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A 'Calloch.
1835.
64
Digitized by Google
600002363K
35.
595.
Digitized y Google
A
DICTIONARY,
PRACTICAL, THEORETICAL, AND HISTORICAL,
OF
COMMERCE
AND
COMMERCIAL NAVIGATION:
ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS AND PLANS.
BY J. R. McCULLOCH, ESQ.
SECOND EDITION,
Corrected throughout, and greatly enlarged :
HILL
WITH A SUPPLEMENT,
SUPPLYING THE DEFICIENCIES AND BRINGING DOWN THE INFORMATION
CONTAINED IN THE WORK TO
OcToBeK, 1835.
Tutte le invenzioni le più benemerite del genere umano, e che hanno svillupato Pingegno
e la facoltà dell' animo nostro, sono quelle che accostano l' womo all' uomo, e facilitano la
communicazione delle idee, dei bisogni, dei sentimenti, e riducano il genere umano a massa.
VERRI.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR
LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMAN.
MDCCCXXXV.
595
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" Though immediately and primarily written for the merchants, this Commercial Dictionary
will be of use to every man of business or of curiosity. There is no man who is not in some
degree a merchant; who has not something to buy and something to sell, and who does not
therefore want such instructions as may teach him the true value of possessions or commodities.
The descriptions of the productions of the earth and water which this volume contains, may
be equally pleasing and useful to the speculatist with any other Natural History. The de-
scriptions of ports and cities may instruct the geographer as well as if they were found in books
appropriated only to his own science; and the doctrines of funds, insurances, currency, mo-
nopolies, exchanges, and duties, is 80 necessary to the politician, that without it he can be of no
use either in the council or the senate, nor can speak or think justly either on war or trade.
" We, therefore, hope that we shall not repent the labour of compiling this work, nor flatter
ourselves unreasonably, in predicting a favourable reception to a book which no condition of life
can render useless, which may contribute to the advantage of all that make or receive laws, of all
that buy or sell, of all that wish to keep or improve their possessions, of all that desire to be rich,
and all that desire to be wise."
JOHNSON, Preface to Rolt's Dict.
LONDON :
Printed by A SPOTTISWOODE,
New.Strect-Sunare.
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NEW AND GREATLY ENLARGED
SUPPLEMENT.
OCTOBER, 1835.
N. B.- This Supplement embodies that issued in October, 1834. It is intended to supply deficiencies
and correct errors in the Dictionary; to bring down the information contained in it to the latest period
and especially to point out whatever changes have been made in the laws respecting commerce, naviga-
tion, &c., since it was published. We intend publishing another Supplement in October, 1836; and we
earnestly entreat our various friends at home and abroad to transmit to us, through Messrs. Longman and
Co., such information as they conceive may enable us to correct, improve, or supply any article either
in the Dictionary or in this Supplement. We shall carefully observe any stipulations as to the use of
such communications.
ABATEMENT OF DUTIES.- No abatement is to be made, on account of
damage on the voyage, from the duties payable on the following drugs, viz. cantharides,
cocculus Indicus, Guinea grains, ipecacuanha, jalap, nux vomica, opium, rhubarb, sar-
saparilla, and senna. - (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. 5.)
ALE AND BEER.- In consequence of the complaints, whether well or ill founded,
of the inconveniences arising from the increase of beer shops- (see Dict. p. 14.), a ma-
terial change has been made in the mode of licensing houses for the sale of beer. Under
the act 1 Will. 4. c. (Dict. p. 14.), the commissioners of excise, or other persons
duly authorised, were bound to grant licences, costing 21. 2s. a year, to all persons not
excepted in the act, empowering them to sell ale, beer, porter, cider, &c. to be drunk
indifferently either on or off the premises. But the act, of 1834, 4 & 5 Will. 4.
c. 85., made the obtaining of a licence to retail beer to be drunk on the premises
contingent on the applicant being able to produce a certificate of good character, sub-
scribed by certain persons rated at a certain amount to the poor it has also raised the
cost of such licence to 3l. 3s. ; and reduced the cost of a licence to sell beer not to be
drunk on the premises to 11. 18. We subjoin a full abstract of the act:-
Persons applying for a Licence to sell Beer to be drunk on the Premises, to deposit a Certificate of good
Character, &c. Every person applying for a licence to sell beer or cider by retail, to be drunk in the house
or on the premises, shall, in addition to the application setting forth the particulars required by the act
1 Will. 4. c.64., annually produce to and deposit with the commissioners of excise, collector, or other person
authorised to grant such licence within the parish or place in which the person applying intends to sell
beer or cider by retail, a certificate signed by 6 persons residing in and being and describing themselves to
be inhabitants of such parish, place, &c, and respectively rated therein to the poor at not less than 64., or
occupying a house therein rated to the poor at not less than 6l., none of whom shall be maltsters, common
brewers, or persons licensed to sell spirituous liquors or beer or oider by retail, nor owners or proprietors
of any houses licensed to sell liquors, beer, or cider by retail, stating that the person applying for the
licence is of good character; and at the foot of such certificate one of the overseers of the parish,
township, or place shall certify (if the fact be so) that such 6 persons are inhabitants respectively rated as
aforesaid; and such certificate shall respectively be in the form of the schedule annexed to this act
provided always, that in any parish, township, or district maintaining its own poor, in which there are not
10 inhabitants rated to their relief to the amount of 6l. each, or not occupying houses respectively rated to
the poor at 6/. each (not being maltsters, common brewers, or persons licensed to sell spirituous liquors or
beer or cider by retail), the certificate of the majority of the inhabitants of such parish, township, or dis-
trict maintaining its own poor, as are rated to the amount of 6/. each, shall be deemed to be a sufficient
certificate for the purposes of this act. - 2.
Penalty on Overseers.- Any overseer who shall, without due cause, refuse to certify that the persons
who have signed the certificate are respectively rated to the poors' rate as aforesaid, to forfeit not more
than 51. § 3.
Beer drunk in Sheds.- Any person licensed under the act 1 Will. 4. c. 64., to sell beer, cider, &c.
not to be consumed on the premises, who shall employ, permit, or suffer any person or persons to take or
carry any beer, &c. from his house or premises, to be drunk or consumed for his benefit or profit, in any
other house, tent, shed, &c. belonging to, or hired, used, or occupied by such licensed person, such beer,
&c. shall be held to have been consumed on the premises, and the person selling the same shall be subject
to the like forfeitures and penalties as if it had been actually drunk or consumed in a house or upon pre-
mises licensed only for the sale thereof. § 4.
Billetting.- Provisions for billetting soldiers under mutiny acts to extend only to those licensed to sell
beer or cider to be drunk in the house or on the premises, and not to extend to those licensed to sell beer
not to be consumed on the premises. 1 5.
Justices to regulate the Opening and Closing of Houses.-Justices in petty sessions are authorised to fix
the hours at which houses and premises licensed to sell beer under this act shall be opened and closed
but any person thinking himself aggrieved by any such order may appeal at any time, within 4 months
A
Digitized by Google
2
ALE AND BEER.
from its date, to the justices in quarter sessions, on giving the justices making the order 14 days' notice
of his intention ; and the decision of the justices in quarter sessions shall be final provided, however,
that the hour to be fixed for opening any house shall not in any case be earlier than 5 o'clock in the
morning, nor for closing the same later than 11 o'clock at night, or before 1 o'clock in the afternoon on
Sunday, Good Friday, Christmas Day, or any day appointed for a public fast or thanksgiving; and the
hours 80 fixed by the justices, with reference to the districts within their jurisdictions, shall be taken to
be the hours to be observed and complied with under this act as fully as if the same had been specially
appointed by it. § 6.
Constables, &c. to visit licensed Houses. - All constables and officers of police are authorised to enter into
all houses licensed to sell beer or spirituous liquors to be consumed upon the premises whenever they
shall think proper; and if any person licensed as aforesaid, or any servant or person in his employ or by
his direction, shall refuse to admit such constables, &c. into such house or premises, the person having the
licence shall for the first offence forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding 51., together with the costs of con-
viction, to be recovered within 20 days before 1 or more justices; and it shall be lawful for any 2 OF
more justices, upon any person being convicted of such offence for the second time, to adjudge (if they
think fit) that such offender be disqualified from selling beer, ale, porter, cider, or perry, by retail, for
2'years after such conviction, or for such shorter space as they may think proper. 7.
Penalty for making or using false Certificates.- Persons certifying any matter having reference to this
act as true, who know the same to be false, or using any certificate, knowing the same to be forged, shall,
on conviction of such offence before 2 or more justices, forfeit and pay the sum of 20L. and every licence
granted to any person making use of any certificate to obtain the same, such person knowing such
certificate to be forged, OF the matters certified therein to be false, shall be void to all intents and pur-
poses; and any person using such certificate shall be disqualified for ever from obtaining a licence to sell
beer or cider by retail. § 8.
No Licence to be granted without a Certificate. No licence for the sale of beer or cider by retail to be
consumed or drunk in the house or on the premises shall be granted, except upon the certificate hereby
required: provided, that in all extra-parochial places the certificate required by this act may be signed
and given by inhabitants rated to the poor at 64. in any adjoining parish or parishes. - § 9.
Retailers to produce their Licences on Requisition of 2 Magistrates. - In case any complaint be laid
before 2 justices against any licensed person for an offence against the tenor of his licence, or against this
act or the act 1 Will. 4. C. 64., the said justices may require such person to produce his licence before
them for their examination and if he wilfully neglect or refuse so to do, he shall forfeit for such offence
any sum, not exceeding 51., the said justices shall think proper; and such person may be convicted, pro-
ceeded against, and dealt with for such offence in the same manner, mutatis mutandis, as is directed by
the act 1 Will. 4. C. 64. with regard to persons guilty of a first offence against said act; and the penalty
imposed for such offence is to be applied in the manner that a penalty for a first offence against said act
is directed to be applied. - 10.
Continuance of Powers, &c. The powers, provisions, and penalties of 1 Will. 4. c. 64. to apply to
persons licensed under this act, and to their sureties, &c. § 11.
Act 1 Will. 4. c. 64. to continue in force, except as hereby altered. § 12.
Duties on Beer Licences under the 1 Will 4. c. 64. repealed, and new Duties granted in lieu thereof.
- From and after the passing of this act, the duties payable on excise licences for the sale of beer by re-
tail under the act I Will. 4. c. 64. shall cease, and in lieu of such duties there shall be paid upon the
licences hereby authorised to be granted the duties following; viz.
For and upon every licence to be taken out by any person for
For and upon every licence to be taken out by any person for
the sale of beer by retail, not to be drunk or consumed in or
I
the sale of beer by retail, to be drunk or consumed in or
upon the house or premises where sold, the annual sum of
upon the house or premises where sold, the annual sum of
1/. 1s.
31. 3s. Sec. 13.
The duties to be under the management of commissioners of excise, and to be recovered and accounted
for under the provisions of the act 1 Will. 4. C. 64. I 14.
Not to affect Duty on Licences to retail Cider and Perry.- Nothing in this act shall affect the amount
of duty payable under the 1 Will. 4. c. 64. on licences to retail eider and perry but every such licence
shall specify whether it be granted for the sale of cider and perry by retail not to be drunk in the house
or premises where sold, or for the retail of the same to be drunk in the house or premises where sold. -
1 15.
Licences under this Act not to authorise Persons to sell Wine. No licence granted under the act
1 Will. 4. c. 64. and this act shall authorise any person to take out or hold any licence for the sale of wine,
spirits, or sweets or made wines, or mead or metheglin; and if any person licensed under the act 1 Will. 4.
c. 64. and this act shall permit or suffer any wine, spirits, &c. to be brought into his house or premises
to be drunk or consumed there, or shall suffer them tobe drunk or consumed in his house or premises, he
shall, over and above any excise penalties to which he may be subject, forfeit 20/. § 16.
Penalty on unlicensed Persons.- Such persons selling beer and cider by retail to be drunk off the pre-
mises, 102 ; to be drunk on the premises, 202. § 17.
Board over the Door.- Every person licensed to sell beer, cider, or perry, by retail, under the authority
of the act 1 Will. 4. c. 64. and this act, shall, on the board required by the former act to be placed over his
door, paint and keep thereon, after the words licensed to sell beer or cider by retail," the additional
words " not to be drunk on the premises," or " to be drunk on the premises," as the case may be, on pain
of forfeiting the penalty imposed by such act for not having such board over the door. § 18.
What is retailing of Beer, &c. Every sale of beer, or of cider or perry, in any less quantity than 4b
gallons, shall be deemed and taken to be a sale by retail. § 19.
Penalties for selling Spirits OF Wine without Licence. Persons licensed to sell beer or cider under the
act 1 Will. 4. c. 64 and this act, who sell spirits or wine, sweets, &c. without being licensed, are liable
to the penalties imposed by the laws of excise for selling spirits or wine, sweets, &c. without licence.- 20.
Certificate not to be required for Houses in certain Situations, if Population exceed 5,000. - The before-
mentioned certificate shall not be required as to any house situated within the cities of London and West-
minster, or within any parish or place within the bills of mortality, nor within any city or town corporate,
nor within the distance of 1 mile from the place used at the last election as the place of election or polling
place of any town returning a member to parliament, provided that the population, determined accord-
ing to the last parliamentary census taken in such city, town, &c., shall exceed 5,000 provided, that no
licence for the sale of beer, ale, porter, cider, or perry by retail on the premises in the cities of London
and Westminster, or in any parish within the bills of mortality, or in any such city or town corporate, or
town returning a member to parliament as before mentioned, shall be granted after the 5th day of April,
1836, unless the house or premises specified as those in which beer or cider is intended to be sold shall be
of the value of 10Z. per annum. § 21.
Service of Summons.- Summonses or orders not legally served unless by some constable or other
peace officer. § 22.
Commencement. Act shall commence and take effect from and after the 10th day of October, 1834. -
23.
Form of Certificate referred to in § 2.
We, the undersigned, being inhabitants of the parish [or township, as the case may be] of
and
respectively rated to the poor at not less than G/. per annum, and none of us being maltsters, common brewers, or persons licensed
Digitized by Google
APPLES. - BANKS.
3
to sell spirituous liquors, or being licensed to sell beer or cider-by retail, do hereby certify, That A. B., dwelling in
street [here specify the street, lune, &c.) in the said parish [or township, &c.] is a person of good character.
[Here insert the day of signing the certificate.]
(Signed)
E.F.
G.H.
I.R.
[Here state the residence of each of the per-
L. M.
sons signing.]
N.O.
P.Q.
I de hereby certify, That all the above-mentioned persons whose names are subscribed to this certificate are inhabitants of the
parish [or township, &c.] of
rated to 61. to the relief of the poor of the said parish.
