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First Debate: Carter Press Clippings
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First Debate: Carter Press Clippings
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White House Special Files Unit Files
Ford - Carter Debates Files
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Presidential campaign, 1976
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The original documents are located in Box 1, folder "First Debate: Carter Press Clippings"
of the White House Special Files Unit Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Copyright Notice
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of
photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald Ford donated to the United
States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections.
Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public
domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to
remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid
copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Digitized from Box 1 of the White House Special Files Unit Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
AND DGSIDEM has
CARTER: COMMENT
yours
AS a result, Carter nas been alerted to
Joseph Kraft
what could have been a sensitive prob.
hm in the campaign ahead. He will
robably be taking some action-per-
haps a visit to Archbishop Bernardin,
Carter
perhaps dispatch of an envoy to the
Vatican-which will ease his relations
with the hierarchy, and make it possi-
ble for the bishops to show all Catholics
that they are not letting the abortion is-
And the
sue go by default.
In picking a vice-presidential candi-
date, Carter again showed himself open
to advice from persons whom he barely
knew. One of the reasons Sen. John
Glenn of Ohio got as far as he did in the
Outsiders
vice-presidential race is that he was
given a strong endorsement by Major-
ity Leader Mike Mansfield.
Perhaps the most interesting case of
NEW YORK-Jimmy Carter's pas-
outside advice comes from the foreign
sage from primary to presidential can-
policy area-notably in the speech
didate presents the most interesting
Carter delivered to the Foreign Policy
measure of the man we have had to
Association on June 23. An early draft
date. For Mr. Carter won the nomina-
of that speech, prepared by Prof. Zbig-
tion with a little band of brothers-a
niew Brzezinski of Columbia, empha-
general, namely himself, with a staff of
sized solidarity between the United
half a dozen noncoms.
States and its allies in Europe and Ja-
To deal with issues and groups re-
mote from his immediate staff, he must
pan even at the expense of the Third
World of Africa, Asia and Latin Ameri-
now expand the operation from the
ca.
tiny wigwam of his familiars to the im-
Gov. Carter asked for criticism of
mense universe of the Democratic
that draft from half a dozen other lead-
Party and its associated experts. As an
ing Democrats including Averell Harri-
occasional critic of Mr. Carter, I am
man, George Ball and Cyrus Vance. He
pleased to report that so far at least he
ordered up and delivered another
is navigating this tricky passage
draft, which expressed a far different
smoothly and at a good clip.
attitude toward "the hundreds of mil-
Possibly the best example lies in his
lions of people on this planet who are
dealings with the Catholic hierarchy on
living in poverty and despair."
the issue of abortion, or right to life.
-To be sure, these examples are dis-
Just before the convention began,
tinctly limited. Reports of a closed sys-
Archbishop Joseph Bernardin of Cin-
tem in the Carter entourage still
cinnati, the chairman of the Confer-
abound. Some Carterites have pre-
ence of Bishops, issued a strong state-
dicted that the candidate will turn for
ment criticizing the plank in the Demo-
advice chiefly to his fellow Southern-
cratic platform which commits the
ers. It has, for example, even been sug-
party to accepting the Supreme Court
gested that Eugene Black, the former
decision permitting abortion in certain
head of the World Bank and a South-
circumstances.
erner, might be selected to deal with
The inner Carter staff-Hamilton
Near Eastern affairs, even though he is
Jordan, the political adviser; Jody Pow-
well-known as a chief victim of the se-
ell, the spokesman; Pat Caddell, the
ductive arts of the deceased Egyptian
pollster; and Stuart Eizenstat, the is-
dictator, Gamal Abdel Nasser.
sues man-were disposed to minimize
But on the record, at least so far, Gov.
the issue. At a press breakfast they
Carter has shown unexpected ability to
pointed out that Archbishop Bernardin
move beyond the little band of broth-
was only a single prelate; that he did
ers with whom he won the nomination.
not speak for the whole hierarchy; and
Though a definitive judgment on this
that, in any case, Catholics voted inde-
highly critical issue cannot yet be
pendently, not under instructions from
made, Mr. Carter seems to be approach-
church officials.
ing the transition from a primary to
A wave of protests, however, caused
presidential candidate with the same
Carter to listen to outside advice. He
discipline and deliberation that he
took counsel, among others, with Ed-
showed in developing his strategy for
ward Bennett Williams, the Washing-
winning the nomination.
ton criminal lawyer who is legal repre-
sentative for several leading Catholic
©1976, Field Enterprises, Inc.
officials. Mr. Williams made an exten-
sive canvass of the hierarchy.
He reported to Carter that Arch-
bishop Bernardin, far from acting only
on his own motion, spoke for the hier-
archy as a whole. He pointed out that to
A large extent the his carchy was under
pressure from the athoi laity, cut-
reged by tic toler-
of portion.
NY Times
The Contradictions in Carter's Budget Policy
7/11/76
Act of 1976 whose cost would be
By EDWIN L. DALE Jr.
large although impossible to precisely
calculate. Support for the bill-whose
WASHINGTON-Is Jimmy Carter a
aim is a 3 percent adult unemploy-
big spender?
ment rate in four years-is prominent
This is the most relevant question
in the draft Democratic platform.
about his philosophy on economic
The prospective candidate, it is
matters. The prospective candidate
important to note, has exp"
of this week's Democratic convention
opposed perhaps the key featur
has spoken in some detail on such
the bill: making the Government, if
questions as sweeping tax simplifica-
necessary, the employer of last re-
tion and reform, standby powers to
sort in order to make good the guar-
control or delay major price and
antee of a job for everyone.
wage increases, and devices to induce
Whatever finally emerges with re-
private employers to hire more work-
spect to Humphrey-Hawkins, how-
ers or to retain them during reces-
ever, it is evident that Mr. Carter's
sions. All of these are important as
commitments in all the other areas
parts of economic policy.
add up to a very expensive list.
But the underlying state of the
What is to be made of this?
economy four or five years from
Ronald Reagan took one view last
week. He warned the voters in a
now-how much inflation, how high
television address: "You don't disci-
the rate of interest, the sufficiency
of capital formation for new invest-
pline an irresponsible and wasteful
ment-is likely to depend more than
Congress by putting an indulgent
friend in the White House."
anything else on the magnitude of
the Federal budget. Here Mr. Carter's
Another view is that campaign
promises are not to be taken too
various positions may be seen as
seriously and that Mr. Carter's stated
contradictory.
aim of "attenuating the growth" of
On several occasions, including his
Federal spending as a proportion of
economic policy paper issued in
The New York Times
the gross national product is prob-
Pennsylvania in late April, Mr. Carter
Preparing Madison Square Garden for the Democratic Convention
ably a clearer expression of his
stated his aim of a balanced budget
philosophy.
by 1979 "within the context of full
employment."
Democratic platform committee (and
substantial direct public investment"
SOCIAL SECURITY: Here there is
Still another possibility is that Mr.
Federal Government." The cities
In an interview with Fortune mag-
the platform about to be adopted is
including "entirely new programs" in
would be absolved of all welfare
an unspecific proposal for "an in-
Carter's much-touted revamping of
the tax system could turn out to be
azine he cited as a goal "a complete
very close to the Carter prescrip
some areas such as the railroads and
costs, with the entire burden to be
crease in benefits in proportion to
reorganization of the structure of
tions).
"increased investment levels" by
borne by the state and Federal Gov-
earnings before retirement," which
a means of raising a good deal more
There are no dollar figures for the
government in local transit.
could be enormously expensive.
money, which might make possible
government, the institution of zero-
ernments.
his many spending programs in a
based budgeting which would screen
various proposals. But the Carter
THE CITIES: There should be
HEALTH: He supports a "national
JOBS: Here there is a fairly long
budget in balance or near balance.
out old and obsolescent programs,
list is much longer than generally
"countercyclical assistance" at times
health insurance program" which
shopping list, including incentives
The difficulty with this proposition
and a heavy emphasis toward a bal-
realized. Here is a brief rundown:
of substantial unemployment, an in
would be "financed by general tax
for private sector jobs, funding the
is that Congress has shown no
ancing of the budget."
EDUCATION: The Federal share of
crease in general revenue sharing to
revenues and employer-employee
cost of on-the-job training by private
ingness whatever to raise t
There is no reason to doubt the
financing of public education, which
allow for inflation and a new "public
shared payroll taxes."
business, doubling the public service
except in wartime. For the last 30
sincerity of these goals. The ques-
was 10 percent in 1974, "must be
needs employment program funded
HOUSING: There should be "direct
jobs program from 300,000 to 600,-
years every peacetime tax change
tions arise from other positions of
increased."
by the Federal Government."
Federal subsidies and low interest
000, and the new program of "public
has been a net reduction.
Mr. Carter on specific areas of Fed-
TRANSPORTATION: "The task of
WELFARE: Although Mr. Carter
loans to encourage the construction
needs jobs" in such areas as housing
As things now stand, the Carter
eral Government programs and
rebuilding the existing transportation
opposes complete Federalization of
of lower and middle class housing"
rehabilitation and railroad repairs.
positions taken together lead to a
spending. The most comprehensive
system is so massive, so important
welfare, he favors "one fairly uni-
plus expansion of the present sub-
In addition to all of this, Mr. Car-
question mark, not an answer to the
statement of his positions has come
and so urgent that private investment
form, nationwide payment" to be
sidized program of housing for the
ter supports, at least nominally, the
question of whether he is at bottom
in his presentation last month to the
will have to be supplemented with
"funded in substantial part by the
elderly.
Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment
a big spender.
14 TiMes
July 19
Thirty Questions
WASHINGTON-Eight years ago, in
Arab propaganda in America, which is
an acceptance speech, a nominee used
ESSAY
precisely why the law requires his
a device that speechwriters call "the
registration with the Department of
train whistle," as he spoke of his
Justice.
childhood: "I see another child
he
By William Safire
3. Mr. Carter's pollster Insists his
hears the train go by at night and he
$160,000 in oil money in no way in-
dreams of faraway places."
have contracted with Mr. Carter's
fluences the questions posed or areas
The other night, the train whistle
pollster for thirty questions of their
covered in his report, which the Presi-
blew again: "Years ago, as a farm boy
choice to be added to their "report."
dential nominee reads. I am ready to
sitting outdoors with my family on the
In addition to the total of $80,000
believe him, since Mr. Caddell was
ground in the middle of the night
from the Saudis, Mr. Caddell's firm
ready to let me see the report on
listening to the Democratic conven-
receives $80,000 from four American
a restricted basis, which I would not
tions in far-off cities
oil companies for his report: Exxon,
accept-but is there no potential for
Such comparisons of Nixon and
Arco, Shell, and Sun. Main business-
abuse apparent?
Carter campaign and rhetorical tech-
getter for Mr. Caddell is his McGovern
4. Mr. Carter's pollster says, "the
niques touch a sensitive nerve among
campaign associate, Fred Dutton, who
confidentiality of my client situation"
Carter men. On a street outside a con-
is himself on a Saudi annual retainer
keeps him from revealing the thirty
vention party given by Rolling Stone,
of $100,000.
questions his Arab clients hired him
the newest Democratic house organ,
The fact that Mr. Caddell is an agent
to ask. Can you imagine the editorial
a Carter insider felt called upon to
for a foreign principal (let us not use
roar of "Coverup!". if a Nixon aide
excoriate this essayist, as is his right.
the sinister "foreign agent") is duly
used that excuse?
What infuriated Patrick Caddell; 26,
filed at the Department of Justice.
5. Mr. Carter's pollster with
Anticipating some conflict-of-interest
the candidate and the staff on vaca-
the Carter campaign's chief pollster
and one of the half-dozen men closest
criticism, Mr. Caddell wrote a letter
tion this week-asserts forthrightly
to the candidate, was any suggestion
which was forwarded to the Anti-
that his Carter colleagues know all
that the Carter staff formed a snap-to,
Defamation League, making it appear
about his Arab business arrangements,
self-righteous "Palace Guard" around
that all he was selling was a subscrip-
and even approve his plans to solicit
their man comparable to the one reg-
tion to a report, available to any buyer.
other foreign clients.
ularly denounced in the Nixon years.
Think about that: Jimmy Carter
On the basis of that self-serving
Missing the point, Mr. Caddell snaps:
knows about the foreign representa-
letter-which Mr. Caddell will not
"We're not a bunch of convicted fel-
tion of his pollster-aide-confidante,
make public-Arnold Forster, general
ons."
and he sees no potential conflict of
counsel for the A.D.L., last week said
interest, He can spy no possible use
Let's approach the same point in a
he saw "nothing in this that would
of the Carter association by a con-
different way. On March 8, 1976, Cam-
disturb us" when called by a New
sultant to sell a service. He accepts
bridge Reports Inc., which is 35 per-
York Post reporter obviously anxious
his aide's explanation that poll-ped-
cent owned by Mr. Caddell, signed a
to put the story in a light least dam-
dling for exorbitant fees to Arabs
contract with the Royal Saudi Arabian
aging to Democrats.
and others who may want a Carter
Embassy in Washington.
A few things disturb me:
connection is not "representation," be-
For $50,000 per year, paid in ad-
1. Mr. Carter's pollster claims This
cause the press has not yet hollered
vance, the Saudis receive four quar-
relationship with the Saudis long pre-
about it. So much for "moral leader-
terly reports on American public
dates his identification with the Carter
ship."
opinion. This is two and one half times
campaign. The documents show other-
Mr. Carter cannot see the appear-
the rate to others of what Mr. Caddell
wise: The Saudis knew they weren't
ance of impropriety because he knows
calls a "subscription" to this service.
hiring just another pollster.
his aides and himself to be honest,
The contract calls for "an oral presen-
2. Mr. Carter's pollster claims he is
truthful, God-fearing, upright men who
tation of the data," which was recently
performing an "educational function"
do not intend to do wrong. And that
conducted by Mr. Caddell for the
in teaching Arabs about American at-
is why I blow the sad train whistle of
Saudis, and "personal consultations to
titudes, and insists no Middle East
recent experience: the bright young
assist sponsors to understand and em-
politics are contained in his questions.
men most likely to fall into the great-
ploy the information contained
"
In fact, the information could well be
est error are those who are certain
For an additional $30,000, the Saudis
purchased is help lay the basis for
they are olier than thou.
W.shugton tost
Guly 2,
Marquis Childs
Glimpses of
The Real Carter
NEW YORK-As hardened as one
Many have found it difficult to work
can become through years in this busi-
with Carter. Failure to match his stand-
ness of columning, there is always
ards can bring a cold rebuff, the anger
room for a surprise, and I think the fol-
that shows in those ice-blue eyes. Pre-
lowing personal anecdote is relevant to
sent and past associates have been talk-
the man who will run for president on
ing about these traits.
the Democratic ticket.
Ironically, in view of his criticism of
It was my first face-to-face meeting
the lone-ranger style in the conduct of
with Jimmy Carter. My recollection is
foreign policy, a parallel that comes to
that it was some in late February
mind is Secretary of State Henry Kis-
or March after the New Hampshire pri-
singer, who drives his closest associates
mary, and the Iowa caucuses had given
to the brink with his demands.
him a lift from obscurity.
In his jack-and-the-beanstalk career
We were talking about issues and, as
Carter has had few close friends. One
I recall it, specifically about full em-
of the few is Charles Kirbo, the Atlanta
ployment.
lawyer, whose wise counsel was invalu-
"When will you surface that, Gover-
able in the Georgia phase of his career.
nor?" I asked.
Solemnly, without a trace of the fa-
While he said he consulted with per-
millar grin, he replied:
haps 40 persons about his choice for
"Well you see, I'm saving that for my.
vice president, it is a good guess that
Kirbo was one of the few with roots in
inaugural address."
I thought this must be a joke.
Carter's past based on mutual respect.
Not for the speech in next week's pri-
Incidentally while he had been ad-
vertised as anti-Washington, the way he
kept the secret of his choice was evid-
"The Republican
ence of his understanding of Washing--
ton ways.
strategists will hammer
If he had told in advance only three
or four persons around him, the secret
away on the alleged
would surely have leaked. By saving it,
he kept the speculation going in a con-
vention that tended otherwise to be ri-
duality of the Carter
tualistic and dull.
The Republican strategists will ham-
personality."
mer away on the alleged duality of the
Carter personality. It was a favorite
line of attack on Nixon: Will the real Ri-
mary? Not for his acceptance speech
chard Nixon please stand up? The inti-
when he was nominated by his party?
mation was that no reality existed back
Not at all.
of the skillful facade of the seasoned—
The peanut farmer from Plains; Ga.,
and ruthlessly ambitious-politician.
was in dead earnest. His step-by-step
plans, carefully formulated and rarely
Will the real Jimmy Carter please
disclosed to any but the intimate mem-
stand up? Is it the twice-born Baptist
bers of his staff, envisaged this ulti-
who can preach love and compassion
mate step of the path of office for the
with true fervor? Or is it the tough re-
presidency. And I do not doubt that he
lentless office-secker with a pious front
knew very well at that point what he
of "religiosity?"
meant to say in assuming the office.
In my opinion the duality is false.
Now that the nomination is an ac-
Like every man with a driving ambi-
complished fact with the demonstra-
tion Carter is a complex personality.
tion of how well he could keep the se-
Being a loner is almost a prerequisite to
cret of his choice of Sen. Walter Mon-
success in the toughest of all games.
dale for vice presidency, Carter's stern
It may sound odd to compare the pea-
decision-making quality is coming to
nut farmer with the president of Prin-
the fore. The analogy with Richard
ceton University but a close parallel at
Nixon is being suggested: a loner
this moment is with Woodrow Wilson.
driven by ruthless ambition, sur-
Wilson was, in his own way, deeply reli-
rounded by a handful of associates to
glous.
whom he delegates faceless authority.
Carter's meticulous thought process-
In my opinion it is far too early to
es, his careful deliberation, his knowl-
reach any such conclusion. Certainly it
edge of just where he wants to go and
took all the drive and the stamina to
how, compare with the same qualities
get to where Carter is today just as it
in Wilson. The presidency is a long
took the incessant crisserossing of the
gamble and the nomination of Carter is
tate of Georgia, shaking 800,000 hands,
a first step in the greatest of those gam-
I win the governorship in 1970 after
bles.
is crushing defeat four years earlier.
© 1975, United Feature Syndicate. Inc.
york Times
Yet, in fact, Mr. Carter was by no means a
A Pragmatist
conservative Southern governor. He displayed en-
lightened moral leadership on the race issue. And
there is no question that he learned a lot. He began
to chide judges and lawyers about the class bias in
Labels Won't
American law that sometimes subtly subverts equal
justice. He began to argue, as he still does today,
that those in government are almost always power-
ful and affluent and that "their families don't suffer
Stick on the
when government makes a mistake" although the
weak and politically mute do.
At a Southern political conference in 1974 he
courageously distanced himself from other governors
Democrats'
who were denouncing "welfare cheaters." Mr. Carter
said, "I used to think that all welfare recipients were
absolutely worthless, and I guess some-black and
white-are. But put yourself in the positions of
having three or four children and trying to support
Nominee
them on $1 a day per person
it is absolutely
ridiculous to assume that all poor people are lazy."
As Candidate, a Different Face
Of course, Mr. Carter showed a considerably dif-
ferent political visage as a full time Presidential
By CHARLES MOHR
candidate after January, 1975. But he certainly did
not run as a liberal, and felt that 1976 would be a
PLAINS, Ga.-When a huge majority of the 3,016
disastrous year for liberals. Nor, significantly, did
Democratic convention delegates vote Wednesday
he run as the prophet of a new and personally
night to nominate Jimmy Carter for President, some
devised ideology.
will do so with reservations. Liberals, especially,
Perhaps the most significant thing he said during
may still be troubled by the man they must now
the primaries was that in the long campaign he
rally around.
had learned from voters and "what we learned we
Finding a single ideological label for the former
gave back to them in a political program that
Georgia governor is not easy, and he asserts that
reflected what they wanted, not what we wanted
labels do not fit him. Several times he has said he
for them." This candid admission that Mr. Carter
was a conservative on spending and a liberal on
believes in saying what people want to hear may
human welfare; Mr. Carter did not seem to recog-
not be blameworthy, but it does not conform with
nize or acknowledge that there may be an inherent
evangelical liberalism.
contradiction in that statement.
Mr. Carter has also shown an essentially mechan-
ical bias in politics. The most consistent theme of
Mr. Carter, who is endowed with at least a normal
his campaign was not programmatic at all. It was
political ego, might enjoy being thought of as a
a pledge of "competence," of good management. He
personality too complex to define. The longer one
has never taken the populist view that structural
looks at the evidence, however, the less true that
changes in society itself were desirable. Instead, he
seems to be. His record indicates that Mr. Carter
has concentrated on promising "a complete reorgan-
is as conservative-or as liberal-as he needs to be
ization" of the structure of administration and of
at any moment or in any given political situation.
bureaucracy.
In his 1970 gubernatorial campaign, Mr. Carter
Whenever Mr. Carter came close to embracing
unashamedly courted the conservative vote in
liberal dogmas, on subjects ranging from nuclear
Georgia, charging that his opponent, Carl Sanders,
energy to full employment, he almost always care-
had sold out to "the ultra liberals."
fully qualified his remarks to satisfy some conserva-
In his sporadic comments on the Vietnam war,
tive objections.
Mr. Carter seemed to try to avoid stirring up his
Mr. Carter clearly wants not only to be a good
often hawkish constituents, and committed himseif
President, but to be remembered as a great one,
to support a conflict which was in its late stages
if elected. That will probably require an activist,
and seen as a mistake by most Americans when he
aggressive and innovative legislative program. Even
took office in 1971. In general, Mr. Carter is a
if the rhetoric remains careful and middle-of-the-
strong liberal on foreign policy questions.
road, the direction may be leftward. However, like
There are a few mystifying foomotes in his
the convention delegates who vote Wednesday, the
record as governor. After the Pentagon Papers were
country will have to wait and see.
published, raising a national uproar, Mr Carter told
Charles Mohr is (1 Washington-based correspondent
a press conference that he had called a Senator to
of The New York Times.
discuss "the enactment of Federal legislation that
would make news organizations criminally liable" for
such publications.
When Spiro Agnew was under fire, before he had
plea bargained his way out of the Vice Presidency,
Mr. Carter told reporters he had telephoned Mr.
Agnew, who "needed to hear a friendly voice," and
urged him not to resign under pressure.
Mr. Carter was usually critical, sometimes bitterly,
of President Nixon. But he also seemed to recognize
that in Georgia there was considerable sympathy
for the beleaguered President until the final stages
of the Watergate crisis. Mr. Carter described his own
feeling as an "unfavorable reaction" to early de-
mands that Mr. Nixon resign.
From Aug. 12 to 18, 1973, Mr. Carter made one
of his periodic "feedback tours" of Georgia to elicit
opinions from citizens, but also to explain himself.
A reporter who went on the trip wrote that Mr.
Carter had described himself as "a strong conserva-
tive," a "conservative businessman" and as one
who had vowed to return the Democratic party to
"moderate to conservative voters."
Washington Stare July 2 20
The Carter vision
When someone registered surprise at the flat-
elite without our consent or complicity. If they
tering epitaph of a known scoundrel, Dr. Samuel
were, to cite one major embarrassment, where
Johnson wisely observed that "a writer of lapi-
were all the dissenting votes where the public
dary inscriptions is not upon oath."
clamor - when the Tonkin Gulf Resolution
No doubt Dr. Johnson's wise saying fits politi-
whizzed all but unchallenged through the U. S.
cal speeches generally and the acceptance
Senate in August 1964?
speeches of new presidential nominees especial-
We would not labor the point, except that it
ly. A freshly chosen nominee, addressing a
seems to be one of Mr. Carter's principal
party ready to march and hungry for spoil after
themes - the theme of intrinsic public inno-
eight years, is no more on oath than epitaph
cence confounded by arrogant leaders. But we,
writers or platform writers. A generous grant of
the governed, cannot be absolved of ethical re-
poetic license is assumed.
sponsibility for what our leaders do for us and to
We assume, then, that the first and proper
us - unless you believe, as Governor Carter
purpose in Governor Jimmy Carter's mind last
apparently does not, that our institutions for
Thursday evening was to thank the Democratic
processing and registering public assent to gov-
delegates for their confidence, and then to play
ernment policy are all out of whack and need
back to them the familiar melodies of the
major overhauling.
Democratic litany. For, let us remember, ac-
In some respects, for all its polish, Governor
ceptance speeches are also occasions of reas-
Carter's acceptance speech also seemed longer
surance. The disgruntled must be gruntled,
on inspiration than on means and measures.
suspicions of heresy and fears of schism quiet-
There are not a few passages in which, on sober
ed. All this Governor Carter did most effective-
reinspection, ambition overwhelms the known
ly.
possibilities of action, and sound overbears
At the risk of seeming literal-minded, how-
sense.
ever, we must say that Governor Carter
How, for instance, does Mr. Carter propose to
revealed quite a bit about the kind of candidate
"release civil servants from bureaucratic
he is and the kind of President he proposes to
chaos," especially where the chaos is of their
be. And some of what he revealed must be mild-
making? What is a "complete overhaul" of the
ly surprising to those who understood him to be
tax system, and what features make it not mere-
the main preacher of the so-called "anti-Wash-
ly imperfect or inequitable but milder words
ington" message this year.
failing - "a disgrace to the human race"? Do
For one thing, he stationed himself solidly in
faces flush over this disgrace in Katmandu and
the tradition of the activist Democratic Presi-
Kiev?
dents since Roosevelt, which is to say among the
What, also, is "universal voter registration,"
unblushing wielders of national power. In his
and what entrenchments on the prerogatives of
characterizations of the Presidents of that tradi-
the states would it entail, whatever it is? Just
tion there is little that is unorthodox. Thus FDR
whose "system of economics
sees value or
"inspired and restored this nation in its darkest
virtue in unemployment"? Isn't it rather the
hours," and Harry Truman "showed us that a
case that while everyone sees the virtue of full
common man could be an uncommon leader."
employment, everyone also sees the vice of
John Kennedy was "brave" and "young," while
"inflationary spirals" and differs as to how to
Lyndon Johnson, "a great-hearted Texan," sur-
strike the right balance? And last but hardly
passed all the rest in advancing "the causes of
least, how many of the laudable programs men-
human rights." Governor Carter might have
tioned by Governor Carter - national health
cribbed all this though doubtless he didn't -
insurance, for instance - can be achieved, and
from any old yellowed brochure at the head-
how, together with that "balanced budget"
quarters of the Democratic National Committee.
which the governor (along with everyone else
A second theme, congenial to the picture that
who ever ran for President) is "determined to
regular Democrats have of themselves, is that
see"?
Democratic presidencies are closer to "the peo-
We started by saying that acceptance
ple." We counted no fewer than six references
speeches are not uttered under oath. As the
to the virtues of the people, and we may have
campaign develops, we trust that Governor Car-
missed one or two.
ter means to outline the means and measures,
No presidential candidate will lose votes on
as well as the goals, he has in mind. A few price
that line of thought. But as columnist Michael
tags would help, too. But it may be spoilsport to
Novak observed in these pages Sunday, there is
ask too many questions now.
something disquieting in this slavish tribute to
The questions will be asked, however, and it is
the moral infallibility of Demos. It is collective
a fact that specific proposals tend to be as divi-
guilt turned on its head, so that we come out
sive as visions are unifying. Properly so.
with something like collective innocence. The
The elaborate discussion of heavy issues is by
second may be as mythic as the first.
and large a waste of time in primaries - that is
Is it really quite true to say, for instance, that
not what the voters seem to be looking for. But
tragedies like Vietnam, Cambodia, Watergate
presidential campaigns are another story.
and CIA miscreancy "could have been avoided
There, substance is the thing; and substance in-
if our government had reflected the sound judg-
vites choosing sides. Governor Carter will find
ment, good common sense and high moral
an attentive audience as he begins to specify the
character of the American people''? It would be
policies and proposals that underlie his vision of
nice to think so. But it would be mass self-delu-
love translated into "simple justice." We are
sion. In the first place, these tragedies resulted
willing to take Mr. Carter's word for it now that
from differing conceptions of what was right
justice can be simple. But it often turns out to be
and moral. But in any case there is no evidence
complicated, and so it may be when Governor
that they were thrust upon us by a scheming
Carter turns, this autumn, to the fine print.
Roscoe Drummond
Carter: conservative, liberal, or both?
Washington
ers who want less stress on civil rights and
his own campaign to justify this point. He has
detente more of a two-way street, would use
Nearly every Democratic liberal who is sup-
those who want more, to blacks and whites, to
identified himself as conservative on many fis-
all our advantages, including withholding or
porting his party's presidential nominee, isn't
blue-collar workers and to white-collar work-
cal matters and liberal in dealing with human
granting grain sales, in negotiating with the So-
quite sure that Jimmy Carter is a liberal. And
ers.
problems. He proposes to rigorously reexam-
viet Union. He told John Dillin of The Christian
nearly every Democratic conservative isn't
Carter's view is that individually most
ine outdated, costly federal programs. He
Science Monitor that in dealing with the So-
quite sure that he's a conservative.
Americans are not either all conservative or
doesn't think that appropriating a lot of money
viets his policy would be to "get tough." It
It is an intriguing uncertainty. Though cam-
all liberal, that they really don't like to be
is automatically the best solution to every-
seems clear that he would conduct an activist
paigning for the presidency for 19 months,
ticketed ideologically. He put it this way:
thing. He is against overspending and repeat-
foreign policy with a strong and large lead-
making the long trek through 30 contested pri-
"Most Americans, I find, are not reacting in
edly affirms that he will aim to get a balanced
ership role for America in behalf of the free
maries, the uncertainty appears to linger with
terms of traditional ideology. In their own
federal budget in four years. He proposes zero-
world. These are conservative positions.
a large number of Democrats.
thinking on concrete issues they are neither to-
based budgeting, which means that govern-
ment departments can't just take last year's
He would negotiate in good faith to try to
It is puzzling how Carter could simulta-
tally conservative nor totally liberal. The is-
budget and add to it, but must justify new
halt the U.S. -Soviet nuclear arms race and
neously win substantial Democratic liberal vot-
sues are more complex than that. Voters are
would hold out a helping hand to the "third-
CS Montor
ers and substantial Democratic conservative
more complex than that.
spending from zero up. He seeks to slim down
the federal bureaucracy. These are conserva-
world" nations. These are liberal positions.
voters without alienating either.
"This is why I feel some of my opponents in
tive positions.
No correspondent can foresee with certainty
It doesn't puzzle Governor Carter. I put the
the primaries made a mistake in saying, in ef-
At the same time Carter supports govern-
how a nominee will operate in all particulars
question to him in a conversation a few days
fect, 'vote for me because I am a liberal' and
ment assistance to reduce residual unemploy-
when he gets to the White House, but it seems
ago here in Washington. He considers it quite
thus seeking to appeal to them on narrow ideo-
ment, a national health insurance program,
clear that Jimmy Carter is a more moderate.
understandable that he was able to appeal suc-
logical grounds. Most are both conservative
and aid to distressed cities. These and others
centrist Democratic candidate than any since
cessfully to voters who want less government
and liberal and so am I."
are liberal positions.
John W. Davis ran against Warren Harding in
and those who want more government, to vot-
Carter can cite considerable evidence from
In foreign affairs Carter would seek to make
1920.
Why Not the Best?" The Enigma of Jimmy Carter Is Real
BY DAVID S. BRODER
His intricate sentences weave in and out of
NEW YORK-In his autobiography, "Why
an issue, each strand of words spelling reas-
Not the Best?," an awkward, engaging vo-
surance to part of the audience. A student of
lume that is perhaps more revealing than its
psychology and learning techniques, Carter
CA Times Okly 14
author intended, Jimmy Carter tells the story
employs the principles of selective perception
of his boyhood experience, selling bags of
and reinforcement-for example, letting crit-
boiled peanuts from his father's farm to the
townspeople of Plains, Ga.
"Even at that early age of not more than
ics of abortion focus on his statement that "I
He speaks with extraordinary compassion
analyze every factor in his environment-
six years," he writes, "I was able to distin-
think abortions are wrong," but nourishing
of the plight of the poor, the uneducated and
seek the one job in this world where such to-
guish very clearly between the good people
their opponents' hopes by adding, a few
the victims of prejudice, and sometimes talks
tal control is least attainable?
and the bad people of Plains. The good pco-
phrases later, "I am opposed to any constitu-
of redistributing power in a way that would
How would a person whose motto is "I do
ple, I thought, were the ones who bought
tional amendment" in this area.
let the victims of our society prescribe their
'not intend to lose" react to an office where
boiled peanuts from me!"
But there are paradoxes within paradoxes
own compensation.
both the Constitution and political reality dic-
By that criterion. the Democratic conven-
of Carter that make one believe he is psych-
But if his sociology is that of his humanita-
tate that, more often than not, his hopes and
tion is filled with "good people." They have
ing himself as much as he is his audiences
rian mother, his economics are those of his
designs will be frustrated by inertia, by oppo-
not only bought peanuts, they have bought
when he wraps the cocoons of words around
businessman father. There is nothing in his
sition and by sheer chance?
the peanut vendor. But just what is included
the hard realities of choices that a politician
approach to the relationship of government
Deny it as he may, the enigma of Jimmy
in that package is by no means Certain-even
-or a President-must make.
and the corporations and banks that would
Carter is real.
to the delegates themselves.
He is a man who preaches the goodness of
cause John Connally to blink.
As James P. Gannon noted in his Wall
A Washington Post survey of delegates
America and its people, and decries the evil
Then there are the ultimate paradoxes of
Street Journal profile, Carter was not the
found that on issues ranging from busing to
of its government and politicians-as if the
personality that a journalist can only note,
kind of governor that his campaign had led
the Central Intelligence Agency to oil compa-
latter were not a reflection of the former.
and not explain.
voters to expect, and he probably would not
ny divestiture, majorities of those voting for
He is a man who speaks for the restoration
Why, for example, is the same Jimmy Car-
be the President they bargained for.
Carter in Madison Square Garden said either
of values and the maintenance of institutions
ter who speaks SO easily of the redemptive
The new leader of the Democrats is a man
that they did not know his position or that
-the family, the neighborhood, the commu-
power of the love of God and man so very
of unpredictable consequences for this coun-
they thought he agreed with them-even
nity. But his own career represents a relent-
quick to ascribe the worst of motives to poli-
try. They may be good or bad, but they are
when those delegates disagreed with each
less upward thrust from his rural roots and a
ticians who chance to stand in his way?
not certain. And the fact that he could be-
other.
restless urge to restructure every govern-
Why does a man who wants to control his
no, will be-something that not even he may
That finding precisely paralleled earlier
ment where he works to the design of the
destiny by advance planning-to memorize
suspect is what makes his elevation so por-
surveys of primary election voters. It showed
new tenant-Jimmy Carter.
his speeches, computerize his schedules and
tentous.
that they, too, saw Carter through the prism
of their own prejudices-a smiling reflection
of whatever policies they cared to project
onto him.
On Meet the Press last Sunday, Carter filed
a disclaimer. saying, like Henry Higgins in
"My Fair Lady," that he was "just an ordina-
ry man," or, to put it in Carter's words, "no
more of an enigma or a mystery than other
people." That does him less than justice.
There are few people who can match Carter
when it comes to weaving a spell with words.
He has been called "fuzzy" by his critics, but
the truth is that he uses language with extra-
ordinary precision of effect-but not to'clari-
fv meaning.
Atl Con
TRB From Washington
Jun
15
The Dichotomous Mr. Carter
WASHINGTON - Jimmy Carter has "a
challenged; that in 30 dreary primaries only
streak of ugly meanness - an egotistical
about a third of those eligible to vote would
disposition to run right over people
a
vote; or that an almost unknown former
disposition to be a sore
governor and peanut farmer from Georgia
head;" that is the re-
could be front-runner for President of the
cent testimony of re-
United States?
spected columnist Jo-
In 1972 George McGovern revealed to
seph Kraft.
astonished politicians how vulnerable mod-
He has "a vein of
ern parties are to penetration by well
vindictiveness" say the
organized and strongly activated groups in
syndicated columnist
primaries where only a minority vote.
team of Rowland
In 1976 there are more primaries and
Evans and Robert
direct Federal financial aid to ambitious po-
Novak; they quote
litical individuals (not parties), and Jimmy
"Carter's old enemies
Carter has shown how porous such parties
back in Georgia" as de-
are to penetration by a highly motivated
claring that along with intelligence, disci-
individual whose cause is ambiguous (un-
pline and dedication there is "vindictiveness
less, indeed, "love and "anti-Washinton" are
extraordinary even for a politician."
causes) and who offers the sullen nation a
So he is mean and vindictive, and likely
fresh face and a striking personality, bla-
to be the next president of the United
zoned by the all-powerful news media.
States! How did we get into this fix? But
Jimmy Carter planned it that way. I
wait a bit, here is contrary evidence:
first met him in the snows of New Hamp-
shire last January and liked him and was
Sensitive and compassionate analyst
astonished by him. I enjoyed the calculated
Anthony Lewis of the New York Times says
impudence with which he told what he plan-
Jimmy Carter "really does see himself
ned to say in his Inaugural, and reacted
fighting entrenched power, the status quo.
with the expected astonishment. I never met
He instinctively identifies with the victims
a candidate like that before and it was swell
of official abuse, the poor, the disadvan-
copy. The confrontation of southern and
taged." Yes, says Lewis, "He cares about
New England cultures was wonderful, too;
the powerless in society genuinely, I am
when the YMCA-type clean-cut young man
convinced."
at Durham made the reticent Yankee ladies
And here is an unusual character wit-
cringe by asking Carter straight out, had he
ness, eccentric iconoclast Hunter S. Thomp-
been saved? - and Carter answered quietly
son ("Hells Angels," "Fear and Loathing on
that, yes, he was a "born-again Christian"
the Campaign Trail") writing in Rolling
and what was the next question?
Stone (of all places) June 3, "my first in-
Carter started his campaign in Septem-
stinctive reaction to Jimmy Carter
I
ber, 1972 while still governor and after his
liked him" and who notes an extemporane-
term ended worked full-time at it. He saw
ous speech Carter made in May 1974 to big
the vulnerable place in the primary system
wigs in Georgia attacking special privilege;
was right at the start. It didn't matter if
it was a "king hell bastard of a speech" (I
only a fraction of a fraction voted nor if the
assume this is praise); to which Thompson
margin was miniscule, the point was to get
adds, "I have never heard a sustained piece
the headline "Jimmy Carter Wins." He did
of political oratory that impressed me
that in the precinct caucuses of Iowa, first
more."
of the year, and in the tiny state of New
Let's drop Carter and look at the set-
Hampshire. Next, of course, he had to knock
ting. It's one of the most astonishing politi-
Wallace out in Florida, March 9, and he did.
cal years in history. "The United States has
He was launched. The press grabbed him. In
the most elaborate, complex, and prolonged
her remarkable series in the New Yorker,
formal system of nominating candidates for
Elizabeth Drew tells how it was done, and
chief executives in the world," say William
her cautious assessment of this "enigmatic
1
Keech and Donald Matthews (Brookings:
and hidden man" who is asking us to take
(
"The Party's Choice") A system which the
such a big gamble. He can talk about "love"
€
late Clinton Rossiter called "a fantastic
and be tough and even ruthless. Was that a
F
blend of the solemn and the silly." And this
grin, a natural honest-to-God grin, he was
year more than usual.
giving her at one point (not the toothy
i
For eight years we have had split gov-
smile)?
ernment in Washington - White House one
"It seems to be a natural grin by some-
party, Congress another, something no other
one who might, after all, have a sense of
nation could survive: and before Kennedy
humor about himself. "It is odd", she re-
and Johnson, Ike had six years of split gov-
flects, "to spend time considering whether a
ernment.
grin just might be natural." Yes, she notes,
Now there's near stalemate in Washing-
Carter may have "a certain mean streak."
ton with Ford's 49 vetoes. Political parties
George McGovern fired his left-wing
are in decay. Loyalty has SO declined that
political operative Alan Baron, who was
that when Richard Nixon wins every state
quoted as calling Carter "a positive evil,
but Massachusetts he still faces a Demo-
surrounded by a staff committee with no
cratic Senate and House (first time since
ideals, like Haldeman and Ehrlichman."
Zachary Taylor). Republicans are now
This sounds silly and venomous to me. I like
weaker than at any time since the Depres-
him and still do. James T. Wooten put it
sion - probably since the party started in
negatively in the New York Times:"
the Civil War.
He is not a liberal, not a conservative, not a
The national mood? Cynical and peni-
racist, not a man of long governmental ex-
tential; Vietnam and Watergate aren't men-
perience, not a religious zealot, not a South-
tioned but obtrude their frustration
erner of stereotypical dimensions," and
everywhere. In 1950 three-quarters of the
from such negative deductions, he says,
people thought their government was run
many have concluded "that Jimmy Carter is
primarily for the benefit "of the people" (17
not entirely unacceptable as a presidential
per cent said "big interests") now only 38
candidate.
per cent think SO and 53 per cent say "big
interests."
(TRB is the pen name
Who would have thought that the
Strout,
long-time
Panama Canal could be an issue; that an
correspondent for The
incumbent President could be seriously
Monitor.)
ADORD
Steven Brilt
Arg
JIMMY CARTER'S
PATHETIC LIES
The heroic image is made of brass
Harper Magarine
March 1976
McGovern
S WE FLEW from Mississippi to Geor-
to flood the otherwise sparsely attended cau-
gia in a chartered jet one night last
cuses with their friends.
December, Jimmy Carter settled back
"I grow peanuts over in Georgia," Carter be-
A
and casually volunteered the most re-
gins softly, his blue eyes finding each of them
vealing statement of our four hours
one by-one "I'm the first child in my daddy's
of conversation. "You what McGovern's
family who ever had a chance." His voice is
biggest mistake asked, and contin-
humble yet proud- "I used to get up at four
ued without waiting for an answer. 'He never
in the morning to pick: peanuts. Them I'd walks
should have made the Vietnam war an issue."
three miles along the railroad track to de-
I mentioned that the war might have been one:
liver- them. My house had no running water
of the issues that gave birth to the McGovern
or electricity. But I-made- it to the U.S.-
campaign, and not vice versa.= Carter stared
Naval-Academy and became a nuclear physi-
back blankly and said, That' how
cist under Admiral Rickover Then came
works:"
back home to- the farm. and got interested
Carter says he decided to run for the 1976
in community affairs. - In 1970 I became
Democratic Presidential nomination in Septem-
governor of Georgia with a campaign that ap-
ber of 1972, when he was less than. halfway
pealed to all people. I reorganized the state
through his term as governor of Georgia-be-
government and proved that government could
fore the revelations of Watergate, the energy
provide love and compassion to all people,
crisis, the fall of South Vietnam, the economic
black and "white-because" believe in it.
downturn, and most other events that should
Now I want to be your President, SO I can give"
shape the '76 race. These issues, however, were
you a government that's honest and that's filled
irrelevant to Carter's decision, because he knew
with love, competence, and compassion
he'd run on personality. So far he hasn't
And when I am your President," he grins, his
changed his mind.
eyes lighting up now even more, "I hope you'll
come see me. Please don't leave me up there in
the White House all by myself." free
Sincerity first
ing sictory at Madison whare Car-
del with matter of fact certainty and blandly
T 4:30 IN THE AFTERNOON in the Ad-
answering a few questions about energy and
miral Benbow Inn in Jackson, Missis-
foreign policy, he closes with a request that "If
sippi, Carter sits opposite a dozen
you have any questions or advice for me, please
seventeen-year-olds, asking them to
write. Just put "Jimmy Carter, Plains, Georgia'
help him become President. Each
on the envelope, and I'll get it. I open every let-
teen-ager is a leader in a neighboring high
ter myself and read them all. - One more
school, and the group is there because Missis-
thing," he continues, his voice starting to quiv-
sippi law allows seventeen-year-olds to vote in
er. "If I ever lie to you"-his voice drops off;
the January 21 delegate selection caucuses if
he waits about three seconds-"or if I ever
they will be eighteen by Election Day. Carter's
mislead you"-two more seconds-"please
Steven Brill. n political
writer, is " contributing
local organizers, who have been working the
don't vote for me."
editor o! New York
state for months, are counting on the students
When the meeting is over. Carter, having
magazine.
77
Steven Brill
been introduced to the students before his
To vanden Heavel and. apparently, his audi-
speech, remembers all their names.
JIMMY
ence, it didn't matter that Carter led the stop-
The kids are now Carter converts. One of
McGovern forces at the 1972 Democratic con-
CARTER'S
them, Blake Bell, explains later: "I'm going to
vention, nominated Scoop Jackson there, and
PATHETIC
help him because he's totally sincere, and he's
urged a month before that George Wallace be
LIES
not a politician."
the Vice-Presidential nominee; that he has al-
Mississippi teen-agers aren't the only ones
ways opposed abortion reform, busing, and, un-
for whom the personality pitch works. "I'm for
til this year, a federal takeover of welfare; that
him because of his total sincerity," explains
he favored right-to-work laws; that he supports
William vanden Heuvel, a former Robert Ken-
the death penalty and preventive detention; that
nedy aide who has been associated with lib-
he opposed federal aid to bail out New York Victnain
eral causes and candidates in New York.
City; or that in 1972 he sponsored a resolution.
Four days after Carter's session with the stu-
at the Democratic Governors' Conference- urg-
Also
dents in Jackson, vanden Heuvel introduced
ing all Democratic Presidential candidates not.
Nion
him to liberal Democratic activists at a Manhat-
to make the Vietnam war an issue, because, as
tan cocktail party as "someone who has stood
he explained to me, "We should have appreci-
with us on the right side in every fight that's
ated and supported Nixon's efforts." What
been important to us over the last two decades."
matter, beyond the delight the partygoers
seemed to take in having discovered a real live
"enlightened Southerner," was Carter's intoxi-
cating sincerity-as evidenced by the low-key
voice, the Kennedy-like grin, the sixteen-hour
person-to-person campaign days, and the way
he looks you in the eye. What also mattered was
that he looked and talked like a winner.
Nationwide, this is his appeal. "Carter is
what got me interested in Carter," explains Jim
Langford, his Southern states organizer. "He's
smart, he's honest, and he's going to win." "No
issue brought me here," says Rick Hutcheson,
Carter's stone-faced, brilliant twenty-three-year-
old delegate hunter. "Just the fact that he's
very intelligent and that he's going to win. He
can move where I think the Democratic Party
is moving." "He's just totally honest," explains
Lisa Bordeaux, a twenty-two-year-old who's vol-
unteering full time for Carter in Meridian, Mis-
sissippi. "And that's what we need. He's better
than any politician."
This is where we are in 1976. The activists
want a winner. The rest of the country wants a
saint. As a nation we are tired of fighting over
issues like Vietnam or busing, fed up with cor-
ruption and an economy that won't spring back,
and fearful that the humiliation in Vietnam and
the energy shortage spell the end of our ability
to control the rest of the world. So we yearn for
a hero-an honest, sincere, smart, fresh face
who can worry about all of these things for us.
Carter seems to understand this better than
the other candidates. He more than anyone is
convincing people as disparate as Bill vanden
Heuvel and Lisa Bordeaux that he is the totally
sincere antipolitician they're looking for. It's
easy to believe, for instance, that he really
does, as he told the high-school students, open
all his own mail. I did. until his press secretary
told me the next day that the mail sent to
Plains, Georgia. is forwarded to the Atlanta
headquarters.
This is the paradox of Jimmy Carter. His is
the most sincerely insincere. politically antipo-
Andrew / Black Star
73
gubernatorial CAmpaign
litical, and slickly unslick campaign of the year
day. Carter called the former governor "Cuff "Jimmy
Carter's
Using an image that is a hybrid of honest, sim-
Links Carl," and one of his TV spots showed a
campaign is the
ple Abe Lincoln and charming, idealistic John
manywearing huge cuff links stepping out of'à
most sincerely
Kennedy, he has packaged himself to take the
private jet and accepting a bucket of cash from
insincere,
idol-seekers for a long ride.
another prosperous-looking man. Repeatedly,
Carter told his audiences that the issue of the
politically anti-
campaign was "Sanders's integrity and how he
political, and
N 1970, WHEN CARTER RAN for governor of
got rich so -fast." Carter had SO built up his
slickly unslick
Georgia against former Gov. Carl San-
peanut warehousing business by then that he
one of the
ders, the package was different. Accord-
may have been wealthier than Sanders. Carter
year."
ing to his media consultant, Gerald Raf-
also charged that Sanders had promised to do
shoon, the campaign slogan, "Isn't it time
favors for his campaign contributors. He never
somebody spoke up for you?" was "directed at
substantiated the charge, and, indeed. refused
the state's rural working people. We were run-
to make his own list of contributors public.
ning against the powerful special interests, the
(Today Carter says that the list of those who
bureaucrats, and people in cities." The cam-
gave him money in 1970 is still unavailable.)
paign may have been anti-special interests, but
Beginning in June, Carter repeatedly claimed
it was also anti-mainstream Democratic politics.
that he had a "list" of occasions on which San-
One Carter television commercial featured a
ders, as governor, had used his office for per-
Sanders campaign button; when a rag was
sonal financial gain. Finally, on August 26, he
rubbed over it, Sanders's face turned into Hu-
gave reporters the "Carter proof packet" of
bert Humphrey's, as a voice warned that San-
charges against Sanders. The list, it turned out,
ders was really a Humphrey Democrat. On Au-
consisted of an allegation that Sanders had in-
gust 22, Carter announced that the next day he
terceded on behalf of a friend with the Federal
would hold a press conference at which he
Communications Commission. That allegation
would reveal information so damaging to San-
was never substantiated, nor in fact was there
ders that Sanders would be forced to withdraw
any charge of illegality or personal gain.
from the race. What he did give the press the
Perhaps the lowest blow was dealt by an
next day was a copy of a picture of Sanders and
anonymous leaflet which showed Sanders, who
Humphrey on the same platform, which, Carter
had been a part owner of the Atlanta Hawks
charged, proved that Sanders was ready to sell
basketball team, being given a champagne
out the interests of Georgians to the "ultra-lib-
shampoo by two of the team's black players
erals." On the same day he also accused San-
during a victory celebration. The leaflet was
dets of selling out to the "big unions" by favor-
mailed statewide to white Baptist ministers and
insurepeal of right-to-work laws.
white barbershops. Carter denies any knowl-
On June 21, 1970, Carter told a Georgia re-
edge of the leaflet, saying, "The campaign was
porter that if he received the Democratic nomi-
not involved in any way. However, Ray Aber-
nation for governor, "I would run-as a local-nathy, an Atlanta public-relations man who
Georgia conservative Democrat.
I'm
basi-
worked for Carter's media director, Rafshoon,
cally a redneck:" Nine weeks later, he went out
in 1970 says, "We distributed-tha leaflet.It
of his way to deny having said that the Supreme
was-prepared by Bill Pope. who was
Court decisions on school integration and other
ter's-press-secretary.-It-was\part-of-an-opera
issues were "morally and legally correct."
tion-we-called-the-stidktanks." He also says
In the runoff primary. Carter received only
that Carter's current campaign manager, Ham-
7 percent of the black vote, against 93 percent
ilton Jordon, was "directly involved in the
for Sanders. His appeal to black voters had not
mailing. He and Rafshoon masterminded it."
been helped by his well-publicized visit to a
Pope, who no longer works for Carter, con-
whites-only private academy five days before
firmed Abernathy's allegation that the cam-
primary days. The school had been established
paign was involved but denied his own role.
to avoid school integration, and when Carter
Rafshoon and Jordon deny any knowledge of
told the press that he was there to "reassure
the mailing.
Georgians of my support for private education,"
In the 1970 primary, there were three major
the implication was clear. Carter also ran with
candidates: Carter, who was the conservative:
a promise to invite George Wallace to speak
Sanders, who appealed to white moderates and
before the state legislature, and with the en-
liberals and to blacks: and C. B. King. a black
dorsement of Roy Harris, a virulent segrega-
lawyer who appealed essentially to blacks.
tionist who had run Wallace's Presidential cam-
Clearly, King took votes away from Sanders.
paigns in Georgia, and who had organized the
Abernathy also alleged that "Carter's campaign
state's White Citizens' Council.
financed King's media advertising. I personally
Personal attacks on his opponent were as
prepared all of King's radio ads while I was on
\much a Carter trademark in 1970 as the grin
Rafshoon's payroll and supervised the produc-
and lowpkey, living-room campaigning are to-
tion. And I helped channel money to the com-
CAMPANY
79
Steven Brill $13,135,552 in the last fiscal year that he had
ers. "I believe all income should be treated the
control of the budget -which means he record-
same. It's a scandal that a businessman can do-
JIMMY
ed a net depletion of $47,814,544.
duct his S50 lunch but a worker can't deduct the
CARTER'S
Consistently, Carter talks, as he did one night
sandwich in his lunch pail." This sounds like
PATHETIC
in a Mississippi living room, about a plan un-
populist tax reform, including, for example, an
LIES
der which "I achieved welfare reform by open-
end to preferential treatment of capital gains
ing up 136 day-care centers for the retarded
and a limit to business entertainment deduc-
and using welfare mothers to staff them. Instead
tions. But, again, when asked later about spe-
We fire
of being on welfare, these thousands of women
cifics, Carter said he hadn't yet worked out the
now have jobs and self-respect. You should see
details and that he couldn't be sure what he'd
Reform
them bathing and feeding the retarded children.
do with capital gains or entertainment deduc-
They're the best workers we have in the state
tions. Three days later, he responded to a ques-
government This sounds like an excellent pro-
tion at a Manhattan cocktail party by sayings TAX
gram, and, indeed, Carter was praised for it in
he consider taxing capital gains the same as
The New York Times Magazine. However, while
other income. When the audience moaned, he
Policy
Carter did establish 134 community centers for
smiled and said, "I said I'd consider. it, not that
retarded children, the idea of welfare recipients
I'd do it."
staffing them remains only an idea. According
Carter's positions on specific issues are, ti ere-
to Derril Gay, deputy director of the state Men-
fore, difficult to determine from his campaign
tal Health Division, "There is no such program.
pitches. But, when forced to articulate them
I'm not sure what the Times article was re-
during a long interview, he emerges, essentially,
ferring to.
