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FEDERAL AID AND THE EMERGENCY* The first plan for this conference provided that I address myself solely to the problem of "Federal Aid for School Construction. But since in the months immediately ahead the international situation will have a direct and important bearing on legislation relating to domestic matters, I asked for and received Mr. Marston's consent_to broaden the discussion. Hence, I should like to discuss, first, the emergency context in which all education legislation will have to be considered; second, the legislation on which the Office of Education of the Federal Security Agency has stated its position; and, third, the specific problem of Federal financial assistance for school construction. The differences between 1940 and 1950 are threefold: the extent of the mobilization; the probable duration of the crisis; and the dual strategy necessary for success. It becomes increasingly clear that the peoples of the Free World face the probability of a prolonged period of stress during which they must maintain armed strength at unprecedented peacetime levels, while at the same time struggling for a just and lasting peace. No one can forecast at what intensity international tension will be maintained. At best, it will fluctuate uncertainly. It may last a year, five years, a decade, perhaps a generation. There is only one assumption with which it is safe to enter 1951. That is the assumption of full strength--both military and non-military--for the long pull. Facing a long pull we must build combat strength and keep it at a high level for an undetermined period. We must also extend and strengthen the basic services which meet our non-military needs Today's unprecedented situation demands "total marshalling" of all resources for full strength--both non-military and military. And the hope of peace lies precisely in the degree to which we do both of these things well. There must be no moratorium on basic essentials Military strength is one essential; but it is only one. In terms of the final values we wish to defend and promote, it would make little difference whether democracy was destroyed by conquest, by infil- tration, or by losing its own character. An effective national policy for the long pull will be one which assures necessary mili- tary strength and at the same time assures the continuance of the basic necessities of non-military services such as education, health, research, social services, and the production of essential civilian goods. *By Earl James McGrath, U. S. Commissioner of Education, Federal Security Agency, Washington, D. C. at the Third General Session of the National Conference on Federal Aid to Education, called by the Legislative Committee of the National Education Association, in Washington, D. C., November 14, 1950.