C.D.
[Overseer of the parish or township, &e.j
Date.
APPLES- Duty on, reduced from 4s. to 2s. a bushel. - (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. § 15.)
BANKS.
BANKS: An Account of the Amount of Bank of England Notes and Bank Post Bills in Circulation on,
the undermentioned days; distinguishing the Bank Post Bills, with the Aggregate of the whole. -
(In continuation of the Account, Dict. p. 94.)
Bank Notes.
Bank Post Bills.
Total.
1834. February 26.
17,391,600
1,535,850
18,927,450
August 26. -
17,862,570
1,392,740
19,255,310
1835. February 26.
17,036,720
1,475,860
18,512,580
August 26. -
16,912,910
1,273,820
18,186,730
Bank of England, 12th of October, 1835.
Quarterly Average of the Weekly Liabilities and Assets of the Bank of England, from June 30th, to
Sept. 22d, 1835, published pursuant to Act $ & 4 Will. 4. c, 98, 1 8.
Liabilities.
Assets.
£
£
Circulation
-
-
18,240,000
Securities
-
-
27,888,000
Deposits
-
-
13,230,000
Bullion
-
-
6,261,000
31,470,000
34,149,000
Rest
-
£2,679,000.
BANK OF IRELAND.- Return of the Amount of the Notes of the Bank of Ireland (including Bank Post
Bills) in Circulation at the undermentioned Periods. (Park Paper, No. 435. Sess. 1834.)
£
3. d.
£.
3. d.
1832. June 7. -
3,975,392 7 5
1834. January 2.
3,990,841 7 6
1833. January 3.
4,245,528 10 11
June 5.
-
3,791,951 19 4
July 4.
-
3,790,653 7 7
JOINT STOCK BANKS.- Account of the aggregate Amount of Notes circulated in England and Wales,
by Private Banks, and by Joint Stock Banks, and their Branches, distinguishing Private from Joint
Stock Banks, between the 28th of June, 1834, and 26th of September, 1835; stated for each Quarter of
the Year, as directed by 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 83. (Parl. Paper, No. 445. Se.s. 1835, &c.)
Quarters ending.
Private Banks.
Joint Stock Banks.
Totals.
£
£
£
27 September 1834.
8,370,423
1,783,689
10,154,112
28 December -
8,537,655
2,192,173
10,659,828
28 March
1835.
8,231,206
2,188,954
10,420,160
27 June
-
8,455,114
2,484,687
10,939,801
26 September -
7,912,587
2,508,036
10,490,623
BANKS (AMERICAN). It appears from the statement (Dict. p. 110.) extracted
from Mr. Gallatin's pamphlet, on the currency of the United States, that (exclusive of
the Bank of the United States) there were, on the 1st of June, 1830, in the Union, 330
banking establishments, possessed of an aggregate paid-up capital of 110,101,898 dollars.
During the ensuing five years, no fewer than 184 new banks were set on foot over and
above those that had failed or been given up; making, on the 1st of January, 1885, a total
of 514 banking establishments, which are reported to have possessed an aggregate paid-
up capital of 203,553,860 dollars. We subjoin an
Account of the Number of State Banks, in each State of the Union, exclusive of Branches; with the
aggregate Amount of their paid-up. Capital on the 1st of January, 1835.
No. of
States.
Banks.
Capital paid up.
States.
No. of
Banks.
Capital paid up.
Dollars.
Dellare.
Maine
28
2,747,000.00
Georgia
a
13
6,534,691-02
New Hampshire
24
2,454,308.00
Alabama
2
4,308,207-03
Vermont
17
911,980.00
Mississippi
3
7,000,000.00
Massachusetts
102
28,286,250-00
Louisiana
10
23,664,755.00
Rhode Island
51
7,438,848.00
Tennessee
3
7.000,000.00
Connecticut
21
5,708,015.00
Kentucky
4
6,875,418.60
New York
87
31,646,460.00
Ohio
29
8,862,625.00
New Jersey
22
6,375,000-00
Indiana
2
1,750,000.00
Pennsylvania
41
17,084,444.51
Illinois
1
200,000.00
Delaware
4
2,000,000.00
District of Columbia
7
2,855,305.00
Maryland
19
8,970,009-67
Florida territory
6
1 850,000-00
Virginia
4
5,694,500-00
Michigan ditto
3
2,250,000-00
North Carolina
3
1,824,725.00
South Carolina
8
9,381,318.90
Totals
514
203,553,859-88
A 2
Digitized by Google
4
BARILLA. - COAL.
It should, however, be observed, that the account of capital is in some instances from estimate only ;
and that even when actual returns are obtained, they are not always to be depended on. (Circular by
A. H. Palmer, 31st of Jan. 1835; Pitkin's Statistics of the United States in 1835, p. 450, &c.)
BANK OF UNITED STATES.- Contrary to our anticipations (Dict. p. 109.), the
President has succeeded in his struggle with this establishment. Its charter will termi-
nate in 1836; and there is now no chance of its being renewed. Our opinion of the
policy of this proceeding continues unchanged. No impartial person can doubt that
the institution of the United States Bank has been productive of much advantage, by
equalising the currency of the different States and by materially mitigating the perni-
cious consequences resulting from the very defective state of the banking system in most
parts of the Union.
BARILLA. - The duties on barilla used in the bleaching of linen are to be repaid
to the persons using it, under such regulations as the commissioners of customs may
issue. - & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. § 14.)
BOOKS. - Under the late law, such books as might be imported were admitted, pro-
vided they were of editions printed in or since the year 1801, on payment of a duty of
51. a cwt. ; but this duty has been reduced to 21. 10s. a cwt., with the additional proviso,
that the books, besides being printed in or since 1801, are in foreign living languages.- -
(4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. § 15.) This condition was inserted principally to obviate the
risk of dictionaries, or the class books used in our schools, being supplied from the Con-
tinent the booksellers contending that the 21. 10s. a cwt. of duty was insufficient to
balance the influence of the paper duty, and the peculiar burdens incident to the getting
up of books in this country. It has been alleged, indeed, that it will not effect its pur-
pose; because, as is contended, both Latin and Greek are living languages; the former
being spoken in certain parts of Hungary and Poland, and the latter in Greece! But
the intention of the legislature is too obvious to admit of its being defeated by any quib-
bling of the sort now mentioned. By a living language is meant a language spoken by
a nation or people, and not by a few learned individuals; and the dialect of the modern
Greeks is abundantly different from that of their ancestors. The duty of 1L a cwt. on
foreign books printed prior to 1801 ought to be repealed; it throws obstructions in the
way of their importation, while it is quite unproductive of revenue.
Smuggling of English Books from abroad. Very considerable loss is sustained by literary men and
booksellers, by the clandestine importation of English works printed abroad, of which the copyright has
not expired. There is hardly, in fact, one of our popular authors, copies of whose works, printed in
France or America, may not be readily procured in London and as those by whom they are printed have
neither copyright nor paper duty to pay, they are able materially to undersell the native article. It is
surely unnecessary to say, that every practicable effort should be made to hinder such an invasion of pri-
vate property; and in this view we beg to suggest, that the permission given to persons coming from
abroad to bring with them single copies of all prohibited works, ought to be withdrawn. It opens a door
for smuggling and fraud; and there is neither sense nor justice in allowing any individual to invade the
rights of another, merely because he has been across the Channel. A specific penalty, recoverable by a
summary process, ought also to be imposed on every individual offering such books for sale. This would
be much more effectual in preventing such practices than the existing law. (See Dict. p. 141.)
BOTTLES (STONE). In 1812, a duty of 2s. 6d. a cwt., increased in 1817 to 5s.,
was imposed upon stone bottles. The average nett produce of this duty has not recently
exceeded 3,500L a year. But, to collect this insignificant sum, the manufacture had to
be placed under the surveillance of the excise, and those engaged in it subjected to various
troublesome and vexatious regulations. The duty did not extend to Ireland, so that a
drawback had to be granted on bottles exported to that country, and a countervailing
duty charged on those imported from it. This unproductive and troublesome duty was
imposed at the instance of the glass bottle manufacturers, who contended, that if stone
bottles were exempted from duties, they would be used instead of glass bottles, to the
injury of those engaged in manufacturing the latter. But the purposes to which stone
bottles and glass bottles are applied are so very different, that it would require a much
greater reduction of the price of the former than could possibly be occasioned by the
abolition of the duty, to make them be substituted, to any extent worth mentioning, in
the place of the latter. These views were ably enforced by the Commissioners of Excise
Inquiry; and, having been adopted by government, the duty has been abolished.-
(4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 77. ; see also Fifth Report by Commissioners of Excise Inquiry.)
It is to be hoped that the duty on glass bottles may, also, be speedily put an end to. It produces about
110,000/. a year. We noticed (Dict. p. 1256.) the propriety of enacting and enforcing some regulations
as to the size of bottles. The bottle is, in fact, a very important measure; a great deal of wine and
other liquors being sold by the dosen. But there is, at this moment, the greatest discrepancy in the
size of bottles; and it appears to us that it would be highly expedient, in order to obviate the numerous
frauds arising from this source, to enact that all bottles be made to contain not less than a certain
specified quantity, and to place them under the acts relating to weights and measures.
COAL. - We are glad to have to state, that the duty on coal exported in English
ships has been repealed; and that the duty on all descriptions of coal exported in foreign
ships has been reduced to 4s. a ton. The increased exportation of coal this measure
will occasion, cannot fail of being highly advantageous. Ships that might otherwise have
had to go out in ballast, will now have an opportunity of taking with them what may
Digitized by Google
COFFEE.- COLONIES.
5
prove a profitable cargo; at the same time that the cost of conveying the mineral abroad
operates as a premium in favour of our own manufactures. The fact, too, that there is,
in South Wales alone, a supply of coal sufficient to meet the present demand of the empire
for more than 2,000 years, shows the futility of imagining that the measure can be in-
jurious, by its hastening the exhaustion of the mines.
COFFEE. We pointed out (Dict. p. 543.) the injustice and impolicy of charging
3d. per lb. more on coffee of our Eastern dominions, when imported for home consump-
tion, than on that imported from the West Indies. This distinction is now, however,
at an end; the 5 and 6 Will. 4. c. 66. having enacted that coffee, the produce of
British possessions within the limits of the East India Company's charter and of
Sierra Leone, shall pay, when entered for home consumption, a duty of 6d. per lb.
Such coffee must, however, be accompanied with a certificate of origin, that is, a certificate subscribed
by the proper officer of the place where it was shipped, bearing that he had received from the master,
and examined, a declaration under the hand and seal of the shipper of the coffee, stating that it was
really and bond fide the produce of some such British possession, and that he (the officer) believed such
declaration to be true. The master must also, when he arrives in this country, make and subscribe a
declaration before the collector or comptroller, stating that the certificate of origin was received by him
at the port where the coffee was taken on board, and that the coffee imported is the same that is men-
tioned therein. (We believe that this is the sense of the clause (2) relating to the certificate; but from
some error of the press or otherwise, it is all but unintelligible.)
COLONIES.
Statement of the Nett Expenditure incurred by Great Britain, on account of her several Military and
Maritime Stations, Colonies, and Plantations, during the Year 1833-34.- (Parl. Paper, No. 408.
Sess. 1835.)
Repayments
Total Expenditure
Advances in
from Colonial
Colonies, &c.
Military
Civil
Naval
Expenditure.
for Military, Civil,
Aid of
Revenues, and
Total Expenditure
Expenditure.
Expenditure.
and Naval Estab-
Colonial Re-
Surplus Cus-
incurred by
lishments.
toms, and Post
Great Britain.
venues.
Office Collec-
tions.
Military and Maritime
L.
s.
d.
L. s. d.
L. s. d.
L.
s.
d.
L. s. d.
L. s. d.
L. #. d.
Stations
Gibraltar
153,858 3 9
659 5 9
154,517 9 6
127 6 9
154,390 2 9
Malta
100,805 17 10
6,120 9 7
106,926 7 5
211 13 54
106,714 13 114
Cape of Good Hope
92,657 18 5
1,204 4 0
3,360 14 3
97,222 16 8
97,222 16 8
Mauritius
116,389 12 2
685 6 0
117,074 18 2
117,074 18 2
Bermuda
69,338 1 10
29,464 15 111
13,296 19 6
112,099 17 31
112,099 17 34
Fernando Po
983 19 0
7,542 5 9
8,526 4 9
8,526 4 9
Ascension
1,417 11 10
9,754 2 9
11,171 14 7
11,171 14 7
Heligoland
500 0 0
362 19 5
862 19 5
862 19 5
Ionian Islands
97,690 17 4
97,690 17 4
97,690 17 4
Plantations and Settle-
ments
Jamaica Command
Jamaica
Bahamas
210,753 14 5
5,654 16 9
2,679 0 11
219,087 12 1
219,087 12 1
Honduras
Windward and Leeward
Islands Command
Barbadoes
848 8
Grenada
St. Vincent
Tobago
Antigua
Montserrat
St. Christopher's
409,612 0 5
5,930 19 2
458 0 0
Nevis
416,000 19 7
423,725 0 10}
Anguilla
Virgin Islands
Dominica
St. Lucia
Trinidad
British Guiana
Lower Canada
6,875 14 71
Upper Canada
254,778 14 0
5,893 10 11
2,577 10 0
263,249 14 11
263,249 14 14
Nova Scotia Command
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
128,326 2 5
20,435 10 5}
7,802 18 0
156,564 10 10}
Prince Edward's Is.
5,747 15 6
162,312 6 41
Newfoundland
Sierra Leone
28,199 16 7
11,061 16 1
1,500 0 0
40,761 12 8
40,761 12 8
Gambia
Cape Coast
3,500 0 0
3,500 0 0
3,500 0 0
Ceylon
128,167 17 3
1,005 0 0
1,964 13 8
131,137 10 11
17,797 10
115,340 0 61
Western Australia
5,371 18 1
19,082 3 4
24,454 1 5
24,454 1 5
Penal Settlements
New South Wales
Van Diemen's Land
92,321 3 2
311,418 7 5,
-
403,739 10 71
26,676 18 74
-
}
371,010 5 94
6,052 6
General charges
29,114 8 1
8,000 0 0
37,114 8 1
37,114 8 1
Totals
1,920,287 16
71431,241 14 5}
50,173 14
2,401,703 5 51
13,471 16
50,865 15 51
2,364,509 6 9)
*
We have been blamed in various publications that have appeared in Ceylon, and which have about
them an official air, for saying that the revenues of the island were inadequate to defray her expenses,
and that she was a drain upon this country. We may have been inaccurate in this statement and if so,
we regret it; but the blame, if there be any, does not lie at our door, but at that of government. It
appears, from the official account given above, that we incurred, on account of Ceylon, in the year
1833-34, a nett expenditure, over and above the revenue derived from it, of no less than 113,340/. We
do not vouch for the accuracy of this statement but, supposing to be true, our remark was certainly
well founded. We can assure our readers in Ceylon and elsewhere, that we had not, and could not have,
any wish to depreciate that or any other colony or place. Our only object is to lay before them what we
believe to be accurate information; and we shall carefully attend to any corrections they may send us.