No one has been taken off wel-
as a conservative Democrat, although there are
fare and put in any mental health job." Betty
enough exceptions to make him difficult to clas-
Bellairs, director of the division of benefits
sife
payments, agrees, saying that there is "defi-
He feels that "détente has been pushed too
nitely no such program." Jody Powell comment-
far, and that the Russians have gotten the ber-
ed that "if Carter ever mentioned such a pro-
ter of us in every deal we've made with them,
gram, I guess he was mistaken." While I ac-
including the joint space flight. His main for-
companied him, he made the mistake before five
eign-policy advisors are Dean Rusk and-
audiences in three days.
Zbigniew Bezezinski, and his chief military
The other aspects of his record Carter men-
adviser is his former boss, Adm. Hyman G.
tioned while I traveled with him were an up-
Rickover. He never publicly opposed the
grading of rehabilitation programs in the pris-
Vietnam war until 1971, and even now, he de-
ons and a strict merit system for cabinet and
fines it as a mistake of strategy, not of policy
judicial appointments. Both claims are essen-
or morality. In 1972, as noted, he argued that
tially true.
the Democrats should support the Nixon Viet
nam policy. He feels that thing tood
is to go-and fight even if your thinks
HE TANTALIZING promises Carter is
immoral," and that-the CIA has- been crip-
making are potentially more disillu-
pled" by the recent investigations and revela
sioning than the myths he is floating
tions
about his past record. They are vague
Carter's welfare-reform plan, he says, would
enought to please everyone-for now
cut off aid, now given under the Aid to Fami-
-and Carter hypnotizes his audience with them
lies with Dependent Children program, to chil-
SO effectively that most seem to go away con-
dren of able-bodied parents who won't work,
vinced that all his pledges will materialize about
and he thinks chronic alcoholics or drug addicts
four hours after his inauguration.
should be considered able-bodied. His tax-re-
For example, he promises he'll cut the num-
form plan includes the elimination of "double
ber of federal agencies from 1,900 to 200. As
taxation" of corporations by abolishing the cor-
he says it you can almost see the red tape being
porate income tax. He favors capital punish;
Capital
slashed and the briefcases Hoating down the
ment "in some cases and preventive detention
Potomac. But when I asked him to name a few,
of "habitual criminals. and he thinks the-Mi-
or even one, of the 1,700 agencies he'd abolish,
randa Supreme Court decision limiting criminal
he said he hadn't worked out the details yet.
confessions contained "too many technicalities."
Similarly, although he talks passionately about
Carter said he would be against any jol.-
wiping out government waste and says that the
opportunity plan that required the hiring of
Defense
Pentagon "is by far the most wasteful bureau-
specific percentages of persons from minority
cracy." he told me that the Pentagon budget
groups. and he thinks the union seniority sys-
Budget
could be cut only "about 5 percent."
tem should not be amended to help blacks and
About
Carter raises his voice when he talks about
women. As-for abortion, he is #totally opposed
taxes. "The tax system is a dis-grace to the hu-
torit" and noted that after the Supreme-Gourt
TAX-
man race," he told a group of municipal labor-
struck down the Ceorgia law=in-the landmark
Cont.
82
Policy
Steven Brill
abortion-case, he had-signed new law that
campuses to put down disorder "even-before
as restrictive possible consistent with
violence erupts"? Is the real Carter the gover-
JIMMY
the Court's decision. He does not favor a con-
nor who told a Congressional committee in June
CARTER'S
stitutional amendment on abortion, but he
of 1971 that he opposed any total federal finane-
PATHETIC
would not approve any national health-insur-
ing of welfare and was against the federal gov-
LIES
rance plan that includes abortion as part of the
ernment bypassing the states to aid cities direct-
medical care to be covered.
ly, or the Presidential candidate who now says
Carter-sayshe-would-support.the-Democratic
he favors a federal takeover of welfare and
ticket-even-if-George-Wallace-was.on-it-and-
wants federal revenue-sharing to bypass the
JACKSON
states and go directly to the cities? Is the real
Mayor
that-next-to-myself_Ud-say-Scoop-Jackson-is
to be President." Repeatedly
Carter the candidate who tells conservative
Datey
during our talk and in his Mississippi speeches
nessmen-in-Mississippi, "Mayor.Daley=is-my
he referred to Fred Harris, Birch Bayh, Morris
Udall, Sargent Shriver, and Frank Church as
agains- fGovernor]-Dan-Walker-for-him," or
"the-five-ultraliberalssin-theorace."
the-candidate-who-campaigns-against the
On some issues, though, Carter is quite lib-
erful-politicians"?
eral. He favors comprehensive national health
There could be legitimate explanations for
care, hand-gun control, and tough environmen-
these and other contradictions. Politicians are
tal and energy policies. He supports strong anti-
entitled to grow and change their minds like the
trust enforcement, reform of federal regulatory
rest of us. But Carter's changes seem to span
agencies, and a halt to production of the B-1
the range of basic national issues and corre-
bomber. He opposes mandatory minimum jail
spond totally with the constituency he seeks.
sentences and would pardon all Vietnam-era
And they must be considered in the context of
draft evaders. He favors repeal of right-to-
the pious antipolitics campaign he is running.
work laws, although he never tried to repeal
More than that, they may be the tip of an as-
Georgia's, and ran against repeal in 1970. He
yet concealed iceberg of contradictions. At the
supports the Equal. Rights Amendment.
Georgia State Department of Archives and His-
tory there is widespread feeling that, in the
Who is Jimmy, what is he?
words of one research librarian, "Governor Car-
ter and his people censored documents, espe-
cially speeches, that should be in the public
HE PROBLEM with evaluating Carter's
record." According to Frank Daniel, a veteran
stated positions is that inconsistent
archivist who every four years prepares a vol-
statements in his past record, such as
ume of the complete public statements of
the ones on right-to-work laws, make
Georgia governors, his attempts to compile the
it difficult to tell if he really means
Carjer volume have been Holked or [Car-
what he says. In fact, a scanning of Carter's six-
tell
people
They've only sent me the
year public record leaves one wondering who
speeches they want to include. That's never
he really is.
happened to me before." Another archivist ex-
Is the real Carter the candidate who told the
plained, "You can't find any speeches Carter
voters in Brunswick, Georgia, on July 31, 1970,
made to groups in Mississippi, Alabama, rural
Idedogy
liberal; I-am-and-have-always-
Georgia, or places like that, because they never
been conservative," or the one who is now
sent them over here. We got a copy of his sched-
telling adoring audiences, "Ive-always-been-a-
ule every week, so we can see all the ones that
rights Is the
are missing." For example, after a careful search,
real Carter the Presidential candidate who says
the librarians were certain they never received
Civil Rights
the school.integration-decision-and-the-Givil
a tape or text of a speech Carter made on
Rights-Act-were-the-greatest-things-that-ever-
George Wallace Appreciation Day in Red Lev-
happened to the South," or the gubernatorial
e}, Alabama. Powell explained the absence of
candidate who, in 1970; denied saying that the
the tape by saying that "The troupers who
Supreme Court school integration decision was
supposed to record everything that he says out
"morally and legally correct"? Is the real Carter
of state forgot to record it. I guess." (The local
the candidate who wrote in his autobiography
newsclips of the event did not report the spe-
that our involvement in Vietnam lacked moral
cifics of the speech.)
principle, or the governor who urged Ceorgians
One document that was sent to the archives
to protest William Calley's conviction and said
suggests that the complete record might be quite
he thought Calley was a "scapegoat"? Is the
damaging to Carter. On August 4, 1972, Carter
real Carter the candidate who, in 1976. has
replied to a letter from Mrs. Lena Mae Demp-
in-pired rock bands to play benefit concerts
sey. who had written to complain to him that he
for him, or the one who, seven weeks after the
should have endorsed Wallace at the Democrat-
Kent State tragedy, promised to send National
ic Convention instead of Jackson. Carter wrote
Guardsmen with live ammunition onto college
back 25 follows:
84
Steven Brill
pany Rafshoon used to pay for them.
I
lators, his regime had none of the phony, cor-
don't know if Jimmy knew about it. but every-
rupt populism that has marked the Wallace
JIMMY
one else did." Rafshoon denies the allegation.
years in neighboring Alabama. He fought for
CARTER'S
King, when asked about Abernathy's charge,
tough consumer laws and banking regulation,
PATHETIC
said, "I never knew specifically of that, but it
and opened the government to blacks and wom-
LIES
could have happened.
I found out later on
en. He developed new programs in health care,
that I was naive, and a lot of crass and evil peo-
education, and corrections, although Georgia's
ple helped me for the wrong reasons."
prisons are still terribly overcrowded and lack-
Carter beat Sanders for the nomination, and
ing in medical and psychiatric care. He con-
then ran in the general election with Lester
stantly traveled the state listening to citizen
Maddox (who had been nominated for lieuten-
complaints, and he was the kind of down-to-
ant governor in a separate primary). In-Octo-
earth officeholder who could strike up a conver-
Gubernatorial
ber of 1970 Carter said he was "proud to have
sation with a prison inmate mowing his lawn,
Lester Maddox as my running mate," and that
find out that lawyers were bilking prisoners with
CAMPAIGN
Maddox represented the essence of the Demo-
fake promises of parole, and do someth
cratic party." On November 3, he was elected
about it.
gover
governor.
But whatever good Carter did do aggovernos
The easy explanation for Carter's 1970 cam-
is blurred now by the legend he is trying to
paign conduct is that he had to do and say all
make of it. On the campaign trail his re
these things, even though he didn't believe in
organization of 300 state agencies into twenty.
them, in order to be elected in Georgia. That
two super-agencies, which indeed made the gav-
may be understandable, although it ill befits the
ernment more manageable and easier to under-
man who wrote in his campaign autobiography
stand, has become a revolution in government
that one of the biggest-obstacles he faces this
that got rid of 278 of 300 state agencies and re-
year is that "I don't know how to compromise
duced administrative costs by 50 percent. To
on any principle." It also raises the question of
hear him in Mississippi, it's as if most of the
what he's willing to do and say that he doesn't
government was wiped out with no loss to the
believe in 1976-running this time as the anti-
public. In fact, the reorganization merely con-
politics sincerity candidate.
solidated state agencies, preserving most of
them as "divisions" under umbrella super-agen-
Warped record
cies. (One of them, the Department of Human
Resources, has become an unmanageable blob.)
When I asked Carter what he was referring to
Campaign
HE 1976 CARTER STUMP-SPEECH invari-
when he said administrative costs had been cut
ably begins with him introducing him-
50 percent, he referred me to a member of his
self as a "nuclear physicist and a pea-
staff, who, as of this writing, has been unable to
nut farmer:" Neither claim is entirely
point to anything specific. Georgia budget docu-
true. His only academic degree is the
ments show that funding for the agency most in-
standard Bachelor of Naval Science he got at
volved with administration-the governor's of-
Annapolis. He did do some graduate work, al-
fice-increased 49 percent in the four years
though not enough to get a degree, but this was
Carter was in the statehouse. As for total gov-
in engineering, not nuclear physics. Carter's
ernment costs, Georgia's expenditures in Car-
press secretary, Jody Powell, says, "We're in
ter's last year as governor have not been tabu-
the process of changing the literature." As for
lated yet, but, according to Winford Poitevint,
being a peanut farmer, Carter is actually a
an analyst in the state budget office, Carter's
wealthy agribusinessman, whose income comes
spending increased 50 percent in his first three
from warehousing and shelling other farmers'
years in office, from $1.6 billion in fiscal year
peanuts and from commodities trading. He does
1971, to $2.4 billion in fiscal year 1974; during
own and live on a peanut farm, but it is run by
his four years, the total number of state em-
his brother.
ployees increased 30 percent, from 52,000 to
"I admit the People picture of him shoveling
68,000. Carter's increased spending probably
peanuts was a phony," says media man Raf-
was the result of inflation and upgraded social
shoon. "But those are the only pictures the press
programs, but that does not explain his distor-
wants of Jimmy." Rafshoon isn't exactly dis-
tion of his fiscal record.
couraging them. A planned TV ad pictures an
Carter also claims that he left Georgia with a
overall-clad Carter sifting peanuts while a voice-
S116 million budget surplus. (In his autobi-
over asks, "Can you imagine any other candi-
ography it's $200 million.) When I was with
date working in the hot August sun?"
him. he usually mentioned this right after he
Carter was a good governor. Although his
attacked New York City officials for having dis-
legislative proposals often suffered because of
torted their budget figures. In fact, according to
the heavy-handed and, some say, stubborn way
the state auditor's office, Carter inherited a sur-
he treated Georgia's independent-minded legis-
plus of $90.950,096 and left a surplus of
FORD
RG
Steven Brill
Dear Mrs. Dempsey:
couldn't run for reelection anyway. If so, ev-
JIMMY
I have never had anything but the highest
erything good he did from that point could be
pruise jor Covernor "allace. My support jor
CARTER'S
attributed to a realization that to go national he
Senator Jackson was based upon a personaL-
had to separate himself from Georgia's Stone
PATHETIC
request from: our late Senator Richard Rus-
sell shortly before death. I think you will
Age image. Certainly, this could hold true for
LIES
find that Senator+Jackson, Governor allace
anything he did after September 1972, the point
and / are in close agreement on most issues.
at which he says he decided to run for Pres-
Geo
Let me ask you to consider one other jac-
ident. This would include his most endearingly
tor before I close. There are times when two
symbolic liberal act-the placing of a portrait
men working toward the same end can ac-
Waller
of Martin Luther King, Jr., in the State Capitol
complish more if they are not completely tied
on February 17, 1974-seventeen months after
together. I think you will find that Governor
he knew he was running for President as an en-
Vallace understands this.
Please let me know when I can be of ser.
lightened Southerner.
Samp
vice to you or your children in Atlanta
hope I have been able to give you a slightly
better impression of me.
IMMY CARTER has many qualities that
JACKSON
Sincerely,
could make him a good President. He
Jimmy Carter
has the drive and stamina to take a firm
hold of the government, and his two
Such letters notwithstanding, Carter became
years of house-to-house campaigning
known nationally for disavowing the veiled rac-
will probably have taught him more about the
ism that elected him when he said in his inau-
country than most Presidents ever know. Al-
guration speech that the time for racial discrim-
though you can't tell from his speeches, he ab-
ination was over. As governor, he opened jobs
sorbs complex issues easily, studies new ones
to minorities and initiated a host of programs
constantly, and has developed ideas in energy
for the disadvantaged. For this he has earned
policy and other areas that are original and well
the 1976 support of Andrew Young, the At-
thought out. He is, in short, a hard-working,
lanta Congressman who was a key aide to Mar-
smart politician. It is arguable, in fact, that his
tin Luther King, Jr. But Carter's civil-rights
abilities are such that his phony campaign and
record should not be exaggerated. For example,
past and present contradictions should be
he now says that although he is against busing,
winked at because he'd make a good President.
he does not favor a constitutional amendment
But in this regard, one of his campaign homilies
to ban it. But in 1972 he praised a Georgia leg-
holds true: "I'll only be as good a President as
islative resolution calling on Congress to pass
I am a candidate," he often says. Candidacy
such an amendment, and he urged Georgians
The reason he is right is that his campaign
to demonstrate against the assignment of stu-
expresses his basic flaw. Carter's friends and en-
dents or teachers on the basis of race. On Au-
emies agree that, if one thing characterizes Jim-
gust 17, 1971, he praised George Wallace's de-
my Carter, it is his obsession with Jimmy Car-
fiance of a court desegregation order. "Jimmy
ter. It is what gives him the ability to portray
Carter wouldn't be my first choice for President
his opponents, like Carl Sanders in 1970, as rep-
or even my fifth," says Georgia State Senator
resenting the forces of evil; and it's what gives
Julian Bond. "His liberalism is largely a myth.
him the drive to get up an hour earlier and
The reason he gets such good press is that when-
work an hour later than any of the other can-
ever the rest of the country thinks of Georgia,
didates. "If Jumy Carter decides the wants
they think of Lester Maddox. By comparison,
something he usually finds a way to gegit, ob-
Jimmy looks good."
serves Bill Shipp, a veteran Atlanta political
John Lewis, a longtime civil-rights leader who
reporter. It should be no surprise, then, that
heads the Atlanta-based Voter Education Proj-
Carter sees issues only as props in the campaign
ect agrees that "Carter's liberalism on race is
sales pitch, and minor, often bothersome, props
overrated." He points specifically to "Carter's
at that. This is why he couldn't understand Mc-
attempt back in 1972 to get the Democrats to
Govern "using" the war as an issue. And it was
weaken the Voting Rights Act."
natural that, instead of admitting his mistakes
Whatever the strengths of Carter's record,
or his limited credentials as a one-term governor
such things as the letter to Mrs. Dempsey, the
of Georgia, he'd try to find a shortcut to get to
incomplete records in the archives, the alleged
the White House on schedule-that he'd try to
compaign dirty tricks, and, above all, the false
blur the history of the 1970 campaign and of
campaign he is now running as the peanut farm-
his record as governor. and run as the new idol
er antipolitician encourage the most cynical in-
the country yearns for. So he packaged himself
terpretation of it. Friends say that the Time cov-
as a legend and began campaigning in the name
er story written just after he took office, which
of peanut-farmer. antipolities sincerity. Jimmv
PER'S MAGAZINE
labeled him the "voice of the New South," plant-
Carter's campaign--hungey. no philosophy, and
MARCH 1976 ed national ambitions in his head. (By law he
brilliantly packaged-is Jimmy Carter.
88
.
Image
CARTER/MONDALE CAMPAIGN
different view
The choice of Walter Mondale over 1 Catho-
iic vice-presidential candidate provided 1 fur-
ther Index of Carrer's attitude toward the
Catholic vote (no need to seek It in this way)
and the personality of Carter himself (obses-
sive and dutiful as an old-time Catholic).
Jimmy Carter
Carter, like many a Catholic of his gen-
eration, gave himself to God and country,
an engineer of cold war defenses, a
planner who would waste noching. neither
time, scrap paper nor an extra stamp In giv-
ing his best. services to the government.
Doing his best. it Is the theme of his prayers.
Commander in control
the coda in his search. distorted in its ex-
acmess, for 3. running mate. Would the pre-
liminary process for canonization require less
scrutiny, or fewer devil's advocates? It was,
No, they say, unrolling their polls. Catholics
In fact. 3. more secular process, the machin-
By Eugene Kennedy
do not stand together on issues of their own
ery drawn from Rickover's steel-edged plans
and their vote cannot be mustered or deliv-
for selecting worthy aides, the razor-sharp
The hand of Jimmy Carter touches the
ered by religious leaders. On almost every
hurdles Carter himself had learned to clear
oulders of politicians and delegates, of
occasion on which Catholics have tried to or-
before he served under the father of the nu-
angers-on and newsmen alike. It is the hand
ganize political pressure over the last decade
clear submarine. A process to exact a price,
the commanding officer who alone carries
- on, for example. the issue of aid to schools
a test-how often Carter has spoken of wish-
19 secret orders and wants calm and abso-
- they have been defeated.
ing to be tested by the American people, test-
ite attention when he opens them.
There are many who agree with Carter and
ed In every aspect of spirit and character -
Jimmy Carter is not a pastoral figure but 1
his aides, veteran observers who are ready to
yes, a test for any man. no matter how splen-
illtary man, a veteran of Adm. Hyman
swallow the bitter drait of this revisionist
did his lineage or approved his credendals.
lickover's discipline and the silence of deep
brew, men and women who have felt that the
One must speculate on Carter's strength to
ubmarine dives, the officer of trim lines and
American Catholic church never makes small
sustain and administer tests to those who
firmer jaw up close than in photographs,
mistakes and, in fact. has made enormous
would serve with him. the style that will be
he engineer comforted by the feel- of well-
ones in recent years. Some Catholics who op-
come even more familiar to us, an experience
trawn blueprints.
pose abortion are not completely happy with
with power enough to curdle the pancake
No, Jimmy is not the leader of a religious
the style of some of the literature of the
makeup of any politician.
evival. Put your ear to his breast and the
Right-co-Life Movement or with the Idea of a
FOR CARTER 13 a precise technician, 1
ound is that of a finely tuned nuclear engine
constitutional amendment to-turn aside the
man who understands command and the bai-
ready for a hundred days in the darkness un-
1973 Supreme Court decision. They nod some-
ance of devotion necessary between captain
ler the Ice cap. The metaphor is military
what grimly and say that Carter is right and
and crew in the crowded bulk of a submarine.
other than religious for this extraordinarily
that in the long run holding to his present
What was needed there was a commander of
ntelligent man who made the Democratic
positions will prove politically successful But
utter self-confidence, a cool and contained
convention not into an evangeilcal meeting
even these persons. wise as they feel them-
out into something more like the Yard at An-
selves in the ways of civil and ecclesiastical
man, no small man at that, a man younger
men could admire and with whom they might
napolis filled with shiny-faced and obedient.
politics. are not totally pleased with the man-
piebes.
ner in which Carter's convictions about Cath-
forge strong ties of loyalty. Carter may well
have heard of the Navy's use of psychology in
Commander-in-chilef does not seem too grand
olics have been communicated. Indeed, one
recruiting personnel for nuclear submarine
an ambition for Carter. who in moving to-
wonders if the style, invisible our as clear and
dury. There was. at one time at least, 3 pref-
ward it has taught lessons to everybody. from
forceful as a hand raised by a bird colonel to
erence for young men from broken homes
the professional politicians to the leadership
keep the enlisted med from entering the offi-
who would be more likely than others to form
of the Roman Carholic church.
cers' club, may not bring Catholics together
3 strong dependent relationship with the cap-
CARTER AND HIS STAFF have taken the
in a celebration of allenated rage that may
tain. yes. the very thing needed for the 35-
measure of Catholic influence, and they are
yet deny the White House to Carter.
duous trial of close quarters for long days
convinced they understand the Catholic
without daylight beneath the sea.
TIME AND AGAIN during convention week
people and their attitudes better than the
various ethnic (election-year language for
It is a tribute to Carter's wisdom and ag-
Catholic bishops do. The Carter camp's ver-
Cacholic) groups pressed for meetings with
prectation of a staff's unmortgaged devotion
sion of American Catholicism is not that of
to 1 paternal leader that he has grouped
Carter or some member of his inner court.
the lumbering but finally effective juggernaut
around himself generally young men marked
Their requests were uniformly denied, 31-
battering political castles or condemned mov-
by their personal affection for him, men
though In an almost sweet fashion, in South-
te houses into rubble but of an army in dis-
ready for long voyages on tight rations, their
em accents and smiles.
array, with uncertain trumpets, and field
security resting in their leader's impertur-
bable sense of direction and sense of destiny.
commanders who cannet effectively organize
Jimmy Carter wants men he can count on.
their troops for the simplest of maneuvers.
men to follow his plans, and he seems to have
them.
Chicago Sun-Times, 8/29/76
continued
THE EASY CHAIR
HARPER'S Magazine-August, 1976
THE WIZARD OF OZ
FORD
Jimmy Carter's nomination
by Lewis-h Lapham
OR EIGHT MONTHS Jimmy
has been mentioned as a prospect for
people of this nation better than any
F
Carter has revolved like a
Secretary of State, was Deputy Secre-
other human being."
mechanical toy in the
tary of Defense in the Johnson Ad-
The effect of the speech was ein-
bright ball of the media,
ministration. Their endorsement of
harrassing. To men of considerable
answering everyman's question and
aspiring politicians conveys an aura
sophistication Mr. Carter had de-
smiling into everyman's camera; and
of respectable authority. Even so, the
livered a 4-H Club addr- all of
yet, even now, hardly anybody knows
crowd was inclined to be skeptical.
it very stale and very sweet, ut-
anything about him. On the day that
When Mr. Carter presented himself at
terly devoid of feeling or thought.
the Democratic grandees conceded
the rostrum in the Grand Ballroom,
Over the last twenty years I have
Mr. Carter the nomination he could
smiling for as long as the television
listened to a great many politicians
still appear to be all things to all
lights were on, the audience granted
make a great many speeches, but
men. In June, as in early February,
him a standing but halfhearted ova-
never before have I noticed such ..n
the public-opinion polls showed that
tion. In the words of a dignified gen-
absence of emotion among people
liberals believed Mr. Carter a liberal
tleman on my left, "I can't say that
who might have hoped to believe
and that conservatives believed him
I trust a man who uses a boy's naine,
what they heard. The applause at the
a conservative. He had taken posi-
but, if Doug Dillon vouches for the
end was as small as Mr. Carter's
tions on both sides of every question
fellow, maybe there's something to
voice. He had arrived punctually :t
that could be identified as an issue.
him."
8:00 A.M., and when he left, exactly
All the columnists agreed that he had
Mr. Carter chose to present him-
an hour later, it was as if nobods
waged a brilliant primary campaign,
self in the persona of the innocent
had been there.
but few of them could agree as to
abroad, a latter-day Billy Budd, bare-
Most people immediately began
what it was, exactly, that the candi-
foot and without guile, wandering
to talk of other things -the weather
date had said. Not even his admirers
around the country in search of love
or the morning's business engage-
seemed to know who he was, or what
and friends. A small and self-con-
ments, the cost of their property in
be stood for, or why he wanted to be
tained man, he gazed* vaguely up-
Connectient, or the best way to get
President of the United States. Like
ward and was careful not to move his
to Maine in August. If they took the
the Wizard of Oz, Mr. Carter had
hands. Like a small boy reciting an
trouble to make even a passing men-
contrived to remain invisible. Al-
inspirational poem he said all the
tion of what they had paid $100 to
though possibly a useful trait in a
dutiful things that a well-behaved
see and hear, their remarks implied
caudidate, in a President it would
child is supposed to say in the coin-
an attitude of condescension. They
be ruinous.
pany of strangers. He told of how he
believed themselves capable of see-
On the one occasion when ] lis-
never "evaded an issue," of how he
ing through the paltry charade of
tened to Mr. Carter speak, iu early
was an "eager student" who was do-
American politics in a matter of a
May at the Plaza Hotel in New York,
ing his best to learn all those com-
few minutes, and it amused them 10
he left his audience in a state of con-
plicated things that the folks talked
look briefly at the new gerilla pass-
fusion equivalent to the confusion in
about up there in Washington, D.C.,
ing through town every four years
the national press. Most of those
of the many telephone calls he'd
on the way to its cage in Washing-
present were men of weight and
been getting from important politi-
ton. Together with their counterparts
probity, directors of companies and
cians, of how it wasn't the American
elsewhere in the country, they con-
pillars of the community who each
people who had decided to do all
stitute what might be called the par-
had paid $100 to attend a breakfast
those "dreadful things" in Vietnam,
ty of the indifferent majority. Char-
sponsored by such eminent Demo-
Cambodia, Chile, the White House,
acteristic of their analysis was the
crats as C. Douglas Dillon and Cyrus
and the CIA, of "the deep yearning
following conversation, reproduced
Vance. Mr. Dillon had been Secre-
for intimacy" he'd discovered out
in its entirety, between two men har-
tary of the Treasury in the Kennedy
there "in this great country of ours,"
rying toward the elevators.
Administration, and Mr. Vance, who
of how he had come to know "the
Leuis H. Lapham is the editor of Harper's.
10
FIRST MAN Vaguely and without
understood the magnitude of
na-
caring about the response): "Well,
tional sense of defeat. He a-sumed,
/
what did you think of it?"
correctly, that the vast majority of
SECOND MAN: "The usual
the American people, like the two
time crook. Another liar.'
men hurrying away from breakfast
FIRST MAN (Impatiently) "Yes,
in the Plaza Hotel, wanted to forget
yes, of course, but so what? You can
about politics. They were sick to death
say the same thing about all of them.
of politicians, tired of issues they
Think of Humphrey, of Jackson. My
didn't understand and which didn't
God-Jackson."
admit of easy answers, disappoint-
Among the few people who re-
ed by the chronicle of failure that
mained in the Grand Ballroom after
seemed to delight the Eastern press.
Mr. Carter had left (to continue his
In Vietnam 40,000 Americans had
portrayal of little lost at a United
been killed, apparently to no pur-
Nations conference on nuclear war)
pose. The Nixon Administration was
the disagreement was comprehensive.
a disgrace, and so was the god-
There were as many opinions as there
damned Congress. Even when Mr.
were small groups of people coming
Nixon had been discovered as the
together to exchange theories and in-
Antichrist his absence didn't improve
terpretations. Mr. Carter had come
matters. Within a year of his depar-
and gone in a magician's smoke,
ture the fine promises about a re-
leaving his admirers with an empty
newed code of official conduct began
canvas on which they could paint the
to sound as thin as jukebox music.
images of their hearts' desire. The
Multinational corporations continued
more devout thought that Mr. Carter
to pay bribes to Congressmen as well
was a saint. They told stories about
as to foreign governments; judges
his concern for the old and the sick,
were still' going to jail; the Kennedys
about the tears that once welled up
were no better than anybody else;
in his eyes when he was told about
and the FBI and the CIA apparently
a dying child. The candidate's critics
had been subverting the Bill of Rights
denounced him as a swindling hyp-
ever since the Roosevelt Administra-
ocrite. From their coat pockets they
tion. Even before the advent of Eliz-
brought forth newspaper clippings on
abeth Ray there appeared to be no
which they had marked passages of
virtue in the Republic.
blatant contradiction. Other people
Given the general feeling of dis-
spoke of the candidate as religious
gust, it was an easy thing for a great
zealot or honest farmer, as effective
many people to imagine themselves
administrator or protégé of the Ku
betrayed. Mr. Carter brought them a
Klux Klan. A man in a plaid suit
focus for their discontent. Were they
described Mr. Carter as being "dirt
angry and resentful? Did they de-
mean," a poor boy from south Geor-
spise intellectuals and the Eastern Es-
gia who trusted nobody and would
tablishment? Were they sick of cor-
do his best, once elected President,
ruption and bad news? Well, so was
to root out the evil that darkened the
Jimmy Carter. He hated all the vested
understanding of his enemies.
interests that a poor boy is supposed
to hate, and he meant to do some-
thing about it. To audiences con-
F MR. CARTER'S presence in-
sumed with impotent rage Mr. Carter
[III
spires such little confidence
used the language of Christian piety
among people willing to give
to convey a sense of the Lord's ven-
shim money, then his political
geance. Thus the paradox implicit
triumph among the larger public
in his success. lle presented himself
must depend on something other than
as the candidate of hope and new
the force of his mind or the large-
beginnings, but he floated to the sur-
ness of his spirit. He isn't an eloquent
face of American polities on a tide
man, and his visions of America the
of despair. In place of a vision of
Beautiful have the quality of the
the future he offered an image of the
gilded figurines hought in penny ar-
nonexistent past, promising a safe
cades. But he is obviously intelligent,
return to an innocent Eden in which
and, I suspect, also courageous,
American power and morality might
greedy, determined, and vindictive.
be restored to the condition of imag-
He was willing to work longer hours
inary grace.
and take greater risks than any of the
His witness was not much different
other politicians in the field, and he
from that of Billy Graham and Rev.
THE CHAIR
Sun Myung Moon. He spoke 10 the
heresy; ten years later it had be-
themselves, the
y
that Mr. Carter
unhappiness of people wishing for a
come the received wisdom.
must be admired for his mithlessness
world that never was. The popular
A
recent
ston
The IT'all Street
or his coldness of mind, for his hav-
suspicion of government is always
Journal
mention
the large number
ing been "born again" in Christ or
well-founded. To a greater or lesser
of
politicians
WHO
have
decided
to
his successful campaign tactics-for
extent, all governments commit
quit the government. No fewer than
anything and everything that might
crimes against the common people.
eight Senators and forty-six Congress-
rescue them from a sense of their
The law is usually unjust, the capital
men, many of them younger men
own uneasiness.
always noisy with fools. No wonder
with safe seats, offered various rea-
It stands to reason that Mr. Carter
that Mr. Carter found so many ad-
sons for refusing to stand for reelec-
was not closely questioned about un-
herents for his crusade against the
tion. Politics, they said, was too hard
employment, taxes, foreign policy,
lords temporal and the kingdom of
or too degrading; the hours were
social welfare, or the military budget.
Caesar.
too long, the issues too complex; too
He wasn't asked the questions be-
His success with the so-called gov-
many people looked upon politicians
cause not enough people cared if
erning class, with people who thought
with loathing; they had lost faith in
he knew the answers. Probably he
they recognized him as a demagogue,
the plausibility of representative gov-
doesn't, but, at least for the moment,
raises a more ominous question. Out-
ernment, and they chose to do some-
that is something that his supporters
side the walls of the citadel the sus-
thing else with the rest of their lives.
would rather not know. They prefer
picion of government can be taken
An equivalent feeling of exhaus-
the condition of benumbed hope. If
for granted. Among people inside
tion prevented the Democratic party
they look too closely they might find
the walls the prevalence of an anal-
from offering any resistance to Mr.
out that Mr. Carter is indeed the
agous feeling, expressed as self-dis-
Carter. Of the Democrats eligible to
Wizard of Oz., which would make it
gust rather than as resentment, sug-
vote in the primary elections, only
unpleasant to vote for him in No-
gests the possibility of a civilization
one in five bothered to show up at
vember.
in decline. Within the past two or
the polls. Despite the talk of deny-
Nor has the press insisted upon
three years I have noticed that a sur-
ing Mr. Carter the nomination, no-
lines of questioning that might prove
prising number of people who hold
body could find a moral or intellec-
inconvenient. Throughout the eight
responsible office, in government as
tual ground on which to make an
months of his advent, Mr. Carter
well as in the realms of law, finance,
argument. The party remained di-
was excused from anything lut cur-
and the press, have acquired the
vided into factions, without any co-
sory examination. The rules of evi-
habit of denouncing themselves as
herent objective beyond regaining
dence in the national political debate
imposters. They distrust their own
access to the White House. Under
prohibit the taking of testimony about
legitimacy, and they look for valida-
the circumstances, what was the point
a man's character, and so, until his
tion in drugs, sex, and Zen. Both in
of keeping up appearances? Mr. Car-
nomination had been assured, the
New York and official Washington I
ter bad a new face; he had been
press obligingly confined itself to
meet people who no longer believe
winning primaries; the press accept-
meaningless analysis of the candi-
themselves capable of directing the
ed him at his word; and he would
date's shifting positions across a pec-
business of the state. When they try
do just as well as any other candi-
trum of abstract possibility. To do
to envision the future they see noth-
date. If it was a question of money
anything else would have been to
ing that doesn't look like a Saturday
and jobs, and if the American peo-
suggest that the country was still in
afternoon rerun of the past twenty
ple were foolish enough or apathetic
trouble, that the threat to the Re-
years. The same slogans, the usual
enough to believe the sermons of a
public had not ended with the resig-
compromises and the old lies -all of
rapacious moralist, then why put ob-
nation of Richard Nixon.
it miserably expensive and none of it
stacles in the road to Washington?
If Mr. Carter has not yet managed
made bearable by the romance of
In New York Mr. Carter's sup-
to convey a clear sense of himself,
youth or the presence of the Ken-
porters have a sheepish look about
whether by accident or as a result of
nedys. Their lack of imagination
them, as if they were holding hats
deliberate calenlation, then it is fair
makes them sick of themselves.
over their faces after being arrested
to say that he doesn't yet exist as a
in a police raid on a brothel. Instead
public man. It is conceivable that he
of talking about the regenerative
doesn't know much more about him-
S LONG AGO AS 1965 Sen.
clarity of the candidate's political
self than the people who invest him
Eugene McCarthy had
vision, they mention their chances of
with artificial images. Obviously he
reached a similar conclu-
a connection in Washington. The
wants to be President. That much
:sion. During important
more squeamish among them already
everybody knows. But as to why he
votes on the floor of the Senate it
have begun to make excuses. They
wants to be President, or what he
was his custom to remain in his of-
know, or think they know, that Mr.
would do with the office once elected,
fice, ignoring repeated quorum calls
Carter bears an embarrassing resem-
I doubt that even Mr. Carter could
while making ironic epigrams about
blance to Richard Nixon, and they
answer the questions with certainty.
the pointlessness of it all. A more
don't like to be reminded of their
His unwillingness to reveal himself
perceptive man than most of his con-
previous statements (some of them
can lead nowhere except into trag-
federates, Senator McCarthy was, as
as recent as the early spring) about
edy. For the better part of a genera-
always, in the vanguard of the fash-
the necessity of restoring to the White
tion the country has suffered the de-
ionable sentiment. In 1965 his cyn-
House a man of principle. To any-
feats that follow from believing in
icism was regarded as a dangerous
body who will listen, but mostly to
what didn't exist.
12
Election: Comment
C-2
Nancy Reagan, Betty Ford Both Assets to Husbands
(Barbara Walters, NBC Today Show)
Betty Ford is considered by many to be the President's
biggest asset. She doesn't always agree with him, indeed on
questions like abortion, she disagrees, but that only seems to
add to her charm and popularity.
She canvasses door to door, attends rallies, goes to
cultural centers, she enjoys being with the crowd, but she
tires easily. Her campaign style is low-key, and gentle -- in
contrast to her often very strong views. Many women identify
with her, especially after her operation for breast cancer and
her outspoken views on pre-marital sex, marijuana and abortion.
Nancy Reagan totally shares her husband's political
beliefs and personal ones as well. They say they've never dis-
agreed. The Reagans have been married for 24 years. She was a
movie starlet and daughter of a wealthy surgeon. Mrs. Reagan
likes politics, she almost always campaigns with her husband,
often talks with staffers about her husband's plans, but one
rarely hears her publicly. She is supposed to be a powerful
influence on her husband, although he disputes she is the power
behind the throne. -- (3/9/76)
On Discussing the Issues
(Editorial, excerpted, Houston Chronicle)
Perhaps the most smile-provoking aspect of the primaries
SO far is the sublimely outrageous manner in which the former
governor of Georgia, Jimmy Carter, has turned aside his opponents'
attempts to come to grips with him on the issues.
To indicate that discussing the issues is a disservice to
the country, because such "political bickering" could further
sour the public's already negative attitude toward politics, and
to get away with it, can only bring wry grins at the frustrated
state into which this throws his opponents.
Maintaining such an attitude is, of course, ridiculous
on its face and we would doubt that it could be carried on for
very long. But it is nonetheless perversely amusing to see it
tried and to see Carter's opponents try to cope with it. As we
said, however, electing a president is serious business and this
kind of thing would be considerably less amusing as time goes on.
-- (3/4/76)
Election: Comment
C-11
'We Still Don't Know You, Jimmy'
(By Godfrey Sperling Jr., excerpted, C.S. Monitor)
The appearance of Democrats of all faiths, kinds, and sizes
now surging behind Jimmy Carter is a false one. Here in Washington
and around the nation there are a substantial number of Democrats,
both key leaders and rank and file, who still harbor doubts about
Mr. Carter.
Soundings among Democratis leaders in Congress and at the
state level -- leaders who in turn are listening to the Democratic
voters -- show:
-- There are still a large number of Democratic leaders who
even as the Daleys and the Jacksons and the Wallaces move behind
Carter remain less than enthusiastic about the Georgian.
-- The most frequent comment from leaders is that Jimmy Carter
is the result of a long, drawn-out primary system which ended up by
producing a relatively unknown quantity. They are not saying Carter
isn't good -- or might not be even better than that. They merely
feel that Carter may have done it more with charm and persistence
than by anything else.
The questioning about Carter runs particularly deep within
the bureaucracy in Washington, heavily populated by Democrats.
It is true that some of the doubts come from those who are anxious
that they may lose their jobs if Carter takes over and cuts out some
agencies and combines others -- as he has promised to do. But
several government workers have told this reporter they fear that
Carter's approach to government may be over-simplistic -- and that,
rather than achieve efficiency, he may merely make the government
operation leaner and more streamlined by actually less able to
function effectively.
Finally the feeling persists among many Democrats that Carter
still is less than clear on the issues. The press echoes this
point of view.
At a time when there appears to be almost unanimity within
the party behind Carter, it simply isn't true. It may be coming.
But it isn't here yet. -- (6/14/76)
The Real Issues
(
itorial, excerpted, Baltimore Sun)
Appropriately on April Fools day, a whiff of autumn could
be sniffed in the springtime presidential rituals. Ronald Reagan
was calling Gerald Ford soft on Communism; Morris Udall and Henry
Jackson were accusing Jimmy Carter of being beastly to New York.
Nevertheless, for a moment it was all as credible as sugar in the
salt shaker. There of the announced Democratic candidates --
Carter, Jackson and Udall -- plus that potent perennial, Hubert
H. Humphrey, met with Democratic mayors at the Waldorf-Astoria.
What they had to say should have reminded everyone that after all
the primaries and caucuses and conventions, two presidential nom-
inees will at last get to the real issues.
LIVE
111
these issues be thoroughly explored on the hustings after conven-
tions time. Until then, voters will know there is a lot of April
Fool in the issues contrived and exploited during the primary
season. -- (4/5/76)
Demo Race: Comment
C-12
Avoiding Mistakes
(Editorial, excerpted, Atlanta Journal)
Though all sorts of things can still happen at the Democratic
national convention itself, the party's platform committee has
come up with a draft which is pleasing to probable presidential
nominee Jimmy Carter. As a result, the committee also has avoided
making some big political mistakes, which, without the Carter in-
fluence, it quite likely would have made.
Despite the grumbling of some who view silence on such issues
76)
as elevating political expediency above ideals, the platform com-
mittee refused to get as far out of step with the majority of the
American people as party ideologues tended to do in 1972. It
begins to appear that candidate Carter will not have to start
the campaign disavowing most of his party's platform. -- (6/17/76)
Can FBI Be Trusted?
(Editorial, excerpted, Des Moines Register)
Jimmy Carter, the probable Democratic presidential nominee,
has expressed reservations about an offer by Atty. Gen Levi to
have the FBI run background checks on possible running mates.
An FBI check conceivably could alert the presidential nominee
to factors in a person's background that would make that person an
inadvisable vice presidential choice. But the FBI also conceivably
could try to blackball somebody the agency disapproved. Carter is
properly concerned about the possible consequences of giving the
FBI even an indirect voice in the selection process.
For too long even presidents were cowed by the FBI and
dared not appear to question the integrity of the agency. Jimmy
Carter's reluctance to bring the FBI into the vice presidential
selection picture is a healthy sign. -- (6/23/76)
Carter Twists the Record
(Editorial, excerpted, Daily Oklahoman)
Now that he has the Democratic presidential nomination vir-
tually sewed up a month before the convention, Jimmy Carter is
reportedly turning his attention to potential running mates and
possible cabinet choices.
However, there is the little matter of a campaign and election
before Carter can be sworn in as the 39th President of the United
States next January. And as the contradictions in Carter's record
become more apparent, a funny thing could happen to him on the way
to the White House, like it did to Thomas E. Dewey in 1948.
NEW YORK
A Psychohistory of Jimmy Carter's 'Rebirth'
-Born
By Bruce Mazlish and Edwin Diamond
"
Carter's mystical experience is worth examining, not least
because his persona is a central issue in the campaign
"
The time, a decade ago, when Jimmy Carter became
even to later, mid-life crises. Personality, in this view
a "born-again Christian" was, and remains, a magical,
set in concrete at six, or at sixteen. Individuals const
mystical experience in many ways. No description of the
change and grow. In analytic terms, ego psycholog
episode-episodes?-exists in Carter's own autobiograph-
pay at least as much attention to the intellectual and
ical Why Not the Best? An odd omission for such a care-
cognitive processes (the ego) as to instinctual drives (the
ful person. There are at least three versions of what may
id). The psychohistory we use treats political or religious
have happened. Even the dates are uncertain. Carter him-
figures-Gandhi, Luther, Kissinger, Carter-as active peo-
self, during a recent interview with us, placed the experi-
ple functioning in society, not as patients on a couch.
ence "in 1966, the period of a couple years, 1967
Still, we want to be clear on two points. First, the bed-
But there is nothing vague or uncertain about the con-
rock on which all psychoanalysis, as well as psychohistory,
sequences of the born-again experience. Carter has told us,
stands is a belief in the importance of unconscious, as well
and a number of other interviewers, that he believes
as conscious, mental processes. Thus, psychohistory tries to
he became a "new person, with changed attitudes," though
study the inner dynamics of its subjects and to find the
with the same basic character. Before, he used people; he
recurring patterns of behavior. We may ask, for example,
couldn't take defeat. After, he became a servant of people;
whether there is a special meaning in the fact that Jimmy
he achieved calmness and serenity. He told us he could
Carter's autobiography gives the exact age, height, and
even take the loss of the election in November with "com-
weight of his father, James Earl Sr., at the time of Carter's
plete personal equanimity."
birth, but not that of his mother, Lillian. Such a "fact"
Carter's "born-again" experience is worth examining
may be meaningful, or it may not, but in psychohistory it
closely for several reasons, not least because his persona,
cannot be ignored. Does it fit in with other "facts" to form
rather than any ideology or political issues, has become
a pattern? Does it reflect unconscious feelings about how
a central issue in the current presidential campaign. Car-
one parent serves as a model with whom to identify?
ter himself says, "I want the American people to under-
Second, we take our insights from many sources. Carter
stand my character, my weaknesses, the kind of person
himself talks about the "complexity" of people. We recog-
I am." In his campaign, he tells us that "I've got a good
nize that complexity; character does not fit some model in
family," and adds, "I hope that you'll be part of my
cookie-cutter fashion. In some too neat analyses, Lillian
family." It seems useful, therefore, to learn as much about
Carter is pictured as the liberal, compassionate influence
his family, and its meanings for him, as we can.
on Jimmy, and the father as the unfeeling, conservative
In an effort to shed more light on both Jimmy Carter's
disciplinarian. Our inquiries suggest that the reality may
born-again experience and his feelings about family, we
be much more ambivalent. Carter's father can also be
use here the insights of psychohistory. Since psycho-
seen as caring, his mother as self-righteous.
history consists of the application of psychoanalytic-that
Not too long ago, an investigation like ours would have
is, Freudian-concepts to political figures, a classic psycho-
triggered a hostility about "shrinks," "psychojournalists,"
logical biography would concentrate on the first-born ex-
and "the president's analysts." But many Americans have
perience: infancy and early childhood. However, recent
become increasingly well informed about psychological
followers of Freud, notably Erik H. Erikson and the ego
processes-including Carter. When we talked to him he
psychologists, give close attention as well to other life
had been reading Doris Kearns's psychohistory Lyndon
stages, such as the "identity crisis" of adolescence and
Johnson & the American Dream. Psychological analysis
need not reduce active adult men and women to oral,
Bruce Mazlish is a professor of history at Massachusetts Insti-
anal, or genital "stages." Sophisticated audiences also un-
tute of Technology and author of biographies of Richard
Nixon, and John Stuart Mill and James Mill. His psychohistory
derstand that many adult "problems" are part of the
of Henry Kissinger, Kissinger: The European Mind in Ameri-
normal pattern of development.
SOLOMON /BLACK
can Policy, will be published in September by Basic Books.
What follows, then, is a part of a psychohistorical
Edwin Diamond is a senior lecturer in the political science
work-in-progress, a story explained-or at least somewhat
department at MIT and a contributing editor of New York.
illuminated-with the help of Freud and Erikson.
26
NEW YORK/AUGUST 30, 1976
Carter after his convention victory last month: From trauma and tears, a new sense of serenity.
"
She said, 'Jimmy, you don't sound like the same person. You
sound intoxicated. And I said, 'Well, in a way I am'
"
'God's Influence'
work for about a year" around Massa-
that I hadn't experienced be-
chusetts and Pennsylvania.
fore. I felt then and ever since
In September, 1966, Jimmy Carter,
Carter's most recent account of his
experience, as told to us, doesn't so
that when I meet each individual
age 41, lost the Democratic primary
election for the Georgia governorship
much contradict this version as pick it
person, they are important to
by 20,000 votes out of a million or so
up where Ruth leaves off. We had
me. I found myself able to say,
ballots cast. Some time later, Carter
pressed him for the details, time, and
circumstances of his born-again experi-
"What can I do to make this
says, he was attending the Baptist
church in Plains, Georgia, when the
ence. He replied by offering us what
other person's life even more
minister gave a sermon with the title
he called "very tangible evidence." It
enjoyable?"-even people that I
"If You Were Arrested for Being a
has become central to our inquiry:
met on an elevator or in a
Christian, Would There Be Enough
Evidence to Convict You?" As Carter
I went to Lock Haven, Pennsyl-
chance encounter on the street.
told Bill Moyers in a television inter-
vania. I'm not sure about the
In the past, I had a natural in-
view: "I was going through a state in
year
May, 1967, on what we
clination to say, "What can I get
my life then that was a very difficult
one. I had run for governor and lost.
call a pioneer mission. There
from them?" Or, to wipe them
Everything I did was not gratifying.
had been identified, before I
out of my mind. Now it's just a
When I succeeded in something, it was
went, 100 families of non-
different feeling altogether
a horrible experience for me. I'd never
believers.
I was assigned the
hard for me to express it.
done much for other people. I was al-
ways thinking about myself. " And
responsibility along with an-
so his answer to the question in the
other person, Milo Pennington,
Inner Meanings
sermon was "No." From that time,
from Texas, to go into these
Carter added, "I changed somewhat
While the words may come hard for
for the better. I formed a much more
homes and explain our own faith
Carter, we believe he has made, the
intimate relationship with Christ. And
and seek their conversion. Milo
born-again experience accessible and
since then, I've had just about like a
Pennington was not well-edu-
understandable, even for nonbelievers.
new life. As far as hatreds, frustrations,
Rereading carefully the various ac-
cated. He happens to be a peanut
I feel at ease with myself."
counts of Carter's born-again experi-
So goes Carter's public account of
farmer—there aren't very many
ence, and replaying the tape of our in-
the born-again experience. Another ver-
of them in Texas-and he did
terview three or four times, the inner
sion comes from his sister, Ruth Carter
the work and talking. It seemed
meanings emerge:
Stapleton, the third of four children of
1. As a religious experience, the
Lillian and James Earl Sr. and, at 46,
to me he was the most inept
feelings Carter describes are hardly
five years younger than her brother
person I had ever known in ex-
unique. In his own words, Baptists "be-
Jimmy. Ruth Stapleton is an author,
pressing himself. He fumbled
lieve that the first time we're born as
evangelist, and faith healer-a psychol-
children, it's human life given to us;
and didn't know what to say and
ogist of sorts. Her book, The Gift of
and when we accept Jesus as our
Inner Healing, describes her own psy-
I thought, "Oh, I could do
Savior it's new life. That's what 'born
chic despair in early adulthood after
much
better.
But he had
again' means." E. Brooks Holifield, an
marriage, four children, and a serious
done it before and he was a
Emory University historian, explains
car accident.
that rebirth among Baptists also initi-
On an autumn day in 1966, Ruth
deeply committed person.
ates "a process of personal growth de-
Stapleton recalls, she and Jimmy drove
signed to impose control over such
from Plains to Webster County to go
Pennington apparently succeeded in
passions as anger, lust, pride, and fear."
for a walk in the pine woods. Accord-
converting fifteen or twenty families.
A comparison of Carter's experience
Carter continues:
ing to Ruth, "I talked about my aware-
with that of another public figure of an-
ness of Christ, and I shared with Jim-
The whole week was almost a
other time, Oliver Cromwell, provides
my how it was to come to a place of
another context. Cromwell, the great
total commitment, the peace and the
miracle to me and I felt the sense
leader of the seventeenth-century "Pur-
joy and the power it brings." He
of the presence of God's influ-
itan Revolution," wrote of his conver-
wanted to know what Ruth had
ence in my life. I called my wife
sion episode: "You know what my man-
that he didn't have. Ruth asked her
ner of life hath been. Oh, I lived in and
brother whether he would give up his
on the phone one night and she
loved darkness, and hated the light; I
life and everything he had for Christ.
said, "Jimmy, you don't sound
was a chief, the chief of sinners." Ac-
He answered yes. She asked if this in-
like the same person. You sound
tually, Cromwell's conscious acts of
cluded politics. He could not answer
sin seem to have been minor derelic-
almost like you're intoxi-
yes. Ruth says she replied that if that
tions: card-playing, some practical
were so, he would never find peace. In
cated.
And I said, "Well,
jokes. In Cromwell's case, we can also
her recollection he became very emo-
in a way I am.
It was a new
guess at an unconscious fear of uncon-
tional and cried. He does not remem-
sense of release and assurance
troliable anger, either out of narcissistic
ber this. Not long after this talk, how-
frustrations or out of resentment of
ever, Ruth says a born-again Jimmy
and peace with myself and a
parental authority. But, Cromwell con-
Carter "went off and did lay missionary
genuine interest in other people
cludes, "God had mercy on me."
28
NEW YORK/AUGUST 30, 1976
FORD
GERALD
Carter talking to voters in New Hampshire last February: An identification with "The People"-with no intermediaries.
Carter also seems to exaggerate his
Carter have suggested to us that Carter
rally as his work shirt and his smile.
transgressions, while hiding his anger
suffered an "emotional breakdown" of
Through the phases of young adult-
from himself. In any case Carter, too,
some sort after his 1966 defeat. We
hood and the approach of maturity,
received God's mercy. He was freed
know, from his own account, that he
men and women are absorbed in their
from his sense of sin, whatever its
lost some 22 pounds, sending his al-
own careers and concerns. Then, at
precise nature-and we'll come to that.
ready slight frame down to 130 pounds,
mid-life, age 35 or 40 or 45, adults
He became able "to accept defeat" and
and that he was deeply in debt. We
typically begin to ask themselves,
"to get pleasure out of successes." His
can't pretend to know his precise emo-
what have I generated, what have I
defeat had left him shaken. He had
tional state, but what we know of his
helped to create? Has my life been
failed, badly, for the second time in
personal life at the time sounds like
productive or stagnant? Can old age
his life (the first time, he told us, was
one of the normal stages of adulthood.
be faced with a sense of integrity-"all
when he missed out on a Rhodes schol-
Some translations from the confes-
in all, I would do this over again"-or
arship after Annapolis). In un-Chris-
sional to the psychological mode can
with feelings of waste and despair?
tian fashion, he had wanted to win too
help at this point:
What legacy or guidance is being left
much, for himself and out of pride.
Carter told Moyers he recognized
for the next generation?
Worse, he could not renounce his am-
his own "shortcomings and sinfulness.
3. The political interpretation of the
bition, as his sister asked.
