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APPENDIX A
TERRAIN AND CLIMATE
1. Terrain and Drainage.
Rhine, however, is in the Netherlands. The
meanders of the Rhine below Bonn were
The terrain of Germany is of two major
straightened out and the entire river was reg-
types. The northern part of the country is a
ularized in the 19th century both to protect
broad, undulating lowland that extends from
the North Sea eastward into Poland and the
the cultivated lands and to improve naviga-
tion.
USSR. Most of it is below 300 feet in eleva-
tion and almost all is under 600 feet. The
Of the north-flowing rivers, only the Oder
River drains into the Baltic Sea. It is the
southern two-thirds of Germany is an upland
area with varied relief that rises to 5,000 feet
principal waterway of eastern Germany. The
in places. The uplands consist of a complex
Weser, Ems, and Elbe flow into the North Sea.
arrangement of mountain blocks and inter-
Neither the Ems nor the Weser is comparable
vening depressions. In the extreme south,
as a traffic artery with the Elbe, which is navi-
Germany includes some of the northern
gable for barges as far upstream as Aussig in
Bohemia. Levees and embankments are nec-
ranges of the Alps. The highest peak is the
Zugspitze (9,720 feet).
essary along the lower courses of all four riv-
ers to minimize the effect of floods. Egress to
The major rivers of Germany flow north-
the sea can be insured only by constant
ward to the North Sea or the Baltic Sea. The
dredging of the shallow tidal estuaries, by the
only exception is the Danube, which flows
maintenance of dykes, channels or ship ca-
eastward to the Black Sea. In spite of its
nals, and by the construction of breakwaters
length (560 miles from its source to Passau on
to prevent longshore drifting from blocking
the Austrian frontier), the Danube is not as
the deepwater harbors.
important for navigation as are the other
a. The North German Plain.
large German rivers. Transportation on the
The North German Plain, despite its low re-
Danube is limited mainly to small barges.
lief, contains a variety of land forms and types
The river systems crossing the northern
of economic development. In the west, it in-
plain, named from west to east, are the Rhine,
cludes the Lower Rhine Plain, and the Mün-
the Ems, the Weser, the Elbe, and the Oder.
ster and Cologne (Köln) lowlands, which ex-
The Rhine is the most important waterway of
tend like bays into the Rhine Highlands. The
Europe and the great unifying feature of
Münster Bay is an area of low relief and fer-
western Germany. With its three great trib-
tile soils that make it one of the most produc-
utaries-the Main, the Neckar, and the Mo-
tive agricultural sections of Germany. Co-
selle-it drains a large area. Between Basel
logne Bay, though less productive, is well
and Lauterbourg, the Rhine forms the fron-
above the German average. The nearly flat
tier between France and Germany; from Basel
Lower Rhine Plain merges imperceptibly into
the Rhine Delta of the Netherlands. It is
to Bingen it flows northward through the rift
noted particularly for its dairy industries.
valley between the Vosges Mountains and the
Within the western section of the North
Black Forest (Schwarzwald) from Bingen to
German Plain are some of the most important
Bonn it cuts across the highlands in a deep
industrial regions of Germany. The Ruhr
gorge; and below Bonn the river enters the
coal fields, by far the most important in Ger-
North German Plain. The mouth of the
many, lie along the northern margin of the
ECRET
A-1
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"ocrText": "APPENDIX A\nTERRAIN AND CLIMATE\n1. Terrain and Drainage.\nRhine, however, is in the Netherlands. The\nmeanders of the Rhine below Bonn were\nThe terrain of Germany is of two major\nstraightened out and the entire river was reg-\ntypes. The northern part of the country is a\nularized in the 19th century both to protect\nbroad, undulating lowland that extends from\nthe North Sea eastward into Poland and the\nthe cultivated lands and to improve naviga-\ntion.\nUSSR. Most of it is below 300 feet in eleva-\ntion and almost all is under 600 feet. The\nOf the north-flowing rivers, only the Oder\nRiver drains into the Baltic Sea. It is the\nsouthern two-thirds of Germany is an upland\narea with varied relief that rises to 5,000 feet\nprincipal waterway of eastern Germany. The\nin places. The uplands consist of a complex\nWeser, Ems, and Elbe flow into the North Sea.\narrangement of mountain blocks and inter-\nNeither the Ems nor the Weser is comparable\nvening depressions. In the extreme south,\nas a traffic artery with the Elbe, which is navi-\nGermany includes some of the northern\ngable for barges as far upstream as Aussig in\nBohemia. Levees and embankments are nec-\nranges of the Alps. The highest peak is the\nZugspitze (9,720 feet).\nessary along the lower courses of all four riv-\ners to minimize the effect of floods. Egress to\nThe major rivers of Germany flow north-\nthe sea can be insured only by constant\nward to the North Sea or the Baltic Sea. The\ndredging of the shallow tidal estuaries, by the\nonly exception is the Danube, which flows\nmaintenance of dykes, channels or ship ca-\neastward to the Black Sea. In spite of its\nnals, and by the construction of breakwaters\nlength (560 miles from its source to Passau on\nto prevent longshore drifting from blocking\nthe Austrian frontier), the Danube is not as\nthe deepwater harbors.\nimportant for navigation as are the other\na. The North German Plain.\nlarge German rivers. Transportation on the\nThe North German Plain, despite its low re-\nDanube is limited mainly to small barges.\nlief, contains a variety of land forms and types\nThe river systems crossing the northern\nof economic development. In the west, it in-\nplain, named from west to east, are the Rhine,\ncludes the Lower Rhine Plain, and the Mün-\nthe Ems, the Weser, the Elbe, and the Oder.\nster and Cologne (Köln) lowlands, which ex-\nThe Rhine is the most important waterway of\ntend like bays into the Rhine Highlands. The\nEurope and the great unifying feature of\nMünster Bay is an area of low relief and fer-\nwestern Germany. With its three great trib-\ntile soils that make it one of the most produc-\nutaries-the Main, the Neckar, and the Mo-\ntive agricultural sections of Germany. Co-\nselle-it drains a large area. Between Basel\nlogne Bay, though less productive, is well\nand Lauterbourg, the Rhine forms the fron-\nabove the German average. The nearly flat\ntier between France and Germany; from Basel\nLower Rhine Plain merges imperceptibly into\nthe Rhine Delta of the Netherlands. It is\nto Bingen it flows northward through the rift\nnoted particularly for its dairy industries.\nvalley between the Vosges Mountains and the\nWithin the western section of the North\nBlack Forest (Schwarzwald) from Bingen to\nGerman Plain are some of the most important\nBonn it cuts across the highlands in a deep\nindustrial regions of Germany. The Ruhr\ngorge; and below Bonn the river enters the\ncoal fields, by far the most important in Ger-\nNorth German Plain. The mouth of the\nmany, lie along the northern margin of the\nECRET\nA-1"
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