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    "label": "\"History of the Technical Assistance Programs of the Marshall Plan and Successor Agencies, 1948-1961\"",
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    "title": "\"History of the Technical Assistance Programs of the Marshall Plan and Successor Agencies, 1948-1961\"",
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    "ocrText": "9\nBox 3 (continued)\nAdministration of Nationwide Productivity Drives\nNational\nRegional\nGoverning\nIndustry, Labor,\nCountry\nMinisterial\nCenter\nCenters\nBoard\nUniversities, etc.\n13. Turkey\nTwo ministries\nOECEI\nAll regions\nInter-Ministerial\nManagement, labor,\nmarketing, person-\nnel\n14. United\nTwo ministries,\nBPC\n100+ local centers;\nBoard of Trade; Mo-\nAll sectors\nKingdom\nBoard of Trade\nBritish Institute of\nnopolies Commission;\nManagement, BPC,\nNational Research De-\nNIFES, British Stan-\nvelopment Corp.; Dept.\ndards, academic bodies\nof Scientific and Indus-\ntrial Research\n15. Spain\n6 industrial regions\nBoard of Directors;\nFederations of Em-\n20-30 liaison council\nployers and Eco-\nnomic Organiza-\ntions; Japan Man-\nagement Associates\n16. Japan\nSeveral govern-\nJPC\nAll regions\nBoard of Directors 15;\nAll national groups\nment ministries\ngovernment\n17. Taiwan\nSeveral govern-\nCDC\n3\nLabor, management\nAll industry and\nment ministries\nsocieties, universities\ndistribution sectors\n2.12\nIn smaller or less industrialized nations such as Austria, Norway, Sweden and Iceland,\nProductivity programs and regional activities took place without the benefit of formal centralized Productivity\nCenters. These countries concentrated on Productivity Team visits, on the use and dissemination of the\nvarious U.S. Technical Assistance aids, and on seminars and training programs. Some countries, like Belgium\nand Denmark, organized inclusive across-the-board programs aimed at all sectors, to cover management,\nengineering, marketing, material handling, packaging and other areas important in productivity restructuring.\nGermany followed the same course channeling its Productivity restructuring activities through its long\nestablished RKW organization for the rationalization of industry. The German program was later enlarged\nto operate through ten District groups.\n2.13\nThe larger European nations had substantial Productivity program staffs and complex\norganizations of sector, regional, and local Productivity groups. The U.K. was alone in dispersing its\noperations (with the exception of the numerous Productivity Teams) through the delegation of projects and\nfunds among a wide range of private and public research, educational, and engineering institutes. It relied on\nits strong industry associations and labor unions to carry the burden of inter-plant exchanges and training.\nFrance was unique in the scale, originality of organization and comprehensive range of centralized, sector, and\nregional programs. France evidenced the largest commitment of a program to reach into every corner of the\nnation.\n2.14\nFor Western Europe, what was unprecedented was the span of the National Productivity\nDrives, the national commitments, the scope in terms of utilizing every media of study and training, the extent\nof research, and the priority and publicity spread through much of the communication media. The swift gains\nin productivity which took place for most nations over the first few years mark an achievement unique in the\nera of industrialization.\nTRUMAN\nHARRY\nNARA\nLIBRARY"
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