A 3
Digitized by Google
6
COMPANIES (PUBLIC SCOTCH). - CORN.
COMPANIES (PUBLIC SCOTCH).- The following Table may, we believe,
be safely relied on. It shows the periods when almost all the great joint stock asso-
ciations now existing in Scotland were established; the amount of puid up capital held
by each the dividend thereon; the period when the dividend is paid; the amount of
each share and the prices the shares brought on the 1st of October, 1835.
Description of Stock.
When
Capital
Dividend.
When
Shares.
Prices,
formed.
paid in.
payable.
1st October, 1835.
Banks.
L.
L. s. d.
d. 3. is
Bank of Scotland
1695
1,000,000
6 per cent.
April, Oct.
83 6 8 all paid
170 0 0
Royal Bank of Scotland
1727
2,000,000
51
-
Jan. July
100 0 0 -
170 0 0
British Linen Company
1746
500,000
8
-
June, Dec.
100 0 0 -
240 0 0
Commercial Bank
1810
600,000
6 -
Jan. July
500 0 0 100l. pd.
171 0 0
National Bank
1825
500,000
5 -
Jan. July
100 0 0 101. -
14 0 0 to 15 0 0
Glasgow Union Bank
1830
400,000
21 -
June
250 0 0 50/.
6000
Western Bank of Scotland
1832
600,000
-
June
200 0 0 30/.
3000
Number
Insurance Companies.
of Shares.
Caledonian Fire Insurance Co.
1805
1,000
July
100 0 0 10/. -
14 10 0
Hercules Insurance Co.
1809
7,500
5 per cent.
April
100 0 0 10% -
10 10 0
North British Insurance Co.
1809
50,000
6
-
June
100 0 0 10/.
1500
Insurance Co. of Scotland
1821
100,000
August
10 0 0 all paid
6 15 0
Standard Life Insurance Co.
1825
100,000
5 per cent.
August
1000
17.
-
140
Scottish Union Insurance Co.
1824
250,000
5
-
January
20 00 11. -
110
Edinburgh Life Assurance Co.
1823
5,000
6
-
January
100 0 0 10L -
14 10 o
West of Scotland Fire Insu. Co.
1823
100,000
4
-
July
100
0
0
10/.
-
Par
Miscellaneous.
Glasgow Royal Exchange
1827
1,172
11. 1s. per share
Whitsund.
50 0 0 421.
31 0 .
Do. Gas Company
1818
4,450
10 per cent.
Feb. Aug.
25
0
o
all
paid
56 0 to 60 0
Do. Water Company
1807
2,880
Whits. Mart.
50 0 0
-
Do. Cranstonhill Water Co.
1808
7,260
Whitsund.
25 0 0
-
-
Do. New Clyde Shipping Co.
1824
520
11. per share
May
10 0 0 -
-
Do. Old Clyde Shipping Co.
1819
600
21. 10s. -
March
25 0 0
-
Edinburgh Gas Company
1818
4,500
10 per cent.
Feb. Aug.
25 0 0
6600
Do. additional for New Stock
25 0 0 paid
2500
Do. Water Company
1819
5,400
5 per cent.
June, Dec.
25 00 all paid
3200
Do. and Dalkeith Railway Co.
1826
1,200
5000
-
70 0 0
Do. and Glasgow Un. Canal Co.
1817
4,810
Mar. Sept.
50 0 0
-
2000
Do. and Glasgow do. (allocated)
1817
4,810
Mar. Sept.
96 0 0 -
6500
Do. and Leith Glass Company
1824
10,000
February
20 0 0 16/.paid
800
Do. Equitable Loan Company
1825
3,000
5 per cent.
April
20 0 0 10%
1000
Leith Gas Company
1821
750
6
-
July
20 0 0 all paid
3400
Forth and Clyde Canal
1768
1,297
251. per share
Whits. Mart.
400 16 0
-
605 0 0
Monkland Canal
1768
2,020
Feb. Aug.
786
-
Garnkirk Railway
1826
1,380
2 per cent.
Martinmas
5000
-
-
Monkland & Kirkintilloch do.
1824
1,540
5
-
Whits. Mart.
25 0 0
-
Shott's Iron Company
1824
2,000
21 -
February
50 0 0 30/. paid
-
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
An Account of the Total Quantity of Quarters of Foreign Wheat that have paid Duty for Consumption
in the United Kingdom, under 9 Geo. 4. c. 60., since that Act came into force in 1828, till 5th of July,
1835, and the Total Amount of Duty received thereon and showing, from the Total Quantity of Quar-
ters, and the Total Amount of Duty so receive thereon, what the Duty was per Quarter at an Average
of the whole Period; and,
The same Account for Foreign Barley, Oats, Rye, Pease and Beans, Wheat, Meal and Flour, Oatmeal,
Maize or Indian Corn, Buck Wheat; and the same Account for all these, the Produce of, and im-
ported from, any British Possession in North America, or elsewhere, out of Europe.- (Parl. Paper,
No. 592. Sess. 1835.)
Foreign Corn, Meal, and Flour.
Corn, Meal, and Flour, the Produce of, and imported
from, British Possessions out of Europe.
Quantities charged with
Rates of
Quantities charged with
Rates of
Duty for Home Cousump-
Amount of
Duty taken
Duty for Home Consump-
Amount of
Duty taken
tion, under Act 9G. 4. c.60.
Duty
on the
tion, under Act 9 G. 4. c. 60.
Duty
on the
from the passing of the Act
received
Average of
from the pas ing of the Act
received
Average of
(15th of July, 1828),
thereon.
the whole
(15th of July, 1828)
thereon.
the whole
to the 5th of July, 1835.
Period.
to the 5th of July, 1835.
Period.
Quarters.
L.
Per Quarter.
Quarters.
L.
Per Quarter.
8. d.
s. d.
Wheat
4,837,912
1,605,637
6 8
462,882
85,022
3 8
Barley
1,224,762
347,998
5 8
313
23
1 6
Oats
1,521,235
461,670
6 1
8,973
294
0 8
Rye
142,771
26,686
3 9
Pease
286,406
96,987
6 9
5,949
544
1 10
Beans
241,213
134,415
11 2
Indian corn
-
103,285
19,646
3 10
218
27
25
Buck wheat
35,346
10,706
61
Bear or Bigg
Per Crt.
Per Cwt.
Wheatmeal and
Crot.
8. d.
Cnt
s. d.
flour
1,896,102
183,252
I 11
417,813
30,529
16
Oatmeal
9
4
85
1,843
78
0 10
CORN (PRICE OF). The average prices of British corn in 1833 and 1834 were
as follow
Years.
Wheat.
Rye.
Barley.
Oats.
Pease.
Beans.
s. d.
8. d.
s. d.
s. d.
8. d.
s. d.
1833.
52 11
32 11
27 6
18 5
36 5
33 2
1834.
46 2
32 9
29 0
20 11
39 4
35 3
CORN (Isur OF Man).- All foreign corn imported into the Isle of Man is now
subject to the same duties as in the United Kingdom. - (5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 13.)
Digitized by Google
COTTON.
7
CORN (PRICE OF IN FRANCE). - We copy from the Times of the 16th of October,
1835, the following
Table of the average Prices of Wheat in France at the End of September of each Year, from 1819 to 1835,
both inclusive, according to the official Returns, with their Equivalents in English Measure and
Money -
Years.
Per hect.
Per qr.
Years.
Per hect.
Per qr.
fr. c.
s. d.
fr. c.
8. d.
1819
16 1
36 8
1828
21 9
48 3
1820
19 40
41 5
1829
20 13
46 2
1821
16 9
36 10
1830
21 92
50 3
1822
16 62
35 9
1831
21 71
49 9
1823
15 41
35 3
1852
19 44
44 6
1824
14 53
33 4
1133
15 86
36 4
1825
15 22
34 10
1834
14 64
33 7
1826
15 21
34 9
1835
13 66
31 3
1827
18 31
42 0
The average of the whole period is 17fr. 3lc. per hectolitre, equal to 39s. 8d. per quarter; and it will
be remarked that the average of the present year is the lowest of the whole period.
The average price of British wheat during the second week of October, 1835, was 37s. a quarter, being
lower than it has been at any time since 1780.
COTTON.
Account of the Exports of Cotton Goods and Yarn in 1833 and 183+; specifying the Quantity and Value
of those sent to each Country. - (Papers published by Board of Trade, vol. iv. p. 197.)
1833.
1834.
Hosiery,
Hosiery,
Lace, and
Cotton Twist and
Cotton Twist and
Countries to which
Entered by the Yard.
Entered by the Yard.
Lace, and
Small
Yarn.
Small
Yarn.
exported.
Wares.
Wares.
Declared
Declared
Quantities.
Declared
Quantities.
Value.
Quantities.
Declared
Declared
Value.
Value.
Value.
Value.
Quantities.
Declared
Value.
Yards.
L.
L.
lbs.
L.
Yards.
L.
L.
lbs.
L.
Russia
2,656,997
98,649
9,036
19,311,877
1,164,996
1,779,836
66,546
4,212
16,241,363
1,037,533
Sweden
31,173
1,029
591
557,595
31,711
52,090
1,605
590
499,550
30,013
Norway
481,474
13,157
1,906
55,562
2,893
567,531
14,602
1,925
62,423
3,575
Denmark
299,875
6,053
779
16,814
1,092
326,520
6,362
227
23,650
1,317
Prussia
6
21,007
1,692
4,608
220
199
24,312
2,017
Germany
49,534,158
1,188,531
252,315
23,653,904
1,598,467
50,527,498
1,293,617
207,105
26,492,890
1,793,458
Holland
20,610,649
491,778
46,770
11,242,705
971,719
21,189,927
549,084
49,718
13,084,898
1,122,337
Belgium
3,122,579
128,457
251,648
103,558
11,829
4,180,466
155,921
170,012
65,514
8,009
France
1,544,075
46,247
36,320
98,193
10,212
2,317,607
60,774
67,385
101,908
22,527
Portugal, Proper
25,278,084
540,842
18,409
50,062
3,366
42,004,094
899,862
19,895
241,937
19,955
Azores
1,228,931
24,751
776
13,565
626
1,361,159
30,661
914
30,612
1,112
Madeira
621,687
12,619
686
56
4
573,181
12,284
442
89
7
Spain and the Ba-
learic Islands
328,263
9,288
1,218
2,550
447
456,670
12,184
1,053
2,646
350
Canary Islands
637,583
15,602
853
625
52
748,669
18,765
581
850
60
Gibraltar
9,403,461
216,439
5,091
10,920
910
13,130,134
312,729
7,927
12,909
1,071
Italy and the Ita-
lian Islands
47,672,152
1,088,073
40,756
6,956,453
376,835
60,683,663
1,563,243
52,844
9,888,968
543,808
Malta
2,238,974
57,887
935
136,330
6,940
4,560,503
122,156
1,821
531,840
28,887
Ionian Islands
233,692
5,504
368
54,440
2,955
1,747,855
36,313
958
129,622
8,888
Turkey and Con-
tinental Greece
(exclusive of the
Morea)
30,237,127
750,604
2,089
1,767,731
90,052
28,621,490
828,245
3,546
1,989,851
109,735
Morea and Greek
Islands
316,897
12,311
345
-
-
460,984
17,493
870
1,581
140
Egypt (Ports on the
Mediterranean)
2,682,903
54,743
10
177,850
11,028
3,929,444
95,874
296
531,714
29,900
Tripoli, Barbary,
and Morocco
1,465
80
140
-
-
590,362
9,992
793
Western Coast of
Africa
4,964,666
118,872
386
690
107
4,975,433
129,584
607
570
120
Cape of Good Hope
4,536,727
115,567
9,882
1,164
80
4,006,311
100,328
9,527
2,370
174
St. Helena
87,579
2,018
328
-
110,372
3,124
321
36
2
Isle of Bourbon
-
.
98,240
1,994
36
Mauritius
794,562
22,582
3,524
-
-
2,496,345
70,453
6,671
340
34
East India Com-
pany's territories
45,755,910
1,152,486
21,153
4,783,794
324,353
138,972 059
943,504
15,717
4,267,653
315,583
and Ceylon
6,381,018
152,395
10,503
952,440
56,839
China
Sumatra and Java
11,091,558
316,264
1,813
247,450
15,446
10,118,790
290,901
1,863
328,970
17,443
Philippine Islands
2,812,719
87,807
455
7,600
570
1,794,438
54,053
1,146
20,300
1,115
New South Wales,
Van Diemen's
Land, and Swan
River
1,828,859
53,428
7,655
11,960
593
3,721,420
101,701
11,584
11,433
652
Ports of Siam
-
-
-
519,025
11,416
50
22,000
1,565
British North Ame-
rican Colonies
14,210,060
339,143
29,314
216,806
9,915
10,225,392
263,291
20,357
194,692
6,458
British West Indies
27,507,930
661,340
43,166
8,640
590
30,246,315
728,756
40,584
5,584
455
Hayti
7,224,810
219,983
6,367
1,000
110
7,166,854
212,587
5,936
4,300
505
Cuba and other Fo-
reign West Indies
12,889,249
323,338
9,465
540
34
21,174,586
511,887
13,424
10
1
United States of
America
45,141,989
1,385,957
340,835
112,575
6,255
45,630,862
1,394,057
277,652
107,443
6,693
Mexico
5,745,446
201,428
16,527
968,720
53,694
6,823,964
251,177
7,878
463,546
27,364
Guatemala
53,127
1,800
11,000
765
870,001
23,797
111
23,155
1,775
Columbia
3,210,761
66,743
3,312
5,315,157
114,022
3,262
35,000
3,453
Brazil
68,903,398
1,607,735
59,848
11,454
1,073
65,424,332
1,427,029
58,555
57,730
3,795
States of the Rio
de la Plata
12,731,734
280,292
23,311
300
26
20,942,118
449,831
33,313
9,258
446
Chili
20,191,482
490,805
28,846
4,220
430
25,474,954
606,054
20,814
5,689
860
Peru
6,819,029
195,496
12,400
1,000
90
4,501,492
127,828
8,760
Isles of Guernsey,
Jersey, Alderney,
and Man
687,302
45,329
41,683
5,471
2,067
896,040
49,051
33,255
6,192
984
Totals
496,352,096
12,451,000
1,331,317
70,626,161
4,701,024
555,705,809
14,127,352
1,175,219
76,478,168
5,211,015
A
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CURRANTS.- EMIGRANTS.
