literature. We spoke
ti's death, I was asked to draft a
one could love Football was a
urbane.
of love of country, and The Game.
statement saluting his life. Ap-
mastiff hulking, imperious
We also agreed, laughing, that the
Each was intrigued by the can-
proaching the typewriter, I
Baseball was a cocker spaniel
-
two could be synonymous.
on of Catholicism he a practic-
thought of what, at 51, he had to
precious and unaffected - that
That meeting is frozen in mem-
ing layman, la Presbyterian. Both
live for. I also thought of Giamat-
one clasped, forever, as an heir-
ory. For It struck me then, and of-
were "Bull Durham" members of
ti's laughter when, comparing the
loom of the heart
ten afterward, that Glamatti was
Susan Sarandon's Church of
travail of the Irish and Red Sox
a unique mix of intellect, integrity
Glamatti. embodied that most
Baseball. Our families came from
fans, I recalled the Dublin ballad:
and whimsied vulnerability. He
central of baseball's qualities; his
Massachusetts, and our hero was
Being Irish means laughing at
was, moreover, that rarest of hu-
was a spontaneous goodness. He
Teddy Ballgame. We adored - for
life, knowing that in the end life
man beings - a man "whose life,'
took his job seriously, but not his
better or, mostly, worse - the Bos-
will break your heart."
quoting from the movie "Body
image; he could, and did, laugh -
ton Red Sox. I recall telling him
Heat," "was based on trying to do
uproariously - at himself. He
that I was a Sox fan and Nixon Re-
I completed the draft, and
publican, and asking whether
shook my head. It wasn't good
the right thing."
hated bullies, glad-handers, and
As commissioner, Giamatti
phony-balonies, for they mocked
that denoted masochism or loyal-
enough; it never could be. Ironical-
civility.
ty. Glamatti sat back and roared
ly, for he savored language, words
agonized over L'Affaire Rose in
cannot honor the memory of A.
herited from his predecessor, Peter
Then, there was his mind
It
his teddy bear of a laugh. "Un-
doubtedly both," he replied, and
Bartlett Giamatti. He did the right
Ueberroth; he was determined to
was astonishing - and a curiosity
he was right. But then, he Invari-
thing, and SO must we. We must
be fair - to do the right thing.
that was endless. Within mo-
honor him with the lives we lead.
Since January, I had been per-
ments, he would shift effortlessly
ably was.
Goodbye, noble friend. Requiescat
haps the most public critic of an-
from Faust to Fenway Franks,
As I left to return to Washing-
in pace.
other Ueberroth inheritance -
from Dante to Don Buddin, He
ton, Glamatti told me, "Whatever
baseball's decision to virtually
loved to eat, drink and, above all,
you do, we think alike on the big
Curt Smith, author of "Voices
abandon network television, limit-
talk - he had never really left the
things. I want you to keep in
of The Game," is a speech writer
ing the 1990 regular-season cover-
classroom - and debating Latin or
touch and we did, by letter and
for President Bush.
David S. Broder
Education:
Photo Copy Preservation
Help Might Be
At first glance, it may appear contradictory to talk
On the Way
in the same breath about achieving. high national
performance standards and deregulating the schools.
But increasingly there is consensus that tempower
The cynics may be wrong. There's a chance Presi-
ing the teachers is the best way, and perhaps the
dent, Bush's "education summit" with the nation's
only way, to improve education performance. That is
governors may mark a significant step in the struggle
a key idea Boyer has been promoting.
to overhaul and improve America's schools.
In the next decade, America will need millions of
Bush's invitation, tossed out at the end of a speech
new teachers, and the only way to get good ones is to
he gave to the governors less than two months ago,
improve their pay, their professional opportunities-
looked initially as gimmicky as his declaration during
and their accountability. The cynics will say that none
of this is more than talk unless the summit also makes
the 1988 campaign that he wanted to be "the
education president."
clear who will pay for the improvements. Ultimately,
that's true, but most of the governors will go: to
Slogans or symbolic meetings are no substitute for
Charlottesville prepared to tell the president that their
substance, and little time had been allowed to plan
experience proves that people will pay. for better
the meeting. The first reports about what the White
schools-once they're convinced they will get them
House wanted were disquieting: a few hours of
Indeed, such governors as Delaware's Mike Castle
closed-door conversation between the president and
the governors, to be followed by a presidential
and South Carolina's Carroll Campbell, both Republi-
will tell Bush that their own "state summits"
speech and news conference. Understandably, some
have shown incredible grass-roots interest in build-
of the governors thought they were being used as
props for what they saw as a glorified presidential
ing on the state-led school-reform efforts of the past
half-dozen years
photo opportunity."
Already, there is an emerging consensus that the
But after last week's final round of preparatory
federal contribution to the process should focus on
meetings for the Sept. 27-28 session in Charlottes-
ville, it seems possible that something more useful
improving health and nutrition programs for pre
may happen-something closer to what Ernest L.
schoolers Coungsters who are hungry or ill simply
don't learn. Making the federal Head Start pro-
Boyer, the former U.S. commissioner of education,
gram-which now reaches only one of every four
had in mind when he suggested the summit a year
eligible children available to all of them will proba-
ago. Boyer is now the president of the Carnegie
bly be one of the goals for the '90s:
Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. His
Funding those federal programs will have to be
thinking is giving shape and substance to the meet-
ing on the grounds of the University of Virginia.
addressed by Congress and the president as part of
the budget debate But both the administration and the
It is reasonable now to expect two things from
financing of schools will remain largely in state and
the summit:
local hands. There is no disposition to change that.
First, a statement committing the nation, and each
Charlottesville can only be a start. But a national
of the 50 states, to reach by the end of the century a
commitment, enunciated by the president and af-
challenging set of measurable performance stan-
firmed by the governors, would be very important. As
dards for schools and students. The standards will be
Boyer told The Business Roundtable last June, "We
high enough to make the United States competitive
don't need a federal ministry of education to force all
in the world economy and to sustain a common
schools into a bureaucratic lockstep. We don't need
culture and informed citizenry in this increasingly
one more critical report.
What we do need is a
diverse republic. They will almost certainly include
national agenda for school reform. We need a strategy
sharp reductions in the dropout and illiteracy rates;,
that sustains state and local leadership, while giving
improvement in language, mathematics and thinking
coherence to the effort.
Dreams can be fulfilled
skills; the assurance that all youngsters start school
only when they been defined.
healthy enough to learn and that all adults have
And that, quite possibly, is what the education
access to the advanced education and retraining they
summit can achieve.
will need in a changing economy.
The specifics will be framed after accelerated
consultations with education professionals, business
and civic leaders.
Second, an agreement to seek, through legislative
and regulatory changes, much greater flexibility for
individual schools and school districts to use the
federal aid to education funds they receive. Instead
of the segregation of targeted beneficiaries required
by present laws and regulations, the schools would
be freed to use the resources in ways they consider
most efficient-but with a reciprocal requirement
that: the targeted students meet the agreed-upon
achievement standards.
BALT.SUN: 09-08-89
Freedom Spelled Out in Print
To be unable to read a want ad, a TV schedule
tions. A "Reading Zone," also in the lobby, offers
or a shopping list is to be locked in a prison no
places to sit and read, and a display highlights
American should have to endure. One in every six
literacy efforts throughout the metropolitan area.
citizens in Maryland is locked in this prison, lead-
A "Word of the Week" program focuses on vocabu-
ing a life of quiet frustration and desperation while
lary. Book jackets promoting literacy for students
society grows more sophisticated - and literate
were distributed with newspapers on Wednesday.
every day.
Additional book jackets are available in the lobby
The ability to read, gained in secret, helped a
today.
young Frederick Douglass plan his escape from
There are too many people who need help: Ac-
slavery in the 19th century. One hundred years
cording to the National Assessment of Educational
before, the ability to assimilate ideas from books
Progress, 20 percent of Americans ages 21 to 25
had helped turn a young Tom Paine into a revolu-
read below eighth grade level. Only 19 percent of
tionary. The pamphlets he wrote, spread by hand,
these young people can do comparative grocery
helped weld 13 colonies into a free nation that 200
shopping. Only one in five can figure out a bus
years later is still a beacon for the world.
schedule, and about 43 percent cannot use maps
But if information is power, access to that infor-
to travel.
mation through reading is a critical key to a
That's why phrases like "locked in prison" ap-
healthy society and a productive economy. An in-
ply here; such a person can't move freely in soci-
formed citizenry is a citizenry on guard for its
ety. It is critical to the future of this region and this
liberties, able to keep up with the developments in
nation that those who cannot read be liberated
the world as well as the neighborhood, ready to
from these chains of ignorance. In the next dec-
take on the challenges that come.
ade, America's young adult population will shrink
Today, all over America, newspapers celebrate
from 21 million to 17 million, just as a generation
National Newspaper Literacy Day with activities
of workers retires. Those young people must fill
and promotions. In Baltimore, newspaper staffers
important roles in industry, government and busi-
have collected books for a swap in The Baltimore
ness. Yet without new skills they will never be
Sun's lobby; the public is invited to bring "a book
able to fill them effectively. Reading is the key to
and a buck" to trade for another book. Money
gaining new skills. Helping those young Ameri-
collected will be used to help literacy organiza-
cans learn to read must be everyone's priority.
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PAGE
2
1ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 The Washington Post
September 15, 1989, Friday, Final Edition
SECTION: EDITORIAL; PAGE A31
LENGTH: 840 words
HEADLINE: All-Boy Classes? The Feds Say No
BYLINE: William Raspberry
BODY:
I don't know whether this is a tale of triumph or tragedy, whether the
officials involved should be praised for upholding the law or condemned for
shortsightedness. I don't even know whether Spencer Holland, with whom this
story begins, should be blessed for his patient perserverance or pitied for
pigheadedness. Let me just tell the story.
Holland, an educational psychologist now working for the D.C. schools, called
a couple of years ago to talk to me about an idea of his: assigning kindergarten
and primary boys to all-male classes headed by male teachers. It was Holland's
notion that, particularly for children of the inner cities, where mother-only
households and male academic failure are endemic, the arrangement might make a
profound difference. "Let's try it," he urged in the column I wrote following
that conversation. "We've got to try something."
Willie Wright, then principal of Miami's Pine Villa Elementary School, saw
the column and thought it made all the sense in the world. He tracked down
Holland and begged him for additional information and help. And in the fall of
1987, he got permission from the Dade County School Board to institute the
program on an experimental basis. He already had a male first-grade teacher at
the 98 percent black, overwhelmingly low-income Pine Villa. He recruited a
second male kindergarten teacher, and launched his experiment. (He left it to
parents to decide whether their sons would be assigned to the special classes
or left in the traditional boy-girl arrangement.)
The result: "It was a total success, academically and socially," said Wright,
who has since been transferred across town to the middle- class South Glade
School. "There were no fights, no kids sent out for discipline. They not only
improved academically, they became their brothers' keepers, something not
generally found in low socioeconomic schools. Not a single parent complained. In
fact, virtually all of the parents of boys wanted their sons in the classes. =
Wright's successor at Pine Villa, Clarence Jones, sought leave to continue
the experiment. But the Dade County equal employment opportunity officer had
misgivings. "I wasn't opposed to the idea," Lucille Montequin told me the other
day. "In fact, I thought it was a good idea. There had been no complaint, no
formal charge. But it seemed to run contrary to Title IX [of the federal Civil
Rights Act], so I contacted the regional office of the [Department of
Education's] Office for Civil Rights.
"They said, why don't you put the request in writing as a proposal, with an
experimental group and a control group. We did. The word came back that OCR did
not accept the proposal."
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PAGE
3
(c) 1989 The Washington Post, September 15, 1989
So three months into its second year, the eminently successful plan was
unceremoniously dumped. In an article he wrote for the premier issue of Teacher
magazine, Holland explained the reasoning behind his idea. "Most boys do not
have male teachers until the later elementary grades or junior high school, and
for inner-city boys this is much, much too late. It is well documented in
educational research that many students --- especially boys -- who fail to
complete high school drop out psychologically and emotionally by 3d or 4th
grade
Creating all-male kindergarten-through-3d-grade classes taught by
male teachers would provide young black boys with consistent, positive, and
literate black role models in the clasroom. It also would help overcome many of
the negative attitudes toward education that currently hamper black boys'
academic achievement."
The tragically short-lived experiment at Pine Villa bears him out. Was it
discriminatory against the girls? Not at all, says Holland. "Generally [girls]
enter school more prepared than boys for the activities that characterize early
schooling. In addition, inner-city black girls are exposed very early in their
academic careers to consistent and literate black females who offer positive
role models. Equally important, many of the instructional strategies used in
early childhood and primary education require children to copy the behavior of
the teacher."
Holland is disappointed but undaunted. He has been working with the
Washington chapter of Concerned Black Men, other male volunteers, and Howard
University's Undergraduate Student Assembly to recruit and train men as teaching
assistants to four first-grade teachers at a local elementary school.
"The response of the students, faculty, staff and volunteers to this
pilot-year effort has been excellent," he reports. Boys who were having severe
academic and behavioral difficulties have made "an incredible turnaround," he
says.
Male volunteer teaching assistantships are a wonderful idea - one that ought
to be copied across this nation, where male elementary teachers are in perpetual
short supply. But where these rare male teachers do exist, wouldn't it make
sense to use them for all-male classes? Does anyone really believe that such
an arrangement is a denial of rights to girls?
Think about it, OCR. BY KATY KELLY
GRAPHIC: ILLUSTRATION, KATY KELLY
TYPE: OPINION EDITORIAL
SUBJECT: HIGH SCHOOLS
ORGANIZATION: PINE VILLA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
NAMED-PERSONS: SPENCER HOLLAND; WILLIE WRIGHT
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PAGE
4
2ND STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1987 The Washington Post
March 2, 1987, Monday, Final Edition
SECTION: EDITORIAL; PAGE A11
LENGTH: 646 words
HEADLINE: Male Teachers for Inner-City Boys
BYLINE: William Raspberry
BODY:
Spencer Holland doesn't imagine that his simple idea would transform public
education, write an end to poverty or bring peace in our time. But he does think
that it might make a significant, perhaps even profound, difference in the lives
of some youngsters now growing up in the nation's ghettos.
The idea: put kindergarten and primary boys in all-male classes headed by
male teachers.
That's it. Now listen for a few minutes while Holland, an educational
psychologist for the D.C. school system, explains.
Inner-city children tend not to do very well in school, and inner-city boys
tend to fare worst of all. Now: "What constitutes one of the most obvious
deficits in the psycho-social environment of black inner-city boys? The lack of
consistent, positive, black and male role models.
"We all know that most of these boys come from single-parent, female-headed
households. From birth to preschool, these boys' only significant role models
are most often female relatives. Then, from preschool to late elementary or
junior high, most are confronted with female teachers. So, for the first 10 to
12 years of their lives, many if not most inner-city black boys' significant
role models are female."
