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Trends in Social and Economic Status of Negroes, 1971 (1)
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Trends in Social and Economic Status of Negroes, 1971 (1)
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The original documents are located in Box 22, folder "Trends in Social and Economic
Status of Negroes, 1971 (1)" of the Stanley Scott Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential
Library.
Copyright Notice
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of
photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Bettye L. Scott donated to the
United States of America her copyrights in all of her husband's unpublished writings in National
Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official
duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or
organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed
in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential
Library.
SUGGESTED TITLES FOR THE P-23 REPORT ON NEGROES
1.
Trends Over the Decade
In THE SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC STATUS
OF NEGROES IN THE UNITED STATES
2.
Trends In
THE SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC STATUS
OF NEGROES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1970
3.
SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC TRENDS
OF NEGROES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1970
FORM CD-14
THE WHITE HOUSE
U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.
DATE
(3-9-59)
Prescr. by
WASHINGTON
A.O. 214-2
June 23, 1971
TRANSMITTAL SLIP
TO:
Bob Brown
REF. NO. OR ROOM, BLDG.
The White House
FROM:
REF. NO. OR ROOM, BLDG.
please
RALD GE R. FORD LIBRARY
Lance Tarrance, Jr.
3039-#3
ACTION
NOTE AND FILE
PER OUR CONVERSATION
NOTE AND RETURN TO ME
PER YOUR REQUEST
tile
RETURN WITH MORE DETAILS
FOR YOUR APPROVAL
NOTE AND SEE ME ABOUT THIS
XXX
FOR YOUR INFORMATION
PLEASE ANSWER
FOR YOUR COMMENTS
PREPARE REPLY FOR MY SIGNATURE
SIGNATURE
TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION
INVESTIGATE AND REPORT
COMMENTS:
Thought you might like an advance look at
this draft of a report on Negroes based
on the results of the 1970 Census. This
is just a draft and not to be released
at this time, but I thought you might
find it helpful. Let me know what you
think of it.
GPO : 1969-O-368-311
USCOMM-DC 789-P
PREFACE
This report was prepared jointly by the Bureau of the Census
and the Bureau of Labor Statistics staff.
Major responsibility was shared by Nampeo D. McKenney and
Virginia Williams of the Bureau of the Census and Sylvia Small
and Melba Lee of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Some of the material in this report was assembled from data
provided by Department of Defense, Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare, Veterans Administration, and Civil Service
Commission, whose personnel contributed willingly and with the
exercise of outstanding judgment. The Joint Center for Political
Studies, a respected and knowledgeable source, provided informa-
tion on Negroes in public office. To all of these and others
who provided guidance, we wish to express appreciation.
FORD in LIBRARY RALD
&
Y
DRAFT:D.Schwanz:fo
6/17/71
Source of data - Most of the estimates in this report are based on
data from the Decennial Censuses of the Population, Current Population
Survey and the Survey of Economic Opporunity, which are conducted by the
Bureau of the Census. Other data were obtained from the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Department of Labor} The Department of Health, Education
and Welfare; and the Department of Defense.
RALD OF R. FORD JBRAPA
A detailed list of all sources is also published in this report.
Decennial Census of Population -- The data for estimates for 1900, 1940,
1950, 1960 and 1970 are based on the corresponding Decennial Census for
that year. The data for the 1959 estimates in the Poverty and Income
section are based on the 1 in 1000 sample of the 1960 Decennial Census
and the reader should consult the appropriate Decennial Census publication
for a description of the sample design. Data based on other Doconnial
Censuses is from complete counts.
Current Population Survey (CPS) -------- Data collected in 1967 to 1970 from
the Current Population Survey (CPS) are based on a sample spread over
449 areas comprising 863 counties and independent entries with coverage
in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Approximately 50,000 occupied households are eligible for interview each
month. Of this number, 2,250 occupied units, on the average, are visited
but interviews. are not obtained because the occupants are not found at
home after repeated calls or are unavailable for some other reason. In
addition to the 50,000, there are also about 8,500 sample units in an
average month which are visited but are found to be vacant or otherwise
not to be interviewed.
(more)
3
2
Data collected in 1961 to 1966 from CPS were based on a sample spread
over 357 areas comprising 701 counties and independent cities with
coverage in each of the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
RALD GE R. FORD UBRART
Approximately 35,000 occupied households were eligible for interview
each month. Data collected from May 1956 to 1960 were based on a
sample spread over 330 areas comprising 638 counties and independent
cities with coverage in the then 48 States and the District of Columbia.
Approximately 35,000 occupied households were eligible for interview
each month. Data collected from February, 1954 to May, 1956 were based
on a sample spread over 230 areas comprising 453 counties and independent
cities with coverage in 47 States and the District of Columbia.
Approximately 21,000 households were eligible for interview each month.
Data collected before 1954 were based on a sample spread over 68 areas
comprising 125 counties and independent cities with coverage in 42 States
and the District of Columbia. Approximately 21,000 households were
eligible for interview each month.
The estimating procedure used in the Current Population Survey involves
the inflation of the weighted sample results to independent estimates
of the civilian noninstitutional population of the United States by
age, race and sex. These independent estimates are based on statistics
from the previous decennial census of population; statistics of births,
deaths, immigration and emigration, and statistics on the strength of
the Armed Forces.
(more)
3
Survey of Economic Opportunity ---- The 1967 Survey of Economic
Opportunity sample was interviewed in the same areas as the CPS - 357
sample design, but the sample selected within these areas differed
in size and composition. Approximately 29,000 occupied households
were eligible for interview. Of this number about 2,500 of the
occupied units were visited but interviews were not obtained because
the occupants were not found at home after repeated calls or were
unavailable for some other reason. In addition to the 29,000, there
are also about 6,000 sample units which were visited but were found
to be vacant or otherwise not to be interviewed.
GERALO RALD 13 A. FORD JBRARY
The sample was selected to have a disproportionately large sample
of Negroes. The weights applied to each sample case were adjusted
to reflect this. This sampling procedure results in more reliable
estimates for Negroes but at the expense of reduced reliability for
estimates of totals for all races and for estimates for whites.
Reliability of the Estimates. --- Estimates based on a sample may
differ somewhat from the figures obtained if a complete census had
been taken using the same schedules, instructions, and enumerators.
As in any survey work, the results are subject to errors of response
and of reporting as well as being subject to sampling variability.
All statements of comparison made in the text of this report, however
are statistically significant. This means that the chances are at
least 19 in 20 that a difference identified in the text indicates a
true difference in the population rather than the change variations
arising from the use of samples.
(more)
The standard error is primarily a measure of sampling variability;
that is, of the variations that occur by chance because a sample rather
than the whole of the population is surveyed. The standard error also
partially measures the effect of response and enumeration errors but
does not measure any systematic biases in the data. The chances
are about 68 out of 100 that an estimate differs from a complete census
figure by less than the standard error. The chances are about 95 out
of 100 that the difference would be less than twice the standard error.
Since this report deals with so many subjects (e.g. income, poverty,
one
educational attainment and employment)/ set of standard error is not
applicable to all data. Rather than printing a different standard error
table for each social or economic characteristic standard error tables
for Educational Attainment data for estimates and percentages for
FORD LIBRARY RALO 30
Total or white, (Tables A and c) and for Negro and other races
(Tables B and D,) are presented below. Also, Table E presents factors
which can be applied to Tables A, B, c, and D, to produce applicable
standard errors for other data, e. g., to produce approximate standard
errors for Total or white estimates for Poverty data, a factor of 1.
is applied to all of the standard errors in Table A.
Standard errors for the 1 in 1000 sample of the 1960 Decennial Census
were produced for three types of characteristics (Types I, II and III)
(more)
5
Type I, 1 in 1000 standard errors apply to characteristics which occur
for 1 and only 1 person per household, e.g., Type I would be used for
the number of male heads of households. Type II standard errors apply
to characteristics which can occur for some, but not all of the persons
in the household. e.g. Type II would be used for the number of males
in the Civilian Labor Force. Type III standard errors apply to
characteristics which generally occur for either every one or no one
in the household. e.g., Type III would be used for the number of poor
persons. The standard errors for data obtained from total count
censuses are negligible.
The figures presented in all the standard error tables are approximations
to the standard errors of various estimates shown in this report. In order
to derive standard errors that would be applicable to a wide variety of
items (for a given subject matter) and could be prepared at a moderate
cost, a number of approximations were required. As a result, the tables
of standard errors provide an indication of the order of magnitude of the
standard errors, for a given subject matter, rather than the FORD,
standard error for any specific item.
& LIBRARY RALD 30
(more)
7
6
Table A. - Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers, Total or
White Population
(68 chances out of 100)
Size of estimate
Standard error
Size of estimate
Standard error
25,000
7,000
2,500,000
71,000
50,000
10,000
5,000,000
100,000
100,000
14,000
10,000,000
138,000
250,000
23,000
25,000,000
204,000
500,000
32,000
50,000,000
253,000
1,000,000
45,000
Table B. - Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers, Negro and
Other Races
(68 chances out of 100)
Size of estimate
Standard error
Size of estimate
Standard error
10,000
5,000
250,000
26,000
25,000
8,000
500,000
37,000
35,000
10,000
1,000,000
51,000
50,000
12,000
2,500,000
76,000
75,000
14,000
5,000,000
96,000
100,000
17,000
10,000,000
96,000
FORD & LIBRARY RALD
30
7
The reliability of an estimated percentage, computed by using sample
data for both numerator and denominator, depends upon both the size of
the percentage and the size of the total upon which the percentage is
based.
Estimated percentages are relatively more reliable than the corres-
ponding estimates of the numerators of the percentages, particularly
if the percentages are 50 percent or more.
Tables C and D, in conjunction with the factors in Table E, contain
the standard errors of estimated percentages.