CURRANTS. The exorbitant duty of 44s. 4d. a cwt. on currants was reduced,
in 1834, to half that amount, or to 22s. 2d. a cwt. (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. § 15.)
But this reduction, considerable as it is, is not enough. The duty ought not to ex-
ceed 10s., or at most 12s. The price of currants in bond usually varies from 20s. to
25s. ; so that the duty, as fixed by the 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89., is equal to about 100
per cent. ad valorem. But such a duty is obviously oppressive; the more especially
as currants, if low-priced, would be largely consumed by all classes in this country and
as they form the principal equivalent the inhabitants of the Ionian Islands and of the
Morea have to offer in exchange for foreign products. We are satisfied, too, that had
the duty been reduced to 10s. a cwt., it would, in a few years, have yielded more revenue
than it will ever yield at its present rate. Such a reduction would have brought currants
within the command of a much greater number of persons; and would, in fact, have gone
far to render them an article of general consumption; whereas, the duty of 22s. 2d. will
still confine their use to the wealthier classes.
It has been said, that a reduction of the duty from 44s. 4d. to 10s. a cwt. would not have made a cor-
responding reduction in the price of the article; and that the measure would have redounded more to
the advantage of the growers of currants than of the consumers in this country. That such might have
been in some degree the case, at the outset, we admit; but the greater advantages derived by the raisers
of currants would have made them be produced in much larger quantities, so that at no distant period we
should have reaped the full advantage of the reduction in the rate of duty, at the same time that our
trade with the Ionian Islands and the Morea would have been increased proportionally to the increase
in the imports of currants. However, we are grateful for what has been done and it may be fairly
presumed that the beneficial effect of the reductions already made will lead to others on a still greater
scale.
EMIGRANTS. - It will be seen from the subjoined accounts, that the number of
emigrants to Canada and the United States was very decidedly greater in 1831 and
1832 than in either of the 2 preceding or 2 following years. The falling off in 1838
seems to have been mainly a consequence of the alarms occasioned by the breaking out of
cholera, during the previous year, in a very aggravated state, in some of the emigrant
ships, and at Quebec. But this circumstance had less influence in 1834, and the emi-
gration for that year was considerably greater.
Account of the Number of Emigrants, specifying the
Account of the Number of Emigrants
Countries whence they came, and the Numbers from
arrived at New York from the United
each, that arrived at Quebec during the Six Years end-
Kingdom, separating between those
ing with 1834. (Part. Paper, No. 87., Sess. 1835.)
from England, Scotland, and Ireland,
during the Six Years ending with 1834.
Where from.
1830.
1833.
- (Parl. Paper, ut supra.)
1829.
1831.
1832.
1834.
England & Wales
3,565
6,799
10,343
17,481
5,198
6,799
Year.
Eng-
Ire-
Scot-
Ireland
9,614
18,300
34,133
28,204
12,013
19,206
land.
land.
land.
Total.
Scotland
2,643
2,450
5,354
5,500
4,196
4,591
Hamburgh and
1829.
8,110
2,443
948
11,501
Gibraltar
-
-
15
1830.
16,350
3,497
1,584
21,433
Nova Scotia, New-
1831.
13,808
6,721
2,078
22,607
foundland, West
1832.
18,947
6,050
3,286
28,283
Indies, &c. &c.
123
451
424
546
345
339
1833.
16,000
1834,
15,945
28,000
50,254
51,746
21,752
30,935
To 20th Nov.
}
26,540
Grand Total
-
198,632
Grand Total
126,464
Return of the Number of Emigrants from the United Kingdom in 1833 and 1834, specifying the Colonies
and Countries for which they cleared out, and the Numbers that cleared out for each. (Parl. Paper,
ut supra.)
Colonies in North
United States of
America.
America.
Cape of Good Hope.
Australian Colonies.
1833.
1834.
1833.
1834.
1833.
1834.
1833.
1834.
England
5,785
6,520
22,392
25,981
516
287
3,317
2,666
Scotland
5,592
4,954
1,953
2,880
1
1
253
134
Irelund
17,431
28,586
4,764
4,213
-
.
-
523
28,808
40,060
29,109
33,074
517
288
4,093
2,800
Total number of Emigrants, in 1833, 62,527 in 1834, 76,222 total, 148,749.
Passenger Acts - Policy of. - It appears from the above statement that, during
1833 and 1834, no fewer than 148,749 emigrants left the United Kingdom; 141,051
being destined for America, and 7,698 for the Australian colonies and the Cape of
Good Hope. Such being the extent to which emigration is carried, the propriety, or
rather necessity, of enacting some general regulations, with respect to the convey-
ance of emigrants to their destination, must be obvious to every one at all acquainted
with the subject. The greater number of emigrants are in humble life; few among
them know any thing of ships, or of the precautions necessary to insure a safe and
comfortable voyage they are, also, for the most part poor, and exceedingly anxious to
economise, so that they seldom hesitate to embark in any ship, however unfit for the
conveyance of passengers, or inadequately supplied with provisions, provided it be
cheap. Unprincipled masters and owners have not been slow to take advantage of this;
and in order to prevent the frauds that have been, and that would be, practised on the
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EMIGRANTS.
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unwary, it has been found indispensable to lay down some general regulations as to the
number of passengers to be taken on board ships as compared with their tonnage, the
quantity of water and provisions as compared with the passengers, &c. But this is no
very easy task. If the limitations be too strict, that is, if comparatively few passengers
may be carried, or if the stock of provisions to be put on board be either unnecessarily
large or expensive, the cost of emigration is proportionally enhanced; and an artificial
and serious impediment is thrown in the way of what ought to be made as easy as
possible, consistent with security. But, on the other hand, if too many passengers be
allowed, their health is liable to suffer and should the supply of provisions be in-
adequate, or the quality bad, the most serious consequences may ensue. The Passage
Act (6 4. c. 116.) obliged too great a quantity of expensive provisions to be put on
board, and was, in consequence, objected to by emigrants as well as shippers. The late
act, 9 G. 4. c. 21. (Dict. p. 880.) avoided this error but it, too, was defective, in as much
as it made no provision with respect to the sufficiency of the ship, the having a surgeon
or other properly qualified medical person on board ships carrying a certain number of
passengers, and in other particulars.
These deficiencies have been in part supplied by the act of last session (5 & 6 W. 4.
c. 53.), of which a full abstract is subjoined. But we doubt whether even it will com-
pletely answer the end in view. During 1834 no fewer than 17 ships, with passengers
on board, bound for Quebec, were wrecked on the passage 731 emigrants losing their
lives in consequence, while many more lost most part of their property, and were reduced
to the greatest difficulties. These losses principally took place in the gulf and river of
St. Lawrence; but we should err if we ascribed them entirely, or principally even,
to the difficulty of the navigation. Emigrants to Quebec are mostly taken out in ships
engaged in the timber trade; and it is well known that, speaking generally, these are a
very inferior class it being the usual practice to turn worn-out ships, unfit to carry
dry cargoes, into this department. Most part of the catastrophes alluded to may, we
are assured, be ascribed to this circumstance, and to the misconduct of the masters and
crews. We doubt whether the clause (7th) in the present act as to the sea-worthiness
of the ship will be sufficient to obviate the disasters arising from the use of improper
vessels. And we incline to think that, in addition to what is stated in the act, it should
be further provided that all British ships, not standing in the class A. or the class AE.
of the new register (see post), should be prohibited from undertaking to carry passengers;
and that either some similar regulation should be adopted with respect to foreign ships,
or that they should be prohibited from clearing out with passengers, unless reported as
sea-worthy and suitable for their conveyance by government surveyors appointed for
that purpose. There can be no question as to its being the bounden duty of
government to take every reasonable precaution for obviating shipwreck. And, even
if higher considerations did not make an effectual interference imperative, it is pretty
certain that the check given to emigration to Canada, by the shipwrecks and destruction
of life that have recently taken place, is much greater than any that could be given by
the trifling addition that the adoption of some such plan as has now been suggested
would make to its cost.
The subjecting of captains of ships to an examination, and the exclusion of spirits
(see art. SHIPS in this Supplement), would go far to obviate the other causes of loss.
The absolute prohibition of ardent spirits in emigrant ships, except as a medicine, has
been strongly recommended by Mr. Buchanan, the agent for emigrants in Canada.
This recommendation should, we think, be adopted. It is partially, indeed, carried into
effect by the 10th clause of the subjoined act. But the better way would be, not to
allow any spirits of any sort to be taken on board ships conveying emigrants, except a
few gallons to be used as a cordial, in case it should be recommended by the doctor. If
more than this be allowed, it will afford facilities for the clandestine introduction of
a still greater quantity and cannot be otherwise than injurious.
The new act does not make it imperative on ships conveying passengers to America
to have a surgeon on board and, perhaps, when bound for New York, he may not be
required. But the voyage to Quebec is often very tedious; and much suffering and
loss of life have frequently arisen from no medical officer being on board emigrant ships
destined for that port.
It has been said, that if we lay restrictions OR the conveyance of emigrants to Quebec,
it will make New York the great landing port, and throw the business of their convey-
ance entirely into the hands of the Americans. But the regulations enforced in the
subjoined act, and those we have suggested, apply equally to both parties. And it is,
besides, true that a continuance of the old system, attended as it, no doubt, would have
been by a repetition of the most appalling disasters, would have had the very effect
falsely ascribed to judicious regulations. It would have prevented any one not com-
pelled by necessity - who was not, in fact, a beggar - from sailing in a vessel bound
for Quebec. We subjoin the new act : -
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EMIGRANTS.
Repeal, &c. The act 9 Geo. 4. c. 21. directed to be repealed. § 1.
No Ship to sail with more than Three Persons on board for every Five Tons. No ship carrying pas-
sengers from any port or place in the U. K, or in Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, or Man, on any
voyage for any port or place out of Europe, and not within the Mediterranean, shall proceed on her
voyage with more than 3 persons on board for every 5 tons of the registered burden of such ship, the
master and crew being included in, and forming part of, such prescribed number; and no ship, having
more than one deck, shall carry any passengers upon any such voyage, unless she be of the height of 51
feet at least between decks; and no ship, having only one deck, shall carry any passengers upon any such
voyage, unless a platform be laid beneath such deck, 80 as to afford a space of the height of at least 51
feet, and no ship shall have more than 2 tiers of berths; and no ship, having 2 tiers of berths, shall carry
any passengers, on any such voyage, unless there be an interval of 6 inches, at least, between the deck
or platform and the floor of the lower tier, throughout the whole extent thereof: provided, that what-
ever be the tonnage of the ship, no greater number of persons shall be taken on board, as passengers, than
shall be after the rate of one person for every 10 superficial feet of the lower deck or platform unoccupied
by goods or stores, not being the personal luggage of such persons, if such ship shall not have to pass the
line on her voyage, or after the rate of one such person for every 15 clear superficial feet, if such ship have
to pass the line. § 2.
Quantity of Water and Provisions to be carried by Vessels with Passengers. No ship carrying pas-
sengers on any voyage, as aforesaid, shall be cleared out for such voyage from any port in the K., or
in the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, &c., unless there be actually laden and on board such ship good and
wholesome provisions for the use and consumption of the said passengers, over and above the victualling
of the crew, to the amount or in the proportion following; viz. a supply of 5 gallons of pure water to
every week of the computed voyage for every passenger on board such ship, such water being carried in
tanks or sweet casks, and a supply of 7 lbs. weight of bread, biscuit, oatmeal, or bread stuffs, to every week
of the computed voyage for every passenger provided, that to the extent of one third of such supply,
and no more, lbs. weight of potatoes may be held to be equivalent to 1 lb. weight of bread, biscuit, oat-
meal, or bread stuffs, in the supply of any ship bound to any place in North America: provided, that
when any ship shall be destined to call at a port or place in the course of her voyage, for the purpose of
filling up her water, a supply of water, at the rate before mentioned, for every week of the computed
voyage to such port or place of calling, shall be deemed to be a compliance with the provisions of this
act. § 3.
Number of Weeks requisite for Voyage of Vessel. The number of weeks deemed to be necessary for
the voyage of any such ship, according to her destination, shall be determined by the following rule of
computation viz.
For a voyage to North America, 10 weeks.
-
South America, on the Atlantic Ocean, or to the West Coast of Africa, 12 weeks.
-
the Cape of Good Hope, 15 weeks.
-
to the Mauritius. 18 weeks.
Any other voyage, 24 weeks. 1 4.
Officers to examine Provisions and Water before Departure of Vessel. Before any such ship shall be
cleared out, the officers of customs shall survey, or cause to be surveyed by some competent person, the
provisions and water before required for the consumption of the passengers, and ascertain that the same are
sweet and good, and shall also ascertain that, over and above the same, there is on board an ample supply
of water and stores for the victualling of the crew of the ship; and such officers shall also ascertain that
the directions herein contained, in respect of the situations of berths, have been complied with. § 5.
Table of the Prices of Provisions to be sold on board.- master of every such ship shall cause a
table to be drawn up of the prices at which any provisions or stores, to be sold by any person on board to
the passengers, during the voyage, are to be supplied; and a copy of the same, printed or written in a fair
and legible manner, shall be affixed in some convenient and conspicuous place on board said ship, and
the same shall be maintained for continual reference, as well during the period in which passengers
shall be engaged, as during the whole of the voyage; and no higher prices than are stated in such table
shall in any case be charged for such provisions or stores during the voyage but nothing herein con-
tained shall be construed as requiring the master of any ship to provide provisions or stores for the
purpose of sale to passengers who have contracted to victual themselves during the voyage. -1 6.
Seaworthiness of the Ship may be ascertained by Survey.- If doubts arise whether any ship about to
proceed with passengers, as aforesaid, is seaworthy, or fit for her intended voyage, and such doubts are
not removed to the satisfaction of the collector and comptroller of customs at the port from which such
vessel is to be cleared out, it shall be lawful for such collector and comptroller to cause such ship to be
surveyed by 2 competent persons; and if it be reported by them, that such ship is not, in their opinion,
seaworthy, with reference to such voyage, such ship shall not be cleared out, unless the contents of such
report be disproved to the satisfaction of the commissioners of customs, or until the ship be rendered sea-
worthy. I 7.