But even the most loving and conscientious of female relatives have a tough
time teaching boys how to be male. That lesson, too often, comes from the
streets, "an environment where male bonding and peer group pressure often become
more important and stronger than even the love one has for one's mother."
The results are plain to see: more "learning disability" among the boys, less
academic exertion, less decent, courteous "sissy" behavior, less of nearly
everything that could help these youngsters achieve mainstream success.
Can male teachers in the early grades make that much difference? Holland
thinks so, and not just for black youngsters. Listen: "The most successful
teaching model for inner-city boys can be found in the male-dominated athletic
arena. These boys may not read their textbooks, but they read their playbooks.
The rules are clear and emphatic: learn the rules of the game or you cannot
play. The coach is the boss: 'Do what I say, the way I say it, or you get your
butt off my field.' Male world, male rules are enforced here, sometimes as
harshly as male rules in the street."
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PAGE
5
(c) 1987 The Washington Post, March 2, 1987
Holland, 47 and divorced, says his little idea is not something he learned in
school (although he did learn that young boys and girls have different learning
styles, a fact that promises an extra dividend for single-gender education).
"What really got me thinking about this whole area is the tremendous negative
response of black males to black females who are making it. Then I started
looking for the reasons for the greater female success -- you know, what's
getting the girls out of the ghetto while the boys stay? Something's happening
in their early lives that makes [girls] see an alternative to the life Mama
lives.
"You know what I think it is? Little girls come to school and are exposed to
black women who have a little more on the ball. This offers an alternative, and
for the girls who want it, these black women teachers will lead them out. But
the boys are overwhelmed by women, and by the time some of them are 8, 9 or 10,
there's nothing a woman can tell them."
Holland says that since the local schools already have between eight and a
dozen male teachers qualified to teach kindergarten through elementary, it would
require little effort or expense to try his idea -- at least on an experimental
basis.
"The first thing to do is ask the parents, when they're signing their
children up for school, if they would opt for an all-male class with a male
teacher. I frankly think many of them would leap at the opportunity. They know
what their boys are missing, but they can't give it to them.
"So let's try it. We've got to try something."
TYPE: OPINION EDITORIAL
SUBJECT: DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA; BLACK; PUBLIC SCHOOLS; EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL;
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS; MEN
NAME: SPENCER HOLLAND
LEXIS® ® NEXIS® ® LEXIS® ® NEXIS®
C
&
BY
FRANK
DEFORD
ANDA
S
Bart Giamatti comes to his
new job as the commissioner
of baseball with impressive
intellectual and management
credentials-and, above all,
an abiding love for the game
G
I
AMATTI
HIS LATEST BOOK, "A FREE AND ORDERED SPACE," ANGELO
BARTLETT GIAMATTI DECLARES: "BEING PRESIDENT OF A UNIVER-
SITY IS NO WAY FOR AN ADULT TO MAKE A LIVING."
SIR, IS BEING COMMISSIONER OF BASEBALL, LIKEWISE, ANY WAY
FOR A GROWN-UP TO SPEND HIS WAKING HOURS?
"YES, AN ADULT SHOULD BE COMMISSIONER, BECAUSE IN ANY
ADULT WILL ALWAYS LURK A CHILD, AND IF YOU DON'T TRY TO FIND
AN ADULT FOR THE JOB, THE CHILD WILL SIMPLY TAKE OVER.
YOU'VE GOT TO WATCH THAT."
So it was, this April Fools'
Day, that the man who
everywhere. It should read:
pla
stood with God at the helm
HOME TEAM
can
at Yale became the man
GREEN, CF
who stands with the child in
HISTORY, 1B
PARK, RF
Ho
all our selves on behalf of
CIVILITY, 3B
In C
baseball. Quo vadis? Gia-
matti, in his new book,
INDIVIDUAL, 2B
law
quotes an apocryphal
GROUP, SS
hop
memo he supposedly wrote
LAW, LF
hav
and released to "an absent
OFFENSE, C
age
and indifferent" university
DEFENSE, P
Jud
community upon assuming
There would be no desig-
posi
the presidency at Yale: "In
nated hitter.
tion
PAUL KENNEDY
forc
order to repair what Milton
Management is the capacity
com
called the ruin of our grand
to handle multiple problems,
W
parents, I wish to announce
GIAMATTI WAS A LOYAL RED SOX FAN IN 1981 ...
that henceforth, as a matter
neutralize various constitu-
NB
encies, motivate person-
twea
of University policy, evil is
abolished and paradise is restored."
nel. Leadership, on the
past
Will you then, sir, he was asked last month, issue a similar
other hand, is an essentially moral act, not-as in most manage-
Ame
proclamation on the occasion of your ascent to the summit of
ment-an essentially protective act. It is the assertion of a vision,
G
the National Pastime?
not simply the exercise of a style.
long
-GIAMATTI
ther
"No, I tell myself, don't press it. Don't overdo it. This is a
special world, baseball, and it certainly has its snakes in the
From an address to school administrators, 1987
G
whic
garden, but I'm not sure that it needs a memo as much as that
other special world did."
The commissioner has the responsibility for the integrity and for
base
Also, baseball isn't about memos, thank God. It's about
the steady, sustainable growth of the whole institution. Integrity
vern
lineups, and should the new commissioner issue any such pa-
is an important, historical term in baseball, and it not only
bind
pal bull as he did during his tenure at Yale, it ought to be in
means honesty, but coherence-authenticity. Game or business,
TH
industry or institution, however you define it, the commissioner
the r
the form of a lineup card, to be posted in hearts and dugouts
must seek to ensure its authenticity. The ultimate purpose of
stand
88
RONALD c. MODRA
BUT NOW CHATS IMPARTIALLY WITH EXPO BUCK RODGERS
d:
playing the game of baseball is to bring pleasure to the Ameri-
with implanting this belief in Americans: that nothing hap-
can people.
GIAMATTI
pened before, and we're going to do it better anyhow," Gia-
Conversations, 1989
matti says. "That Emersonian self-reliance gives you a won-
derful strength and self-confidence, but it gives you a terrible
How strange, taken as a group, baseball's stewards have been.
know-nothingness at the same time. So baseball becomes the
In order, they've been: judge, politician, sportswriter, general,
only native history that somehow seems O.K.-O.K. in a na-
lawyer, businessman, scholar. There's room-and therefore
tion of romantics, which is most profoundly what we are."
hope-for us all. At least till now, baseball commissioners
He plays with his cigarette, moving it about the ashtray,
have stood divinely apart from the executives who have man-
tracing in the ashes. It's easy to see why that vice is so hard for
aged other sports, for though baseball was in distress when
Giamatti to put behind him; it is manifestly as much a manual
Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis assumed the newly created
fixation as it is an oral one. He speaks eloquently but applies
position in 1921, the game was already an American institu-
inflection and animation just as effectively. There's certainly
tion, holy, mature and beloved. Baseball commissioners, per-
the M.C. and probably the actor within him; it's no coinci-
force, preside. Men in other sports supervise leagues; baseball
dence that he met Toni, his wife of almost 30 years, at the Yale
commissioners are sceptered.
Drama School, where she was a student while he was an un-
When David Stern, the acclaimed commissioner of the
dergraduate playing a bit part in The Skin of Our Teeth, and
NBA, and Giamatti had lunch together the other day, Stern
that two of their three children (all grown now) are in the
tweaked him thusly: "All right, Bart, baseball is America's
theater.
pastime, but football is America's passion and basketball is
In fact, though Giamatti is just the sort of fellow-scholar,
America's game."
poet, essayist and all that-
Giamatti, chuckling, replied, "I can live with that, David, as
who should be leaning back
long as you understand that I have historical priority, and
in his chair and musing
AND ARIZONA GUV ROSE MOFFORD
therefore I run the country."
most of the time, he really
Giamatti might have once been a professor of our language,
doesn't seem to be much of
which he calls "the best job I ever had." And the language of
a muser. He seems to muse
baseball may be the sweetest and most vivacious of American
only when he messes
ROB KINMONTH
vernacular. Still, it's first the history, and then the voice, that
around with his cigarette.
binds Giamatti to the game.
"You see," he muses, "I
This shouldn't be surprising. The more we melt in the pot,
keep trying to remind peo-
the more our diversity and heritage blur, the more baseball
ple that there are lots of
stands out as a cultural vein. "I've always charged Emerson
ways to love baseball. I may
G
A
M
A
T
T
have come to it through a love of history. Oth-
lack thereof. "Civility has to do with decency
ers come to it through a love of statistics, or the
and mutual respect and, finally, with a free
smell of a glove, or just for something that their
and ordered common life-or civilization,"
grandfather recited to them when they were
Giamatti writes. Whatever crises may inflict
very young. I keep saying: There are many
themselves upon baseball during Giamatti's
routes to the game. There are many routes to
five-year term-disputes and scandals, out-
the kingdom of baseball."
rages, even the Great Strike of 1990, which
At the heart of Giamatti's love and his creed
seems to be accepted by prominent members
is the visceral belief that baseball is a symbol, an active totem,
of both sides as a fait accompli-it seems fair to say that when
of America, and that-by god!-it is the best of America. He
his time as commissioner is up he will look back and measure
will fight to maintain that vision. It is revealing that the only
his tenure by how much more (or less) civil a baseball stadium,
substantive criticism that Giamatti suffered as National
a baseball crowd, a baseball game has become.
League president these past two years was that, according to
What concerns Giamatti most particularly are two interre-
some of baseball's cognoscenti, he meted out cruel and inequi-
lated trends that he thinks threaten spectator entertainment.
table punishment for infractions of the rules. Especially objec-
The first is a derivative of the new arrogance of the individual,
tionable to these critics
a grubby American
were the 30-day sus-
quality that Giamatti
pension given to Reds
raised the alarum
manager Pete Rose for
about when he ad-
his truculence in dis-
dressed the incoming
puting a call at home in
freshman class at Yale
Cincinnati and the 10
in 1982. Examining
days pitcher Kevin
that selfish drift in
Gross of the Phillies
terms of baseball, Gia-
got for doctoring a
matti perceives a de-
baseball. Meanwhile,
cline in people's need
what appeared to be
(even in their inclina-
more abusive behavior
tion) to congregate. "I
escaped with lesser
take very seriously the
penalties.
public taking of public
Says Mike Lupica of
pleasure, and that
the New York Daily
sense of shared com-
News, one of the more
munity that goes with
persistent voices in the
it," he says. "Whenev-
relatively small anti-
er that is threatened or
Giamatti chorus, "In
that job [National
PAUL KENNEDY
eroded, then I can see
that ultimately the
League president] all
whole institution will
you have to do is throw
AT YALE, GIAMATTI WAS KNOWN FOR HIS ACCESSIBILITY
wither, die."
out first balls and han-
Spectator sports are
dle suspensions. It isn't
vulnerable to start
so much to ask that he get that right. Now we've got somebody
with. Despite the publicity they receive, the fact is that they
in there-Bill White-who knows the game."
account for only $5.4 billion of the $21.4 billion spent on sports
But Giamatti doesn't see himself as, shall we say, a local
entertainment in this country. "The individual, who is sacred
magistrate. Violations in the game are one thing; violations
under our laws, is now narcissistic," Giamatti says. "The
against the game are quite another. Rose's actions that night
threat to this country, and to baseball, is to privatize every-
last April, however unintentional, nearly touched off a riot-
thing. For me in the last 15 years, the most frightening image
and Rose is a leader and, ergo, more responsible: Leadership is
of the privatization of leisure is that solitary, androgynous jog-
essentially a moral act. Likewise, it mattered terribly to Gia-
ger-symbolic of that $16 billion related to sport that hasn't
matti that Gross's actions were consciously planned, a moral
anything to do with public pleasure in public places.
choice. Much of his 10-page decision denying Gross's appeal
"If this antisocial impulse, this kind of twilight-of-the-'60s
discoursed on the subject of premeditation.
narcissism, continues and is fed by those who have every right
Those who would gauge Giamatti-and certainly those
to feed it with designer shoes and boats and recreational vehi-
who might find themselves in his docket-should understand
cles and stuff, or if it is fed all the more by that thing over there
that one notion, above all others, directs his thought these
[he points derisively to a television set across the room], which
days: The notion that this country, this people and this game
allows you to tailor your visual leisure to yourself, then, wheth-
of baseball are deteriorating in matters of courtesy and consid-
er you stage indoor or outdoor sports or concerts or lectures or
eration. Hardly an essay in A Free and Ordered Space fails to
whatever, you had better make the most strenuous effort to
make some reference to civility-particularly the increasing
keep alive the principle of going out, as opposed to staying
90
in-in groups, as op-
Commissioner is a call-
posed to alone. Be-
ing in a structure that
cause all of the cultur-
has a secular religious
al, legal and financial
quality. You're given
incentives are moving
extraordinary powers
in the other direction."
and faith, but you
Moreover, those
should only use them
who would buck the
when it's really
flow and go to the sta-
warranted.
diums are being re-
-GIAMATTI
pulsed by uncivil
CLARK
Conversations, 1989
crowd behavior-
much of it inflicted by
Little Bart Giamatti
young and disaffected
white males, the same
sorts who have already
22
got his first baseball
glove in Rome in 1947,
a gift from a visiting
driven older men,
American, and it isn't
women and families
hard to imagine how
away from soccer
the little paesano soon
games in England and
arrived on democra-
on the Continent. Gia-
cy's shores, clutching
matti has, of course,
the fielder's mitt to his
thought about this, too.
breast. Or how, four
"I think this game em-
decades later, that
bodies certain stan-
plucky immigrant lad
dards of behavior," he
would rise to become
says, "and the fellow
sitting in Section 37 is
ROB KINMONTH
the commander of
America's national
part of the game, too.
pastime.
He's not alone there, of
GIAMATTI HOBNOBS WITH THE LIKES OF GIANT WILL CLARK
But truth is often
course. He's part of a
blander than fiction,
happy, loud, boister-
and it wasn't quite that
ous, lovely crowd, and they're all screaming, arguing. Fine.
way. The reason little Bart was in Rome was that his father,
I'm not looking for a
Valentine Giamatti, distinguished professor of Italian lan-
"Cathedral?"
guage and literature at Mount Holyoke College, was abroad
"No, no, I said that once, and all the ministers came down
on sabbatical. Professor Giamatti negotiated for the glove
on me. You have to be careful. I'm not a prohibitionist, so I see
with a U.S. Army sergeant in the occupation force and gave it
in many columns that I'm therefore not only the toady of the
to his son. The elder Giamatti, a native of New Haven, was
owners but a wholly owned subsidiary of the beer companies.
himself a Yale man and had married a daughter of Bartlett
"No, I'm only looking for someone to enjoy the game to the
Walton. In many respects, in his own ethnic league, Bartlett
fullest and to respect the right of those on either side of him. I
Giamatti recalls Harry Golden's remark about Barry Goldwa-
seek a community of enjoyment. I am not going to sit passively
ter in 1964: "Wouldn't you know-at last we get a Jew to run
by, just because somebody thinks I'm a scold, and watch as
for president, and he turns out to be Episcopalian."
women and children and other men decide that going out to
Young Bart talked as much about Dante as about Johnny
the park is simply not worth the candle.