:
FORD A LIBRARY RALD
GE
8
Table C
Standard Errors of Estimated Percentages, Total or White
(68 chances out of 100)
Base of Percentage (thousands)
Estimated
Percentage
100
250
500
1,000
2,500
5,000
10,000
25,000
50,000
100,000
2 or 98
2.0
1.3
.9
.6
.4
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
5 or 95
3.1
2.0
1.4
1.0
.6
.4
.3
.2
.1
.1
10 or 90
4.3
2.7
1.9
1.4
.9
.6
.4
.3
.2
.1
25 or 75
6.2
3.9
2.8
2.0
1.2
.9
.6
.4
.3
.2
50
7.2
4.5
3.2
2.3
1.4
1.0
.7
.5
.3
.2
LIBRARY
Table D
Standard Errors of Estimated Percentages, Negro and Other Races
FORD
(68 chances out of 100)
Estimated
Base of Percentage (thousands)
&
GERALD
Percentage
50
100
250
500
1,000
2,500
5,000
10,000
2 or 98
3.3
2.3
1.5
1.0
.7
.5
.3
.2
5 or 95
5.1
3.6
2.3
1.6
1.2
.7
.5
.4
10 or 90
7.1
5.0
3.2
2.2
1.6
1.0
.7
.5
25 or 75
10.2
7.2
4.6
3.2
2.3
1.4
1.0
.7
50
11.8
8.4
5.3
3.7
2.6
1.7
1.2
.8
Social and Economic Conditions of Negroes in the United States - 1970
(Factors for 6 's for CPS data)
Data collected
Data collected
Data collected
Type of date
Jan. '67 to present
May 156 through Dec66
Prior to May '56
Persons
Families
Persons
Families
Persons
Families
Voting
1.4
-
1.7
-
2.2
-
Income and Poverty
1.1
1.1
1.55
1.55
1.95
1.95
:
Educational
Attainment
1.0
-
1.2
-
1.55
-
Marital Status and
family status and
household and
family character-
istics
is
.7
1.1
.85
1.4
1.1
Unemployment
is
-
1.1
-
1.4
-
Employment
.85
-
1.05
-
1.3
-
Fertility (esti-
mates/percentages
.7
-
.85
-
1.1
-
Employment (annual
averages)
.55
-
.7
-
8.5
-
Unemployment
(annual averages)
.4
-
.5
-
.6
-
GERALO RALD GE R. FORD ABRART
Table E (Colt)
1960
Census 1-in-1000 Data
Type
Description of Characteristic
Factor (Estimates and
Percentages)
I
Occurs for 1 and only 1 person
6
per household
II
Occurs for some, but not all, of the
.75
persons per household
III
Occurs for either everyone or noone
1.2
in the household
FORD & LIBRARY RALO
GE
REFERENCES FOR SELECTED TABLES
Shown below are specific sources for tables based on statistics from
private agencies and governmental agencies other than the Bureau of
the Census and Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table No.
Reference
15
"Rural-Urban Migration of Blacks: Past and Future, 11 by
Calvin L. Beale, U.S. Department of Agriculture; Office
of Economic Opportunity; University of Georgia.
33
Estimates based on data from The Social and Rehabilitation
Service of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare;
and data from the Current Population Survey, Bureau of the
Census.
"
50
Job Patterns for Minorities and Women in Private Industry,
1969, Volume I, Report No. 2.
51
Same as table 50.
52
Same as table 50.
53
Same as table 50.
54
The Study of Minority Group Employment in the Federal Govern-
ment, June 1965, also Minority Group Employment in the Federal
Government, May 1970, prepared by Civil Service Commission.
74
Based on data from Office of Education; and Office of Civil
Rights, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Current
Population Survey, Bureau of the Census.
78
"The Vital Statistics of the United States, Volume II - Mortality,
1960 and 1968, Parts A and B.
79
Same as table 78.
80
Unpublished data from the 1969 National Health Survey.
81
Same as table 80.
FORD A. RALD LIBRARY
82
Same as table 80.
83
"Motor Vehicle Accident Deaths in the United States, 1950-67,"
Series 20, No. 9, National Center for Health Statistics.
84
"Criminal Victimization in the United States: A Report of a
National Survey, " A Report of a Research Study Submitted to the
President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of
Justice.
85
Same as table 84.
REFERENCES FOR SELECTED TABLES (continued)
Table No.
Reference
93
For 1955-1967 -- Vital Statistics of the United States,
Volume I - Natality. For 1968 -- Monthly Vital Statistics
Report, Volume 18, No. 11, Supplement.
94
For illegitimate births for all races, Negro and other races,
and whites, and for illegitimacy rates for all races 1940-1967 --
Vital and Health Statistics, Series 21, No. 19. For all other
figures -- unpublished data from the National Center for Health
Statistics.
95
For 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1965 --- Vital and Health Statistics,
Series 21, No. 19. For 1968 -- unpublished data from the
National Center for Health Statistics.
111
113
Unpublished data from Department of Defense.
112
134
Same as table 113.
113
/
115
Same as table 118.
115
117
"Two years of Outreach - 1968-1970, 11 Veterans Administration.
118
120
For years 1962-66, ----- based on statistics from Potomac Institute,
Democratic National Committee, Ebony Magazine; for 1968 and 1970
- "National Roster of Black Elected Officials, 1968 and 1971,
Joint Center for Political Studies.
119
121
"National Roster of Black Elected Officials, March 1971,"
Joint Center for Political Studies and 1970 Census, Bureau of
the Census.
FORD A LIBRARY RALD 30
Revised Draft 6/71
NOTES
The majority of the statistics in this report are from the
Bureau of Census or Bureau of Labor Statistics, but some are from
other government agencies and private agencies.
The 1970 data from the Census Bureau are from two different
sources: the 1970 Census of Population and Housing and Current
Population Surveys (CPS). Decennial data are shown in Population
99, 100
121
Distribution and Housing sections and tables 100, 108-110, and 134
in other sections. All other 1970 figures from the Census Bureau
and those from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are from CPS's.
Specific sources for statistics from other governmental and
private agencies are listed under "References for Selected Tables. 11
The 1970 figures in the report may vary slightly for corresponding FORD
items in different tables because they are derived from different
tabulations.
RALD GE CIBRART
The 1970 figures shown for places in New York State do not reflect
the recent revisions in the 1970 census tabulations for the State; these
revisions will be shown in 1970 Census Final Reports to be issued during
the next several months.
Data are shown in this report for "Negro and other races" and for
the "Negro" population separately: "Negro and other races" describes
persons of all races other than white. In both text and tables the
Page 2
term "Negro" is used only when the relevant data are available exclusively
for Negroes. The term "Negro and other races" is used whenever data for
Negroes alone are not available over the period of time shown. Generally,
statistics for the national population of Negro and other races reflect
the condition of the Negro population, since about 90 percent of the
population of Negro and other races is Negro.
Except where noted, data for standard metropolitan statistical areas
(SMSA's), presented in the report are defined as of 1970. The standard
Census definition for each region is used. In that definition, the South
includes the States of the old Confederacy as well as Delaware, the
District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Oklahoma, and West Virginia.
Most of the numbers in this report are in thousands. The figures
may differ slightly from table to table since individual numbers were
rounded to the nearest thousand without being adjusted to group totals.
Similarly, individual percentages were rounded and parts may not always
add to 100 percent.
FORD A RALO LIBRARY
GE
INTRODUCTION
This report, prepared jointly by the Bureau of the Census and the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, is one of a series about the social and
economic conditions of Negroes in the United States, and brings together
the statistics available for the period between 1960 and 1970. During
the 1960's, Negroes continued to make substantial economic and social
gains, and to consolidate advances made in the 1950's in health, education,
employment, and income. Despite these gains, Negroes are still far behind
whites in most social and economic categories, but the differences in a
number of areas continued to narrow during the 1970 economic downturn,
rather than becoming wider as might have been expected.
RALD OF A. FORD UBRAAT
POPULATION AND MIGRATION
Although Negroes are 11 percent of the total population of the
United States, they now constitute a much larger proportion of the Nation's
northern metropolitan population. In 1960, 60 percent of all Negroes lived
in the South; by 1970, only about half lived there, In 1960, 34 percent
lived in the North and 6 percent in the West; by 1970 over 40 percent lived
in the North and 8 percent in the West. The 1970 Census shows that much of
- 2 -
this change was the result of continued large migration from the South to
the North and West.
Most Negro migrants moved to the central city of a major
metropolitan area. Three in every five Negroes in the United States in
1970 lived in such places. Negroes were more than half of the central city
population in three large cities, 1/ only one of them in the deep South.
However, on the average, Negroes were about 25 percent of the total popu
lation of cities with over one million residents.
INCOME
Median Negro family income was nearly 50 percent higher in 1970
than in 1960. This reflected a rise in the incomes of Negro families in
every year since 1960 except 1961 and 1970. In the North and West, young
Negro families headed by a man under 35 and a working wife had in 1970
incomes nearly as high as similar white families. The ratio of Negro to
white family income, which had fluctuated between 50 and 55 percent during
the 1950's and the early 1960's, rose steadily in the mid-1960's and
remains at about 60 percent despite the recent economic slowdown. In
FORD & RALD DUAN 30
1960, 9 percent of all Negro families had incomes whose purchasing power
exceeded $10,000 in 1969 prices. Between 1960 and 1963, the proportion
had hardly changed, but it increased continuously during the rest of the
1960's. As the 1970's began, 24 percent of all Negro families had such
1/ Washington, D.C., Newark, N.J., and Atlanta, Ga.
- 3 -
incomes, two-and-a-half times the 1960 proportion. However, the increases
for whites were from 30 percent in the early 1960's to over 40 percent in
1966 and 49 percent in 1969 and 1970.
One factor tending to reduce the rise of Negro family income
relative to that of whites is the large proportion of Negro families
headed by a woman. In 1970, 27 percent of Negro families--compared with
about 9 percent of white families--was headed by a woman. Between 1950
and 1970 the proportion increased by one-fourth. Husband-wife families,
both Negro and white, tend to have incomes at least double those of fami-
lies headed by a woman. Negro families headed by women had extremely low
A.
FORD
incomes; the median income in 1969 was $3,341, compared with $5,499 for
RALD
white families headed by a woman.
GE
Despite the increase, in 1970, in the number of low-income 2/ fami-
lies, both white and Negro, the proportion was still considerably below
that of a decade before--about one-third of the Negro population and 10
percent of the white in 1970, compared with more than half of the Negro
population and 18 percent of the white ten years before. Although three-
fourths of the total Negro population lived in metropolitan areas in 1969,
just over half of the low-income families lived there. Popular attention
has been focused on problems in the big cities of the North and West.