Copies or Abstracts of this Act to be kept on board. Two copies of this act, or abstracts of the
same, provided and issued by the commissioners of customs, and authenticated by the signature of the
collector or comptroller of customs at the port of clearance, shall be delivered to the master, on demand,
by the collector or comptroller at the time of clearance, and shall be kept on board every ship proceeding
with passengers as aforesaid, and one of such copies or abstracts shall, upon request made to the master
of the ship, be produced to any passenger for his perusal. 8.
A Medical Practitioner to sail with every Ship carrying 100 Passengers. No ship carrying passengers to
any port or place as aforesaid, except in North America, if the number of passengers amount to or exceed
100, shall clear out from any port in the U. K., or in the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, &c. unless there be
rated, and actually serving on board such ship, some person duly authorised to practise as a physician, sur-
geon, or apothecary, and no such ship shall put to sea, or proceed on such voyage, unless such medical
practitioner be therein, and bond fide proceed on such voyage, taking with him a medicine chest, and a
proper supply of medicines, instruments, and other things suitable to the intended voyage and no ship
carrying passengers under the provisions of this act shall clear out for any voyage as aforesaid, unless there
be actually laden and on board such ship medicines and other things necessary for the medical treatment
of the passengers on board, during such intended voyage, and available for that purpose, nor unless such
medicines and other things shall be adequate, in amount and kind, to the probable exigencies of any such
voyage and, together with such medicines and things, shall also be put on board every such ship, pre-
viously to her clearing out for such voyage, a certificate under the hands of 2 or more medical practitioners,
to the effect that such medicines and things have been inspected by them, and are, in their judgment,
adequate to meet any such probable exigencies. 1 9.
Ships carrying Passengers prohibited from exporting Spirits, &c. No ship carrying passengers as
aforesaid shall be cleared out if there be laden on board her, by way of stores, over and above the stores
proper for the crew, any quantity of spirits or strong waters beyond one tenth part of such quantity as
would, except for this restriction, be allowed by the officers of customs upon the victualling bill of such
ship for the outward voyage only, according to the number of persons going the voyage. I 10.
Master to deliver List of Passengers to Collector of Customs.- The master of every ship carrying pas-
sengers shall, before clearing out his ship, deliver to the collector or other principal officer of customs, at
such port or place, a list in writing, together with a duplicate of the same, specifying, as accurately as
may be, the name, age, profession, or occupation of every passenger on board such ship, with the name of
the port or place at which he hath contracted to land each passenger; and such collector or other officer
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FIGS. FLAG.
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shall thereupon deliver to the said master a counterpart of such list signed by him and the master shall
exhibit this counterpart of his said list to the collector or other chief officer of customs at any port or
place in H. M.'s possessions, or to H. M.'s consul at any foreign port, at which the said passengers, or
any of them, shall be landed, and shall deposit the same with such collector or chief officer of customs,
or such consul, at his final port of discharge in said possessions. § 11.
Penalty on Master landing Passengers at Place not contracted for. The master of a ship carrying
passengers as aforesaid shall not, without his or her previous consent, land or put on shore any
passenger at any port or place other than that at which he contracted to land or put such passenger on
shore. § 12.
How Children are to be computed. For the purpose and within the meaning of this act, 2 children,
each being under the age of 14 years, but above the age of 7 years, or 3 children, each being under the
age of 7 years, shall in all cases be computed as one person only; and children under the age of 12
months shall not be included in the number of persons. - § 13.
Fines in case of Detention. If any ship shall not actually put to sea and proceed upon any intended
voyage on the day appointed for that purpose by any contract made by the owner, master, or charterer
of such ship, or by their agent, with any passenger who shall on that day be on board the same, or ready
to proceed on such intended voyage, then and in every such case, the master of the ship shall pay to
each and every passenger as shall have contracted to victual himself, a fine at the rate of 1s. for each day
during which he or she shall be detained previously to the actual clearing out and final departure of the
ship on the voyage, and the same may be recovered daily and the master of such ship shall victual each
and every passenger as shall have contracted to be victualled by the ship owner on and from the day so
appointed provided that no such fine shall be payable in respect of any detention of the vessel by stress
of weather or other unavoidable cause. - § 14.
Passengers to be maintained for 48 Hours after their Arrival. At the close of any voyage every
person arriving as a passenger at any port or place shall, during the space of 48 hours after arrival, be
entitled to continue on board such ship, and to be provided for and maintained on board in the same
manner as during the voyage, unless it have been expressly stipulated between such passenger and the
master of such ship, that such passenger shall not be entitled to such maintenance during the said
48 hours, or unless, in the ulterior prosecution of her voyage, the ship quit such port or place within the
said 48 hours. § 15.
Penalties in case of Infringement of the preceding Enactments. - If any ship carrying passengers on
any voyage from the U. K., or the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, &c., to or for any port or place out of
Europe, and not in the Mediterranean, shall carry any number of passengers exceeding by more than
1 person in 50 the proportion authorised and allowed by this present act or if such ship shall not be
of the height between decks before required or if such a platform as before directed shall not be laid
and continued throughout the whole duration of such voyage, in the manner before required; or if
there be more than 2 tiers of berths or if there be not throughout the whole duration of such voyage
such an interval, as is before prescribed, between the deck and the floor of the lower tier of berths; or if'
such ship shall clear out and put to sea, not having on board such water and provisions as aforesaid, for
the use and consumption of the passengers, of the kind, and to the amount, and in the proportion, before
required or if a table of the prices of provisions or stores be not exhibited as before required; or if any
higher prices than are named in such table shall be charged; or if there be not on board such vessel
such medical practitioner as aforesaid, or such medicines and other things necessary to the medical treat-
ment of the passengers, as is before required; or if such ship shall be cleared out before such list of
passengers as before mentioned have been delivered in manner and form aforesaid to such officer
as aforesaid; or if any such list be wilfully false or if the copy or abstract of this act be not produced as
before required; or if any passenger be not allowed to continue on board such ship as before provided
or if any passenger, without previous consent, be put on shore at any place other than that at which the
master had contracted to land such passenger; the master of such ship shall, in respect of each and every
such offence, be liable, on summary conviction, as is after mentioned, to the payment of a fine of not less
than 54. nor more than 201. sterling British money. - § 16.
The Right of Action of Passengers not taken away or abridged. Nothing herein contained shall take
away or abridge any right of suit or action which may accrue to any passenger or other person, in respect
of the breach or non-performance of any contract made or entered into between or on the behalf of such
passenger or person, and the master or owners of such ship. - § 17.
Prosecution and Recovery of Penalties. These are to be sued for, proceeded with, and determined in
the same manner and under the same conditions, as in the case of penalties under the smuggling acts
(see Dict. p. 1062.), or the acts relating to the customs, or to trade or navigation. Provided, that in pre-
ferring and prosecuting indictments or informations under this act, the direction and consent of
commissioners of customs shall not be required, any thing in such acts of parliament to the contrary not-
withstanding. - § 18.
Masters of Vessels to enter into Bond for the due Performance of Regulations. - Before any ship
carrying passengers clear out from the U. K., or the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, &c. for any port or
place out of Europe, and not in the Mediterranean, the master of said ship shall enter into a bond to H. M.,
with one good and sufficient surety, to be approved by the collector or chief officer of customs at the
port of clearance, in the sum of 1,000%, the condition of which bond shall be, that the said ship is sea-
worthy, and that all the rules and regulations prescribed by this act for the carriage of passengers shall
be well and truly performed before and during such intended voyage, and that all penalties, fines, and
forfeitures, which the master of such ship may be sentenced or adjudged to pay in respect of the breach
or non-performance of anysuch rules and regulations, shall be well and trulypaid provided, that such bond
shall be without stamps, and that no such bond shall be put in suit, and that no prosecution, suit, action,
or information shall be brought by virtue of this act, or by reason of the breach of any of its provisions,
in any of H. M.'s possessions abroad, after the expiration of 12 calendar months succeeding the com-
mencement of any such voyage, nor in the U. K., or any of the islands before mentioned, after the
expiration of 12 calendar months after the return of the master to the port whence he sailed on such
voyage. § 19.
Exception of particular Ships. - Nothing in this act shall be construed to extend to ships carrying
passengers in cases in which the number of persons, computed in manner before provided, shall not
exceed 1 person for every 5 tons of the registered burden of such ship; nor shall any thing in this act
extend to any ship in the service of the Lords of the Admiralty, of H. M.'s Postmaster General, or of the
East India Company. - § 20.
Bahamas, &c. deemed in South America. The Bahama Islands, and all places in America southward
of the same, shall e deemed to be in South America for the purposes of this act. 21.
FIGS. - The duty on figs has been reduced from 21s. 6d. to 15s. a cwt. Nearly
the same may be said of this reduction as of that of the duty on currants. It is too
trifling to have much effect on consumption and there can, we apprehend, be little
doubt that a duty of 10s. would, by stimulating the latter, be more productive of revenue
than a duty of 15s.
FLAG.-Any of his Majesty's subjects hoisting the Union Jack in their vessels, or any
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FUNDS. - GLASS.
pendants, &c. usually worn in his Majesty's ships, or any flag, jack, pendant, or colours
whatever in imitation of or resembling those of his Majesty, or any ensign or colours
whatever other than those prescribed by proclamation, 1st of January, 1801, shall forfeit
for every such offence not more than 500l. (sic in orig.) - (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 13. § 11.)
FUNDS. - The act 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 31. directs that the " Four per cent. annuities
created 1826" (Dict. p. 588.) be paid off. The holders of every 100l. of such 4 per
cent. annuities are entitled to receive, in lieu thereof, 100l. new 3/2 per cent. annuities,
or, if they dissent from this, 100l. in cash, and proportionally for every greater or less sum.
The interest on the new 3/2 per cent. stock, created under this act, is to be paid half-
yearly, at the Bank of England, on the 5th of January and the 5th of July each year
and the new stock is not to be redeemable till the 5th of January, 1840. The annuities
so to be created are to be added to the existing New sh per cent. annuities.-(Dict. p. 587.)
Bonds and contracts to transfer a given amount of 4 per cent. annuities to be deemed
satisfied by the transfer of an equal amount of new st per cent. annuities but lenders
of 4 per cent. annuities, on contract to replace, may demand 100l. in cash for every 10OZ.
annuities so lent. Trusts, &c. as to 4 per cents. shall extend to 31 per cents. Com-
missioners for the reduction of the national debt may advance money to pay off dis-
sentients.
FUNDS (AMERICAN). - The subjoined statement will not, we hope, be un-
interesting. It gives a view of the most prominent facts with respect to the public funds
of the principal American States; exhibiting, amongst other particulars, their respective
amounts, the periods when they are redeemable, the objects for which they were created,
and their price in London in October, 1835.
Account specifying the separate Debts of each State, and the Periods when the same are
redeemable, &c.
When
Objects of
Price in
When
Funds.
Capital.
redeem-
Objects of
Creation.
London.
Funds.
Capital.
Price in
redeem-
Creation.
able,
London.
able.
Dollars.
Years.
Dollars.
Years.
Alabama 5 per ct.
300,000
1852
Banking
New York 5 per ct.
877,000
1846,1847
Banking
Do.
do.
3,500,000
1863
capital,
96
Do.
do.
150,000
1850
capital,
Florida 6 per cent.
1,000,000
1865
canals,
Do.
6 per ct.
2,093,500
1837
canals,
Illinois do.
100,000
1850
&c.
Do.
do.
850,000
1845
&c.
Indiana do.
200,000
1852
Do. Chenango
96 to 110
Louisiana, Wil-
1839
1,000,000
1845
Canal, per ct.
son's Loan, 5
1,800,000
1844
98 to 99
Ohio 5 per cent.
400,000
1850
per cent.
1849
110
Do. 6 per cent.
4,000,000
1850
Do.Baring'sLn.,
1,666,667
1838
96 to 97
Pennsylv. 5 per ct.*
926,000
1841
102
5 per cent.
1843
Do.
do.
220,000
1839
1844
101
Do.
do.
150,000
1840
do.
7,000,000
1847
Do.
do.
300,000
1846
Do.
to
1850
102
Do.
do.
1,000,000
1850
1852
Do.
do.
2,000,000
1853
Kentucky 5 per ct.
2,000,000
1869
Do.
do.
1854
100
3,202,500
Maryland do.
750,000
1859
Do.
do.
2,433,164.88
1856
to
1841
105
Do.
do.
120,000
1861
103
500,000
1846
Do.
do.
to
300,000
1856
Mississippi 6 per ct.
1851
Do.
1856
106
do.
2,648,680
1860
-
Do.
do.
7,070,661.44
1858
Do.
do.
500,000
1861
107
Do.
do.
2,265,400
1862
500,000
1866
-
to
1845
95 to 96
500,000
1871
108
Virginia
do.
2,000,000
1850
New York 5 per ct.
1,400,000
1837
-
92
1851,1852
100
Do.
do.
3,124,270
1845
100 to 102
Do.
6 per cent.
400,000
1844
105 to 106
The dividends on the above Pennsylvania loans are payable half yearly, on the 1st days of February and August, at the
Bank of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, excepting the loan of 28th of March, 1831, for 120,000 dollars, which is payable at the
same bank on the 1st of January and July, each year.
GLASS. - We endeavoured to show under this head, in the Dictionary, that the
duties on glass had been practically most injurious; that they were carried to an
oppressive height that the mode in which they were imposed operated to prevent im-
provements in the manufacture that they were not fairly charged ; that they occasioned
a great deal of fraud and had reduced the consumption of glass far below the limit
to which it would otherwise have attained. These conclusions have been corroborated
to the fullest extent by the statements and reasonings in the elaborate and able Report
of the Commissioners of Excise Inquiry on Glass. These gentlemen, after examining
minutely and carefully into the whole subject, conclude their report " by urging the
expediency of the repeal of the duty at the earliest possible period, and by expressing
our conviction that no tax can combine more objections, or be more at variance with all
sound principles of taxation, than this duty on glass
But though all parts of this tax be vicious in principle, and highly objectionable in their practical
results, they are not all alike bad. The commissioners showed that the duty on flint glass was the most
objectionable of any and they distinctly stated, that, unless some material change shall take place (in
the amount and mode of charging the duty), the revenue from the manufacture of flint glass must, in a
great degree, be sacrificed, and the persons who carry on that manufacture, under the regulations and
subject to the duties prescribed by law, must either be driven out of the trade, or left to carry it on at a
ruinous loss.' (13th Report, p. 56.)