Pesky at the family dinner table and then went to Andover
"When they stay home, then baseball is the loser-and not
and Yale. He was pledged to Scroll & Key, one of Old Eli's
just the loser of revenue. Baseball is the loser of their public
most secret societies; he graduated magna cum laude in 1960
support, of their faith and of their belief that this is an endur-
and remained in New Haven to receive his doctorate, in '64.
ing American institution."
Except for a brief interlude on the faculty at Princeton, he
It appears most likely that no commissioner since Landis
would abide in the bosom of Yale from '56 until he resigned as
(and possibly not even he) has come to the office more con-
the school's president in June of '86 to return to teaching, only
cerned than Giamatti with baseball in all its parts-its spirit
to have the National League beckon him.
and its relevance to the republic.
His selection in 1978 as the 19th president of America's
third-oldest college was an unexpected-some would even
Because no single formal religion can embrace a people who
say, whimsical-choice. Indeed, when his name, which he
hold so many faiths, including no particular formal faith at all,
pronounces Ja-MOD-ee, first bubbled up for consideration,
sports and politics are the civil surrogates
for [an America]
the irreverent Giamatti himself tossed off the wisecrack: "All
ever in quest for a covenant.
-GIAMATTI
I ever wanted to be president of was the American League."
Address to incoming Yale freshmen, 1984
Among offhand remarks in the world of sports, perhaps only
94
G
A
T
Muhammad Ali's "I ain't got no quarrel with
deputy commissioner, Fay Vincent, a good
the Viet Cong" was to carry more lasting con-
friend and a lawyer (Yale Law School), who
sequence. With Giamatti's quip, baseball ex-
has been running Columbia Pictures for the
ecutives discovered the scholar-fan, and in the
last decade. At the same time, Giamatti aston-
years that followed they remained charmed by
ished Yale associates with the grasp he dis-
the bearded college president who seemed to
played of numbers, and the proof of that is in
pose in his Red Sox cap more often than any-
the pudding: During his eight-year tenure, en-
one save Jean Yawkey.
dowment and alumni giving both doubled.
While Giamatti says that his official arrival in baseball was
Also, the admissions office had the wisdom to accept the
greeted by no less than "radical skepticism," his appointment
application of Ronald Maurice Darling for the Class of '82.
at Yale may have been a more puzzling, even exotic, choice.
Giamatti did sustain some criticism for getting too wrapped
However much he was an insider in New Haven, Giamatti
up in detail and for being unable to either emotionally or phys-
was called to lead a university that had been fiscally wounded
ically detach himself from the job. "He even felt he had to re-
by a recession brought on by an OPEC embargo and was hem-
spond to all the mail," says Georges May, a professor of
orrhaging endowment funds, running a large deficit and fac-
French who served as Giamatti's provost for two years, "and
ing cutbacks both substantive and symbolic. Beyond that, on
that in itself is suicidal."
the horizon was the threat of a strike by clerical workers.
One day, for example, a letter came in from a seventh-grad-
Whatever the 40-year-old president's evident merits, he had
er, Kempton Dunn of New Canaan, Conn., who wanted to
no experience in either finance or labor negotiations.
know why Yale's president thought it was important to study
Any analysis of Giamatti's presidency at Yale must begin
the dead language of Latin. Giamatti took pains to write a
by stating that he didn't govern as was generally predicted,
lengthy reply, which concluded: "We study Latin because
which should give caution to those now issuing scouting re-
without it we cannot know our history and our heritage. And
ports on the new commissioner. He's credited with picking
without that knowledge, we cannot know ourselves. Nosce
subordinates who complemented him, especially those who
teipsum [know thyself], brave Dunn."
possessed more of a business background-just as his first ma-
Nonetheless, the assessment that the wry academic turned
jor decision as commissioner-elect was to hire baseball's first
out to be more the technocrat, even a micromanager somewhat
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Sharing Is How We Play The Game
G
A
M
A
T
T
in the Jimmy Carter mold, still makes Gia-
1) Who in His Right Mind Could Come Out
matti bristle. (He is a more obvious bristler
Against Polish Solidarity? When the Yale
than a muser.) "I'm only a poet or a dreamer
Glee Club was scheduled to sing the Solidarity
according to those-journalists especially-
anthem on the Voice of America in 1982, Gia-
who think that if you taught English you must
matti raised the hackles of William Buckley
therefore be a poet or a dreamer," he says, bris-
and many other conservatives, Yalie and oth-
tling. "These positions-president and com-
erwise, when he refused the glee club permis-
missioner-are both management jobs, and if I
sion to sing, on the principle that the club had
must breathe down necks to accomplish goals, so be it."
no business getting political, whichever side it might take.
By all accounts Giamatti has exhibited two noble qualities
2) Memo to Neal Pilsen of CBS Sports. Dear Neal, You may
of the leader: forthrightness and accessibility. Bill Brainard,
have just negotiated a billion-dollar deal with Peter Ueberroth
provost in Giamatti's last five years at Yale, says, "Bart is ut-
for baseball rights, but be advised that Giamatti has called
terly consistent, and he never deals with any person in an ad
television "all-seeing, all-falsifying."
hominem way." Even at the height of the clerical workers'
2a) Also to Mr. Pilsen, Damning with Faint Praise Depart-
strike, one that was both painful and rancorous, and which ran
ment. "At least baseball has been less deformed by television
for 10 weeks in the fall of 1984, Giamatti would leave his office
than other sports." (Giamatti, speaking on Feb. 28.)
and purposely steer a
3) The Yale Band Will
course home that took
Now Spell Out NCAA
him directly through
While Playing Your
the picket lines. As
Cheatin' Heart. While
much as possible, as
president of Yale, an
the two sides hardened
NCAA institution
and as he, the presi-
since 1915, Giamatti
dent, was pilloried for
called college sports "a
his stand, Giamatti
circus," and added lat-
would still talk to those
er, "If you market your
workers who opposed
institution by way of
him. He would be civil.
television football half-
Even those who
times, then you will get
have disputed some of
the kind of seamy
his edicts as president
problems you get in
of the National League
sports."
have been impressed
4) Why Go out of Your
in
by his willingness to
Way to Provoke Jerry
visit the branch offices,
Falwell? In 1981, Gia-
meet with the princi-
matti chose to lam-
S
pals and discuss the is-
sues. Peter Gammons
of this magazine was in
RONALD MODRA
baste "a self-pro-
y
claimed 'Moral Major-
4
ity,' " which features
S
Pittsburgh one Sep-
"a resurgent bigotry"
V
tember evening in 1987
THE COMMISH AND NATIONAL LEAGUE PREZ BILL WHITE
that has "licensed a
Y
when Giamatti hap-
new meanness of spirit
p
pened to show up, fly-
in our land." His com-
ta
ing out strictly to palaver with the managers in town, the home
ments elicited so enraged a response that another Yale man,
in
team's Jim Leyland and the visiting Cardinals' Whitey Her-
then Vice-President George Bush, prevailed on Giamatti to
zog, on the subject of corked bats. Both generally approved of
invite Falwell to his office, where they met behind closed
d
what Giamatti had to say, but what impressed Gammons was
doors and left with signed copies of each other's latest books, if
Sa
that, while neither manager is given to gushing, both were de-
no other shared wisdom.
lighted that the league president had made the effort not only
5) People Who Are Even Thinking About Building Glass
se
to seek them out but also to hear them out.
Houses Shouldn't Throw Stones. In 1981, Giamatti wrote an
th
But civility has its limits. The strike at Yale was wounding
essay for The New York Times calling to account the insensi-
tu
to Giamatti. "Bart should not have involved himself as much
tive, bumbling men responsible for an ongoing national strike.
as he did," May says. "He should have stayed more above the
"There is no general sympathy for either of your sides. Nor
h
fray. But there is something in Bart that simply refuses to turn
will there be," he wrote, after labeling the strike "an example
Y
away from any responsibility."
of deny-side economics
the triumph of greed over the spirit
ab
Giamatti has a predilection, as Terry Holcombe, a Yale
of the garden."
of
vice-president, says, "to take something on just for the sake of
The dispute in question was between the owners and play-
W
it, as long as he believes it's important, when others would run
ers of major league baseball, with commissioner Bowie Kuhn
ga
away from it." A cross section of examples:
presiding over the forces of darkness and avariciousness.
CO
96
But if Giamatti didn't occasionally go
out of his way to pick a fight, he proba-
bly wouldn't have chosen baseball over
Or Hershiser, Clemens, Canseco,
the classroom.
Boggs, Henderson, Coleman, or
Strawberry. Just buy STARTING
Besides, the job affords Giamatti, at
LINEUP™ Talking Baseball now.
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what he loves most. Says Holcombe, "In
a fifty-dollar value.
whatever job Bart has, a lot of what he
Get the Hall of Fame cartridge
does is teach." Men like Herzog and
with the game. Then get your
Leyland must understand that, in many
choice of one of these cartridges:
respects, Giamatti sees them first as
American: #1) Detroit, Cleveland,
pedagogical colleagues; he has always
Milwaukee, Toronto #2) New York,
emphasized the point that coaches are
Boston, Baltimore #3) Minnesota,
just teachers with a different sort of
Texas, Chicago, Kansas City #4) Cal-
ifornia, Oakland, Seattle National:
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classroom. So, while being commission-
#5) St. Louis, Chicago, Montreal
TALKING BASEBALL
er means giving up the rapture of the
#6) New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh
campus-trading it for things like fly-
#7) San Francisco, San Diego, LA
ing, which Giamatti is not very fond of,
#8) Cincinnati, Houston, Atlanta
Name
or for those glass elevators in hotels,
Send completed coupon, proof of
which he dislikes even more than air-
purchase from game box, cash register
Address
planes-what he gains in the bargain is
receipt, and $2.00 for shipping and
Phone(
handling to: P.O. Box 710499, Depart-
)
a bully lectern.
Of course, some of his Yale critics bri-
ment B003, El Paso, TX 88571-0499.
Age
Iwantcartridge #
dled at his facility for artful expression.
(One alumnus's Renaissance man is an-
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by of Emeryville. CA. Electronic development by Smith Engineering. © 1988 Parker Brothers. MLBPA logo © 1988 MLBPA.
pare it for an articulate public figure, let
alone an eloquent public figure, let alone
an eloquent sports executive. Giamatti
speaks of libraries as fondly as most men
speak of women or baseball, and that
Portrait
can be terribly disconcerting.
He will offer no predictions for him-
of the Great American Investor
self beyond his contracted term of five
years. "I am a perfect case of how the
1000
SERIES EE
THE
unexamined life is worth living," he
says. "I never did have a big plan. I just
wanted to be a professor of English-at
C000000000EE
Yale, I hoped-and when I accom-
0000000000*
plished that it was almost immediately
taken away from me." He sighs, draw-
He practiced six hours a day to get to
ing among the ashes with his cigarette.
Juilliard. That was the easy part. Now
"There is something in Bart that
he's there and practices eleven. He
doesn't allow him to be happy," May
invests his time in music and his
says.
money in U.S. Savings Bonds.
But Giamatti knows where best to
People everywhere are discovering
search for his joy. In December, when
that Bonds have changed. When
things were quiet, his Manhattan office
held five years or more, Bonds pay
turned away all inquiries, saying that he
competitive rates, like money
was traveling. In fact, Giamatti was
market accounts. They're also free
holed up only a few blocks away, in the
from state and local income tax.
Yale Club, researching and writing
Find out more, call 1-800-US-BONDS.
about baseball and America for a series
of lectures that he would deliver a few
weeks later at the University of Michi-
gan. One of the advantages of being
U.S. SAVINGS BONDS
commissioner of baseball instead of
THE GREAT AMERICAN INVESTMENT
Bonds held less than five years earn a lower rate.
A public service of this publication.
97
G
I
A
M
A
T
president of Yale, he has discovered, is that
doesn't think it's just a coincidence that
students are now much more inclined to listen
what is generally recognized as the site of base-
ball's true first game was in Hoboken, N.J., at
to you.
a public clearing known locally as the Elysian
Of course, there are those who learn after the
Fields.
first few times. They grow out of sports. And
The Blurriness, Unique in Sports to Base-
there were others who were born with the wisdom
ball, of the Offense and the Defense. Can we
to know that nothing lasts. These are the truly
really say that the pitcher is on the defense
tough amongst us, the ones who can live without illusion, or with-
when he hurls a hard ball 95 mph? "Baseball doesn't have
out even the hope of illusion. I am not that grown up or that up-
sides because it isn't militaristic."
to-date. I am a simpler creature, tied to more primitive patterns
The Geometry of the Game. "It's constantly working
and cycles. I need to think something lasts forever, and it might
against action, containing it and releasing it. There's a tre-
as well be that state of being that is a game; it might as well be
mendous counterpoint between energy and order. Nothing is
that, in a green field, in the sun.
-GIAMATTI
more orderly and geometrically precise than baseball."
Yale Alumni Magazine And Journal, 1977
The Balance of the Individual and the Group. "It's very
much an individual sport you play as a team matter."
People come to games for stable artifice. The initial impulse is to
Home. Always home. Even Giamatti laughs at how often he
delineate a world whose rules have no meaning anywhere else,
has made this point-the first public occasion was apparently
but where every act is significant. Look![His arms sweep over the
on Oct. 18, 1978, in an essay in The Hartford Courant shortly
books upon his desk. Baseball has the largest library of law and
after he left teaching to accept the Yale presidency: "Baseball
lore and custom and ritual, and therefore, in a nation that fun-
is about going home and how hard it is to get there and how
damentally believes it is a nation under law, well, baseball is
driven is our need. It tells us how good home is. Its wisdom says
America's most privi-
you can go home again
leged version of the level
but that you cannot
field.
-GIAMATTI
GIAMATTI IS EASY FOR AUTOGRAPH HOUNDS TO IDENTIFY
stay. The journey must
Conversations, 1989
always start once more,
Giamatti's endearing
ROB KINMONTH
the bat an oar over the
shoulder, until there
reflections on baseball
is an end to all the
invariably feature sev-
journeying."
eral themes, among
Usually, whatever
them:
the themes he chooses,
The Law of the
Giamatti then takes
Game. "There is an in-
them outside the game
violability of its rules,
and connects baseball
heightened by the ta-
to America. Baseball
boo: Thou shalt not
reflects America, and
touch."
vice versa. Ours is a na-
The Color Green.
tion of laws, for exam-
"The color of hope. It
ple, accommodating,
always had that conno-
says Giamatti, "the to-
tation in The Divine
and-fro between the
Comedy. [Oh, what the
community and the in-
hell, let's show off just a
dividual that the whole
little.] After all, I once
Constitution is sup-
wrote a book entitled
posed to be about."