However, Negroes in rural areas are most likely to have low incomes--in
2/ The concept used in this report is based on a definition which
sets $2,973 in 1959 and $3,968 in 1970 as the cut-off income for a non-
farm family of four.
- 4 -
1969, 5 out of every 10 Negro families in the rural South, compared with
2 out of every 10 in the central cities of the North and West.
Some families with low incomes were headed by people at work.
Even in 1969, the heads of 6 out of every 10 Negro families with low
incomes and 5 out of every 10 white families with low incomes were men who
had been employed during the year, primarily in blue collar and farm work.
Most working women who headed low-income families were employed in service
occupations.
The majority of low-income families, however, were not receiving
welfare aid in 1969 or 1970, notwithstanding recent massive increases in
the numbers on welfare. In 1969, 17 percent of the total Negro population
and 4 percent of the white were receiving some form of public assistance.
GERAL FORD
EDUCATION
In 1970, more than 55 percent of all young Negro men and women 25
to 29 years old had completed high school compared with less than 40 per-
cent 10 years before. More than 20 percent had at least one year of
college in 1970. Between 1964 and 1968, Negro college enrollments
increased 85 percent, reaching 6 percent of total college enrollments in
1968. About 1 in every 6 college age Negro men compared with one in every
3 white men in this age group was enrolled in college in 1970.
More important in the economy of the 1970's, less than one percent
of the Negro population 14-24 years old is illiterate, in the sense of
- 5 -
having less than four years' schooling, compared with about 9 percent who
are 45 or older. Many young Negro children now begin their schooling as
early as white children, in Headstart and other government and privately
sponsored programs.
EMPLOYMENT
The educational gains of Negroes have helped them to get jobs in
higher paid and more stable occupations. Between 1960 and 1970, total
Negro employment increased a little more than 20 percent, but employment
in professional, technical and clerical occupations more than doubled.
There were steady gains, totaling two-thirds or more during the decade, in
the number of Negroes employed in sales, craft, and managerial occupations.
The number in laboring, service or farm occupations declined, although at
the end of the decade about two-fifths of all Negroes were still in these
types of employment--more than twice the proportion of whites in these jobs.
Reports to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from the
largest companies in the nine industries in which worker earnings are
relatively the highest indicate that the proportion of Negroes in the
GE LIBRARY RALD A. FORD
highest paid jobs as professional, technical, and managerial workers is
far below their proportion in the total labor force. Even in industries
where Negroes are a large part of the labor force, they tend to hold only
a small share of the highest paid jobs in large companies. The Negro share
of craft jobs is also fairly small, but in other middle pay level occupations,
- 6 -
their share is sometimes higher.
Shifts in occupational distribution affect the unemployment rates
as well as the incomes of those in the labor force. Although within each
:
occupational category the Negro unemployment rate is higher than the white,
the higher paid occupations tend to have lower unemployment rates than
lower paid occupations.
Unemployment of Negroes declined very sharply from the 1961 reces-
sion level until 1966. The number of unemployed held at about 600,000 for
the next three years, even though the Negro labor force was increasing by
nearly 2 percent a year. In 1970, Negro unemployment rose towards the
level of the mid-1960's. However, the increase was much less proportion-
ately for Negroes than for whites. Thus for the first time since the early
1950's, the Negro unemployment rate was less than double the white rate.
The unemployment rate for Negro married men decreased steadily
throughout the 1960's. Even in 1970, the rate for these men was half that
of 1960. However, the rate for Negro teenagers, which is the highest of
any group in the labor force, in 1970 rose towards the 1963 peak, and the
rate for Negro women was the highest since 1967. In 1970, the unemployment
rate for Negro veterans under 25 years old was 10 percent.
FORD it RALE BRARY
30
- 7 -
THE FAMILY
The expected size of a completed Negro family in 1967 was four
children, compared with three for a completed white family. However,
women now in their twenties expect to have fewer children than women now
in their thirties.
The fertility of both the Negro and white population has been
declining since 1961. Fertility of women seems closely related to their
location, education, and labor force status. They are less likely to
have a large number of children in the North than the South, in urban than
rural areas, when working than when not working, and when their educational
attainment has been high.
In middle income families of both races, nearly all children live
with their parents. However, the proportion drops sharply for low-income
families--only 24 percent of Negro and 44 percent of white children of
families whose incomes were under $3,000, lived with their parents in 1969.
*
The tables that follow attempt to measure some of the changes that
have taken place in the decade between 1960 and 1970 and to describe the
current conditions of Negroes compared with whites.
RALD THANK A. FOAD
OF
Official office copy
office
I POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
RALD 1917 A. FORD
OF
24
First Draft 4/71
Since 1940, the percent of Negroes in the total population has shown
only a slight increase (9.8 in 1940 to 11.1 in 1970).
Although,
od, the rate of
natural increase has been higher for Negroes than for the rest of
the population furing this period, the charge in the proportion of
Negross in the total population has been small.
Table (2) 1: Total and Negro Population, 1900, 1940, 1950,
1960, and 1966-1970
Number
(In millions)
Percent
Total
Negro
Negro
19001
76.0
8.8
12
19401
131.7
12.9
10
1950¹
150.7
15.0
10
1960
178.5 179. 3.
18.8 18.9
11
1966
194.20
21.3 21.5.
11
1967
196.1 195.8
21.7 6
11
1968
198.2 198.1'
22.0
11
1969
200.1
22.4
11
1970
203.2.
22.6
11
I Data exclude Alaska and Hawaii.
NOTE.--Data exclude Armed Forces overseas. Data for 1966-1969 also
exclude Armed Forces in the U.S. living in barracks and similar types
of quarters.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
RALD OF P. FORD ARE
25
Negro Report (P-23, No. 29)
Revised Draft -- 6/17
The Negro population grew at a faster rate than the white population
during the 1960-70 decade. The rate for Negroes was 20 percent; for
whites 12 percent. Higher birth rates for Negroes were a major con-
tributor to their faster rate of growth.
Table (N) 2:--Components of Change, for Resident Population, 1960 to 1970
(Numbers in thousands)
Negro
White
United States: 1960
18,872
158,832
1970
22,578
177,705
Change 1960 to 1970: Number
3,706
18,873
Percent
19.6
11.9
Components of change:
Births
5,982
32,477
Deaths
2,096
15,981
Net migration: Number
-180
+2,377
Percent
-1.0
+1.5
1
Base is population at beginning of period.
Source: U.S. Department of Cummerce, Bureau of the Census.
&
FORD
RALD
CA
GERALD
OF
First Draft - 4/71
P-23, No. 29 (update)
During the last three decades, the percent of Negroes living in the
South has steadily declined. However, more than half of all Negroes still
live in the South. The proportion of whites living in the South has
remained at about the same level since 1940.
Table
(
Percent Distribution of the Population, by Region,
1940, 1950, 1960, 1966, and 1970
19401/
1950¹
1960
1966
1970
NEGRO
un
ted
Statis
129.
18.9
21.5%
22.
United States
100
100
100
100
100
South
77
68
60
55
53
North
22
28
34
37
4039,
Northeast
11
13
16
17
19
North Central
11
15
18
20
20
West
1
4
6
8
8
WHITE
United
States
millions
118.2
1349.
158.8
170.
8
177.7
United States
100
100
100
100
100
South
27
27
27
28
28
North
62
59
56
55
54
Northeast
29
28
26
26
25
North Central
33
31
30
29
29
West
11
14
16
17
18
RALD FORD
Data exclude Alaska and Hawaii.
NOTE. Except where noted, when data for regions are shown in this and
succeeding tables, the standard Census definition for each region is-used.
In that definition, the South includes the States of the Old Confederacy
as well as Delaware, the District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Oklahoma,
and Wes Virginia.
In this report, numbers or percentages may not always add to totals,
because of rounding.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
Negro Report 6/71
P-23, No. 29
Revised Draft
three
During the last four decades the proportion of the population which
is Negro has been declining in the South and rising elsewhere. The major
factor accounting for this change has been the migration of Negroes from
the South to other regions. Nonetheless, Negroes are not yet ten percent
of the population in the North and West, but comprise 19 percent of the
population in the South.
T
Table ( 4.
Negroes as a Percent of the Total Population in the
United States and Each Region 1940, 1950, 1960,
and 1970
1
1940
1950
1960
1970
United States
10
10
11
11
South
24
22
21
19
North
4
5
7
8v
Northeast
4
5
7
9
North Central
4
5
7
8
West
1
3
4
5
1
Data exclude Alaska and Hawaii.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
FORD A LIBRARY RALD 3n
Negro Report (P-23, No. 29)
Revised Draft -- 6/71
During the last decade, Negroes continued to leave the South in about
the same numbers as in the 50-60 decade but at a somewhat slower rate than
in the 40-50 decade. Although the South lost about 1,500,000 Negroes in
each of the three decades, high birth rates and the drop in mortality rates
resulted in a continuing increase in the number of Negroes residing in the
South.
Table (S) 5:--Negro Population and Estimated Net Out-Migration
of Negroes from the South, 1940-1970
(Numbers in thousands)
1940
1950
1960
1970
Negro population in the South
9,905' 10,222 11,312 11,970
1940-50 1950-60 1960-70
Average annual net out-migration from
-
the South of the Negro population
159.9
147.3
147.4
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
FORD IN LIBRARY RALO
30
Negro Report
First Draft 1/71
The population increase among Negroes since 1960 has been almost all in the
central cities, accounting for 3.2 million of a total increase of 3.8 million,
Conversely, among whites the population increase
in the suburbs comprised 15.5 million of the total increase of 18.8 million,
This increase in the suburbs was due partially to
the continued exodus which was first observed during the fifties, of whites
from the central cities. However, this is the first census in which the
white population in central cities has shown an actual decline.
A slight increase in the Negro population in the suburbs (outside central
cities) was noted for this decade.
