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9
cil and paid by the provincial governments.
services necessitated greatly increased num-
Judges have no vote and take no part in poli-
bers, chiefly on a temporary employment
tics.
basis. In March 1948 there were 118,370
e. Provincial Government.
civil service employees whereas in March 1938
Each of the ten provincial governments has
the total was only 44,102.
a separate legislature and administration with
h. Civil Rights.
a Lieutenant Governor, appointed by the Gov-
Canada does not have a formal Bill of
ernor-General in Council, as the nominal head
Rights in the Constitution, but the rights of
of the executive. Following the pattern of
the individual, assured to British people in a
the Dominion Government, the Lieutenant
body of law and precedent that has grown
Governor governs with the advice and assist-
through centuries of usage, have been con-
ance of his Ministry or Executive Council
sidered adequately secured. The few consti-
headed by a premier who is responsible to the
tutional guarantees which do appear in the
Legislature and resigns when he ceases to en-
British North America Act were designed for
joy the confidence of that body. The legis-
a peculiarly Canadian problem, namely to
latures of all the provinces except Quebec are
protect the rights of the French and Roman
unicameral, consisting of a Legislative As-
Catholic minority in Canada, and of the Eng-
sembly elected by the people. In Quebec,
lish Protestants in Quebec. The Act specifies
there are two Houses-a Legislative Council
that the English and French languages are
as well as a Legislative Assembly. The pro-
to be used in the Canadian Parliament and in
vincial governments have full powers to regu-
the Quebec legislature, and in Quebec and
late local affairs as enumerated in Section 92
Canadian courts established under the Act.
of the British North America Act, provided
The statutes of Canada and of Quebec are to
they do not interfere with the action and
be printed in both English and French.
policy of the Dominion Government in
Other citizens' rights are not touched upon
Ottawa.
by the British North America Act, but receive
Provincial governments may amend their
protection under various statutes and the
constitutions by statute, except as regards the
common law. However, there is a growing
office of Lieutenant Governor.
conviction in Canada that certain civil liber-
f. Government of the Territories.
ties should be incorporated in a Declaration
The Yukon, formerly a District of the
or Bill of Rights. Minority agitation for a
constitutional amendment has not advanced
Northwest Territories, was made a separate
Territory in 1898. It is governed by a Com-
far, although a Parliamentary Committee of
missioner and an elective Legislative Council
Inquiry was set up in 1947 to consider the
of three members with a three-year tenure of
question of a written Bill of Rights embody-
office. The Northwest Territories are gov-
ing Canada's heritage in precise terms. By
the enactment of such an amendment the
erned by a Commissioner, Deputy Commis-
sioner, and five councillors appointed by the
present supremacy of the provincial legisla-
Governor-General in Council. Both Terri-
tures in the field of civil rights would be cur-
tories are administered under instructions
tailed, thereby inaugurating a distinct de-
from the Governor-General in Council or the
parture from traditional Canadian practice.
Serious constitutional difficulties and anti-
Minister of Mines and Resources. The Yu-
kon-Mackenzie River district is entitled to
pathetical public attitudes would also be en-
countered.
one representative in the House of Commons.
There is as yet no parliamentary representa-
3. Political Parties and Current Issues.
tion for the rest of the Northwest Territories.
The national political life of Canada has
g. Civil Service.
been dominated from the time of Confedera-
Canada has a permanent civil service with
tion in 1867 by two great parties, the Liberals
appointees normally recruited by open com-
and Conservatives (now called the Progres-
petition. Wartime expansion of government
sive Conservatives), thereby paralleling the
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"ocrText": "SECRET\n9\ncil and paid by the provincial governments.\nservices necessitated greatly increased num-\nJudges have no vote and take no part in poli-\nbers, chiefly on a temporary employment\ntics.\nbasis. In March 1948 there were 118,370\ne. Provincial Government.\ncivil service employees whereas in March 1938\nEach of the ten provincial governments has\nthe total was only 44,102.\na separate legislature and administration with\nh. Civil Rights.\na Lieutenant Governor, appointed by the Gov-\nCanada does not have a formal Bill of\nernor-General in Council, as the nominal head\nRights in the Constitution, but the rights of\nof the executive. Following the pattern of\nthe individual, assured to British people in a\nthe Dominion Government, the Lieutenant\nbody of law and precedent that has grown\nGovernor governs with the advice and assist-\nthrough centuries of usage, have been con-\nance of his Ministry or Executive Council\nsidered adequately secured. The few consti-\nheaded by a premier who is responsible to the\ntutional guarantees which do appear in the\nLegislature and resigns when he ceases to en-\nBritish North America Act were designed for\njoy the confidence of that body. The legis-\na peculiarly Canadian problem, namely to\nlatures of all the provinces except Quebec are\nprotect the rights of the French and Roman\nunicameral, consisting of a Legislative As-\nCatholic minority in Canada, and of the Eng-\nsembly elected by the people. In Quebec,\nlish Protestants in Quebec. The Act specifies\nthere are two Houses-a Legislative Council\nthat the English and French languages are\nas well as a Legislative Assembly. The pro-\nto be used in the Canadian Parliament and in\nvincial governments have full powers to regu-\nthe Quebec legislature, and in Quebec and\nlate local affairs as enumerated in Section 92\nCanadian courts established under the Act.\nof the British North America Act, provided\nThe statutes of Canada and of Quebec are to\nthey do not interfere with the action and\nbe printed in both English and French.\npolicy of the Dominion Government in\nOther citizens' rights are not touched upon\nOttawa.\nby the British North America Act, but receive\nProvincial governments may amend their\nprotection under various statutes and the\nconstitutions by statute, except as regards the\ncommon law. However, there is a growing\noffice of Lieutenant Governor.\nconviction in Canada that certain civil liber-\nf. Government of the Territories.\nties should be incorporated in a Declaration\nThe Yukon, formerly a District of the\nor Bill of Rights. Minority agitation for a\nconstitutional amendment has not advanced\nNorthwest Territories, was made a separate\nTerritory in 1898. It is governed by a Com-\nfar, although a Parliamentary Committee of\nmissioner and an elective Legislative Council\nInquiry was set up in 1947 to consider the\nof three members with a three-year tenure of\nquestion of a written Bill of Rights embody-\noffice. The Northwest Territories are gov-\ning Canada's heritage in precise terms. By\nthe enactment of such an amendment the\nerned by a Commissioner, Deputy Commis-\nsioner, and five councillors appointed by the\npresent supremacy of the provincial legisla-\nGovernor-General in Council. Both Terri-\ntures in the field of civil rights would be cur-\ntories are administered under instructions\ntailed, thereby inaugurating a distinct de-\nfrom the Governor-General in Council or the\nparture from traditional Canadian practice.\nSerious constitutional difficulties and anti-\nMinister of Mines and Resources. The Yu-\nkon-Mackenzie River district is entitled to\npathetical public attitudes would also be en-\ncountered.\none representative in the House of Commons.\nThere is as yet no parliamentary representa-\n3. Political Parties and Current Issues.\ntion for the rest of the Northwest Territories.\nThe national political life of Canada has\ng. Civil Service.\nbeen dominated from the time of Confedera-\nCanada has a permanent civil service with\ntion in 1867 by two great parties, the Liberals\nappointees normally recruited by open com-\nand Conservatives (now called the Progres-\npetition. Wartime expansion of government\nsive Conservatives), thereby paralleling the\nSECRET"
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