The Earthly Paradise
Like baseball, Ameri-
and the Renaissance
ca is composed of a
Epic, and at one time I
people who prefer "to
probably knew as
change sides rather
much about the en-
than take them," sym-
closed green space as
bolized by the pastoral
anybody did." Gia-
green we idealize, even
matti takes pleasure in
as we pave it over-
pointing out the fact
that shifting nation of
that the word paradise
immigrants, ever se-
derives from the Per-
lecting a home, even as
sian word for "park,"
we keep leaving and
and he obviously
going further away
G
I
A
M
A
T
T
I
"from the great green garden." Run home.
Philistine owners. And now the actual com-
Home run.
missioner is a lifelong martyr to the numinous
Baseball is altogether authentic. Baseball is,
Bosox cause and a bard himself, who holds
if you will, yore. "Baseball is one of the few
most precious among the honors bestowed
American institutions to have survived since
upon him an award not only for a sports story,
the Civil War," Giamatti says. "It represents
but for an ode to the sainted Tom Seaver. Inev-
our antiquity. It was 1846 when Mr. Cart-
itably, whenever Giamatti is referred to as a
wright ferried his pals across the river to the
former professor or as a scholar or as a refugee
Elysian Fields, and as the crow flies in this country, that's a
from academia, stuff like that, criticism of his baseball leader-
fair amount back. Why, Mr. Jefferson himself had only been
ship skills is certain to follow. "Yes, yes," he whines facetious-
dead for 20 years. Baseball is an American institution, and, as
ly, "Dante is back out at the ballpark today."
the trustee of it, I will be respectful of its certain fundamental
Like a deskbound commander, he wishes somewhere in his
values."
heart that he had been brevetted on the battlefield. "But I
Still, while Giamatti likes to neatly circumscribe himself as
can't help it if I couldn't hit a major league fastball," Giamatti
"middle-aged, middle-class and middle-of-the-road," it was
admits humbly (thereby cleverly obscuring the greater truth—
the Reverend Mr. Falwell who took great and devilish delight
he also couldn't hit a junior high school fastball). No, it was the
in assessing the erstwhile presi-
chance for a great love, requited,
dent of liberal Yale thusly:
that brought him to baseball. In-
"Some people might accuse Mr.
deed, Giamatti was just six
Giamatti of being a conserva-
weeks from returning to teach-
tive." Much of the modern base-
ing when the call to run the Na-
ball experience-especially the
tional League came in 1986. He
peripheral, Veeckian divertisse-
already had, not necessarily in
ments that have become com-
order of importance, tenure, a
monplace-seems to offend
course to teach and a guaranteed
Giamatti, much as Falwell and
parking place. One could even
his fundamentalists are offended
say he was home.
whenever anybody monkeys
Yet he leapt at the chance in
around with their ritual pieties.
baseball, and when, two years
Giamatti declared recently that
later, the opportunity for promo-
those in baseball who would ex-
tion came, there was no pause.
plode scoreboards and parade
"If you love the game, and some-
mascots appear to have no confi-
body says to you, 'We've elected
dence in the pure game and are
you commissioner,' you don't
like "theatrical companies who
RONALD C. MODRA
stand around with your finger in
only want to do Shakespeare in
your mouth," he says, "you don't
motorcycle boots and leather
A DOG IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE TRUE FAN
scruple, dimple and dance-and
jackets."
you don't give them the time to
Certainly, Giamatti has al-
rethink the proposition. You just
ways been a perfect match for baseball. The first man in the
say, "Terrific. Thank you very much."
game to officially interview him was Bud Selig, the owner of
So he did. And with that, he moved that much further from
the Milwaukee Brewers, then at the helm of the search com-
the best job he ever had. It's revealing, no doubt, that when
mittee that would eventually tap Peter Ueberroth for the com-
Giamatti talks about the experience of becoming president of
missioner's job. Selig and Giamatti had dinner in New York.
Yale, he calls it "being uprooted." In point of fact, he still lives
"It was one of the nicest evenings of my life," Selig says. After
in New Haven where, as a young professor, he listened to Red
eating, the two men stepped outside into the summer air and
Sox games, sucked on bottles of Knickerbocker beer and the
walked the streets of Manhattan, strolling along for an hour or
next morning drove off in his old yellow VW bug to Sterling
more, Selig recalls fondly, "just talking about baseball-not
Library, there to delve joyously into purgatory and allegory.
just Ted Williams, you understand, but about Bobby Doerr
But then, like one of the great knights of The Faerie Queene,
and Al Zarilla. I appreciated immediately what a wonderful
he was uprooted from the faculty, sent off to the presidency
intuitive grasp he had of the game."
and the commissionership. On his 40th birthday, he was on a
Even now, the baseball establishment's only real reserva-
plane, going somewhere to raise money for Yale; on his 50th, a
tion about Giamatti is that he's too much the fan. But the new
year ago, he was watching a ball game with Reds owner
commissioner is perhaps viewed more dubiously by some jour-
Marge Schott in Cincinnati. Now, just days after his 51st
nalists and other chroniclers. It was they-and their long lin-
birthday, he is presiding over the National Pastime. Nosce
eage-who saw to it that baseball became the most literate
teipsum, brave Giamatti. In the effort to get back home again,
game, and it is supposed to be the duty of these troubadours to
he has reached second base, with a good lead. His beard is
sing of the Doerrs and Zarillas. In this ancient folk opera,
white now, but it's April again, the parks smell like paradise,
commissioners will always be craven interlopers, ordained by
and his world is green.
InsideUVA
Vol. 19, Issue 15
FOR THE FACULTY AND STAFF OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
Sept. 1, 1989
Kelly Names
Painter's Perch
Faculty Pay
Professors to
Study Shows
Top-Level Posts
Few Inequities
No New Academic
After an extensive study of faculty
VP Position Created
salaries, a steering committee has deter-
mined that fewer than 10 members of the
Saying he expects University adminis-
faculty received inequitable salaries in
trators work together as a team, Provost
1988-89. The report did not provide the
of the University Hugh P. Kelly has filled
specific count of those underpaid nor
several top-level vacancies on the roster
give a breakdown by sex.
resulting from his promotion to the new
The faculty members recognized as
post. He next intends to concentrate on
being underpaid have had their salaries
filling the position of vice president for
adjusted by the Board of Visitors at their
development and University relations, he
deans' request.
said, noting that one of principal
The four-member committee appoint-
concerns as provost will be to attract
ed by University President Robert M.
more resources to the University.
O'Neil hired consultant John A. Muffo,
Heading the list of new appointments,
associate director of institutional research
associate dean of the law school Graham
at Virginia Tech, to study faculty salaries
C. Lilly will serve as in the new post of
in detail. In his report to the committee,
associate provost.
Mr. Muffo discovered that 128 men and
English professor Raymond J. Nelson,
25 women faculty members received
currently the associate dean of the faculty
salaries that were statistically out of line
of arts and sciences, will become dean of
with their peers. Using a second metho-
the faculty(and former position.will
dology in which women earning 95 per-
be professor
center] werelidentified, an
Larson,
additional 29 women were recognized as
Cora A. Diamond, professor of
having possibly been underpaid. On
philosophy cando former head of the
further analysis, however,
it
was
department, will become dean
Graduate liof Arts and Sciences,
T think we bent over
replacing physics professor W Dexter
Whitehead Jr. Former vice president and
backwards to identify people
provost Paul R. Gross will perform the
who might have been discri-
duties of director of the Center for Ad-
minated against."
vanced Studies, which previously had also
Carolyn Callahan
been Mr. Whitehead's responsibility. All
the appointments are for renewable one-
determined that these salaries were lower
year terms while formal searches are
conducted under affirmative action pro-
Michael W. Powell, a physical plant painter, puts the finishing touches on Memorial Gymnasium's roof
because of fewer years in rank than male
from a precarious position. Last painted some 10 years ago, the on going project, begun last year, has
faculty members.
cedures.
taken 3,700 hours and countless gallons of paint to complete.
beloned
binorla
After the steering committee heard ex-
We're asking people to take these jobs
planations from deans on the 153 lower
for the good of the University. A one-
salaries--with low productivity in teach-
year term is as much as we can do. We
Bush Picks U.Va. for Summit
ing, research or service being the most
may not have made them for more than
common reasons for lower pay--and saw
that anyway just totallow flexibility," said
Mr. Kelly, whose appointment is also for
President George Bush will hold an
and ends the afternoon of
six-year salary histories on those faculty
one year.
"education summit" with the nation's
members identified, it determined that
are unavailable. Public appearances by
Creation of a position to be called the
governors and his cabinet secretaries
the president and governors are being
fewer than 10 had actually been receiving
vice president for academic affairs is
at the University Sept. 27 and 28.
planned but times for these events are
lower salaries than they should have
been.
being reconsidered. "Graham and I feel
Mr. Bush told the governors at the
not yet known.
we want to understand the work load
annual National Governor's Associa-
The study determined that the Univer-
Working sessions of the summit are
before another position is created. It's
tion meeting in Chicago in July
expected to be held in the Rotunda.
sity's salaries are competitive with 25
that he wanted to hold a conference
other schools in the American Associa-
possible to over-administer a place. On
Several locations, including University
the other shand, we could be letting
with them devoted to education issues.
Hall and Alumni Hall, have, been
tion of Universities (AAU) which partici-
ourselves in for an awful lot of work,"
Virginia Governor Gerald L. Baliles
inspected as possible sites for, events.
pate in data exchange. Many faculty
Mr. Kelly said. The academic affairs job
chaired the Chicago meeting.
Spouses of the governors and cabinet
salaries actually exceed other AAU
was originally conceived of as one hand-
Mr. Bush's chief of staff, John
secretaries are also expected to visit
schools, the report says, except in the
See APPOINTMENTS, page 2
Sununu, informed Gov. Baliles in mid-
the Grounds during the meeting.
following six areas: architecture profes-
August that Charlottesville and the
The summit marks the third time in
sor, computer science professor and
Inside:
University Grounds would be the site
U.S. history that a president has con-
assistant professor, education assistant
of the summit. Mr. Bush met with
vened all the state governors to ad-
professor, and engineering professor and
New Center Director, p.2
newly-elected governors at the Rotun-
dress a single issue facing the country.
assistant professor.
$ We Raised, p.3
da last November and was the speaker
President Theodore Roosevelt assem-
The study of 1987 figures only included
More $ We Keep, p.3
at Final Exercises in 1981 when his
bled the governors in 1908, to talk
assistant, associate, full and endowed
Organization Chart, p.4-5
son Marvin graduated from the Col-
about, conservation and, President
professors.
lege of Arts and Sciences.
Summer News Recap, p.6
Franklin D. Roosevelt, called them
The study did not provide an overall
Details of the meeting, which begins
together in 1933 to discuss solutions
percentage of how much women make
Cultural Calendar, p.7
the afternoon of Wednesday the 27th
to the Great Depression. o
compared to their male counterparts at
See PAY STUDY, page 3
Photo Copy Preservation
OF
NURGINIA
The University Journal
1819
VOL. XII, No. 6
THE UNIVERSIT VIRGINIA, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.
MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 1989
Cavs declaw Lions
Bush to give two
Photo Copy Preservation
in 14-6 shocker
speeches at summit
Moore-to-Moore combo lifts Virginia over PSU
By Poul Olson
but the University is an outstanding
University Journal Staff Writer
educational institution," he said.
By Andrew MacNaughton
In a great example of "bend but
The University of Virginia will
"The fact that Thomas Jefferson
University Journal Staff Writer
again enter the national spotlight
spearheaded the formation of the
don't break," the Virginia defenders
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. Be-
Sept. 27-28 when President Bush
education system in this country in-
fore Saturday, typical Penn State
allowed the Nittany Lions to pene-
trate the Virginia 20-yard line just
hosts the first-ever summit of gov-
fluenced Bush's decision [to hold the
fans would have said that only luck
ernors and cabinet members to dis-
conference at U.Va]."
three times and gave up only two
or an act of God would have helped
field goals.
cuss education.
Bush's son.also-graduated*from
Virginia beat Penn State.
"The defense played well," said
Bush is expected to deliver two
the University.
Well, they would have been
public speeches to both students and
Fishback anticipates that there will
Virginia head coach George Welsh.
wrong.
"The pass defense was good. They
faculty during the two-day confer-
be an education theme to the two
In front of 85,956 people, the Vir-
ence. Sites for the addresses have
speeches that Bush delivers. He
were on the ball."
ginia squad solidly defeated the No.
yet to be confirmed, but Old Cabell
added that admission to the
The biggest test of the defense
12 Nittany Lions 14-6 without trick
and University Halls as well as the
speeches will probably be by ticket,
plays, without luck and certainly
came on Penn State's last series,
without divine intervention
after a missed field goal attempt.
Lawn are the most likely locations,
similar to when Reagan delivered
according to the Richmond Times-
his final foreign policy address at
Penn State took the ball at their
"I just think Virginia played
a
Dispatch.
Old Cabell Hall in December 1988:
very good football game,' Penn
own 20 with 3:59 left in the game.
This was the most tense drive of
"It came as a surprise that the
This visit will differ from previous
State head coach Joe Paterno said.
"They just played too well for us at
the game; a Nittany Lion score and
University was chosen," said Vice
visits by Bush and Reagan in lasting
President for Public Relations
for two days. Beginning at 3 p.m.
this stage. We're not good enough
two-point conversion would have
tied the game.
William Fishback. "The president
Sept. 27 with a presidential address,
yet to beat Virginia the way they
apparently specified the University
the conference will be followed by
played today. It's as simple as that
The Virginia defenders gave
for the summit."
an afternoon of work sessions and
Unlike last week's game against
short passes, but did not allow any:(s)
Fishback said U.Va was chosen
end the following afternoon.
Notre Dame, the Virginia offense
deep throws. The big play would
because of its proximity to Washing.
The magnitude of this visit is
started well, scoring on two of its
come after Penn State called its fi-
ton and because Bush had visited
considerably greater: than when
first three possessions to give the
nal timeout with 59 seconds to play
here before. He added that because
Reagan came here," said Fishback.
Cavs a decisive 14-0 lead. The
On second-and-five from the Cav
all 50 governors will be in atten-
"This conference will involve two
Shawn Moore-to-Herman Moore
27, PSU quarterback Tom Bill
dance, most of them will fly into
days of intense activity."
combination capped both scoring
dropped back and tried to hit big-
Washington, making Charlottesville
Educational issues such as the
drives with 24- and 11 yard touch-
play man Blair Thomas in the end
a prime location for the summit.
quality of teaching and drugs in the
down completions. For the day,
zone. But Virginia defensive end
The historical significance of the
schools are among the potential
Shawn Moore completed 15 of 26
Ray Savage followed him and
University and the impact that
topics of discussion during the
passing attempts for 194 yards and
managed to knock the ball away.
Thomas Jefferson had on education
meetings, according to the Times-
no interceptions.
"I figured they were going to get
in the United States also affected
Dispatch.