Distributroilard
Table
(
6: Population Change by -location, Inside and Outside Metropoli fan
Areas, 1950, 1960, and 1970
(Numbers in millions)
GE LIRAARY RALD AD
Population
Negro
White
1950
1960
1970
1950
1960
1970
United States
15.0
18.9
22.7
135.1
158.8
177.6
4
Metropolitan areas
8.8
12.8
16.8
85.1
106.2
121.3
Central cities
6.6
9.9
13.1
46.8
50.1
49.5
Suburbs
2.2
2.8
3.7
38.3
56.3
71.8
Outside metropolitan areas
6.2
6.1
5.8
50.0
52.5
56.4
Change, 1960-1970
Negro
White
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
United States
3.8
20
18.8
12
14.9
Metropolitan areas
4.0.
32
15.0
14
Central cities
3.2
33
(2)
-1
Suburbs
&
29
15.5
28
Outside metropolitan areas
(7)
3
-4.
3.9
7
Z Rounds to less than 500,000.
30
Excludes Armed Forces living in barracks on post. 1950 data for
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
metropolition areasmet
Unrovised 1970 data
strictly comparable to
1970 definition ofs MEA'S
Negro Report 6/71
P-23, No. 29
Revised Draft
An increasing proportion of Negroes are concentrated in the central
cities of the metropolitan areas.
By 1970, about 58 percent of the Negro population lived in central
cities compared with about 44 percent in 1950. However, the change in the
percentage of Negroes living in central cities was not as great in the
1960-70 decade as that observed during the 1950-60 decade. The proportion
of whites living in central cities has shown a slight decline. About 28
0
percent of the whites lived in central cities in 19721 corresponding figure
was 35 percent in 1950.
Table ( 7. Percent Distribution of Population, Inside and Outside
Metropolitan Areas, 1950, 1960, and 1970
Negro
White
1950
1960
1970
1950
1960
1970
United States
in millions
15.0
18.9
22.7
135.1
158.8
177.6
Percent
100
100
100
100
100
100
Metropolitan areas
59
68
74
63
67
68
Central cities
44
53
58
35
32
28
Suburbs
15
15
16
28
35
40
Outside metropolitan areas
41
32
26
37
33
32
1950 data for metropolitan areas not strictly comparable to 1970 definition
of SMSA's.
Notor Unrevised 1970 data
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
RALO GE A. FORD BRAND
Negro Report
First Draft 4/71
over 90 percent
In each region, except the South, at least two-thirds of the Negro
in metropoliter mid,
Over three- fourths of the Negains the Nieth
population lives in & central city and over 90 percent live in
and two. thirds those in the west Reside in contenicities
metropolitan areas! In the South, slightly over half of the popula-
tion or 56 percent, live in metropolitan areas and about 41 percent
in central cities. However, the proportion of the Negro population
in the South in metropolitan areas and central cities has increased
since 1960.
Table
noo!
Percent Distribution of the Negro Population By-Location,
Inside and Outside Metropolitan Areas, For Regions, 1960 and 1970
Percent Isterbution by Residence
Metropolitan
Non-
Number
United
Inside Outside metropolitan
Total
central
central
areas
States
(millars )
cities
cities
Northeast:
1960 3.0.
100
96'
77
19
4
1970 4.3,
100
96
78
19
4.
North Central:
1960 3.4, 100
93
81
12
7
1970 4.6, 100
94
81
13
6.
South:
1960
11,
11.3.
100
50
36
14
50
1970 12.1. 100
56
41
15
44
West:
1960 1.1, 100
94
68
26
6.
1970 1.7, 100
95
66
30'
5.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census
Unrevised data for 1970
FORD is LIBRARY RALE 30
32
First Draft 4/71
Negro Report
The proportion of Negroes in central cities increased for each region
between 1960 and 1970. Outside the South, the percentage of Negroes in the
approximately it. some.
suburbs (outside central cities) remained constant. For the South, the
proportion of Negroes actually declined.
109.
Table ( 10 Negroes As a Percent of Total Population, By Location, Inside and
Outside Metropolitan Areas, For Regions 1960 and 1970
Metropolitan areas
Non-
Inside
Outside
metro-
central
central
politan
Total
Total
cities
cities
areas
Northeast:
1960
7
8
13
3
2/
1970
9
11
20
4
2-
North Central:
1960
7
10
16
3
1r
1970
8
11
22
3
Ir
South:
1960
21
20
25
13
22
1970
19
19
28
10
19
West:
1960
4
5
8
2
1
1370
5
6
10
3
1
:
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
Unrevised 2970 data.
FORD & LIBRARY DERALD RALD 30
33
Negro report
First draft 5/71
Revised 5/71
The larger the metropolitan area, the greater the proportion of Negroes
in the central cities and the greater the change in the percent Negro since
1960.
Negroes today are 28 percent of total population of central cities in
the very largest metropolitan areas (2 million or more population), compared
with only 20 percent in 1960. The corresponding figures for cities of metro-
politan areas of 500,000 to 1,000,000 are 19 percent in 1970 and 16 percent
in 1960. The proportion Negro in the smaller metropolitan areas, under 500,000,
has shown only a slight increase since 1960.
Negroes comprised about 5 percent of the total population in the suburbs
in 1970, showing no change from the 1960 level.
Table Negroes as a Percent of Total Population, Inside
and Outside Metropolitan Areas, by Size of Metro-
politan Areas, 1960 and 1970
Percent Negro
1960
1970
United States
11
11
Metropolitan areas
11
12
Central cities
16
21
Central cities in metropolitan
areas of--
2,000,000 or more
20
28
1,000,000 to 2,000,000
15
20
500,000 to 1,000,000
16
19
250,000 to 500,000
13
15
Under 250,000
10
11
Suburbs
5
5
Suburbs in metropolitan areas of --
2,000,000 or more
4
5
1,000,000 to 2,000,000
4
4
500,000 to 1,000,000
5
4
250,000 to 500,000
6
6
Under 250,000
7
6
Outside metropolitan areas
10
9
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
GE RALD 11 LIBRARY R. FORD
P-23, No. 29 (update)
Though the Negro population is considerably younger than the
white population, the differences are narrowing, somewhat and-
both populations are getting younger Thavence air if be th popu 10 time groups
In 19:70
1970 2 below that Recorded fiv 1960.
N:A In 1960, the medianges of white males and femaleswere 29.4 -
and 31.1, respectively, and for Negro males and females 22.3 and
24.5, respectively.
Table (12) 11; Population by Age and Sex, 1970
(Numbers in thousands)
Percent
Negro
White
Negro
White
8,
Male, all ages
10,74%
88,143
100
100
Under 5 years
1,219
7,525
11
9
5 to 14 years
2,784
17,973
26
20
15 to 24 years
2,04%
15,507
19
18
25 to 34 years
1,225
10,989
11
12
35 to 44 years
1,084
10,144
10
12
45 to 54 years
978
10,217
9'
12
55 to 64 years
739
8,051
7'
9
65 years and over
675
7,738
6.
9
Median age
21.7
27.8
(X)
(x)
Female, all ages
11,831
92,444
100
100
Under 5 years
1,213
7,195
10
8
5 to 14 years
2,773
17,211
23
19
15 to 24 years
2,196
15,691
19
17
25 to 34 years
1,455
11,231
12
12
35 to 44 years
1,309
10,544
11'
11
45 to 54 years
1,133
10,884
10
12
55 to 64 years
868
8,926
7'
10
65 years and over
883
10,763
7'
12
Median age
23.8
30.5
(X)
(x)
Includes "other races. 11
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
FORD A LIBRARY RALO 30
19111
DRAFT: Nogro Report 5/13/71
In 1970, four out of every ton Negroes in the United States were living in the
30 cities with the largest Negro population. This percent of the total Negro population
of the U.S. residing in the 30 selected cities has shown a steady increase since 1950.
Among these 30 cities, New York and Chicago have maintained their first and second
rank, respectively, over the last three decades. Detroit, in 1970, has displaced
Philadelphia as the third ranking place and Washington, D.C. has remained fifth.
Table Negro Population, 1970, 1950, and 1950, for 30 Cities
with the Largest Negro Population
(Lank according to 1970 Negre population Numbers 1970 in thousands)
1960
1950
Percent
Rank
Percent
Percent
City and State
Number
Number
Number
Negro
Negro
Negro
Total
-
Negro
population Apulation
Total
United States
22,578
11
18,872
11
15,042
10
Total, 30 Selected Cities
9,217
29
6,837
22
4,501
15
Percent of U.S.
41
(x)
...
36
(X)
...
30
(x)
/
1
New York, N.Y.
1,667
21
1,088
14
749
10
2
2
Chicago, Ill.
1,103
33
813
23
493
14
5
3
Detroit, Mich.
660
44
482
29
299
16
4
4
Philadelphia, Pa
654
3/4
529
26
376
18
9
5
Washington, District of Columble 538
71
412
54
280
35
3
6
Los Angeles, Calif.
504
18
335
14
171
9
7
7
Baltimore, Md.
420
46
326
35
224
24
6
8
Houston, Texas
317
26
215
23
125
21
10
9
Cleveland, Ohio
288
39
251
29
148
16
19
10
New Orleans, La.
267
45
234
37
181
32
27
11
Atlanta, Ga.
255
51
186
38
121
37
18
12
St. Louis, Mo.
254
41
214
29
153
18
17
13
Memphis, Tenn.
243
39
184
37
147
37
8
14
Dallas, Texas
210
25
129
19
58
13
36
15
Newark, N.J.
207
54
138
34
75
17
11
16
Indianapolis, Ind.
134
18
98
21
64
15
48
17
Birmingham, Ala.
126
42
135
40
130
40
29
18
Cincinnati, Ohio
125
28
109
22
78
16
38
19
Oakland, Calif.
125
35
84
23
48
12
23
20
Jacksonville, Fla.
118
22
106
23
82
27
26 21
Kansas City, Mo.
112
22
83
18
56
12
12 22
Milwaukee, Wis.
105
15
62
8
22
3
24 23
Pittsburgh, Pa.
105
20
101
17
82
12
57
24
Richmond, Va,
105
42
92
42
73
32
16
25
Boston, Mass.
105
16
63
9
40
5
21
26
Columbus, Ohio
100
19
77
16
45
12
13 27
San Francisco, Calif.