In psychological terms, he was
born-again experience has to be our
What happened was, first, the valida-
depressed.
most speculative analysis. Consider that
tion, inwardly, of Jimmy Carter's "self-
Carter felt filled with pride. "I
week in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania.
ish" desires and, second, their transfor-
was always thinking about myself
Here is Jimmy Carter: Annapolis grad-
mation. Earlier he felt himself a hypo-
The psychoanalytic term for this is
uate, nuclear-submarine officer, recent
crite. By some "miracle," he was reas-
"narcissism."
candidate for governor-intelligent,
sured of his essential goodness and
Carter says that he used people.
proud, literate, well spoken. He goes
worth. By truly accepting God the Fa-
The analyst hears, "I can't love.
door-to-door with a poorly educated,
ther, through Christ, he also had been
Carter says he had "the need to
inept elderly man-Pennington, we
accepted by God the Father. Such ex-
improve.
The textbooks talk of
learned from other sources, was in his
periences are an expected part of the
the "crisis of generativity."
seventies at the time. The old fumbler
Baptist religion. It happens all the time.
The conflict between generativity and
does all the talking-and it works.
2. As a psychological experience,
self-absorption, exemplified, for exam-
Converts
fifteen
sixteen
Carter's "rebirth" is also explicable.
ple, in Erikson's psychohistory of Mar-
twenty
the total rolls up. "It's al-
Political reporters who have covered
tin Luther, seems to fit Carter as natu-
most a miracle.
Carter is a
AUGUST 30, 1976/NEW YORK
29
"
Contrary to current notions about his mother, we believe the
father to be at least as, and probably more, significant
"
changed man. He even sounds differ-
owes nothing to the politicians, or to
As a baby, Jimmy had colic. "He cried
ent on the phone. What is the intoxi-
Washington; he is his own boss. He
a lot," Lillian says. But he was a good
cating epiphany? Perhaps it is this:
owes everything to the people who
baby-"you heard he is perfect," Lil-
Carter has been a man of science-
vote for him; they have become part of
lian said to us with a smile. Still, he had
a cultural consolidator, in Erikson's
his family. Campaigning in the pri-
his problems. First pneumonia, and then,
terms. He has integrated the domi-
maries, he slept overnight in the homes
at age two, he "had colitis and almost
nant technological development of his
of his supporters; it is part of the shar-
died," according to Lillian, who was
time-nuclear power-with his own
ing experience. Carter's unity with the
pregnant at the time. It was only three
identity development. And what did
people also means that he, like some
weeks before her second child, Gloria,
Science and Reason and Intellect get
family doctor or caring parent, con-
was born. Lillian tended her son,
him? The voters rejected him! But old
stantly takes their pulse-Pat Caddell's
changing his diapers constantly be-
Pennington is able to reach people
around-the-clock polling-and checks
cause he was passing so much blood.
through feeling and belief. If a reli-
up on their feelings. He wants to know
In the mid-1920s, most babies with
gious missionary-or a political leader
what issues might be of the most con-
colitis died. But a doctor she had
-"gets down" with the people, feels
cern to voters. While that may be
worked with during her training as a
with them, then he can win them over,
shrewd politics, it also seems to be
nurse gave her the right advice.
convert them, lead them. For a politi-
psychologically essential to him. Since
As for how his parents raised him,
cian, that's a miracle.
the people are good when not misled,
what counts most is what amy re-
and know what is good for themselves,
members. In Carter's men
es,
the
'Break Point'
it follows, as gospel, that candidates
father looms largest. And contrary to
do not create the issues. Rather, issues
current notions that Lillian, the mother,
We have concentrated on what Car-
"exist in the minds and hearts of our
was the major formative influence, we
ter calls his born-again experience, and
citizens." By merging with the citizens,
believe the father to have been at least
what Erikson calls the crisis of genera-
Carter enters their minds and hearts.
as, and probably more, significant.
tivity, because it marks a kind of break
The middle-aged Carter obviously
His feelings about his father, and his
point for Carter-religiously, psycho-
solved his psychosocial crisis of gen-
mother, were necessarily mixed. Out-
logically, and politically. In our own
erativity-on many levels. Jimmy and
wardly, he worshiped his father, who
interview, when we applied the phrase
Rosalynn Carter had their fourth child
"worked harder than did I or anyone
"break point" to the period after the
in October of 1967, some fifteen years
else
and who was excellent ten-
governor's race, Carter replied, mildly,
after the birth of their third child. He
nis player" he could never beat. Jimmy
"That's an exaggeration
But
later
won the governorship the next time out
says he never considered disobeying
he added that, yes, it was a time of a
in 1970, surrounding himself with a
his father. These feelings were genuine.
"psychological problem.
Of course,
small band of loyal workers in their
But with them, we believe, were other
we recognize that other, external
twenties and thirties.
feelings.
events during this period in Carter's
Still, it wouldn't be very good psy-
One night, for example, his parents
life helped shape the ways in which
chohistory to believe that the 1966 po-
had a party for their friends and made
he would move to handle the normal
litical defeat is enough by itself to
so much noise, as he remembers it,
developmental stages of life. He en-
explain Carter's "new life." Our hunch,
that he went outside to sleep in his
countered, for example, corrupt, selfish
pending more work, is that Jimmy
tree house. Later, after the guests de-
interests as a state senator in Georgia
Carter's rebirth in 1966-67 was actual-
parted, his father called to him, but
in the sixties. This, too, influenced his
ly a third birth. There was, of course,
the young boy refused to answer. "The
"world view." The lesson was that the
his actual "first" birth in 1924. Then,
next morning," we are told in Why
ordinary people were good, but often
there was a kind of "second" birth at
Not the Best?, "I received one of the
misled by unscrupulous, self-seeking,
the time of his father's death in 1953.
few whippings of my boyhood, all of
"entrenched politicians." With the
Only later, in the conversion experi-
which I remember so well." We sense
right leader, the people will "commit"
ence of 1966-67, as we have described
the suppressed anger-the boy's and
themselves, they will pursue the truth.
it, did the "third" birth occur.
the man's-at his father for what must
Carter also learned, as a state senator,
have been perceived as an unjust whip-
that his ability to perform effective
Carter's Three Lives
ping. After all, it was his parents who
"public service" was limited by the
had made the noise.
powers above him; he needed to run
The first-born Jimmy was very
This anger is confirmed for us in
for governor to have real power. As
much his mother's boy. He was not a
the very next paragraph, which says:
governor, he learned the limits of that
very big baby-seven to seven and
"One of the rare times I ever felt des-
office in the face of federal controls.
a half pounds, Lillian Carter told us. At
perately sorry for my father" was
Only as president of the United States
first she nursed him, but then had to put
when he ordered a tailor-made suit of
would he have the real power to do
him on the bottle. Although trained as a
clothes, the first of his life, and it came
good-and to serve ordinary people.
nurse, she reports that she was con-
"twice as large as my father." But,
Jimmy Carter's identification with
cerned and nervous about her first
Carter writes, "no one in the family
the people, we believe, is a mystical
child, as most mothers are. (With the
laughed" when his father tried it
union (as was his union with God)
later children, she relaxed.) Everything
on. This is a strange juxtaposition of
There are no intermediaries. This helps
had to be sterile. Jimmy was rigidly
narratives. Psychologically, however,
explain several elements of his dis-
scheduled. "I gave him a bottle ex-
the story is very much in the right
tinctive political style. He is not happy,
actly on time." (What was that about
place. The boy-man is allowing him-
or adept, at delivering prepared
the clockwork presidential campaign
self to "get back" at his father, to
speeches-other people's words. He
and Carter's passion for punctuality?)
laugh at him safely. By humiliating
30
NEW YORK/AUGUST 30, 1976
©COPYRIGHT 1975, BROADMAN NASHVILLE, TENN. ALL RESERVED.
THE
LEDGER-ENQUIRFR/COLUMBUS,
:
James Earl Sr., as army officer, World War I; Jimmy as navy midshipman, World War II: "I want to be a man like my father.
his father in memory, he gives vent
of whipping had to go somewhere, and
and, by extension, toward politics-
to his anger at the unjust whipping.
we speculate that it may have become
for power is what politics is about,
Because the two paragraphs seemed
available for resentment against other,
even the politics of love-were ob-
worrisomely pat as material for a psy-
social injustices-and fueled an iden-
viously ambivalent.
chohistorian, we specifically asked
tification with victims of such injus-
So, too, would be his feelings toward
Carter if he wrote and arranged them,
tices.
his mother. She never whipped him,
rather than, say, Jody Powell, Jerry
The importance of the whippings is
though she spanked him. Where the
Rafshoon, Hal Gulliver, or any of the
underlined when, a few pages later in
father was "aggressive," she, as a nurse,
other editorial hands who may have
Why Not the Best?, Carter returns to
was clearly the nurturant, caring figure.
worked on the book. Carter assured
the same theme. His father, he writes,
The father seldom read a book, but
us they were his words and his para-
Jimmy's mother "was an avid reader,
graph order. The original manuscript,
was a stern disciplinarian and
and so was I." Where the father "was
he said, was around to prove it. We
punished me severely when I
quite conservative
my mother was
have no reason to think he would lie
misbehaved. From the time I
and is a liberal." And on the critical
to us about it.
subject of race, it was the mother who
Skeptics of another sort may ask,
was four years old until I was
welcomed Negroes to the house, cared
"So what?" What do Carter's fa-
fifteen years old, he whipped me
for "dark-skinned people," and favored
ther's clothes have to do with his pres-
six times and I've never forgot-
integration. She was also something of
idential candidacy?
ten any of those impressive
a dowager of the town; in recent years
One answer would be that this re-
she has driven a series of Cadillacs and
membered episode, trivial and "per-
experiences.
Oldses around the red-clay and black-
sonal" in itself, suggests something
Extraordinary, it seems to us, to re-
top roads. These days she holds court
about the formation of Jimmy Carter's
member the exact number of whip-
on the platform of the train station
attitudes toward authority and disci-
pings over the course of eleven years.
that serves as her son's presidential
pline. In our view, he mainly accepted
We can make sense of this if we realize
headquarters, as tourists and reporters
his father's "authoritarianism-rather
that what is trivial for a grown-up is
snap her picture and interview her.
than revolt against it-and internalized
momentous for young children, magni-
Jimmy Carter obviously took on
it. This helps explain the "conserva-
fied beyond "real reality" in their
many of his mother's values, as well
tive," "disciplinarian" side of Jimmy
"psychic reality."
as his father's. The danger with the
Carter (further developed later in the
Jimmy's feelings toward his father
mother was that a sense of right could
navy). Yet the anger at the "injustice"
and thus toward authority and power
become a feeling of self-righteousness.
AUGUST 30, 1976/NEW YORK
31
"
It is a salvation in the classic pattern. Luther and Gandhi,
the Eriksonian heroes, had made their quest political acts "
At its best, of course, the mother's love
with his
I began to think
ter. He can identify with his father
would temper the father's discipline.
We see a classic case of the child inte-
about the relative significance of
and mother but especially his father-
earn redemption, and secure for him-
grating aspects of both parents, in
his life and mine. He was an
self the love that supports self-esteem.
what is, of course, a unique mixture
integral part of the community,
Psychologically, this really becomes a
called Jimmy Carter. That mixture
and had a wide range of varied
"new life."
changed again in 1953, when 29-year-
old Jimmy Carter came back from the
but interrelated interests and
Character-and Risk
navy and "took over" from his father,
responsibilities. He was his own
who had just died.
boss.
Can such tentative facts and inter-
pretations serve as a basis for making
Death-and Life
His father's death apparently stirred
any judgments about Jimmy Carter's
strange feelings in Jimmy Carter. Had
character? We believe so.
Jimmy Carter began his second "new
he misjudged the "stern" father? (They
There would seem to be at least
life" when his father died of cancer.
had argued vehemently about race once
some reason for concern. In Carter's
(In telling Carter's story this way,
and could never talk about the subject
public smile and his private bal
we recognize that important events
again; they saw very little of each
ing, some see the "macho"
are tumbling by, like the pages of a
other for the eleven years from 1942 to
Kennedy or Lyndon Johnson (the south-
calendar used to show the "passage of
1953.) Feelings of guilt and a need
ern provincial), or even Thomas E.
time" in a 1940s movie: Plains, An-
for redemption, both of himself and of
Dewey (the overconfident, arrogant
napolis, marriage to Rosalynn-so like
his father, would be natural. In any
little man on the wedding cake).
Ruth in many ways-the substitute
case, Carter resigned from the navy
To some people, to take the scariest
"family" of the submarine service, the
and returned to Plains.
concern, Carter looks like Richard
substitute "father figure" of Admiral
By the mid-1960s, Carter had become
Nixon. In the life of each man there
Hyman Rickover-all of these are rich
everything his father could have wanted
appears to be the "liberal" mother and
topics for a full psychohistory.) In
for him: farmer, businessman, Sunday-
the "conservative" father. Nixon, too,
this second life, Carter, then approach-
school teacher, state legislator
yet
had a "conversion" experience, one go-
ing his thirtieth birthday, returned to
he still sensed that he had failed.
ing back to his fourteenth year, when
his basic identification with James Earl
Why? First of all, as Carter himself
his father took him to a revivalist meet-
Carter Sr.-an identity he had earlier
suggested to us, it seems that he wasn't
ing in Los Angeles. Both men believe
avoided by leaving home and entering
enough like his father. "My daddy
in the work ethic. Both are tenacious.
the navy.
worked hard and was a meticulous
Both are supposedly humorless. Both
In 1953, as Jimmy Carter recalls, he
planner like me," Jimmy Carter said,
talk much about roots. Both reassure
had "no alternative" except to return
"but he was an exuberant man. He had
audiences of their "honesty." Nixon
home, despite Rosalynn's strong opposi-
an enjoyable life, like my brother
said, "I am not a crook." Carter says,
tion. His mother, Lillian, explains it as
Billy. If you know my brother Billy,
"I will never lie to you."
a matter of economic necessity: The
then you've taken a major step toward
But we believe these supposed re-
family peanut-growing and warehous-
knowing my father.
semblances are superficial or mislead-
ing business was in bad shape. There
We know Billy. Everyone who gets
ing-or both. Nixon talked religion,
is also a deeper explanation. Accord-
to Plains knows Billy Carter. He is a
but, on the available evidence, he was
ing to Ruth Carter Stapleton, on the
warm, generous person-a good ole boy
not guided by it. Carter really has roots.
day their father died, Jimmy had
-with a four-wheel-drive van, and a
He can drive seven miles down the
to notify people around Plains: "We
beer can in his hand before 11 A.M. He
macadam road and show you family
started out in the early morning. We
hasn't been inside a church in twenty
gravestones dating from the 1800s. He
went to black and white." To their sur-
years. A college dropout. He could
moves out from the South, not away
prise they found out, talking to the
not wait to break out of Plains to join
from it. Nixon's father was a failed
family's friends, that their father had
the marines. At 4 A.M. the morning
man. Nixon's anger and hate ran so
supplemented the income of many
after his high-school graduation, he was
deep and threateningly he had to deny
families of both races or helped pay
on his way to boot camp. "I wanted
their existence completely; he never
for college expenses. Jimmy was visibly
to be badass," he told us.
came to terms with them.
shaken by this knowledge. Ruth says
Billy Carter and James Earl Carter
In James David Barber's study of
it was "one of the few times I ever
Sr. knew how to relax, to take defeat.
presidential character-which Carter
saw Jimmy cry." (She seems to be
Jimmy Carter didn't know how. He was
says is the best book on politics he's
there when it happens.) "He began
too proud, too self-righteous. And so he
ever read-Richard Nixon was classified
to review his life," she remembers,
failed-himself and his father.
as an Active/Negative president. Ac-
and "he said, 'I want to be a man
And then
he is accepted by God
cording to Barber, this character type
like my father."
the Father, and by his earthly father.
works hard and long at being president,
In Jimmy Carter's account, as his
It is a salvation in the classic pattern
but, basically, Active/Negatives are psy-
father lay dying, hundreds of people
of psychohistory. Luther and Gandhi,
chologically rigid and eternally dissatis-
came to speak to Carter Sr.:
the Eriksonian heroes, had made their
fied with their accomplishments. They
quest for salvation political acts. In
nush too much. They are headed at
It was obvious that he meant
solving their personal problems, they
some point for disaster. Active/Posi-
turned their faith to service and leader-
much to them, and it caused me
tives, on the other hand, like Franklin
ship. So, too, with Carter.
Delano Roosevelt, work hard and enjoy
to compare my prospective life
Politics means a fulfillment for Car-
their White House jobs.
32
NEW YORK/AUGUST 30, 1976
WIDE WORLD
WIDE WORLD
WIDE WORLD
Carrer Stapleton
Ruth, Jimmy, and Billy Carter: From the sister, the lesson of commitment. From the brother, the lesson of enjoyment.
There was, as it happens, another
plicated Jimmy's identity with his par-
A bottom line of sorts, then: On the
Active/Negative president with more
ents. His character was formed, as with
basis of the present evidence, our an-
than surface resemblances to Jimmy
all of us, most fatefully in his family.
swer would be that Carter has come
Carter: Woodrow Wilson.
But what kind of president, a public
unusually close to that perilous Active/
Like Carter, Wilson was a South-
man, will he make if elected? Active/
Negative character type. Almost mi-
erner. Wilson, too, was guided by his
Negative, like Wilson, or Active/Posi-
raculously, he has saved himself from
religion, strict Presbyterianism (his
tive, like FDR? The answer depends, in
falling over the line. Through the in-
father was a minister). Elected as gov-
part, on a review of his political record,
tense self-scrutiny expressed in his born-
ernor of New Jersey by the "conserva-
but, even more important, on how con-
again experience-and still going on-
tive" interests, Wilson surprised them
vinced we are of the validity of what
Jimmy Carter has learned two car-
by his liberal administration. Like Car-
we have called his "third" birth. Here,
dinal lessons: the ability to love others
ter, Wilson also proclaimed himself
in a kind of mystical experience, he
and the ability to admit mistakes, to
independent of party "bosses" and the
apparently found himself-actually, a
accept failure. He has won his "new
"interests." He, too, professed direct
"new" self-as well as a new vision of
life" by grim effort, though he may suf-
links to the American people. Angered
the American people.
fer occasional relapses-what psychoan-
at the Senate's refusal to ratify the
In our view, too, Carter's greatest
alysts would call regressions. His tem-
League of Nations covenant as he pro-
present strength-his intimate union
per breaks through at times; he still
posed it, Wilson took his campaign
with the American people-could be
can be "prideful." Yet Jimmy Carter
directly to the people, lost his battle
his greatest potential weakness. He
has become a mature person of sereni-
-and his health. When he couldn't
needs this sense of communion, of one-
ty, one with a sense of community that
reach the people, he felt crushed spir-
ness with the body politic, in the Wil-
communicates itself readily to the pub-
itually.
son mode. Will he feel frustrated and
lic. What in others might combine to
James Earl Sr., Lillian
Kennedy,
thwarted by any intermediary agents
make fatal character flaws have in him
Johnson, FDR, Nixon, Wilson
which
-the Congress, the courts, the press-
become, so far, strengths.
one is the real Jimmy Carter? Jimmy,
that come between him as president and
From the psychohistorian's perspec-
of course, is himself. His feelings to-
"his" people? Will he, when a major
tive, the first-born Carter would not be
ward his mother and father and their
issue is joined, accept counterbalanc-
running for national office. The second-
use of authority, love, and discipline
ing powers if he should feel, as Wilson
born Carter would be a marginal can-
must be understood in the larger con-
did, that he has a mandate directly from
didate. But the third-born Carter, at
text of the American South, where race
the electorate? For us, that's the char-
least provisionally, would get a good
polarized political attitudes and com-
acter issue.
character reference.
AUGUST 30, 1976/NEW YORK
33
11
Carter Campaign
Image
Raising the personality issue
By KEVIN P. PHILLIPS
Still, say what you like about President Ford, he now
stands before us as the sole candidate already
Turnabout is fair play, so it's a
psychologically certified by hostile partisans, as well as by
little hard to agree with Jimmy
two safe years in office. If Mr. Nice Guy from Grand
Carter's angry protest that the
Rapids ever tried to be a man on a white horse, he'd prob-
Republicans are committing an
ably fall off, and then grin in embarrassment.
outrage by attacking him
personally rather than discussing
In contrast, Jimmy Carter has left a trail of personal
jobs or economic policy.
tactics, traits and remarks that ought to be catnip for
psycho-historians. To start with, he can't stand to lose. Af-
After all, emphasis upon
ter his 1966 Georgia gubernatorial primary defeat, Carter
personal trust rather than specific
had something of a breakdown, and then came his big
issues was the Georgian's own
religious experience. He still won't describe it, except to
game in the Spring primaries, and
say it "was not a profound stroke or miracle. It was not a
he played it coolly and well. From
voice from heaven.
It was not mysterious."
New Hampshire on, the big issues have never been the big
issue. Jimmy Carter has. Or rather Jimmy Carter's
He's tightly wound and intensely disciplined, but OC-
casionally a bad temper breaks free. To guard his self
character, honesty and leadership capacities.
control, candidate Carter has forsworn liquor for the dura-
Thus, when Vice President Nelson Rockefeller and
tion of the campaign, reportedly declining even a cold beer.
As for power and release, back in March, he told a Wash-
Texas GOP Sen. John Tower start flinging verbal hatchets
ington Post interviewer that he owned and listened to
like "ruthless," "dictator" and "messiah" at Carter, they
records of surging automobile engines, and that he had
may be taking a political risk, but they're also fighting the
loved serving on a submarine with its "kind of liberation
Democratic nominee on the very field of combat he himself
from the restraints of civilized life."
marked off in the spring trials.
Even friends have openly described him as ruthless.
His own mother calls him "a cat with steel claws" and
What's more, listening to Carter, you'd think that in-
senior advisor Charles Kirbo tells about how Carter
quiry into personal character and ego drives of presidential
couldn't wait to get to the office to fire people in his first
candidates ought to be out of bounds. Not so. After a
months as governor. Surely all this is grounds for some of
decade of severe character-ego problems in two presidents,
that analysis reporter Otten was talking about?
Lyndon Johnson and Richrd Nixon, some pre-election in-
quiry is clearly in order. Yet press neglect has been woeful,
As for the labels of "dictator" and "Messiah," Carter
Only the other day, Allen Otten of The Wall Street Journal
does fit some yardsticks applied to Oliver Cromwell, Lenin
belabored his colleagues: "Perhaps the greatest omission
and others by psycho-historian Bruce Mazlish in his new
has been the press's failure to attempt any broad analysis
study of "The Revolutionary Ascetic." Among the qualities
of each candidate's character."
such men share are ruthlessness, puritanism, intensity and
iron self-discipline.
Paradoxically, only three years ago, both the press and
the Democratic party were actively encouraging exam-
However, a caution is in order: if the Republicans want
ination of the psychological and emotional history of a
to charge Carter with being a Chattahoochee River Crom-
man who might be in line for the presidency. That man
well, a likeness also seen by some liberals, they had better
was Gerald Ford, and during Congress' autumn, 1973, vice
do so with sophistication, presenting careful psychological
presidential confirmation hearings, New York psychiatrist
and comparative historical analysis. If they merely indulge
Arnold Hutschnecker was brought to Washington to discuss
in shallow, intermittent namecalling, then I think Jimmy
rumors and reports that he had treated Mr. Ford during a
Carter's evaluation will be correct. The American people
period of difficulty. It was a false alarm.
are likely to resent it.
Boston Herald American, (8/18/76)
CARTER: SOUTHERN APPEAL
Carter
The los Ange les Times, April 76
Carter's Southern Comfort
8.
FORD
BY GEORGE F. WILL
WASHINGTON-The approach of their
sissippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, North Ca-
GERALD
convention is going to concentrate many
rolina, South Carolina. They have 91 electoral
LIBRARY
Democrats' minds on the fact that one object
votes. A Republican candidate needs to start
of the preconvention steeplechase is to identi-
with a realistic hope of carrying a substantial
iv a candidate who can win in November.
number of Southern electoral votez to com-
Soon the was of this idea will lap like an 11'-
pensate for his weakness in the larger states.
resistible tide at the origes of the Democratic
Otherwise, he starts with more weight in his
Party's mind, and it may work to Jimmy Car-
saddle than Secretariat could carry.
er's advantage.
But Carter would start seeking the South's
To win requires 270 of the 538 electoral
electoral votes with the special advantage of
votes. Presulent Ford might have a more dif-
a native son in a region that still cares (as,
ficult time winning that total against Carter
say, the East does not) about having its dis-
than against any of Carter's rivals. The nom-
tinctive nature acknowledged and accepted.
nation of Carter might confer on the Demo-
More than any other region. the South still is,
cratic Party an effortless "Southern strategy."
in fact. a region with a sense of itself. a "mind
After their 1960 defeat. some Republicans
of its own." The inexpressibly tedious recent
cudgeled their brains and produced the
brouhaha about Carter's "ethnic purity" re-
that 314 that a Republican presidential candi-
mark surely heightened Southern awareness
dacy is not competitive unless it has substan-
of the fact that vocal non-Southerners still re-
tial appeal in the South This idea was. and is.
gard Southerners as faintly suspect, even dis-
far more valid than the rubbishy theory of an
agrecable.
"emerzing Republican majority" with which
A Southerner does not need to be as sensi-
it originally was entangled. To understand
tive as the Jodrell Bank anterma to detect
why, first look away from deep Dixie.
anti-Southern prejudice in the jubilant assault
Today, Democrats hold governorships in S
on Carter as a result of his clumsy expression
of the 10 largest states: California. New York,
of a housing policy that differs not at all from
Pennsylvania. Illinois, New Jersey, Massa-
national policy or from his rivals' views. Sud-
chasetts, Texas, Florida. These states have
denly. on the basis of those few words, it ne-
213 electoral votes. If in 1974 a few thousand
came permissible for Carter's critics (most of
votes had gone the other way in Ohio and
them white) to suggest that Carter is a racist.
Marigan (25 and 21 electoral votes, respec-
One critic told me that the words prove that
tively), Democrats would have all 10 gover-
Carter is a "reckdivist"-that is. a racist, who
norships.
once may have been cured, but whose cure
In these 10 states with 259 electoral votes
has lapsed. Note the assumption: Southerners
(11 short of the winning sum). Democrats in
are "hy nature" afflicted with the disease of
1974 elected 162 representative the GOP
racism.
just 77, a better than 2-1 Democratic advan-
It used to be said that anti-Catholicism was
tage In addition, in 1072 George McGovern
the "anti-Seraltism of the intellectuals": It
proved that it is impossible for any Democrat
was the "respectable" bigotry. Today. anti-
with a body temperature of 98.6 degrees to
Southern sentiment is the "respectable Me-
lose the District of Columbia's three electoral
Carthyian." Among a significant number of
votes. (McGovern got 785 of the District
Americans (predominantly white, Northern.
vote.)
liberal) it is good form to assume the worst of
Southerners, to casually impute to them vi-
Given the disparity between the strengths
cious views on race.
of the two partics in this bloc, It is sufe to as-
If many Southerners take personally the at-
sume that the Republican presidential candi-
tempted mugging of Carter on the matter of
date generally enters the competition there
"ethnic purity," and they have a right to do
with the odds against him winning a majority
so, it will only enhance his candidacy as a
of the electoral votes.
"cause" in his region. And without substantial
extrating Southern
strength in that region, the Ford candidacy
Lourshind. ":-
will be a lost cause.
Election: Comment
C-21
Can Ex-sub Skipper Run Ship of State?
(By Eleanor Randolph, excerpted, Chicago Tribune)
Jimmy Carter, who now wants to run the country, was only
governor of Georgia for four years, from 1970 to 1974, because
state law doesn't allow governors to succeed themselves. But
in that short time, the politician-nuclear physicist peanut
farmer earned a striking reputation in his home state.
Some people, including old statehouse politicians call
him "butt-headed." Some, like a determined young conserva-
tionist who got Carter's help in trying to save Atlanta's
trees, call him strong-willed and principled.
In the various assessments by Georgians who watched
Carter as governor and predict what he would be like as
President, he is honest, determined, opportunistic, inflexible,
tough, high and mighty, and sincere. He is a loner who surrounds
himself with young aides instead of a few old friends. He is
a kind of self-ordained Sir Lancelot who "thinks God is on his
side and doesn't give a damn who's on the other."
For those who disagreed with Carter, he became more
than a standard political adversary. He was an enemy. For
those who liked what he said and encouraged him to run for the
Democratic nomination for President, Jimmy Carter would be the
best chief executive since Harry Truman.
In spite of differences with most state legislators,
Carter got 90 percent of his programs passed. And the one
program that the candidate from Plains, Ga., always mentions
on the campaign trail is his reorganization of the Georgia
state government.
Carter boasts that he reduced 200 agencies of the Georgia
bureaucracy to 22 -- a dramatic change that increased the ef-
ficiency and cut the cost of state government. If elected,
Carter promises that he could carve the federal government's
1,900 agencies down to 200. -- (2/11/76)
Election
Comment
Carter's strong showing surprises
friends, foes alike in Georgia
By Ted Bryant
gubernatorial races, but the two parted
Staff Writer
ways after Carter made accusations
about the speaker's dealings with the
relationship with the General Assem-
ATLANTA-Weaving through the
state pardon and parole board during
bly, the House in particular. and the
rush hour traffic on Peachtree-st, the
the last year of the governor's adminis-
failure of some legislation to pass.
cab driver, as cab drivers are prone to
tration. They have shaken hands once
The speaker, however, leaves the im-
do, summed up the political situation in
since then, Murphy said.
pression that he wanted to compromise
one pithy statement:
Going so far as to say he'll support
in favor of big business and the points
"Carter's the man. Everybody's say.
Carter if he wins the nomination, Mur-
he used to criticize Carter would be
ing good things about him, SO he must
phy predicts Carter will take the Geor-
used by others to praise him.
be doing something right."
gia primary, at least partially on a vote
On consumer protection, for exam-
While it doesn't tell the full story, the
of Georgians supporting their own.
If he's right, and polls show he is, that
ple, Murphy said Carter's proposals
cabdriver's summation is close.
Not everybody in Georgia is saying
eliminates one threat that was hanging
would have put merchants out of busi-
ness, a phrase that often crops up from
good things about Jimmy Carter, but
over the Carter campaign a few months
not so many are saying bad things any-
ago-the possibility of losing his home
opponents of meaningful consumer
state.
protection or environmental legisla-
more.
tion.
When Jimmy Carter announced in
But Murphy still gives a poor rating
July, 1974, that he would run for presi-
to Carter's performance in the gover-
Murphy also blames Carter for leav-
nor's office. That only makes him one of
ing the state in poor financial condition
dent two years later, an Atlanta news-
-$135 million had to be cut from the
paper editor thanked him for providing
many Georgia political activists who
a good laugh just when Georgians need-
have definite opinions about the former
budget last year, the first year of the
new administration, and another $55
it.
governor, some willing to be quoted and
million this year.
some not.
The thinking inside Georgia's politi-
Carter supporters, however, say
cal structure was that the former Geor-
Carter has picked up the support of
Georgia was hit hard by recession dur-
gia governor couldn't be elected in his
the state's lieutenant governor and
attorney general by outright endorse-
ing the last two years and the resulting
home state again.
tax loss was to blame for the budget
Now. there appears to be no doubt at
ment. According to an aide to Gov.
trimming.
all that the Plains, Ga., peanut farmer
George Busbee, Carter is likely to get
Murphy also contends that Carter's
and businessman not only will sweep
the governor as an active worker after
highly-touted reorganization of state
Georgia's May 4 primary, but his band-
the Georgia primary.
government is costing Georgia taxpay-
wagon is rolling toward Alabama
An aide to Atlanta's black mayor,
ers $175 million a year and said the
where it could-not likely, but just
Maynard Jackson, said the mayor also
reorganization bunched up about 50 per
possibly-upset George Wallace and
was willing to endorse Carter before the
cent of all state employes under the
pick up some national convention dele-
"ethnic purity" statement of two weeks
broad state department of human re-
gates on the same day in May.
ago, but has now backed off.
sources.
Just a few weeks ago, any thought of
Carter beating Wallace in Alabama
"That sent tremors through the black
"We're really just trying to figure out
would have been as funny as his an-
leadership," Jackson's aide said.
where everything is," Murphy said.
nouncement in 1974.
One highly placed spokesman for the
He also claims Carter approved
But instead of laughing, Georgians,
Democratic party in Georgia compared
raises for 75 percent of the state em-
both friendly and unfriendly toward
Carter to former President Nixon in one
ployes making $10,000 or more without
Carter's campaign, are showing a sin-
respect, a continuing vengeance toward
the General Assembly's knowledge, but
gle emotion-surprise.
former political enemies.
fewer than 15 per cent of those making
Few dreamed six months ago that the
He never attempted to make up with
under $10,000 had raises.
former governor could be leading the
those who opposed him in the 1970
Carter's record in Georgia, like that
Democratic field in quest of delegates
gubernatorial race, the source said.
of any governor, is being praised and
across the nation and be on the verge of
condemned at the same time, mostly
building an even larger head of steam if
The feeling among many party lead-
depending on the politics of the person
he wins big in Pennsylvania next week.
ers and elected officials, down to the
talking.
county level, is one of "apprehension, a
Even Tom Murphy, the crusty speak-
great big game of waiting and watch-
Regardless of how it will go down in
er of the Georgia House of Representa-
ing," according to the spokesman, who
history, however, the record probably
will be discussed in Alabama during the
tives who makes no secret of his dislike
asked not to be quoted by name.
next two weeks, particularly if Wallace
for Carter, admits, "He's surprised all
Murphy was particularly critical of
decides to do much campaigning to de-
of us in Georgia very much."
the former governor's refusal to com-
fend himself here. Carter has been dis-
Murphy supported Carter in his two
promise, saying it resulted in a poor
cussing Wallace's record since the
campaign's early beginnings.
Birmingham Post-Herald, 4/19/76
The Constitution
William Safire
Rolling With the Carterwagon
WASHINGTON - Jimmy Carter is
a running mate like keep-it-flowing
insulate the Fed from political domi-
no longer merely the Democratic
Gurunor Jerry Brown. (Neither Hu-
nation.
frontrunner. With Pennsylvania in his
bert Humphrey nor Scoop Jackson is
Although giving lip service to the
pocket, he is now
likely to be interested in number two,
Fed's independence - necessary,
the likely Demo-
nor is Carter likely to hold still for a
while Burns roams - the Carter plan
cratic presiden-
wild card like Ted Kennedy.)
to give a President "his own chair-
tial nominee, an
On previous form, Carter is more
man" would force the presently inde-
Emergence that
likely to play it safe with the wide-
pendent Fed to share a "joint respon-
has different ef-
spectrum approach, moving left and
sibility" with Treasury and OMB to
fects on several
to an experienced legislator, rather
issue a "coordinated report that their
groups:
than press his antipolitical strength
policies are mutually consistent."
1. THE NEW
with another young governor.
Monetary policy, now wisely decen-
"OUTS". The old
tralized, would be controlled more
Democratic
3. THE IMMEDIATE AD-
establishment
VERSARY. the media (or, if you
tightly by the White House in Carter's
like us, the press) will shift gears to
politicization.
"Ins" are, at the
moment, the new "Outs". They will
deal with the Emergence. Ever since
Such positions are now considered
MEGO - my eyes glaze over - but
coalesce to form the sort of desperate
R. W. Apple Jr. of The New York
one day soon this, and other ideas,
stop-movement that Nelson Rockefel-
Times reported last year that the
will be seized upon as typical of White
ler threw together behind William
Carter campaign was taking hold, the
House power grabs worthy of detailed
Scranton in 1964 to stop Goldwater,
ensuing reaction has ranged from a
discussion by a man with a 50-50
and with the same meager result.
profound distrust of an unwounded pol
chance of going all the way.
But the real political purpose of a
jesting at scars to a glee at the pros-
4. THE ULTIMATE ADVERSARY.
stop-movement is often not SO much
pect of writing about somebody al-
The fact of a center-right, cool South-
to derail a moving bandwagon as to
most as deliciously remote as the de-
erner as the Domocratic nomlnee
induce its riders to treat kindly with
parted Nixon.
powerfully concentrates the mind of
the polls not yet aboard. The ousted
Now, however, the same seductive
the would-be Republican nominee.
powers need to make a show of
mystery turns into "the fuzziness
From Texas to California in the com-
strength in order to be able to acqui-
issue." To show that he is not fuzzy on
ing month, Reagan will be making the
esce in dignity.
bread-and-butter issues, Carter re-
point that his Southern and Western
cently issued an economic position
appeal is needed to turn back Carter,
2. THE NEW INS. Carter and his
paper. It was ignored, of course, as
while Ford will be stirring up talk of
people, confronted with the impres-
position papers are supposed to be;
a sun-belted running mate to counter
sion of their own inevitabliity, are
they are intended to be tangible evi-
the Carterites.
likely to adopt new tactics Having
dence of unfuzziness, to be pointed to
And who might that be? At private
stressed the outsider image, they will
now become more absorbent and less
in interviews as "thoughtful backup",
gatherings, Nelson Rockefeller -
but not to be examined so soon. After
after hinting darkly at Reds under
worrisome to insiders. They will alter-
the Emergence, however, the press
senatorial beds - has been warning
nate the stick (You bosses better not
will mine the papers for contradic-
his friends about a tall, silver-haired
gang up) with the carrot (Regulars
tions, for a dangerously new idea.
Texan that he thinks is plotting to suc-
are welcome).
ceed him as Vice President.
In his economic paper, for example,
They will be faced with a strategic
Carter puts forward the notion that
Considering the way Republican
decision: to reach leftward for a tradi-
the chairman of the Federal Reserve
conventions react to Rockefeller de-
tional liberal Vice President, like Mo
Board be appointed to a term "co-ter-
sires, it could be that Carter Emer-
Udall or Fritz Mondale, or to gamble
minous with the President's" - not
gence could well be followed by the
on an all-outsider, all-new ticket, with
overlapping, as it presently is, to help
comeback of John Connally.
Busing: Comment
C-4
Ford did. Second, Ford had the Massachusetts primary locked up
and, at the time, appeared to be in no political trouble at all.
The result of this political gambit has been to raise the
hopes of Bostonians only to dash them again two weeks later. Such
things cause frustration and anger and give added impetus to the
more militant, violent-prone segments of the anti-busing movement.
On the other hand, the situation is not without its brighter side.
In less than two years, the Boston anti-busing movement has become
so influential that it has reached the highest office of the land.
This bodes well for the future.
We may have been rebuffed this time, but there is clear
progress here. As the political organization and strength develop,
the truly and effective political victories will come. My guess is
that, not in 1976 but probably by 1978, the anti-busing forces will
be able to effect changes on both the local and national stages.
Then see things happen. -- (6/2/76)
Ford Riding the School Bus
(Editorial, excerpted, Montgomery Advertiser)
It may be just a campaign ploy, or President Ford may really
be serious about the matter; but despite his reasons, he's going
to find himself mired down once he gets both feet into the busing
issue.
With Jimmy Carter's popularity in Dixie, the President may
want an issue that might be popular to the Solid South.
A strong anti-busing stand could also endear the President
to sections of the North, where busing to achieve integration has
all but destroyed public education.
But there is a strong element of liberals and blacks in this
country who could never stand for waffling on the issue. The whites
who support the monster generally have their children in all-white
schools, so its a moral issue rather than a practical matter with
them.
The Ford plan would end some of the judicial arrogance that has,
in some cases, destroyed public school systems. It would take a more
practical approach to the matter. As we read reports of the
President's proposal, it would follow much of the path taken by
the Civil Rights Act. However, this document has been ignored in
many cases by federal judges. So, what's to keep them from doing
the same to the Ford plan?
We have reservations about the President's motives, and also
about his chances for success. Is this the action of a sincere, or
a desperate man? -- (6/4/76)
Carter
1976
In contrast, Carter has come from
The Battle
nowhere and challenged the old
Democrats who are left; yet, here were
Carter and Connally together at the
Gridiron, talking for the two major
For the
parties that didn't choose them or
want them. Their remarks were off
the record, but seldom in the long
X
history of the Gridiron or the Washing-
South
ton political Establishment has there
been a more bizarre personal con-
4-4-76
frontation.
It is interesting and maybe signifi-
D
By James NTHING Reston
cant that the other major candidates
for the Presidency declined invitations
WASHINGTON, April 3 - Pete
to appear on this occasion. Former
Lisagor of The Chicago Daily News,
Governor Reagan of California was the
who may be the best newspaper re-
natural choice as spokesman for the
porter and wisest television com-
Republican Party, and this would have
mentator in this town, poked fun at
seemed to be the ideal occasion for
the Washington Establishment here
his ideological and theatrical talents,
this weekend.
but he passed it up.
Washington, he said, quoting Mark
Jimmy Carter, on the other. hand,
Twain, was a city which believes that
never passes up any invitation, if it
truth is the most valuable thing we
gives him a chance to put his person-
have, and therefore should be used
ality and political arguments on the
very sparingly. Three men could keep
line, particularly here in Washington
a secret, he added, supporting Ben
where he has a national audience.
Franklin, if two of them are dead.
Normally, the Gridiron weekend has
As president of the Gridiron Club,
no political significance, but in Presi-
which may be the last reluctant rem-
dential election years, these annual
nant of the old Washington Establish- meetings of candidates, reporters,
ment, Lisagor was arguing almost sadly publishers and their guest can be
that what the capital needed was a important.
sense of humor and a sense of history. Presidential candidates cannot win
For 91 years the Gridiron Club here but they can lose at this time, and in
has been singing the same theme, the confrontation of Carter and Con-
usually off key: We are all in trouble, nally, we may be seeing a battle for
fussing with one another most of the the South in November.
time, but "America is a tune and must Carter's success in the early primary
be sung together."
elections has fascinated and troubled
Most Presidents are not amused by the leaders of both major political
these critical and sométimes savage parties here, and the labor union chief-
amateur performances. Presidents tains as well. They don't quite know
Nixon and Johnson tolerated them at what to do about Carter, don't know
first but skipped them and condemned whether they can control him, and
them in their last years in the White wonder whether they can stop him.
House. President Ford came around The Democratic Party leaders think
this weekend and brought his wife. they can hold the Northern industrial
"Once in love with Betty," sang the states with Hubert Humphrey or Henry
Gridiron chorus, "always in love with Jackson and maybe even with Carter,
Betty."
but Carter, they feel, may hold the
All the Presidential candidates were South and bring them back to the
invited to the Gridiron this year, but White House after eight long years.
most of them declined. Maybe it's
This worries the Republicans at the
same time. They have been making
WASHINGTON
great progress in the old Confederate
states of the South, but as Carter wins
one primary after another, they are
significant that of all the candidates beginning to think of a Southern
and noncandidates, Jimmy Carter running mate for Mr. Ford, maybe
agreed to speak for the Democrats, Big John Connally of Texas,
and former Gov. John Connally of The thought in Washington recently
Texas for the Republicans:
has been that the Presidential election
This tells us something about the is running toward a Ford-Carter race
element of accident in American in the fall, or to a Humphrey-Carter
politics. Not so long ago, Jimmy ticket against Ford and somebody else
Carter was an obscure and controver- who can balance Carter in the South.
sial regional figure, and John Connally In any event, the South is finally and
was a prominent national personality, clearly coming to the fore, and may
balance.
with
Mr.
Carter's 7ay With Issues Bothers VOLLIN
MARION, Ill.-For months
ed by the partisan loyalties
guage to tint an issue, as he
"I don't think body wants
of those wedded to other candi-
did for instance in Tampa, Fla.,
now, one of the standard com-
it more than he does," one
ponents of Jimmy Carter's cam-
dates; some of it, predictably,
at the beginning of last week.
friend has suggested. "I don't
Asked if he had promised
has arisen from the party's
think anybody ever has."
paign speech has been a litany
to nominate Governor Wallace
of American heroes ranging
traditionally persnickety and
at the 1972 Democratic conven-
Opinions Obscured
from Washington and Lincoln
persistently frustrated liberal
tion (as Mr. Wallace has often
Given that passion and Mr.
to Franklin D. Roosevelt and
wing; and some of it is coming
said he did), Mr. Carter denied
Carter's belief that he can win
from nothing more rational
that was true and said there
only by appealing to voters on
Martin Luther King Jr.
than regional bias.
was proof of that denial in
the basis of his personal hon-
But last week, before all-
a telegram he had sent to the
esty and not by trying to rally
Many Concerned
white audiences in racially in-
Alabama Governor.
them around some ideological
transigent areas of the South,
Still, there are substantial
"I told him I'd have to decline
standard, it is little wonder
numbers of other Americans
the honor of nominating him,"
that his rhetoric occasionally
the soft-spoken Presidential
who are simultaneously im-
he said as the television
obscures his opinions.
candidate, who is favored to
cameras whirred and the tape
In public, for instance, he
win the Illinois Democratic pri-
pressed with Mr. Carter's prom-
recorders registered his every
says that he wishes nothing
mary on Tuesday, reportedly
ise not to lie but sincerely
word.
more than for Richard M. Nix-
concerned about his consum-
Did he use the term "honor"
omitted the name of the only
on, whose impeachment he
black man on the list, his fel-
mate political instincts and
in his telegram? He was asked.
urged long before many other
expertise.
"No, I'm using it now," he
people, will live out his life
low Georgian, the late Dr. King.
said.
in peace.
In conversations along the
"Did you forget" he was
Sincerely or sarcastically?
"I pray that he will find
trail of his campaign, from Tul-
asked on Tuesday, the day that
"I used it deliberately," he
peace," he said in South Caroli-
sa to Boston to Miami and
said.
na several weeks ago.
he won the Florida Demo-
here to southern Illinois, doz-
But sincerely or sarcastically?
Later that day in his char-
cratic primary by attracting
ens of voters have suggested
"Well, if it had been. an
tered jet. he told a reporter
thousands of votes that went
that his most formidable asset
honor to nominate him," he
that he detested, Mr. Nixon.
to Gov. George C. Wallace of
-the Uncanny knack of sliding
said curtly, "I would have nom-
"I've always felt that way
Alabama four years ago.
inated him. Does that answer
softly over and around the
about him." he said. "Always
thorniest issues and questions
the question?"
will."
"No," he said finally, icy-eyed
and, for a change, unsmiling.
-could be his most trouble-
Leaving an Impression
Mr. Carter patiently answers
some liability.
His apparent intention, before
all the questions he receives
"No, I didn't forget."
"I like him," conceded an
the questions became so insis-
about abortion, gun control,
Perhaps it was only a smail
insurance salesman in Miami
tent, was to leave the impres-
amnesty, pardon and other
footnote to the voluminous
last week. "I honest-to-God like
sion that although he had not
issues, explaining in great de-
him, but I'm not sure why
nominated Governor Wallace-
tail over and over again, but
chronicle of his quest for the
and that really bothers me."
he nominated Senator Heary
skillfully using his words to
White House, but it may also
Similarly, a middle-aged wo-
M. Jackson of Washington, now
offend the fewest on either
man in Hickory, N.C., said last
one of his major opponents-it
side.
have been an important reflec-
tion of the man behind the
Tuesday that although she
was not an. entirely unaccep-
Pardon. Not Amnesty
table idea.
now familiar grin, a momen-
would vote for him in the De-
"I think he wants to have
"Amnesty for those who de-
tarily vivid example of the best
mocratic primary there on
fected during the Vietnam war
March 23, she was "basically
it both ways," one Florida poli-
uncertain that he is a man
tician said last week. It was
mean 'What you did was Right,'
and the worst of Jimmy Carter.
who has a strong opinion on
not meant as a criticism. "He
he says. "I don't believe
"And," he added after a
while, "I won't ever do it
anything."
does most of the time, too,"
it was right, so I'm against
That, of course, is not pre-
he added, "better than most
amnesty. I'm for a general par-
again."
of us."
don. A pardon means that it
It is with just such a blend
cisely accurate for Mr. Carter,
the 51-year-old, former Gov-
If that is true, it is due
doesn't matter whether it was
of candor and expedience,
at least in part to the fact
right or wrong, it's forgiven."
ernor of Georgia, holds firm
along with his tireless energy
views on a variety of subjects.
that Mr. Carter may be one
But that is not what Mr.
and superior organization, that
of the smartest men to run
Carter believes a pardon con-
It is in the manner in which
for President in a long time.
notes, in the case of either
Mr. Carter has blossomed from
he states them-or keeps silent
He is well read and weil edu-
Mr. Nixon or Vietnam defec-
anonymous obscurity to front-
on them-that the percep-
cated, an Annapolis graduate
tors. He has said he believes
running popularity in the gruel-
tion of him as opinionless is
out of Georgia Tech who is
it has an assumption of guilt,
ing, grinding race for his par-
registered.
fission or existentialism.
but he does not say that often
In most cases, Mr. Carter
ty's 1976 Presidential nomina-
comfortable discussing nuclear
in public.
and his aides have admitted,
Ail during his campaign.
"But I don't give a damn
tion.
it is a conscious technique,
those who have come to know
about those issues," he said
But that same clash of blunt
and in most cases, they have
one day in an interview. "You'll
honesty and deftly shaded the-
suggested. it is bene ficial to
him away from his rallies have
never get anybody to agree
toric has also become the prom-
him and the continuing success
come away impressed with the
on them. You wen't even get
ise of the sizable opposition
of his campaign, an effort to
breadth of his mind-its thor-
a consensus on them."
gathering against him. and
ough quickness, Its eclectic cur-
That may be the reason he
catch a broad middle ground
omitted Dr. King's name from
could very well become the
of the party and the country.
iosity,
his litany of herbes last week,
essential, overriding issue of
Whether their strategy proves
They have also been struck
promising never to do it again.
his campaign.
valid, the style seems to suit
by the singlemindedness of his
And. when he came here
Much of that opposition, un-
the candidate. Time after time,
present pursuit-the profound
to Marion, as racially conserva-
the has attempted to use lan-
been
depths of his ambition to be
generat-
tive a community as any town
President of the United States.
in Georgia, he was true to
his word. He did not leave
out Dr. King's name.
He omitted the entire list.
washington Post, 76
WEAVE
Carter Finds His Words Are
By Jules Witcover
vulnerability. Doggedly, but
Washington Post Staff Writer
always with his trademark
smile, he answers choosing
NASHUA, N.H., Jan. 26 -
Watched
his words more prudently
Jimmy Carter, basking in the
now, aware of the higher
spotlight of his victory in
in better education, better
stakes for which he is playing.
to expect him to come up with
Iowa's precinct caucuses, was
family planning programs,
"It's an understandable
such specifics until he
winding up his answer to a
the availability of con-
position to be in," Carter says,
becomes President and can
question at the Hillsboro
traceptive devices for those
"and I'm at ease with it. The
make a thorough study, such
County Democratic Com-
who believe in their use, better
close scrutiny that I can ex-
as he did in Georgia in
mittee's presidential can-
adoption procedures to
didates' night. The question
pect to undergo is reasonable
reducing the state
minimize abortions.
and proper, and if I can't
bureaucracy from about 300
was on mandatory school
"I recognize that abortion in
stand up to the scrutiny and
agencies to 22, at an initial
(busing, which Carter opposes'
every instance almost is a
and he concluded by saying:
Inswer the detailed questions
savings of $53 million in a $1.5
result of failure in the
that are put to me in a
billion budget.
"Voluntary integration, yes.
prevention of pregnancy or in
reasonable way, then I don't
"To have this concentrated
Forced integration, no."
the failure to induce a mother
deserve to be President. U "I
attention on myself and the
And then he sat down, as
to want to carry her child to
eyebrows arched upward
don't feel inadequate, I don't
other candidates by the press
delivery when an unwanted
at this early stage is really
throughout the audience.
feel threatened' and I think it
pregnancy occurs. I do not
extraordinary," he says. "I
Forced integration? Surely
is becoming obvious I'll have
favor the constitutional
think this is a development
Carter could not have meant
to be very careful
amendment that would
that possibly will make the
what he said. Even Gov.
Carter's "forced in-
prohibit all abortions. I do not
press more demanding than
George Wallace of Alabama
tegration" slip was only the
favor the constitutional
they should be on final an-
wasn't advocating opposition
latest in a series of difficulties
amendment that would give
swers on complicated
to integration anymore.
he has recently encountered
the states local option.
questions at the early stage of
Only moments earlier, the
as a consequence of the closer
"Within the bounds of the
a campaign. when the ac-
former governor of Georgia
scrutiny being applied to him.
present Supreme Court ruling,
cumulation of advisers and
had said that "the best thing
In Manchester, N.H., last
I would consider, in answer to
the detailed analysis of major
that ever happened to the
week, he was quoted as calling
a question I got in Iowa, a
programs is unavailable to the
ride
South" was passage of the
Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey (D-
general law that would take
average candidate who
federal civil rights acts.
Minn.) a "loser" and, after
preventive steps to minimize
doesn't yet have the stature
Clearly, he must have meant
the story went out around the
dependence on abortion such
and the time of the nomince
to say "forced busing."
country, complained that his
as those I've already
himself. I'll just have to be
Reporters rushed to ask him
remarks had been "in-
described - education
frank in saying I don't know
for a clarification, but he was
correctly interpreted as being
programs, family planning
the answer to a question when
out of the hall before they
critical of my friend,"
programs, contraceptive
the question is too deman-
could reach him.
Humphrey. He was only
advice and availability and
ding."
The next morning, Carter
saying, he explained, that as
adoption procedures."
The "logical progression" of
told reporters that staff aides
one who had been "a losing
Carter said the confusion
events to accomplish his own
had informed him of what he
candidate in previous elec-
arose in Iowa when a Catholic
had said. Of course, he said,
tions," Humphrey would have
reorganization, he says. is to
working for another candidate
he had misspoken; he was
trouble in another general
run with the broad outlines of
(unnamed by Carter) charged
sorry if he had confused
election "unless he proves his
that a reprinting of this ad-
his program as a key part of
anyone and he hoped nobody
ability to win in the 1976
his platform.
vocacy of a "general law" was
misunderstood.
primaries."