Penn State's offense had no such
him the ball one way or another,"
Bush's decision to choose the Uni-
It has not yet been announced
said Savage. "I had him the whole
Journal photo by Sean Bogue
luck, as they were held to only six
versity as the site of the summit, ac-
where the Bushes will stay on
Cavalier receiver Herman Moore snares one of his two
points by a strong Virginia defense.
first-half touchdown catches over a Penn State defender.
cording to Fishback.
See CAVS, page 8
"Not to risk sounding overbearing,
See BUSH, page 8
Glaser to head committee
Greek image discussed
Honor assesses effects of future expansion on system
Karen Doyle
negative. Barnes added that "we need pub-
University Journal Staff Writer
lic relations to overcome this negative
By Mark Stencel
you have to wait hours to get food in
Collaboration Virginia, a general planning
image."
University Journal Writer
Newcomb Hall."
session for University of Virginia Greek
According to Ernest H. Ern, Vice Presi-
In what Student Council President Ron
"We have to make sure we address is-
organizations, was held Saturday morning
dent for Student Affairs. "we have boon
Hohauser described as a "last gasp" ef-
sues that the Board really cares about,"
in
the
U.
fort, Honor Committee Vice Chairman for
Hohauser said, listing among
Trials Stephanie Glaser will head a new
ad
8
MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 1989
Bush
Cla
From the Associated Press
Continued from page 1
Thursday night, but President
nan got
O'Neil has offered his Carr's Hill
feed fro
ROCHESTER, Minn - Former President Ronald Reagan is reportedly
home to the first family.
sideline
Copy
making a rapid recovery two days after surgery to drain blood that formed
Birdwood Pavilion, a private es-
twisted
on his brain.
tate owned by the University near
net. Fo
the Boar's Head Inn where the gov-
struck
WASHINGTON - The United States has sent a special envoy to the
ernors and cabinet members will
footed
former king of Afghanistan to discuss a possible political settlement of the
stay, is also being considered for the
ani.
civil war there, an administration official said Friday.
Bushes.
All af
According to Fishback, the biggest
defense
COPHENHAGEN - Aviation specialists said Saturday that they suspect
problem that the summit will create
and C
metal fatigue is to blame for the Friday crash of a Norwegian charter plane,,
is traffic.
Cougar
in the North Sea, killing all 55 people aboard.
"Traffic was a problem during the
the ba
Reagan visit," he said. "It will be a
numer
BUENOS AIRES - An estimated crowd of 30,000 people marched through
significant logistical challenge [to
tially d
downtown Friday to protest possible presidential pardons for military offi-
move the president, governors,
tine pla
cers accused of torture and killing in the 1970s.
cabinet members and their
Brool
spouses]."
as Cha
Advance teams from the White
lation
House, the National Governors' As-
Carolit
From the Files
sociation and security agencies will
by Car
meet today to possibly finalize the
In E
locations of Bush's speeches.
ginia
From the Files
"We want to make sure everything
feat N
The University of Virginia Behavioral Medicine Center will soon employ
works out to everyone's satisfac-
and
computer graphics and sound effects to allow patients to "see and hear". the
tion," said Fishback. "We want this
Brook
inner workings of the body that contribute to headaches, panic attacks and
conference to be productive."
soake
other problems.
In
According to the center's director, psychologist Dr. Daniel J. Cox, the Uni-
by 0
versity is one of only a few places in the state now using the advanced
Greek
vided
biofeedback equipment. He predicts these systems are likely to become more
woul
widely used because of the benefits to both patients and therapists.
Continued from page 1
throu
Computer-enhanced systems provide therapists with a more detailed pic-
change. She stated that "tradition
beatif
ture of medical problems and allow patients to control their particular ail-
and complacency are taking their
The
ments by changing the way their bodies respond to the world around them.
toll on this campus." Brian Owens,
minu
University Police are investigating the embezzlement of over $20,000 by a
IFC President, said "the ball is in our
University Hospital employee. No arrests have been made, but the police do
court. The time to make changes is
have a suspect, according to the Daily Progress.
now. The time to offer our support
Co
is now."
After the general planning session,
shoul
the Collaboration was divided into
University Briefs
ways
small groups, in which the partici-
Ralst
pants gave their reactions to the dis-
Cha
cussion. Several students said they
opini
time is needed to see the
Weather:
Inside: Book prices
Soccer victorious
Today will be hazy, hot and humld with a slight
chance of showers Highs near 90: Tomorrow will be
hot and with a chance of showers. Highs in the upper
hit the ceiling
5
in Classic
80s.
page
page 10
The Cavalier Daily
Photo Copy Preservation
Vol. 100, No. 9
University of Virginia, ttesville, Monday, September 11, 1989
Circulation 14,000
Rally to mark 100th day since massacre
By KAREN APPLEYARD
organization that is sponsoring such rallies at other
memorate the 100 days since [the] Tiananmen Square
world democracy."
Cavalier Daily Staff Writer
schools nationwide.
[event].
Sept. 12 has been "designated as National Chinese
Student Council President Ron Hohauser said
On June 3-4, Chinese students, who had assembled
Awareness Day by American student leaders in con-
Over three months have passed since the
History Prof. John Israel, Asian Studies Prof. Tony
in Tiananmen Square to call for democratic reforms
sultation with Chinese student leader Wuer Kaixi,"
Tiananmen Square massacre, but the bloody incident
Leng and Chinese-American fourth-year University
to the Chinese government, were attacked by the
according to Hohauser.
has not been forgotten.
student, Vern Yip, who was in Beijing this summer,
government's army, resulting in many deaths. The
Council had not planned to participate in tomor-
A rally marking the 100th day after the tragedy in
will address the rally's participants.
Trally marks the 100th day anniversary of the massa-
row's rally, Hohauser said, until last Wednesday
Beijing, China, will be held on the Lawn tomorrow.
Hohauser said that Arizona Sen. John McCain may
cre.
when he met with Committee members and realized
The rally's agenda includes a march from Old
participate in the rally. McCain has yet to confirm his
Woo said her committee "hopes to increase student
that there was a great deal of interest in the activi-
Cabell Hall to the Rotunda, where speeches will be
participation, he added.
awareness about the situation.
ties.
given by several Chinese scholars. Events are sched-
If McCain attends the rally, Hohauser said the
The Committee wants "to show that there's still
Council decided to support the rally, along with
uled to begin at noon.
senator may "simulcast a speech across the country
concern here in the United States and that we feel
Union's Minority Cultures Committee, he added.
The rally is being sponsored by the Committee on
and even to Hong Kong.
[the Chinese students' strife] here.
Sonya Gray, Minority Cultures Committee co-
Asian Cultures, University Union, Student Council
Jane Woo, vic. president for the Committee on
Hohauser added that the scheduled event is "an
chair, said Union plans to advertise for the rally via
and the China Support Network, a national
Asian Cultures, said the rally's purpose IS to com-
expression of solidarity" and of "committment to
media means, which include the distribution of fliers.
Senate
Lion tamers
Police recover
affirms
$20,000 in goods
disabled
By CHRISTINE MERCURE
himself, she added.
Cavalier Daily Associate Editor
University Police will release
the name of the employee when
University Police officers have
rights
the investigation is completed and
recovered in excess of $20,000
if charges are presented formally,
worth of property allegedly ob-
Harris said. She added that
tained with University funds by a
charges are pending against the
hospital employee, said Laura
employee.
By CURTIS ROSS
Cavalier Daily Associate Editor
Harris, University Police crime
University Hospital Director
prevention officer.
Michael Halseth said he is "sure
The United States Senate made
Harris said University Police
we will thoroughly investigate
great strides Friday toward pro-
officers began an investigation
this matter and if it is found that
viding protection for disabled per-
last Wednesday after they receiv-
[the] individual has done what it is
sons against discrimination in
ed a phone call from a University
alleged, he will be prosecuted.'
jobs, accomodations and services.
hospital employee who alerted
The stolen items recovered by
A bill. co-sponsored by Virginia
them that another~ hospital
police include books. vehicle
Senators Chuck Robb and John
employee was diverting hospital
equipment, word processors,
Warner, overwhelmingly passed in
funds from the state to obtain
backpacks, tools, tires, cameras
the Senate with 78 percent voting
property for his personal use. This
and office supplies. according to
apparency
over a period of several months.
Harris said the investigation
Harris added.
will continue until all illegally ob-
require compliance
to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
The employee "was in a position
tained property is recovered by
to order equipment for the hospi-
the police.
by federally funded institutions
tal and he took the opportunity to
Tom Doran, director of the
and from the private sector," said
Charlottesville Councilman Tom
Virginia quarterback Shawn Moore hands off to first ear tailback Terry Kirby in Saturday's
purchase things for his own per-
Health Sciences News Office, said,
game against Penn State. The Cavaliers beat the 12th ranked Nittany Lions 14-6. Story, page
sonal use," Harris said.
"This is now a police matter, so
Vandever yesterday.
The employee "was using pur-
they should be the only source of
The 1973 Act required federally
funded organizations to make
10.
chase orders to buy items for
information at this time."
their facilities more accessible to
disabled people.
In recent years, however, there
have been claims from the dis-
Honor debates expansion issue
abled community that earlier leg-
islation was not effective in guar-
academics will be lessened, said Davié
"When one adds 2,000 people
[the
anteeing equality.
Vandever said, "If Friday's vote
BY DAN BARNES
Berger, the Committee's Graduate
University] becomes less of a communi-
passes in the House, the bill will
Cavalier Daily Associate Editor
School of Arts representative
ty."
give teeth to the 1973 decision.
Berger said he doesm think an addi-
"If expansion does go through, it
Expansion was once again the focus
tional "2,000 people will break the honor
would not be an impossible task" to
"Such facilities at the Universi-
of discussion this time at the Honor
ty and private businesses can be
Committee's weekly meeting.
system.
adapt the honor system, said Brian
sharply affected by the decision.'
The Committee debated how Univer-
Throughout the meeting, Committee
Ralston, the Committee's Medical
Photo Copy Precervation
The Senate legislation would
sity-wide expansion would affect the
Chairman Lonnie Chafin did not express
School representative.
his personal views on expansion.
The possibility of establishing multi-
require modes of public transpor-
honor system, since they will be respon-
tation such as buses and trains to
sible for part of Student Council's Uni-
Following the meeting, Chafin said he
ple honor committees for the individual
be equipped with lifts for disabled
versity expansion report, which will be
is "trying" keep an open mind.' He
schools was refuted by Law School Rep.
added, however, does not think
Mark Allen. If more than one honor
passengers. "The University Transit Service
presented to the Board of Visitors at its
the honor.system can exist if the Uni-
committee existed, "then you. run into
October meeting.
could be the subject of a legal
versity becomes much larger.
the possibility of different [committees]
"The University in the past 20 years
Chairman Lonnie Cháfin addresses expansion
challenge to install lifts,'
has expanded and every time people say
"The honor system today is weaker
coming down with different decisions,
Members discussed the system's possible growth
than it was in 1940, Chafin added.
he said.
Vandever said.
the honor system will crumble" and that
"The" city's transit service has
already made provisions for mak-
ing buses more sensitive to handi-
capped passengers by requiring
lifts for future buses, he added.
Parade to kick off Homecoming celebration
Section 504 of the 1973 Act
provided for compliance to that
Friday at 3 Traditionally the
50-60 University groups each
Classic 5K Road Race will be held
Miler. and these are the people we
earlier decision, Vandever said.
By JUDITH SCANLON
parade welcomed University
staging a skit or performance
to benefit the American Caricer
hope to recruit for our own race."
Peter Stark, the University's
Cavalier Daily Staff Writer
alumni who showed their spirit by
depicting some aspect of the
Society and Volunteers for Youth,
Registration for the race con-
coordinator for compliance with
dressing in outrageous cosumes,
organization's activities, he said.
a service organization run by stu-
tinues through Sept. 30 at Alumni
Section 504, said he does not be-
The Reunions Parade, a celebra-
said parade coordinator Steve
The parade will begin near the
dent athletes at the University.
Hall, Newcomb Hall Main Desk,
lieve "the University will be af-
tion discontinued 74 years ago,
Smithson of Omicron Xi emineer
hospital, move around the Rotun-
Sigma Pi fraternity and Eljo's
Eljo's and Ragged Mountain
fected by the recent decision
has been revived at the Universi-
ing fraternity.
da and end in Gilmer Field.
are sponsoring the race, which will
Running Shop. The registration
because we have already made
ty.
strides toward aiding the disabled."
October 27 and 28 will be the
Held from 1903,to 19b7 the
A $20 group participation' fee
be run through Central Grounds.
fee $10.
University's revamped homecom-
parade was put to rest becuse of
will go toward the establishment
Sigma Pi brother Miguel
Saturday night the University
Eric Howell, Student Council
World War I, and no attemt has
of a scholarship fund for Albe-
Monteverde said, "We know
Guide Service will sponsor the
Handicapped Concerns Commit-
ing weekend. Planned events for
been made to resurrect theevent
marle and Charlottesville high
there's a large contingent of
Colonnade Ball in the Newcomb
tee vice chairman said, The Uni-
students and alumni include the
until now, Smithson addel He
school students who are accepted
health-conscious alumni in the
Hall Ballroom, Colonnade Ball
versity can do much better in pro-
Reunions Parade, the Homecom-
ing Classic 5K Road Race and the
said the parade reason for
the University but are unable to
Northern Virginia/Washington,
Director Kathy Head said. Stu-
viding facilities which are more
groups to get onland have full
fford tuition:
D.C., area who are regular parti-
dents under 21 years of age will be
accessible to the handicapped
Colonnade Ball.
The Reunions Parade begins
The 1989 will fiture
On Saturday, the Homecoming
pants in the Charlottesville Ten
able to attend.
community
Fountain dedication
scheduled
The anticipated visit of President
remain until funding, coordinated by
By
SUS.
N
DEAN
George Bush this month has caused
the Development Office, is met to
Cavalier Dat
Staff
Writer
postponement of the dedication to
complete the project, she added.
Don
expect
to
be
able
to
cake
a
homecoming weekend, Rush added.
The fountain was originally
late nnt dip in
new
fountain
in
The fountain will complete phase
dedicated in 1938. under President
Newcob Hall Plaza
one of the Newcomb Hall Plaza con-
Newcomb's tenure at the University.
The Hume Memorial Fountain,
struction and will serve as the focal
Funded by the descendents of Frank
which could be finished by Oct.
point for a plaza area to be con-
Hume, a Virginia legislator and mer-
will beoperations on special occa-
structed during phase two.
chant, the fountain was situated in
sions dy,' according to: Physical
The plaza, designed "for conversa-
front of Monroe Hall until the Balfour
Plant pject manager Lynn Rush. TO
tion or small artistic performances,"
addition was begun in 1986.