96
13
74
10
43
6
28 28
Buffalo, N.Y.
94
20
71
13
37
6
75
29
Gary, Ind.
93
53
69
39
39
29
30
30
Nashville-Davidson, Tenn.
88
20
76
19
64
20
1/
Not applicable
1960 and 1950 populations revised in accordance with 1970 boundaries.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
FORD I LIBRARY GERALD
36
Negro Report (P-23, No. 29)
Revised Draft -- 6/71
Among the 30 selected cities, three cities -- New York, Chicago, and
Los Angeles -- had large population increases of Negro and other races through
a net migration gain of over 100,000 persons. Other cities which showed large
population gains through net in-migration include Detroit, Houston, and Dallas,
Seven cities had a net out-migration of Negro and other races but only
one city, Birmingham, had a population loss of Negro and other races due to
out-migration.
Table
B
13:--Negro and Other Races Population Change and Net Migration, 1960
to 1970 for .30 Cities with the Largest Negro Population, 1970
(Numbers in thousands. Minus sign (-) denotes decrease)
Net migration,
1960 to 1970
Change,
Cities
1970
1960 to 1970
Number
Percent
New York, N.Y
1,844
+703
+436
+38
Chicago, Ill.
1,159
+322
+113
+14
Detroit, Mich.
673
+185
+98
+20
Philadelphia, Pa.
670
+135
+40
+7
District of Columbia
547
+124
+38
+9
Los Angeles, Calif.
642
+225
+120
+29
Baltimore, Md.
426
+98
+32
+10
Houston, Tex.
328
+111
+56
+26
Cleveland, Ohio
293
+40
-3
-1
New Orleans, La.
270
+35
-11
-5
Atlanta, Ga.
256
+70
+33
+18
St. Louis, Mo.
257
+41
-1
-
Memphis, Tenn.
244
+60
+23
+12
Dallas, Tex.
218
+87
+47
+36
Newark, N.J.
214
+75
+32
+23
Indianapolis, Ind.
137
+36
+15
+15
Birmingham, Ala.
127
-8
-23
-17
Cincinnati, Ohio.
127
+17
-3
-2
Oakland, Calif.
148
+51
+29
+30
Jacksonville, Fla.
121
+15
-4
-4
Kansas City, Mo.
116
+31
+13
+16
Milwaukee, Wis.
112
+46
+23
+35
Pittsburgh, Pa.
108
+6
-6
-6
Richmond, Va.
106
+13
+1
+1
Boston, Mass,
116
+48
+26
+39
Columbus, Ohio
102
+24
+9
+12
San Francisco, Calif.
204
+69
+37
+28
Buffalo, N.Y.
98
+25
+9
+12
Gary, Ind.
94
+24
+10
+14
Nashville-Davidson, Tenn.
89
2/+12
+2
&
- Rounds to less than 1.0 percent.
1/Base is population at beginning of period.
RALD
2/1960 population revised in accordance with 1970 boundaries.
30
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
NO.
29
Revised Draft 6/71
Statistics from the 1970 census show that among the 30 places in the nation with
10/970
since
the highest proportion of Negroes, there has been a dramatic increase in the number
16
that have at least as many Negroes as whites. The count is now Five places, in
rank order, which now have over 60 percent Negro are: Willowbrook, Calif., Westmont,
Calif., Washington, D.C., Compton, Calif., and East St. Louis, Ill. Eleven places,
or over one-third, of the 30 places have Negro population which comprise 50 to 60
percent of their total population.
About one-half of the 30 cities have Negro population less than 50 percent but
greater than 40 percent of the total city population.
Most of the top 16 cities have experienced sharp increases in the proportionate
one
Negro population since 1960. Only two cities, Bessemer, Ala., and Charloston, s.e.,
showed a decline.
a
FORD
Table Thirty Places with the Highest Proportion of
Negroes, by Rank, 1970, 1960, and 1950
RALD
(Rank according to percent Negro in 1970)
GE
1970
Population
15 years
Negro
and over--
1960,
1950,
Percent
Total
Percent
Percent
Percent
Rank
City and State
of total
Number.
population
Negro
Negro
Negro
1.
Willowbrook, Calif. (U)
82.3
23,616
28,705
82.1
-
2.
Westmont, Calif. (U)
80.6
23,635
29,310
75.3
-
-
3.
District of Columbia
71.1
537,712
756,510
65.4
53.9
35.0
4.
Compton, Calif.
71.0
55,781
78,611
66.6
39.4
4.5
5.
East St. Louis, Ill.
69.1
48,368
69,996
63.9
44.5
33.5
6.
East Cleveland, Ohio
58.6
23,196
39,600
51.3
2.1
0.2
7.
Florence-Graham, Calif(U)
56.0
24,031
42,895
56.0
44.9
-
8.
Highland Park, Mich.
55.3
19,609
35,444
48.5
20.9
8.4
9.
Petersburg, Va.
55.2
19,914
36,103
51.7
47.2
42.2
10.
Newark, N.J.
54.2
207,458
382,417
49.0
34.1
17.1
11.
East Orange, N.J.
53.1
40,099
75,471
47.4
24.9
11.4
12.
Gary, Ind.
52.8
92,695
175,415
49.2
38.8
29.3
13.
Bessemer, Ala.
52.2
17,442
33,428
48.5
57.4
60.7
14.
Greenville, Miss.
52.0
20,619
39,648
48.9
48.6
59.3
15.
Atlanta, Ga.
51.3
255,051
496,973
46.8
38.3
36.6
16.
Prichard, Ala.
50.5
21,005
41,578
47.2
47.1
33.5
17.
Augusta, Ga.
49.9
29,861
59,864
45.7
45.0
41.0
18.
Selma, Ala.
49.7
13,606
27,379
46.2
49.2
55.2
19.
Vicksburg, Miss.
49.3
12,568
25,478
46.0
46.4
48.8
20.
Ft. Pierce, Fla.
48.5
14,422
29,721
42.5
46.9
40.4
21.
Goldsboro, N.C.
48.1
12,896
26,810
45.1
41.2
44.9
22.
Baltimore, Mc.
46.4
420,210
905,759
41.9
34.7
23.7
23.
Charleston, S.C.
45.2
30,251
66,945
39.8
50.8
44.0
23.
Chester, Pa.
45.2
25,469
56,331
40.9
33.3
20.9
25.
New Orleans, La.
45.0
267,308
593,471
40.1
37.2
31.9
26.
Savannah, Ga.
44.9
53,111
118,349
41.0
35.5
40.4
27.
Inkster, Mich.
44.5
17,189
38,595
44.0
34.5
53.7
28.
Atlantic City, N.J.
43.7
20,937
47,859
38.5
36.2
27.2
28.
Detroit, Mich.
43.7
660,428
1,511,482
39.8
28.9
16.2
30.
Wilmington, Del.
43.6
35,072
80,386
37.1
26.0
15.6
NOTE. Of 200 places with a total population of 25,000 or more and Negro population of at
least 10,000, the 30 places with the highest proportion of Negroes were presented by rank.
- Not applicable.
38
Negro Report
First Draft 4/71
or about 9.1 million urban Negroes 17 years old and over in 1967, 2.1
million or 23 percent wore of rural origin. The economic status of these
was
2.1 million rurol urban migrants is very similar to that of the 7.0
million native-urban population; the median income, the percent in poverty
were
and percent receiving public assistance are about at the same levels for
both groups.
were
Differences are noted in social characteristics. The urban population of
rural origin appears to have a more stable family relationship, but slightly
lower educational attainment.
Comparison of characteristics of the rural-urban migrants and the native
rural population indicates that migration to the urban areas brings great
economic rewards.
RAED of R. FORD UBRART
Table (15.- Selected Characteristics of the /dult Negro Population by
Migration Status, February 1967 1
Rural-urban
migrants
Rural population (urban population Urban population
of rural origin
of rural origin)
of urban origin
Population, 17 years
plus (thousands)
2,389
2,056
7,040
Families (thousands)
836
874
2,649
Percent male head
(NA) 81
74
69
Unrelated individuals
(thousands)
and
194
329
863
Percent high school graduates 15.9
25.9
38.7
Median years of school
completed
8.0
8.8
10.9
Median family income, 1966 $2,778
$5,116
$5,105
Percent population in poverty 57.7
26.6
26.9
Percent families receiving any
public assistance income 190 19.9
17.3
15.6
1 Population 17 years old and over by 1967 residence and residence at age 16
or earlier.
2 Persons who have ever lived more than 50 miles from their 1967 address.
NA Hot amilable.
Source: Opportunity.
office of Economic opportunity, Departmentof Agriculture,
University of Georg ia
39
official office Copy
II, INCOME AND POVERTY
GE GERALD
FORD & LIBRARY RALD
40
Negro Report
Revised Draft 6/71
Since the middle of the 60's, the relative differences in income
between families of Negroes and other races and white families has narrowed
significantly. The median income ratio has risen from 53 percent in 1963
to 64 percent in 1970. This change was preceded by a period in which there
was no significant narrowing of the income differentials. In 1961-63, the
ratio was about the same as it was in 1950-51.
16.
Table (1)27 27
Median Income of Families of Negro and Other Races as
a Percent of White Median Family Income, 1950-1969
Negro and
other races
Negro
1950
54
(NA)
1951
53
(NA)
1952
57
(NA)
1953
56
(NA)
1954
56
(NA)
1955
55
(NA)
1956
53
(NA)
1957
54
(NA)
1958
51
(NA)
1959
52
(NA)
1960
55
(NA)
1961
53
(NA)
in
FORD
1962
53
(NA)
1963
53
(NA)
1964
56
54
RALD
1965
55
54
1966
60
58
1967
62
70
59
1968
63
60
1969
63
61
1970
6 4
11
NA Not available. The ratio of Negro to white median family income
first became available from this survey in 1964.
NOTE: Most of the tables in the section show income data for the year
1969. Income figures for 1970 from the Current Population Survey conducted
in March 1971, which recently became available, have been included in two
tables in this section. Median family income in 1970 of Negro families was.