Then, as the Democratic
"a misleading statement that
A few short months ago, had
Of greater moment were
led some people to believe that
nominee, he would try to get
Jimmy Carter made such a
remarks attributed to him on
I favored a constitutional
as many Democratic call-
slip, few probably would have
the subject of abortion in
amendment on this subject."
didates for Congress as he
noticed. Then he was an ob-
Iowa, where a, Catholic
Such was never his purpose,
could to pledge as part of their
scure longshot who drew little
newspaper and newsletter had
Carter said. He dictated his
own campaigns to give the
press coverage and even less
him saying he was against an
exact position on abortion for
necessary legislative ap-
public attention.
anti-abortion constitutional
public dissemination three
proval to the Carter
But today, as a result of his
amendment, but would sup-
days ahead of the Iowa voting
housecleaning. As President,
early 1976 success, Carter is
port "a national statute" that
"so there would be no person
he says, he would then un-
both the man to watch in the
might restrict abortions.
in Iowa who voted for me with
dertake a 2-1/2-to-3-year study
great Democratic presidential
Opponents in the Iowa
a misconception of my
of the bureaucracy.
elimination contest and a man
caucuses accused Carter .of
position on abortion." Carter
culminating
in
the
who must watch his words
intentionally creating a
ran strongly ahead of the field
reorganization.
more carefully, lest he talk
murky view of where he stood,
in the state's Catholic
"I don't care how much I'm
himself into trouble.
and thus seeming more anti-
strongholds, Dubuque and
questioned, I don't care how
Suddenly, the soft-spoken,
abortion to the right-to-life
Carroll County.
much the reporters desire it,
courtly Georgian who had
constituency than the other
Still another question
he says, "there's absolutely no
been methodically working
candidates, all of whom were
beginning to be asked of
way to give a definitive an-
the nation's precincts like
categorically opposed to a
Carter, now that he is taken
swer" on any of these
some political Willy Loman,
constitutional amendment.
seriously as a candidate, is
questions now. "So, no matter
finds his route crowded with
This is the way Carter now
how he can say he will
how demanding people might
reporters and television
explains that flap:
reorganize the federal
be, it would be a very serious
camerainen, poised with tape
The confusion in Iowa did
bureaucracy as President by
violation of my word of honor
recorders and notepads to
not originate because of any
reducing 1,900 federal
if I pretended to know these
capture and transmit
change of position of my own.
answers."
agencies to about 200 when
whatever says.
I've had a very consistent
That is Carter's answer
he declines to say which
As he campaigns through
position on abortion for
agencies will be terminated
whether it will be accepted by
New Hampshire in quest of
several years, I think that
the press and public will be
and which kept.
another victory in the nation's
abortion is wrong) I don't
determined in the weeks and
To this, Carter insists that it
first 1976 primary on Feb. 24,
think the government should
months ahead.
is unreasonable for the press
he is interrogated repeatedly
do anything to encourage
on issues of real or suspected
abortion. I believe that
be
taken
CARTER: ISSUES
Mr. Carter and the Concorde
Wash. Post 8/30/76
INDISCUSSING the Concorde during an interview
SST because of its "enormous consumption of energy
newspaper recently, Gov. Jimmy
per passenger, the enormous cost of the necessary in-
Carter was quoted as saying, "I do not favor the use
vestment and also the risks it contained for the envi-
of supersonic aircraft under foreign flags to the
ronment, particularly its noise." Only the last of these
United States, in so far as Congress and the govern-
reasons seems to us relevant to the present debate
ment rejected the SST which could have been built in
over landing rights for the Concorde in the United
the United States." While it may be that the quota-
States. The consumption of energy is heavy but it is a
tion lost something in the translation-Gov. Carter
drop in the bucket of the world's problem. The in-
usually doesn't sound quite like that-the general
vestment has already been made by the British and
idea seems clear. And it is an idea, in our view, that is
French governments and, once that was done, they
wrong.
were entitled to a fair shot at getting some part of
There may be legitimate grounds on which to deny
that investment back; unfortunately for them, the re-
permanent landing rights to the British and French
port on the Concorde's early months of operation is
for this particular airplane-the tests now being con-
not very promising. As for the environmental ques-
ducted will provide the evidence. But the fact that
tions raised by the Concorde's flights, we continue to
the plane was built abroad is not one of them. Con-
believe that Secretary of Transportation Coleman
gress, after all, never said the SST could not be built
was right to give the owners of the plane a chance to
in the United States; it only said that the government
meet these in actual operation. Whether or not the
would not put up money to help build it. Boeing
Concorde is to be a permanent part of aviation over
could have continued the SST project with other
the North Atlantic is a question that ought to be an-
money if it or someone else-had thought that
swered on the outcome of that trial period, not on ar-
course economically sound.
guments that related to the decision of the U.S. Con-
Mr. Carter went on to explain that he opposed the
gress not to finance its American counterpart.
INCENTIVA FOR HARD WORK
Carter Aide Sees 8/29/96 Edge
Declining Even Further
The Associated Press
dan said they would be pivo-
Jimmy Carter's campaign
tal only if "Ford destroys
FORD
manager savs he expects a
Jimmy or Jimmy destroys
further decline in his candi-
Ford. But I don't think either
date's lead in the polls, but
of those things will happen."
welcomes the narrowing mar-
Jordan said, however, that
GERALDA
gin between Carter and Presi-
Carter has more at stake.
dent Ford as an incentive for
"The variable in the debates
harder staff work.
is not Gerald Ford. It's
Hamilton Jordan added that
Jimmy Carter," he said. "It's
the planned debates between
somewhat predictable how
Carter and Ford, now under
Ford will appear. The ques-
discussion, will probably not
tion is how good or how bad
be as crucial as many people
Carter will look in contrast to
think, saying "they've already
Ford.
been hyped up."
"A lot of people have made
The easy-going 31-year-old
a tentative judgment that
key aide was interviewed in
Carter would be a stronger
his spacious but bare office in
president, and I think the
the new Carter-Mondale na-
election will turn on whether
tional headquarters on the top
that tentative judgment is
floor of a modern Atlanta of-
confirmed or withdrawn. If
fice building.
it's confirmed, Jimmy will
Jordan said he was not sur-
win. If it's withdrawn, Ford
prised by the latest Gallup
will win."
polls showing Carter with
Asked how Carter was
only a 49-39 per cent lead
HAMILTON JORDAN
going to prepare for the de-
over Ford, compared with a
Doubts Debates Pivotal
bates, Jordan responded with
62-29 per cent margin after
a laugh: "I don't know -
the Democratic convention in
the moment," he said. "While
maybe drain a pond with the
late July.
they may be able to pick up,
issues staff."
"It's not pleasant, but we
they've probably overreached
More seriously, he added,
knew it was going to happen,"
themselves now, just as we
"we've not going to hold up
he said. "Our poll figures
overreached ourselves."
the campaign to prepare for
after the Democratic conven-
But he added he expected
the debates. Jimmy is well in-
tion were artificially high. We
the margin between the candi-
formed, he thinks on his feet,
were never really in the 60s.
dates would stay approxi-
he uses the English language
"I think the 10-point spread
mately the same until the de-
very precisely. We're not.
is probably where things are
bates.
going to take 10 days off to
now. But I don't expect to see
Ford's rise in the polls
get ready."
it stay at 10 points. I expect it
apparently stemmed from the
Jordan also said he was not
to slide down below that.
shift of Reagan Republicans
bothered by last week's inten-
The decline in the polls,
to the President, rather than
sive criticism of Carter by
however, has had a. positive
any decline in Carter support
Republican vice presidential
effect, Jordan said, "because
among other groups or sec-
nominee Sen. Robert Dole,
it will get people working
tions of the country, Caddell
who trailed Carter to the
harder."
said.
American Legion convention
He said he had cut salaries
He also said his polling
in Seattle and to the Iowa
of all the Carter staffers by
showed that the depth of sup-
State Fair
10 per cent the day before the
port for Carter was stronger
Robert Dole has had the
interview to "save a little
than that for the President.
biggest week of his life," Jor-
money and for the psychologi
"Our vote is much harder
dan said with a chuckle. "It
cal effect.
than
Ford's significantly
possibly was his best week,
All of a sudden, we're in
harder,' Caddell said.
but I don't think there will be
the big offices," he said.
Discussing the debates, Jor-
a lot more.
"They tell us we're going to
win the election. We need to
get everybody here on edge."
Patrick Caddell, Carter's
chief pollster, agreed, saying
he was "really glad" to see
the drop in the polls.
"It's hard to run a cam-
paign when you try to say to
people that 25-point leads are
not really going to exist,"
Caddell said in his little cubi-
cle of an office. "Intellectu-
ally, the staff agrees with you
and nods their heads. But
emotionally, they look at
these things and feel very
good.
"It's good it happened
sooner than later because it
makes people realize there's a
campaign. It's nothing we did-
n't expect. I'm not worried
about it."
Caddell said his latest poll-
ing gives a few more percent-
age points to Carter than the
Gallup poil but added it's
"roughly in the same ball
park."
He said he thought Ford
had reached his peak strength
in the polls, at least for right
now.
think they're bumping
their heads on the ceiling at
we hungton
1081
Jone
24
Carder/
Race
Rowland Evans and Robert Novak
Carter's Positions on Race
Hidden by the new Democratic party
in Democratic National Chairman Rob-
caucus determined to abandon th.-
harmony, Jimmy Carter bowed to pres-
ert S. Strauss' search for party peace.
Kansas City formula and attempt a de
sure and agreed-without resistance—
Rules committee-Carter campaign
facto quota system not bearing that in.
to a proposal that black political lead-
decisions reversed carefully contrived
vidious label. The resulting ingeniou
ers hope will revive the discredited ra-
formulations, as follows: Requirements
proposal, ironically, was patterned
cial quota system for convention dele-
for "affirmative action" for minority
after President Richard M. Nixon's
gates.
participation in "all party affairs" (not
quota system for construction labor. It
"Jimmy was mau-maued, is the
just national convention delegates); ex-
calls for not merely black "participa
widely voiced description, using politi-
tension of the new judicial council's au-
tion" (wording previously insisted 00
cal slang, of what happened last Sun-
thority over all party disputes (not just
by Strauss) but "representation" and
day at Washington's Mayflower Hotel.
the national convention); extension of
would require state parties to set "spe"
In plain English, the new leader of the
proportional representation down to
cific goals and timetables."
Democratic Party followed the pattern
the district level in presidential prima-
Soft-spoken, urbane mayor Richard
of the past in yielding to black de-
ries. These proposals, all subject to
Hatcher of Gary, Ind., black strategi &
mands rather than risk a black walk-
floor fights at Madison Square Garden,
on party rules, played the mailed-fist-
out. The cost, if any, will be paid later.
originated in the party's left wing and
in-velvet-glove role as he had in Kan: is
Whether Carter's acceptance of
were rejected during the two-year rule-
City. Unless his proposal were adopted,
black terms will result in politically cat-
writing process ending at the Kansas
Dick Hatcher said softly, the blacks
astrophic quotas at the 1980 convention
City mid-term convention in December
would walk out.
is a question for the future. What is
1974.
Ready for a long. hard fight, the
clear now are these points: Carter will
But none of this is as symbolically im-
blacks were amazed when Carter aid S
not risk a confrontation that could pos-
portant as what happened on the incen-
immediately accepted their propo:
sibly undermine his strong base with
diary question of racial quotas, parti-
down to the last letter. but with this
black voters; his centrist image is be-
ally responsible for both the conven-
stipulation: Everybody should publi- 'v
lied by his left-of-center political aides
tion chaos and the election debacle in
assert this is not a quota system. In fart,
making important tactical decisions,
1972. Strauss' crowning achievement as
"goals" for black representation set by
and the mystery of where Jimmy
chairman is that he junked the quota
states would probably become a ra l
Carter really stands and who he is re-
system for 1976 without triggering re-
quota just as the 1972 "guidelines" had.
mains unsolved.
volt from the left.
Uncanny occurrences at the rules
Although many party regulars and
Hard-boiled realists claim Presid nt
committee last Sunday, obscured by
labor politicians complained at Kansas
Carter would never permit the formala
widely publicized rejection of a pro-
City that Strauss gave too much away
adopted at the Mayflower to become
posed 50-50 quota for women delegates,
to black demands, the quota system
reality. That still leaves the question of
have had no public discussion and are
stayed dead for 1976. Without manda-
who Carter really is: opponent of racial
only faintly appreciated inside the par-
tory quotas, 1976 black delegates as of
quotas, appealing to the old Wal'
ty. The truth is that, in a few hours'
now are down to around 10 per cent
vote; or, George McGovern's political
time, Carter's agents presided over the
from 1972's 15 per cent-reversing a
hcir, whose liberal agents approve ra-
liquidation of compromise language
long-time upward trend.
cial quotas? Perhaps a little of both.
painstakingly reached over two years
Accordingly, the black Democratic
1975, Field Enterprises, Inc.
women
8 Part Mon., June 14, 1976
Los Angeles Times
would provide rices to homemak-
ers who want to ater the job market.
-Oppose any constitutional
Carter Forms Panel of Women Advisers
amendment to ourturn the Supreme
Court decision or abortion.
Phyllis Schafly, national chairman
BY MARLENE CIMONS
Civil Service grades or why only
mer adviser to a Washington area
of Stop ERA ar a supporter of the
Times Staff Writer
three women have served in a pres-
food chain; Carol Tucker Foreman,
Republican presdential candidacy of
WASHINGTON-Democratic pres-
idential Cabinet in our nation's histo-
executive director of the Consumer
former Californa Gov. Ronald Rea-
idential contender Jimmy Carter, de-
ry," he said.
Federation of America, and Anne.
gan, said Sunday she thought Car-
claring a commitment to equality for
"I will appoint qualified women
Cox Chambers, chairman of Atlanta
ter's remarks supporting the Equal
women in "every area of government
early in my administration and in
Newspapers, Inc.
Rights Amendrient were inappropri-
and every aspect of life;" announced
substantial numbers-they will not
In a statement released in Wash-
ate.
the formation Sunday of a committee
be in a few token positions at the top
ington and Georgia, Carter said also
of women to advise him on issues
of my administration but in jobs of
that, as President, he would:
and serve as talent scouts for poten-
importance throughout the govern-
-Support passage of the Equal
"It would be outside his jurisdiction
tial administration appointments.
ment."
Rights Amendment as a top priority
as President," she said. "The Consti-
Members of the new committee in-
of his administration. He called the
tution gives the amending process to
clude Mary E. King, a Carter cam-
ERA "not an elitist issue but a very
Congress and the state legislatures-
The group is called the Committee
paign adviser who is president of the
basic matter of social justice."
the President and governors have no
of 51.3% reference to the propor-
National Assn. of Women Business
part in this process."
tion of women in the U.S. population.
Owners; Mary Mize Anderson, a for-
Mrs. Foreman, a member of the
Carter said the women would advise
mer Tenncssee state senator; Joan
-Enforce laws prohibiting sex dis-
him on "not only such traditional
erimination in hiring, job advance-
new committee, said she was pleased
Tobin, a Washington businesswo-
women's issues as health and educa-
man; Midge Costanza, vice mayor of
ment, education, credit and housing.
by Carter's statement regarding the
tion, but in all issues-war and
Rochester, N.Y.; Odessa Komer, vice
-Support legislation to end sex
"inequities of the tax and Social Sc-
peace, the budget and the economy
discrimination in health and disabili-
curity systems."
president of the United Auto Work-
and other matters of importance to
'ty insurance.
"My husband and I bo th pay into
ers; Rep. Patricia Schroeder (D-
the Social Security system and when
the American people."
Colo.); Betty Talmadge, a business-
-Support an end to sex discrimin-
we retire we can either di aw his or
He said committee members would
woman and wife of U.S. Sen. Herman
ation in the Social Security system
mine-whichever is higher -but not
also help him find qualified women
E. Talmadge (D-Ga.); Eleanor
and in income taxes.
both," she said. "Because vomen are
for high government positions.
Holmes Norton, New York City com-
--Support child-eare legislation.
traditionally paid less than 1 nen, i.e.,
"I see no reason why women
missioner of human rights; Esther
flexible hours and the creation of
than their husbands, they ( an say
should comprise only 2% of the near-
Peterson, consumer adviser to Pres-
more part-time jobs and the "dis-
goodby to their Social Security input.
ly 10,000 employes in the top three
ident Lyndon B. Johnson, now consu-
placed homemakers bill," which
Is that fair?"
New york TiMes July 12
Mr. Carter's Economics
In his well-planned and shrewdly executed campaign
facing the nation. He hastens to add that inflation is the
for the Democratic Presidential nomination, Governor
number two problem and, once the unemployment slack
Jimmy Carter has sought to avoid making the two funda-
had been taken in, he would reinforce anti-inflation
mental mistakes on economic issues that hurt Senator
measures, if necessary, with an incomes policy to keep
George McGovern so badly in his contest with Richard
wage and price actions more in line with the growth of
Nixon in 1972.
real output
One mistake Senator McGovern made was in exposing
There is little doubt that the election campaign has
himself to attack, however unfair, as a radical populist-
already been an intense learning experience for Mr.
as a foe of business who, it was alleged, would foul up
Carter. He is setting no interest-rate targets; whatever
the American economy in his effort to take from the rich
populist convictions he may once have had about very
(and the middle class) to help the poor. His other basic
low interest rates seem to have disappeared into a
mistake in the field of economics was to get bogged down
broader understanding of the relation of interest rates
in the details (imperfectly mastered and presented) of
to other economic variables.
complex proposals, especially for welfare and tax reform.
Mr. Carter has been extremely cautious about disclos-
Governor Carter has gone out of his way, over and
ing the specifics of programs to reform' the tax system,
over, to reassure the business community by stressing his
improve the welfare system, aid the cities, strengthen
respect for the private sector as the best means of solving
Social Security, expand public health programs, conserve
national problems. For instance, to get rid of unemploy-
energy or develop new resources. His caution appears to
ment, he has said that "whenever there is a. choice
derive from a desire to avoid exposing himself to the
between channeling jobs in the private sector or the
opposition of groups who may think they will be hurt by
public, I would favor the private." This priority for the
particular proposals, when these are revealed piecemeal.
private sector has won Mr. Carter the reputation of
Having won the Democratic nomination by avoidance
being a "conservative"- or at least, more conservative
of details and a generally moderate tone, reassuring to
than the other Democratic candidates whom he defeated
widely diverse groups. Mr. Carter will be understandably
in the primaries.
tempted to pursue the same tactics during the election
Yet a careful look at the entire Carter position dis-
campaign against his Republican opponent. In our view,
closes that he is not a conservative in the laissez-faire
this would be a mistake.
sense. He would actively employ public means to solve
Although it is not necessary to spell out every detail
national problems, and his ranking of problems is
of his programs before the election, the country has a
dramatically different from that of the Ford Administra-
right to know with more exactitude than it now does
tion. He has made it clear that he considers unemploy-
where Mr. Carter stands on the major economic issues,
ment, rather than inflation, the number one problem
and how he means to solve them.
Democratic Campaign:
Comment
Abroad, the Question
Is Still "Jimmy Who?"
In the rest of the world, as at home,
200,000 U.S. troops now in Ger-
Jimmy Carter is an enigma to many.
many? Would his policies main-
In every major capital, puzzlement
tain the pace of the economic
over what Carter stands for is mixed
recovery in the U.S. and other
with concern over the direction in
industrialized nations?
which an untested President would
lead the U.S.
GENEVA
Most leaders abroad expect a
Swiss experts worry that
Carter White House to change only
Carter might retreat in the
the style, not the content, of Ameri-
anti-inflation battle by bringing
can foreign policy. But they are not
in costly new social welfare and full-
take time to study America's prest-
certain. As the magazine's foreign bu-
employment programs.
dential race.
reaus report, confidence and trust are
If that happens, they say, inflation
Nevertheless, most Arab nations,
tempered by skepticism and doubt.
in the U.S. could zoom toward dou-
particularly Egypt and Saudi Arabia,
ble-digit figures. A Zurich banker
feel that they fare better with Repub-
LONDON
warns: "That would be bad for Amer-
licans in the White House.
Britons are intrigued by-and a bit
ica and the whole Western world."
In Israel, in contrast, officials tend
apprehensive over-Jimmy Carter.
to lean toward Carter. They distrust
On one hand, his down-to-earth
ROME
the Republicans and suspect that a
manner has appeal. On the other,
Many Italians. are favorably dis-
GOP victory in November would
there is anxiety over what is seen
posed toward Carter, but are mysti-
work against Israel's interests.
here as his glossing over of issues.
fied by his policies.
To some Britons, he is too glib. To
Turin's leading newspaper, La
TOKYO
others, he is imperious. Some even
Stampa, commenting on what it
Japanese experts predict that
suspect he is really an isolationist.
called his "cold, ruthless ability," said
Carter, if elected, would launch bold
One London expert sums up Brit-
Carter could not have been successful
new moves to reassert America's
ish reaction this way: "The confusion
"without possessing such qualities as
world leadership. Among them:
about assessing Carter comes from
leadership, intelligence. good instinct
A tougher posture toward Russia:
the fact that nobody here is quite
and a realistic view of the problems."
renewed demands that Allies bolster
sure who is advising him. There is
military contributions to NATO: in-
danger that a new President as un-
MOSCOW
creased pressure on Japan to
tried as Carter will attempt to assert
Russia's reaction to Carter's nomi-
strengthen its defense forces: a trade
himself in the first few months of
nation: wariness and suspicion.
policy that would include import quo-
office and commit some blunder."
The Soviet press, which mirrors
tas to protect U.S. industries.
Kremlin thinking, has three main
PARIS
concerns:
BUENOS AIRES
The French are waiting eagerly to
That Carter yielded too much to
Jimmy Carter was a nobody on this
learn exactly where Carter stands.
"cold war" proponents in drawing up
continent until he began talking
So far, French officials seem as-
the Democratic Party platform: that
about Latin America.
sured that a Carter Presidency would
he straddles the fence on too many
Now newspapers headline his
bring no abrupt change in American
sensitive issues; that in trying to re-
promises of co-operahon-between the
policy toward Europe and Russia.
build the ethnic-voter blocs of the
two Americas. Says a leading Argen-
Also, the prospect that more-tradi-
Democrats, he might "run against"
tine economist:
tional diplomacy will replace Henry
Soviet control over Eastern European
"Carter won't be preoccupied with
Kissinger's one-man approach is ap-
satellite nations.
Russia. China and Europe. He will
peaing to many.
look at Latin America and Africa."
Major unknowns: whether the U.S.
CANBERRA
under Carter would recognize Com-
Australian officials wonder whether
OTTAWA
munist China. and what initiatives he
Carter would be as tough as Ford.
For most Canadians, Carter's
would take for a Mideast peace.
This is particularly important now
strongest asset is the impressive way
that Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser
he has grabbed the leadership of his
BONN
opposes a Soviet naval presence in
party.
Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, him-
the Indian Ocean. It would be a se-
Admiration overrides any uneast-
self facing national elections in Octo-
vere setback for Fraser if the U.S.
ness because of his lack of foreign-
ber, is confident that Carter would
softened its determination to counter
affairs experience.
back a militarily strong Atlantic Alli-
Russian strength in the region.
Says one official: "Any guy who can
ance even while seeking greater re-
come out of nowhere and take com-
laxation of tensions with Russia.
CAIRO
mand has an excellent reading of the
Two big unanswered questions:
The Middle East is so preoccupied
political system and is clearly attuned
Would Carter withdraw any of the
with its own woes that few leaders
to the times."
U.S.
U.S.
News
&
World
Report
(7/26/76)
Cardiolense
Washwaton Past July28
Carter Cautions on Reliance
On 1st-Strike A-Capability
By Helen Dewar
strike because for all practi-
changes unilaterally from
Washington Post Staff Writer
cal purposes atomic subma-
Washington," he said. But
PLAINS, Ga., July 27-
rines are invulnerable" and
he emphasized that he and
Jimmy Carter cautioned to-
many airborne aircraft
his advisers agreed that a
day against U.S. reliance on.
would survive, said Carter, a
coordinated effort between
a first-strike nuclear capa-
former nuclear submarine
Washington and the states
bility and called for a mas-
officer.
must be made to improve
sive overhaul of the nation's
Democratic vice presiden-
the quality and the coordi-
military reserves as he con-
tial nominee Walter F. Mon-
nation of military reserves.
tinued intensive brainstorm-
dale, who is joining Carter
Asked if this meant
ing sessions with his policy
in the three days of brief-
"drastic change." Carter
advisers.
ings. agreed, saying the key
responded: "I would guess
The Democratic presiden-
to the nation's defense pol-
that is true."
tial nominee's comments on
icy should be maneuverabil-
military policy grew out of a
ity of weapons and their de-
meeting Monday with his
livery systems.
defense advisers. A press
Mondale also cited man-
briefing was held for report-
cuverability as the reason
ers after Monday's session
why he voted to authorize
and Carter answered ques-
the B-1 bomber program in
tions on the meeting this
the Senate. Carter opposes a
morning.
go-ahead on production of
Carter met with nine eco-
the bomber but favors con-
nomie advisers late this af-
tinuing research on the
ternoon, but a press briefing
project. Mondale said today
on the meeting was post-
he agrees with that posi-
poned until Wednesday
tion.
Discussing whether the
On the question of armed
United States should de-
forces reserves, including
velop a first-strike nuclear
state National Guard units,
capability against the Soviet
Carter said their readiness
Union, Carter said today
for combat is "doubtful,"
that while both countries
their weaponry is "poor"
have such a strike force, its
and they are "quite often
use would invite an intolera-
shot through with politics."
bie retaliatory blow from
"I don't believe you'll ever
aircraft and submarines that
have a President who's polit-
would survive an attack.
ically strong enough to run
"There is no way to pre-
over a governor, or run over
vent a massive retaliatory
-50 governors, and institute
carder!
Taxes
A-8
The Washington Star
Friday, July 23, 1976
Candidate Backs Multinational Corporations
Carter Assures Business of Caution on Taxes
New York Times News Service
and independents - the
When he spoke to the
States. "At this point, my
Replying to a question
NEW YORK - Jimmy
former Georgia governor
business group, after cock-
inclination would be to
about his plans for staffing
Carter has told a group of
spoke as a former business-
tails and luncheon, Carter
eliminate these tax defer-
the government if he should
leading corporate execu-
man, rather than in the
emphasized that he planned
rals," he said.
be elected president, Carter
tives that, if elected presi-
populist tones that rang
no rash actions to change
said, "I would intend to
dent, he would move cau-
through his acceptance
the tax structure. "I would
IN RESPONSE TO a
have a substantially re-
tiously on tax reform and
speech at the Democratic
not make any substantive
question about his attitude
duced White House
would retain the credit on
convention.
change in our tax law, or
toward multinational cor-
The hosts at the meeting
foreign taxes paid by
propose any as president,
porations from W. Michael
were J. Paul Austin, chair-
American companies.
"I'VE NEVER had a
until at least a full year of
Blumenthal, chairman of
man of the Coca-Cola Co.;
Returning to New York
goal for government to
very careful analysis," he
the Bendix Corp. who was
Edgar Bronfman, chair-
for the first time since he
dominate business," he as-
said.
special representative for
man of the Seagram Co.,
won the Democratic presi-
serted.
While he backed the
trade negotiations in the
Ltd.; and Henry Ford II,
dential nomination last
The Democratic nominee
present credit on U.S. taxes
Kennedy administration,
chairman of the Ford Motor
week, Carter also came out
inserted his business lunch-
given to American corpora-
Carter responded:
Co. The three men, who
strongly in favor of multi-
eon between meetings with
tions that pay foreign taxes,
"I would continue, and
paid the cost of the lunch,
national corporations and of
labor leaders, news publi-
Carter said after the meet-
strengthen if possible,
support Carter for presi-
the free enterprise system.
cations and a brief
ing that he opposed tax
American involvement in
dent and there were indica-
In his 18-minute talk at a
conference with Mayor
deferrals on profits of
foreign countries and vice
tions that the gathering
private lunch at the 21 Club
Abraham D. Beame and
American companies earn-
versa," adding, "I would
would lead to the formation
to 52 top business leaders -
former Mayor Robert F.
ed overseas until the money
not do anything to minimize
of a Businessmen-for-Car-
Democrats, Republicans
Wagner.
is brought into the United
this."
ter committee.
Chicago Tribo
Carter says he won't
make pardon an issue
By Bill Neikirk
Plains this weekerd for strategy talks.
Prior to that, the Carter and Mondale
Chicago Tribune Press Service
staffs will meet in South Carolina start-
PLAINS, Ga.-Jimmy Carter said
ing Wednesday to make campaign
Tuesday he will not personally. make
plans.
Richard Nixon's pardon a campaign is-
Carter said the campaign will get un-
sue this fall but he added that his run-
der way right after Labor Day. Even
ning mate, Sen. Walter Mondale, is free
though Ford is his likely opponent, Le
to come out swinging.
said he would be ready for Reagan, too.
"I would not try to dominate Sen.
"The inclination of Gov. Reagan to get
Mondale," Carter said when asked if he
militarily involved in Panama, in Leba-
would discourage his running mate from
non, and in Rhodesia will certainly be
using the Nixon pardon in the presiden-
an issue if he is the nommee," Carter
tial race.
said.
At the same time, Carter said he ex-
On other issues, Carter:
pects President Ford will win the Re-
Defended Mondale for sponsoring a
publican presidential nomination over
special tax break for a Minnesota firm,
Ronald Reagan. He said he will, for
Investors Diversified Services. Carter
now, plan his campaign strategy on that
said Mondale had not done anything im-
assumption.
proper, had made his action public, and
AT A press conference in front of the
still supported Carter's call for compre-
Plains High School under a hot Georgia
hensive tax reform.
midday sun, Carter answered questions
Defended his poilster. Patrick Cad-
for more than half an hour, then went
deil, for providing services to the Saudi
into a campaign strategy session with
Arabian government. Carter said Cad-
key advisers, the first since he won the
dell is not in any policy position and,
Democratic nomination.
furthermore, should not be denied mon-
Only a day earlier, Ford defended the
ey from customers other than the Carter
Nixon pardon and said lie would do it all
campaign.
over again. But Carter said he would
not have pardoned Nixon until after a
Said he would be dealing with the
trial and all the facts were known.
so-called "Catholic problem" as the
He said he accepted Ford's explana-
campaign progresses "I really think
tion that the pardon was designed to end
my strength among American Catholics
the agony of Watergate. "I don't intend
is substantial,'- he said.
to criticize him because of it. I don't
Said he would nc sending a new
think there was any secret deal made
farm bill to Congress if be is elected. It
between President Nixon and President
would encourage maximum production,
Ford. Obviously they were very close.
and adequate and aggressive overseas
He felt deeply indebted to President
sales. "I don't favor high price sup-
Nixon for choosing him."
ports," he said.
MONDALE HAD raised the issue in
Carter will spend most of his time in
his acceptance speech in New York but
Plains in the next several days, but he
Carter said his position on the pardon is
does plan to go to New York on Thurs-
preferable politically.
day for a meeting with busmessmen
"The American people know who par-
who support his enndidney
doned Richard Nixon. They know the
He said that next Wednesday he will
circumstances. They don't need to have
get an in-depth briefing: from the Cen-
it raised for political advantage."
tral Intelligence agency "on matters of
Carter said Mondale will come to
security importance.-
Washington lost
Stephen S. Rosenfeld
A Carter Challenge
To Ford's Foreign View
Jimmy Carter's new speech ensures
traditional military, political and eco.
that, if President Ford is nominated,
nomic issues but with issues of third-
the presidential campaign will be the
world stability and development and of
setting for a debate between two seri-
lifestyle. The various negotiations with
ous and distinguishable conceptions of
the Russians would flow from, not to,
America's role in the world.
this enhanced alliance of the democra-
If Ronald Reagan is nominated, we
cies.
will have no simllar debate. For Reagan
Perhaps the prevailing frustration
has no conception of America's role in
with detente would have turned any
the world. He seems to have only nos-
new administration, even a Republican
talgia for the period when we could im-
one, in this direction-as a political ges-
pose our will on others without evident,
ture if not also as a negotiating gambit.
cost.
Undeniably, a good number of Ameri-
Carter, though, by whatever combi-
cans identify a focus on the Soviet-
nation of deliberation and advice with
American relationship as a hangover
which he proceeds in these matters,
from the cold war. Many Americans
has come up with a statement which is
are reluctant to be told that the Rus-
at least as good a guide to his general
sians may make it tough for us.
approach as was Richard Nixon's For-
In this new speech-though not in
eign Affairs article of 1967. He should
some past pronouncements-Carter is
tell us more about sub-issues. But he is
at pains to convey the impression that
now moving better to meet a serious
we can have our cake and eat it too:
candidate's responsibility to present his
that we can keep closer company with
basic views.
the democracies and avoid showdowns
Against the Nixon-Ford-Kissinger
with the Russians. What remains for
policy aimed at a Soviet-and American-
him to do is to demonstrate just how
built "structure of peace," Carter offers
our allies-who are in inany ways weak
an American-led "partnership" among
countries without the means of much
the world's democracies, especially
self-reliance-can render extra help.
those in Western Europe and Japan.
Furthermore, I think Carter exagger-
It is not a radically new or surprising
ates the slack, in our relations with al-
policy but it does represent enough of a
lies, that is available to be taken up. I
refitting of familiar elements to qualify
assume that's why he has to go back
as a viable alternative to the adminis-
fully five years, to the "Nlxon shocks"
tration's approach in the last eight
and John Connally, to fault administra-
years. That the administration itself
tion policy toward allies.
has-in frustration or insight-antici-
Finally, Carter would approach third-
pated Carter in various respects in the
world poverty with the premise that
last year or SO does not detract from
rich country-poor country tensions are
what he's now done.
"often based on legitimate economic
There are several big differences:
grievances." Granting the legitimacy of
First, the Carter approach is explic-
such grievances is the necessary pre-
itly grounded in American moral val-
condition to any sustained effort to
ues; the Ford-Kissinger approach, less
ease them. This has been done only hes-
explicitly, or only implicitly. Whether
itantly and incompletely by the current
this would make a difference in the fi-
administration.
nal policy result remains to be demon-
This seems to me potentially the larg-
strated. John Kennedy, after all, car-
est difference of substance that Carter
ried his explicit pursuit of freedom to
offers. The various measures he would
Cuba, Berlin and Vietnam. Would a
support in this area of policy add up to
President Carter, who is very strong on
what he calls "a more stable and more
Japan, squeeze South Korea on human
just world order." One notes, by the
rights so hard that Japan's balance,
way, that the United Nations is not
which is closely tied to the American
mentioned here or, for that matter,
position in Korea, would be tipped?
elsewhere in the speech. Evidently
In any event, only part of American
Carter would follow the underlying
foreign policy has to do with the policy
Ford policy of trying to steer third-
result abroad. The other part is domes-
world business into more businesslike
tic: Many people want the policy, what-
forums.
ever its effect, to reflect their values.
For the moment, I would add only
Foreign policy is not only diplomacy,
one thing. In regard to foreign policy,
it's therapy. Carter recognizes this. He
Ford is running on his (and Kissinger's)
may even believe it. After Nixon and
record: it's out there for everyone to
Kissinger, enough people want an ex-
see. Carter is necessarily running on his
plicitly moral foreign policy to make it
speeches-and on his vibes. The
worth a politician's while to offer it to
speeches can be scanned minutely for
them.
themes and nuances. But they're not
Second, Carter flatly rejects the
only statements of his ideas. They're
Ford-Kissinger premise that the first
campaign documents and, beyond that,
requirement of American policy is to
they're arenas in which his various ad-
cope with Soviet power. Instead, he
visers and staffers are vying for influ-
would tighten links with the democra-
ence and future power. So read them
cies in order to deal not just with the
with care.
Card
IT WILL LIKELY be less appealing among Midwest
grain farmers. although many Midwest dairy farmers
In the
seem to like the idea. A majority of Midwest farmers
seem to agree with Butz and the American Farm
Midwest
Bureau Federation [the biggest tarm group) that high
price guarantees would stimulate a return to surplus
I
By Richard Orr
production and government paternalism.
Rural Affairs Editor
This attitude was reflected in a recent Prairie Farm-
er magazine opinion poll. Farmers were asked how
they feel about the government getting out of the grain
Carter offering
business in the last three years. including the elimi-
nation of government-owned grain stocks and acreage
controls.
farmers a break
Responses indicated that 74.9 per cent of Illinois
farmers and 78.8 per cent of Indiana tarmers think a
"free" marketing system works best.
The Carter campaign eifort to nail Butz on charges
JIMMY CARTER. who expects to become the Demo-
of being "unpredictable and unresponsive" to farmers
cratic nominee for President at his party's convention
and partial to consumers is related partly to the export
in New York this week, has made no major policy
embargoes and to the secretary's opposition to high
statement on agriculture. But the strategy for winning
price supports. Butz was opposed to the embargoes but
the rural vote for the Georgia peanut. farmer and
was overruled by other administration advisers. includ-
former governor is becoming clear.
ing Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and former
Secretary of Labor John Dunlop.
The candidate's speeches and comments of his advis-
ers indicate that Carter's campaign for rural votes can
BUTZ CAN POINT to the fact he has been under
be summarized in these six points:
attack by most consumer groups. which contend he
tavors farmers over their interests.
Raise federal price guarantees for major farm
crops to cost-of-production levels.
Establish a "reasonably small" grain reserve. at
least half of which would be held and controlled by
farmers.
Expand farm export markets.
Attack the Ford administration for its grain C.\-
port embargoes of 1975 and 1974 which followed a
Nixon administration embargo in 19731.
Chicago TRibur
Attack Secretary of Agriculture Earl Butz and his
department as "unpredictable and unresponsive" to
farmers and partial to consumers.
Promote Carter as the first genuine farmer to
seek the White House since Thomas Jefferson.
906/12
As might be expected. only in the matter of expand-
ed exports will any of these points find agreement in
the camps of President Ford and his Republican chal-
lenger. Ronald Reagan. The Ford and Reagan farm
policies, incidentally. are virtually indistinguishable.
Both Republican candidates favor a "market-orient-
ed" agriculture with a minimum of government inter-
ference in pricing and production. Both favor expanded
farm export markets, as does Carter.
Early in his campaign Reagan got off to a somewhat
shaky start on agricultural matters with remarks in-
terpreted by some farm leaders to indicate he might
favor restricting grain sales to the Soviet Union. An
American Farm Bureau Federation official notified
Reagan that his organization considered restrictions on
exports to any nation harmful to agriculture. and the
candidate thereafter refrained from making any more
such statements.
CARTER'S CRITICISM of the Ford administration's
embargoes on grain exports to the Soviets and to Po-
land will fall on a lot of sympathetic ears among
Midwest farmers. Ford has attempted to mollify the
discontent among farmers on this issue by repeated
statements that chances of more embargoes in the
nest year or two are "virtually nil."
However, many grain farmers are still sore about it,
particularly those in the Great Plains wheat areas.
"The administration asked furmers to plant fence to
fence, and after they did that their export markets
were shut off for a time. which cost them money and
caused them to lose confidence in Washington." said
Robert J. "Pud" Williams, Illinois director of agricul-
ture.
Williams. named last week to coordinate Carter's
rural campaign in 12 Midwest states, said the embar-
goes will be a major issue.
Carter's call for crop price supports at cost-of-pro-
duction levels also may gain favor among a lot of
farmers. particularly in the South and Great Plains,
and especially among members of the National Farm-
crs Union and National Farmers Organization.
Montor
July
20
Effect of Carter win
on your pocketbook
By Harry B. Ellis
Jimmy Carter, in his speech accepting the
Staff correspondent of
Democratic presidential nomination.
The Christian Science Monitor
How does this square with the Democratic
Party platform calling for a "framework of na-
Washington
tional economic planning" and committed to -
"I see clearly," said the presidential candi-
among other things - a reduction of "adult
date, "the value of a strong system of free en-
unemployment to 3 percent within 4 years"?
terprise" and the "minimal intrusion of gov-
"Forget the platform," said a senior Demo-
ernment in our free economic system."
cratic economist crisply, "except as it pro-
Is this a Republican speaking? No, it is
vides the general atmosphere within which
]
[Mr. Caiter] must work.'
Specific economic goals, he suggested. will
develop as the campaign progresses and as a
Carter economic task force, now being assem-
bled under the leadership of Lawrence R.
Klein, swings into action.
Dr. Klein, president-elect of the American
Economic Association and chairman of the
Wharton Econometric Forecasting Association,
"is a very pragmatic economist," noted a task-
force member. He is committed - as is Mr.
Carter - "to most [new] jobs ending up in the
private sector
Please turn to Page 6
Effect of Carter win on your pocketbook
Continued from Page 1
Task-force members foresee Mr. Carter en-
"For a long period of time," said another
dorsing only "step-by-step," cautious govern-
task-force member, "Carter has been getting
ment intervention in the economy, as need dic-
his economic guidance from Klein."
tates.
Thus, said the task-force member, "I expect
Dr. Klein's task force includes at least one
(Mr. Carter) will put more stress on solving
business-oriented economist, Albert Sommers
unemployment than the Ford administration,
of the Conference Board, Inc., and noted liber-
but also will recognize the problem of in-
als, including Charles L. Schultz, senior fellow
flation."
at the Brookings Institution and director of the
This assessment, buttressed by talks with
U.S. Budget Bureau under President Johnson.
other Carter task-force members, appears to
(Dr. Schultz's trenchant critique of Humphrey-
put the Democratic nominee at variance with
Hawkins was a major cause of its present revi-
Senator Hubert H. Humphrey (D) of Minnesota
sion.)
and Rep. Augustus F. Hawkins (D) of Cal-
Others serving on the task force include
ifornia, authors of the pending Humphrey-
Nancy Teeters, chief economist of the House
Hawkins Bill.
Budget Committee, and Arnold Packer, who
This bill, now undergoing amendments in
holds the equivalent job on the Senate Budget
both houses of Congress, is the inspiration and
Committee.
centerpiece of the economic section of the
Moving to Carter headquarters at Atlanta,
Democratic Party platform.
Georgia, to coordinate economic "input" is
Some liberal economists - not to mention
Jerry J. Jasinowski, now a key staffer on the
Ford administration critics - believe Hum-
Joint Economic Committee.
he campaigns against the Republicans this fall.
phrey-Hawkins, with its emphasis on public
Mr. Carter, said a task force member, cer-
jobs programs at high wages, might be dan-
tainly wants an unemployment goal - "about
gerously inflationary.
4.5 percent of the labor force," compared to
With influential Democrats in both houses
today's 7.5 percent jobless rate.
trying to write a less inflationary bill, Hum-
But, said the adviser, that goal "would be
phrey-Hawkins, said a key congressional staf-
achieved with no major public employment
fer, "has less than a 50-50 chance of reaching
programs," if Mr. Carter has his way.
the Senate floor this session."
"Competition," said Mr. Carter in his accep-
Thus, Mr. Carter may not be saddled with a
tance speech, "is preferable to regulation."
new law setting rigid unemployment goals, as
Your Money's Worth
The Georgian nas spoken
in grandiose terms about
our national tax system as
a "disgrace," has pledged
Carter Would Try to Reform Tax System
a tax reform program that
would reduce the tax rate
by 40 to 50 percent and shift
the tax load to a much
By Sylvia Porter
income would be taxed
instance, he would use
has said he favors taxation
tem. He would attack the
greater extent to Ameri-
more than once; (4) Hun-
Fourth in a Series
mortgage guarantees to as-
of corporate income only
system's financial prob-
cans who earn high in-
Special to The Washington Star
dreds of tax incentives that
sist you as a homeowner
once in contrast to today,
lems by taxing your income
comes.
If Democratic nominee,
have been added "tempo-
said and done, though, per-
when mortgage interest
when corporate income is
at a higher level. Today, SS
He frequently refers to
Jimmy Carter were to be-
rarily" to the system in
mits this outline for you and
rates rose above a specified
taxed when earned and then
taxes are levied on only the
Joseph Pechman - an
come U. S. President Car-
level and would have the
the dividends paid to stock-
first $15,300 of your income;
internationally respected
ter, what would it mean to
past decades would be
me. To you, as a:
wiped out.
Homeowner counting on
government pay the differ-
holders out of that taxed
he 'would tax the first
authority on federal taxes,
you, a taxpayer in any in-
your mortgage interest as a
ence between the free mar-
corporate income are taxed
$20,000-$22,000. Broadening
recognized liberal on tax
come tax bracket in our
country?
BUT CARTER HAS no
tax deduction. Along with
ket level and the fixed
in turn.
the taxable income base
illusions on how quickly he
other tax incentives, Carter
lower interest rate level.
"I would tax that income
this way, he says, would
A: An all-out effort to
overhaul, reform and sim-
could put through this
would like to eliminate the
at the corporate income
"make sure that Social Se-
plify the entire U.S. tax
"complete tax reform." He
income tax deduction for
RECIPIENT OF capital
point or dividends I would
curity has enough money
reform and a member of
system with four prime
frankly confesses: "I don't
home mortgage payments
gains. Your capital gains
like to keep that option
going into the reserve fund
the Brookings Institution -
goals: (1) All income would
know how to be specific
because he says the deduc-
would be taxed as other in-
open," says Carter. "I don't
to meet obligations."
as a tax adviser.
be treated the same; (2)
yet
I am just not
tions are more beneficial to
come - wages, salaries,
favor taxing the same
AS TO Social Security's
The tax rate would be made
qualified yet." He even
high income than to low-
etc. - is taxed. Capital
income twice."
long-range problems, the
HE ALSO frequently
talks of postponing a "tax
middle income homeown-
gains no longer would be
A higher-salaried worker
Democratic nominee be-
refers to his accomplish-
much more "progressive,"
reform package" for two
ers. He would substitute
given favorable treatment
paying Social Security
lieves the solutions lie in a
ments in reforming
meaning it would hit the
higher tax "brackets the
years or more after he has
other homeowner incen-
as in today's law.
taxes. Carter is adamant on
reduction in the inflation
gia's "inadequate" tax
entered the White House.
tives more favorable to
Earner of corporate divi-
maintaining the soundness
tem and declares that what
hardest 27/1 the lower tax
of our Social Security sys-
See PORTER. A-11
he has done in his home
brackets the softest; (3) No
What Carter already has
lower-income groups: For
dends. Repeatedly, Carter
Continued From A-10'
state can also be achieved
with federal tax laws.
rate and the unemployment
rate to below 4 per cent -
How far he would get
both developments that
with his explosive, contro-
would rebuild the Social Se-
versial tax reform ideas is
curity reserve.
now and must long remain
Chief executive of a cor-
a big question mark. But he
poration operating in other
is on the record. In this
nations as well as the U.S.
area as well as in others.
Carter would remove the
the Democratic nominee is
incentives that encourage
by no means as fuzzy as you
U.S. multinational corpora-
may have thought
tions to manufacture prod-
ucts in foreign countries
Sunday: Carter and the
Washington Stac. July 15
when "their own employes
consumer.
in this country are out of
work." In brief, he wants to
discourage corporations
from locating plants abroad
while U. S. workers are
going jobless at home.
Policy
ny
Times
Day
Carter's Foreign Policies
Continued From Page 1, Col. 2
nLiberal Democratic Vein
speaking slowly and deliberate-
ly, explained how he would
propose to attain his goals in
foreign policy.
By LESLIE H. GELB
He said he would constantly
consult with Congress on the
Special to The New York Times
formulation of policy, but
WASHINGTON, July 6-Jim-
Contrary to the strategic
would also "make every reason-
my Carter says that he expects
doctrine of the Ford Adminis-
able attempt to preserve the
foreign policy to be a major
tration, Mr. Carter does not be-
prerogatives and authority of
issue in the Presidential cam-
lieve in the real possibility of
the President." He opposed ef-
paign, and he seems ready to
limited nuclear war. He said
forts by Congress-such as the
run with a program that de-
it was his belief that once
Jackson amendment, tying a
grant of equal trading status,
cidedly places him in the liberal
nuclear weapons were used,
for the Soviet Union to Jewish
wing of the Democratic Party.
all-out nuclear war was likely.
emigration from that country-
His program includes making
GAgain differing from the
to legislate foreign policy.
public the budget of the Central
Ford Administration's practice,
Mr. Carter said he would be
Intelligence Agency, not trying
he said he would use economic
the nation's "spokesman" but
to cover up divergerft view-
leverage to deter potential So-
not his own secretary of state.
points in his administration,
viet intervention in the third
While coordination "would be
nonintervention in the internal
world. "I would not single out
my responsibility, I would like
to let the Cabinet officers run
food as a singular product," he
their own departments," he
Excerpts from the interview
added. "It would be a total
added.
with Carter, page 12.
withholding of trade."
He seemed to assume
Whereas the Administration
throughout the interview, as
struggles of the developing
has made general statements
did his aides and some of his
about its commitment to the
advisers, that he could make
world, minimizing Soviet-Amer-
men of diverse views work to-
ican competition and focusing
survival and security of Israel,
gether through "my normal,
on economic issues and human
Mr. Carter said he would con-
careful, methodical, scientific or
values, and rejecting the cur-
tinue economic and military aid
planning approach to longer-
rent practice of building new
indefinitely, although he would
range policies."
make "an annual judgment on
Sensitive on the Subject
nuclear weapons to bring about
agreements on arms control.
the amount of aid that was
Like Harry S. Truman, Mr.
Mr. Carter's views were elic-
absolutely necessary."
Carter would approach the
Ited in a recent interview with
qHe operred the door to nego-
White House with little back-
tiations with the developing na-
ground in foreign policy. He
The New York Times and sep-
and his aides, somewhat sensi-
arate interviews with his aides
tions on debt rescheduling and
tive on this subject, are aware
and advisers, and by reviewing
a common fund to stabilize
that he will have to prove him-
his public statements.
export earnings, thus going be-
self in this area.
Some of the main points
yond the Administration's posi-
The aides acknowledged that
about foreign policy made by
tion.
Mr. Carter's decision to formu-
In the interview Mr. Carter,
late a liberal foreign-policy
Mr. Carter in the interview
platform was made in the wake
were these:
Continued on Page 12, Column 1
of the 1972 Democratic con-
vention. It was there, they said,
that he came to believe that
the liberal wing of the party
was dominant and would con-
tinue to be so, and was deeply
committed to a change in for-
eign policy.
Knowing few foreign-policy
experts and scorned by some he
sought to contact, Mr. Carter
began his education with for-
eign travel and talks with for-
eign leaders and by enlisting
the services of former Secretary
of State Dean Rusk. After a
year or so of seminars and con-
versations arranged by Mr.
Rusk, the Carter camp learned
that he was considered anath-
ema by some liberal Demo-
crats, and the contacts ceased.
Expedient Action Denied
Many pro- and anti-Carter
people who have known the
candidate over the years in-
sisted that his new stance was
not a maiter of expediency but
of conviction. To back this up
his aides and advisers cited a
con't
con't
from:
ny
Times
Cloly -
arter's Foreign Policies Follow Liberal Democratic
speech he gave in Tokyo over
-that he believed that the
gressional leaders and the
a year ago, long before he
"rough equivalency is a very
public" even during crises, full
gathered specific knowledge of
good posture to maintain." The
disclosure of "the Lockheed
where the liberals stood and
similarity seems to end there,
involvement in the bribery or
before he acquired a few ad-
however.
other illegal influence on for-
visers. That speech corrtains
every recurrent foreign-policy
"Overwhelming Capability'
eign officials."
He said he would make major
theme: concentration on consul-
Asked about possible Soviet
alternatives available on the
tations with such allies as
advantages in certain strategic
Pentagon budget and weapons
Japan and the Western Euro-
areas, he answered, "I think
systems, and "if there was a
pean countries, not on Soviet-
that the overwhelming capabil-
difference of opinion between
American byplay; no military
ity of both nations to wreak
the Secretary of Defense or the
intervention in the internal af-
havoc on the other nation is
Joint Chiefs of Staff about the
fairs of others; openness in
such an overwhelming consid-
level of funding, I would have
policy-making; promotion of
eration compared to whether or
no objection to those officials
human rights and humanitarian
not one nation has a slight
presenting the alternatives to
concerns.
advantage in a subjective anal-
the Congress."
Shift of Policy Focus
ysis, to me removes that as a
Mr. Carter gave his usual list
major consideration."
"It is likely in the near future
of advisers, including former
From this premise Mr. Carter
top Democratic administration
that issues of war and peace
argued against the possibility
will be more a function of eco-
officials like Cyrus S. Vance,
of a limited nuclear war and
George W. Ball and Paul C.
nomic and social problems than
the "bargaining chips" ap-
Warnke. He added that he
of the military-security prob-
proach to nuclear negotiations
lems which have dominated in-
would guess that he had spent
-both central tenets of the Ad-
ternational relations in the
ministration. These considera-
world since World War II," he
tions have provided the main
said.
justification for building new
more time with either Henry
Owen of the Brookings Institu-
"We can now turn our atten-
systems of nuclear weapons.
tion, Prof. Richard N. Gardner
tion more effectively toward
Asked about the wisdom of
of Columbia University or Prof.
matters like the world economy,
spending $6 billion on anti-
Zbigniew Brzezinski, also of
freedom of the seas, environ-
ballistic-missile defense to in-
Columbia, than with any of the
mental quality, food, popula-
duce the Russians not to build
others individually.
tion, peace, conservation of ir-
such missiles, he responded,
Speaking of the American
replaceable commodities and
"Arryone who thinks that the
people, he said that foreign
the reduction of world arma-
ABM construction effort was
policy was not "a mysterious
ments."
well-advised-looking at it in
circumstance removed from
A Unifying Theme
retrospect-to me is foolish."
their daily existence."
What Mr. Carter's new ad-
On the use of force generally
"They look upon it as a prac-
visers provided him, beginning
he laid out positive and nega-
tical approach to the difficult
early this year, was a unifying
tive injunctions. "If the alterca-
questions that are decided most
theme: "We must replace bal-
tion was internal, a struggle
often on an individual basis,"
ance-of-power politics with
for the control of the govern-
he said, "and I think they con-
world-order politics."
ment, I can't errvision any cir-
sider that someone who is ca-
cumstance under which I would
Secretary of State Henry A.
pable of managing the affairs
Kissinger and Senator Henry
send troops," he said, but he
of a state or a federal govern-
would use force where "na-
M. Jackson, Democrat of Wash-
ment on a domestic plane is
ington, among others, would
tional security interests were
very likely to be qualified to
consider this approach naive
directly endangered," to evac-
deal with foreign affairs as
and unworkable. To them the
uate American citizens, or if
well."
dominant factor in world poli-
the Russians invaded a country
like Costa Rica.
tics remains the Soviet-Ameri-
can equation. Unless the Soviet
On the Middle East, his pre-
threat is marraged and the bal-
viously outlined approach has
ance of power maintained, in
been to give Israel complete
their view, all else will fail.
confidence in its relations with
Mr. Carter's position on deal-
the United States-as the way to
ing with the Russians is com-
bring about Israeli territorial
concessions and an over-all
plex as well as untried.
peace settlement.
He has not proposed absolute
reductions in defense spending.