The aintain, designed to recir-
will be enclosed on three sides by
culate ter non-stop, will remain dry
trees. A four-foot high stone wall will
Rush said stone mason James Flory
duringost of the school year. It will
serve as a backdrop for the fountain.
of Renaissance Stone Masonry in
remainder "lock and key,' accor-
Rush said the area will remain "an
Daton. Va., "did a fantastic job of
ding "ush, "so that the University
eyesore for a while" until the second
putting the fountain together" again.
will ha³ome control
phase is completed. The second phase
"I'm very pleased with the outcome
She id the project, which was
is currently delayed by a lack of fun-
of the project," Rush said. The "skill-
begun dspring, will be dedicated by
ding, she said.
ed reconstruction represents an effort
Hume Memorial Fountain awaits further construction in Newcomb weekend Hall Plaz
Univery President Robert O'Neil
The temporary structures designed
by the University to preserve its ar-
The The fountain will be dedicated by President O'Neil during Homecoming
during necoming weekend.
for students to bypass the site will
chitectural level of history.'
12
Photo Copy Preservation
The Cavalier Daily Monday, September 11, 1989 3
War on drugs deemed insufficient
Remember the war on poverty? How about
won or lost, the answer lies in reducing demand
aimed at curbing the rampant drug-related vi-
the war on crime? If history is any guide,
through law enforcement and providing alter-
olence. Once the bullets stop flying, real prog-
President George Bush's unfocused and
natives to drug dealing. This is the stark reali-
ress will be made only when we are committed
underfunded war on drugs will be a resounding
ty: Government is far better equipped to en-
to providing opportunities for the inner-city
failure.
force laws and promote economic growth than
poor especially the young.
The president's $7.9 billion anti-drug strate-
to lead moral crusades or change popular at-
Drug treatment programs should also be
gy, unveiled last week before a beleagured na-
titudes, so we should forget trivialities such as
expanded to serve all those who want them,
tion, is ridiculously inadequate to deal with the
"just say no" and let government do what it
but all the treatment in the world will not mat-
current crisis. Bush, who apparently lacks the
does best.
ter if the addict has to return to a drug-soaked
guts to find appropriate funding for his
We have effectively abandoned our inner cit-
environment. This revitalization will be the
scheme, has dumped drug-fighting responsibil-
ies to vicious gangs and drive-by shootists,
most difficult and expensive part of the drug
ity on the bodies least capable of handling it:
imprisoning those who do not use or sell drugs
war, but if we fail to create alternatives to
state, local and Latin American governments.
crime there willialways be an eager pool of
When this paltry $7.9 billion is dispensed, it
potential dealers and users.
will be spread among so many different efforts
viewpoint
In an era of massive budget deficits, how are
that little significant progress will be made on
we supposed to fund the rebuilding of our cities
any single front.
Rob Lloyd
and the construction of new prisons? Robbing
If we are at all serious about our war, we
money from other deserving programs is
must cut both the supply and demand for
dishonest and/trankly, $7.9 billion is only a
drugs: On the supply side, this means con-
- a large majority in even the worst
downpayment War is expensive, but a nation
tinued military aid and expertise to the Latin
American governments besieged by the nar-
neighborhoods - in their own homes.
with a $5 trillion economy should not be at a
loss for resources when the need is so acute.
co-terrorists. Once the violence is reduced,
Obviously more police officers are needed to
If Bush lacks the will to raise income taxes at
however, it is crucial that alternative cash
reclaim our streets, but until these cops can be
the present time, then an excise tax on the $50
crops be introduced to the Andean peasants,
hired, military police units of the National
billion worth of beer Americans consume every
who presently have little choice but to grow
Guard should be utilized in a supportive role
year will do nicely in the interim. A 50-cent tax
coca. This initiative will not be easy or cheap,
Every guardsman that can escort prisoners or
on every six-pack of beer and every bottle of
but it is the only sure way to break the dual
direct traffic puts one more cop on the front
grip of poverty and the drug cartels.
line.
liquor, along with a 10-cent per pack boost in
the cigarette tax should generate sufficient
LATIN
It is also a vital matter of principle that the
The drug user, who bears the ultimate re-
funds for least the opening battles of the
swaggering thugs responsible for establishing
sponsibility for the current crisis, should not be
drug war.
the intra-American cocaine pipeline be brought
overlooked. There are cheap and potentially
The war on drugs will remain a sham until
to justice. If Latin American judiciaries and
devastating punishments that can be applied
Americans are prepared to attack every phase
police forces are too corrupt or cowardly to ap-
to the middle-class user, including revocation
of the problem over the course of the next gen-
prehend and extradite these criminals, the
of drivers' licenses, confiscation of cars and
eration. It will be difficult and expensive, but it
AMERICA
United States should seriously consider using
boats, and publication of offenders' names in
is probably the war we can least afford to lose.
its own law enforcement and military forces to
local newspapers.
accomplish this task.
But law enforcement, much like military aid
(Rob Lloyd is a third-year College student
On the domestic front, where the war will be
to Colombia, should only be a short-term effort
and an sociate editor for The Cavalier Daily.)
DAVID DELALIO-THECAVALIERDAILY -
Rainbow
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The Associated Press
The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Associated Press.
September 7, 1989, Thursday, AM cycle
SECTION: Domestic News
LENGTH: 391 words
HEADLINE: Govs Will Press Bush to Rally for Education Changes
BYLINE: By MIKE GLOVER, Associated Press Writer
DATELINE: DES MOINES, Iowa
KEYWORD: Governors-Bush
BODY:
The nation's governors will prod President Bush to be a cheerleader for
changes in schools, but few will seek more federal money when they meet him for
an education summit, the governors' leader says.
"Sure, they'd like to see more money in some areas, but I think realistically
they recognize that's not going to happen," said Iowa Gov. Terry Branstad, a
Republican who chairs the National Governors Association.
The governors will meet Bush on Sept. 27 and 28 in Charlottesville, Va.
Branstad said he's surveyed all 50 to develop a list of priorities, which
include drugs, improving support of teachers, raising literacy rates, dealing
with "at-risk" youngsters and restructuring schools.
A few governors indicated they'll push for more money for college loans for
low-income students, but most understand that "our best hope is to try to get
the administration to buy into giving the states more flexibility," Branstad
said in an interview this week.
Instead, the governors will ask Bush to bring the visibility and muscle of
the White House to a year-long effort to develop a national consensus for
changes in education, Branstad said.
"He's the most visible person in the United States and if he decides to make
something an issue, it's going to be an issue," he said. "What we want to do is
raise the visibility of education as a national agenda item."
Branstad said the result could be the nation's first coordinated response to
"A Nation at Risk," a report critical of American education.
"We haven't really had a consensus response," Branstad said. "We've had
various experimentation and different things going on, some which has worked,
some of which hasn't."
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The Associated Press, September 7, 1989
Branstad said some education reform efforts have failed because elected
officials haven't worked to gain support.
"Governors and legislatures passed laws that said 'we will have better
education.' It didn't work because it didn't get down to the people in the
classrooms," he said.
Representatives of the governors and White House staffers are negotiating
over the summit's format. The meeting will have many closed-door sessions,
Branstad said.
"The president is interested in casual, candid and fruitful discussions
between himself and the governors," Bush aide Roger Porter said in a memo.
"Therefore, there will be no outside speakers and very limited staff."
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3RD STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
PR Newswire
September 6, 1989, Wednesday
DISTRIBUTION: TO STATE DESK AND EDUCATION EDITOR
LENGTH: 395 words
HEADLINE: NEWS ADVISORY
DATELINE: RICHMOND, Va., Sept. 6
KEYWORD: GOV. BALILES ANNOUNCES SCHEDULE
BODY:
RICHMOND, Va., Sept. 6 /PRN/ Governor Gerald L. Baliles'
schedule for Thursday and Friday, September 7 and 8 includes several
education-related events which are detailed below. For further
information please contact the Governor's Press Office at
804-786-2211.
Thursday, September 7
10:00 a.m. - Governor Baliles and Donald J. Finley, Virginia's
Secretary of Education, will meet with the Virginia Business Council
for a "Round Table on Public Schools." This meeting will be held in
the Old Senate Chamber of the State Capitol and will be open to the
press. The Business Council will be briefed on progress in Virginia's
public schools over the past several years, will be given an outline of
Virginia's education goals for the 1990's, and Business Council members
will be asked for their views on areas of Virginia's education system
which need further improvement.
1:45 p.m. - Governor Baliles will meet with the State Board of
Education in the Governor's conference room to discuss Virginia's
education priorities and to solicit the Board's views on areas of
discussion for the Presidential Education Summit. This meeting will be
closed, however, there will be a brief photo opportunity before the
meeting begins and immediately following the meeting, the Governor and
Board of Education members will take questions from reporters. The
meeting is scheduled to conclude at 2:30 p.m.
Friday, September 8
10:00 a.m. - Governor Baliles will have a photo session with Mary
Bicouvaris of Newport News, the 1989 National Teacher of the Year, and
Gloria Anderson of Rocky Mount, the 1990 Virginia Teacher of the year.
The photo session will be held in the Governor's conference room.
1:15 p.m. - Governor Baliles will teach a geography class at Varina
High School in Henrico County to officially open the Virginia Satellite
Educational Network (VSEN), a satellite system serving high schools
across Virginia. More than 800 students throughoutVirginia are
enrolled in VSEN courses for the 1989)1990 school year including Latin,
Advanced Placement English and Calculus, Geometry and Japanese. This
program will be held in The Electronic Classroom at Varina High School,
7053 Messer Road, Richmond 804- 222-0925.
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4TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 The Washington Post
September 5, 1989, Tuesday, Final Edition
SECTION: FIRST SECTION; PAGE A17; THE FEDERAL PAGE; TALKING POINTS
LENGTH: 290 words
HEADLINE: States Prepare for Education Summit
BYLINE: Maralee Schwartz; Bill McAllister; David S. Broder
BODY:
Hoping to attract some attention and put a little pressure on President Bush
to keep his pledge to be the education president, two states are gearing up for
the educational summit Bush plans to hold with the 50 governors Sept. 27-28 in
Charlottesville.
The West Virginia Federation of Teachers announced plans to solicit comments
from classroom teachers and citizens on their priorities for public education in
the state. The information will be given to West Virginia Gov. Gaston Caperton
(D) to help define his goals for the summit.
"The only way the governor can clearly understand the challenges teachers and
other school personnel in West Virginia face is to listen to the concerns of
those who see the problems firsthand," federation president Rick Lyon said.
Bush said he hopes the education summit will set goals for school
districts, but federation executive director Bob Brown said: "Education is
largely controlled by governors and localities -- not by the federal government.
The goals educators express to Caperton must be goals for the state to carry
out."
Brown pointed out that West Virginia has the second lowest-paid teachers and
one of the highest dropout rates in the country. "We all know the limits our
state presently has on its budget," he said, "50 we want it to be clear to the
president that real money from Washington is more important than rhetoric."
Meanwhile, Delaware Gov. Michael N. Castle (R) convened his own summit last
month in preparation for the national meeting. "The president's education
summit offers us an opportunity to contribute to the national debate about the
future of education - and at the same time identify how Delaware's schools can
improve in the next few years," Castle said.
TYPE: NATIONAL NEWS
SUBJECT: WEST VIRGINIA; SCHOOL TEACHERS; SUMMITS AND CONFERENCES
NAME: GEORGE BUSH; GASTON CAPERTON; MICHAEL N. CASTLE
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9TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 The New York Times Company;
The New York Times
September 3, 1989, Sunday, Late Edition - Final
SECTION: Section 4; Page 13, Column 1; Editorial Desk
LENGTH: 774 words
HEADLINE: A Seismic Shock for Education
BYLINE: By Chester E. Finn Jr.; Chester E. Finn Jr., professor of education and
public policy at Vanderbilt University, is director of the Educational
Excellence Network.
DATELINE: WASHINGTON
BODY:
The annual Gallup education poll sponsored by the professional educational
fraternity Phi Delta Kappa often yields startling results.
On many issues spanning the survey's 21-year history, the public has declared
itself in favor of seismic changes in the ground rules of the education system -
reforms that go far beyond what many educators (and elected officials) are
comfortable with.
The 1989 poll, unveiled Aug. 24, amounts to a major earthquake. The hoariest
policy assumption of American schooling that essential decisions about
curriculum and standards must be locally determined - -turns out to be another
political myth.
In sharp contrast to a century-old practice, people say they want national
education standards, a national curriculum and national tests.
The temblor couldn't be more timely. On Sept. 27, President Bush and the
governors will gather in Charlottesville, Va., for an education 'summit
meeting. No weightier topic could be on their agenda than the challenge of
developing common school norms and curriculums for the whole country - and a
testing-and-accountability system by which we can know over time whether those
norms are being met.
Many educators would surely balk, for they would be protective of their
autonomy, the decentralization of today's system and the degree to which its
results are blurred and its employees spared from consequences.
But Gallup's data suggest that it may be timely for elected officials to set
aside the conservatism of the professionals and the incrementalism of recent
reform efforts and, instead, rewrite basic assumptions about how to chart the
course and gauge the progress of the nation's schools.
Whether those officials have the courage to do 50 remains to be seen, but it
is clear the electorate would support such shifts.
Asked 'would you favor or oppose requiring the public schools in this
community to conform to national achievement standards and goals?'', 70
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(c) 1989 The New York Times, September 3, 1989
percent of Gallup's respondents were in favor, 19 percent apposed.
Asked 'would you favor or oppose requiring the public schools in this
community to use a standardized national curriculum?'', the responses were 69
percent yes, 21 percent no.
And asked about ''requiring the public schools in this community to use
standardized national testing programs to measure the academic achievement of
students?'', the results were 77 percent affirmative, only 14 percent negative.
In every instance, people with children enrolled in the public schools were
even more enthusiastic about these changes than adults with no youngsters in
school.
This doesn't mean citizens want Federal officials to run their schools. As
recently as two years ago, survey data showed 39 percent wanting Washington to
have ''less influence on improving the local public schools'' (while 37 percent
favored ''more influence''). Yet for some time polls have found the public
receptive to greater state influence and stronger state-led accountability
measures. In 1987, some 84 percent of those surveyed agreed that one of the
things the Federal Government should do is ''require states and local school
districts to meet minimum educational standards.
Such changes imply greater homogeneity than our state-based, locally
administered education system has ever displayed, as well as tougher norms and
consequences linked to school results.
But in tandem with the uniformity, people favor ceding more operational
authority to individual principals and giving students choices among schools.
Other tremors emerge from the data. Virtually no one supports the universal
practice of allowing youngsters to drop out upon reaching a specified age.
Forty-five percent would keep them in school until they graduate, while 38
percent would oblige them to meet ''certain standards of knowledge and skill''
before being permitted to leave school.
Asking one's opinion of a hypothetical event is not the same as confronting
people with actual disruptions in long-established patterns. Nor can we be
certain the public would reward public officials who take such initiatives.
(Voter participation rates in local school board elections are scarcely
encouraging.) But alarmed by the drab performance of schools, despite years of
marginal reforms, parents and taxpayers seem ready for profound changes.