$6,279, abour 4.7 percent over the median of $5,999 in 1969. However,
consumer prices rose during the year and, in terms of constant dollars,
median family income of Negroes in 1970 was about the same as in 1969.
(See Monthly Labor Review, April, 1971. U.S. Department of Labor, table 24,
page 105)
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
Revised Draft 6/71
While the median family income of Negro and other races as a percent
of white family income has increased since 1947, the dollar gap, adjusted
for price changes, has widened. The dollar gap has increased about $1,100
to a level of about $3,600.
About one-fifth of families of Negroes and other races received incomes
less than $3,000 in 1969. This was a substantial reduction from the 57
percent with comparable incomes in 1947.
17.
RALD OF R. FORD UBRABL
Table (20) 18
Distribution of Families by Income in 1947, 1960, and 1969
(Adjusted for price changes, in 1969 dollars)
Negro and other races
White
1947
1960
1969
1947
1960
1969
Number of families
(in thousands)
3,117
4,333
5,215
34,120
41,123
46,022
Percent
100
100
100
100
100
100
Under $3,000
57
38
20
21
14
8
$3,000 to $4,999
25
22
19
26
14
10
$5,000 to $6,999
9
16
17
24
19
12
$7,000 to $9,999
6
14
20
17
26
22
$10,000 to $14,999
7
16
18
28
$15,000 and over
3
12
2
8
9
21
7.252
9,794
Median income
$2,660
$4,001
$6,191
$5,194
$7,353
$9,795
Not change, 1947-1969:
Number Amount
(x)
(X)
$3,531
(x)
(X)
$4,600
Percent
(X)
(X)
1,327 132.7
(X)
(x)
886
X Not applicable.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
Negro Report - P-23, No. 29
Revised Draft 6/71
Since 1965, relative gains in closing the gap between Negro and white
family incomes have been in the Wost and South. In the West, Negro family
incomes were about three-fourths that of the whites, as contrasted to the
about
South where Negro family incomes are the lowest and averaged only 57 per-
cent of that of whites.
It
18.
Table (15) 19. Median Family Income in 1970, and Negro Family
Income, as a Percent of White, 1965, 1969, and
1970, by Region
Number of families
Median
family
Negro income as a
(in millions)
income, 1970
percent of white
Negro
White
Negro
White
1965
1969
1970
United States
4.9
46.5
$6,279
$10,236
54
61
61
Northeast
.9
11.4
7,774
10,939
64
67
71
North Central
1.0
13.5
7,718
10,508
74
76
73
South
2.5
13.4
5,226
9,240
49
57
57
West
.4
8.3
8,001
10,382
69
75
77
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
FORD IT LIBRARY RALD
30
F3
First Draft - - 4/71
P-23, No. 29 (update)
approximately
In 1969, about one-fourth of all families of Negro and other races
about
had incomes of $10,000 or more, compared with only 9 percent in 1960.
About half of the white families had incomes at this level in 1969.
In the North and West, one-third of the families of Negro and other
were in the
andover income group
races had-incomes of $10,000 or more in 1969.
19.
Income
Table (27) -20- Percent of Families with Inocme of $10,000 or More, 1947-1969, and
by Region, 1966-1969
(Adjusted for price changes, in 1969 dollars. A $10,000 income in
1969 was equivalent in purchasing power to about $6,100 in 1947.)
Negro and
Negro and
other races White
other races White
United States:
United States--
continued
1947
3
12
1966
17
41
1948
2
11
1967
21
43
1949
2
11
1968
24
46
1950
3
12
1969
24
49
1951
1
12
1952
2
13
South:
1953
5
16
1966
8
33
1954
4
16
1967
11
36
1955
3
19
1968
13
38
1956
5
22
1969
14
41
1957
5
21
1958
6
21
North and West:
1959
7
25
1966
26
44
1960
9
27
1967
30
46
1961
10
28
1968
32
49
1962
9
30
1969
33
52
1963
10
33
1964
13
35
1965
14
37
FORD H LIBI
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
GE RALD
Negro Report
Revised Draft 6/71
Among all families and husband-wife families, the Negro to white
income ratio tended to be higher for the younger family heads-those
under 35 years of age.
Among all husband-wife families, the relative differences in income
between Negroes and whites was significantly less for those families where
both the husband and wife worked, as compared to those families where only
the husband was working.
20
Table
(18)21
Median Income of All and Husband-Wife Negro Families
as a Percent of White, by Age of Family Head, and
Work Experience of Husband and Wife, 1969
Husband-wife families
All
Total
1/
Husband
Husband and
families
only worked
wife worked
All ages
61
72
62
76
und
35
66.
in
80.
66.
85.
14 to 24 years
65
89
71
98
25 to 34 years
66
77
68
80
35 to 44 years
62
75
61
80
45 to 54 years
57
65
64
70
55 to 64 years
57
62
56
64
65 years and over
61
65
(x)
(x)
(x) Not applicable.
Includes other combinations not shown separately.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
RALD A. FORD UBRARF
no
Revised Draft 6/71
In the 1960's, significant gains in narrowing the Negro-white income gap
were made by young Negro husband-wife families in the North and West.
By the end of the decade, there were no significant differences between the
incomes of these young Negro husband-wife families and the comparable group
white families in the North and West. The median income for Negro husband-
wife families with the head under 35 years of age was 91 percent of that for the
young white families. This was a significant increase over the ratio of 78
percent in 1959.
However, young Negro husband-wife families in the North and West comprised a
very small proportion of all Negro families in the United States. In actuality,
they accounted for only about 11 percent of all Negro families in 1970.
Furthermore, available statistics for Negro husband-wife families in the older
age groups reveal that no appreciable gains were made in closing the Negro-
white income gap over the past decades. The older families form the largest
proportion of all Negro families.
A.
FORD
Table (N) Median Income for Families With Head Under 35 Years of Age,
(Adjusted for price changes., in 1969 do Hars )
by Region, 1959 and 1969
RALD
of
1959
1969
Negro
Negro
as a
as a
percent
percent
Differ- of
Differ- of
Negro White ence white Negro White ence white
UNITED STATES
All families
$2,972
$5,535
$2,563
54
$6,001
$9,032
$3,031
66
Husband-wife families
3,534
5,658
2,124
62
7,488
9,384
1,896
80
NORTH AND WEST
All families
3,913
5,778
1,865
68
6,938
9,330
2,392
71
Husband-wife families
4,594
5,897
1,303
78
8,859
9,703
844
91
SOUTH
All families
2,423
4,839
2,416
50
5,146
8,367
3,211
62
Husband-wife families
2,735
4,987
2,252
55
6,286
8,649
2,363
73
Bureau
of
the
Census.
Revised Draft 5/71
A more detailed view of young husband-wife families in the North and West One major factor con-
firest Rise " the Rat Negar to to medica for young muse
tributing to the closing the income. between young Negro and white/husband-wife families outside
look of signif d. Ferences in income
the South is the number of working wives. The near income-equality in 1969 and the narrowing of the in-
come gap between 1959 and 1969 noted for these families holds true only for families in which both the
husband and wife worked. For such families, the Negro family income was 99 percent of that of whites;
in 1959 the comparable figure was 85 percent. In contrast, for families where only the husband worked,
nossanificant change
the ratio of the median income of Negro to white was 71 percent in 1969, decline from the 75 percent
observed in 1959 for young has boad wife families in which only the has bonds w are rept.
the Noth at but
Young Negro wives were more likely to have worked than white wives, and during the period 1959 to
%
1969, they entered the labor force at a much faster rate than did whites. In the North and West, seven
out of every ten young Negro wives contributed to the family income by working; for white wives, the com-
parable figure was five out of ten.
It should be noted that before true parity can be assesed even for young families in which both the
husband and wife worked, other factors, such as/ education, occupation, and duration of employment, must
be taken into consideration.
FORD & LIBRARY RALD 30
22
3
Table (N) Median Income for Husband-Wife Families with Head Under 85 Years
by Work Experience of Husband and Wife, by Region, 1959 and 1969
(ndjusted t'v PRICE Charges, in 1269 )
1959
1969
Negro as
Negro as
a percent
a percent
Negro White Difference of white Negro White Difference of white
UNITED STATES
Husband-wife families
$3,534
$5,658
$2,124
62
$7,488
$ 9,384
$1,896
80
Husband only worked
3,025
5,233
2,208
58
5,792
8,805
3,013
66
Husband and wife worked
3,845
6,013
2,168
64
8,423
9,926
1,503
85
NORTH AND WEST
Husband-wife families
$4,594
$5,897
$1,303
78
$ 8,859
9,703
$ 844
91
Husband only worked
4,080
5,467
1,387
75
6,500
9,137
2,637
71
Husband and wife worked
5,320
6,246
926
85
10,130
10,267
137
99
SOUTH
Husband-wife families
$2,735
$4,987
$2,252
55
$ 6,286
$ 8,649
$2,363
73
Husband only worked
2,311
4,436
2,125
52
5,059
7,927
2,868
64
Husband and wife worked
3,060
5,420
2,360
56
6,670
9,227
2,557
72
Includes other combinations not shown separately.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
of?
Negro Report (P-23, No. 29)
Revised Draft -- 6/71
Fifty-seven percent of all Negro families had more than one earner in
1969 compared to 54 percent of white families.
The income of the average Negro family with three earners is not signifi-
cantly different from the family income of the average white family with one
earner.
A comparison of incomes of Negro and white multiple earner families
reveals that the average Negro family needs an additional earner in order to
earn substantially more than half. of the income of the comparable white family.
In fact, for those families with one earner, the median income of Negro families
was about half that of white families.
RALD LIBRARY 30
Table (19) 23.--Influence of Number of Earners on Family Income, 1969
Four
All
No
One
Two
Three
earners
families
earners
earner
earners
earners
or more
Negro:
Number
(thousands)
4,774
503
1,540
1,990
485
257
Percent
100
11
32
42
10
5
Median income
$5,999
$2,162
$4,416
$ 7,782
$ 9,027
$11,259
White:
Number
(thousands)
46,022
3,799
17,568
17,953
4,664
2,038
Percent
100
8
38
39
10
4
Median income
$9,794
$3,183
$8,450
$10,885
$13,978
$16,243
Negro median
income as
a percent
of white
61
68
52
71
65
69
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
Negro Report P-23, No. 29
Revised Draft 6/71
Men earn more money than women for both Negro and white persons.