Condemned Aid to Israel
His call for a 5 to 7 percent
To this he added two points:
cut in the Pentagon's proposed
that even in the absence of a
$115 billion budget, according
peace settlement "I would con-
to his aides, would still allow
tinue the economic and military
a modest increase in military
aid to Israel indefinitely," and
outlays over last year. More-
that he might consider using
over, he made it clear in the
American forces to help guar-
interview that he would give
antee a territorial settlement
advance warning to Moscow of
but would prefer not to.
economic sanctions in the event
On relations with developing
of another situation like that in
rations, he went further in the
Angola, where the Communists
interview than before, saying
backed the winner.
that he did not consider the
Although Mr. Carter, in the
demands of the poor nations
interview, rejected the basic
unreasonable.
Nixon-Ford-Kissinger strategy
The candidate also detailed
on the strategic nuclear bal-
what he meant by openness:
ance of power, he said-here
making his final decisions pub-
he concurs with Mr. Kissinger
lic, "involvement of the Con-
Officers run their
as judged by the America.
total nuclear capability
you
own
ments.
voters.
the judgment about the
tion on the Jackson
end-
Q.1 How do you feel about
Q. Do you think that the
advantage of accuracy and
ment that effect tied most-
your Presidential appoint
White House perceives for-
flexibility, security of the
favored-n
1 treatment for
ments expressing their own
eign policy as your weak suit
launching sites, like on sub-
the Soviet onion to emigra-
views about foreign policy
politically?
marines compared to overall
tion, Jewish emigration in
if they differed from your
A. The White House pos-
number of launches and
particular, and the Steven-
own, say in testimony before
sibly does. Our comprehen-
row-weight-these are sub-
son amendment that limited
Congress?
sive polling that we have
ctive assessments, and I
export credits to the Soviet
A. Well now, I certainly
done continuously all year
think that the overwhelming
Union?
would be willing to accept
does not reveal that as a
capability of both nations to
A. I think the Jackson
some differences of a view-
concern among the Ameri-
wreck havoc on the other
amendment and the Steven-
point. If the difference was
can people. When the speci-
nation is such a overwhelm
son Amendment were mis-
so great that it would allow
fic question has been asked,
ing consideration compared
taken. If the ultimate goal
us disharmony or consterna-
on a nationwide basis, our
to whether or not one nation
was to continue to amend the
tion or lack of purpose with-
poll results indicate that the
has a slight advantage in a
rate of out-migration of
in the department itself, that
people think I have enough
subjective analysis, to me
Jews from Russia, here was
would be damaging to the
common sense and enough
removes that as a major
an instance where I think the
nation's strength. And I
eloquence to represent this
consideration.
Soviet Union would have
would not permit that.
country well in discussions
Outlook for Nuclear War
been much more amenable to
But I hope that my normal,
of international affairs, and I
careful, methodical, scientific
Q. So you don't believe
quiet but firm diplomatic
think most people don't look
or planning approach to long-
that there is a real possibility
negotiation than the highly
on our foreign policy as a
er-range. policies involved
of a limited nuclear war?
publicized pressure placed on
mysterious circumstance re-
would serve to remove those
Once you start using these
the Soviet Union by an act of
moved from their daily ex-
weapons, you are likely to
Congress.
disharmonies long before
istence.
get into an all-out war?
Q. Can you conceive of a
they reach the stage of actual
They look upon it as a
A. That is my belief.
situation in the third world-
implementation. And this is
practical approach to the dif-
Latin America, Asia and Af-
the way I have been able to
ficult questions that ar de-
Q. A question about nego-
rica-where you would send
perform as Governor and I
cided most often on an indi-
tiating strategy: You are
American combat forces?
think it would be an unlikely
vidual basis, and I think they
probably aware that over the
prospect that at the time of
consider that someone who
years there has been a lot of
A. Well, obviously, that is
implementation or presenta-
is capable of managing the
criticism of the Administra-
such a broad-ranging ques-
tion of a budget to the Con-
tion on the grounds that it
tion-obviously, if the So-
affairs of a state or a fed-
gress or in state of crisis
has used bargaining chips in
viets had troops in Costa
because a mistake had been
eral government on a do-
mestic plane is very likely to
dealing with strategic arms.
Rica, I would do the best I
made, that myself and the
be "qualified to deal with
You mentioned the ABM
could to defend that country
major Cabinet members would
foreign affairs as well.
treaty. We spent over $6-
or in Panama or-
have that much of a disagree-
Q. You have criticized
billion developing ABM, sup-
Q. But in an internal war,
ment.
posedly with a view toward
a war between regional
My own method of con-
various aspects of détente.
using the development as a
powers in Africa or Latin
ducting the affairs of state,
particularly the wheat deal
way of getting the Soviets
America, one that did not in-
of the state of Georgia, as
with the Soviet Union. What
about the SALT I agreement,
to limit ABM's. Do you think
volve the active participation
Governor, has been to have
the agreement we reached in
that is an effective and sen-
of the Soviet Union, there
as broad a range of opinions
sible way to bargain on stra-
were no Soviet troops in-
as possible presented to me,
1972, interim limitation of
let me assimilate the infor-
offensive missiles. Do you
tegic arms-to build in order
volved or Chinese troops
think that was a good agree-
to put ceilings or to reduce,
involved-
mation that I don't have
but build first?
A. If the altercation was
through my own experience,
ment for the United States?
A. Well, anyone who thinks
internal, a struggle for con-
and then make a judgment
A. Yes, I do. I think any
time We have had an agree-
that the ABM construction
trol of the Government, I
for my own posture as I
ment that limited atomic
effort was well advised -
can't envision any circum-
thought it was best. And I
would like to keep this pro-
weapons in a practical way
looking at it in retrospect-
stances under which I would
oedure as a normal method
has been a good one and I
to me is foolish. So my an-
send troops. If there was a
swer is no, I don't think that
war begun between countries
for conducting the affairs of
think at that time we were
the White House.
is an advisable procedure.
and I felt that our own na-
much superior to the Soviet
There may be times when it
tional security interests were
I don't like to get tied
Union in nuclear capability
down or dependent upon a
and armament limitations as
would be adopted, but as a
directly endangered, I would
particular point of view from
expressed then have proved
general principle, I think it
certainly consider sending
a single individual.
is a foolish approach.
troops.
to be advisable.
Q. Do you know if foreign
Q. In the case of the Soviet
Conditions for Intervention
The Impact of SALT
policy is going to be an issue
Union doing things like in-
Q. You mean national se-
in the campaign, whether it
Q. The SALT I agreement
tervening in Angola, would
"-is Governor Reagan or Presi-
you favor using our economic
curity interests beyond the
was criticized by a number
leverage and urging our
safety of American civiliza-
dent Ford?
of people on the ground that
tion?
A. Yes, either one.
it provided for superiority in
allies to use their economic
A. That is right. There may
Q. Why do you think so?
the number of launchers for
leverage to try to get the
be circumstances that would
And will it be a major issue
the Soviet Union. Does that
Russians to cease and desist?
-I hesitate to answer a
in the campaign?
make any difference to you
A. Yes, I would.
A. I would guess that it
Q. Would that include the
hypothetical question on
-whether the Russians had
would. It is almost inevitable
cancellation of grain sales?
things like this, because you
more missile launchers than
that this be the case. When a
we do? Do you think that is
A. Well, obviously the ear-
put me in the posture of
lier that you can have a
thinking of every possible
campaign is run against an
a factor of any strategic sig-
incumbent President. for in-
nificance or diplomatic sig-
leverage applying, the better
eventuality. There may be
your chances are of success.
times when I would send
stance, on foreign affairs and
nificance?
the conduct of foreign affairs,
A. Well, it is one factor.
If you wait until a commit-
military planes into a national
it is obviously a matter that
But I think that we now have
ment by Russia is already
capital to evacuate American
is of intense interest to our
confirmed, it makes it very
nationals whose lives were
a rough equivalency in over-
difficult if not impossible for
endangered or send a ship
nation.
all nuclear strength. The
Soviets have some advan-
them to withdraw that com-
into a port to perform an
Using Foreign Pollcy
tages in land-based rocket
mitment because of any de-
evacuation process, so there
Q. Do you think President
sites. We have an advantage,
tectable pressure from us. So
are some circumstances in
Ford would use the powers
still, in submarines. We have
I think the real myth of the
which I would certainly use
of his office to do things in
relationship that we have
our military forces.
the technical advantage of
foreign policy for his own
had- with individual nations
Q. What about a U.S. guar-
more accuracy. They have
political advantage?
the advantage of heavier
under the Ford-Kissinger Ad-
antee of Israeli security in
A. Yes, I think so. Almost
ministration has put us in
the context of an overall set-
warheads.
any incumbent President
We have more warheads
the posture quite often of
tlement-would you favor
would do that, and things
having to face an accom-
that?
because of the MIRV capa-
that he would do would
bility. Russia is rapidly ac-
plished fact of an adjustment
A. I have discussed this
naturally be inclined toward
quiring it. I don't think it
of our interests.
with a lot of the-with sev-
what is best for this country,
The singling out of food
eral of the Israeli leaders,
would be possible from this
as a bargaining weapon is
with the present and the
point, certainly not for me,
to say that we or the Rus-
something that I would not
previous Prime Ministers, the
sians have a decided advan-
do. If we want to put eco-
Foreign Minister and others.
tage over the other.
nomic pressure on another
I have never yet had an
And I think this rough
nation under any circum-
Israeli leader respond to my
stances, to use it as a lever
direct question that they
cont from:
equivalency is a very good
posture to maintain. The ina-
by withholding our products.
would favor using American
bility of either nation to de-
I would not single out food
troops under any conceivable
as a singular product. It
circumstance. If there was a
fend itself against a first
strike is probably the greatest
would be a total withhold-
mutual agreement between
deterrent to nuclear war and
ing of trade.
Israel and all her neighbors
LAY Times
so I don't feel concerned
Before Positions Are Firm
and the only basis on which
about it.
they could declare nonbel-
Q. Then you would put
Q. So we don't need over-
ligerency and recognize the
them on notice in advance?
all numerical equality or
existence of Israel, perma-
A. Yes, I would. I think
equality in numbers of mis-
nently and resolve the Pal-
that - and before the guns
estinian question and leave
July 7
siles or equality in throw-
- above the confrontation
Israel in a defendable pos-
weight?
where-- firm positions are
A. I don't believe so. I
ture and carve out a perma-
don't believe any one of
established is well known by
nent peace through the
the rest of the world and
those factors would be a
temporary presence of Amer-
there has to be a loss of face
ican forces in certain areas
prime requisite for an agree-
or a breaking of a prior com-
within the territory, I might
ment.
So you know I would like
mitment in order to accom-
consider it.
to, if possible, to reach an
inodate a peaceful relation-
But I would prefer that
until
those forces be United No
Carter's Fore n Policy Talk and Replies to
eries
policy
Fol! wing are excerpts
from .he prepared text of
We may not welcome these
Jimmy Carter's speech here
Monetary Renovation
nges. We will certainly
Nature of Warfare Changed
yesterday before the Foreign
But we must do more. The
encourage them. But we
In recent years, new mili-
Policy Association, and from
international monetary sys-
respect the results of
tary technology has been de-
a question-and-answer perio
tem should be renovated so
democratic elections and the
veloped by both sides, in-
that followed. The questions
that it can serve us well for
right of countries to make
cluding precision-guided mu-
and answers were recorded
the next quarter of a cen-
their own free choice if we
nitions, that are changing
by The New York Times
tury. Last January, at a
are to remain faithful to our
the nature of land warfare.
through the facilities of ABC
meeting of the leading finan-
own basic ideals. We must
News.
cial officials agreement was
Unfortunately, NATO's ar-
learn to live with diversity,
reached on a new system,
senal suffers from a lack of
The time has come for us
and we can continue to CO-
standardization, which need-
based on greater flexibility
to seek a partnership be-
operate, so long as such po-
of exchange rates. There is
lessly increases the cost of
tween North America, West-
litical parties respect the
no prospect of any early re-
NATO. and its strategy too
ern Europe and Japan: Our
democratic process, uphold
turn to fixed exchange rates
often seems wedded to past
three rugions share economic,
existing international com-
-divergences in economic
plans and concepts. We must
political and security con-
mitments and are not sub-
not allow our alliance to be-
experience among nations are
cerns that make it logical
servient to external political
too great for that. But we
come an anachronism.
that we should seek ever-
direction. The democratic
still have much much to
There is. in short, a press-
increasing unity and under-
concert of nations should ex-
learn regarding the effective
standing.
clude only those who exclude
ing need for us and our allies
operation of a system of
to undertake a review of
I have traveled in Japan
themselves by the rejection
fluctuating exchange rates.
NATO's forces and its strat-
and Western Europe in re-
of democracy itself.
We must take steps to avoid
egies in light of the charging
cent years and talked to
large and erratic fluctuations,
On Mutual Security
military environment.
leaders there. These coun-
without impeding the basic
The second area of in-
Even as we review our
tries already have a signifi-
monetary adjustments that
creased cooperation among
military posture, We must
cant world impact, and they
will be necessary among na-
the democracies is that of
spare no effort to bring about
are prepared to play even
tions for some years to come.
mutual security. Here, how-
a reduction of the forces that
larger global roles in shap-
It will be useful to strengthen
ever, we must recognize that
confront one another in Cen-
ing a new international or-
the role of the International
the Atlantic and Pacific re-
tral Europe.
der;
Monetary. Fund as a center
gions have quite different
Balanced Reductions
In addition to cooperation
for observation and guidance
needs and different political
betwee: North America,
of the world economy, keep-
sensitivities.
It is to be hoped that the
Japan and Western Europe,
ing track of the interactions
Since the United States is
stalemated mutual-force-re-
there is an equal need for
among national economies
both an Atlantic and a Pacific
duction talks in Vienna will
increas d unity and consulta-
and making recommendations
power, our commitments to
soon produce results so that
tion between ourselves and
to governments on how best
the security of Western Eu-
the forces of both sides can
such democratic societies as
to keep the world economy
rope and of Japan are insep-
be reduced in a manner that
Israel, Australia, New Zea-
functioning smoothly.
arable from our own security.
impairs the security of neither.
land and other nations, such
Beyond economic and po-
Without these commitments
The requirement of balanced
as those in this hemisphere,
litical cooperation, we have
and our firm dedication to
reductions complicates nego-
that share our democratic
much to learn from one
them, the political fabric of
tiations, but it is an impor-
values, as well as many of
another. I have been re-
Atlantic and Pacific coopera-
tant requirement for the
our political and economic
peatedly impressed by the
tion would be seriously weak-
achievements of the Japanese
maintenance of security in
concern:
ened and world peace endan-
and the Europeans in their
Europe.
Ending One-Man Diplomacy
gered.
domestic affairs. The Japa-
As we look to the Pacific
Similarly, in the SALT
There must be more fre-
nese, for example, have one
quent consultations on many
region, we see a number of
taxes, we must seek signifi-
of the lowest unemploy-
levels. We should have peri-
ment rates and the lowest
changes and opportunities.
cant nuclear disarmament
odic su'nmit conferences and
crime rate of any industrial-
Because of potential Sino-
that safeguards the basic in-
occasional meetings of the
ized nation, and they also
Soviet conflict, Russian and
terests of both sides,
leaders of all the industrial
seem to suffer less than other
Chinese forces are not jointly
The democratic nations
democr cies, as well as fre-
urbanized peoples from the
deployed as our potential ad-
versaries but confront one
must respond to the challenge
quent Cabinet-level meetings.
modern problem of rootless-
In addition, as we do away
ness and alienation.
another along their common
of human need on three
with or 3-man diplomacy, we
Similarly, we can learn
border. Moreover, our with-
levels.
drawal from the mainland of
First, by widening the op-
must once again use our en-
from the European nations
Southeast Asia has made pos-
portunities for genuine north-
tire foreign policy apparatus
about health care, urban
sible improving relationships
south consultations. The de-
to re-establish continuing
planning and mass transpor-
between us and the People's
veloping nations must not
contacts at all levels. Sum-
tation.
mits are no substitute for the
Republic of China.
There are many ways that
only be the objects of policy
habit " cooperating close-
creative alliances can work
With regard to our primary
but must participate in shap-
ly at the working level:
for a better world. Let me
Pacific ally, Japan, we will
ing it. Without wider con-
There are at least three
mention just one more, the
maintain our existing security
sultations we will have
area of human rights. Many
arrangements. so long as that
sharper confrontations. A
areas in which the democrat-
continues to be the wish of
good start has been made
ic nations can benefit from
of us have protested the vio-
the Japanese people and Gov-
with the conference in inter-
closer and more creative re-
lation of human rights in
ernment.
national economic coopera-
lations.
Russia, and justly so. But
Korean Withdrawal
tion, which should be
First, there are our eco-
such violations are not limit-
strengthened and widened.
nomic and political affairs.
ed to any one country or one
I believe it will be pos-
sible to withdraw our ground
To Lower Trade Barriers
In th realm of economics,
ideology. There are other
our basic purpose must be to
forces from South Korea on
countries that violate human
Secondly, by assisting
keep open the international
a phased basis over a time
those nations that are in
rights in one way or another
span to be determined after
direst need.
system in which the ex-
-by torture, by political per-
consultation. with both South
change of goods, capital, and
secution and by racial or re-
There are many ways the
ideas arrong nations can con-
Korea and Japan. At the
ligious discrimination.
democracies can unite to help
tinue to expand.
same time, it should be made
shape a more stable and just
We and our allies, in a cre-
clear to the South Korean
world order, We can work to
Increased coordination
ative partnership, can take
Government that its internal
lower trade barriers and
among the industrialized de-
the lead in establishing and
oppression is repugnant to
mocraci can help avoid the
make a major effort to pro-
promoting basic global stand-
our people and undermines
vide increased support to the
repetition of such episodes
ards of human rights. We re-
the support for our commit-
international agencies that
as the inflation of 1972-73
spect the independence of all
ment there.
now make capital available
"and the more recent reces-
nations, but by our example,
We face a more immediate
to the third world.
"sions. Both were made more
by our utterances and by the
problem in the Atlantic sec-
severe by an excess of expan-
various forms of economic
This will require help from
tor of our defense.
sionist zeal and then of de-
Europe, Japan, North Amer-
and political persuasion avail-
The Soviet Union has in
flationary reaction in North
ica and the wealthier mem-
able to us, we can quite sure-
"America, Japan and Europe.
recent years strengthened its
ly lessen the injustice in this
bers of OPEC for the World
forces in Central Europe. The
Though each country must
world.
Bank's soft-loan affiliate, the
Warsaw Pact forces facing
make its own economic deci-
International Development
We must certainly try.
sions, we need to know more
NATO today are substantially
Association. The wealthier
Let me make one other
about one another's interests
composed of Soviet combat
countries should also support
point in the political realm.
and intentions. We must
troops, and these troops
such specialized funds as the
Democratic processes may in
have been modernized and
avoid unilateral acts, and we
new International Fund for
some countries bring to pow-
reinforced. In the event of
must try not to work at
Agricultural Development,
er parties or leaders whose
war, they are postured for
which will put resources
cross-purposes in the pursuit
of the same ends. We need
ideologies are not shared by
an all-out conflict of short
from the oil-exporting and
most Americans.
duration and great intensity.
not agree on all matters, but
developed countries to work
we should agree to discuss
NATO's ground combat
in increasing food production
all
matters.
forces are largely European.
in poor countries. We might
We should continue our
The U.S. provides about one-
also seek to institutionalize,
efforts to reduce trade bar-
fifth of the combat element,
under the World Bank, 2
riers among the industrial
as well as the strategic um-
"world development budget,"
countries, as one way to com-
brella, and without this
in order to rationalize and
bat inflation. The current
American commitment, West-
coordicate these and other
Tokyo round of multilateral
ern Europe could not defend
similar efforts.
trade negotiations should be
itself successfully.
pursued to a successful con-
cluston
It is also time for the
Soviet Union, which donates
0: Iv about one-tenth of 1
reent of its G.N.P. to for-
Ore or the new commit-
eign aid-and mostly for
ments that I should be
political ends-to act more
made is an uncoulvocal, con-
con't from:
generously toward global
stant commi to the
economic development.
world that is understood
Third, we and our allies
by all people that we guaran-
ny Times
must work together to limit
tee the right of Israel to
the flow of arms into the
exist, to exist in peace, as a
developing world.
Jewish state.
Concern Over Arms Sales
I think there's been too
much equivocation about
june
The north-south conflict is
that and doubt cast upon that
in part a security problem.
factor by public statements
sovereignty over the Panama
A: long as the more power-
made by leaders of our coun-
Canal Zone; that we should
ful nations exploit the less
tries in the last few months.
have control as though we
powerful. they will be repaid
That ought to be one basic
had sovereignty, that we
by terrorism, hatred and po-
change.
should have limited arms and
tential violence. Insofar as
"I believe, also, that we
troops placements there; that
our policies are selfish or
should pursue aggressively
there should be an adequate
cynical or shortsighted,
the effort as spelled out un-
payment to Panama for the
there will inevitably be a
der United Nations Resolu-
use of the canal.
day of reckoning.
tion 242 that the individual
I think this is a basis on
I am particularly con-
countries surrounding Israel
which we could continue our
cerned by our nation's role
should negotiate directly
negotiations. I would never
as the world's leading arms
with Israel, recognizing two
give up full control of the
salesman. We sold or gave
things: one, the permanent
Panama Canal as long as it
away billions of dollars of
existence of Israel, and sec-
had any contribution to make
arins last year, mostly to
ondly, adopting a position of
to our own national security.
developing nations. For ex-
nonbelligerency toward the
But I believe the Panaman-
ample, we are now begin-
State of Israel.
ians will respond well to open
ning to export advanced
We, I think, can play a
and continued negotiations
arins to Kenya and Zaire,
role that's presntly been re-
and the sharing of sovereign-
thereby both fueling the
quested of President Ford by
East-West arms race in Afri-
Mr. John Rabin and others
ty and control, recognizing
of Israel, which I don't know
their rights in that respect.
ca even while supplanting
if it's been pursued yet or
I would certainly look with
our own allies-Britain and
not. I would maintain our
favor on the possible reduc-
France-in their relations
tion in the number of bases
with these African states.
strong naval forces in the
that we have in the Panama
Sumetimes we try to justify
eastern Mediterranean.
this unsavory business on
I would let it be clear to
Canal Zone, possibly a re-
duction in the number of mili-
the cynical ground that by
the Soviet Union and others
rationing out the means of
that neither we nor they nor
Lary forces we have there.
anyone else should prospec-
I would certainly look with
violence we can somehow
control the world's violence.
tively plan on involvement
favor on a continued increase
in any Middle Eastern con-
of payments for the transport
The fact is that we can-
not have it both ways. Can
frontation that includes com-
of materials through the
WS be both the world's lead-
bat. I think we should
Panama Canal Zone. I think
ing champion of peace and
strengthen our commitment
it's accurate to say that until
the world's leading supplier
to give Israel whatever de-
two or three years ago the
of the weapons of war? If I
fense mechanisms or eco-
rate of payment for a ton of
become President, I will
nomic aid is necessary to let
cargo transported through
work with our allies, some of
them meet any potential at-
the canal had never been
whom are also selling arms,
tack.
increased since the canal was
and also seek to work with
I would certainly never
opened. We've had one major
the Soviets, to increase the
consider sending troops to
increase since then and an-
emphasis on peace and to re-
Israel. I've never met an Is-
other one is under contem-
duce the commerce in weap-
raeli leader who advocated
plation there now.
o: s of war.
that. I would also favor,
Policy on Southern Africa
Questions and Answers
whenever Israel and the
other countries are ready,
Q. Governor, what would
Question. This is addressed
the pursuit of a general ap-
your policy be toward south-
in the third person. How
proach to the Middle Eastern
ern Africa, including Rho-
would President Carter estab-
question rather than a step-
desia as well as South Africa,
li full diplomatic relations
by-step approach.
and what do you think we
with China without abandon-
But in the meantime, en-
can accomplish?
ing our commitment for the
courage Jordon, perhaps
A. I personally agree with
defense of Taiwan?
Syria, Lebanon when their
the recent posture taken by
Answer. You ask me a
crisis is over, to negotiate
Secretary Kissinger as re-
question that nobody yet has
with Israel on a mutual basis.
lates to Africa. This is a
been able to answer, but I'll
Position on Panama Canal
long delayed interest that's
do the best I can.
been expressed at the top
I think that ultimately the
Q. Governor Carter, please
levels of our government in
first step would be one that
clarify your position on the
the acts in question, as was
already has been taken by
current U.S.-Panama negotia-
the case in Angola, where we
Japan, or perhaps Canada, to
tions. Will you, as President,
waited too late and clung to
tiy to have guaranteed to the
continue the current thrust
the Portuguese until they
People's Republic of China a
toward a new treaty?
left and had no continuing
continuation of noninterfer-
A. This is one of the ques-
relationship with the Angolan
ence in the affairs of Taiwan,
tions, along with others that
people there.
to have strong trade relation-
have been asked somewhat
I personally favor majority
ships with Taiwan, and to
frequentlyd an 18-month
rule. I would do everything I
establish full diplomatic re-
campaign around the country.
could to let, for instance,
Intionships with the People's
It would possibly be sur-
Great Britain, who still
Republic of China.
prising to some of you to
claims dominion over the
When that time might
know that even back 16 or
Rhodesian area, play a major
come in the future, I'm not
18 months ago, when I cam-
role in outside influence. i
prepared vet to sav. But that
paigned through New Hamph-
see no reason for us to play
ought to be the ultimate goal
shire or through Oklahoma
a pre-eminent role.
of our country.
or through Iowa or Florida,
I would do everything I
30 or 40 percent of the ques-
could to encourage this
tions at least related to inter-
change toward majority rule
national affairs, which is a
with peace, and let our pos-
Guarantees for Israel
very encouraging insight into
ture be maintained through
the consciousness and atti-
open expressions of our con-
Q. Governor Carter, what
tude of the American people.
cern and throaugh-as ex-
new ideas do you have, be-
The Panama Canal question
pressed in my talk-legiti-
side the present declared
has been made vivid in its
mate use of economic or
U.S. policy, concerning Mid-
political importance by Gov-
political pressure.
dle East questions?
ernor Reagan in his campaign
So, ultimately majority
Well, I made a major
against President Ford.
rule, acquired as early as pos-
statement on the Middle East
I think the American peo-
sible: minimum of conflict
in Elizabeth, N.J., two or
ple have lost sight of the
or bloodshed, and using our
three weeks ago that spells
fact that the early agreement
influence through peaceful
out nly positions.
signed in the 1900's under
means and letting other na-
the aegis of President Theo-
tions who have a more direct
dore Roosevelt spelled out
relationship play the preemi-
that Panama should have
nent role.
Carter Medges an Open Foreign Policy
By JAMES T. WOOTEN
Without mentioning
Secre-
ternational adventure" per-
Jimmy Carter pledged him-
tary of State Hen:
1.
Kis-
haps a foreshadowing of the
self yesterday to an open for-
singer, Mr. Carter
riticized
anti-Administration theme he
cign policy that would encour-
him as a "Lone Ranger" caught
would sound in the election
age a more active participation
up in a "one-man policy of in-
campaign if Mr. Ford should
by other democracies in the
become the Republican candi-
resolution of international
date.
problems.
Now apparently assured of
"The time has come for a
his own party's nomination,
new architectural effort," he
Mr. Carter seemed at ease be-
Excerpts from Carter address
fore the more than 2,000 peo-
ple who crowded into the
appear on Page 22.
grand ballroom of the Waldorf-
said in an address before the
Astoria Hotel to hear him. In
Foreign Policy Association
his speech and later remarks,
here, "with a growing cooper-
Mr. Carter did the following.
ation among the industrial
"Pledged continued Ameri-
democracies its cornerstone,
can control over the Panama
and with peace and justice its
Canal.
constant goals."
"Recommended assistance to
In the third major speech on
Italy from the, United States
global affairs of his campaign
and Western European nations
for the Democratic Presidential
after electoral gains by the
nomination, the 51-year-old
Communist party there.
former Governor of Georgia re-
"Suggested an emulation of
iterated many of the themes he
Japan's mutual relationship
has sounded in the past, criti-
with China and Taiwan.
cizing the Ford Administra-
Chided the Soviet Union
tion's foreign policies as "se-
for its relatively small amount
cretive" and "amoral." and
of foreign aid.
promising a new diplomatic
Called for a modernization
posture that he said would
The
New
York
Times
and standardization of the de-
reflect "the decency and gen-
Jimmy Carter addressing
fense forces deployed by the
erosity and common serse of
Foreign Policy Associa-
North Atlantic Treaty Organi-
our people."
tion at the Waldorf.
Continued on Page 22, Column 7
'Live With Diversity'
Continued From Page 1, Col. 4
'Partnership' Stressed
Similarly, he said that while
That emphasis on alliances
zation.
with other democracies calls
most Americans might not wel-
But the underlying thesis of
for a "partnership between
come the rise to power in other
his speech yesterday was his
North America, Western Eu-
democracies of parties or lead-
emphasis on new and continu-
rope and Japan." Mr. Carter
ers whose ideologies seem in-
said, asserting that those re-
compatible, "we must learn to
ing alliances between the United
gions "are prepared to play
live with diversity and to ccop-
States and other democracies-
even larger roles in global mat-
erate" as long as such parties
the "natural allies" of which he
ters."
and leaders respect the demo-
has spoken so frequently during
The Democratic candidate
cratic processes, uphold exist-
his campaign.
outlined the dimensions of the
ing international commitments
cooperation he was suggesting
and are not subservient to ex-
More Productive Aproach
by calling for new combined ef
ternal political direction.
Such relationships would be
forts in economic and political
"The democratic concert of
the focus of his foreign policy
affairs, increased attention to
nations should exclude only
if he is President, Mr. Carter
mutual security and a plural
those who exclude themselves
commitment to the alleviation
by the rejection of democracy
suggested. and from such liai-
of poverty.
itself." he added.
sons would evolve a more pro-
Such "creative alliances'
With respect to China and
ductive and effective aproach
would also have a beneficial
response to a question from the
to international tensions, food
impact in the area of humah
audience-that Japan's diplo-
shortages, overpopulation, pov-
rights, he said.
matic steps were worthy of
erty, the arms race and alloca-
American emulation. Japan, he
tion of resources.
n "Many of us have protested
said, has managed to establish
He recommend periodic con-
the violation of human rights
a productive relationship with
ferences of the leaders of the
in Russia, and justly so," he
both governments without dam-
world's industrial democracies
continued. "But said he "de-
aging its ties with either.
and said that "as we do away
plored the recent bloodshed in
He also said that "Italian
with one-man diplomacy"
South Africa," and traced its
political problems have been
another jab at Secretary Kis-
roots to the "long season of
caused by the underlying social
singer - "we must once again
malaise of the country," and
use our entire foreign policy
racial inequities" there.
suggested that any solution re-
apparatus to reestablish contin-
"We respect the independ-
quires "patient and significant
uing contacts at all levels."
ence of all nations," Mr. Carter
assistance from Italy's Western
Summit conferences, he said,
said, "but by our example, by
European neighbors as well as
"are no substitute for the habit
our utterances and by the vari-
from the United States."
of cooperating closely and con-
ous forms of economic and po-
Mr. Carter's speech yester-
tinuously at the working level
litical persuasion available to
day was the product of his
of foreign diplomacy.'
us, we can quite surely lessen
study group on foreign policy,
Mr. Carter also expanded an-
the injustice in this world."
but it was essentially the crea-
other of his campaign themes-
tion of Zbigniew Brzezinski.
the need to include other
the 48-year-old Columbia Uni-
governments in the process of
versity professor who has been
joint policy-making.
advising Mr. Carter on foreign
"Our Western European al-
policy for several months.
lies have been deeply con-
cerned, and justly so, by our
unilateral. dealing with the
Soviet Union, he said, recom-
mending that future dealings
should "reflet the combined
views of the democracies,
thereby avoiding suspicions
that we may be disregarding
their interests."
ssues
14
CARTER CAMPAIGN
Mr. Carter on the Family
T
HERE IS SOMETHING in the spirit of our times
Obsolete and misguided public policy often makes
that is rapidly eroding the most ancient and dur-
matters worse, as Mr. Carter observed. Welfare aid to
able of institutions, the family. It is like the effect of air
families was originally designed, more than a genera-
pollution on medieval statuary; you can argue about
tion ago, for the case in which a father died leaving his
the precise source of the trouble, but the damage is be-
widow and children without support. Today families in
yond dispute. In their platform writing in Kansas City,
a great variety of circumstances turn to welfare, but
the Republicans have lavished special attention on the
half of the states still have rules denying aid to families
problems of the American family and on what the gov-
in which the father is present. The rule puts pressure
ernment should-or should not-do to help solve them.
on the father to desert. With the father gone, the fami-
For his part, Jimmy Carter had already established the
ly's chances of getting off welfare drop sharply. The
interrelationship-between the American family and
rule is intended to limit the welfare rolls, but it can
federal government programs as a main theme of his
have precisely the opposite effect. The thrust
campaign. Federal policy, he suggested in a speech the
welfare rules is no small element in national social
other day, needs to be realigned SO that it works to hold
cy. One out of every 20 Americans is, at any given me-
people together rather than sometimes helping to pull
ment, living on welfare.
them apart. That's quite true-although it's also true
that the social changes here run at a level deeper than
A President can't do much about the basic marriage
governments can easily reach.
and divorce rates, and it's questionable whether he
The reasons for the current epidemic of dissolving
even ought to try. But he has a responsibility to see that
families is, generally speaking, pretty clear and most
federal government does not add to the strain. The
Americans are ambivalent about them. They are, after
whole subject has fallen into profound neglect since
all, very commonly the other side of the new freedoms,
the collapse of the family assistance plan that Mr.
the opportunities and the unprecedented mobility that
Nixon proposed seven years ago. But Mr. Carter evi-
our generation enjoys. Those freedoms and opportuni-
dently has a good deal more in mind than welfare re-
ties also constitute a formula for great social turbu-
form.
lence and instability.
The impact on families is even more severe than Mr.
He speaks of reviewing the influence on family sta-
Carter suggested. One out of every six American child-
bility of regulations in areas as diverse as taxation, So-
ren lives with only one parent or neither. Among black
cial Security, urban renewal, and even the armed
children, 43 per cent live in one parent (or no-parent)
forces' assignment system. Whether the next Presio
households. Families break up most frequently, as you
is Mr. Carter or one of the current combatants at
might expect, where unemployment and poverty are
sas City, he will have to take account of a widespread
most common. But these trends run, in one degree or
uneasiness in this country over the rates at which fami-
another, through the whole population and they seem
lies break up. Mr. Carter is promising too much when
to be accelerating. For every five marriages that have
he suggests with assurance that a Carter administration
taken place in the United States this year, there have
would be capable of reversing the present trends. But
been three divorces. There have been fewer marriages
he is right when he says that federal law and regulation
this year than in the same period a year ago, but the
need to weigh consistently on the side of those families
number of divorces has risen.
that are struggling to stay together.
Washington Post,
8/18/76
AU iT 27, 1976
KEY CARTER STAFF
Hamilton Jordan, Campaign Manager
Met Carter in 1966; managed Carter's 1970 gubernatorial campaign; Executive
Assistant to Carter, 1971-74; Executive Director of the Democratic National
Campaign '74 Committee (which Carter chaired) in 1974; Carter's presidential
Campaign Manager.
Jody Powell, News Secretary
Driver and advance man for Carter's 1970 gubernatorial race; Press Secretary
while Carter was governor; News Secretary to Carter since announcing for
President.
Patrick Caddell, Pollster
Headed George McGovern's survey research while still a student at Harvard in
1972; Chief of Cambridge survey research firm; head pollster for Carter since
Florida primary and close advisor.
Charles Kirbo, Senior Advisor
Lawyer from Bainbridge, Georgia; represented Carter in 1962 State Senatorial
recount case; V.P. selection coordinator; laison between Carter and the
general staff; his law firm in Atlanta represented Coca-Cola.
Robert Lipshtz, Campaign Treasurer
Atlanta lawyer who has been with Carter since 1966; served on Human Resources
Board in Georgia under Carter; raised funds for travel expenses for Carter
to utilize as Chairman of the Democratic National Campaign Committee, 1974;
was Chairman of the Citizens Committee for Democrats in 1974, ostensibly
formed to campaign for all Democrats, but was used to establish Carter's
campaign network.
Gerald Rafshoon, Advertising/Media Strategist
Operates Gerald Rafshoon Advertising, Inc. in Atlanta; worked with Carter in
1966 and has been with him since that time; serves as media aide.
Stuart Eizenstat, Issues Director
Harvard law graduate on leave from a successful law practice in Atlanta;
served in same capacity in Carter's 1970 gubernatorial campaign; coordinates
Carter's task forces.
2
FORD (TERAGE
Betty Rainwater, Personal Secretary and Deputy Press Secretary
Worked for Carter during 1970 gubernatorial race; joined the Carter campaign
in the middle of 1975.
Greg Schneiders, Personal Traveling Aide
Washington, D.C. restraunteur before joining the Carter staff as personal aide
in the Democratic primary campaign.
Rick Hutchison, Deputy Campaign Director
Chief delegate hunter during primary campaign; served as assistant director
of political research at the Democratic National Committee when Carter was
Chairman of the Democratic National Campaign Committee.
Landon Butler, Campaign Political Director
Graduated from Washington and Lee University, 1963, and Harvard Business
School, 1968; met Carter in 1970 and later developed the "Goals for Georgia"
during Carter's term as governor.
Peter Bourne, Campaign Aide
British-born psychiatrist who met Carter while working with Mrs. Carter on
mental health reform in Georgia; headed anti-drug abuse program under Carter;
presently developing Carter's National Health Care plan.
Mary King, Campaign Aide
President of National Association of Woman Business Owners; heads up a commit-
tee of women designed to advise Carter; advises Carter on health programs; she
is married to Peter Bourne.
Frank Moore, Congressional Laison
Began working for Carter during 1966 gubernatorial campaign; succeeded Hamilton
Jordon as Carter's Executive Secretary in 1973; served as Southern Campaign
Director during the Democratic primary campaign.
Morris Dees, Fundraising Advisor
Directed George McGovern's direct-mail fundraising, 1972; defended Joanne
Little in the controversial North Carolina murder trial; serves as lawyer for
the Southern Poverty Law Center; well-known Civil Rights attorney in Montgomery,
Alabama.
3
Jerome Cohen
Professor of International Affairs, Harvard University; expert on East Asian
Affairs; strongly critical of government repression in South Korea.
OTHER ADVISORS
Anthony Lake - Director of International Voluntary Services
Henry Owens - Brookings Institute Fellow
Harold Brown - Former Secretary of the Air Force
Barry Blechman - Brookings Institute Fellow
Lynn Davis - Professor, Columbia University
James Woolsey - Washington, D.C. lawyer
Walter Slocombe - Washington, D.C. lawyer
AUST 31, 1976
CARTER ECONOMIC ADVISORS
Lawrence R. Klein
Chief economist on Carter's economic task force. President-elect, American
Economic Association; Benjamin Franklin Professor of Economics and Finance,
University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School; Heads Wharton Econometric Asso-
ciates; member of the Eugene McCarthy's economic team in 1968; signed Communist
Party Card, and in 1940's considered a post-Keynesian mainstream econom-
ist by former professor Paul Samuelson of MIT; stresses fact that neither he
nor any economic advisors are monetarists.
Willis J. Winn
President, Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank; former dean, Wharton School.
John Bowles IV
Vice President, Kidder, Peabody and Company; acts as intermediary between
economic advosors and political staff.
Lester Thurow
Professor of economics at MIT; was member of 1972 McGovern campaign and
represents leftist economic thought on the task force; advocate of a "life-
time-accessions" tax; working on agricultural policies and income distribution
for Carter's task force.
Mortin Feldstein
Professor of economics at Harvard, specializes in urban issues; critic of
social security and unemployment compensation; views on health insurance,
the indexing of tax rates, and social security are close to those of Milton
Friedman.
Michael Wachter
Professor of economics, University of Pennsylvania; specialist in labor,
wage, and unemployment issues.
Bernard Anderson
Professor of economics, the Wharton School; the only Black on the task force;
specialist in labor, wage and unemployment issues.
2
Carolyn Shar Bell
Katherin Coman Professor of economics, Wellesly College; on Executive Committee
at the American Economic Association; specialist in women's rights and ghetto
economics; working on labor markets for the task force.
Richard Cooper
Professor of economics and former Provost, Yale University; former deputy
assistant Secretary of State for monetary affairs under Lyndon Johnson;
staff economist, Council of Economics Advisors, 1961-1963; Carter's inter-
national specialist on the task force.
Irving Kravis
Professor of economics, University of Pennsylvania; specialist in foreign
trade, commercial, and tariff matters.
Julius Edelstein
Dean of urban policy and programs, City University of New York; not an economist;
considered one of top "urbanists" in the country; member of economic task force.
Albert T. Somers
Vice President and Chief Economist, The Conference Board; forecasts business
trends with a tolerance for qualitative credit controls as a member of the
task force.
Rendigs Fels
Professor of economics, Vanderbilt University; studying impediments to
competition as they contribute to inflation.
Arnold Packer
Staff economist, Senate Budget Committee; working part-time on budget policy.
Nancy Teeters
Staff economist, House Budget Committee; working on budget policy on a part-
time basis.
Charles L. Schultze
Senior fellow, Brookings Institute; Professor, Brandeis University; former
assistant director of Budget Bureau 1962-1965, director, 1965-1967; working
on budget policy.
3
Jerry Jasimowski
Senior researcher on leave from the Joint Economic Committee; working on
coordinating and drafting final economic pos ition papers and adapting them
for Congressional acceptability.
Arthur Okun
Senior fellow, Brookings Institute; Vice President American Economic Asso-
ciation, 1973, staff economist, Council of Economic Advisors, 1961-1962;
tax laws expert.
Joseph Pechman
Director of Economic Studies, Brookings Institute, 1962-present; economist,
Council of Economic Advisors, 1954-1956; consultant, Council of Economic
Advisors, Treasury Department, 1961-1968; tax laws expert.
Stanley Surrey
Professor of tax law at Harvard; Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for tax
law, 1961-1969; tax laws expert.
Benjamin Friedman
Professor of economics, Harvard University; former economist for Morgan
Stanley and Co.; advocates government reform to coordinate monetary policy
and political Democratic principles; developing programs on Capital Reforma-
tion and sources for capital funds.
Gary Fromm
Member of National Bureau of Economic Research; examining restrictions of
Council of Economic Advisors.
Walter Levy
Oil consultant; consultant, policy planning staff, State Department, 1952-
1953; consultant, Office Under Secretary and Assistant Secretaries of State,
1960-present; economic energy expert.
AUGUS 31, 1976
CARTER ENERGY ADVISORS
David Boren
Governor of Oklahoma; held various government related positions when not
practicing law; formed latest oil divestiture policy (no divestiture; rather
tax individual levels of operation to insure competition).
Harris Arthur
Director, Navajo Coal Development Impact Project in New Mexico.
Thomas H. Bethell
Research director of the United Mine Workers (UMW).
Joan Claybrook
Director, Ralph Nader's Congress Watch.
Thomas Sigler
Vice President of Continental Oil Company.
Joseph Browder
Executive Director, Environmental Policy Center.
AUGUS 1976
CARTER FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND DEFENSE ADVISORS
Zbiginiew Brzenzinski
Professor of International Affairs at Columbia University; consultant to
the State Department since 1962; policy planning council, State Department;
Citizens for Johnson 1964; Chief Advisor to Carter; has serious reservations
as to the benefits of detente with either the Soviet Union or Red China;
does not feel a defense budget increase necessary to maintain the security
or bargaining power of the United States.
Cyrus Vance
Deputy Secretary of Defense under L.B.J., 1964-1967; Secretary of the Army,
1962-1964; Special Counsel to Senate Armed Services Committee, 1957-1960;
counsel to Senate Committee on Space and Astronautics, 1958; negotiator at
the Paris Peace Talks, 1968-1969.
Paul Warnke
General counsel to Department of Defense, 1966-1967; Assistant Secretary of
Defense for International Security Affairs, 1967-1969; partner with Clark
Clifford in Washington, D.C. law firm since 1969.
Paul Nitze
Counsel to FDR and Truman on war efforts in both a military and economic
capacity; Director, Office of International Trade Policy, 1946-1948; Secretary
of the Navy, 1963-1967; Deputy Secretary of Defense, 1967-1969; Representative
for U.S. in Strategic Arms Limitations Talks; generally considered an advocate
of defense spending increases.
George Ball
Undersecretary of State 1961-1966; Ambassador to the United Nations, 1968;
Counsel to the Treasury Department, 1933-1935; partner in Lehman Bros. Taw
firm (N.Y.C.)
Richard Gardner
Professor at Columbia University; former Yale University Provost; U.S. repre-
sentative to U.N. commission on Peaceful Use of Outer Space, 1962-1965; involved
in various U.N. committees, 1962-1965; member of President's Committee on
International Trade and Investments Policy; member of the Committee on Sea
Law.
2
Clark Clifford
Secretary of Defense 1968-1969; Naval Aide to the President, 1946; special
counsel to the President, 1946-1950; presently with law firm in Washington,
D.C.; coordinator for JFK Administration for transition from Eisenhower
Administration; advises on Ford-Carter transition as well as foreign policy
matters.
Milton Katz
Professor at Harvard Law School; served as advisor to many State Department
Commissions including NATO (1950-1951), OSS (1943-1944), and also HEW (1967);
member of White House Conference on International Cooperation, 1965.
Ruth Morgenthau
Professor at Brandeis University; specializes in African Affairs, but has no
previous government experience; prepared Carter's position papers on U.S.-
Angola relations and U.S. relations with the developing nations of Africa.
Samuel P. Huntington
Various advisory positions with foreign affairs committees, expecially
Latin American and Southeast Asian affairs; co-editor of Foreign Policy
Quarterly.
Dean Rusk
University of Georgia Professor of Law; special assistant to the Secretary of
War, 1946-1947; Director, Office of U.N. Affairs, State Department, 1947-1949;
Assistant Secretary of State, 1949; Deputy Under Secretary of State, 1949-1950;
Assistant Secretary of State for Far EAstern Affairs, 1950-1951; Secretary
of State, 1961-1968; formed Carter's initial foreign policy positions but has
played a relatively insignificant role recently.
Averell Harriman
Ambassador to Russia, 1943-1946; Ambassador to Great Britain, 1946; Secretary
of Commerce, 1946-1949; U.S. representative to Europe, 1948-1950; special
assistant to the President 1950-1951; Director, Mutual Security Administration,
1951-1953; Governor of New York, 1955-1958; U.S. Ambassador-at-large, 1961 and
1965; Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, 1961-1963; Under
Secretary of State for Political Affairs; Representative of the President to
the Paris Peace Talks.
Richard Holbrook
Vietnam veteran; White House staff, 1966-1967; consultant to the Paris Peace
Talks, 1968-1969; presently managing editor of Foreign Policy Magazine.
3
Tim Kraft, Field Organizer
Former organizer for successful National Democratic telethon; Executive Director
of Democratic Party in New Mexico in 1971.
Andrew Young, General Advisor
First black Congressman from Georgia (Atlanta) since Reconstruction; Executive
Director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference under Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr.; first black co-ordinator of voter registration for the Democratic
Party; chief Civil Rights Advisor but is expected to play a subdued role in
the upcoming campaign.
Lawrence Klein, Chief Economic Advisor
Professor at the Wharton Business School and is recognized as one of the leading
econometricians in the country; considered an economic conservative and has
endorsed the Humphrey-Hawkins Bill only with strict qualifications.
Zbigniew Brzenzinski, Chief Foreign Policy Advisor
Professor at Columbia University; has been a consultant to the State Department
since 1962; was a member of Citizens for Johnson in 1964; considered a conserva-
tive, with reservations as to the benefits of detente with either the Soviet
Union or Red China, but thought to be a balance to Paul Nitze, another foreign
policy advisor, who favors defense budget increases.
Jimmy Carter
Washington Post July 18
Scenario for the Presidency
By Neal R. Peirce
W
HETHER Jimmy Carter could
succeed in fulfilling the bold
promises he has made in an open
question. There can be no question,
however, about Carter's immense
energy and drive - not just to be
President. but to use the "bully pul-
pit," as Theodore Roosevelt once de-
scribed it, to gather support for and
carry out:
Stem-to-stern reorganization of
the federal bureaucracy.
Historic breakthroughs in mak-
ing government open, responsive
and effective.
Broad initiatives to meet the
needs of the kind of poor and voice-
less people, black and white, among
whom he spent his south Georgia
boyhood.
If his record as governor and cam-
paigner is any guide, he would bring
to the job rare political acumen and
tenacity.
Associated Press
He would be strongly goal-orient-
ed. committed to bold programs and
"The nation is best served," Carter
ambitious government planning.
The record bears out that contention.
has said, "by a strong, independent and
While campaigning against waste
But could a Jimmy Carter. ambitious
aggressive President, working with a
and lethargy in the bureaucracy, he
and intent on being a strong chief exec-
strong and independent Congress
I
would fit the traditional mold of
utive, avoid the perils and pitfalls of
have great respect for the Congress,
Democratic presidents by spending
the "imperial presidency"?
but the Congress is not capable of lead-
more money on social programs.
I pressed Carter on the point, and his
ership. I think the founding fathers ex-
Government might be better organ-
response showed his awareness or the
pected the President to be the leader of
ized and its budgeting procedures
problem.
our country."
improved. But it would not be small-
He pledged that as president he
But Carter is smart enough to realize
er.
would seek to make to make the execu-
that poor relations with Congress could
He would make a strong effort to
tive branch more open, its members
doom his major programs, and he
observe constitutional limits, protect
more accessible to the press, Congress
scems determined to start off on the
civil liberties and civil rights and as-
and the people.
right foot. He pledges advance consult-
sure high ethical standards in gov-
"I favor strong sunshine legislation,"
ation in the formulative stages of legis-
erninent.
he said. "Also, I intend to restore fre-
lation.
Carter would seek "harmony" and
quent press conferences. I would say
And he does not believe he should
advance consultation with Congress
every two weeks, at least 20 times a
1ry to influence the Senate or House to
on new programs. But if he failed 10
year. And also restore the format of the
install his allies in leadership posts. "I
get cooperation. he would not hesi-
fireside chat.
attempted that a couple of times in
tate to attack Congress. or to appeal
Open presentations to the people,
Georgia as an ostensible demonstration
over its head to the people.
Carter said, would be "very self-discipli-
of my strength," he says. "It was a mis-
The process by which Carter ar-
nary" because they would require him
take."
rives at decisions on a major issue
to reexamine his positions before they
Carter's friends believe that over
tells much about him. During the
were made public. He would institute
four years as governor he did become
"input" stage he is open and flexible
frequent discussions with congres-
somewhat more tolerant of legislators'
- reading widely. calling in experts,
sional leaders on major forign and do-
foibles, did learn that when he con-
discussing alternatives with staff or
mestic policy change. he said, predict-
sulted in advance with key groups in
task forces he may have set up.
ing that these would have the same
the legislature he had a much better
beneficial effect.
chance of success.
Fireside Chats
Another safeguard, Carter said,
But in his book "Why Not the Best?,"
would be "to maintain a staff with free
17
HEN THE TIME for decision
written after he was governor, Carter
access to me an encouragement of an
had scarcely a positive word to offer
comes, however, it IS usually
almost unrestricted debate within
about the legislature. Instead, he told of
made by Carter alone. And once de-
White House circles." He said he per-
his constant disillusionment with the
cisions were made in Georgia. it took
mits and even encourages staff mem-
archaisms of the legislative process and
heaven and earth to make Carter
hers to tell him, when they think so,
legislators' unwillingness to give tough
change his mind or compromise.
that he's wrong on an issue.
secutiny to government programs. Most
That raises the question of
Relations With Congress
importantly, he described his despair
whether a President Carter might be
about the power wielded over legisla-
S0 stubborn that he could reach an
N PREPARATION for his hoped-for
tors by special interest lobbies.
napasse of the sort that Woodrow
presidential honeymoon with the
In 1974, frustrated over the defeat
Wilson faced with the Senate over
Democratic Congress, Carter was on
he'd suffered in trying to pass broad
the League of Nations. Of his experi-
Capitol Hill even before his nomina-
consumer protection legislation, Carter
ence III Georgia, he says: "I can't re-
tion, exchanging pledges of love, re-
attacked the 1974 Georgia legislature as
member any instance, minor or ma-
spect, consultation and harmony.
the worst in the state's history and its
jor, where an adamant position on
But any senator or representative
deliberations as "an absolute victory
my part doomed a desirable goal."
who thinks Carter would defer to Con-
for every selfish interest and lobbyist
gress on an issue he deems important
that ever set foot in the capita!."
hasn't read the Carter record or lis-
tened to his words.
cont. . .
Z
full He never gut his consumer legisl
In choosing his Cabinet, Carter's in-
tion passed, for instance. But on an
clination would be to look for new
amazing percentage of his priority bills,
faces, and he would look for them in
Carter did prevail. He did compromise
state and local governments.
on major bills, including reorganization
He at pointed unprecedented num-
albeit only at the last moment, when
bers of blacks in Georgia, and it would
be was convinced be had squeezed as
not be surprising to see him name a wo-
Cont from
reach agreement out of the legislature
man to the Supreme Court and blacks
as he possibly could.
to Cabinet and other top jobs. He has
Strong Cabinet
said his appointees to regulatory com-
Wash.
Post
missions would please Ralph Nader.
I an easier time with Congress. There
N ONE SENSE, Carter might have
If you want a clue to a Carter Cabi-
net, watch his policy advisers between
is no single figure on Capitol Hill who
now and November. He says he will
could do him as much harm as Lester
seek out promising candidates so that
Maddox, who as lieutenant governor
he can observe their work.
Quey 18
and presiding officer of the state Sen-
So far, Carter's game plan has suc-
ate during Carter's tenure spared no ef-
ceeded brilliantly, but the big questions
fort to scuttle Carter's programs.
can only be answered after the elec-
In 1977. there will be fresh leadership
tion. If Carter wins, will he be able to
in both the Senate and House and prob-
carry out his pledge to reorganize the
ably a strong desire among Capitol Hill
government? Can David slay the bur-
Democrats to show how effective they
eaucratic Goliath; will Carter be forced
can bc. with a Democratic president, in
to settle for a compromise reorganiza-
passing major legislation and tackling
tion that is mostly window dressing?
tough problems.