The participants at the education summit meeting would do well to heed the
Gallup data. Helping guide the public to where it says it wants to go is not a
bad definition of leadership. Besides, when the territory is covered with
decrepit old structures, an earthquake may be the only way to clear the ground
for new construction.
TYPE: Op-ed
SUBJECT: Terms not available
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15TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Proprietary to the United Press International 1989
August 30, 1989, Wednesday, BC cycle
SECTION: Regional News
LENGTH: 306 words
HEADLINE: Teachers' survey shows 77 percent rate system good
DATELINE: CHARLESTON, W.Va.
KEYWORD: Survey
BODY:
A survey of teachers' attitudes in West Virginia shows that 77 percent rated
the state's education system ''just OK'' or better, West Virginia Federation of
Teachers Executive Director Bob Brown said Wednesday.
The poll also shows 45 percent of the teachers ranked salary as the most
troublesome aspect of their job. Those polled said pay hikes of at least 10
percent a year over the next several years are necessary.
Other concerns identified by the poll show teachers want greater say in
decisions affecting curriculum development and tougher student discipline
standards.
The survey was mailed to 12,000 classroom teachers in June, Brown said during
a news conference. About 15 percent of the teachers responded to the survey.
Concerning the status of West Virginia's education system, 4 percent rated it
excellent, 42 percent said it was good and 31 percent ''just OK. At the other
end of the scale, 9 percent said it was poor and 11 percent rated it not good.
Brown said the high approval rating shows West Virginia teachers ' 'are
committed to the cause and it's a tribute to teachers that more haven't left.
Regarding student discipline, Brown said 41 percent of the teachers felt they
didn't have the authority to evict a disruptive child from the classroom.
''I don't think they want a return of spanking a child ... but to have the
right to remove a disruptive child from the class,' he said.
Brown said the problem with student discipline is it quickly turns into a
political issue as principals are afraid to act.
To improve the situation, Brown suggested that alternative settings be
developed for disruptive students.
The teachers federation recently launched a second survey, and Brown said the
results will be given to Gov. Gaston Caperton in time for next month's national
education summit in Virginia.
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17TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
The Associated Press
The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Associated Press.
August 24, 1989, Thursday, PM cycle
SECTION: Washington Dateline
LENGTH: 791 words
HEADLINE: U.S. Education Soaks Up Record Amount
BYLINE: By TAMARA HENRY, Associated Press Writer
DATELINE: WASHINGTON
KEYWORD: School Costs
BODY:
With U.S. schools projected to soak up a record $$353 billion for the new
school year, Education Secretary Lauro Cavazos and other educators disagree on
whether students are benefiting.
"Our nation continues to make a tremendous financial investment in education
but the education deficit continues to grow," Cavazos said Wednesday, and "too
many Americans remain ill-prepared for a changing world."
Cavazos released the department's annual statistical forecast for the 1989-90
school year, showing that all levels of public and private education will spend
about $$353 billion in state, federal and local dollars.
The education spending will amount to 6.8 percent of the gross national
product and will exceed the Bush administration's proposed 1990 national defense
budget of $$303 billion, said Cavazos.
The $$353 billion is 6.8 percent more than last year's overall spending of
$$330 billion.
But Education Department officials point to the dismal performance of
American youth on academic achievement tests, particularly in areas such as math
and science that are considered critical in a fast-changing technical society.
In most instances, Americans scored near the bottom in both math and science
when compared with dozens of other industrial nations.
Mary Futrell, outgoing president of the National Education Association,
attributed the increasing costs of education to a rapid rise in the number of
children living in poverty.
"As you get more children who are poor into the school systems, you get more
deficiencies, and students whose needs are different and greater," said Mrs.
Futrell, explaining that the report fails to "accurately reflect the diversity
of students" - children of recent immigrants who don't speak English and those
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The Associated Press, August 24, 1989
from poor or single-parent families.
"So it costs more to educate those children," she added.
Ann Lynch, president of the National Parents and Teachers Association,
headquartered in Chicago, said the huge investment in education shows
"commitment even though all the students' needs are not being met."
Albert Shanker, president of the American Federation of Teachers, bristled at
Cavazos' use of the term "education deficit."
"We have many educational problems because we're suffering from a leadership
deficit," said Shanker. "It is the leadership deficit that's at the bottom of
the educational deficit."
President Bush has called an education summit" Sept. 27-28 in
Charlottesville, Va., with the nation's governors, and Cavazos said the meeting
was a "historic step
*** to address this national crisis."
"Such leadership is critical," Cavazos said, "but parents, teachers indeed,
all Americans - - must become involved if we are to ensure that each student has
an opportunity to be educated to his or her fullest potential."
Among the major conclusions in the report:
-Spending on higher education will increase the most, to $$141 billion, up
7.2 percent from the $$131.4 billion spent last year. Once adjusted for
inflation, that represents a 36 percent increase since the 1980-81 school year.
-Expenditures for each full-time, higher education student will rise to
$$14,923, nearly $$750 more per student than a year ago.
-Costs for public and private elementary and secondary schools are expected
to rise to $$212 billion, a 6.6 percent increase over last year's $$199.1
billion. After inflation, that is a 29 percent gain since 1980-81.
-Expenditures for each elementary and secondary school student are expected
to reach a record high of $$5,246, $$308 per student more than last year.
-The average salary of public elementary and secondary school teachers is
expected to rise to $$31,200, up 5.5 percent over last year's average of
$$29,567. After inflation, that will amount to a 20 percent increase since
1980-81.
While educational costs continue to increase, total enrollment in the
nation's schools and colleges will rise only slightly, up by 400,000 for a total
of 58.7 million this fall. About 45.6 million young people will attend
elementary and secondary schools, and 13.1 million students will attend higher
education institutions.
Peterson's, a Princeton, N.J., education and career information company, said
a recent survey found that 224 of the nation's most competitive colleges
experienced an average enrollment decline of 1.6 percent. The company said
public institutions' freshmen declined by 3.4 percent, while independent
institutions increased their enrollment slightly by 0.6 percent.
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The Associated Press, August 24, 1989
The Education Department projected a decrease of 178,000 high school
graduates for the spring of 1990, bringing the total to 2.6 million. The trend
has been generally downward since the peak year of 1977 when nearly 3.2 million
students received diplomas.
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20TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 The Times Mirror Company;
Los Angeles Times
August 23, 1989, Wednesday, P.M. Final
SECTION: Part A; Page 2; Column 3; Late Final Desk
LENGTH: 387 words
HEADLINE: U.S. PUPILS 'ILL PREPARED' --- CAVAZOS;
EDUCATION SECRETARY FORECASTS $353-BILLION 1989-90 COST
BYLINE: From Associated Press
DATELINE: WASHINGTON
BODY:
The U.S. educational system continues to soak up huge amounts of money -
projected at a record $353 billion for the new school year -- while churning out
students "ill-prepared for a changing world," Education Secretary Lauro F.
Cavazos said today.
Cavazos, in releasing the Education Department's annual statistical forecast
for the 1989-90 school year, said education expenditures will amount to 6.8% of
the gross national product and even exceed the Bush Administration's proposed
1990 national defense budget of $303 billion.
He said all levels of public and private education will spend about $353
billion in state, federal and local dollars, compared with last year's overall
spending of $330 billion.
"Our nation continues to make a tremendous financial investment in education
but the education deficit continues to grow," Cavazos said, and "too many
Americans remain ill-prepared for a changing world."
Education officials point to the dismal performance of American young people
on academic achievement tests, particularly in areas such as math and science
that are considered critical in a fast-changing technical society.
In most instances, Americans scored near the bottom in both math and science
when compared with students of dozens of other industrial nations.
President Bush has called an " education summit" Sept. 27-28 in
Charlottesville, Va., with the nation's governors, and Cavazos said the meeting
was a "historic step
to address this national crisis."
"Such leadership is critical," Cavazos said, "but parents, teachers --
indeed, all Americans -- must become involved if we are to ensure that each
student has an opportunity to be educated to his or her fullest potential."
Mary Futrell, outgoing president of the National Education Assn., attributed
the increasing costs of education to a rapid rise in the number of children
living in poverty and children of immigrants.
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14
(c) 1989 Los Angeles Times, August 23, 1989
"As you get more children who are poor into the school systems, you get more
deficiencies, and students whose needs are different and greater," said Futrell,
explaining that the report fails to "accurately reflect the diversity of
students" --- children of recent immigrants who do not speak English and those
from poor or single-parent families.
"So it costs more to educate those children," she added.
TYPE: Wire
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15
21ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
The Xinhua General Overseas News Service
The materials in the Xinhua file were compiled by The Xinhua News Agency. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Xinhua News Agency.
AUGUST 23, 1989, WEDNESDAY
LENGTH: 496 words
HEADLINE: U.S. education spending soars to record 353 billion
DATELINE: washington, august 23; ITEM NO: 0823123
BODY:
the 1989-90 school year will consume 353 billion dollars, hitting a record in
U.S. education spending, the U.S. education department predicted today. in
releasing the department's annual statistical forecast, education secretary
lauro cavazos said education expenditures will amount to 6.8 percent of the
gross national product and even exceed the bush administration's proposed 1990
national defense budget of 303 billion dollars. the 353 billion dollars comes
from the federal government (9 percent), state governments (39 percent), local
governments (25 percent) and private and other sources (27 percent). the record
budget is for all levels of public and private education. last year's total
spending was 330 billion dollars. the forecast said education expenditures for
the new school year that starts this fall, adjusted for inflation, will rise 1.8
percent to a level 32 percent higher than in 1980-81. spending per student in
will go up 1.3 percent to 5,246 dollars in elementary and secondary schools, and
up 0.4 percent to 14,923 dollf higher educat on. secretary cavazos said despite
a generous investment by the american people, education remains "a national
crisis." in most cases, americans scored near the bottom in both math and
science compared with dozens of other industrial nations that spend less per
pupil. "the education deficit continues to grow. yet too many americans remain
ill-prepared for a changing world," cavazos said. to discuss the "crisis,"
president bush has called an # education summit" with the nation's governors on
september 27-28 in charlottesville, virginia. the meeting was described by
secretary cavazos as a "historical step." the report also said teacher salaries,
total enrollment and the number of bachelor's degrees will increase this year,
while the number of high school graduates will decline. average public school
teacher salaries will increase to 31,200 dollars, up 5.5 percent over last
year's average of 29,567 dollars. after inflation, salaries will be about 20
percent higher than in 1980-81, but only 6.3 percent above 1973-74. total
enrollement will rise by 400,000 to 58.7 million. about 45.6 million children
will attend kindergarten, elementary and secondary schools, and some 13.1
million students, up 250,000 from last year, will attend higher education
institutions. however, the study noted, the increase of undergraduates reflects
a rise in older and part-time students, particularly women. the number of
bachelor's degrees will hit a record 1,006,000. associate and master's degrees
will rise to 448,000 and 301,000, respectively. professional and doctoral
degrees will hold steady at 72,000 and 34,000, respectively. about 2.6 million
people are expected to be graduated from high schools next spring, down 178,000
from last year and continuing a general decline from the peak of 3.2 million in
1977.
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17
(c) 1989 The Christian Science Publishing Society, August 22, 1989
So far, George Bush's ''education presidency'' has been without substance. He
can begin to change that this coming school year.
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23RD STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 Chicago Tribune Company;
Chicago Tribune
August 18, 1989, Friday, NORTH SPORTS FINAL EDITION
SECTION: PERSPECTIVE; Pg. 24; ZONE: C; Voice of the people (letter)
LENGTH: 127 words
HEADLINE: 'Ignoring educators'
BYLINE: Dianne McGuire
sununo
DATELINE: NAPERVILLE
BODY:
Once again, I am compelled to write. President Bush, the education President,
has called for an Education Summit with the nation's governors on Sept. 27-28.
These governors - - many of them practicing attorneys, few, if any, practicing
classroom teachers - will be sitting down to forge this plan for reform.
They will be drawing this remarkable plan without the key players: educators!
This is typical Bush style. He has targeted the National Education Association -
the nation's largest and most prestigious association of educators - as an enemy
of education, so no wonder its nearly 2 million members are bypassed in his
reform efforts.
Just how meaningless will his package be? Just how wasteful will this plan
be? Just how stupid can a man be?
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24TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 Facts on File, Inc.;
Facts on File World News Digest
August 18, 1989
SECTION: UNITED STATES; Politics
PAGE: Pg. 606 G1
LENGTH: 173 words
HEADLINE: State Governors Meet
BODY:
The National Governors' Association held its 81st annual summer meeting July
30-August 1 in Chicago. [See 1987, p. 626G1]
The most significant development to come out of the conference was an
invitation by President Bush July 31 to meet with the 50 state governors at an "
education summit" to be held September 27-28 at an unspecified location. The
purpose of the summit, Bush said, would be to find ways to "strengthen our
schools
and to improve our nation's educational performance."
The conference August 1 passed a resolution calling on the federal government
to impose a two-year moratorium on expansion of the Medicare program. The
governors said the states often bore the financial brunt of increased
health-care coverage mandated by Washington.
Separately, the governors said they hoped the abortion debate would not come
to dominate state legislative agendas at the expense of more pressing issues in
the wake of the Supreme Court's recent decision upholding a restrictive Missouri
abortion law. [See P. 512C31
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20
25TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
The Associated Press
The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Associated Press.
August 15, 1989, Tuesday, AM cycle
SECTION: Washington Dateline
LENGTH: 232 words
HEADLINE: President Establishes Advisory Committee
DATELINE: WASHINGTON
KEYWORD: Bush-Education
BODY:
President Bush, preparing for an education summit with the nation's
governors next month, signed an executive order Tuesday establishing a new
President's Education Policy Advisory Committtee.
He has not yet named the members, but it will be the first presidential
advisory committee on education in years.
Bush, who has said he wants to be "the education president," has summoned the
governors to a summit in Charlottesville, Va., Sept. 27-28, to discuss the
problems of the nation's schools and search for common solutions.
Roger Porter, the president's domestic policy adviser, will serve as
secretary for the committee, which must complete its work by Dec. 31, 1990,
unless the president extends its life.
The advisory panel that published the scathing "A Nation At Risk" report in
April 1983 warning of "a rising tide of mediocrity" in U.S. schools was actually
a creation of the Department of Education and then-Secretary of Education T.H.
Bell, not the Reagan White House.
But Reagan held a ceremony at the White House to unveil the report, which
helped trigger moves in virtually every state to raise high school graduation
standards.
Education Secretary Lauro Cavazos has said the reform movement has brought
some improvements to U.S. schools, but not enough.
Bush proposed a $$441 million package of school reforms last April, include
expanded support for magnet schools.
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31ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Proprietary to the United Press International 1989
August 11, 1989, Friday, BC cycle
SECTION: Washington News
LENGTH: 109 words
HEADLINE: - Education summit' set for Virginia
DATELINE: WASHINGTON
KEYWORD: Education
BODY:
President Bush will hold his Sept. 27-28 education summit with the
nation's governors in Charlottesville, Va., the White House said Friday.