24
Table (20) 25. Median Income of Negro Male and Female Workers, by Region, 1969
( Numbers in thousands
Number of
Median income
Ratio: Female
Negro workers,
of Negro
to male median
1970
workers, 1969
income
Male
Female
Male
Female
Negro
White
1
All wage and salary workers
3,973
3,061
$5,130
$2,808
.55
.46
2
Year-round full-time workers
2,994
1,718
5,917
4,126
.70
.58
Northeast
652
409
6,686
4,618
.69
.60
North Central
615
334
7,485
4,774
.64
.56
South
1,527
841
4,655
3,536
.76
.59
West
201
133
7,836
5,494
.70
.59
1
With wage and salary income, including full and part-time workers.
FORD & LIBRAR RALD
2
Refers to total with income.
30
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
49
Negro Report (P-23, No. 29)
Revised Draft -- 6/17
At each educational level, Negro men 25 to 54 years old have less income
than white men. In fact, Negro men who have completed four years of high
school have a lower median income than white men who have completed only
eight years of elementary school.
The median income of Negro men as a percent of white men in the prime
working years shows no real change, despite increased years in schooling
achieved by both Negro and white men.
25
Table (21) 26. Median Income of Men 25 to 54 Years Old,
by Educational Attainment, 1969
(Numbers in thousands)
Number of men
25 to 54 years
Median income,
old, 1970
1969
Negro income
as a percent
Negro
White
Negro
White
of white
Elementary:
Less than 8 years
728
2,278
1 3,922
$5,509
71
8 years
338
2,633 $ 4,472 $7,018
64
High school: 1 to 3 years
803
4,791 $5,327 B 7,812
68
4 years
897 11,348 # 6,192 $ 8,829
70
College:
1 to 3 years
231 / 4,111 { 7,427 $9,831
76
4 years or more
166
5,508 $ 8,669 / 12,354
70
RALD FORD
OF A.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
50
Negro Report
Revised Draft 6/71
While the proportion of both Negroes and whites below the poverty level
decreased between 1959 and 1969, the decline was greater for whites than for
Negroes. In 1969, approximately 10 percent of white persons and about 32
percent of Negro persons were below the poverty level, compared to correspond-
ing percentages of 18 and 56 percents for whites and Negroes, respectively
in 1959. During the same period, the number of whites below the poverty
level dropped by about 41 percent as compared with a 27 percent reduction in
the number of Negroes.
According to the most recent results of the 1971 Current Population
Survey, between 1969 and 1970, the number of Negroes and whites below belwo the
poverty level increased. In B1 1970, there were 7.7 pro. Negries and
17. 5 per million whites compared to 7.2 and 16. 7 million Poor Negres and whites,
Table 1965
(24)27. Persons Below the Poverty Level, 1959-1970
(Numbers in millions)
Percent
Negro and
Negro and
other races
Negro
White
other races
Negro
White
1959
11.0
9.9
28.5
56
55
18
1960
11.5
(NA).
28.3
56
(NA)
18
1961
11.7
(NA)
27.9
56
(NA)
17
1962
12.0
(NA)
26.7
56
(NA)
16
1963
11.2
(NA)
25.2
51
(NA)
15
1964
11.1
(NA)
25.0
50
(NA)
15
1965
10.7
(NA)
22.5
47
(NA)
13
1966
9.7
(NA)
20.8
42
(NA)
12
Based on revised
methodology
I
FORD
1966
9.2
8.9
19.3
40
42
11
19672
8.8
8.5
19.0
37
39
11
1968
8.0
7.6
17.4
33
35
10
RALD
1969
7.6
7.2
16.7
31
32
10
LIBRARY
1970
P.O
7.7
17.5
32
10
OF
34
NA Not available.
¹Reflects improvements in statistical procedures used in processing the
income data.
2 Due to a processing difference, data for 1967 are not strictly compar-
able with those shown for 1966, 1968 and 1969.
NOTE. Most of the poverty tables in this section show poverty data for the
year 1969. Poverty figures for 1970 from the Current Population Survey con-
ducted in 1971, which recently became available, have been included in three
tables of this section. Most tables show data for 1969.
Data for 1959 shown in this section come from two different sources --
the 1960 census and the 1960 Current Population Survey, and therefore, figures
in the tables vary according to their sources.
The poverty concept used throughout this report is based on a re-
vised definition adopted in 1969. A detailed explanation of the revised
poverty definition appears in Special Studies, Series P-23, No. 28. The poverty
threshold for a nonfarm family of four was $3,743 in 1969 and $2,973 in 1959.
See Appendix for most recent figures on poverty.
SOURCE: U.S. Dpeartment of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
Negro Report
Revised Draft 6/71
While Negroes were slightly more than one-tenth of the population,
they comprised approximately three-tenths of all poor persons in 1969.
Of all poor family heads, about 27 percent were Negro; however, 40 percent
of all poor children were Negro. The proportion of the poor who are
unrelated individuals increased for both whites and Negroes between 1959
and 1969.
Between 1969 and 1970, there was no significant change in the proportion
of Negro poor of all poor persons.
27
(Table (25) 28.
Distribution of Persons Below the Poverty Level
by Family Status, 1959 and 1969
Negro as
All
a percent
races
Negro
White
of total
1959
All persons (millions)
38.8
9.9
28.5
26
Percent
100
100
100
(x)
Family members
85
92
82
28
Heads
21
19
21
23
Family members under 18
41
51
37
32
Other family members
23
22
24
25
Unrelated individuals
15
8
18
14
Male
6
3
7
14
Female
9
5
11
14
1969
All persons (millions)
24.3
7.2
16.7
30
Percent
100
100
100
(x)
Family members
80
89
76
33
FORD
Heads
20
18
21
27
IF
Family members under 18
40
54
35
40
Other family members
19
17
20
26
Unrelated individuals
20
11
24
17
RALD
Male
6
4
6
21
LIBRARY
Female
14
7
17
15
GE
1970
All persons (millions)
25.5
7.7
17.5
30
Percent
100
100
100
(x)
Family members
80
89
76
33
Heads
20
19
21
28
Family members under 18
41
54
36
39
Other family members
19
17
20
26
Unrelated individuals
20
11
24
17
(x)
Not applicable
Persons 14 years old and over who are not living with any
relatives.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census
Negro Report
Revised Draft 6/71
About 1.3 million Negro families and 3.6 million white families were
poor in 1969--about 28 percent of all Negro families and 8 percent of all
white families. For families headed by a man, among both whites and Negroes,
there has been a decline of about 50 percent in the number of families below
the poverty level while families headed by a woman, regardless of race,
showed no significant change. In 1969, about one-half of Negro families and
one-fourth of white families with a woman as head were poor.
Between 1969 and 1970, the number of Negro and white families who were
did not shew a significant increase even though the number of
below the poverty level increased.
POOR Negeo and white persons Increased
28
Table (22) 29. Families Below the Poverty Level by Sex of Head, 1959 and
1966-1969
(Numbersin millions)
RALD BE
FORD JBRART
Families with
Families with
All families
male head
female head
Negro
White
Negro
White
Negro
White
Number
1959
1.9
6.0
1.3
5.0
.6
1.0
1966
1.6
4.1
.9
3.1
.7
1.0
19671
1.6
4.1
.8
3.0
.7
1.0
1968
1.4
3.6
.7
2.6
.7
1.0
1969
1.3
3.6
.6
2.5
.7
1.1
1970
1.4
3.7
6
2.6
.8
8
1.1
Percent below poverty level
1959
48
15
43
13
65
30
1966
36
9
28
8
59
26
1967
34
9
25
7
56
26
1968
29
8
20
6
53
25
1969
28
8
18
6
53
25
1970
29
8
18
6
55
25
1
Due to a processing difference, data for 1967 are not strictly compar-
able with those shown for 1966, 1968 and 1969.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census
53
First Draft 4/71
about
About three-fourths of all Negro families, but only slightly more
than half of poor Negro families liye in metropolitan areas. In the
nearly
North and West, the same proportion, 93 percent of all and poor Negro
Approxima
families live in metropolitan areas. Over half of all Negro families
in the South reside in metropolitan areas, while 35 percent of poor
Negro families live in these areas.
the poverty Rate fir inet Repoitan areas is the Smith was Very similar to
The South had a greater poverty rate for each residence category
that fir net Reporten circus
tie
than the North and West. The most striking example occurred in non-
metropolitan areas where in the South, 5 out of every 10 Negro families
were poor as compared to 2 out of every 10 in the North and West.
29
Table (23)30. Negro Families Below the Poverty Level in 1969
by Region and Type of Residence
Negro families below
the poverty level
Percent distribution
Number
Below the
(thousands) Percent
Total poverty level
United States
1,326
28
100
100
Metropolitan areas
720
21
73
54
Central cities
582
21
57
44
Suburban rings
138
19
15
10
Nonmetropolitan areas
606
46
27
46
North and West
441
19
100
100
Metropolitan areas
411
19
93
93
Central cities
350
20
77
79
RALD our R. FORD JERART
Suburban rings
61
16
16
14
Nonmetropolitan areas
30
19
7
7
South
885
36
100
100
Metropolitan areas
309
23
54
35
Central cities
232
24
39
26
Suburban rings
77
22
14
9
Nonmetropolitan areas
576
50
46
65
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census
NetRopoliten areas addefined in 1960.
54
First Draft 4/71
beaded by aman's
The majority of poor male-heads-of families, regardless of race,
were concentrated at the lower educational levels. About three-fifths
men who were heads 7 families
of the Negro male-heads had not completed elementary school. Among
achieved,
females, both Negro and white, the educational levels were higher; at
about
least half have some high school education.