Carter's Georgia reorganization plan,
The White House under Jimmy
which consolidated a hodgepodge of
Carter would probably be a contradic-
some 300 agencies and commissions
tory blend: blue jeans. bare feet and
into 22 departments, went far beyond
country music, long hours and con-
window dressing. Former Georgia Men-
certed purpose, a boss who's a stern
tal Health Association president Bev-
taskmaster.
erly Long says that Carter "overhauled
Carter says that he would name a
and made sense of a state government
strong Cabinet, give its members a lot
that had been proliferating into an in-
of independence, and administer the
credibly complex mess."
Carter, in interviews, has expressed
federal government directly through
them, not through his staff. He prom-
the belief that as president he could re-
ises to give a "major role" to the vice
president.
peat bis Georgia success. Immediately
There would be no single White
on taking office, he would ask Congress
House chief of staff, and Carter has
for sweeping authority to reorganize
promised to reduce the staff's num-
the federal government. His plans
would have the force of law unless re-
bers.
jected by either the Senate or House
Other Presidents have made similar
within 60 days.
pledges on the role of the cabinet and
vice president, and/or the power and
Not Pinned Down
size of the White House staff, only to
find themselves compelled to change
C
ARTER WOULD appoint joint citi-
course.
zen-civil servant reorganization
The difference with Carter might be
task forces to draw up specific plans.
that he has previously been a chief ex-
He says that the process "will require at
ecutive of a state - the first, if he's
least a year," and that 1,900 federal
elected, since Franklin Roosevelt.
agencies could be telescoped into about
200.
Within his personal staff when
Carter was governor of Georgia, infor-
Beyond that, Carter refuses to be
mality was the key. Carter chose bright
pinned down on elements of a reorgani-
young aides and gave them much re-
zation plan. But if the Georgia record is
sponsibility.
any guide, whole new cabinet-level de-
"He doesn't get involved in details or
partments would be likely to emerge,
try to do your work for you," says Ger-
others to disappear. Thousands of fune-
ald Rafshoon, his longtime advertising
tions would be merged.
an ector."
In Georgia, Carter first persuaded
Carter could uncharitably slice up a
the legislature to give him the author-
staff member who handled a problem
ity to reorganize, subject to veto in ei-
incompetently, but he rarely if ever
ther house. He then appointed some 100
turned his anger on associates for tak-
young executives from industry, cam-
ing independent points of view.
pus and state government to work on
Carter was often called cold or im-
his reorganization task forces.
personal in his dealing with subordi-
Major new departments were set up
nates, but in areas that aroused his par-
in such fields as human services, natu-
ticular interest - reorganization and
ral resources and community develop-
penal reform, for instance - associates
ment. Old agencies weren't just
found his leadership inspiring.
grouped under "umbrella" secretariats,
Carter believes that as president he
Carter claims; they were actually abol-
could tolerate the exceptional degree
ished, their functions shifted to the
of dissent from administration policy
new departments. State planning and
that James Schlesinger demonstrated
budgeting were combined in a single
as secretary of defense. But commonly
office under the governor's control.
agreed-upon basic commitments and
Concurrently, Carter instituted zero-
long-terms goals, he says, should pre-
based budgeting, a method to identify
vent "a strategic difference developing
overlapping or obsolete government
between myself and one of my Cabinet
functions
members."
cont
EON
jam:
Wash
tost
Yuy
18
If Georgians thought Carter's reorg-
that the United States need keep UP
anization would make state govern-
with or exceed the Soviets in all weap-
ment smaller, they were disappointed.
State payrolls rose 24 per cent, the
ons systems.
A secretary of state in a Carter ad-
budget 52 per cent. The Carter camp
ministration could expect to have sub-
argues that without reorganization, the
stantial discretion in administering for
increases could have been larger, and
that those years (1971-75) were marked
eign policy, but nothing approaching
the broad latitude that Henry Kissinger
by inflation and general government
has enjoyed.
growth across the United States. Cart-
Asked to name the recent secretary
er's administration dramatically in-
of state he considered a "model,"
creased the scope of state services in
Carter mentioned Dean Acheson and
mental health centers, alocoholism and
George Marshall, who served under
narcotics treatment centers, prisons,
Harry Truman. They were "very
halfway houses and education.
strong" secretaries of state, Carter said,
Many Georgians still say the reorgan-
"men of conviction, of sensitivity, of
ization overreached itself in its mam-
competence and authority." But, he ad-
moth new Department of Human Re-
ded, "I don't think there was ever any
sources, a "catch-all" combining wel-
doubt in the minds of the American
fare, public health, drug abuse, voca-
people about who was responsible ulti-
tional rehabilitation and mental health.
mately. It was the President."
The laudable objective was to substi-
A traditionalist tone marks many as-
tute "one-stop shopping" for "pillar-to-
pects of the Carter approach to foreign
post referral" for people proved a
affairs. He has talked of restoring a bi-.
nightmare of administration, especially
partisan foreign policy of the kind that
in its first years.
characterized the Truman years. He
Carter told me that his Georgia re-
places strong emphasis on restoring
organization was "drastic" and "ex-
what he believes is a "severely dam-
tremely controversial because it was so
aged" relationship with the United
profound." That was no accident - it's
States' "natural allies and friends - the
the way Carter likes to cause change.
democratic nations of the world," in
He abhors "incrementalism." If a gov-
cluding Europe, the British Common-
ernor or president tries to effect re-
wealth and Japan.
form "one tiny little phase at a time,"
For his foreign policy task force,
he says, "then all those who see their
Carter has turned to the East Coast for-
influence threatened will
come out
eign affairs establishment of Wall
of the ratholes and they'll concentrate
Street lawyers and bankers, Ivy League
on undoing what you're trying to do."
academics, foundations, and think tank
experts - the same group which has
dominated U.S. foreign policy for dec-
ades.
Carter promises that if he's elected
Despite his expressed intent to make
he won't "use foreign affairs or foreign
Congress a fuller partner in foreign af-
trips as an escape mechanism to avoid
fairs, Carter says he would resist giving
responsibilities on the domestic scene."
up the traditional "prerogatives and au-
That doesn't mean, however, that a
thority of the President" in the na-
President Carter wouldn't step confi-
tional security arena. But he hopes con-
dently into his role as the nation's chief
sultation can prevent run-ins.
diplomat and commander-in-chief of
Where Carter might differ most dra-
the armed forces.
matically from other Presidents would
"The No. 1 responsibility of any Pres-
be in opening up a "domestic window"
on foreign affairs. He believes foreign
and domestic issues are becoming in-
creasingly interrelated and that such
ident, above everything else," he says,
cabinet officials as the secretaries of
"is to guarantee the security of this
the treasury, agriculture, commerce
country - freedom from fear of attack
and defense all have major foreign pol-
or blackmail, the ability to carry out a
icy responsibilities.
legitimate foreign policy."
Beyond that, Carter believes the
He believes the nation should have
United States and the other world de.
weapons systems sufficient "to meet
mocracies can learn much from each
the strategic needs of our country and
other. "I have been repeatedly im-
to meet our legitimate obligations to
pressed by the achievements of the
our allies." But he rejects the notion
Japanese and the Europeans in their
doinestic affairs," he told the Foreign
Policy Association in New York last
month. As an example, he pointed 10
Japan's low unemployment and crime
rates and its relative immunity from
modern problems of rootlessness and
alienation. The United States can also
learn much from European nations.
Carter suggested, about health care, ur.
ban planning and mass transportation.
Mary King: A Key
Carter 'Brain Truster'
From the Beginning
By KANDY STROUD
Special to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, July 7-It was like
called because women comprise that
so many other mornings during the last
percentage of the country's population)
four years. Jimmy Carter awoke in
was Miss King's brainchild. When she
Mary King's Capitol Hill townhouse, and
suggested it to Mr. Carter in a memo,
at 8 A.M. bounded down the celadon
he scrawled across the top of it, "excel-
green carpeted stairs for his usual cup
lent, proceed," and she has. So far
of coffee and piece of toast. The for-
she has recruited more than 100 women
mer Governor of Georgia sat across the
leaders from the worlds of politics,
kitchen counter from Miss King, his
business, finance and education to serve
collar open, sleeves rolled up, red-pen-
on her national advisory board.
ciling the seventh draft of a major pol-
To find qualified women for possible
icy speech on health.
Government posts, Miss King says she
Mary King, like her husband, Dr.
is using the "ice-pick system," that is,
reducing thousands of résumés to com-
Peter Bourne, Mr. Carter's deputy cam-
puterized cards.
paign manager, is a Carter intimate.
"I want to make sure," she explained,
And like Mr. Carter himself, she is soft-
"that for every appointment Carter
spoken, sugar-mannered and crystal-
makes as President he will have the
eyed with an inner core of anthracite.
résumé of at least one completely quali-
fied woman. He won't be able to say,
She is described by friends and co-work-
as other Presidents have, that he
ers as effective but cunning, cooperative
couldn't find a woman qualified
but shrewd, idealistic but ambitious, and
enough."
spiritual but, when required, ruthless.
Miss King said she sees or speaks to
Outside the family circle of Carter wom-
Mr. Carter about once a week, and
en, there is probably no woman closer
works with him on major speeches. The
to the Georgia peanut farmer than the
King-Carter alliance is due in part to
sophisticated, 35-year-old Miss King.
the fact that Miss King's husband, Dr.
Peter Bourne, a psychiatrist, is one of
It is rare in any Presidential campaign
Mr. Carter's closest friends. Dr. Bourne
that, any one woman has had as com-
was the first person to urge Mr. Carter
plete access to "The Man" both as con-
to run for the presidency more than
sultant and comrade, and rarer still in
this Southern-saturated core of advisers
four years ago. At the time, Dr. Bourne
was the then Governor Carter's State
that any Northerner (Miss King was
Director of Mental Health.
born in Manhattan) has been permitted
to penetrate. In fact, Hamilton Jordan,
Her Office Is His Headquarters
Mr. Carter's campaign manager, grum-
bled to Miss King the other day, "You
Both Miss King and Dr. Bourne have
see more of Carter than I do."
worked tirelessly to generate interest in
Miss King is considered one of the
the previously unknown Southern gov-
Carter brain trust, on the same level as
ernor, wining and dining the Washing-
his foreign policy adviser, 'Zbigniew
ton press corps over the last four years.
Brzezinski, and his economist, Lawrence
Miss King, who has her own manage-
Klein. She steers several Carter policy
ment consultant firm, Mary King
task forces, including children's rights
Associates, which provides technical
and youth services, disabled and handi-
assistance and conducts research in
capped, and health. As a delegate to the
health care and community services
for government and nongovernmental
74 Times
Democratic National Convention from
the District of Columbia, she has been
clients, offered Mr. Carter her office. It
asked by Mr. Carter to present the
has since been expanded into the regular
party's platform plank on health at
Carter campaign headquarters.
Madison Square Garden.
Mr. Carter acknowledges that Miss
King and Dr. Bourne have been his
Director of Women's Group
July 8
entree in Washington.
Miss King is also Mr. Carter's chief
"They know and understand the inter-
adviser on women and was recently
relationships between people in Wash-
named director of the newly formed
ington," he said. "And whenever I've
Committee of 51.3 Percent, a group of
had a question on women's rights or
elected women officials and leaders
health care, Mary has been very knowl-
who will provide Mr. Carter with a
edgeable and helpful. She's one of the
speakers bureau, advise him on a wide
key people who helped me put together
range of national issues and help him
my ideas on national health care. She'll
"search aggressively for able qualified
be one of my closest advisers on health
women from every section of the land
care in the general election and in the
0 serve at the highest levels of my
future."
dministration."
Seated in campaign headquarters at
The Committee of 51.3 Percent (so-
a desk neatly stacked with voluminous
cont
lines
NEW
YORK
times/
ercsa
would be prohibitive. I helped him
understand the outlandish expenditures
pink message slips and yellow legal
under our current system could be ab-
to find "greater freedom in the pulpit
sorbed and controlled by national health
pads and surrounded by pictures of John
to speak out on race." She credits his
insurance."
and Robert Kennedy, Mr. Carter and the
outlook with sharpening her sensitivity
Changed His Views on Abortion
poignant faces of poverty she has pho-
to the plight of minorities, both blacks
tographed herself, Miss King talked
and women.
She said she also believes she has
brought Mr. Carter around on abortion.
about her first impressions of Mr. Car-
A Moralist-Activist in College
"I helped him understand abortion as an
ter and the forces that molded her own
"I grew up with a sense of outrage,"
alternative to failed contraception," she
life. Wearing a green and white Diane
she said. "It sounds pious and dopey,
said. "He had only looked at it before
von Furstenberg dress, and making
but I took my father's sermons seri-
as an ethical issue."
points with perfectly manicured hands
ously."
Miss King is now writing a major
speech on women that both Mr. Carter
glittering with diamond and ruby rings,
By the time she entered Ohio Wesley-
and his wife, Rosalynn, have helped on.
she looked more like a starlet than a
an University, she had become a moral-
speech writer.
ist-activist. "Very left wing? No. To me
"I always consult Rosalynn as an
liberalism is just applied Christianity."
expert," Miss King said. "Her under-
Impressed by Speech He Made
She took part in sit-ins and demonstra-
standing of women's problems is real
tions, spent Christmas of 1963 in an
and pragmatic because of the way she
Miss King said her passionate com-
mitment to Mr. Carter stems from a
Atlanta jail for protesting a. black
grew up. She was never raised on silken
friend's right to be served at a coffee
pillows. She worked out of necessity,
speech on mental health reform she
heard him deliver in 1971 when he was
shop, became communications coordina-
SO she has a good grasp of the way the
still Governor.
tor for the Student Non-Violent Coordi-
world looks to women who have to
"I had never before heard an elected
nating Committee in Georgia and Missis-
work to support their families.
sippi, and in 1964 organized the Missis-
"This is what Jimmy wanted me to
official speak with such compassion and
sippi Freedom Democratic Party chal-
include in the speech. He is most con-
feeling about human suffering. And true
to his word he developed an absolutely
lenge to the Democratic Party conven-
cerned about the plight of women who
outstanding record on mental health in
tion in Atlantic City.
work in mills and factories and on
Georgia," she said.
In 1965 she published a "manifesto"
farms for low wages and still have
Miss King, the daughter of a Method-
calling for the rights of women and
another life to cope with at home."
ist minister and a nurse/teacher, said
blacks; she says it provided the basis
Miss King insists that Mr. Carter is
she "always had a strong sense of pub-
of the first women's meeting in Chicago
a "natural feminist" and is quick to
lic service and working to make my life
in 1966 and helped give impetus to the
answer those who call him sexist for
count for something." In that respect,
women's liberation movement.
greeting women on the campaign trail
Dr. Bourne said, "she is also like Carter.
with "Hi, beautiful" or "You're so
From the radicalism of the sixties,
That is his driving force-to do some-
pretty."
Miss King turned to Government for an-
thing consequential."
swers to human problems. In 1968 she
"It's anachronistic," she admitted,
Miss King said her Virginia-born fa-
joined the Washington branch of the
"but it's Southern courtesy. It's a mal-
ther fled the segregated South to pre-
Office of Economic Opportunity where
ter of style, not substance."
serve his own Christian principles and
she spent four years planning and de-
She also has an explanation for wom-
en's groups that have railed at Mr. Car-
ter for allowing a watering down of a
women's caucus resolution at the recent
Democratic Party rules committee hear-
veloping comprehensive health care pro-
ings that would have given women 50
grams for both rural and urban low-
percent representation at future con-
ventions.
income families.
One of her projects was the Atlanta
'An Open Process'
Southside Comprehensive Health Care
"Carter disapproves of the mathemat-
Center, where she first met Peter
ical approach," Miss King said. "He
Bourne.
wants an open process. In the District
of Columbia, for example, four out of
"I'll never forget the night we met,"
six delegates elected were women. With
Dr. Bourne said. "Mary had come to deal
a 50-50 approach, women would have
with a hostile black community group.
come out with one less."
The group was angry with O.E.O., with
Emory University and with the director
Miss King said she believes women
of the health center. She calmed every-
will fare "better than anyone dreams"
one down. She let every side have its
under a Carter administration.
say. She was the perfect intermediary
"Rosalynn has a great impact on his
and negotiator. I knew then this was
thinking and she is a natural proponent
the person I.wanted to marry."
of women," Miss King said. "I think
he'll see to it that the Equal Rights
Field of Health
Amendment will pass. He'll work for
Another of her projects was Beauford-
day care, too. That and mental health
Jasper, in the flatlands of South Caro-
WR be Rosalynn's projects. She's al-
lina where Miss King recalls Senator
ready investigating them.
Ernest F. Hollings weeping at the sight
"I anticipate he'll have at least two
of infants infested with worms and
women in his Cabinet. He wants to ap-
dying of malnutrition. She also recalls
point women throughout the Govern-
being impressed that Jimmy Carter was
ment in high level posts. Ambassador-
the only Governor at the 1972 Southern
ships, Federal judgeships, the Supreme
Governors Conference who "left the
Court, the Federal Reserve System. He
beaches to come by helicopter to in-
wants to see women fully involved
spect the project and to encourage the
will be a total package approach."
health personnel there to carry on their
work with the poor."
If there is one area in which Miss
King feels she has had an influence on
Mr. Carter, it is in the field of health.
"Two years ago," she said, "he was
worried about a comprehensive national
health care system. He felt the costs
Jashugton loys your 11
A Carter White House: Fast and Tough
By Jules Witcover
on his massive rganization pledge.
those who stand in his way, if it comes
Washington Post Staff Writer
An early gesture of conciliation to
to that.
ATLANTA-Jimmy Carter, with the
set a tone of compassion for the new
A rigidity on matters regarded by
Democratic presidential nomination
administration. Carter has already
Carter as issues of principle, with an
unwillingness to negotiate in such
apparently assured, still has some dis-
said, for example, that if elected he
areas or to horse-trade in the tradi-
tance to go to get to the White House.
would issue a blanket pardon to all
tional political sense.
But his success so far and the deep di-
Vietnam era draft-resisters - not de-
A no-nonsense climate in the White
vision within the Republican Party
serters-as one of his first executive
have inevitably raised questions about
House, with Carter setting an example
acts.
what a Carter administration would be
of long hours and attention to detail.
A tough, aggressive posture toward
like.
Congress, with a determination and
Early pursuit of an agenda of na-
Based on discussions with Georgia
willingness to take a no-compromise
tional goals, drawn up after a series of
legislators and other state officials
stand on key proposals and risk defeat,
public hearings around the country,
who-observed his four-year governor-
similar to his "Goals for Georgia" dur-
agreeing to compromise later on only
ship of Georgia at close range, the na-
when it has become clear that defeat is
ing the early phase of his term.
tion could probably expect from a Car-
the alternative.
Frequent direct communication
ter administration:
Reliance on a few loyal and
with the electorate, over the heads of
A fast start. with a flurry of legis-
equally determined legislative liaison
Congress and the press if necessary, to
lative proposals and possibly some dra-
aides to push administration programs,
build popular support for administra-
matic administrative shakeup of the
with resort to personal persuasion of
tion proposals that run into trouble in
bureaucracy of a symbolic nature, to
Congress by Carter in critical situa-
Congress.
demonstrate that he means business
tions-and possibly direct attacks on
See ADMINISTRATION, A12, Col. 1
ADMINISTRATION, From A1
At the very outset of his term, Car-
ter with these two acts made two pow.
Heavy use of volunteer task forces
erful enemies-Lt. Gov. Lester Mad-
from the private sector, in government
dox, just retired as governor and pre-
reorganization and other executive un-
siding officer of the state senate, for
dertakings.
the anti-discrimination statement, and
These and other approaches are sug.
Senate President Pro Tem Hugh Gillis.
gested by Carter's comments as a cam-
Maddox took dead aim on Carter for
paigner and by the way he functioned
the duration of his term. making the
as governor of Georgia from 1971
senate a potential ambush for all Car-
through 1974.
ter legislative proposals. Also arrayed
The image of Carter as a tough, give-
against Carter was not only the
no-quarter antagonist toward the legis-
younger Gillis but also the senate ma-
lature conflicts with statements he
jority leader, Gene Holley. a law part-
made last Thursday to Democratic con-
ner of former Gov. Carl Sanders,
gressional leaders during a day's talks
beaten by Carter in the Democratic
on Capitol Hill.
runoff for governor.
Then, he said that while he intends
Yet these two early actions also had
to be "an aggressive, strong" Presi-
a symbolic and psychological benefit,
dent, he would consult with Congress
other Georgia legislators say now. The
on preparation of legislation, lean on
inaugural speech got his administra-
Congress for advice in many fields and
tion off on a note of progressivism.
in all ways seek to work in harmony
and the removal of Gillis served notice
with the legislative branch.
that Carter's plan for reorganization of
But friends and foes alike who
government would go forward
worked with him in Atlanta when he
promptly and in earnest.
was governor agree that his style was
"Mr. Gillis sort of symbolized the
to push hard for everything he sought,
old machine politics in Georgia," says
not surrendering until the last possible
Sen. Pierre Howard, assistant adminis-
hour, only compromising grudgingly.
trative floor leader in the senate and a
He began his term with two acts that
strong Carter ally. "Also, he was get.
-pulled both the legislature and the
ting older and there was some thought
public up short, then followed them
that the department ought to be reorg-
with what both friends and foes de-
anized."
scribe as a relentless assault on the ex-
In both these early Carter gestures,
isting order of things at the state capi-
he demonstrated no reluctance to take
tol.
on tough opposition, and in fact
The first act was his dramatic inau-
seemed to court it. It was the same
gural address declaration that "the
penchant for engaging established
time for racial discrimination is over"
power as a means of casting himself as
-a declaration that came unexpect-
a fighting underdog that marked his
edly on the heels of a generally con-
1976 campaign for his party's nomina-
servative gubernatorial campaign in
tion.
which Carter carefully avoided anta-
For his first two years in Atlanta.
gonizing the George C. Wallace vote.
the battleground was Carter's much-
The second act was the summary dis-
heralded reorganization plan, and the
charge of Jim Gillis, longtime en-
trenched state highway commissioner
and father of the then president pro
tem of the Georgia Senate. Gillis, in
his late 70s. was technically appointed
can't
by a state highway board. But Carler
pressured the board into getting rid of
the old man. who had become a power
in Democratic politics by virtue of his
job, a sinecure from which political fa-
vors were dispensed.
vii
warming
Pogl
your
opposition was centered in the Senate,
that Carter's handling of it illustrates
dominated by Maddox, Gillis and Hol-
his worst fault: "exaggeration" of his
ley. (Gillis, bowing to the inevitable,
achievements.
now says he will vote for Carter for
One of the Carter holdovers, James
President and declines to talk on the
T. McIntyre Jr., director of the Office
record about him).
of Planning and Budget, says of Carter
"A lot of the opposition to Jimmy
and compromise: "He understands
was not based really SO much on the
compromise, and he also knows that if
issues," Howard says, "but just on the
you really want something, you have
fact that Jimmy was sponsoring it
to hold fast for it for a while. This was
It was a knee-jerk response. If Jimmy
not just a surface change. He went af-
was for it, they were going to be
ter structural change, management im-
against it."
provement and immediate implementa-
But despite this lineup and attitude,
tion. I don't know of any other gover.
Carter got most of his reorganization
nor who has pulled that off. If being
program through. "He was winning by
stubborn is what it takes, he had it."
narrow margins." Howard says, "but
Another aide who worked closely
he was winning on every vote."
with Carter on reorganization, Jack
The result was an atmosphere of
Burris. says he would inform Carter
contentiousness that made Carter
that 80 per cent of what he was seek-
highly unpopular in the state capitol,
ing had been obtained from the legisla-
and gave him the reputation as an un-
ture and Carter would reply: "I'm not
bending zealot who wanted things his
going to compromise. I promised the
way or no way at all. Actually, several
people I would try to get it all, and
legislators say, he did compromise-
that's what I'm going to do."
but only after taking his best shot at
For all this acknowledged tough-
getting the whole hog.
mindedness on Carter's part in dealing
"That's the thing about Jimmy that
with the Georgia Legislature, there
was different from a lot of politicians
are few here who think Congress
we had before," Howard says. "He was
would be beyond his taming.
willing to do that sort of thing in the
"How is Carter going to deal with
face of what he knew would be strong
Congress" former State Sen. Bobby
political opposition. There were times
Rowan asks. "Carter will be far more
when he could have traded for votes
progressive than Congress, and as'a re-
by agreeing to do certain things for
sult he'll be leading Congress. Con-
certain people, but he just refused to
gress is going to have to straighten up
do it."
its act, because Carter will be on the
One of Carter's most outspoken foes
side of public opinion."
in the legislature, State Sen. Julian
Carter's successor. Gov. Busbee, was
Bond, agrees on Carter's attitude. hut
senate majority leader during the Car-
from a different perspective. "I think
ter administration. He says Carter
he's learned something since he dealt
learned the hard way the value of com-
with us," Bond says, "but he was very
promise, and that if hc could work
rigid. It was, 'Here's my plan, take it.'
with the Georgia Legislature with
He was a sort of my-way-or-no-way
Maddox and other foes against him, he
man. He once called us the worst legis-
will be able to work with Congress.
lature in the United States, which was
Busbee says a Carter administration
not the way to win friends
in Washington would begin with a se-
"He was one of these guys who not
ries of specific legislative proposals.
only wouldn't compromise on matters
and with a new emphasis on federal-
of principle-you admire him for That
state cooperation in administration of
-but wouldn't compromise at all. This
federal programis.
is a business where you have to give to
Beyond that, he says, fears of North-
get. and he wouldn't give."
ern liberals that Carter's staff would
Carter did blast the Georgia Legisla-
be dominated by conservative Geor-
ture as the worst. in a press confer-
gians would not bc well founded. As
ence, hut, according to one Carter in-
governor, Busbec says. Carter brought
sider, the attack, while angering legis-
in numerous outsiders with problem-
lators, stimulated legislative response
solving skills and experience, and
to his demands for action.
could be expected to do the same in
For most of his term. Carter fared
Washington.
well with the Georgia House by strik.
Another influential Georgia senator,
ing an alliance with George Smith, the
Ed Gerrard, cites one other thing to
longtime speaker. But when Smith
look for in a Carter presidency, a char-
died, his successor, Tom Murphy, drew
acteristic that most others interviewed
Carter's criticism for lack of leader-
also mentioned: toughness. "He's a
ship. and Carter ended his lame-duck
hard politician," Gerrard says. "He
term in continuing conflict at the state
smiles a lot. but behind that smile he's
capitol.
hard. He remembers his friends and
Carter was by all odds an effective
never forgets his enemies. It's not
one-on-one persuader, but one who
much of a politician who can't sepa-
dealt strictly with the issues before
rate the two."
him and not the wants of those he
Yet. for all that. none of the Demo-
sought to bring over. "A back-slapper
cratic legistators interviewed said they
could have passed a lot of the bills he
found Carter to be a personally vindic-
never got through," says Duane Riner,
tive man. The senate's current speaker
an Atlanta Constitution reporter dur-
pro tem. A.L. (Al) Burruss. says. in
ing the Carter regime who has since
fact, that "that was the biggest argu-
become press secretary to Carter's suc-
ment we had. Ididn't think he was vin-
cessor. Gov. George Busbee.
dictive enough. I've always believed if
But Carter tried to pass legislation
you have a position and you have a
with the facts and his own determina-
friend and an enemy equally qualified.
tion. "He is the consummate planner,"
you give it to the friend. He wouldn't
Riner says. "He has a personal ethic
even go that far."
that says the day Is made to achieve a
Carter, from all testimony here. was
certain number of goals, and Jimmy is
an odd breed of cat who descended on
determined to achieve them. That
Atlanta as governor in 1971. He was
doesn't leave time for back-slapping or
determined. and incredibly self-disci-
low-level politics."
plined. and if the legislature didn't
Though some critics. such as Repub-
like the medicine he served up-and
lican state Sen. George T. Warren II,
hy and large it didn't-he at least got
dismiss Carter's state reorganization
it to hold its nose and swallow.
as a mere lumping together of existing
"I wouldn't vote for him again for
agencies under broader "umbrella" su-
governor." says state Sen. Floyd Hud-
per-agencies, most-including critic
gins. "1 don't think he used the office
Bond-say the reshuffling was, overall,
the way you should. lle tried to reform
"helpful." Says Bond: "If you or any
things best left to the legislature. But
other citizen has a complaint, you
I'm going to vote for him for Presi-
know pretty well who to go 10."
dent. I believe a man has to stand for
But he says the reorganization was
what he thinks is right. and he'll stand
not a moneysaver, that the budget and
by himself if he has to. He won't bend
state employment rolls increased, and
until hell freczes over."
CARTER: PROBLEMS
/ kw
this
June 01
AnN.E.A. Endorsement of Carter Would Be a First
By GENE I. MAEROFF
The emerging political con-
separate Secretary of Education,
selves voting more and more
sciousness of the nation's
equity in teacher retirement na-
for Democratic candidates."
Special to The New York Times
teachers will also be demon-
MIAMI BEACH, June 28-
tionwide-will not accomplish
According to a confidential
strated by the presence at the
The National Education Asso-
themselves."
poll of the membership of the
Democratic National Conven-
National Education Association,
ciation, a 1.8-million-member
tion of more than 200 teachers
The expected endorsement of
teachers organization that has
who will participate as dele-
Mr. Carter, to be made officially
43 percent of its members are
later this summer, is an out-
Democrats, 30 percent are Re-
gradually increased its political
gates and alternates.
growth of the disenchantment
publicans and 26 percent have
involvement, will take the final
In addition, the National
step into partisan politics this
of the teachers organization
no party affiliation.
Education Association plans to
with the records on education
Teachers say that they see
year with the almost certain
make endorsements and allot
of the Nixon and Ford Admin-
no conflict between trying to
endorsement of Jimmy Carter
$730,000 in contributions
istrations.
maintain neutrality in the class-
for President.
through a political arm in at
Despite the 118-year-old as-
room and becoming involved
Such a move by a group that
least 350 Congressional races
sociation's conservative roots,
with politics outside of school.
less than a decade ago es-
throughout the country.
it has been gravitating steadily
"My politics is not apparent
chewed political partisanship is
"Electing candidates dedi-
toward the Democratic Party
in the classroom," said Barbara
seen as the full extension of
cated to meeting the needs of
and spokesmen expect that
Plumb, a second grade teacher
its new policy of putting money
education isn't a goat, it's a
more than 80 percent of its Con-
in Boise, Idaho, who is going
and its members' time into the
means to an end," said John
gressional endorsements will be
to the Democratic National
campaigns of candidates con-
Ryor, the association's 41-year-
on behalf of Democrats.
Convention as an alternate
sidered "friendly to education."
old president.
"Republicans simply do not
delegate pledged to Senator
Political muscle is a prime
Mr. Ryor continued: "Our
vote for educational issues,"
Frank Church.
concern of the 11,738 teachers
goals, the things need to
said Mary Magill, a first grade
Mrs. Plumb, who was wearing
gathered at the Convention
enable us to teach more effec-
teacher in California who was
a button saying, Dropou
Center here for the week-long
tively and to live more comfort-
elected to go to the Democratic
Ford," also said, "Since the
annual meeting of the Educa-
ably - things like one-third
National Convention as a dele-
quality of education is based
tion Association, which has
Federal funding, collective bar-
gate pledged to Governor Ed-
on money, the only way to im-
never endorsed a Presidential
gaining legislation in every
mund G. Brown Jr. "Even our
prove education is to elect
candidate.
state, national health care, a
Republican teachers find them-
education-minded candidates."
CAMPAIGN BRIEFS
session of a two-day Republican Na.
tional Committee meeting in Wash-
continuing to line up behind former
Gov. Jimmy Carter of Georgia. Ten
Big Donations
ington, Milbank said that four years
of 19 picked in Colorado congression-
ago more than 700 persons had con-
al, district caucuses and a state con-
tributed an average of $50,000 to re-
vention in Denver back Carter and
to GOP Decline
elect President Richard M. Nixon but
eight of 16 selected at a state Demo-
this year only 105 persons had given
the party gifts of more than $10,000.
cratic meeting in Bismarck. N.D.,
From Times Wire Services
The new election laws prohibit indi-
also are committed to the Georgian.
The Republican Party is $16.5 million
vidual gifts to presidential candidates
Carter now has 1,539 delegate votes
after they are nominated-the cam-
for the Democratic presidential nom-
short of its $25 million fund-raising
paigns will be financed by the
ination, according to an Associated
goal this year because big contribu-
government-but allow political
Press tally. That is 34 more votes
tors "are holding back." according to
committees to funnel part of their
than he will need for a first-ballot
GOP Finance Chairman Jeremiah
funds to presidential nominees.
victory at the Democratic National
Milbank. In addressing the closing
Anticlimax Dept.: Delegates are
Convention, which will be held in
two weeks in New York.
20
C
THE NEW YORK TIME
Carter Makes Peace With Black Leaders
and Renews Pledge of High-Level Jobs
Paterson to Be Retained
In a National Party Post
By PAUL DELANEY
Jimmy Carter made peaace Mr. Carter committed himself
yesteerdaya with a group of 30
to a voter reistration campaign
black Democrats that included
in the black community similar
ny Times
several who haad bitterly op-
to the major drives of the
posed him up to the meeting.
1960s. This, Mr. Diggs said,
The group met for nearly an
means funding for black organ-
hour with the former Governor
izations, such as the Voter Ed-
of Georgia in his suite at the
ucation Project, to conduct such
Americana Hotel. Its leaders
drives.
said they were satisfied with
Guly13
Plea Made for Bradley
severaal promises he had made,
particularly the retention of
The group also pressed Mr.
Baasil A. Paterson of New York
Carter to nominate a black for
aas vice chairaman of the Dem-
Vice-President. Mr. Diggs and
ocratic Nataional Committee, in
Mr. Hatcher said they consid-
a Carter administration.
ered it an insult that Mr. Car-
Black leaders were angered
ter had mentioned Mayor Tom
over reports that Mr. Paterson
Bradley of Los Angeles several
would be relieved of his duties,
weeks ago, but had not met
and they had made the issue a
with Mr. Bradley as he had
priority item for discussion
with other prospective candi-
when the meeting was arranged.
dates.
Democratic sources reported
"He told us that his Vice-
that Mr. Caarter had planned
Presidential candidate would be
to replace Mr. Paterson with
from Washington, and that
Ben Brown, a Georgiaa State
eliminated consideration of any
Representative, who is a close
Mayor," Mr. Diggs commented.
Carter aide from Atlanta.
Both Mr. Hatcher and Mr.
After the session, Mayor Rich-
Diggs said they were satisfied
ard G. Hatcher of Gary, Ind.,
with that explanation.
who as a chairman for the co-
Other blacks at the meeting
alition of blacks, said the
included Representative Charles.
group was unanimous in its
B. Rangel of Manhattan; Rep-
support of Mr. Carter. This was
resentative Andrew Young of
the Mayor's first endorsement
Georgia; Mayor Maynard Jack-
of Mr. Cartaer.
son of Atlanta; Sterling Tuck-
Others at the meeting who
er, chairman of the Washington
had not announced their sup-
City Council; Lieut. Gov.
port, or whose support had
George Brown, Colorado, and
been lukewarm, included Jesse
C. Dolores Tucker, Pennsyl-
L. Jackson, the civil rights
vania Secretary of State.
leader; Antonio Harrison, Ala-
Some Lingering Doubts
bama state representative, and
One Democratic leader said
Representatives Charles B.
Mr. Carter had expressed desire
Diggs Jr., of Michigan and
for a meeting's such as today's
Yvonne B. Burke of California.
after reports that some blacks
Blacks Promised Jobs
were concerned that he would
Mr. Carter issued no state-
be vindictive towards those
ment after the meeting. The
leaders who witheld endorse-
black leader, who called a cau-
ment of him. The leader said
cus of all black delegates to
there also was concern over the
report on the session, said that
lingering doubts the holdouts
Mr. Carter had renewed his
held about Mr. Carter's com-
pledge 10 name blacks to high-
mitment to minority issues.
level jobs, including positions
"His statements startled me.
in areas in which blacks have
am completely satisfied with
not served.
him and found him to be sin-
"These are jobs outside of
cere," Mr. Diggs remarked.
traditional black areas in [the
"He wants to be known as
Department of] Health, Educa-
the President who made sub-
tion and Welfare and Housing
stantial steps towards a color-
and Urban Development and
less society. Under that con-
the areas of civil rights," Mr.
cept, blacks could end up in
Diggs said in an interview.
any position in his administra-
Mr. Carter Lold the group 10
ton, the Michigan Democrat
submit to him within two weeks
continued.
a list of jobs that should go to
Mr. Tucker, the Washington
blacks, as well as the names of
councilman, said: "He was say-
potential appointees. In April,
ing to us that he planned to
Mr. Carter had told black lead-
do for blacks much more than
ers to do that at a meeting in
we expect from him, even more
Charlotte,
N.C.
Mr.
Diggs
said
than we think he should do for
the list had not been put to
us. That was my impression of
gether, "but it'll be done now. what the meeting was all
Further, Mr Digsg reported, labout."
Coashington tost Puly 20
AFL-CIO Chieftains Return
To Party Fold, Back Carter
Associated Press
AFL-CIO President George
Menay described himself as
"very happy" with Jimmy Car-
ter yesterday as he announced
the labor federation's official
endorsement of the Demo-
cratic presidential nominee.
Meany declared Carter
would have labor's all-out sup-
port and said its vast political
organizing machinery "will go
right into action tomorrow
morning." The move was in
contrast to the 1972 election
in which the AFL-CIO made
no endorsement.
"I think he's a very warm
human being," the 82-year-old
labor chief said of Carter. "I
don't think he's satisfied the
way things are and I think he
wants to change the whole
economic picture, and that's
what we're interested in."
Meany announced the en-
dorsement at a news confer-
ence shortly after the AFL-
CIO's 35-member Executive
Council voted unanimously to
back the Democratic ticket.
Before meeting with report-
ers, Meany said he personally
phoned Carter in Plains, Ga.,
to tell him of the action.
He quoted Carter as say-
ing, "You'll be very proud of
me."
The endorsement represent-
ed a return of the 14-million
Associated Press
member labor federation to
the old coalition of labor,
Meany on Carter: "He's a very warm human being."
blacks. liberals and the left
that helped to elect every
paign will be formally cer-
eration's endorsement of
Democratic president since
tified today by the Federal
the Democratic ticket of
Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Election Commission, a
Jimmy Carter and Walter
In 1972, Meany and the fed-
move that will enable the
F. Mondale.
eration stayed neutral in the
Democratic candidates to
Meany was admitted for
presidential campaign, refus-
receive $21.8 million in
"three or four days" of
ing to work for Sen. George
federal funds for their cam-
tests in connection with a
McGovern. This divided la-
paign.
persistent bronchial condi-
bor's ranks and helped add to
By accepting the federal
tion, "which has been nag-
the landslide reelection of
funds, they will not be al-
ging him since last Febru-
Richard Nixon.
lowed to accept private
ary," an AFL-CIO spokes-
This year the AFL-CIO of-
contributions.
man said. He had arranged
ficially stayed neutral during
The Republican nominee
with his doctor during the
the primary campaign.
is also expected to accept
weekend for admission to
Although only the Demo-
federal funding.
cratic nominee has been
the hospital, the spokesman
Meanwhile, the Social
said.
chosen Meany said the coun-
Democrats USA, which until
ci! acted now because the Re-
four years ago was Ameri-
publican convention next
ca's Socialist Party, passed
month will only pick be-
a resolution Sunday sup-
tween "Tweedledee Ford
porting the Carter-Mondale
and Tweedledum Reagan."
ticket.
Meany's only public com-
Calling the Democratic
ments on Carter before the
endorsement were that he
ticket "forward looking,"
the resolution said the
considered him an accept-
able choice. Privately, he was
Democratic Party platform
known to be cool toward the
is a commitment "to deal
former Georgia governor. Yes-
forthrightly and in a
terday he acknowledged that
thoroughgoing way with
America's most serious do-
he originally didn't expect
Carter "to be a serious candi-
mestic problems."
date" and added that he didn't
really know him.
"I'm very happy with Car-
ter," he said. predicting that
while the campaign will be
tougher then the polls cur-
rently show, Carter and his
vice presidential running
mate, Sen. Walter F. Mon-
dale, will win in November.
The Carter-Mondale cam-
Thusdelphia
Inquire
July
Just more of the same
Carter moves to appease the liberals
By George F. Will
with affection and enthusiasm for
phased assumption of a portion of the
NEW YORK-A's is well known,
Morris Udall as he released his dele-
states' welfare costs.
gates to vote for Carter.
immy Carter plans to build a New
Revenue sharing? Increase it; ad-
erusalem on the rock of love. That
From the moment two years ago
just the formula to add to the incen-
that Walter Mondale withdrew from
tive for local governments to raise
s, of course, devoutly to be desired.
the nomination race, Udall was the
taxes; and add a new "emergency
But first things first, and first he
odds-on favorite to become what he
anti-recession" aid program for cit-
vants to do something about his well-
did become, the choice of the liberal
ies. Education? More federal aid.
ounded suspicion that the people he
activists. Twelve hours after Udall,
Housing? More direct subsidies;
will depend upon to campaign for
at Madison Square Garden, officially
more subsidized loans.
dropped out, Mondale, at Carter's
him-liberal activists who dominated
Rural America? More subsidized
the convention floor-are not aglow
side, dropped in again, to the delight
loans for electrification and telephone
of those who the night before had
with enthusiasm for him.
cheered Udall to the rafters.
facilities, more funding of develop-
Carter watched television coverage
ment programs.
These liberal activists are well to
of events Wednesday night, when the
Farmers? More subsidized credit.
convention was suddenly suffused
the left of the party rank and file.
Environment?
They constitute the unconquered re-
"Substantially"
doubt, where liberal orthodoxy is pre-
more research and development
spending.
served in undiluted clarity. They
Transportation? "Substantial direct
have harbored ill-founded suspicions
that Carter is bent on departing from
public investment" and (this is my
that orthodoxy.
favorite plank) "whatever action is
necessary to revitalize railroads."
To help them rest easy, and incite
There is a banner to which honorable
them to heroic exertions on his be-
half, Carter has given the most in-
persons can repair: Extremism in
pursuit of revitalized railroads is no
tense liberals all that they asked for
vice.
and more than they could have de-
manded. Carter has plighted his troth
All political parties are, in Felix
to Sen. Walter Mondale, the most li-
Frankfurter's phrase, "organized
bera¹ person on Carter's final "short
appetite," but the Democrats should
iist" of seven possible running mates.
be reminded that gluttony, even con-
Thus, Carter's first and most im-
cerning government services, is a
portant decision as nominee was an
deadly sin. Certainly Mondale's mis-
act of appeasement, bold only in that
it revealed more clearly what al-
ready was clear enough to anyone
with eyes to read. The choice of Mon-
sion in life is not to remind anybody
dale is additional and probably re-
of that. And today, after the selection
dundant evidence that Carter's creed
of Mondale, there is even less evi-
is reflected in the Carterized plat-
dence than there ever was that it is
form, which is remarkable only for
Carter's mission.
its degree of fidelity to party ortho-
Carter says he has "absolutely no
doxy.
doubt" about having made the right
The economy? The platform en-
choice, which makes this choice like
dorses "national economic planning,"
almost everything else in Carter's
including rendering the Federal Ro.
mind. There can be little doubt that
serve System "responsive" to the
this choice shows that Carter is con-
politicians.
tent to paddle along in the Demo-
It also contemplates "direct gov-
cratic mainstream in the wake of the
ernmental involvement" in wage
master. Hubert Humphrey.
and price decisions, and a "broad
When Humphrey became Vice
range" of new public jobs programs,
President in 1964, the man who was
including programs to allocate aid on
placed in Humphrey's shoes as Min-
the basis of race and sex to heip mi-
nesota senator was Mondale. And all
norities attain business ownership.
this year the second name on Hum-
The platform suggests a federally
phrey's list of ideal Presidents (right
sponsored "domestic development
behind the name "Hubert Hum-
bank" and federal insurance for state
phrey"), has been the name "Mon-
and local bonds as incentive for in-
dale."
creased state and local spending.
Carter says there is "no discernible
Expanding the welfare state? The
difference" between his and Mon-
platform endorses comprehensive,
dale's views on sensitive issues.
universal and mandatory national
Given that Mondale is one of the two
health insurance financed by new
or three most liberal senators, Car-
payroll taxes and general tax reve-
ter's choice of him should still Demo-
nue. It says the federal government
crats' fears, and dash others' hopes,
should relieve local governments of
that Carter presents a break with the
all welfare costs and undertake a
party's Humphreyite past.
The Rauh-Carter Estrangement
Joseph L. Rauh Jr., now 65, has been the most
prestigious local figure on the national political
scene and a major force in the American civil
rights movement for more than a quarter century.
But in Johnson, as President, Rauh found a
Today he is the last leading holdout among civil
congenial battler for civil rights. Today on Rauh's
rights proponents from the Jimmy Carter presi-
law office wall is a photo of Rauh and the
dential campaign, SO much so that for the first
NAACP's Clarence Mitchell in the Oval Office
time since 1948 he did not attend this month's
with Johnson's autographed tribute to Rauh as "a
Democratic National Convention.
fighter." Below are pens used to sign two historic
Yet both Rauh and Carter, each in his own way,
bills both men fought for, the 1964 Civil Rights Act
has worked fon the same long-term goals in the
and the 1965 Voting Rights Act. It was LBJ who
civil rights field. In recent years, at least begin-
made up with Rauh in 1904, when he needed
ning with Carter's term as governor of Georgia,
Rauh's help, by inviting him on Air Force One and
they have been/ in effect, partners in the same
wining and dining the Rauhs at the White House.
cause without either acknowledging it.
In the end, perhaps, it will be that way with
Why, then, the estrangement? And will they get
Carter, if he wins the presidency. But right now
together in the end, as Rauh did with another man
the "chasm" seems vast.
whose vice presidential nomination he angrily op-
The Carter-Rauh differences began, both agree,
posed-Lyndon B. Johnson? The Rauh-Carter con-
fliet thus far resembles the Rauh-Johnson conflict:
in April 1975, when the ADA convention in Wash-
ington invited all the then candidates to speak on
On one side is a political activist who is also an ide-
the 18th. Everybody pleaded a conflict or some
alist, intolerant of expediency, unyielding on prin-
other excuse. Rauh, however, says that he "blud-
ciple; on the other side is a powerful politician, a
geoned" Morris Udall, Fred Horris and Terry San-
presidential candidate, who seems to Rauh to pay
ford to come that day On the promise that, if they
more attention to the means of politics than to the
did, no rivals would be allowed to speak at any
ends of idealism.
other session. Carter, however, showed up the
In mid-June, flying home to Georgia, Carter told
next day, Rauh recounts, at the ADA banquet-
reporters that "I don't understand Joe Rauh. He
didn't understand me. There's a chasm that ex-
cocktail party and asked to speak. Rauh felt he
had given his word. and 50 he objected. But ADA
ists." The candidate said he didn't feel "at home"
chairman Donald Fraser, the Minnesota Demo-
with the Americans for Democratic Action, the
cratic congressman, overruled Rauh, and Carter
liberal organization in which Rauh has SO long
did speak. Rauh says he had no words with Carter
been a major figure. Carter told how he had come
and he denies he was "screaming" at the candi-
to Washington to meet ADA leaders and how,
date. But Rauh is a speaker of force, and he can
when he got up to speak, "Joe Rauh was scream-
make a point louder than most.
ing at the top of his voice, 'Hell, no, don't let him
Rauh believes that there is more to the "chasm"
speak. He wouldn't come when we invited him,
and we don't want to hear him.' Carter added
than that incident, however. He cites two other
that "I don't understand somebody like that. To
matters. For one, he says he signed a Udall fund-
me, that's just a different world." Some of these
raising letter that was "very much an attack On
Carter quotations appeared in The Washington
Carter." The other incident was more complex.
Post, the others in the Los Angeles Times. And in
Early in the campaign. Bauh says, the ADA was
New York magazine, a "close adviser" to Carter
worried that Sen. Henry M. Jackson might get the
(identified by Rauh as press secretary Jody Pow-
nomination. So he and two others found a young
ell) was quoted as saying: "If Joe Rauh wants to
writer-lawyer named Steven Brill who was com-
come to the White House, let him take the public
missioned to do a study of the Jackson domestic
tour."
voting record. What he wrote was published by
One observer has remarked that Rauh has "a
ADA to prove the contention that Jackson was not
great passion for politics but no gift for it." But
that is the generalized pragmatist's view of the
ideologue, and in Rauh's case it is not correct. The
record shows that Rauh has used well the political
at all the liberal he had hour given credit for
forum to make major contributions in the civil
being.
rights movement from the day in 1943 when he
Brill, without Rauh's knowledge, went on to
was the first to challenge the District of Colum-
write an anti-Carter article for Harper's magazine,
bia's closed Democratic primary system and went
published under the title "Jimmy Carter's Pa-
on as a delegate to the convention. There he wrote
thetic Lies." This article, news of which became
the minority civil rights plank with which then-
public last February, created a considerable fuss
Mayor Hubert Humphrey first forced the Demo-
and some rough ripostes by the Carter camp
cratic Party to face forward instead of backward.
against Brill. The point here is that by then, Rauh
It was Rauh who used the loyalty oath issue at the
says, he and Brill were friends and the Harper's
1952 convention to force Southern Democrats to
piece "really scared me" about Carter.
put the party's presidential candidate on the bal-
Also, by then, Rauh was backing Udall as the lib-
lot and bind electors to him (as many had not done
eral hope in the primaries, although he admits to
the thought that a deadlocked convention could
mean Humphrey's nomination. Yet. says Rauh, he
has "my own problems" with Humphrey, as
for Truman four years earlier). It was Rauh who
Rauh's critical review or Humphrey's memoirs in
used the 10 per cent minority report rule in the
1964 convention to bring before the convention
the issue of the Mississippi Freedom Democrats
and give them seats, thus breaking the racial bar-
rier for that state for the first time. It also was
Rauh who in 1952 ran Averell Harriman's winning
District of Columbia primary by persuading him
to run on a then daring civil rights platform.
In 1960 at the Los Angeles convention Rauh bit-
terly and vocally opposed the choice of Lyndon
Johnson as John F. Kennedy's running-mate. The
choice, said Rauh, was a "betrayal." The platform
that year promised majority rule in the Senate but
later, when, as Vice President, LBJ balked a
change in the Senate's filibuster rule, Rauh
charged that Johnson "has demonstrated once
again that his first loyalty is to the Southern rac-
ists."
Pot
26
Con't
from:
Wash.
Post
tuey 26
une July 24 New Republic demonstrates. (It 111.
cludes a Rauh charge that in 1968 Humphrey
agreed to get him out of Texas on a ruse because
John Connally, then still a Democrat, refused to
tour the state with Humphrey "if I were aboard"
the candidate's plane.)
There was another factor, too. Rauh says he re-
spected Robert M. Shrum, the former George
McGovern speechwriter who worked briefly this
year for Carter before quitting with a blast at the
Georgian. "Shrum frightens you about Carter,"
says Rauh. And: "If they're both (Brill and Shrum)
telling the truth, there are very serious problems.
Ican't brush off Brill and Shrum."
Still, Rauh now says he is going to vote for the
Carter-Mondale ticket, especially since "one of my
proteges (Sen. Walter F. Mondale) is going to he.
come Vice President" and "I have a lot of friends
in the Carter camp." Furthermore, as Rauh told
the New York Times in June, "Anyone who's
grown up in the civil rights movement as I have is
going to show a little humility for the position of
blacks, who are very pro-Carter."
-Rauh says he didn't go to the Madison Square
Garden convention "because I didn't want to exac-
erbate the situation, to become the most famous
critic" of Carter in what he felt would be inevita-
ble television interviews. "I don't want to be the
last anti-Carter person." As to the idea that he IS
suffering from a cultural gap, he says: "The fact
that he's a Southerner, an outsider and against the
establishment are all things I think are great."
Rauh also has been rowing with Democratic Na-
tional Chairman Robert Strauss who, like Carter,
made it his major task to bring all elements of the
party together.
Rauh's explanation of their differences, which
are wide as Strauss made clear in an interview in
New York, go back to Strauss' appointment as
party treasurer. Says Rauh: "I didn't think John
Connally's closest associate" should have that post.
The Rauh-Strauss differences are fundamental
To Strauss, Rauh is "well motivated" but too "fer-
vent." To Rauh, "Strauss believes in a centrist
Democratic Party, and I believe in a liberal one.
Rauh adds: "I believe in the issues alone."
Lyndon Johnson believed in a "centrist" party
and evidently SO does Jimmy Carter. On the issues,
at least on civil rights, the one closest to Rauh's
heart, LBJ as President also was a liberal, but he
had to prove himself first to satisfy Rauh. Appar-
ently, Carter, however close his civil rights stand
may seem today to be to Rauh's views, also will
have to prove himself.
In the exigencies of a presidential campaign a
candidate asks that a lot be accepted on faith.
That's not Joe Rauh's way, however. He is the
quihtessential liberal, out there on the fringe, a
noble, often lonely, figure of great intellectual
force. His conflict today with Carter, though no
doubt exacerbated by third parties, is the classic
confrontation between the idealist, yes the ideo-
logue, and the pragmatist. But then, for a long
time so was Rauh's conflict with Johnson.
Catholics Seen as Problem
for Carter
Washington Past Guly ! 16
"The platform makes it official.
By Haynes Johnson
The Democrat Party doesn't want
Yet, as Father Drinan remarked
Catholics. Oh, it will accept our
Washington Post Staff Writer
today, here at the convention, it
votes. It will condescend to permit
NEW YORK July 15-In the clos-
us to be poll-watchers and precinct
isn't that Catholics in such areas
ing moments of Jimmy Carter's
captains. But as far as real power
as Boston or New York are against
proudest day, when he won his
in the party goes, the Democrats
Carter, but they feel "rather an un-
party's presidential nomination, a
have decided to revive the Nativist
easiness. They don't know him."
slogan: no Catholic need apply.
For older Catholic voters parti-
seene of unnoticed drama and sym-
They have read us out. of the
cularly-and they are the ones who
bolic significance occurred on the
party."
historically vote in the greatest
podium. It spelled trouble for Car-
Leading Democrats here do not
proportions - the prospect of a
ter with a critical clement of the
Southern Baptist fundamentalist, a
"born-again" Christian reflecting
voters. Catholics.
the old Protestant evangelical tradi-
Scheduled to give the benediction,
agree with so flat an assertion. but
tion. awakens old doubts. Doubts
at this most harmonious Democratic
there does exist common concern
about the South and the Klu Klux
convention in memory. was the Rev.
about Carter's appeal to Catholics.
