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CHAPTER IV
MILITARY SITUATION
1. Genesis of Present Military Policies.
World War I, and when the Royal Canadian
The present military policies of Canada
Air Force was activated as a permanent force
have developed under three primary influ-
in 1924 it was this group of veterans who
ences: British guidance, proximity to a
formed the backbone of the new organization.
powerful and friendly neighbor, and the dic-
This influence of the British services over
tates of geographic position, population, and
their Canadian counterparts, particularly
terrain.
during the earlier periods of their existence,
The first indigenous Canadian military unit
has been a strong force in shaping military
was the Militia, which was organized under
policy in Canada. The three services are or-
the authority of the Upper Canada Militia Act
ganized along British lines, have inherited
of 1793. This Militia was at first completely
British service traditions and, although use of
officered by British regulars, who were very
US type equipment has started, are largely
gradually replaced by Canadians; until 1872 it
equipped with materiel of British design or
manufacture.
was normally reinforced by regiments of the
British Army. The Canadian Militia Defense
Policy regarding the constitution and em-
Act, passed in 1868 shortly after Confedera-
ployment of forces has evolved from the char-
tion, formed a firmer basis for a military es-
acter of the population. The French-Cana-
tablishment and the Royal Military College
dian third of the population, which has a
which was opened at Kingston in 1876 con-
deep-rooted conviction that military service
siderably raised the standards in the Officers
should be necessary only to defend Canadian
Corps. The Commander in Chief of the Ca-
soil, renders any form of military conscrip-
nadian forces until 1904 was a British regu-
tion in time of peace politically infeasible.
lar officer; exchange of officers of the two ar-
Therefore, Canada's peacetime forces must be
mies is still practiced.
raised on a basis of voluntary service. Even
The Royal Canadian Navy was established
in war conscription for overseas duty has not
after the passage of the Naval Service Act of
been successful. Being thus prevented from
1910 and during its formative years relied on
utilizing the full manpower potential, Cana-
dian military policy has been forced to con-
the Royal Navy for training and equipment.
A Naval College was opened at Halifax, N.S.,
centrate on the development of a relatively
small, but well-rounded and effective force in
in 1911 and numerous training establish-
war.
ments were activated in Canada during World
The fact that all members of the armed
War I. In 1922 the Royal Naval College,
which had been moved to Esquimalt, B.C., in
forces are volunteers has helped to shape pol-
1918, was closed and for the next twenty years
icy. Motivated by individual interest, mili-
Canada's permanent naval officers received
tary bent, desire for travel or a sense of pa-
triotic duty, the members of the armed forces
their training in the Royal Navy.
of Canada are of high calibre, although there
During World War I Canada had no air
have recently been several severe breaches of
arm but several thousand Canadians served
discipline in the RCN. The conscription issue
with the Royal Flying Corps. In 1920 the
aside, military planners and policy-makers are
Canadian Air Force was created as a non-
not hampered by political considerations in
permanent organization to give training to
the employment of troops. Although it could
those who had served with the British in
not be claimed that Canadian soldiers have
45
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"ocrText": "CHAPTER IV\nMILITARY SITUATION\n1. Genesis of Present Military Policies.\nWorld War I, and when the Royal Canadian\nThe present military policies of Canada\nAir Force was activated as a permanent force\nhave developed under three primary influ-\nin 1924 it was this group of veterans who\nences: British guidance, proximity to a\nformed the backbone of the new organization.\npowerful and friendly neighbor, and the dic-\nThis influence of the British services over\ntates of geographic position, population, and\ntheir Canadian counterparts, particularly\nterrain.\nduring the earlier periods of their existence,\nThe first indigenous Canadian military unit\nhas been a strong force in shaping military\nwas the Militia, which was organized under\npolicy in Canada. The three services are or-\nthe authority of the Upper Canada Militia Act\nganized along British lines, have inherited\nof 1793. This Militia was at first completely\nBritish service traditions and, although use of\nofficered by British regulars, who were very\nUS type equipment has started, are largely\ngradually replaced by Canadians; until 1872 it\nequipped with materiel of British design or\nmanufacture.\nwas normally reinforced by regiments of the\nBritish Army. The Canadian Militia Defense\nPolicy regarding the constitution and em-\nAct, passed in 1868 shortly after Confedera-\nployment of forces has evolved from the char-\ntion, formed a firmer basis for a military es-\nacter of the population. The French-Cana-\ntablishment and the Royal Military College\ndian third of the population, which has a\nwhich was opened at Kingston in 1876 con-\ndeep-rooted conviction that military service\nsiderably raised the standards in the Officers\nshould be necessary only to defend Canadian\nCorps. The Commander in Chief of the Ca-\nsoil, renders any form of military conscrip-\nnadian forces until 1904 was a British regu-\ntion in time of peace politically infeasible.\nlar officer; exchange of officers of the two ar-\nTherefore, Canada's peacetime forces must be\nmies is still practiced.\nraised on a basis of voluntary service. Even\nThe Royal Canadian Navy was established\nin war conscription for overseas duty has not\nafter the passage of the Naval Service Act of\nbeen successful. Being thus prevented from\n1910 and during its formative years relied on\nutilizing the full manpower potential, Cana-\ndian military policy has been forced to con-\nthe Royal Navy for training and equipment.\nA Naval College was opened at Halifax, N.S.,\ncentrate on the development of a relatively\nsmall, but well-rounded and effective force in\nin 1911 and numerous training establish-\nwar.\nments were activated in Canada during World\nThe fact that all members of the armed\nWar I. In 1922 the Royal Naval College,\nwhich had been moved to Esquimalt, B.C., in\nforces are volunteers has helped to shape pol-\n1918, was closed and for the next twenty years\nicy. Motivated by individual interest, mili-\nCanada's permanent naval officers received\ntary bent, desire for travel or a sense of pa-\ntriotic duty, the members of the armed forces\ntheir training in the Royal Navy.\nof Canada are of high calibre, although there\nDuring World War I Canada had no air\nhave recently been several severe breaches of\narm but several thousand Canadians served\ndiscipline in the RCN. The conscription issue\nwith the Royal Flying Corps. In 1920 the\naside, military planners and policy-makers are\nCanadian Air Force was created as a non-\nnot hampered by political considerations in\npermanent organization to give training to\nthe employment of troops. Although it could\nthose who had served with the British in\nnot be claimed that Canadian soldiers have\n45"
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