Such a representation, coming from such a quarter, could not be disregarded; and we are glad to have
to state that the duty on flint glass has been abolished, and that in lieu thereof a duty of 6s. 8d. is to be
charged on every 100 lbs. weight of the fluxed material or metal from which such glass is made. Instead
of the late drawback, there is to be in future a drawback of 18s. 9d. on every 100 lbs. of flint glass
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IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION.
13
exported. There are also some new regulations as to the drawback on German sheet glass, &c. - (See
Act 5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 77.)
This alteration will, no doubt, be a material relief to the manufacturers of flint glass. Still, however,
it is not such as the trade and the public had a right to expect. The total gross produce of the glass
duties in 1834 was, in England, 868,9271. ; in Scotland, 35,8241. and in Ireland, 18,974L.; making together
923,7251. But from this has to be deducted, for drawbacks and other allowances, 261,3051., 80 that there
only remains 662,4201. of nett revenue; and even this has to be still farther reduced by deducting from it
the expenses of collection, which are very heavy. Now, surely, it cannot be said, that, for the sake of
a paltry sum of little more than 600,000L. a year, we must depress, and all but ruin, an important
manufacture, capable of an indefinite extension, by burdening it with an unequal, vexatious, and most
oppressive duty ! Had the duties on glass produced 1,500,000L. or 2,000,000L a year, their retention might
have been excused from the impossibility of sacrificing, and the difficulty of replacing, so large an amount
of revenue. But the sum which they yield might be easily dispensed with and as they have been
pronounced by the highest authorities to be, in all respects, most objectionable to have every quality
that a tax should not have, and not one that it should have - we do hope that they may be among the
first to be repealed.
IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION.. - The commissioners of customs,
agreeably to the powers given them to that effect by the 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 52. § 135. (see
Dict. p. 669.), have appointed the undermentioned places, within the several ports of the
United Kingdom, at which vessels coming into or departing out of such ports shall
bring to, for the boarding or landing of customs officers. Every master of a vessel fail-
ing to comply with the provisions of said act in this respect forfeits 100l.
ENGLAND.
Ports.
Stations for bringing to.
Ports.
Stations for bringing to.
LANCASTER
Glasson Dock, on the river Lune.
Poulton
LONDON
Gravesend Reach, below the Custom-
Sea Dyke, entrance of the river Wyre.
Ulverston
Pile Fowdry, near the Isle of Walney.
house.
LEIGH
Leigh Slade, or Leigh Swatch, which
ABRRYSTWITH
On the bar, or a little above the junction
channel is formed by the spit of a sand
of the rivers Rhydol and Ystwith.
called Marsh End, leading from the east
Aberdovey
A little to the westward of the town, in the
end of Canvy Island, and nearly opposite
river Dovey.
Orford haven, the entrance of the rivers
to a windmill, called the Hamlet Mill,
ALDBOROUGH
situate upon the Cliff, about 1 a mile to
Ore and Alde.
the westward of Southend, and about 2
ARUNDEL
The piles on the eastern side of the river,
miles from Leigh.
between the revenue watch-house and
LIVERPOOL
At the entrance of the respective docks.
the Duke of Norfolk's Quay, in the har-
LLANELLY
bour of Littlehampton.
LYME
The basin within the pier or cobb of Lyme
BARNSTAPLE
Skern and watch-house, Appledore.
Regis.
BEAUMARIS
Opposite the town, at Fryar's Roads.
LYNN
Nottingham Point, intermediate space be-
Amiroch
Within the harbour.
tween Common Strath Quay, where the
Conway
In the roadstead opposite the town.
estuary narrows into a river, about 3
Carnarvon
In the bay off the town, opposite the Bell
miles below the town, or near as circum-
Tower, and at Abermenol.
stances permit within the point.
Prollhely
At the entrance of the harbour, by the
MALDON
Gimblet Rock.
Barrow Hills, opposite Blackwater River,
Maldon.
Barmouth
In the harbour.
MILFORD
In the haven, opposite the town of Mil-
Holyhead
In the harbour.
ford.
BERWICK
At the entrance of the harbour, near the
MINEHEAD
The entrance of the harbour.
pier head.
NEWCASTLE
Opposite the watch-house, at the entrance
BIDEBORD
Skern and watch-house, Appledore.
of the river Tyne.
BOSTON
Hob Hole.
Shields
Low Lights, North Shields.
BRIDGEWATER
Between Botestall Point, on the coast of
Blythnook
At the entrance of the harbour.
the Bristol Channel, and Black Rock,
NEWHAVEN
In the stream, between the piers and the
about a mile within the mouth of the
tide surveyor's watch-house.
river Parrott.
NEWPORT (Wales)
At the watch-house, 1 mile from the Cus-
BRIDLINGTON
The bay or harbour.
tom-house.
BRIDPORT
The outer buoy, distant about 300 yards,
PADSTOW
Hawker's Cove, within the harbour.
abreast of the harbour.
PENZANCE
Gwavas Lake.
BRISTOL
Pill and Kingsroad.
St. Michael's
St. Michael's Mount Roads.
CARDIFF
Penrith Roads, a little to the eastward of
PLYMOUTH
Within the line of the breakwater, viz.
the mouth of the river Taff.
the Sound, Catwater, and Hamoaze.
CARDIGAN
At Pwlicam, a little inside the bar or har-
POOLE
At the entrance of the harbour, between
bour's mouth.
South Deep, opposite Brownsea Castle,
CARLISLE
Fisher's Cross.
and the Essex buoy, opposite the castle
CHEPSTOW
At the entrance of the river Wye.
stables.
CHESTER
Dowpool, 6 miles from Hoylake.
PORTSMOUTH
Between Blockhouse Point and the north
CHICHESTER
Cockbush harbour.
end of his Majesty's dock-yard.
CLAY
Blackney and Clay harbour.
Langstone
In the roadstead, within I mile of the
COLCHESTER
Coln River, off Mersea Stone, Mersea
Spil Buoy.
Island.
RAMSGATE
In the harbour.
COWES (EAST)
Roadstead of Cowes, extending from east
Margate
In the harbour.
to west about 21 miles.
Sandwich
At the entrance of the harbour.
DARTMOUTH
Between the mouth of the harbour and
ROCHESTER
Sheerness.
Sandquay Point.
RYE
The outer channel, and in Stag's Hole, in
Salcombe
At the mouth of the harbour and Snaps
the inner channel.
Point.
Hastings
In the open roadstead.
DEAL
In the Downs, in open roadstead.
Eastbourne
In the open roadstead.
DOVER
The outer harbour.
SCARBOROUGH
Entrance of the harbour, opposite the
Folkstone
In the harbour.
light-house, at the end of Vincent's
EXETER
At the Passage Way, Exmouth.
Pier.
Teignmouth
At the Point.
SCILLY
FALMOUTH
In the harbour, off Kiln Quay and watch-
SHOREHAM
Near the entrance of the harbour, in the
house.
western branch, opposite the customs
FAVERSHAM
Between the mouth of Faversham Creek
watch-house and Kingston Wharf.
and the Horse Sand in the East Swale.
SOUTHAMPTON
Itchen buoy, or Bursiedon buoy.
Milton
At the mouth of Milton Creek in the
SOUTHWOLD
Opposite the jetty, near the entrance of
Swale.
the harbour.
Foway
Near the Custom-house, not far from the
STOCKTON
Ninth buoy, or opposite Cleveland Port.
entrance of the harbour.
Sr. Ives
In the bay, within è a mile of St. Ives
GLOUCESTER
pier.
GRIMSBY
At the outfall, near the entrance of the
Hayle
The same.
harbour.
SUNDERLAND
At the entrance of the harbour, near the
GOOLE
Hull Roads.
watch-house on the South pier.
GWEEK
Durgan Roads, just at the entrance of the
SWANSEA
In the harbour.
river Hel.
Neath
Briton Ferry, near the entrance of Neath
HARWICH
In the harbour, between the Guard and
River.
Walton Ferry.
TRURO
Falmouth harbour.
HULL
Hull Roads, between the east end of the
WELLS
Between the entrance of the harbour and
citadel and the entrance to the Humber
Wells Quay.
dock to the westward.
WEYMOUTH
Weymouth Roads.
ILFRACOMEE
In the harbour.
WHITBY
The harbour.
IPSWICH
In the harbour, between the Guard and
WHITEHAVEN
In the harbour, between the tongue and
Walton Ferry.
bulwark.
ISLE OF MAN
Harrington
Bouglas
Workington
In their respective harbours,
Darby Haven
In their respective bays.
Maryport
Peel
WISBEACH
At the light-houses about 3 miles below
Ramsey
the station at Sutton Wash.
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LISBON.
Ports.
Stations for bringing to.
Ports.
Stations for bringing to.
WOODBRIDGE
Bawdsey Ferry, the entrance of the river
KIRKWALL
The Bay, or Kirkwall Roads, extending
Deben.
along the beach, in a north-east direc-
YARMOUTH
Yarmouth Roads, between Nelson's monu-
tion, to Thief's Holm, and in a westerly
ment and the haven's mouth - on the
direction to Quanterness Skerry, thence
Brush, a short distance within the haven's
in a southerly direction to the Legal
mouth, at the S.E. angle of the river.
Quays.
Stromness
The bay called Cairston Roads.
SCOTLAND.
LEITH
Between the martello tower and chain
That part of Aberdeen Bay which falls
pier at Newhaven.
ABERDEEN
Dunbar
In the harbour.
within a line beginning at the eastern-
Fisherrow
In the harbour.
most point of the Girdle Ness, and run-
LERWICK
In the bay, opposite the Custom-house.
ning north 11 mile, to a point due
MONTROSE
Within the bar, at the entrance of the
east of the centre of the Broad Hill.
river South Esk, which is called the Still.
Peterhead
The bay.
Arbroath
The harbour.
Newburgh
Within the river Ythan, opposite to the
PORT GLASGOW
Port Glasgow Roads, or roadstead, com-
village Newburgh.
mencing at the black and white che-
Stonehaven
Stonehaven Bay, within 800 yards of the
quered buoy, on the east point of the
entrance of the harbour.
bank called the Perch, distant from the
AYR
South Quay at Ayr.
harbour about 200 yards, and extending
BANFF
The Legal Quays.
in a south-easterly direction by the
BORROWSTONESS
The harbour.
course of the river Clyde to the old ruins
Inverkeithing
The harbour.
called Newark Castle.
CAMBELTOWN
The harbour.
STORNAWAY
The harbour.
DUMERIES
The harbour.
STRANRAER
The harbour of Stranraer.
DUNDEE
The harbour.
Port Patrick
The harbour.
Newburgh and
Caroline Roads, 11 mile to the eastward
THURSO
Thurso Bay, within Holburn Head to the
Perth
of the harbour of Dundee.
anchorage ground at Scrabster Roads.
GLASGOW
Entrance of the harbour.
Wick
Wick Bay, when abreast or within the
GRANGEMOUTH
Entrance of the harbour.
head land called the Old Man of Wick.
Alloa
Alloa roadstead.
Kincardine
Kincardine roadstead.
GREENOCK
From Gravel Point, to the eastward of the
IRELAND.
town of Greenock, in the county of Ren-
BALTIMORE
frew, to Kempock Point, being the
Custle Townsend
At the entrance of the harbours of Castle
western point of Gourock Bay, includ-
Crook Haven
Townsend, Baltimore, Crook Haven, and
ing therein Cartsdyke Bay, Greenock
Bere Haven
Bere Haven.
Roads, the anchorage at the tail of the
BELFAST
bank, and Gourock Bay.
(Floating Stn.)
Garmoyle Roads, in Belfast Lough.
Rothsay
Rothsay Bay, lying and being within
COLERAINE
Port Rush Bay, outside the harbour.
Boyany Point, on the east of the town of
CORK (Cove)
Between the Spit buoy and the town of
Rothsay, in the Isle of Bute, county of
Cove.
Bute, and Ardmalish Point on the west
West Passage
Between Ferry Point to the southward and
of the said town.
Horse Head to the north-west.
Oban
Oban Bay, in the county of Argyle, as lies
Kinsale
Upper Cove, on the eastern side of the
within Fishing-house Point on the
harbour.
eastern side, and Currick Point on the
Youghall
Within the entrance of the harbour, be-
western side of the said bay.
tween Blackball Head to the eastward,
Tobermory
The Bay of Tobermory, lying and being
and Ferry Point.
within Leidag Point to the south-east,
DROUHEDA
North Crook, at the entrance of the
Portmore Point to the north-west, and
Boyne.
the Isle of Calve on the east of Tober-
Queenborough
In the river Boyne, opposite Queen-
mory, Isle of Mull, county of Argyle.
borough.
Inverary
The roadstead of Inverary, lying and being
DUBLIN
Pigeon-house, between the harbour light-
off the town of Inverary, in the county
house and the end of the North Wall.
of Argyle, and extending 1 a mile
DUNDALK
Soldiers' Point.
north-east of the quay of the said town.
GALWAY
To the eastward, or under the shelter of,
Lockgilphead
Lochgilphead Roads, at the eastend of the
Mutton Island.
Crinan Canal, lying and being within
LIMERICK
Tarbert's Roads, to the southward of Tar-
Ardrishaig Point, on the western side of
bert Island, in the county of Kerry.
Lochgilphead and Kilmory Point, on
LONDONDERRY
Greencastle, situate on the north side of
the eastern side of the said loch.
Lough Foyle.
INVERNESS
The harbour.
NEWRY
Warren Point Roads.
IRVINE
The harbour.
Strangford
Ballyheury Bay or Audley's Town Bay.
KIRKALDY
Entrance of the harbour.
SLIGO
Oyster Island.
Aberdour and
Burntisland Roads.
Killibegs
Anchorage of Killibegs.
Burntisland
Ballyshunnon
In the river, abreast of Ward Town-
Pittenween
house.
Dysart
Kirkaldy Bay.
Ballina
Moyne Pool.
Wemyss
Killala
Killala Pool.
Methil
WATERFORD
Leven
Largo Bay.
New Ross
Passage.
Largo
Dungarvan
The harbour.
Elie
Entrance to their respective harbours.
WESTPORT
The anchorage ground at Annagh Head.
Anstruther
in Clew Bay.
St. Andrew's
St. Andrew's Bay.
WEXFORD
South Bay, about 10 miles from Wexford.