Two weeks ago, Bush invited the members of the National Governors'
Association to a two-day conference to explore ways to improve the country's
troubled schools.
The education summit will mark just the third time in history that a
president has called the governors together to address a problem facing the
country.
In 1908, President Theodore Roosevelt summoned them to discuss conservation.
And in 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt assembled the governors to consider
solutions to the Great Depression.
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32ND STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 The Washington Post
August 8, 1989, Tuesday, Final Edition
SECTION: OPINION EDITORIAL; PAGE A16
LENGTH: 401 words
HEADLINE: A Summit on Education
BODY:
THE IDEA has been kicking around among educators since shortly after George
Bush was elected to his self-described "education presidency": Why not get the
president to call an = education summit" to bring leaders together and focus
talk and attention on education problems and solutions? Last week while
addressing the National Governors' Association, the president did just that. He
and the governors will meet to talk about education and education reform for two
days in late September. This is an eminently inoffensive idea, even if no one is
likely to mistake it for an education policy. What the participants will find to
talk about is a tougher question.
Any national discussion of education labors under built-in limits. Governors
and localities, not the federal government, are the main players in education
policy and thus in any serious reform. More than 90 percent of education funding
is local; the rest is concentrated in programs for the disadvantaged, and while
many of these are underfunded, the president has made abundantly clear that more
money is not on offer. Other than money, the states have been at something of a
loss about what to request from an "education president," if there is such a
thing. This partly accounts for the appeal of calling for an education summit
in the first place.
The kinds of nonmonetary help that the president can give on education are no
big secret. Education reform is above all a matter of sustained effort, of
motivating politicians and teachers to stick with reform plans that will bear
fruit slowly if at all. The president has the bully pulpit. He can encourage
districts and states to set their own goals, spotlight some of the reforms he
thinks bear replication, contribute stump time and attention if not money. The
Education Department can collect and disseminate research of the "What Works"
type that former secretary William Bennett made popular to aid districts that
want to set reform goals without reinventing wheels.
The governors can exhort the president to do more of this sort of thing, and
perhaps in two days of talks they can coordinate and refine their respective
efforts. But will they really be telling the president anything he doesn't know?
It remains to be seen whether this "summit" can go beyond the innumerable
education meetings already held. What happens there will be less important than
what happens afterward.
TYPE: EDITORIAL
SUBJECT: EDUCATION; AREAS OF EDUCATION
ORGANIZATION: NATIONAL GOVERNORS' ASSOCIATION
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NEW
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS AT EDUCATION SUMMIT
Convocation
Themes
1. Appraise the current state of U.S. education as
a baseline for the future in terms that are accurate, hence
critical, but not morose.
2. Outline the President's vision of where American
education ought to be five or SO years hence, and volunteer
to cooperate with the governors in getting there, including
a joint venture to develop specific educational goals and
standards.
3. Distinguish between the national need and the federal
role, committing Washington to do its part, but stipulating
that it is a small part. In discussing the federal role we
should emphasize themes that the President has previously
emphasized.
4. Make clear that the President regards the governors
(and other state and local education leaders) as the linchpin
of the education reform effort.
5. Indicate that reviving American education isn't just
a task for "public policy." Parents, children (students), and
communities also have a major responsibility and must make a
concerted effort.
6. Suggest that the public is ready for more sweeping and
far-reaching changes with respect to education than we have
thus far been willing to make.
-2-
7. Defuse the "we need more money" argument by saying
that we aren't getting our money's worth today and that while
the states are naturally free to spend more money if they want
or need to (and some may), from the standpoint of the country
as a whole we need to be more concerned with what comes out of
the education system than with what goes in.
8. Indicate that the President is interested in seeing
greater flexibility and accountability in the funds that are
provided by the Federal government and that he is prepared to
work with the governors by seeking greater flexibility in
return for greater accountability.
9. Make clear that as a nation we must view education
broadly -- it should infuse every aspect of our lives and
society, and it should be a lifelong enterprise. Our homes
and our workplaces must be places of learning in which we are
constantly upgrading our skills and our competence as a people.
This is essential if we are to compete successfully interna-
tionally. It will greatly influence the quality of life in our
land.
10. Suggest recurrent stocktaking sessions with governors
about education, although not necessarily more full-fledged
"summits."
PORTER: Jefferson fits in At beginng/ Point 9
President's Address at Education Summit
Convocation
Themes
1. Appraise the current state of U.S. education as a
>
baseline for the future in terms that are accurate, hence cri-
tical, but not morose.
2. Outline the President's vision of where American
VAGUE
10 YRS
education ought to be five or so years hence, and volunteer
YR 2000
to cooperate with the governors in getting there including a
joint venture to develop specific educational goals and stand-
ards.
3. Distinguish between the national need and the federal
Sununu ADAMANT
ABOUT THIS - role, committing Washington to do its part, but stipulating
that it is a small part. In discussing the federal role we
should emphasize themes that the President has previously
emphasized. [EXCELLENCE, CHOICE, ACCOUNT., ETC.]
4. Make clear that the President regards the governors
(and other state and local education leaders) as the linchpin
of the education reform effort.
5. Indicate that reviving American education isn't just
a task for "public policy." It will take concerted effort
by parents, children (students), and communities. EVERYONE
6. Suggest that the public is ready for more sweeping
and far-reaching changes with respect to education than we
coorse
have thus far been willing to make.
7. Defuse the "we need more money" argument by saying
that we aren't getting our money's worth today and that while
Flox. + Accountability
-2-
NEED A MORE RESULTS- - ORIENT-
ED ED. SYSTEM.
the states are naturally free to spend more money if they want
or need to (and some may), from the standpoint of the country
as a whole we need to be more concerned with what comes out
of the education system than with what goes in.
8. Indicate that the President is interested in seeing
greater flexibility and accountability in the funds that are
provided by the Federal government and that he is prepared to
work with the governors by seeking greater flexibility in
JEffeRson
return for greater accountability.
9. Make clear that as a nation we must view education
broadly -- it should infuse every aspect of our lives and
society, and it should be a lifelong enterprise. Our homes
and our workplaces must be places of learning in which we are
constantly upgrading our skills and our competence as a people.
This is essential if we are to compete successfully internation-
ally. It will greatly influence the quality of life in our
land.
10. Suggest recurrent stocktaking sessions with governors
about education, although not necessarily more full-fledged
"summits." I want TO WORK w/ you ON A CONTINUING DASIS
CLINTON WANTS A CHACLE NGE: TO.A THOROUG I Going
RESTRUCTURING
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
(George Bush Library)
Document No.
Subject/Title of Document
Date
Restriction
Class.
and Type
01. Notes
Handwritten notes, Re: Education Summit. (3 pp.)
n.d.
Collection:
Record Group:
Bush Presidential Records
Office:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Davis, Mark William
Open on Expiration of PRA
Subseries:
Subject File
(Document Follows)
WHORM Cat.:
By CAP
(NLGB) on 4/5/05
File Location:
Education Summit - Charlottesville, VA Part III 9/28/89
Date Closed:
12/13/2004
OA/ID Number:
13870-002
FOIA/SYS Case #:
S
Appeal Case #:
Re-review Case #:
2005-0481-S
Appeal Disposition:
P-2/P-5 Review Case #:
Disposition Date:
AR Case #:
MR Case #:
AR Disposition:
MR Disposition:
AR Disposition Date:
MR Disposition Date:
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P-1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
(b)(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P-2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
(b)(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of an
P-3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P-4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
(b)(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
(b)(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P-5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
(b)(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P-6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
(b)(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed of
(b)(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
(b)(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
PRM Removed as a personal record misfile.
5 minute welcome
BioGiE
25 minutes [LAST minute STOFF]
FinAL STATEMENT - NEGOT. OUT THERE
}}
*
Child, etc. funding -
We will he willing to seeh flex. for JTPA,
to specific objectives.
if they themelves
Conguss will hate this -
LINCHPINS
1) Flexibility + Accountab. ty
2) NAtional BoAls
I
$
3) CHALLENCE TO GOUS- funda. Restaniting
- DON'T WANT TO DUMP ON ED. SYSTEM AGAIN
- BUT DON'T GIVE A Rosy picture
PARADOY
- LIKE WHAT THEY GOT
- TRADITION -s HA TTERING CHANGES
No NATIONAL CURRICULA
Problems: Blanchans of Now MICHIGAN / THE DUKE
York
NEW Results. york spenps huge sums pek CAPITA/FOR low
PRESS EXPECTATIONS low
wacomine REMARKS - LITTLE HUMOR
USE SOME JEFFERSONIA / NEEDS sounD BITE
IMPORT. ED/ ove life
RECOG. SPECIAL ROLE OF GOUS. / Officials / I have
IDEAS ABOUT ED. / WANT TO SHARE Free+ CAWDis
coop. THEM in / "WE" 1 WE'VE WORKED CLOSELY w/
NATL. Gous. ASSOC. 1 SHOW ITI HE'S in CONTROL/ BUT THEY ARE DOED/W
10/14/89
W
Education is our most enduring
legacy
vital to everything
we are and can become.
in
There of Gou Sun.
ISTHAT THE GOU.S WORDS?
Bush Quote
PORTER /Ropee 10/14/82
Potos Dual Office INTERVIEW - T.V.
PORTER: OVERVIEW of Summit / Demo. Gous. DON'T
WANT TO BE PROPS for Pors. Patnership. But our
meeting Bent over hockwards to encorpo-
rate their info. into schedule- -
Clinton BRANSTAND/GARDNER Pres. I, CAMPLEEL Jeep - - Chair NGA ED. Com. /BEST DEMOCRATS
Pors + 4 BEGINNING sign STATEMENT /
PLAY AT + END
Pres. oping unicules followed by Rep. + Deno. Gov.
3 WORKING groups Potos w/ 1/2 home -
2 HR BREAK -
next DAY
Another clustr 3 worling groups
CONVOCATION - Pus. Unio. introduces Balilies
Then meeting us top. staff aids -
THe
[ CON Branstad, then Pres.
Pres. to speAk 25 minutes
Then worling lumb/ plenary session/them
questions from press -
Dinner TOAST MONTECELLO
Pors/ Barb/ Gous + Spouses/ CAB. + spouses
TOAST THE NATION'S TEACHERS
GEORGE WyliE - JEFF'S TEACHERS
GEORGE BUSH'S FAVORITE tEAcher
following
E
A Who to think he'd he pleased /
The Tom Jeff. 100king over our shouldns-
DON'T OVERUSE Jeff/ usehim in All
9 to5/ loyer school day/ Coyer school year
Sciences not early econle- -
Voyager great classroom instructions -
EDITORIAL - JEFFERSON
UINCE BRESLIO - # 1 inDiCATOR parent involvent 1
NOT CLOSING DOOR TO REST OF NATIOW/
D Parental indovement
2) Student esteem / expectation
3) Teacher seef - esteem
COMPETITION
Hyler ed. competitive
/ National leaduship/ EDUCATION Pres.
Onligher
Kthough 12 [NATION AT Risk ]
/ We want world's lest/
States want to wan/ Flexclulity over contol
over their funds -
* / encome states to he as flex.
TOMORROW
BOBBiE
Anpy's CONCERN:
11:15 EDUCATION
LANNIE
Cuomo/Kennedy talk to Deno. Gous.
Rare
Sept. 11
EDUCATION
IST DAY (working SESSION)
teacher - quality / leaving emin. / Access to
hifer ed. / DISAD. youth w/out competity $/ Chojice /
GOALS/ MeAsurements
elsteant.
T.J. -
Thomas Deffuson / Foundation of Education/
Hexibility change
use somewhere Quste: ENDINS seft/ mee. legary/
logo:
not
Roger / EO lifelory process /
K thwugh 12
lut crable Dugh grame
American usion
Everything we can he/ Everything it
will he/
VALUES
Phil (60% Parents )
(6490
)
S.A.T. SCORES 1% drop /
Blacks / Hisp./ WHITES All up Durall average
NATI. GOALS +
Concute on NAH. DiR. He will so
something of Gous.
Poter: GOOD / lot worg/not neary
Sun: Bad
[ year year appiren / ed. System / School day/ school
Me. Grice - Fundamental restructing / were
grad. - no one cared, could
changes - Dealing 5/ youptus never
DUREAUCRACY -what are fundamental strictual
set a jou on a fam, etc.
5 times a Day/ 6 his. a Day / some classes
CRAZY 25-30 youpters in 55 m./
3 hours and not meet rest of week - Fit into
what gampters need. not 55 min. snippets,
CRITICAL / VOC-ED. jobs FOR future
Denography - year 2000 - more your than
people-
is at work today - alter to adult ed.
ADULT WOMAN - 75% of 2000 A.D. workforce
Sifelory learny.
EDUCATION - An
INVESTMENT
MONEY, MONEY, MONEY / NO POLITICS / URBAN
SCHOOLS
FEDERAL ROLE set DIRECTION, leAve it up to locals
to DECIDE how to Doit.
Sonunu: REDUNDANCY 100% of All children, high school
Degree.
Superinte, ents -"MACRO" issues/ lEADERShip Role!
leave micro. issues/ let state + localities work out,
BiG picture- -
/neep for WORLD STANDARDS /
NAH. GOALS -
"We need to meASURe OUR progress not AGAINST
OURSELVES, but AGAINST THE OTHER iNDUST. NATIONS,
We should put OURSelves on the grading
CURVE of the would.
EDUCATION MEETING
POTUS: 3RD time
Conf. / inclined all
Callys Poll - 21ST every 1, I banot Ignot line
States - Gou.s staning role
by polls - "if A did, A would't he us. today."
"tradition- - shattering changes"
"Cut like their am schools"
Performance - haveng an effection/
Specific reforms I'll want to give
to governous.
Cavangs: " Just here to listen"
Shanher: no at Doun / P.R. Summit sub-
students would T he
stance. 90% of all U.S. college Accepted elsenture
1/2 Phids enjuress today to '69 / MOST are
foreum nationals who return home.
role /
od national assessments / clearly fed.
Schools must do what unsimes do -
constanty readpet to their emount.
KIDS come to us DAMAGED - school CAN't
E Fix it - Imp / teen pry. }
Sununu: States can agree on the w/out
POTUS: Luhecuam to fed. curricula
(er auspices
any
Children
helped in pieces / soal overla
outcome
CASe
2
350
4
1400
700
2100 21
Pres. Blach
in
PICTURE / AFRICAN -Amer. chidren- -
Principle
can he solved/ finite districts /
standards. need for equity- national joals - national
TEACH: ENTRE PReneuRSHip - PEOPLE WHO'VE
DR. Ackerman
Only WORKED FOR OTHER PEOPLE- -
Pors: These of you also need pictus,
wey wir
forme me and Dill had you those the
Oud Office
to set a picture
So
class,
you'll is leave an excuse to he out of
ED-