Klan and appeals to old prejudices
Robert N. Deming of the Cathedral
It is a complex equation, com-
against the presumed menace of
of the Immaculate Conception in
America being dictated to by. the
Kansas City. Mo. Out in Missouri,
pounded by the lack of knowledge
Pope in Rome.
members of Father Deming's church
about the candidate, by conflicts
were bewildered when he failed to
Further complicating the question
appear. His place before the dele-
within today's evolving Catholicism,
has been the recent awakening of
gates and the nation was taken.
uncertainty over the nature of the
ethnic pride and resulting political
campaign to come and increasing
action among many Catholies in the
North-Irish, Polish, Italian-Ameri-
criticism by some Catholics.
instead. by a New York City priest,
cans among them-and tension and
In an interview shortly after
conflicts between them and blacks
the Rev. Leo J. Daly.
Carter announced his vice presiden-
in the big cities.
Earlier in the day Father Deming
tial choice of Sen. Walter F. Mon-
Although the public focus of
had quietly submitted a letter-
dale today, the candidate's chief
Democratic officials explaining why
he felt unable, as a matter of con-
pollster, Patrick Caddell, conceded
Catholic protest against Carter at
science and principle, to fulfill his
a certain amount of unease over
this convention has been on abor-
assignment. He could not agree
the Catholic question. Carter, he
tion, in private a number of Demo-
said, faces "a potential weakness,
Commentary
a softness" among Catholic voters
crats rae worrying about losing the
support of Catholics who do not
either with the party's adopted posi-
identify with the candidate's back.
tion on abortion, or with their
ground. Caddell. for instance. sees
candidate's statements on that issue.
the possible problem as being more
The incident went unreported. the
one of culture and style than of
Democrats who knew about it main-
CONVENTION
ideology.
tained silence. and the nominating
There are, however. soine tough
night ended on a note of euphoria
political facts that every practical
and wkic predictions of victory in
Democratic politician must recog-
November. But among the hard-
nize.
See CATHOLICS, A19, Col. 1
In America today some 29 milion
especially in the key Northcastern
Catholies are registered to vote.
Nearly 7 out of 10 of these voters are
industrial states.
CATHOLICS, From A1
concentrated in 12 large states.
But, he insists, the actual cam-
Those states contain 271 electoral
cyed political realists here, both the
paign will prove Carter's appeal to
votes. That's one more than needed
platform event and numerous others
voters in the large Northern cities.
to elect a President.
are creating what is commonly
Caddell also reacted strongly. and
It is in these areas that Carter
still seems least well known. or
being described as a sense of un'-
personally, to talk about Catholic
understood.
easiness about Carter and the
difficulties for Carter. and about
Catholics.
the existence of a "Catholic vote."
Others here are recalling addi-
tional figures. In 1960. Richard
The unease goes far beyond all
"As a Catholic, I'm offended by
Nixon received about 22 percent
the idea I should be appealed to
the clamor between the opposing
of the Catholic vote cast, and nar-
as a slogan or as a symbol of my
camps on abortion. For the first
faith. I'm an American voter first."
rowly lost. In 1968, he took 33 per
time in 16 years, the old American
He, and others, make another
cent of that vote, and narrowly won.
Four years ago, for the first time
question of politics and religion-
point, one backed up by political
statistics and recent history. There
in at least 40 years, the Republican
church and state-is being debated
is no such thing as a monolithic
candidate carried a majority of the
again. There is sharp irony in this.
Catholics-and won in a landslide.
Sixteen years ago, in a vastly dif-
It's not surprising, then, to find
Democrats today discussing this
ferent America, it was the Southern
Catholic vote. A generation ago Ca-
question, and saving that Carter
Protestants, led by Baptists, who
tholies spoke with one voice, and
has serious work ahead in the urban
placed John F. Kennedy, the Catho-
areas of the North.
one authority. That is no longer so.
lic candidate from the urban North,
Within the range of Catholic
What the peanut farmer from
in his most difficult political posi-
Georgia must do, they are saying,
thought and practice, enormous di-
is to demonstrate to the voters in
tion. Today, it is Catholics who are
versity of opinion exists-from the
those areas that he understands
looking critically at Carter, the
militant liberalism of Father Robert
their problems of crime and trans-
Southern Baptists from the rural
Drinan, the Jesuit who serves in
portation and pollution and housing
South.
and hunger and unemployment, and
Congress from Massachusetts, to a
can do something about them. Then
In an otherwise rambling nomina-
William F. Buckley, representating
any so-called Catholic issue could
tion speech for anti-abortin candi-
markedly differing conservative
be as irrelevant in 1976 as that
date Ellen McCormack last night,
views.
earlier, and quite different one,
delegate James Killilea cited one
In the last decade Catholics have
proved to be in 1960.
Catholic view as posing a warning
taken leading roles in the civil
for Carter and the Democrats this
rights movement of the Deep South
fall. Killilea quoted an editorial by
and in the antiwar protests. Others
the Rev. Edward O'Donnell in the
have reacted equally strongly
St. Louis Review as saying:
against sudden changes within both
the church itself and American So-
ciety at large.
Abortion Plank Gives Carter
Problem of Wooing Catholics
By LAWRENCE M. O'ROURKE
Of the Bulletin Staff
The abortion issue is but one facet of
New York - Jimmy Carter should
what Strauss, in a breakfast meeting
make his peace with the nation's
in the Statler-Hilton Hotel with a
Roman Catholics on the abortion
group of reporters, said was a poten-
issue, Democratic National Chairman
tial for Carter trouble this fall with
Robert S. Strauss says.
Roman Catholic voters.
But Carter, while agreeing he has
Strauss said that Archibishop Ber-
"a potential problem among Catholic
nardin's statement "disturbed me."
Evening Bulletin
voters," said he sees no need to give
Catholics special attention any more
Asked what he'd do about it, Strauss
so than he would give it to Protes-
said, "it occurred to me, I'd call on
tants, Jews and nonreligious believ-
Archbishop Bernardin for openers.
ers.
"I hope he (Carter) sits down with
The former Georgia governor, glid-
July
appropriate groups in the Catholic
ing toward the Democratic nomi-
Church, lay people, and comes to
nation for President Wednesday night,
grips with that."
sidestepped a suggestion by Strauss
Strauss said that the abortion issue
that he hold a private meeting with
was a "problem, but not insur-
Archbishop Joseph L. Bernardin, of
mountable, and I hope it won't be
Cincinnati, a spokesman for the U.S.
blown out of proportion."
Cathollc Conference, the organization
of Roman Catholic bishops in this
In a separate interview with The
Bulletin former Democratic Chair-
country.
Bishop Bernardin last week critized
man Lawrence F. O'Brien, who is at-
the Democratic Party's platform
tending the convention, agreed Carter
plank on abortion. The plank took a
does have a problem with Catholics.
middle ground. It takes no position on
O'Brien has worked with the reli-
a proposed constitutional amendment
gious Issue before - but from a differ-
that would allow states to prevent
ent direction. He was a principal ar-
abortions.
chitect of the 1960 election campaign
On NBC's Meet the Press yesterday
of John F. Kennedy, the first Roman
Carter left himself maximum room
for maneuvering on the abortion
issue. He said he thought abortion was
Catholic elected President.
tist church provides in a pr litical
wrong and that he favored a com-
It was in September 1960 that Ken-
campaign.
prehensive program to reduçe both
nedy made his appearance in Houston
Some Catholics and Jews believe
abortions and the need for them. But,
before a ministerial association domi-
the fundamentallst orientation of the
like the Democratic Party's platform
nated by southern Baptists and ad-
southern Baptist church is hostile to
plank on this issue, Carter took no po-
dressed claims that his religious be-
them.
sition on a proposed constitutional
liefs - and Rome directly - would
O'Brien said that among some Cath-
amendment that would allow states to
influence, if not control, his presiden-
olics there is "an uneasiness" about
outlaw abortions.
tial decisions.
Carter.
He listed sex instruction, access to
O'Brien said that Carter's problem
Carter had a mixed record among
contraceptives for those who want
is "almost the reverse" of Kennedy's.
Catholic voters in the primaries and
them, and improved adoption pro-
Carter calls himself a "born-again
state conventions. He lost heavily
cedures.
christian." He is a southern Baptist.
Catholic Massachusetts and Mary-
"Abortion is the result of a failure of
contraceptive technique," Carter
On television yesterday, Carter ob-
land. He did not do well in Phila-
said.
served that President Harry Truman
delphia although he did run well in
What he did not change on the tele-
was a Baptist who was able to "exem-
Catholic districts in southwestern
Pennsylvania, gaining an edge that
vision program was his position on the
plify a compatibility between reli-
key question - the constitutional
gious beliefs and public service."
gave him victory in the state.
Carter lost heavily Catholic Rhode
amendment that would reverse the
He also noted he "never had any
Island, but carried Illinois including
January 1973 decision by the U.S. Su-
trouble" with his religious beliefs dur-
its Catholic wards in Chicago.
perme Court which struck down state
ing his prior government experience
The religion issue has emerged here
laws prohibiting abortion.
as Georgia's governor.
as one that worries politicians. They
The court held that a woman and
Politicians - including Carter and
are hard pressed to articulate their
her doctor could arrange an abortion
his aides - are reluctant to discuss
qualms, other than to say that Car-
during the first three months of preg-
the potential for mischief that Car-
ter's fundamentalism may upset their
nancy without governmental in-
ter's membership in the southern Bap-
constituents.
volvement, that the state could regu-
late, though not restrict, abortion for
the next three months, and could
"prescribe" or forbid it during the
final three months, unless the
woman's doctor held it necessary to
the woman's health, physical or men-
tal.
Walt Street Gouenal
MUST
Read
Poly8
Carter and the Catholics
By ALBERT R. HUNT
class Catholics. "Jimmy Carter's language
among Catholics, is confident that most
is different, the symbols he uses are differ-
Catholics will express this year their tradi-
Back during the primaries, the word got
ent," says a Democratic politician. Fur-
tional Democratic preference. "There is a
around that Jimmy Carter was heavily op-
thermore, he adds, "there's an attitude of
problem," says Mr. Caddell, "but that vote
posed by Jewish voters. Soon Mr. Carter
moral rearmament about Carter which
has to be taken away, and I don't think
was showing up at synagogues, declaring
never has been part of Northern urban pol.
Ford or Reagan is strong enough to do it,
his support for Israel and collecting en-
Itics.'
Another man who doesn't consider Mr.
dorsements from Jewish leaders.
One reason Catholics are hesitant about
Carter's Catholic problem insurmountable
Mr. Carter's efforts seem to have
Mr. Carter is his tendency to make public
is Rep. William Green, the Democratic
strengthened him with Jewish voters, but
displays of his "born-again" Baptist be-
Senate candidate in Pennsylvania. In the
the significance of the whole affair proba-
liefs. "Catholics don't make a point of
primaries. Mr. Green notes, "there were a
bly has been exaggerated. Jewish voters
lot of blue-collar, ethnic, working-class
make up less than 5% of the electorate,
and most of them are likely to vote this
In his remarkable surge
Catholics who were oriented to Jackson or
Humphrey, but that doesn't necessarily
year, as always, for the Democratic nomi-
towardthenomination, Jim-
mean they were against Carter."
nee-even if unenthusiastically.
my Carter hasn't done well
To help attract the urban Catholic vote,
Meanwhile, Mr. Carter has a much
with this group, which
Mr. Caddell has argued that Jimmy Carter
more serious problem. largely unnoticed-so
should consider as his vice presidential
far and probably much harder to over-
comprises about 27% of the
running mate a Catholic, namely Sen. Ed-
come. He is having trouble appealing to
general electorate.
mund Muskie of Maine. But the pollster
Catholics-particularly, to Northern. ur-
says that even if Sen. Muskie isn't chosen,
ban, ethnic, working-class Catholics.
Catholic voters, while not a monolithic
wearing their religion SO much on their
Mr. Carter still has other ways to attract
Catholics.
bloc, comprise about 27% of the general
sleeves, and they get a little uneasy about
anyone who does," says Connecticut Con-
"Many of these Catholics tend to be par-
electorate. Most of them are urban North-
erners whose once-solid ties to the Demo-
gressman Christopher Docid.
tisan Democrats," says Mr. Caddell, "and
cratic Party have loosened in recent years.
Adds Father Greeley: "A man with
I think that we can identify with their con-
that style touches very deep suspicions.
cerns. This would involve stressing issues
In his remarkable surge toward the nomi-
There's a cultural residue. Many Catholics
such as economic problems and health
nation this year. Jimmy Carter hasn't done
care."
well with this group.
remember the Southern opposition to
"Carter's major weakness In the Demo-
Al Smith and Jack Kennedy (Catholics
Adds Mr. Miller: "Carter must develop
issues that affect these Catholles' economic
cratic coalition Is with urban Catholics,"
who were the Democratic nominees in
says Andrew Greeley, a sociologist and
1928 and 1960). They know that some
survival, as well as avoiding cultural is.
sues that exacerbate Catholic fears of
Catholic priest who writes about Catholics
Southern Baptists have been vehemently
and politics. "I don't know if the folks
anti-Catholic."
hlm." He argues that this can be done
Mr. Miller notes Mr. Carter's "con-
without exploiting racial tensions.
down in Georgia know anything about
Catholics or how important they are to the
stant mention of the separation of church
Some Touchy Questions
Democratic coalition. Carter may be able
and state," calling It "a coded negative
On the touchy questions of abortion and
to win without Catholics, but he would be
message, which Catholics perceive as
court-ordered school busing, Mr. Carter
taking a hell of a chance."
being directed against them." Mr. Miller
may be on safe political ground by stress-
Mr. Caddell's Opinion
says that historically, Baptists have em-
ing his personal opposition but refusing to
Some Carter aides dismiss the idea that
phasized the church-state issue as their
favor constitutional amendments to pro-
justification for opposing Catholic poll-
the candidate has a problem with Catholic
hibit abortion and busing.
ticlans.
voters. One who takes it seriously, how-
One stand Mr. Carter already has taken
The Republican presidential nominee,
ever, is a man who should know: the can-
whether it's Gerald Ford or Ronald Rea-
that will appeal to Catholics is his favoring
didate's pollster, Patrick Caddell. "Jimmy
of federal aid to parochial education. At
is perceived as very much of a Protestant
gan, seems certain to try to capitalize on
Mr. Carter's weakness with Catholics. In-
the Democratic Party platform delibera-
candidate," says Mr. Caddell. "That cre-
tions last month, the Carter forces quickly
deed, one of Mr. Reagan's strongest
ates some real problems with Catholles
pitches with uncommitted Republicans just
accepted a provision In the platform that
that we're going to have to work on."
now Is that he best could appeal to the so-
backed some forms of aid to parochial
With the exception of a few Western
cial conservatism of many ethnic Catho-
schools. Some analysts believe a similar
states where he didn't campaign hard, Mr.
Carter has run weakest this year in heavily
llcs through his stands on issues such as
position helped President Nixon attract
Cathollc states: Massachusetts. New York,
busing. And some Ford advisers believe
Catholic voters in 1972-even though he
never made much of an effort to deliver on
New Jersey. Rhode Island and Maryland.
their candidate's strength among Cathollc
In the latter three states, his poor showing
voters would give him a good chance to
his promises.
will the general election by beating Mr.
Mr. Carter likely will be helped with
among Catholics might be attributable to
Carter in some Northern industrial states.
Catholic voters, too, as labor organizations
the popularity of California Governor Jerry
begin to work for his candidacy and as he
Brown. a former Jesuit seminarian. But
Based on recent election results, some
begins to stress various issues of Impor-
even Rep. Morris Udall, a Mornion, ran
analysts figure a Democratic presidential
tance to labor, such as improving mine
well against Mr. Carter in Catholic areas
nominee must get more than 60% of the
safety and increasing the minimum wage.
of Connecticut and Michigan.
Catholic vote to be elected. Hubert Hum-
phrey received 59% in 1968, while barely
It's probable. however, that Mr. Cart-
"If Carter can't carry Catholics against
losing to Richard Nixon; George McGov-
er's problems with Catholic voters result
Udall, what will he do against Jerry Ford,
who has far more appeal" among Catho-
ern got only 48% of the Catholic vote four
as much from style as from substance. If
lics? asks Jlm Miller, a New York political
years ago, when President Nixon clobbered
so, the solution may be for him to down-
him. The 60% standard may be unfleces-
play his own personal religious beliefs
researcher, who has analyzed Mr. Carter's
sarlly high for Mr. Carter, however, since
while concentrating on becoming more fa-
standing with Catholic voters. Polls fre-
it's assumed he will do better than Demo-
miliar with working-class Catholics.
quently show the President scoring
well with Catholic voters: analysts as-
cratic nominees traditionally do in attract-
"Carter must spend some time talking
sume it's because of his Image of decency
ing Protestant voters.
to urban Catholic politicians," says Father
and honesty. Mr. Miller says he believes
Nevertheless, the Catholic vote could be
Greeley. "He must go Into Queens or the
that many Catholics feel a "real antago-
crucial to Mr. Carter's chances in several
Southside of Chicago and talk to Poles.
nisin" toward Mr. Carter.
big industrial states. In New York, for CX-
Irish and Italians. They must come to feel
Mr. Carter's problems with Catholles
ample, Catholics comprise more than one-
that he knows what thev're about."
may be as much cultural as religious. The
third of the electorate.
former governor of Georgia has had rela-
The Carter pollster. Mr. Caddell, while
Mr. Hunt, a member of the Journal's
tively little contact with urban, working-
acknowledging his candidate's weakness
Washington bureau. covers politics.
CARTER: EDITORIALS ? CON
Colitorial-Cod
Carter
Garry Wills
D/pres
w
star
3-26-76
Why Carter is different
Jimmy Carter continues
Willkie had the whole
slates, or been able to cam-
FORD
to call his shots, and not
Time-Life-Fortune appara-
paign after Maryland in-
only make them but do bet-
tus working for him when
stead of being shot, he
ter than his own high
that kind of thing still
would have arrived in
predictions. He said a year
counted. His main rivals,
Miami with a bloc of dele-
LIBRARY
ago he would beat Wallace
Dewey and Taft, were still
gates that would have
in Florida, and he did it
too young to mount a seri-
caused a stop-Wallace coali-
even though Henry Jackson
ous challenge to the incum-
tion to form around Muskie
came in strong after Massa-
bent Roosevelt. Carter has
or Humphrey.
chusetts to drain votes from
no such kingmakers
As it was, Muskie undere-
him (with the help of a
promoting him. He is
stimated the caucuses.
Humphrey advertisement).
practically self-created.
Humphrey overestimated
He said he would win the
the power of labor to swing
Illinois "beauty contest";
There are some similar-
delegates at the last minute
but he also took three times
ities to Kennedy's 1960 con-
under the new rules. And
the delegates that he was
test for the nomination.
Larry O'Brien went along
expected to.
Kennedy started early, with
with McGovern tricks at the
his own team, and made his
convention.
Carter's is the most
personal charm more
astonishing surge by a long
important than the issues.
McGovern never had the
shot since Wendell Willkie's
He was an outsider as a
strong stand in national
effort in 1940. It is difficult
Catholic - yet that very
polls that Carter is already
to say just why Carter has
fact helped him with urban
showing - so strong that he
caught on so well.
and labor voters. He was
runs nearly equal with the
Willkie had some of the
seen as sophisticated, yet
president, or a little ahead
Carter qualities. He was an
with roots in a traditional
of him, already. Besides,
outsider as a politician - a
religious culture of the
McGovern had, like Kenne-
self-made millionaire from
"ethnics." Carter, in the
dy, made a prior move at
Indiana, bright but with a
same way, plays off his
the prior national conyen-
country air. Willkie had
Baptist country background
tion.
Carter's skill at getting
against his nuclear-engi-
along with the press. He
neer savvy.
What explains Carter's
was also hard to categorize
Yet here, too, the parallel
stunning take-off arc?
- a businessman, a critic of
is flawed. Kennedy came
Shrewdness? Partly. Dumb
the TVA and the New Deal,
from a highly political fami-
luck? Of course. More de-
yet an internationalist who
ly and background, with his
pends on chance than we
had taken a very hard stand
father's money and muscle
like to admit, especially in
against the Ku Klux Klan
to use at will. Besides,
the nominating (as opposed
when President Roosevelt
Kennedy had made his
to electing) process.
was waffling.
move for the vice presiden-
But the political setting,
cy at the 1956 Democratic
the prior mood, has even
But the differences be-
convention, acquiring a na-
greater weight. More has
tween Carter and Willkie
tional reputation then. Does
happened to America in the
are just as striking. Willkie
anybody remember what
last 10 years than we can
was heavily bankrolled by
Jimmy Carter was doing at
easily digest. And more has
the Republican establish-
the 1972 convention in
happened in the last three
ment, in ways modern fi-
Miami? (Gov. Wallace
years than in the tumultu-
nance laws make impossi-
claims he was hiding, to
ous three years before
ble. Fortune magazine's
avoid nominating Wallace
Richard Nixon's 1968 elec-
editor launched his candi-
for president.)
tion.
dacy with fund-raising
The Sixties gave us an
letters to Ivy League gradu-
McGovern came from no-
earthquake. This is a time
ates. He was the first limou-
where last time, but with
of after-tremors.
sine liberal on the Republi-
the help of accidents, re-
Carter, for reasons we
can side - back then they
forms, a rigged convention
must give careful scrutiny
called it "the station-wagon
and other candidates' mis-
to, is the upheaval's bene-
set" and Willkie was called
calculations. If Wallace had
ficiary. We are watching
"the station wagoner
fielded more delegate
atypical goings-on.
Editorial
Cauw
Jim Squires
Clri. Trib 3/28/76
The candidate
Dearo.
from nowhere
Pres.cort
WASHINGTON-While Ronald Rea-
The Tribure was told by a Humphrey
gan's primary surprise in North Caroli-
backer about a "racist" former support-
na was occupying everyone's attention
er of George Wallace now connected
last week, the real good old fashioned
with Carter, and a second reporter was
kick-em-in-the-groin kind of politics was
reminded by a Wallace aide about
going on behind the scenes in the strug-
"some Marxists" on Carter's payroll.
gle for the other party's nomination.
Because of the wide spectrum of vot-
As usual, the guys doing the kicking
ing interests covered by the party, the
in the Democratic Party. were the Hu-
Democrats-uniike the Republicans-al-
bert Humphreys and the George Wallac-
ways must play group politics. A candi-
es. And the guy all doubled over in pain
date who wants the nomination almost
-or was it laughter-was Jimmy Car-
invariably starts out with the solid
ter, the poor, little old farm boy from
backing of one or more of the consti-
Georgia.
tuencies.
It seems that some time between Car-
For example, "lumphrey always starts
ter's victory in the Florida primary and
out with the solid support of black Dem-
his victory in th- Illinois primary it
ocrats, Jewish liberals, and a good
dawned on the Hubert Humphreys that
chunk of organized labor. George Mc-
the nomination is about to bacome a two-
Govern built his successful primary
campaign four years ago around the
antiwar movement, which encompassed
the young activist Left and women's
groups. Only after Humphrey failed did
McGovern pick up the blacks. Organized
labor never put both feet in his camp,
which is one reason for McGovern's
poor showing against Nixon.
This year almost all the Democratic
hopefuls started out with the backing of
at least one important party segment, or
at least with the stated intention of be-
coming the candidate of that particular
faction.
Morris Udall, Fred Harris, R. Sargent
Shriver went for the activist Left with
lesser appeals to the blacks and blue
collars. Jackson and Birch Bayh started
out with initial support from labor
groups. Bayh also went for the blacks,
Jackson concentrated on Jews.
Carter: Getting his kicks.
The one guy who started out with
none of these-mainly because he had
man race between Carter and Henry M.
no particular appeal to any of them-
"Scoop" Jackson-and that when faced
was Carter. His only hope was to slice
with that choice the old Humphrey
off a little of the George Wallace consti-
constituencies of blacks and liberal la-
tuency in the South and try to build on
bor would pick Carter.
it by picking up a little labor here, a fw
blacks there, and old McGovern re-
WITH A Iot of delegates still to be
treads somewhere else.
selected, the Humphreys wanted to give
In approaching his seemingly impossi-
a new signal that old HHH would be
ble task, Carter obviously decided he
ready to go, if only blacks and labor
must come up with mushy positions on
would just remain uncommitted.
the hard issues which traditionally have
And as they were telephoning around
separated the party factions and caused
trying to plant the new message with
all the internecine warfare of the past.
the. press, Humphrey raised his own
No one thought he could get by with
well-traveled foot and took a swing at
it. But suddenly the candidates with
Carter in a vulnerable spot. At a break-
group loyalties are falling by the way-
fast meeting with reporters, Humphrey
side. And it appears that as of now only
came as close as he could to calling
Jackson and Carter have a chance of
Carter a racist without calling him a
grabbing the deserted factions.
racist. And a little talk like that from
the most popular politician with black
CARTER'S GREATEST weakness-
failure to take hard positions on key
Ciditorial-Con
20
THI
REVIEW & OUTLOOK
Who Is Jimmy Carter?
It seems increasingly likely that
delicatessen. There is no feel for the
Governor Jimmy Carter will win
instincts of the man, and certainly
the Democratic presidential nomi-
no feel for the depth of his convic-
nation. Which means that one must
tion on Any issue.
take seriously the possibility that a
It is a marvelous piece of effron-
CI
50-year-old peanut farmer who
tery for Mr. Carter to say, for ex-
III
served eight years in the Georgia
ample, that his defense policy ad-
ta
state senate and four years as gov-
visers are Paul Warnke and Paul
ernor will suddenly become Presi-
Nitze, two men who agree on noth-
8
dent of the United States.
ing except the Democratic Party.
How would a President Carter
His major foreign policy address
behave? In particular, what would
consisted of one half attacking
he do with economics and foreign
Henry Kissinger for being too soft
policy-the two questions that make
on the Russians and one half attack-
or break a President, and two ques-
ing Daniel Patrick Moynihan for
tions on which no track record can
being too hard on the Third World
be built as a governor or state legis-
On economic policy, similarly
lator? It is the hallmark of the
Mr. Carter one time will say the
Carter campaign that even as he
nation can't afford to bail out New
emerges as the frontrunner in the
York and another time will say he'd
majority party we have no good
fight unemployment and take his
clue to the answers.
chances with inflation. Faced with
A certain fuzziness has so far
the endless implications of the
served Mr. Carter well enough, al-
Humphrey-Hawkins employment
lowing him to run on the assorted
bill, he is for it one day and against
weaknesses of his opponents. Know-
it the next depending on the detail
ing what George Wallace, Henry
of what unemployment target is
Jackson and Mo Udall stand for, a
chosen. As Winston Churchill once
good many primary voters opted for
remarked, this pudding has no
the guy with the nice smile. This is
theme.
not a tactic that will wear well, and
Mr. Carter has of course enunci-
in an extended contest it would
ated the themes of love and efficient
probably result in a stumble. But if
management, and certainly there is
Mr. Carter can win in Pennsyl-
a place for symbolic as well as sub-
vania next week and the other can-
stantive politics. But motherhood
didates continue to wilt, it may very
themes can be dangerous. Mr. Cart
well work long enough to lock up
er's pledge never to tell a lie invites
the nomination.
a contest to find the first one. His
Senator Humphrey has been
pledge of management efficiency
playing a parallel game by staying
invites frustration: one can picture
away from the primary contests
the conversation in which he takes
and the scrutiny they invite. This
the new federal organization chart
has enabled him to strike an elder-
and explains the boxes and lines to,
statesman pose, and to avoid awk-
say, Senator Russell Long. In any
ward questions about donations
event, more efficient management
from milk funds and Howard
of what policy?-substance cannot
Hughes, about personal gifts and
be long avoided.
disallowed income tax deductions,
Seeking the presidency is an act
about a guilty plea by one aide and
of consummate ambition, after all,
a jail sentence for another. Nothing
with which the pose of anti-politi-
could do more to agitate such ques-
cian sets uncomfortably. The usual
tions than a nomination in which
justification for such ambition is
power brokers trample on the prì-
public purpose, a sense that a politi-
mary results. If the race boils down
cian wants power not merely for its
to Humphrey versus Carter, as
own sake, but to accomplish some-
many analysts say it already has, it
thing for the body politic. And what-
is hard for us to envision Mr. Hum-
ever their shortcomings the other
phrey prevailing.
major contenders-Mr. Humphrey,
In some senses, too, Mr. Carter
Mr. Jackson, Mr. Udall, Mr. Ford,
would be a stronger candidate for
Mr. Reagan - manage to convey
the Democrats to field. He would
that they seek the power for some
run well in the South, forcing the
purpose, from helping the underdog
P.
to
class
through
the
bat-
to cooling government excesses.
Jerald terHorst
Stop Carter movement gears up
CHICAGO TRIBUNE 2/27/76
D-Res.
WASHINGTON-The paramount mes-
Ex-Gov. Reagan has demonstrated that
son, Udall, and Bayh-with Wallace re-
sage of the New Hampshire presidential
Ford is vulnerable and by no means a
maining as a thorn in the party's side
primary is that liberal Democrats and
sure winner of all the primaries. Con-
right up to the July convention in Madi-
the progressive wing of the Republican
servatives reason, not without merit,
son Square Garden.
Party are in trouble. The reasons, how-
that he must keep wooing the Republi-
ever, are not identical.
can right to stay ahead. And if Reagan
THAT JIMMY CARTER should be in
can't take the nomination away from
it at all is perhaps the biggest surprise
Jimmy Carter's clear victory over
Ford, he still may wind up on the ticket
of the 1976 season.
four rivals illustrates the point for the
as the Ford running mate. That irks
His success in New Hampshire cannot
Democrats. As long as the liberals con-
tinue to field a bevy of candidates like
progressive Republicans as much as
be attributed solely to disarray on the
Morris Udall, Birch Bayh, Fred Harris,
anything.
liberal side. Carter's personal charm,
and Sargent Shriver, the party's natural
Democratic liberals, however, have
stamina, and superior campaign organi-
zation were clearly evident in New
liberal majority will continue to be di-
more of a chance to improve their posi-
Hampshire. After earlier strong show-
vided and thus can be conquered by a
tion than the Republican left-of-center
ings in Iowa and Maine, Carter has am-
more moderate Democrat like Georgia's
voters.
ply demonstrated that a southerner and
former governor.
In New Hampshire, Carter had center
a person without any previous national
FOR MODERATE to liberal Republi-
field all to himself. In Massachusetts,
exposure can pull votes north of the
cans, the situation is almost the reverse.
Florida, and other upcoming primaries
Mason-Dixon Line.
President Ford squeaked by in New
he will face serious competition from
But Carter is also vulnerable. The
Hampshire, but just barely. Conserva-
George Wallace and Henry Jackson who
combined votes of his liberal rivals
tive Ronald Reagan was the official los-
also lay claim to the Democratic center
would have beaten him in New Hamp-
er but he and his supporters can legiti-
and right.
shire. That will increasingly become a
mately claim "a moral victory" of sorts
Thus we will have what Richard
threat to Carter as the liberal field nar-
and move on strongly into Florida and
Scammon, the election analyst, terms a
rows down. Moreover, the worried fac-
Illinois, the next big Reagan-Ford battle-
"sub-primary." Indeed, we will have
tions within the Democratic Party-lib-
grounds.
two of them in the coming weeks. One
eral labor organizations and the party's
To progressive Republicans, the mean-
will test Carter against Jackson, Wallace
intelligentsia-will now join together in
ing is obvious. Reagan remains a threat.
and, in some instances. Pennsylvania
a major stop-Carter movement. His rec-
So long as he does. they have no choice
Gov. Milton Shapp. The second sub-pri-
ord in Georgia and campaign state-
but to stick with Ford. And as long as
mary will be the sinke-out among the
ments will be combed for flaws and
the President continues to top Reagan,
liberals-Udall, Bayh, Shriver, and Har-
inconsistencies. Carter smiled through
however narrowly, he is not likely to
ris.
his first bout with such chicken-scratch-
alter his strategy of courting the con-
My guess is that these sub-primaries
ing in New Hampshire, but it will get
servatives and ignoring the moderate-to-
on the Democratic side will kcep four
more savage now.
liberal wing of the GOP.
candidates in the running-Carter, Jack-
Washington Star
The Atlanta Constitu on Jan 31, 76
Hal Gulliver
Carter and Wallace: 1970 and 1976
A Georgia critic of Jimmy Carter
to find out about in Georgia's first
blocking the speech; the Wallace back-
that he ever said anything which
recently sent this message to Ala-
presidential primary this spring). Wal-
ers called off their rally and somehow
even implied segregationist sentim nt.
bama Gov. George Wallace: "You
lace had actually carried Georgia just
it never got rescheduled.
elected Carter
two years before, in the 1968 presi-
Carter used that against Sanders
New, in a curious turn. Carte. is
governor,
and
dential year, running well ahead of
with a vengeance in the 1970 cam-
viewed by many as the anti-Wal :ce
now it locks like
both Richard Nixon and Hubert Hum-
paign, saying mildly over and over
candidate: the one who just may
you might get
phrey. Wallace got 10 million votes
that it just wasn't right for a governor
have a chance to defeat the Alaba ma
him elected
over the country that year, the strong-
of Georgia to be SO rude to the gover-
governor in the important Florida ri-
President."
est showing that a third party candi-
nor of the neighboring state of Ala-
mary. Wallace is right in one thin, a
The critic did-
date had made in more than 50 years.
bama. Why, Carter said, if he were
good many influential Democrats are
n't really believe
So in this context, Carter used Wal-
governor he would go out of his way
more than willing to help Carter in
that Carter will
lace as a political weapon against his
to invite George Wallace to Georgia
states where he would be the main
end up in the
main opponent. former Gov. Carl
to speak.
Wallace opponent. Yet it is far from
House. But
Sanders. Sanders and Wallace had a
Racist? No. it is not. though Carter
clear that these same Democr ts
there is at least a
history of being political enemics. not
critics felt bitterly at the time that
would support Carter against ill
certain partial
just a question of differing on issues
Carter was indirectly appealing to
other potential Democratic nominee
truth is the comment; the careers of
but specific and fairly personal politi-
segregationist sentiment. Politically
But it is interesting. Carter hims If
George Corley Wallace and James
cal scars. Wallace openly supported
expedient? Sure, a lot of Wallace
says the Florida primary is the ma e
Earl Carter have intertwined in curi-
Sanders' main opponent in 1962, when
admirers took due note of the Carter
or break one for him. And that mea. 5,
ous fashion.
the Augusta lawyer won the governor-
comment and really thought it prob-
really. that his national political i :-
In 1970. when Carter was elected
ship, and Sanders responded while
ably indicated that Carter and Wal-
ture depends on how well he TL is
governor of Georgia, Wallace was per-
governor by blocking Wallace boosters
lace were soul mates. Yet. it should
against George Wallace, the sar. e
haps at a peak of popularity in this
from using a National Guard building
be added that Carter campaigned ac-
man whose rights of free spee- 1
state (he may or may not be still that
for a Wallace speech.
tively in both white and black com-
Carter talked about SO sympathet-
popular, that's something we're going
The Sanders action had the effect of
munities, and there is no evidence
cally in the 1970 governor's race,
The Washington Post, 31, 16
David S. Broder
USABLE
Questions About Carter Buring
MILWAUKEE-An incident at the
And that irresistible surge of hope
Vel Phillips YWCA here one afternoon
and belief is what made it all the
gave blacks an increased voice in the
last week may shed some light on
harder to accept what happened in the
school system and which assured that
the paradox of the Jimmy Carter cam-
next few moments, because if Carter:
"no child is bused against the wishes
paign. It also shows why some who
did not "betray" that confidence" he
of the child."
have been watching him have trouble
had built in his audience, he did little
"So in effect," he said at Marquette,
deciding whether they are covering
to merit it.
"you've got voluntary busing with
the most promising political figure to
He had been asked, he said, his views
black participation in the management
emerge in the 1970s or the most skill-
on "school integration
and
I'll
of the school system. Now that's what
ful demagogue.
give you the same answer I gave in
I' personally favor," adding that as
As is often the case when he has a
Jackson, Miss., and Biloxi, Miss., and
President he would enforce court
black audience, Carter spoke with an
Montgomery, Ala., and Asheville, N.C.,
orders, whether or not he agreed with
eloquence, a simplicity, a directness
and in New Hampshire."
them, and would not support an anti-
that moved listeners of both races.
But the truth is he did not give the
busing constitutional amendment, be-
He spoke of the fundamentals that
same answer he had given in those
cause it is "divisive.
unite this country-of restoring "those
cities. He did not even give the same
That is a perfectly defensible posi-
precious things we've lost," like love
answer he had given three hours ear-
tion. but if any of the blacks at the
YWCA understood that to be Carter's
of country and trust and pride in its
'lier to a predominantly white audience
government-"the things that made us
at Marquette University or would give
view, they did it through a process of
all proud in the past and have kind of
an hour later, to another white aud:-
divination, and not because of what
he had said.
slipped out of our hands.".
ence at a fund-raiser at the Red Car-
Was it accidental or opportunistic--
He reminded us that peasants in
pet Inn.
the omission of the entire section of
Latin America and villagers in Africa
his standard answer dealing with
"felt when John Kennedy was in the
Ile gave the blacks at the YWCA
school integration in a big city like
White House that our country, big
about one-third of his standard re-
Atlanta, when speaking to a black
and powerful as it is, cared about
sponse, then turned to another topic
audience in another city now strug-
them." He suggested that "those small
And when a reporter, who had been
gling with that very issue?
countries, new and struggling and
caught up in the emotion of the gath.
Was it a deliberate deception-or
poor, want a friend. They could respect
ering and had begun to believe that
just a fortuitous circumstance - that
us if we respected them. They would
this man was all that his admirers say
Carter left his black listeners thinking
trust us if we were trustworthy."
he is, realized what had happened, the.
that the serene picture of his daugh-
And then, having intimated his ein-
sense of betrayal was as sharp and
ter's second grade is what he sees as
pathy for the nations on the other
painful as if someone had punched
the ideal?
side of the great North-South division
him in, his stomach and knocked the
Was it misleading or not for a candi-
in the globe, this son of the American
air out of his lungs.
date who has pledged "never deliber-
South reached out across the great
Carter began by saying, as he al-
ately to mislead you" to say to a black
barrier between the races in this land,
ways does, that the passage of the
audience, "School integration, I'm for-
and said:
givil rights acts had been "the best
it." and to a white audience, "Forced
"If I've got one solid base of sup-
thing that has happened in the South
busing, I don't like it"?
port in this election, it's been among
in my lifetime." He told how his daugh-
No one can judge another's motives,
the black people of this nation
ter goes to ""a typical south Georgia
but these are the questions that arise
and I cherish it as much as anything
school" and how "last year in the
in covering Carter.
I've had in my life-that confidence-
second grade, she had 13 white class-
and I would never do. anything to be-
mates, 16 black classmates, a black
tray that confidence. I would rather
teacher. She's getting a good educa-
die first.'
tion. She goes there because she wants
He said. as he has done before to
to, because her momma and daddy
white audiences and black. that Martin
want her to. And that's typical and
Luther King Jr., had liberated the_
it's good and I'm proud of it. So school
whites in the South as much as he
integration, I'm for it. It hasn't hurt
Educ.
had the blacks, by frecing them from
us: it's helped us.
the burden of guilt and segregation.
Ile stopped his answer there at the
And he said that his candidacy for the
YWCA, turning to a discussion of (wel-
presidency would be quite literally im-
fare reform. and leaving unsaid some
possible had Dr. King not "removed
important things that, for one reason
from the South the stigma of being
or another, he thought the audiences
preoceupied with the race issue."
at Marquette and the Red Carpet Inn
One would have to be made of stone
should thear.
to be unmoved by the surge of emotion
At both those other occasions, after
the communion - between those
citing his daughter's experience, Carter
black listeners and that white speaker
immediately said: "We tried mandatory
who hopes to be their President. And
busing in Atlanta and it didn't work."
Busina
one would have to be blind not to see
He asserted that only the children of
what a boon it would be for this coun-
the poor were bused and that Atlan-
try to have a President who inspired
tans of both races preferred a plan
that trust in blacks as in whites.
which, made busing voluntary, which
Edwardats
The Los Angeles Times, April 14, 76
Carter: a Look at the Big Picture
BY DAVID S. BRODER
benefited from the advice of black Ameri-
South would give its votes either to the Ala-
WASHINGTON-The cartoon in this
cans. But in every case, it seems fair to say.
bama governor or to the politician who could
these Democratic Presidents and presidential
most effectively echo parts of Wallace's ap-
week's New Yorker shows a quizzical gen-
candidates enlisted the aid and assistance of
peal-whether it was Barry Goldwater or
tleman with a campaign button reading, "Jim-
black leaders only after they had secured
Richard Nixon, Spiro Agnew or Ronald Rea-
my Carter-I think." That is a pretty good.
their basic support in the white community.
gan.
summary of the equivocal status at the
Carter's candidacy has been of a different
That was always a distortion and an over-
moment of the Democrats' front-runner.
character. The first and, for months, only
simplification of reality. In the same period
The "ethnic purity" controversy has
prominent Georgia politician to support him
that Wallace was claiming to speak for the
brought the first major crisis to the former
was Rep. Andrew Young (D-Ga.), a black.
South, the Confederate states elected other
Georgia governor's pursuit of the presidential
Young and State Rep. Ben Brown head a
governors and members of Congress from
nomination, and has caused the first serious
touring group of black politicians who have
both parties who were moderate in their ra-
waverings among many who were beginning
perhaps been Carter's most indefatigable
cial views and progressive in their economic
to believe in either the desirability or the
campaigners. By all odds, Carter's most im-
and social philosophies.
inevitability of a Carter victory.
portant endorsement is the one he has re-
Southern politicians were the heroes of the
As is often the case in politics, it has also
ceived from the Rev. Martin Luther King Sr.
long impeachment ordeal-from Sam Ervin
caused some to forget how much Carter has
Unlike the last four Democratic nominees,
to Barbara Jordan.
already accomplished.
who used their strength among whites to ca-
But it remained for Carter and his defeats
He has changed the nature of the 1976 elec-
jole backing from blacks, Carter has used his
of Wallace in the Florida and North Carolina
tion, and even if his own campaign were to
support from black voters and black leaders
primaries to demonstrate conclusively that
stop dead in its tracks-which it will not-
in an effort to establish his credibility in the
the moderate voices are dominant in the
fundamental aspects of the Democratic Party
eyes of whites-particularly the activist
South. And, by doing that, he has not only in-
and the presidential campaign would have
liberals and trade-union leaders. The alterna-
creased the chances of Southerners being on
been altered.
tion in the relationship-the out-front role
both tickets in 1976, but has changed the
The first change for which Carter can claim
for blacks in his campaign-is likely to be re-
kind of appeal that all presidential candidates
credit is in the relationship of black leaders to
membered and felt by others in the Demo-
will make to the South-and thus to the na-
others in the Democratic Party hierarchy.
cratic Party, no matter what happens to Car-
tion.
Blacks have earned an increasing role in that
ter himself.
None of this is offered to mitigate or justify
party ever since John Kennedy's campaign of
The second thing he has done is to redefine
the disturbing, distasteful language Carter
1960. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson and Hubert
the South for other politicians of both parties.
used in discussing housing policy-for which
Humphrey all enjoyed the confidence and
In oversimplified terms, for the past decade
he later apologized. But it is part of his rec-
the South has been seen by most politicians
ord, as much as the words for which he is
as George Wallace country.
properly being called to account, and it
Conrad and Inferlandi are on vacation.
The belief has been inculcated that the
should not be forgotten.
Rowland Er ns and Robert Norak
3/4/76
Carter's Campaign:
The McGovern Factor
CHICAGO As Jimmy Carter hur-
Louis Manilow, past contributor in Me-
ried it hugh Chicago in a 15-hour cam-
Govern and other liberal candidates
paign dy prior to today's Illinois
and now Carter's chief Illinois fund-
Democratic primary. constantly at h
raiser.
side was a left-wing politician and
reformer named James Wall - a fact
But Carter's base goes well beyond
central to Carter's intricately wrought
McGovern's. Co-host with Manilow at a
plt to become President.
S250-a-ticket cocktail party for Carter
at the posh Metropolitan Club last
Wall, a Me Jodist clergyman and
week was ex-Atlanta Braves owner Bill
editor of the super-liberal Christian
Bartholomay, a rich Chicago business-
Century, was Ill'nois state chairman
roan with vague Republican anteee-
for Sen. George McGovern in 1972 and
dents. Thus, the party mixed Me-
plays the same role for Carter in 1976
Governite veterans and Republican neo-
He is not alone. Erstwhile NeG-
phytes. One Depublican lawyer. who
overnites dominate Carter's organiza.
never before had supported a Demo-
tion in Illinois and elsewhere
crat for President or contributed to
(especially Florida, scene of his most
any political undidate, told us he ex.
impressive victory).
peeted a President Carter to "cut hell
Yet, Carter still straddles issues with
one of the bureaucracy" in Washing-
devout ideological agnosticism. He is,
ton.
therefore, attempting a tour de force
Nor does Carter pursue the old lib.
in keeping a McGovernite cadre while
eral baiting of Mayor Richard J. Da-
avoiding the pure left positions fatal to
ley's organization. Although Carter is
McGovern with the electorate four
widely supported by anti-Daley reform-
years ago.
ers. he has pledged to Daley that any
This feat could well nominate the
Carter delegates elected in Illinois will
smiling peanut farmer from Georgia.
vote for the mayor to head the state's
While nationally prominent liberals
convention delegation:
distrust Carter and demand more
clearly enunciated positions, former
Hearing erroneous reports that Da-
state-level McGovernite activists are
ley was supporting ex-Chicagoan Sar-
on the ground floor of his campaign
gent Shriver in the four-man presiden-
and, therefore, willing to shed an ideo-
tial primary here (in fact, the mayor is
logical scruple to enter the halls of
neutral), a Carter campaign underling
power. That means significant Carter
placed a complaining telephone call to
sentiment on the party left not only
Daley's office. Wishing no trouble at
against Sen. Henry M. Jackson but
city hall, Wall quickly placed a second
even Sen. Hubert Humphrey as a bro-
call reassuring the Daley camp the
kered candidate.
complaint was totally unauthorized.
That satisfied the Daley aide. who
Accordingly, when Carter arrived
never realized this was the same Jim
here after his Florida triumph. he
Wall who had long been Daley's hair-
made no slight change in his ideologi-
shirt in suburban Dupage County.
cally nondescript posture. Carefully re-
citing his memorized formulations. bal-
Among sophisticated liberals who
ancing himself Oi: all issues, Carter
have not succumbed to Carter's South-
told us he would not tailor his rhetoric
ern charm, there is apprehension over
to W00 the left. He was willing to en-
his non-positions on abortion. busing,
dure a little booing at college cam-
defense, health and energy. When Car-
puses in Chicago and Champaign last
ter straddled the amnesty issue last
week when he favored "blanket par-
week, some McGovernites here said
don" and opposed "blanket amnesty"
they wanted out. Nor were reformers
for Vietnam draft do 'gors: better an-
overjoyed by newspaper pictures of
gry students than an angry Middle
Carter's breakfasting with Lt. Gov.
America.
Neil Hartigan, a young lion of the
While avoiding McGovern's follies,
Daley organization detested by Car-
Carter vas seeking McGovern's bless-
ter's liberal supporters.
ing. McGovern has privately confided
But fund-raiser Lou Manilow typifies
he SO distrusts Carter that he might
new flexibility on the left which per-
prefer even hawk Scoop Jackson in a
mits Carter to seek "moderate middle
Hobson choice. So. Carter recently tel-
courses to unite the country." Manilow
ephoned McGovern with this plea:
accepts "blanket pardon" instead of
me on the campaign trail If you
"blanket amnesty." which would be un-
have
acceptable to most voters.
Carter has char-
NEW.YORK
By Richard Reeves
"
The barefoot boy with cheek is mixing politics and religion
and he may be capable of doing it with devastating effect
"
What makes us great? "Love of God.
term as a governor, he had no constit-
ing Carter in New Hampshire, reported:
love of land, love of our children." said
uency, no identification with the politi-
"My impression is that audiences yearn
Jimmy Carter as he moved through
cal movement, and not much money-
to believe Jimmy Carter. They're look-
Florida on an incredible pilgrimage he
peanuts, in fact.
ing for something. It is his manner and
believes will take him from Plains,
On deeper levels, Carter. it seems to
tone. Also, it is his words. Without
Georgia, to the White House. "There
me, has figured out a couple of very
embarrassment (10 himself or his audi-
is no reason I should feel different
important things: that what national
ence) Carter is able softly to preach
about you," he told 200 black students
leaders and other candidates perceive
love. invoke the name of the Lord,
at Florida Memorial College, "than I
as a political crisis is actually a spiritual
say that he has found Jesus, that he is
feel about my little eight-year-old daugh-
crisis, and that more symbolic commu-
washed in the blood of the Lamb. that
ter when I walk in the door at home.
nication is the best way to reach Ameri-
"I am twice born." Also, the yearning
God bless you all."
cans drifting in an atmosphere saturated
crowds seem to go away believing. in-
Newsweek had a lovely line about
with instant communications. The bare-
cluding a surprisingly high proportion
Jimmy Carter: "It is said around Plains
foot boy with cheek is mixing polities
of the working press. We want to be-
that you love him in fifteen minutes.
and religion, and, like Jerry Brown in
lieve, 100.
hate him in six months and understand
California, William Jennings Bryan, or,
It is clear that Carter perceives and
him in ten years. I've known him more
more significantly, Gandhi, he may be
understands the yearning. Loss of faith
than fifteen minutes and less than six
capable of doing it with devastating
in government is one thing, but, to
months. The word love does not come
effect.
many people, loss of faith in anything
to me as easily as to him, but I am
Carter's autobiography, a fascinating
is everything. The breakdown of reli-
very impressed. My first impression is
book, was published by Broadman Press
gion, the loss of a comprehensible mor-
that he is head and shoulders above
of Nashville, a religious publisher
al framework-of rules-may be the
most of the politicians I've seen in re-
whose other titles include Politics and
United States' overriding crisis. What
cent years-a brilliant politician who
Religion Can Mix! These lines are
is right and wrong today in America?
may have a feel for a kind of post-
from Carter's book:
Are our great political issues actually
ideological leadership of a media
"I have come to realize that in
moral: Race? Vietnam? Watergate?
nation.
every person there is something fine
The CIA? Corporate bribes?
On one level, campaigning, Carter's
and pure and noble, along with a
Was it the old religious framework
political brilliance seems beyond de-
desire for self-fulfillment. Political
that held families together? No doubt
bate. A man does not come from where
and religious leaders must attempt
those rules, graven in stone, were part
he did to within reaching distance of the
to provide a society within which
of it. No doubt Jimmy Carter knows
presidency without establishing. prima
these human attributes can be nur-
what he is doing when he refers con-
facie, that he is one sharp* country
tured and enhanced
would
stantly and reverently to "my daddy"
politician. There is a qualitalive differ-
hasten to point out that nowhere
and "my mamma."
ence between Carter's rise and the East-
in the Constitution of the United
Carter is onto something. and he
ern Establishment's projection of Wen-
States, or the Declaration of In-
comes by it honestly. He is a real down-
dell Willkie. the nation's hero worship
dependence. or the Bill of Rights. or
home Baptist whose life has revolved
of Dwight Eisenhower. or the antiwar
the Emancipation Proclamation,
around the church, including years of
movement's adoption of George Me-
or the Old Testament or the New
missionary trips and teaching Sunday
Govern. Carter started in the suburbs
Testament do you find the words
school before. while, and after he was
of nowhere: he was from the wrong
'economy' or 'efliciency.' Not that
governor of Georgia. His sister, Ruth
part of the country and was fairly (II)-
these two words are unimportant.
Stapleton, is an evangelist and faith
popular there. After one controversial
But you discover other words like
healer of some reputation, described by
% first met Carter, actually, more than "
honesty, integrity, fairness, liberty,
her brother as a woman "expressing
year ago when, in the process of courting
justice, courage, patriotism, com-
in the most refreshing way her deep
the press, he invited me to breakfast. But
passion, love
words
which
faith and personal relationship with
I don't count that. because / didn't pay
describe what a government of
Christ." (Mrs. Stapleton, whose home
any attention. / thought he was wasting his
human beings ought to be."
base is Fayetteville, North Carolina, is
time (and mine) and I can't remember a
also an effective political organizer. ac-
word he said.
In The New Republic, "TRB," follow-
cording to Carter's staff, which has used
28
NEW YORK/MARCH 22, 1976
paign workers il' caucus delegates in
places like rural
In 1902. when Carter was considering
his first political race, for the Georgia
Senate, he talked with an evangelist
friend. "If you want to be of service to
other people," the preacher said, "whv
don't you go into the ministry or into
some honorable social service work?"
Carter remembers answering, "How
would your like to be pastor of a church
with 30,000 members?"
Now, instead of a State Senate con-
stituency of 80,000. Carter is being
looked over by a membership of 215-
million. How do you reach that many
people, media-bombarded people with
their senses dulled by instant, constant
information? Perhaps the answer is that
you reach them the same way you
reach millions of people without any
information network--Gandhi solved
that 50 years ago in India by communi-
cating through the most basic symbol-
ism. Perhaps the most complex and most
primitive societies are both receptive
to religious-political communication
simply rooted in their own traditions.
Fasting as a means of protest. March-
ing to the sea 10 raise a fistful of free
salt to condemn a British colonial salt
tax. Mahatma Gandhi slept on a mat;
ex-seminarian Jerry Brown sleeps on a
mattress on the floor. Their constituen-
cies perceive them in the same way, as
somehow at a level above polities.
Carter draws on the symbolism of
Christianity and the land--"I'm a fah-
muh. my daddy's people been fah-min'
the same piece of land for 210 years"
-and that symbolism touches deep
roots in many Americans, no matter
how irreligious or urban their lives may
be now. A man who understands that
also understands that politics and lead-
ership can be a little more creative than
just constructing an inollensive record.
Calculated inoffensiveness-rhetorie
that no longer has meaning-is one of
the high goals and hallmarks of the
United States Congress and Washing-
ton itself. Congress and Washington, of
course, consider the presidency their
prerogative and property. Who is this
Fimmy Carter Wee Jimmy," as James
Reston disdainfully calls him--a former
governor without the dignity to call
himself by his rightful name, James
Earl Carter Ir.?