LISBON. - In return for the privilege conceded to the Portuguese under the
Methuen treaty (Dict. p. 1177.), of admitting their wines to entry for consumption in
Great Britain, at 2-3ds the duty charged on French wines, British woollens were ad-
mitted into Portugal at a duty of 15 per cent. This rate of duty was afterwards ex-
tended to all British articles; and, since 1782, it has been charged according to a tariff
or valuation fixed that year. But, with the exception of goods from Brazil, all other
foreign goods consumed in Portugal paid a duty of 30 per cent. These distinctions are
now, however, at an end the subjoined decree having fixed the duty on all goods ad-
mitted to consumption in Portugal, without regard to their origin, at 15 per cent. This
regulation was a good deal complained of here, but without reason. Having judiciously
equalised the duties on French and Portuguese wines, we had no right or title to expect
that the Portuguese should continue to render us the stipulated equivalent of what we
had ourselves withdrawn. In so far, too, as we are concerned, the change is not really
of any material importance, and will not sensibly affect our trade with Portugal. We
subjoin the decree referred to -
I. All goods and merchandise, of whatever nature and origin,
II. Goods admitted to consumption by the present decree,
and under whatever flag they may be imported, are admitted
if imported in Portuguese vessels from the country in which
into the Custom-house of Lisbon and Oporto, to be despatched
they are produced, or in ships of that country coming direct,
for consumption.
will pay 15 per cent., levied upon the tariff valuation, and
Sect. 1. Live pigs, gunpowder, and foreign olive and turnip
where there is no tariff, ad valorem. In the contrary case,
oil, are excepted from the foregoing article.
will pay the duty hereby established increased by & of the
Sect. 2. The importation of grain will be regulated by a
same duty.
special law and in the mean time the existing dispositions
Sect. 4. Vinegar, wine, brandy, and all other spirits will pay
thereunto relating will continue in force.
300 reis per bottle or jar. The decree ofthe 7th of December,
Sect. 3. Tobacco, soap, and orchilla weed, continue subject
1825, remains in full force as regards rum, whatever place 14
to the laws and conditions of the state contracts.
comes from. The goods comprehended in this paragraph re.
Sect. 4. Wine, vinegar, brandy, and other spirits of what-
main subject to the clauses of the preceding article, as for as
ever quality they may be, are only admitted in bottles or jars
they are applicable.
of half a canada, Lisbon measure, and in boxes containing 2
dozens of bottles each. Rum, however, is admitted in casks of
Palace of Necessidades, 18th of April, 1834.
any size.
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OLIVE OIL. - PATENTS.
15
OLIVE OIL. - In consequence of petitions and representations from the woollen
manufacturers, setting forth the serious injury they sustained from the oppressive duty
of 81. 8s. a tun laid on olive oil (Dict. p. 862.), it has been reduced 50 per cent., or to
41. 4s. a tun. - (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. 15.) The reduction does not, however, extend
to oil brought from Naples or Sicily; but his Majesty is empowered, if he see cause, to
reduce the duty on such oil to 4l. 4s. a tun, by an order in council. This exception is
understood to have been made in the view of facilitating the negotiations now in progress
with the King of Naples for a reduction of the exorbitant duties laid on pilchards and
other British articles imported into his dominions. It is to be hoped that these nego-
tiations may be speedily brought to a satisfactory conclusion; for the largest portion by
far of the olive oil made use of here being brought from Naples (Gallipoli, see Dict.
p. 863.), the continuance of the high duties on it goes far to nullify the measure. Those
who take into view the importance of olive oil in the arts, particularly in the woollen
manufacture, and are aware that the revenue derived from it has not exceeded 50,000/.
a year, will probably join with us in opinion, that the duty should either be repealed, or
reduced to, at most, 21. 2s. a tun.
PAPER. - The Commissioners of Excise Inquiry have made a very important
suggestion with respect to the duty on paper. They recommend that the existing
distinction between first class and second class paper should be put an end to ; and that
a duty of 14d. per lb. be charged indiseriminately on all descriptions of paper. The
effect of this recommendation, were it adopted, would be to deduct a half from the duty
now charged on all paper used for writing and printing; at the same time that it would
allow the manufacturer of inferior or wrapping paper to make use of whatever materials he
pleased. This judicious suggestion will, no doubt, be adopted. The stimulus to con-
sumption that would be given by the fall in the price of paper consequent to a reduction
of this sort, makes it abundantly certain that the revenue would lose little or nothing by
the change; at the same time that the manufacturer would be relieved from several
vexatious regulations, and that the gross injustice inflicted on authors and publishers by
the paper duties (see Dict. p. 143.) would be materially mitigated. To suppose that,
under such circumstances, the duty should not be reduced, would be to suppose that
government was not anxious to encourage, but to discourage, the manufacture; and that
it preferred dealing unjustly by authors and publishers - (See 14th Report of Commis-
sioners of Excise Inquiry.)
PATENTS. - The reader will find in the article PATENTS, in the Dictionary, some
remarks on the grounds on which they are granted, and on the difficulty of legislating
on the subject. The object in giving a patent is twofold. In the first place, it is
intended to stimulate and reward invention and, in the second place, it is intended to
prevent an invention from being lost, by obliging the inventor, when he takes out a
patent, to describe it accurately. The difficulty in legislating on the subject is to
hinder real bonâ fide inventors from being harassed by unfounded actions, and at the
same time to prevent quacks and pretenders from appropriating discoveries already
made, to the injury of the public. To be useful, any law on such a subject must be
drawn up with great care and circumspection. But such certainly has not been the
case with the act as to patents (5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 77.), passed in 1835, of which a
copious abstract is subjoined. It is altogether one of the crudest and most bungling
attempts at legislation that has ever come under our notice. It gives to the patentee
a right to make constant alterations in his specification; so that it will be next to
impossible to learn from it what the invention really is for which the patent is granted.
Under the old law, a patentee, who made any material improvements on his invention,
was entitled to get a new patent for the improvements, so that no injury was done him
by obliging him to make his specification quite accurate, at the same time that the
public interests were secured. But every one naturally wishes to conceal his inventions;
and, instead of counteracting this principle, the new law really offers a bonus on in-
accurate specifications, by enabling the patentee to disclaim some parts and to amend
others; and he may do this over and over again, provided he obtain leave from the
attorney or solicitor general, to whose " good pleasure" the most important interests
would thus seem to be left It is not easy to imagine any thing more absurd. But
we have little doubt, that the inconveniences that will result from it will lead to its
speedy repeal or amendment. Some of the other clauses seem also to be highly
questionable.
Any Person having obtained Letters Patent for any Invention may enter a Disclaimer. Any person
who hath obtained or shall hereafter obtain letters patent, for the sole making, exercising, &c. of any
invention, may, if he think fit, enter with the clerk of the patents of England, Scotland, or Ireland,
respectively, as the case may be, having first obtained the leave of the attorney-general or solicitor-
general in case of an English patent, of the lord advocate or solicitor-general of Scotland in the case of
a Scotch patent, or of the attorney-general or solicitor-general for Ireland in the case of an Irish patent,
a disclaimer of any part of either the title of the invention or of the specification, stating the reason for
such disclaimer, or may, with such leave as aforesaid, enter a memorandum of any alteration in the said
title or specification, not being such disclaimer or such alteration as shall extend the exclusive right
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POST-OFFICE.
granted by the said letters patent and such disclaimer or memorandum of alteration, being filed by the
said clerk of the patents, and enrolled with the specification, shall be taken to be part of such letters
patent or such specification in all courts whatever provided that any person may enter a caveat, as
caveats are now entered, against such disclaimer or alteration which caveat shall give the party entering
a right to have notice of the application being heard by the attorney-general or solicitor-general or lord
advocate respectively provided also, that no such disclaimer or alteration shall be receivable in evidence
in any action or suit (except in any proceeding by scire facias) pending at the time when it was enrolled,
but in every such action or suit the original title and specification alone shall be given in evidence, and
taken to be the title and specification of the invention for which the letters patent have been granted
provided also, that it shall be lawful for the attorney-general or solicitor-general or lord advocate, before
granting such fiat, to require the party applying for the same to advertise his disclaimer or alteration, as
to the said attorney-general, &c. shall seem right, and shall, if he require such advertisement, certify in
his fiat that the same has been duly made. § 1.
Mode of Proceeding where Patentee is proved not to be the real Inventor. If in any suit or action it
shall be proved or found by the verdict of a jury that a person who has obtained letters patent for any
invention or supposed invention was not the first inventor thereof, or of some part thereof, by reason of
some other person or persons having invented or used the same, or some part thereof, before the date of
such letters patent, or if such patentee or his assigns shall discover that some other person had, unknown
to such patentee, invented or used the same, or some part thereof, before the date of such letters patent,
it shall be lawful for such patentee or his assigns to petition H. M. in council to confirm the said
letters patent or to grant new letters patent, the matter of which petition shall be heard before the
judicial committee of the privy council ; and such committee, upon examining the said matter, and being
satisfied that such patentee believed himself to be the first and original inventor, and being satisfied that
such invention or part thereof had not been publicly and generally used before the date of such first
letters patent, may report to H. M. their opinion that the prayer of such petition ought to be complied
with, whereupon H. M. may, if he think fit, grant such prayer; and the said letters patent shall be
available to give to such petitioner the sole right of using, making, and vending such invention; pro-
vided, that any person opposing such petition shall be entitled to be heard before the said judicial
committee provided also, that any person, party to any former suit or action touching such first letters
patent, shall be entitled to have notice of such petition before presenting the same.
If in any Action or Suit a Verdict pass for the Patentee, the Judge may certify, &c. If any action at
law or suit in equity shall be brought in respect of any alleged infringement of such letters patent
heretofore or hereafter granted, or any scire facias to repeal such letters patent, and if a verdict pass for
the patentee, or if a final decree or order be made for him, upon the merits of the suit, it shall be lawful
for the judge who tried such action to certify on the record, or the judge who shall make such order to
give a certificate under his hand, that the validity of the patent came in question before him, which
record or certificate being given in evidence in any other suit or action touching such patent, if a verdict
pass, or order be made, in favour of such patentee, he shall receive treble costs in such suit or action, to
be taxed at three times the taxed costs, unless the judge making such second or other order, or trying
such second or other action, certify that he ought not to have treble costs. 3.
Mode of Proceeding in case of Application for the Prolongation of the Term.- If any person who hath or
shall hereafter obtain letters patent shall advertise in the London Gazette 3 times, and in S London
papers, and 3 times in some country paper published in the town where or near to which he carried on
any manufacture of any thing made according to his specification, or near to or in which he resides in
case he carried on no such manufacture, or published in the county where he carries on such manufac-
ture or where he lives in case there shall not be any paper published in such town, that he intends to
apply to H. M. in council for a prolongation of his term of sole using and vending his invention, and
shall petition H. M. in council to that effect, it shall be lawful for any person to enter a caveat at the
council office and if H. M. refer such petition to the judicial committee of the privy council, and notice
shall first be by him given to any person who has entered such caveats, the petitioner shall be heard by
his counsel and witnesses to prove his case, and the persons entering caveats shall likewise be heard by
their counsel and witnesses; whereupon the judicial committee may report to H. M. that a further
extension of the term in the said letters patent should be granted, not exceeding 7 years; and H. M. is
hereby authorised and empowered, if he think fit, to grant new letters patent for the said invention for
a term not exceeding 7 years after the expiration of the first term provided that no such extension
shall be granted if the application by petition be not made and prosecuted with effect before the ex-
piration of the original term in such letters patent. § 4.
In case of Action, &c. Notice to be given. In any action brought for infringing any letters patent, the
defendant on pleading thereto shall give to the plaintiff, and in any scire facias to repeal such letters
patent the plaintiff shall file with his declaration a notice of any objections on which he means to rely at
the trial of such action, and no objection shall be allowed to be made in behalf of such defendant or
plaintiff at such trial, unless he prove the objections stated in such notice provided always, that it shall
be lawful for any judge at chambers, on summons served by such defendant or plaintiff on such plaintiff
or defendant respectively to show cause why he should not be allowed to offer other objections whereof
notice shall not have been given, to give leave to offer such objections, on such terms as to him shall
seem fit. 5.
Costs in Actions for infringing Letters Patent. In any action brought for infringing any letters
patent, in taxing the costs thereof regard shall be had to the part of such case proved at the trial, which
shall be certified by the judge, and the costs of each part of the case shall be given according as either
party has succeeded or failed therein, regard being had to the notice of objections, as well as the counts
in the declaration, and without regard to the general result of the trial. 6.
Penalty for using, unauthorised, the Name of a Patentee, &c.- If any person shall write, paint, or print,
or mould, cast, or carve, or engrave or stamp, upon any thing made, used, or sold by him, for the sole
making or selling of which he hath not obtained letters patent, the name or any imitation of the name
of any other person who hath obtained letters patent for the sole making and vending of such thing,
without leave in writing of such patentee or his assigns, or if any person shall upon such thing, not
having been purchased from the patentee or some person who purchased it from him, or not having the
licence in writing of such patentee or his assigns, write, paint, or otherwise mark the word " patent,"
the words "letters patent," or the words "by the king's patent," or any words of the like kind, meaning,
or import, with a view of imitating or counterfeiting the stamp mark or other device of the patentee, he
shall for every such offence be liable to a penalty of 50L, to be recovered by action of debt, bill, &c. in any
court of record at Westminster or in Ireland, or in the court of session in Scotland, one half to H. M. and
the other to any person who shall sue for the same provided, that nothing herein contained shall be
construed to extend to subject any person to any penalty in respect of stamping or in any way marking
the word " patent" upon any thing made, for the sole making or vending of which a patent before
obtained has expired. 1 7.
POST-OFFICE.. The inconveniences complained of in Dict. p. 936., with respect
to the transmission of newspapers by post, have been almost entirely obviated by the acts
4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 44. and 5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 25.
Previously to the 1st October, 1834, ldd. each was charged on all British and Irish newspapers sent by
packet to any of the colonies and 3d. on all colonial newspapers sent by packet to Great Britain and
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POST-OFFICE.
17
Ireland. But these charges ceased at the above-mentioned period; and since that date the Post-
office has received British and Irish newspapers duly stamped, and conveyed them to the colonies free of
postage and the colonial postmasters have received newspapers printed within the colonies, and trans-
mitted them by packet to Great Britain and Ireland; the General Post-office delivering them to their
address within the kingdom free of postage. & 5 Will. 4. C. 44. § I 2. and S.
This act did not, however, interfere with the conveyance of newspapers to and from the colonies by
private ships, which were chargeable with a postage of 3d. each; but this charge is repealed by the act
5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 25., and a postage of Id. each on every paper conveyed outwards or homewards by any
private ship, is imposed in its stead.