30
Table (N) 31 Distribution of Family Heads 25 Years Old and Over Below
the Poverty Level in 1969 by Years of School Completed and Sex of
Head
Male head
Female head
White
Negro
White
Negro
Total (thousands)
2,271
564
907
611
Elementary:
Less than 8 years
38
60
25
37
8 years
20
8
13
11
High school:
1 to 3 years
14
17
25
34
4 years
17
12
27
16
College:
1 year or more
10
3
10
1
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
RALD 140 R. FORD ABRART
55
Nogro Report (P-23, No. 29)
Revised Draft -- 6/17
The median income deficit of poor Negro families was more than that for
poor white families. The difference between the median income gap for poor
white and Negro families was about $300. About 30 percent of white families
had incomes within $500 of the poverty line in 1969 as compared to 19 percent
of poor Negro families.
Families headed by white women were more deeply impoverished than families
headed by men. There is some evidence that the same situation also exists for
Negro families.
Between 1959 and 1969 the median income deficit remained about the same
for poor Negro families, regardless of the sex of the head.
31
Table (N) 33. Distribution of Income Deficit for Families Below the Poverty
Level by Sex of Head, 1959 and 1969
All families
Male
Head
Female Head
Income deficit
White
Negro
White
Negro
White
Negro
1959
Number (thousands)
6,027
1,860
5,037
1,309
990
551
Percent
100
100
100
100
100
100
$1 to $499
27
17
28
19
23
14
$500 to $999
26
22
26
22
25
20
$1,000 to $1,999
31
33
30
30
38
39
$2,000 to $2,999
11
17
11
17
11
19
$3,000 and over
5
11
5
13
4
9
FORD A. LIBRARY RALD 30
Median income deficit
$944
$1,286
$923
$1,235
$1,047
$1,377
1969
Number (thousands)
3,555
1,326
2,492
609
1,063
718
Percent
100
100
100
100
100
100
$1 to $499
30
19
32
24
25
14
$500 to $999
24
23
25
24
22
21
$1,000 to $1,999
26
31
25
29
28
33
$2,000 to $2,999
14
17
13
14
18
19
$3,000 and over
6
11
6
9
7
13
Modian income deficit
$906
$1,153
$842
$1,067
$1,110
$1,382
NOTE. Income deficit for families is a measure of the degree of impoverishment
of the family. This measure provides an estimate of the amount which would be
required to raise the incomes of all poor families to their respective poverty
thresholds.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
Negro Report (P-23, No. 29)
Revised Draft --- 6/71
About 6 out of every 10 male heads of poor families of Negro and other
races were employed. The comparable figures for white families with a male
head was 5 out of every 10. The proportion of poor female heads employed
was the same for both racial groups. Between 1959 and 1969, the proportion
of poor male heads who were employed declined for families of both racial
groupings.
32
Table (N) 3 Distribution of Family Heads Below the Poverty Level
by Employment Status and Sex of Head, 1959 and 1969
Male head
Female head
Negro and
Negro and
other races
White
other races
White
1959
Total (thousands)
1,452
4,952
683
1,233
Percent
100
100
100
100
Employed
67
60
31
31
Unemployed
11
7
4
4
Not in civilian labor
force
23
33
65
66
1969
FORD A LIBRAR RALE
3.
Total (thousands)
656
2,490
739
1,065
Percent
100
100
100
100
Employed
58
50
29
28
Unemployed
6
3
6
4
Not in civilian labor
force
36
47
65
68
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census
First Draft 4/71
About 17 percent of all persons of Negro and other races and about 4 percent
of all whites received public assistance or welfare in 1969.
33
Table (%) 37 Persons Receiving Public Assistance in 1969
(Numbers in millions)
Negro and
other races
White
Total population
25.1
177.4
Receiving public assistance
4.3
6.5
Percent
17
4
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
GERALO RALD A. FORD CBRART
58
First Draft 4/71
The majority of poor people, both Negro and white, did not report
receiving public assistance or welfare payments in 1969. Less than
half of poor Negro families and only 21 percent of white families below
the poverty level received public assistance. About 35 percent of
unrelated individuals of Negro and other races and 14 percent of white
unrelated individuals received assistance.
34
Table
(N)
38
Families and Unrelated Individuals Below the Poverty
Level in 1969 Receiving Public Assistance
(Numbers in thousands)
All races
Negro
White
5,
Families
4,946
1,326
3,55$
Receiving public assistance
1,356
594
744
Percent
27
45
21
Unrelated individuals
4,851
806
3,962
Receiving public assistance
867
280
561
Percent
18
35
14
GE RALD
P. FORD LIBRAR
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census
""II
original st /
28-
by 6
=
III, EMPLOYMENT
GERALD of
FORD & LL LIBRARY RALO
is
office Copy
Employment of Negro and other races. was 22 percent higher in 1970 than
Revised
10 years before, ficating steady improvement after a small decline
HA. The rise in white employment was somewhat less, proportionately.
Unemployment of Negro and other races declined markedly from the 1961
recession level during the following 5 years, and then held about steady
through 1969. However, in 1970 it increased somewhat for the first time
4
since 1961, rising to about the 1968 level. White unemployment also
surpassing the
rose in 1970, returning the The increase in the number
unemployed from 1969 to 1970 was proportionately much less for Negroes and therraces
than for whites.
35.
Table (28) 40. Number of Employed and Unemployed Persons, 1960-1970
Annualareneas (inumber in millions)
RALO GE R. FORD LIBRART
Employed
Unemployed
Negro and
Negro and
other races
White
other races
White
1960
6.9
58.9
.8
3.1
1961
6.8
58.9
1.0
3.7
1962
7.0
59.7
.9
3.1
1963
7.1
60.6
.9
3.2
1964
7.4
61.9
.8
3.0
1965
7.6
63.4
.7
2.7
1966
7.9
65.0
.6
2.3
1967
8.0
66.4
.6
2.3
1968
8.2
67.8
.6
2.2
1969
8.4
69.5
.6
2.3
1970
8.5
70.2
.7
3.2
Change 1960-1970:
Number
+1.6
+11.3
-.1
+.1
Percent
+22
+19
-14
+3
NOTE: The information on employment and unemployment is obtained from a monthly sample
survey of households. All persons 16 years of age and over are classified as employed,
unemployed, or not in the labor force for the calendar week containing the 12th of the
month.
The unemployed are persons who did not work or have a job during the survey week,
and who had looked for work within the past 4 weeks, and were currently available for
work. Also included are those waiting to be called back to a job from which they had
been laid off or waiting to report to a new job.
The sum of the employed, excluding military, and the unemployed constitutes
the civilian labor force.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The unemployment rate for both Negro and other races and for whites
continually cont
declined Tin the 1960's, after a sharp rise during the 1961
recession. In 1970, however, unemployment worsened, reaching [near] the
endother Rous,
1965 rate for Negroes and [near] the 1964 rate for whites. Negro unemploy-
fivNeary and other ROCeD
ment rates were about double those for whites throughout the 1960's and
80 percent higher in 1970 (a ratio of 1.8:1) when the increase in white
unemployment was somewhat sharper than that of Negro and other races.
36
Table LT. Unemployment Rates, 1949-1970
(Annual averages)
Negro and
Ratio: Negro and
other races
White
other races to white
1949
8.9
5.6
1.6
1950
9.0
4.9
1.8
1951
5.3
3.1
1.7
1952
5.4
2.8
1.9
1953
4.5
2.7
1.7
1954
9.9
5.0
2.0
1955
8.7
3.9
2.2
1956
8.3
3.6
2.3
1957
7.9
3.8
2.1
6.1
RALD A. FORD TBHART
1958
12.6
2.1
1959
10.7
4.8
2.2
30
1960
10.2
4.9
2.1
1961
12.4
6.0
2.1
1962
10.9
4.9
2.2
1963
10.8
5.0
2.2
1964
9.6
4.6
2.1
1965
8.1
4.1
2.0
1966
7.3
3.3
2.2
1967
7.4
3.4
2.2
1968
6.7
3.2
2.1
1969
6.5
3.2
2.0
1970
8.2
4.5
1.8
NOTE: The unemployment rate is the percent unemployed in the civilian
labor force.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Unemployment rates of adult men and women were much lower for Negro
and other races in 1970 than 10 years before, although they had increased
from the low points reached in the late 1960's. The increases. in unemploy-
ment rates of adult white men and women in 1970 were much sharper.
Unemployment rates for teenagers were substantially higher than
and ther Recess
those for adults from 1960-1970 and rates for Negro/teenagers were
considerably greater than those for white teenagers. Until 1969, about
and thec Rouse
one in every 4 Negro teenagers was unemployed. In 1970, one in every 3
was unemployed, compared with one in every 7 white teenagers. Thus the
teenage unemployment rate of Negro and other races continued to be more
than double the white.
37
Table (30) 42. Unemployment Rates by Sex and Age, 1960 and 1968-1970
(Annual arerages)
)
Negro and other races
White
1960
1968
1969
1970
1960
1968
1969
1970
Total
10.2
6.7
6.5
8.2
4.9
3.2
3.2
4.5
dult men
9.6
3.9
3.7
5.6
4.2
2.0
1.9
3.2
dult women
8.3
6.3
5.8
6.9
4.6
3.4
3.4
4.4
eenagers 1/
24.4
25.0
24.4
29.1
13.4
11.0
10.8
13.5
/ "Teenagers" include persons 16 to 19 years old.
ource: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
FORD & IL LIBRARY RALD
33
Unemployment rates for married men have continued to be the lowest in the
ando thee seces
labor force, both for Negroes and for whites. The 1970 unemployment r rates of
married men of Negro and other races were about half the 1962 rates (earliest
data available). The decline for married white men was not as sharp. As a
and other RECES RECES
result, the ratio of Negro/to white unemployment rates was 1.6 to 1, in 1970
compared with 2.5 to 1 in 1962.
38
Table
43. Unemployment Rates for Married Men, 20 Years Old and Over,
with Spouse Present, 1962-1970
(Annual aveRoges)
Negro and
Ratio: Negro and
other races
White
other races to white
1962
7.9
3.2
2.5
1963
6.8
3.0
2.3
1964
5.4
2.6
2.1
1965
4.4
2.2
2.0
1966
3.6
1.7
2.1
1967
3.2
1.7
1.9
1968
2.9
1.5
1.9
1969
2.5
1.4
1.8
1970
3.9
2.4
1.6
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
PART RALD 1) ? FORD
30