Washington is in a small panic over
"Wee Jimmy." The titans of old Wash-
ington, led by Reston, Averell Harri-
man, and Hubert Humphrey, seem
ready to take to the streets of George-
town. Whv? Mark Shields, the Dr.
Johnson of Duke Zeibert's, summed it
up: "The problem is that no one in
Washington owns a piece of Jimmy
Carter."
Guests at Harriman's house, which
20
Washington is III a small panic over 'Wee Jimmy.' The titans,
led by Resson and Harriman, seem ready to take
the streets
"
is down the street from Henry Kissin-
And he is an absolute master at using
a cotton-mouthing accent can be con-
ger's, which is near Rowland Evans's,
the same facts to give different impres-
nected to a first-rate mind.
not far from Katharine Graham's, re-
sions to different audiences. When he
And work? Behind that Huckleberry
port that "Get Carter" is no longer just
appeared before the Young Lawyers
Finn grin there is a perfectionist cam.
the title of an old Michael Caine movie.
Section of the Dade County Bar Asso.
paigning machine that shuts down only
In a column arranged for strings, Res-
ciation in Miami, he was asked about
0 hours of every 24. Mter losing a
ton concluded that poor Carter-and
his repeated assertions that he is not
race for governor in 1966. Carter and
poor Ronald Reagan and poor George
a lawyer and the attached implication
his wife, Rosalynn, began four years
Wallace-are sadly misguided in their
that lawyers are part of the American
of traveling Georgia alone, shaking
anti-Washington campaigns:
problem. "I had to turn what seemed
hands and recruiting volunteers-they
to be a disadvantage into an advan-
estimate that together they shook 600,-
"Washington is agitated and irri-
tage," he answered. "Had I been a
000 hands in four years. Then Carter
tated by all these campaign ma-
lawyer, I'd be bragging about it."
decided to try the same thing nationally.
neuvers
Washington is hold-
In almost every speech, he recites a
His right hand was bleeding from
ing the country together during the
political turmoil
the leaders of
little litany of American heroes--
scratches the other day as he worked a
"George Washington, Thomas letter-
crowd for a half hour near Tampa.
both parties here are cooperating
son "-and you can always gange
What made him think he was the
in the national interest, and con-
his calculation of a crowd by whether
one among many? I liked his answer:
centrating on the things that unite
or not he includes Martin Luther King
them and have to be done in 1976,
"1 have always looked on the presi-
fr. Usually in Florida he did not; usual-
dency of the United States with rever-
rather than on the divisive debates
ly in New Hampshire he did.
cnce and awe, and I still do
Dur-
of the candidates. who are vililying
is he a liar-this candidate who savs,
ing 1971 and 1972 met Richard Nix-
the city they want to take over."
"I don't intend ever to tell you a lie"?
(1)
George McGovern
Hubert
One of those leaders holding the
He certainly is not lying now. There are
Humphrey
Nelson Rockefeller, and
country together. Senator Humphrey,
50 reporters trailing him. each waiting
other presidential hopefuls. and I lost
has made a deal with Senator Henry
to catch a lib. A New York Times re-
my feeling of awe about presidents."
Jackson. if you believe Time magazine
porter tried to check out whether Car-
If they could do it, so could be. But
-and I do, this time. Hubert will do
ter was telling the truth when he said
he had to figure out how it worked.
a little for Scoop-in Florida, he let
he didn't know whether or not his an-
He volunteered for an honorary job-
Jackson use a tape of a laudatory old
cestors owned slaves. Sometimes after
chairman of the 1974 Democratic Na-
Humphrey speech in radio commercials
a question-and-answer session, reporters
tional Campaign Committee-and used
-if Scoop will support Hubert if
cluster to give his answers a purity
it to explore and chart political Amer-
his candidacy collapses. That arrange-
test. His words pass, sometimes just
ica. Under the guidance of Robert
ment made for some interesting doings
because he uses language well.
Keefe of the Democratic National
in Florida, where Carter was going to
Was he a liar? Selby McCash. the
Committee. the helpful Georgia gov-
clobber Wallace. perhaps finishing him
statehouse reporter for the Macon,
ernor methodically organized panels of
off for good. until Jackson suddenly
Georgia, newspapers, says, "I doubt if
experts to prepare issue papers for
decided to go all out to try to cut Car-
he ever lied directly in his life. but he
congressional candidates and traveled
ter's vote. So, given a choice, old liber-
is willing by omission of information
the country to observe campaigns and
als Humphrey and Jackson preferred
to let certain impressions get picked
make friends. What he did-as Keefe,
the survival of Wallace, who threatens
up. We all do that to some extent. of
who now manages Scoop Jackson's
the country more than he threatens
course. but il may be that Carter is
campaign, later realized-was use the
them. to the survival of Carter. who
just a little more clever at it"
DNC to initiate and finance his own
threatens them more than he threatens
Jimmy Carter is clever at a lot of
national education and begin setting
the country.
things, bringing both intelligence and
up a Carter-for-President organization.
Younger liberals, not SO protective
cunning to his work. He stood fifty-
"When I am president," he says now.
of the perfection of the nation's capital,
ninth in his class of 820 at the U.S.
where even the most egocentric candi-
have another gripe with Carter: he's a
Naval Academy before working as a
dates have always said "if." Ilis sense
"phony liberal." or. some think. just
nuclear engineer (he exaggerates that,
of destiny is scary. In New Hampshire,
a plain phony. I'll leave the first argu-
calling himself a "nuclear physicist")
when a group of editors pressed him
ment for the New York primary- my
under Admiral Hyman Rickover, then
about his sketchy views on foreign
own estimate is that every time a New
going back to Plains, a town with one
policy, be answered, "T'll deal with
York politician says that Carter is not
street, to make a half-million dollars or
that in nv inaugural."
a "reat liberal." the Georgian will gain
so growing and warehousing peanuts.
Maybe he knows something the rest
50,000 votes somewhere west of the
He also speaks workable Spanish and
of US don't. His relationship with
Hudson River.
says he has read four books a week
Christ is obviously a topic of some
Is he a phony? Of course he is. He's
during his noncampaigning life. I was
discussion among the reporters cover-
a politician, an actor, a salesman. What
struck by how many national reporters
ing him-uninformed, uncomprehend-
I like is that the product he's peddling
believed he was the smartest politician
ing musings by many Northerners who
is one of the most interesting I've seen
they had ever covered. That perception
have trouble dealing with the idea of
in a long time. He's a Southern popu-
was enormously helped, I think, by the
a highly sophisticated 51-year-old man
list free of the race anchor, something
performance of Southerners like Sena-
sounding like the thinking man's Billy
of a 1976 Huey Long outgrowing bis
lors Ervin and Baker during the Senate
Sunday. Perhaps we shall understand
origins and repackaging the salable
Watergate hearings, which made a
when we've known Jimmy Carter for
points of his life and public record.
lot of Northern provincials realize that
ten years.
30
NEW YORK/MARCH 22. 1976
CARTER: GENERAL STRATEGY
100 пазшикии ras
Thursday, Seprember 2, 1710
The Inner Circle Hasn't Changed
The Core of Carter's Campaign
By Jack W. Germond
Washington Star Staff Writer
Continued From A-1
ATLANTA - In a windowless
room on the 24th floor of an office
AND THIS FLIES in the face of the
building here the walls are covered
conventional political wisdom, which
with maps and charts that describe
has been that, once nominated, Car-
the Democratic plot to overthrow the
ter would broaden his organizantion
government.
to take advantage of the highly skilled
This is the "situation room" of
party professionals who usually
Jimmy Carter's national headquar-
function in every presendital cam-
ters, and the maps and charts quan-
paign.
tify the strategy he will follow in the
Instead, the roster of more than
eight weeks of the general election
310 paid employes of the Carter cam-
campaign.
paign shows not a single addition of
One chart lists the states, their
anyone from outside in any position
electoral votes and the "weight"-
of real influence in the organization.
meaning essentially priority - each
The inner circle is, as it has been,
has been assigned by the Carter
Charles Kirbo, the politically savvy
managers. Thus, for example, New
Atlanta lawyer, campaign director
York has 41 electoral votes but has
Hamilton Jordan, press secretary
been given 48 "points" by the cam-
Jody Powell, advertising director
paign because it is large, Democrat-
Gerald Rafshoon, opinion pollster
ic and winnable against Gerald Ford.,
Patrick Caddell, issues director Stu
STU EIZENSTAT
Another is a calendar of the weeks
Eizenstat, campaign treasurer Rob-
The issues man
until Nov. 2, and, so far as they are
ert Lipshutz, field operations director
known now, the itineraries that will
Tim Kraft and perhaps one or two
be followed by Carter, vice-presiden-
others. Caddell, who worked for
tial nominee Walter Mondale and
George McGovern four years ago, is
their wives and children.
the only one with experience in a
AND HUGE MAPS show those
general election campaign.
same travel schedules for the two
Campaign director Jordan's staff
weeks ahead, a different colored line
shows the same pattern. His deputies
assigned to each of the campaigning
include Ben Brown, a black state
"units." The Carter line is green,
legislator here; Barbara Blum, who
which is the dominant color of the
was a lobbyist for environmentalist
campaign advertising.
causes in Georgia; Hugh Carter, a
Each of the campaigners has been
cousin of the candidate, and Pat De-
assigned a "weight, too, for
rian, a Mississippian of broad ex-
scheduling purposes. A "hit" by Car-
perience in liberal and women's
ter is worth seven points, one by
movements. Landon Butler, the po-
Mondale five, one- by either wife
litical director who often functions in
three, or by the children two. Thus, a
Jordan's place, is an Atlanta execu-
state entitled to, let us say, 27 points
tive.
might get two visits by Carter, two
by Mondale and one by Rosalynn
POWELL HAS ADDED some
CHARLES KIRBO
Carter or Joan Mondale
professionals to the press operation
The 'politically savvy' lawyer
There is nothing very remarkable
recently - Walt Wurfel, who worked
about any of this: All candidates for
for Hubert Humphrey four years
president plan to use their time in the
ly respected young professional who
ago; Jerry Doolittle, a onetime gov-
places and to the extentithey think it.
worked earlier this year for Sen.
ernment information officer in Laos;
may yield. the greatest reward in
Henry M. Jackson.
Mary Fifield, who has been press
And the addition of Mondale has
electoral votes. But it is unusual, at
secretary to Massachusetts Gov.
brought with it several leading
the least, for any campaign plan to
Michael J. Dukakis. But his chief as-
professionals - Richard Moe, Mich-
be so precisely designed, perhaps be-
sistant, Betty Rainwater, is another
ael Berman and James Johnson
cause so few engineers ever are
Georgian who has been on board the
among them.
nominated.
whole way.
What is most intriguing about the
Issues director Eizenstat worked
BUT THE CORE OF the campaign
Carter plan, however, is that it is
for Humphrey in the 1968 campaign,
clearly a direct descendant of the one
organization is what it has been all
but he is also an Atlanta lawyer.
the Georgian used in winning the
along. Carter has decided that what
There are, of course, many people
nomination. And it is so because it
was good enough for the political
with wide experience among the 300-
miracle of his nomination is good
has the same paternity, the same
plus- on the payroll now, and there
group of advisers who have been be-
enough- for defeating an incumbent
will be others as the payroll grows to
hind Carter all the way from obscuri-
president.
750 or so with the addition of paid
This does not mean, however, that
ty 10 his present lead over President
workers on the state staffs.
the Carter operation has not bor-
Ford.
Mary Hoyt, Mrs. Carter's press
rowed from the past or adapted tech-
See CAMPAIGN, A-6
secretary. did the same for the wives
niques from other campaigns to its
of both Edmund Muskie and McGov-
own.
ern four years ago. Scheduling direc-
Eizenstat's issues operation, for
tor Eliot Cutler worked for Muskie,
example, is similar to that in many
and one of the advance and schedul-
campaigns. He has 15 assistants,
ing coordinators, Tresa Smith, did
most of them assigned to specific
the same for McGovern.
topics or groups of topics, and they
The campaign trip director, Jim
draw on about 15 "task forces" of
King, is a political veteran who
outside experts for raw material that
worked for Sen. Edward M. Kenne-
eventually can be converted into a
dy. The state campaign manager in
speech, a statement or a position
California is Terry O'Connell, a high-
paper. They are in the process now of
producing a briefing book on all
issues that will be a basic resource
for Carter in preparing for the de-
bates.
Eizenstat says the typical briefing
paper product of his group includes
several pages of raw facts, a critique
of the Ford position on the question
plus recommended options for Car-
ter. In preparing a speech, he said,
Carter "insists on a wide range of
opinions" and the raw data as well.
And he frequently consults others in
the field not involved in the task
force or staff process. The principal
speechwriter is Patrick Anderson, a
tabliehedl frele-lancere whe
lives outside Washington
THE FIELD OPERATION direct-
ed by Kraft, the young professional
from New Mexico who ran Carter's
Iowa and Pennsylvania campaigns
earlier this year, seems to borrow
both from the 1960 Kennedy cam-
paign and the State Department.
Kraft has used the -Kennedy tech-
nique of assigning out-of-staters as
state campaign managers on the
theory that using local people brings
you their enemies as well as their
friends. Thus, Patty Knox, a political
veteran from Michigan, is running
the Massachusetts operation while a
Massachusetts state legislator, Joe
Timilty, is in charge in Pennsylva-
nia.
JODY POWELL
There are 10 regional coordinators,
Press secretary
including some of the most success-
ful state operatives from the pri-
maries such as Phil Wise for the
South and Chris Brown for the Pacif-
ic states. But the state managers
report directly to regional "desks" in
the Atlanta headquarters under a
system similar to that in the State
Department. The desks act as a
service agency for the state leaders
but also collect political intelligence,
each of them producing a page or so
of notes from the field each day
which are synthesized by Scott Bur-
nett, an assistant to Kraft, into a
two-page report to Jordan.
THE CAMPAIGN IS also like
others in that it has special desks -
supervised by deputy director Blum
- for such special groups as the
ROBERT LIPSHUTZ
aged, Catholics, Jews, women and
Campaign treasurer
minorities.
The pay is also like that of other
campaigns. Salaries run from $500 to
$2,000 a month maximum, and Jor-
dan recently orderd a 10 percent cut
for everyone over $600 a month. The
total payroll cost is likely to run
under $2 million, or less than 10 per-
cent of the $22 million in públic funds
that is available to finance the cam-
paign.
The biggest single slice of the bud-
get, some $8.5 million at this stage,
goes for Rafshoon's advertising
operation, and that is likely to be in-
creased before it is all over. Raf-
shoon has prepared some new five-
minute spots, the first of which will
be shown on CBS tonight, and new
60-second commercials as well.
July
16
i
FORD
GERALD
Carter's Signals
LIBRARY
Jimmy Carter did not arouse much passion in his
ties. To the contrary, the senator has been in the
long and determined pursuit of the Democratic
forefront of those pressing for legislative action to
nomination. Even among his own adherents outside
help the poor and the elderly.
the South, there was little emotional commitment
Nor can Mondale be identified with the Demo-
to the Georgian. He won because of amazing orga-
cratic old guard. Carter's bete noire in the primary
nizational skills; because he was willing to work
jungles. Yet, at the same time. the Minnesotan has
longer and harder than his more prominent rivals;
strong appeal to the traditionalist wing of the party
because Plains. Ga., is a better place to be from
as the protege of Hubert H. Humphrey.
than Washington, D.C., in such cynical times, and
The platform is just as compatible with Carter's
because he was seen as a decent man.
understanding of what the majority will accept. It
Carter took the Democratic nomination by relent-
promises neither too much nor too little.
less siege, not by daring assault. Yet, Carter's ac-
A mandatory national health care plan and wel-
ceptance speech Thursday night, his choice of Sen.
fare and tax reform are among its major commit-
Walter F. Mondale as his running mate, and his
ments, but it avoids the extravagant cost specifics
dominant role in drafting the blandest of platforms
that Republicans could attack, as they did with
-all are clear signals that he intends to advance
such devastating effect four years ago when
on the Presidency with the same careful pragma-
George McGovern fell into the error of specificity.
tism that won him the nomination.
But the platform also draws the battle lines
His acceptance speech, designed to reach beyond
against the Republicans. It proposes to do what the
the convention delegates and the smoky confines of
Democratic majorities in Congress have been una-
Madison Square Garden to the vastly larger televi-
ble to do: to override, by a change in administra-
sion audience. was written to strike those rhetorical
tions, President Ford's many vetoes of Democratic
notes he believes are responsive to the current
proposals to concentrate on reducing unemploy-
mood of the country: distaste for the inadequacies
ment rather than on anti-inflation controls.
of government. unhappiness with drift, a longing
The platform also speaks to political reform. to
for stability and confidence and plain talk.
bureaucratic profligacy, and to greater openness
In tone the speech was tinged with populism, but
and accountability in government-all consitent
in substance it was moderate and consensus-seeking.
with Carter's long-argued positions.
Carter's selection of Mondale is consistent with a
A pragmatic and cautious campaign may or may
theme that disdains the flamboyant in favor of a
not carry the day against the Republicans, and Car-
calmer appeal to the voters. Reserve, deliberateness
ter may yet decide that a bolder effort, revealing
and persistence also run strongly in the young sen-
other aspects of his character, is in order.
ator's character.
As a Southerner, he must contend with the re-
But Mondale brings more than compatibility to
verse provincialism of Northern liberals. As a pri-
the ticket.
vate and introspective man, he still remains an
Although he strengthens its liberal credentials,
enigma to vast numbers of Americans-and even
he is not offensive to moderates. Although he
to the party that nominated him-despite his sud-
brings experience in the federal government to the
den and extraordinary rise to prominence.
team, Mondale cannot be identified with the Demo-
The one certainty is that the country will to
cratic faction in Washington that is, by Carter's
know him-and understand him-better than 11
own definition. unresponsive to unmet social priori-
does now.
7/1/anta Constitution
june17
New Face' and "Integrity'
Atl.
Con
June
Carter's Foremost Draws
BY LOUIS HARRIS
What the American people find most
appealing about former Georgia Gov.
Jimmy Carter is that "he is not part of the
HARRIS POLL
Washington, D.C. establishment," and that
he is a "man of integrity."
However, the public has some doubts
help them if he becomes President." Among
about Carter. The most serious is expressed
blacks, a 51-15 per cent majority agrees
by the 58-23 per cent majority who "worry
with this assessment, which reflects the con-
some about a politician who says, 'I will
tinuing Carter appeal to the largest racial
never lie to you."
minority in the country.
With the primary season now over, and
-By 40-22 per cent, a plurality be-
Carter driving toward a first ballot nomina-
lieves that "as President, he would inspire
tion in next month's Democratic convention,
confidence personally in the White House
it is instructive to see how the voters look
A 50-19 per cent majority of Democra's
at the man who may well carry his party's
share this view.
banner.
These figures indicate that Carter is
:
On the positive side:
beginning to come through to substantial
-A 46-24 per cent plurality admire
numbers of the American people as a diffet
him for "having the courage not to make
ent type of national figure who can generate
promises to get votes." At a time when the
much positive support.
electorate has become highly skeptical of
However, as he becomes a more fami'-
the old politics and easy promises, Carter
iar face, some of the early negatives that
stands out as a candidate who has been very
were raised about him linger:
cautious about promising programs that
-A 48-26 per cent plurality believe
might involve sizable federal spending. The
the charge by his primary opponents that
number who praise Carter for his restraint
"he has ducked taking stands on issues to
has risen from the 40-25 per cent nation-
avoid offending anybody-and that is
wide who felt that way in April.
wrong." This represents an increase from
-Better than a two-to-one plurality be-
the 42-27 per cent who felt that way in
lieves that "if he gets the Denocratic nomi-
April.
nation, he will have done it without being
-By 41-24 per cent, a plurality also
obligated to anyone except the voters, and
feels that "underneath that smile, he is a
that is good." The sense that Carter is inde-
tough and cold-blooded politician." In April,
pendent of the usual obligations built up by
a smaller 36-22 per cent plurality felt tha'
aspiring candidates could serve him in good
way.
stead in the fall campaign.
Although it is much discussed. Carter:
-By 42-35 per cent, a plurality feels.
strongly held religious faith does not appea
that Jimmy Carter is "the kind of new,
to be a decisive factor in people's judgments
fresh face that is needed in the White
about him. By 32-31 per cent-with 37 per
House." In April, this view was held by a
cent unable to express an opinion-most
narrow 38-35 per cent.
people do not agree with the statement that
-By 42-18 per cent, the public also
"he is a deeply religious man, which is very
thinks that Carter "feels keeply about less
important to me this year in choosing a
privileged people and getuinely wants to
President."
Washington stor
906.4
Charles Bartlett
Carter is moving left
for the fall campaign
NEW YORK - Jimmy
cans will warn that the na-
demonstrations of personal
Carter has not taken most
tion will wind up like New
rapport to fill out his image.
of the jumps in his eager-
York unless Congress
Some of this can be accom-
ness to capture the presi-
mends its fiscal ways, Car-
plished on television -
dential nomination of a
ter is ready to stick with
cozy, five-minute inter-
united Democratic party.
New York.
views from his den at home.
Carter campaigned in the
Private interviews and
He did balk at the women
primaries as a figure some-
press conferences in a se-
who pressured him here to
what to the right of the
rene Georgia setting will
back a rule requiring that
party's mainstream. But he
give him other opportuni-
half the delegates at the
is now hurrying to enlist as
ties to show grace under
next convention be female.
a consensus Democrat. This
pressure.
This was not a major balk
means all-out for Israel, a
The fuzziness complaint
because the women knew
readiness to risk inflation to
will fade as it becomes
their cause was unrealistic.
create jobs, and down-the-
apparent that he means to
Only S per cent of all city,
line support for national
campaign as a liberal
state and federal elective
health insurance and wel-
Democrat. He will be for-
offices are now held by
fare reform. He has been
given for his refusal to take
women, so they have no im-
describing himself as liber-
clear stands on right to
mediate claim on half the
al on human rights and a
work or abortion after he
political stage.
fiscal conservative. The
begins to mouth the ortho-
But Carter has taken a
pre-convention processing
dox Democrat positions.
huge jump in espousing the
has left him a liberal Demo-
$18 billion federal package
crat.
Like the delegates, Car-
with which the nation's
ter is slightly lost in this
mayors aspire to relieve the
Carter's aides talk now of
huge city. He is certainly
fiscal plight of their cities.
"the problem," which is
stirring nothing like the ex-
The diminished lustre of
their pollster's perception
citement that burst upon
urban causes kept the cities
that many Democrats are
Queen Elizabeth here last
out of most of the political
wary of him. The problem is
week. Small crowds stand
dialogue of 1972 and Cart-
not, in their judgment, a
behind the barricades and
er's willingness to take up
matter of being disliked by
cheer when he leaves his
the mayors' campaign is
Catholics, Jews or other
hotel. But they are not jam-
bringing them into his cor-
specific groups because he
ming the streets or tearing
ner with enthusiasm.
is a Southern Baptist. In-
down the barricades. A poli-
stead they ascribe the wari-
tician has to look really
A fervent enthusiast is
ness to the fact that many
Presidential before New
New York's Mayor Abe
became aware of the candi-
Yorkers get excited.
Beame, whose misery
date in the climatic phase of
Democrats react to famil-
under the restraints of his
the primaries when he was
iar issues mouthed by a
federal creditors is undis-
moving too fast to display
candidate who embraces
guised. A more generous
his personal qualities.
their consensus positions.
deal with a Democratic
Like many nominces before
President would case the
If this assessment is
him, Carter went to the
pressure and Beame is
right, the solution does not
right to get nominated. Now
wholly persuaded that Car-
lie in the choice of a vice-
he needs to go to the left to
ter will make that deal. In a
presidential candidate.
get elected and that is how
campaign in which Republi-
What Carter needs are
he is positioning himself.
Washington tost
July
good.
Joseph Kraft
Fred.
Reph
is
Winning the Election:
Themes Vs. Issues
Though the cheers and huzzahs of
ing goes-with "milk on his hands."
the New York convention are still ring-
But that stain can be washed almost
ing in his ears, Jimmy Carter faces a
clean by the statements made on behalf
crucial question of political strategy.
of Gov. Connally by Congresswoman
The question is whether to make the
Barbara Jordan, not to mention the
presidential race a campaign of themes
Democratic national chairman, Robert
or a campaign of issues.
Strauss.
The temptation is to stick with the
If character is Mr. Ford's strong
thematic emphasis which won the nom-
point, however, his weakness is job per-
ination for Mr. Carter. But President
formance. A large number of Ameri-
Ford, whom he will almost certainly
cans think he simply dcesn't have the
face in the general election, is a far
brains to run the country. The latest
more formidable foe than seems gener-
Gallup Poll shows that he gets 45 per
ally imagined, and much less vulnera-
cent approval. That compares with 59
ble to a campalgn on themes than to a
per cent for President Nixon at a simi-
campaign on the issues.
lar stage in 1972; with 74 per cent for
The thematic campaign, which Mr.
President Johnson in 1984 and with 69
Carter and his aides acknowledge they
per cent for President Eisenhower in
used to win the nomination, empha-
1958.
sizes personal qualities rather than
To be sure, Mr. Ford has the economy
public causes. Thus, in his speeches and
going for him. Unemployment is going
advertisements, Mr. Carter tried to
down, and 50 is inflation. Though the
show that he was a good man, an hon-
administration's chief contribution was
to do nothing. The President will un-
doubtedly claim credit.
"As President, he has
Moreover, it seems certain that once
he has beaten Gov. Reagan, Mr. Ford
no recognition problem.
will go back into action on the foreign
policy front. An arms control deal with
More important, for all
the Russians seems not at all unlikely.
For all these reasons the Democrats
need to challenge the administration
his bumbling, he
sharply on domestic issues. Unemploy-
ment is the obvious example, since it af-
commands high
fects worst most of the biggest states-
California, Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
personal repute.
New York and Massachusetts.
Economic inequality is a second good
target. For it unites Mr. Carter's follow-
est man and a strong man. He ad-'
ers in both North and South.
dressed issues only when questioned by
Welfare reform, aid to cities, health
reporters or the public.
insurance and tax reform are also ob-
That approach worked brilliantly in
vious issues. The Republicans have
the primary campaign-in part be-
done almost nothing to beat these prob-
cause Mr. Carter's opponents were not
lems, nor will they do much as long as
all that well known, and in part be-
Mr. Ford remains in office.
cause their emphasis on the issues
Finally there is the matter of making
turned out to be boring, but President
the federal government work. It is not
Ford is something else again.
easy when there is a Democratic Con-
As President he has no name recogni-
gress and a Republican President. The
tion problem. More important, for all
less SO when the Republican President,
his bumbling, he commands high per-
instead of trying to cooperate, paints
sonal repute. All the polis show that the
himself up as Harry Truman and makes
American people believe Mr. Ford to be
a point of picking fights with the Con-
a man of honesty and integrity. Not
gress.
even the pardon of President Nixon,
In emphasizing these issues, to be
which Sen. Mondale cited in his speech
sure, Messrs. Carter and Mondale
accepting nomination as Carter's run-
would offend some voters. But the in-
ning-mate and which we will no doubt
jured parties would be mainly Republi-
be hearing more of in the campaign, is
cans anyhow. Democratic votes would
apt to tarnish the impression of the
tend to be solidified. To me that
President as a basically decent man.
tradcoff makes sense. It seems better,
Nor is an assault on John Connaily,
in other words, to go for 51 per cent
the former Texas governor and Secre-
plus of the votes that an issues cam-
tary of the Treasury, whom Mr. Ford is
paign can virtually assure than for the
likely to choose as his running-mate: To
nearly 100 per cent that would be the
be sure, the indictment of Mr. Connally
goal of an inoffensive thematic cam-
in connection with bribes taken from
paign.
dairy producers leaves him-as the say-
c 1976, Field Enterprises, Inc.
Challenge to Carter:
Washwayter Star
Step Lightly, Look Carefully
FORD
This has been successful
GERALD
for two reasons.
THE TRICK for the
LIBRARY
By Jack W. Germond
First, there have been no
Democratic candidate will
Washington Star Staff Writer
issues of overriding concern
be to keep the faith without
ATLANTA - When someone sug-
to the primary electorate,
giving the Republicans an
gested to Jimmy Carter the other
either practically or emo-
opening, particularly to the
be might bring heavier
day that the key to the November
tionally. There has been no
blue-collar Democrats who
pressure on Carter on the
election might be simply whether he
genuine preoccupation with
deserted to the Republican
amotional issuer such as
makes a serious mistake during the
anything as volatile as the
line in such numbers four
busing, crime and welfare
campaign, he nodded soberly and
war in Vietnam or race or
years ago.
At this point fev Democrats
replied: "I know that." Then he
crime in the streets.
Carter will seek to avoid
see how this could make
grinned broadly and repeated with
Secondly, it is now appar-
such a situation by trying to
enough difference in make
more emphasis: know.
ent - at least in retrospect
set an agenda for the cam-
Reagan a threat in Ohio or
The response seemed to reflect
- that to the extent issues
paign before the Republi-
Pennsylvania 01 Illinois or
with mirror accuracy the mood of the
were involved, there were
cans settle on a nominee.
New York - unless, of
Carter camp as it looks ahead to the
few basic differences be-
He plans a series of
course, Carter made that
general election campaign, a mood
tween Carter and the other
speeches that, taken togeth-
serious mistake in reacting
that perhaps can be best described as
Democrats who competed
er, will claim to be the
to Reagan.
cautious and aware confidence.
along the way. It is true
issues on which the cam-
The best defense is Cart-
That confidence is based in large
that Carter has been unwill-
paign should be based. How
cr's well demonstrated
measure on the almost unanimous
ing to go as far as, for
successful that approach
natural shrewdness and
finding of opinion surveys, both put
example, Morris K. Udall
will be depends, of course,
caution. But the Democrat-
lic and private, that Carter hold
on such issues as health
on who wins the Republican
10 leader is maki plans,
comfortable leads over both Presi
insurance, public employ-
nomination.
too, to broader his cam-
ment policy and the fate of
Carter and most of his
dent Ford and Ronald Reagan and
paign to put more lines into
thus would be favored to defeat ei
the oil companies. But the
advisers seem to consider
more of the elements of the
ther one.
differences have been
Ford the more formidable
Democratic party.
largely those of degree,
opponent. This is based to
Carter and his dvisers
AND, USING THEIR OWN poll:
rather than direction. Car-
some extent on the advan-
held a series of planning
made by Patrick Caddell, the Carter
ter does favor a national
tages any incumbent presi-
meetings last week that
health insurance system;
dent enjoys. But it is based
managers have begun translating
dealt largely with campaign
the raw figures into potential elec
he is just not willing to sup-
even more on Caddell's
mechanics They talked
port one now that would be
finding that Reagan is ex-
toral votes. The bottom line in every
about things as diverse as
computation seems to be that there i:
totally operated by the
traordinarily weak in big
the method for selecting a
no way Carter can lose to either For
federal government.
industrial states - meaning
vice presidential naminee
that his strength in terms of
or Reagan - unless he makes tha
and whether the campaign
serious mistake somewhere along
CARTER'S TECHNIQUE
electoral votes is even less
airplane should be config-
was demonstrated here
than that reflected in na-
the way.
used with first class tour-
again Saturday when he an-
tional opinion polls.
ist class seating.
Carter is ideally position-
swered questions from a
If Carter can be sure of
ed to see that this does not
A-
panel of leaders of the Na-
capturing almost all of the
BUT THEY AL 0 ap-
happen. The collapse of his
tional Education Associa-
South, and few quarrel with
preached at least some
opposition after the Ohio
tion for a television film
that, neither Republican
tentative decision on
primary has given him a
that will be shown at their
can win without taking
strengthening their organ-
month before his own con-
convention. Carter took
several of the major indus-
ization before the fail The
vention and two months be-
note of NEA's demand for
trial states of the Midwest
inner circle will remain un-
fore the Republicans will
greater federal funding of
and Northeast.
changed - meaning Hamil-
settle on a candidate to get
his ducks in a row. More-
education and pointed out it
EVEN IF REAGAN were
ton Jordon. Jody Powell,
Charles Kirbo, Rebe Lif-
over, he can look ahead to
would require $18 billion to
conceded the entire Far
$20 billion a year to
West, including California,
shutz, Gerald Ratshoon,
opposition that almost sure-
ly will be divided and
achieve.
and were able to add to that
Morris Dees. Peter Hourne,
and Caddell and few
embittered.
"I think that is a good
Texas, Florida, Indiana,
others.
goal but I can't say when it
Kansas, Nebraska, Oklaho-
Indeed, no presidential
But another laver of
ought to be done," he told
ma and Virginia, he would
candidate representing a
professionals is like., to be
the NEA officials.
end up with only 175 elector-
party out of power has been
When pressed, he refused
al votes, or 95 short of the
added to give the campaign
able to enter a general elec-
contricts where it has lack-
to give them a figure but
required 270. And that
tion campaign in such a
ed them SO far. One exam-
promised "I'll be commit-
scenario requires a lot of
dominant position since
"even if."
ple The Carter managers
Thomas E. Dewey ran
ted along with you to a sub-
Ford's problem is some-
an now negotiating with
against Harry S. Truman in
stantial increase."
Robert Keefe, Henry Jack-
It was not everything the
what different. He would be
1948.
teachers' group wanted but
given a better chance to win
SOD : campaign manager
There are, however,
and a former executive
questions about the Carter
it did position Carter on the
in some of the major North-
director of the Democratic
side of the angels from their
ern states - Michigan,
campaign that must be an-
National Committee who
viewpoint.
Ohio and Pennsylvania, for
swered over the next 120
has a wide range of associa-
In the general election
example - but he would be
days, and those answers
rated far less capable of de-
tion with both party regu-
are likely to determine who
campaign, however, there
lare and the leaders of
will be real differences be-
feating Carter in Texas and
wins the presidency Nov. 2.
organized labor.
Florida or of sweeping the
tween the presidential
Far West.
Other Democratic profes-
THE MOST BASIC is
candidates, whether the
simply whether Carter can
Republican nominee is Ford
Reagan, however, repre-
signals will be sought out
for advice on strategy with-
sents a different kind of a
defeat a Republican with
or Reagan. It is no secret
out being brought into for-
threat to the Democrat
the same campaign ap-
that either Republican will
from Georgia. Ford is a
mal roles in the campaign.
proach he used in defeating
try to force Carter to the
OHE possibility in this cate-
level quantity in national
a dozen other Democrats
left on such questions as
gory is Fred Dutton. an old
busing and welfare and
politics - known, meas-
along the way to the no'mi-
Kennedy hand with an
ured, lacking the potential
nation.
crime in an attempt to por-
untenny visceral feel for
to either excite great zeal
In his remarkable march
tray him as a latter-day
campaigns.
or to outrage the electorate.
through the primaries Car-
George McGovern. And
Reagan is a different
TO the end, however,
ter relied on what became
there will be obvious pres-
Carter's fate against the
dynamic, a provocative
known as a "thematic ap-
sure on Carter not to aban-
Regublicans will depend on
campaigner not yet so well
proach" - meaning that
don his basic Democratic
his own ability to pick his
perceived by voters every-
rather than rely on specific
constituency by making a
where and possessed of the
way through the tricky cur-
programs or proposals, he
me-too reponse.
rent: of the general election
potential for political peaks
presented himself as a dif-
and valleys.
as is he did through
ferent kind of politician
the of the primaries.
offering at least the hope of
a genuinely fresh concept of
THIS COULD MEAN
national leadership if he be-
disaster for Reagan if, for
came president.
instance. he frightened the
electorate with saber-rat-
tling on foreign policy. But
it could mean, as well, that
background
CARTER CAMPAIGN
hat Kind of Governor W as Jimmy Carter?
Jimmy Carter was Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. His record in office is likely to be T
more notable issue in the general election than it was in the primaries. now that he is no longer
an unknown quantity. Two members of the Georgia House of Representatives give their views of
that record. Mr. Beckham is an Augusta Republican. Mr. Horton is an Atlanta Democrat.
By Bob Beckham
The ironies of Jimmy Carter
Carter's reorganization show-
The big-spending promises of
are endless. For 3 Georgian.
prece was the Department of
the Democratic platform. now
perhaps the biggest irony is that
Human Resources. a conglamer-
warmly embraced by Carter.
Carter could not have won re-
atten :: health. social service.
contrast sharply with his anti-
election as Governor. if state
and miscellaneous programs. A
Washington tone during the pri-
law had allowed him to try for a
few months after Carter left oit-
maries.
second term in 1974.
ice. Department of Human Re-
Make-work jobs provided by
As Governor. Carter's sup-
sources officials acknowledged
the government. Welfare reform
port for other candidates made
to reporters for the Atlanta
that amounts to a retread of
them almost certain losers.
Constitution that 45 per cent of
McGovern's old guaranteed in-
In 1972 and 1974. his clear fa-
all Georgia welfare cases con-
come plan.
vorites for a U.S. Senate seat
tained some error or fraud.
Right-to-strike for public em-
and the Governor's office were
Just this June, Governor
ployees. Ban of right-to-work
soundly beaten despite well-
George Busbee told 3 group of
laws. which Carter protected as
heeled campaign war chests.
Georgia mayors that when he
Governor but now promises to
Had Georgia's presidential pri-
took over from Carter. the De-
help repeal.
mary come earlier this year. be.
Federal economic controis,
partment of Human Resources
fore Carter ran well in other
massive new aid for cities, na-
was "an organizational night-
states. he likely would have been
tional health insurance.
mare." Twice. the Georgia legis-
embarrassed on his home turf.
lature has authorized Busbee to
In short. it's the same old
Carter's people call his rise a
revamp Carter's bureaucratic
Great Society formula that
brought our economy w the
"miracle." If the triumph of im-
monster.
age over issues is a miracle,
During the summer of 1975.
brink of depression-spend.
while Carter was writing the au-
spend. spend. The very formula
Carter qualifies. "Miracle" is
one of the many buzz words
tobiography that claims he left a
Carter criticized through the
primaries.
Carter has used to make this
$200 million state surplus. the
When Carter can for gover-
election 3 battle of symbols
legislature was in special ses-
nor in 1970. he called himself 3
rather than substance. His forte
sion to make $125 million in
is glittering generalities. like
budget cuts to avoid a deficit.
conservative and claimed polici-
cal kinship with George Wal-
trust. love. decency.
Carter had been gone only six
lace. Now he picks as his run-
Consistently, Carter dances
months.
The last budget before Carter
ning mate Walter Mondale. the
away from firm positions. Polls
taken by the Washington Post
took office as Governor was
Senate's leading defender of bus-
ing and a staunch advocate of
and the Reagan campaign show
roughly $1 03 billion. Four years
the big-spending, big-govern-
the same peculiar result Carter
later. his final budget was about
ment tradition. Incredibly. Cart-
backers who have conflicting
$1.69 billion. an increase of di
er and Mondale are telling us
views on issues like busing and
perform.
they agree on everything.
abortion believe he agrees with
State Merit System reports
What does Jimmy Carter
them. not the other size. That is
show state employment rising
really stand for? No one knows.
the real miracle of Jimmy Cart-
.34 per cent under Carter. Ear-
maybe not even Carter. We've
er.
lier this year. State Auditor Er-
got to take a huge risk to find
His record as Georgia's Gov-
nest Davis said he had never
out Like the Pied Piper, Carter
ernor IS less than miraculous.
been able to identity any savings
must persuade the voters to its-
It deserves close scrutiny
achieved by Carter's reorganiza-
ten to his sweet song, and 200
since he promises a federal re-
sion. despite boasts coming from
care where it leads us.
organization patterned on what
the Carter campaign.
he did in Georgia.
Baltimore Sun, 8/14/76 (Cont.)
Background (Cont.)
CARTER CAMPAIGN
WHAT KIND OF GOVERNOR WAS JIMMY CARTER?
By Gerald Horton
The governorship of Jimmy
Because of those good times,
i inadoxically. he paid little
Carter in Georgia was much
it is hard to judge whether OF not
on to regional planning.
more successful and positive
Carter's often touted
Ti had been chairman of
than his critics would have you
based budgeting system has
3
nonal planning agency in
believe. And substantially less
much to do WHO
Jeorgia and founder of the
than Carter likes to remember
patterns. Experience = pro-
Georgia Planning Association.
and talk about. An example is
gram cutting in Georgia during
he did not lend his support to
the reorganization of Georgia's
the last :wo years suggests zero-
strengthening Georgia's 23 area
executive branch.
based budgeting is 3 useful tool.
and planning development com-
Some of Carter's home state
but not infallible. Department
missions. In fact. be did not des-
legislators have it that the re-
heads (and a governor) still can
ignate them to conduct federal-
organization of state govern-
justify programs they wish to
ly-required regional water re-
ment in Georgia has been a dis-
maintain and cut loose without a
source planning. which he alone
aster. They cite the problems of
comforting word those they had
had authority to do.
one department-Human Re-
just as soon let die.
In the area of consumer pro-
sources-with rundway Medi-
Cn environmental issues. a
tection. Carter proposed sweep-
caid costs and an unwieldy ad-
special interest of mine. Carter
ing legislation and then failed to
ministrative structure as char-
points with justifiable pride to
push it or to divide his compre-
acteristic of the reorganization.
his moratorium on sewer
hansive bill into pieces that
This is simply not true. Overall
connections in the north Georgia
would pass the legislature.
management of the consolidated
mountains, which slowed poten-
He did not give up his princi-
departments. such as Natural
tially destructive second home
ple. but Georgia citizens had to
Resources and Administrative
development. He also did battle
wait until the next administra-
Services. is better. Costs are
with the U.S. Corps of Engineers
tion for specific relief from
much more under control and
over the Sprewrell Bluif dam.
some abuses.
budgetary adjustments neces-
saving one of our free-running
Carter was a good governor
sary to meet state revenue
rivers.
for Georgia in good times Some
shortfalls of the last two years
But systematic. institutional
of his accomplishments for
were possible because of the bes-
environmental
protection
which he gives the legislature
ter management As to the prob-
through land use planning and
little credit. though a passed
lems of Medicaid in the Depart-
regulations and the designation
them into law. such as judicial
ment of Human Resources. they
of environmentally sensitive
reform and reorganization will
have plagued all the states.
areas 35 had been done in Flort-
be long lasting and. perhaps.
It was a good time to be Gov-
da. Minnesota and Oregon did
even historic Others. such as
ernor of Georgia. Prosperity ran
not capture Carter's Interest or
zero-based budgering. may be
high with concurrent revenue
sotain his support.
more sound than light Finally.
surpluses. The hard decisions 00
Though his administration
some of his individual environ-
where to cut expenditures and to
wen some individual battles for
mental battles. both wen and
curtail programs were in the fu-
environmental protection. Cart-
lost. are gone and largely longos-
ture for his successor. Carter's
er did not institute or support a
ten.
pleasant task was :0 propose
system of regulation that was :0
new programs and budget in-
continue after his governorship.
creased expenditures. and be did
Carter often describes him-
that well In a flush economy.
self as a clanner On the blus
teacher pay raises. the purchase
side. has administration institut-
of historical and sensitive areas.
ed and organizationally strue-
the construction of community-
tured planning as part or the
based mental health centers
budgetary process in an Office
were sound proposals. with
of Planning and Budget, respon-
which the legislature agreed.
sible directly to the Governor
Saltimore Sun, 8/14/76
Demo Campaign: News
N-8
Carter on Foreign Policy
In the third of a series of conversations with Jimmy
Carter in Plains, Ga., Harry Reasoner (ABC) spoke with Carter
about foreign policy.
Reasoner: Turning to foreign affairs. You had your briefing
from George Bush, not Henry Kissinger. And some people thought
that when you referred to a Lone Ranger kind of foreign policy,
you might possibly have meant Henry Kissinger. Do you disapprove
of him in some manner, sir?
Carter: Yes. I think Secretary Kissinger is a brilliant man
and a good negotiator, and has a good sense of humor. I like
him personally. The thing I don't like about Henry Kissinger is
that
I don't believe he trusts the American people -- our
judgment, our common sense -- I don't think he has a deep
commitment to the high moral character of the people to be
mirrored in what our country is. He's much too inclined to
act secretly, excluding us from participation in the decision-
making process, and that includes the Congress as well.
Secretary Kissinger has been inclined to establish his own
reputation with highly-publicized and sometimes non-productive
trips -- to Peking, seven or eight times, to Moscow, five or
six times -- he's made decisions that affect our natural allies
and trends, those in Europe, this hemisphere, Japan, without
adequate prior consultation. Only recently has he shown any
interest in the developing nations of the world. Those are
some of the criticisms that I have of him. He's responded to
some of my foreign policy speeches by saying that he can't see
any substantial difference between my attitude and that of himself,
which is kind of a compliment to me. But there are some differences,
primarily in getting the American people and the Congress to form a
much better informed and a much more bipartisan nature of support
for what our country is and what we do in relationships with other
nations.
Reasoner: What would be some differences between a Carter
foreign policy and a Kissinger foreign policy apart from the form.
Carter: I would strengthen the relationship among European
countries in the NATO area. I think Secretary Kissinger has
been inclined to treat those nations as individuals and to
discourage their closer coralation. I think a strong Europe --
militarily, economically, and politically -- would be to our own
advantage. I would have a much greater emphasis on torn relation-
ships that exist between our country and Canada, our country and
Mexico, our country and other nations of Central and South America.
I think we need to have a much more comprehensive approach to the
problems of mutual defense. We've not reassessed now our relative
contributions to NATO since I believe 1967. And there's been a
Demo Campaign: News
N-9
tremendous technological improvement in weapon systems since
that time. I think we need a reassurance given the Japanese
before we make any major immediate decision that relates to the
Peoples Republic of China or shipment of crucial element or
commodities to Japan like soybeans or coal, that we ought to
consult with them. So, those are some of the things that would
be changed. I would be inclined towards friendship with the
Soviet Union, with the people of the Republic of China. I
think that friendship ought to be based on strength. I would
never yield, in any way, the full responsibility that would fall
on my shoulder, which is the most important of all to have a
nation strong enough in its defense capability to guarantee
the security of our country.
Reasoner: Secretary Kissinger wrote recently began a new
quite different American policy in Africa. Would you approve
of that policy of a stronger alliance with Black Africa?
Carter: I believe SO. I think this was brought about, belatedly,
by the abject failure of the Kissinger-Ford-Nixon policy for inst
in Angola. We were faced with a realization there to the
Portuguese left Angola that we had no policy that related directly
with the people of that nation. We suffered because of it in that
the Soviet Union and Cuba had replaced us completely as a friend
to the Angolan people and I think in the aftermath of that
which is brought about primarily by secrecy and the lack of
planning, and the lack of consideration of the needs of the
natives of Angola. We suffered. And in the analysis of that
suffering, or that mistake, I think Mr. Kissinger has moved
in that direction.
Demo Campaign: News
N-10
Carter Repeats Warnings of GOP Attacks
Jimmy Carter told the National Democratic Campaign Steering
Committee Wednesday in Washington that he expects the Republicans
to launch personal attacks on himself and Sen. Mondale.
Reporters asked Carter what made him sure of these
expected attacks. Carter said (on ABC film): "They've begun
to send out, the Republican National Committe, has all the ad-
verse comments that has been made, that's unconfirmed or been
published in the news to country newspapers and radio stations
and I've noticed the delegates for President Ford in the Congress
and otherwise have been making speeches lately about me personally."
Carter drew a distinction between the anticipated personal
attacks and his own blasts at President Ford. Carter said (on
CBS film): "I reserve the right at any time to point out the
failures of a person in public office, an absence in leadership,
a disharmony between the White House and the Congress, a lack of
purpose. Those are analyses of the political and leadership
inadequacies of the administration, they are not a personal at-
tack on President Ford. I've never said anything in my life
that was to be construed as a personal attack on President Ford."
Carter said he did not know of any skeletons in the Carter
closet that could be unearthed by Republican researchers. Asked
if he really thought the Republians would "get dirty" about it,
as one reporter put it, Carter said (on ABC/CBS film) "I hope
not. That's my concern but I think we can withstand it OK."
Sam Donaldson said the Republican National Committee has
been sending the material. The packet comes with a cover letter
saying, "We feel that these will add to your understanding of
Jimmy Carter." "In large part, the material does consist of un-
verified news stories. Some of them bearing lurid headlines that
may or may not reflect the full truth of the matter."
"Forestalling complacency among his supporters may be
obviously one of the reasons for Carter's predictions that
Carter and Mondale privately told Democrats not to lash back at
the Republican assaults, Ed Rabel (CBS) reported.
Republicans will fight dirty. But there's also one other
reason. The Carter camp has successfully employed the same
technique before, of issuing dire warnings about expected oppo-
sition tactics, then when the opposition does mount an attack,
even if that attack doesn't quite live up to the horror of the
warnings, Carter is in a position to blunt it by saying, 'I told
you so." AP,UPI,ABC,CBS -- (8/4/76)
Demo Campaign: News
N-11
Carter Calls His Criticism of Ford Factual
Jimmy Carter said Tuesday night that his criticism of
President Ford was factual and did not constitute the type of
personal attack the Republicans are planning against him.
Arriving in Washington after a campaign trip to New Hampshire,
Carter said (on CBS film): "The Republicans have already begun
send out collections of critical newspaper clippings. They've
had Sen. Dole and others begin to make very strong statements
about my stands on the issues. And I think my prediction is
accurate, but, as I pointed out, the thrust of it, in my opinion
won't come until after the convention's over.
Carter attended two fundraisers in Washington Tuesday
night. Despite his campaign, which has continually called for
open meetings, the first fundraiser for doners of $1,000 or more
was closed to the press, Bruce Hall (CBS) reported. Following
media complaints, a later reception for members of the enter-
tainment industry was open to the press. CBS Morn. News -- (8/4/76)
Carter to Campaign by Train
Robert Strauss, Chairman of the Democratic Party, said
Wednesday that Jimmy Carter has suggested the idea of a cross-
country campaign trip by train. Strauss added, "We're going to
give him a train ride or bust ourselves trying. We don't know
where we're going or when we're going, but we're going." NBC --
(8/4/76)
Election: News
League of Women Voters Calls for Presidential Debates
The League of Women Voters is trying to collect a list of
four million signatures in favor of presidential debates this
fall, CBS reported Wednesday.
Carter has said he generally favors that idea, but has not
promised to debate. CBS Morn. News -- (8/4/76)
Carter Campaign
rter
Would Be Better President
Don't know
7%
By MARK ANDREWS
To the question; "What kind of
Metropolitan-area residents interviewed by, The Daily News Opinion Poll think
President do you think Ronald
at Jimmy Carter would make a better President than either Gerald Ford or Ronald
Reagan would make The re-
agan.
sponse was:
Carter's margin over Ford was
14, was a random telephone sam-
Fair
23%
Very good
5%
pling: of 539 adults in the city,
Poor
10%
Good
17%
ght, partly because more than
northern New Jersey, and
Don't know
36%
= third of those polled said
Fair
24%
y didn't know what kind of
Westchester, Rockland, Nassau
Respondents also were dsked:
Poor
37%
esident the Democratic nomi-
and Suffolk counties. Richard F.
What kind of President do you
Don't know
17%
e would make.
Link of Artronic Information
think Gerald Ford woulk make if
Carter received support across
Reagan Unpopular
Systems Inc. was consultant.
Reagan was clearly the loser
Those interviewed were asked:
elected to a full term The
the political spectrum, being call-
the three-way popularity con-
"What kind of President do you
replies were:
ed either a "very good" or
a
think Jimmy Carter would
Very good
4%
"good" choice by 34% of the con-
st. More than one third of
ose polled said they thought he
make The answers were:
Good
25%
servatives, 32% of the moderates
buid make & "poor" President.
Very good
7%
Fair
37%
and 33% of the liberals inter-
The poH, taken July 12, 13 and
Good
24%
Poor
27%
viewed.
Ford got "very good" or
"good" ratings from 39% of the.
conservatives, 25% of the moder-
ates and 13 of the liberals poll-
ed.
Reagan was called a "very
good" or "good" choice by 31%
of the conservatives, 18% of the
moderates and 9% of the liberal
questioned.
Jimmy Carter on Justice
G
OV. JIMMY CARTER'S speech to the American
former may be an idea that could be used as success-
Bar Association last week raised more questions
fully in Washington as Gov. Carter used it in Atlanta,
than it answered. He talked to the nation's lawyers
but the latter is a fundamental change in the struc--
about the need "to achieve a higher standard of free-
ture of government that deserves long and careful
dom, equality and justice" and threw out a long list of
consideration.
changes in the law he would like to see made. But the
details of few of those changes were in his speech,
It is true that Mr. Carter dealt with some specifics.
and he must, sooner or later, begin to flesh out the
He does not think a permanent special prosecutor's
office should be created. He believes the Law En-
goals of which he speaks. The quality of law turns
more on such details than it does on broad statements
forcement Assistance Administration has spent much
too little of its-money aiding the judicial system. He
of principle.
For example, the Democratic candidate said that
wants public financing of political campaigns ex-
"all federal judges, diplomats and other major offi-
tended to congressional elections. He opposes as far
cials should be selected on a strict basis of merit."
too weak the Ford administration's bill requiring
That is a goal with which few will disagree, at least in
only reports to the Commerce Department of ques-
public. But who decides what is "merit" and how
tionable payments made abroad by American corpo-
does a President overcome the role of senatorial
rations. But he needs to tell us more about how the
courtesy in the appointment of judges? Again, Gov.
activities of lobbyists can be controlled, how he
Carter said that the Attorney General should be re-
would provide "minimum secrecy within govern-
moved from politics "as much as is humanly possible"
ment matched with maximum privacy for private
and enjoy the same "independence and authority
citizens," what kind of government-in-the-sunshine:
and deserve as much confidence as did the special
law he favors, and how he will end "the sweetheart
prosecutor" in the Watergate investigation. But how
arrangement between regulatory agencies and indus-
is this to be achieved?
tries being regulated."
Some of the governor's advisers have suggested
Running through this speech are themes that have
that what he has in mind is the creation of citizen
marked Mr. Carter's early campaigning-a desire to
commissions to recommend judicial candidates and
reduce substantially the role of special interest
the transformation of the Department of Justice into
groups in forming government policy and to increase
a quasi-independent agency with the Attorney Gen-
substantially the ethical standards under which gov-
eral appointed to a fixed four-year term from which
ernment operates. The themes are appealing; they
he could not be removed without cause. If this is
might become more so with more substance attached
what the governor has in mind, he should say so. The
to them.
New York Daily News
washington Post
8/16/76