The following are the regulations respecting the conveyance of newspapers to foreign parts by packet:-
Newspapers to and from Foreign Parts.- From and after the 1st day of October, 1834, the Post-office
shall receive any printed newspapers duly stamped for conveyance by packet boats from Great Britain
and Ireland to any foreign port, and forward the same accordingly free of postage; and newspapers printed
in any foreign kingdom or state, and brought into the U. K. by packets, shall (if printed in the language
of the foreign kingdom or state from which the same shall be forwarded, but not otherwise) be delivered
by the General Post within the U. K. free of postage provided, that before any newspapers to or from
any foreign port be conveyed or delivered free of postage, under the provisions of this clause, satisfactory
proof be laid before the postmaster-general that printed newspapers sent from Great Britain or Ireland
are allowed to pass by post within such foreign kingdom or state free of postage, and also that newspapers
addressed to any person or place in Great Britain or Ireland from the same are allowed to pass by post
within it free of postage; and it is hereby declared, as to every newspaper put into the post-office within
Great Britain or Ireland for conveyance by packet, addressed to any foreign kingdom or state in which
printed British newspapers are not allowed to pass by post free of postage, the postmaster. (until
such satisfactory proof be laid before him) and his deputies shall demand and take 2d. for the convey-
ance of every newspaper to any foreign port, to be paid when it is put into the post-office; and as to every
newspaper addressed to Great Britain or Ireland, and brought into the U. K. from any foreign kingdom
or state in which such newspapers are not allowed to pass by post free of postage, it is declared that the
postmaster-general (until such satisfactory proof be laid before him) and his deputies shall demand and
take for the conveyance of every such newspaper by post 2d, to be paid on delivery thereof to its address,
over and above any postage charged thereon by any foreign Post-office, provided such paper be in the
language of the kingdom or state from which it is forwarded. & 5 Will. 4. c. 44. § 4.
Re-imposition of Postage.- The postmaster-general, with consent of the Lords of the Treasury, is
authorised to re-impose the duty of postage in the event of the conditions as to reciprocity not being com-
plied with. 5.
Newspapers to be sent in Covers, open at Sides, &c. Every newspaper sent by post under this act, must
either be sent without a cover, or in a cover open at the sides; nothing is to be printed on the paper after
it has been published, nor is any writing or mark to be made upon such paper, or the cover thereof, other
than the name and address of the person to whom it is sent, nor is any paper or thing to be enclosed or
concealed in such paper or its cover. - 6.
Limitation of Time for Postage. Newspapers to be posted within 7 days after the date of the same
otherwise may be detained, or charged with postage as a letter. - 7.
Newspapers addressed to Persons who have removed may be re-directed, and sent to them free of Extra
Charge. But if any newspaper shall have been opened or used, it shall, on re-direction, be charged with
the rate of a single letter, from the place at which it shall be re-directed to the place at which it shall be
ultimately delivered.- § 8.
Postmaster-general, with Consent of the Treasury, may contract with Editors, &c. of unstamped Pub-
lications for forwarding the same by Post, on Payment of a yearly Sum for each Publication. - I 9.
Power to search.- The postmaster and his deputies may examine and search printed papers sent
in covers, open at the sides; and in case any words or communication be found to be printed on any
such paper after the same was published, or any writing or mark be found on it or the cover thereof
other than the name and address of the person to whom it is sent, or any other paper or thing be enclosed
or concealed in or with it, or any printed words or communication be found upon its cover, or in case any
newspaper brought into the U. K. from any foreign kingdom or state be not printed in the language of
such kingdom or state, every such packet shall be charged with treble the duty of letter postage and as
to every paper or packet going out of the U. K., the postmaster-general or his deputies may either detain
it, or forward it by post, charged with letter postage and in case any newspaper printed and posted in
the U. K., and sent by post under this act, shall appear not to be duly stamped, it shall be stopped and
sent to the commissioners of stamps at London or Dublin. § 10.
The late act has enacted several new regulations with respect to the conveyance of letters to and
from foreign parts, &c. The Post-office has issued a summary of the regulations in the act, which, being
clearer, and more easily apprehended by general readers than the act itself, we take the liberty to
subjoin :-
By the act 5 & 6 Will. 4. C. 52., passed in the present session of parliament, intituled " An Act to
extend the Accommodation by the Post to and from Foreign Parts, and for other Purposes relating to
the Post-Office," it is enacted :-
After an agreement shall have been made with the Post-office of any foreign kingdom or state, it shall
be optional with persons sending letters by post to such foreign kingdom, to pay both the British and
foreign postage thereof, at the time of sending the same, or to send the same without payment of any part
of the postage, or to pay the British postage only, as heretofore.
Persons residing in such foreign kingdoms will have the same option, with regard to letters addressed
to the U. K.
No letters liable to any foreign rates of postage can be sent or received free from the duties of postage,
save and except the public despatches of his Majesty's secretaries of state to and from the British embassies
and legations abroad, being bonú fide on the public service.
The postmaster-general is empowered at any time hereafter, at his discretion, to register letters and
packets sent by the post, on payment of certain additional rates but such registration will not render
the postmaster-general or the post-office revenue liable for the loss of any such letters or the contents
thereof.
The above enactments will not take effect until after the necessary arrangements have been made with
the post-offices of foreign countries, of which due notice will be given to the public.
The following enactments come into immediate operation -
The postage on letters between Dover and Calais, which was heretofore the same as between Lon-
don and Calais, is reduced 6d. each single letter.
LETTERS BY PRIVATE SHIPS.- The present rates of ship-letter postage from the K. for places beyond
the seas are repealed, and in lieu thereof, letters posted at the port from which the ship shall sail are made
liable to the reduced rate of 8d.-single; if posted at any other part of the U. K., 1s. single and so on
in proportion, to be paid at the time of posting the same.
N. B. The old regulations still continue in force as to all newspapers conveyed to and from the
colonies otherwise than by packet.
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RAISINS. - SANDWICH ISLANDS.
Letters may be sent from any port, by any ship or vessel, to any place out of the U. K., otherwise
than through the post.office, except by vessels carrying mails; but this provision does not extend to the
inland conveyance of letters otherwise than by post, or to any collection of letters contrary to the laws
now in force.
Letters may be sent through the post-office, by private ship or vessel, from any port or place in Great
Britain or Ireland to any other port or place within the same or either of them, on payment of a rate of
postage of 8d. - single, in addition to any rates for inland conveyance. Persons desirous of availing
themselves of this mode of conveyance must specify the same on the direction of their letters, or on
delivering them to the postmaster. The payment of postage at the time is optional with the sender.
SHIP LETTERS IRELAND. The ship letter laws in Great Britain and Ireland are assimilated and the
provisions of the former acts of parliament for regulating the conveyance of letters to and from the East
Indies, at a reduced rate of postage, are extended to Ireland.
Letters to and from Great Britain and Ireland, by private ships, are liable to a sea postage of 8d. over
and above any inland rate, the previous payment of which is optional with the sender.
There is no alteration in the law with respect to letters brought into Great Britain by private ships, nor
those sent to the Cape of Good Hope, the East Indies, and New South Wales.
NEWSPAPERS. The rate of postage of 3d. on each newspaper, brought by private ships into the U. K.,
from his Majesty's colonies and possessions beyond seas, is repealed.
Newspapers to and from his Majesty's colonies and possessions by private ships, are liable to a rate of
postage of 1d. each. The postage on those from the U. K. is to be paid at the time of putting them into
the post.
Newspapers to and from his Majesty's colonies and possessions beyond seas by packet, are not liable to
any postage. There is no alteration in the postage upon newspapers to the Cape of Good Hope, the East
Indies, and New South Wales.
Newspapers to and from foreign parts, by private ships, if to and from those countries which have
agreed to circulate newspapers to and from Great Britain free, are liable to a postage of 1d. only, to be
paid to the master of the vessel conveying the same. Newspapers to or from those countries with which
there is no such agreement, are liable to a postage of 2d. each.
There is no alteration in the law with regard to newspapers conveyeyed to and from foreign parts by
packet.
Newspapers from foreign countries, to be conveyed at the rates above mentioned, must be printed in
the language of such countries. No newspaper must contain any enclosure whatever, or any writing or
marks on the papers or the covers other than the address. Those from the U. K. must be put into the
post within 7 days from the date thereof.
Inland North American Postage. - The act 4 Will. 4. C. 7. places the regulation of the inland postage
of the North American Colonies, and the appropriation of the revenue arising from the same, wholly in
the power of the provincial or colonial degislatures.
RAISINS. - The duty on all raisins, without distinction of quality, brought from a
foreign country, has been reduced to 15s. a cwt. ; and to half that sum on those brought
from a British possession. - & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. § 15.) This measure will, no doubt,
materially increase the consumption of raisins. The tax ought, however, to have varied
with the quality. A duty of 15s. a cwt. is not too much on Malaga muscatels; but, to
be in proportion, the duty on Smyrna blacks should not exceed 5s. a cwt. For the
quantities imported, exported, and cleared for consumption in 1833 and 1834, see
post.
SANDWICH ISLANDS. - This secluded but interesting group of islands is
situated in the midst of the Pacific Ocean, nearly under the tropic of Cancer, and in
about the 160th degree of west longitude. There are, in all, 13 or 14 islands but with
the exception of Owyhee, where Cook was killed, the rest are but of inconsiderable
size. The islanders are honourably distinguished among the Polynesian nations by
the advances they have made in civilisation ; and particularly by their progress in manu-
factures and commerce. But they are principally entitled to notice, in a work of this
sort, from their being frequently visited by English and American ships engaged in the
southern whale-fishery, or in the commerce of the Pacific.
The principal port is Honororu, on the south side of the island of Woahoo, in lat. 21° 18' 3" N.,
long. 158° l' W. It has several good houses; with a considerable population, among which are from
150 to 250 English and Americans. The anchorage is good; and it is a very favourable place for
refitting. In 1831 two ships, one of 180, and another of 190 tons, were hove-down, caulked, and cop-
pered in five days. Water is good and plentiful; and fresh provisions may generally be had on very
reasonable terms. Recently, however, Mowee, on the island of that name, has been preferred by many
as a place for refitting. In 1831, there belonged to the Sandwich Islands, 24 ships of the burden of 2,630
tons of these, 10 ships, burden 765 tons, were the property of natives, and the remainder of foreigners
established in the islands. The following table was drawn up by a gentleman long resident at
Honororu -
Account of the Number of Ships that touched at Weahoo, one of the Sandwich Islands, during the eight
Years ending with 1831, distinguishing between English and American, and between Whale and Mer-
chant Ships.
English.
American.
Under other
Years.
Foreign
Total.
Whalers.
Merchant.
Total.
Whalers.
Merchant.
Total.
Flags.
Ships.
Tons.
Ships.
Tons.
Ships.
Tons.
Ships.
Tons.
Ships.
Tons.
Ships.
Tons.
Sh.
Tons.
Ships.
Tons.
1824
15
5,798
2
500
17
6,298
50
15,688
16
3,163
66
18,851
5
1,330
88
26,479
1825
18
7,765
2
400
20
8,165
37
11,539
19
4,077
56
15,616
3
950
79
24,731
1826
11
4,854
2
410
13
5,264
67
21,892
21
3,996
88
25,888
6
1,112
107
32,264
1827
16
6,505
2
334
18
6,839
66
21,261
16
3,693
82
24,954
7
1,721
107
33,514
1828
26
9,772
5
891
31
10,663
90
31,188
26
5,841
116
37,029
8
2,313
155
50,005
1829
21
8,172
6
1,199
27
9,371
87
31,087
21
5,210
108
36,297
4
1,003
139
46,671
1830
16
6,982
10
1,693
26
8,675
77
26,860
23
4,072
100
30,932
3
515
129
40,122
1831
23
8,567
7
1,292
30
9,859
58
21,560
25
4,588
83
26,148
5' 1,172
118
37,179
The decrease in the amount of American ships at Woahoo is accounted for by the fact of many of
them now touching in preference, at Mowee. (We have these details entirely from private sources.)
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SEAMEN (CONSOLIDATION OF LAWS RELATING TO). 19
SEAMEN (CONSOLIDATION OF LAWS RELATING 0).-During
last session an Act was passed (5 & 6 W. 4. c. 19.) of great importance to seamen, and
to persons connected with navigation. It is intituled " An Act for amending and con-
solidating the Laws relating to Merchant Seamen, and for forming and maintaining a
Register of all the Men engaged in that Service." It lays down the various forms and
regulations to be observed in hiring, paying, and discharging seamen establishes an
office for their registry and prescribes the mode in which lists of crews are to be
transmitted to the registrar. It also regulates the number of apprentices to be taken
on board ship; the conditions under which seamen may, in certain cases, be left in
foreign parts with a variety of other interesting particulars. As any infraction of the
provisions of the Act incurs, in most cases, the forfeiture of heavy penalties, it should
be carefully attended to both by masters and men. After declaring that the prosperity,
strength, and safety of the kingdom principally depend on a large, constant, and
ready supply of seamen, as well for carrying on the commerce as for the defence thereof,
and that it is necessary, by all practicable means, to increase the number of such seamen,
a ad to give them all due encouragement and protection ; and that, in furtherance of this
end, it is expedient to amend and consolidate the laws relating to their registration
and government, the statute goes on to enact -
Repeal of different Acts. -From and after the 31st of July, 1835, from which day this act shall take effect,
the act 2 & 3 Ann. c. 6. for the increase of seamen, &c. ; the act 2 G. 2. C. 36. for the better regulation, &c.
of seamen in the merchant service; the act 2 G. 3. c. 31. for perpetuating the last-mentioned act, &c. ;
the act 31 G. 3. c. 39. for the better regulation, &c. of seamen in the coasting trade of the kingdom; the
act 45 G.S. c.81. for amending the last-mentioned act; the act 37 G. 3. c. 78. for preventing the desertion
of seamen from British merchant ships in the West Indies; the act 58 G. 3. c. 38. to extend and render
more effectual the regulations for the relief of seafaring men and boys, &c., subjects of the U. K. in
foreign parts and the act 4 G. 4. c. 25. for regulating the number of apprentices to be taken on board
British merchant vessels, &c. ; and the act 3 & 4 W. 4. c. 88. for continuing the 59 3. c. 58., for faci-
litating the recovery of the wages of seamen in the merchants' service, are hereby repealed: provided that
all offences committed and penalties and forfeitures incurred previous to the commencement of this act,
against the provisions of the said acts, shall be punishable and recoverable under the said acts as if they
had not been repealed.- - & 1.
No Scaman to be taken to Sea without a written Agreement. It shall not be lawful for any master of
any ship or vessel belonging to any subject of the U. K. trading to parts beyond seas, or of any British
registered ship of the burden of 80 tons or upwards employed in the fisheries of the U. K., or in trading
coastwise or otherwise, to carry to sea, from this kingdom or any other place, any seaman or other person
as one of his crew or complement (apprentices excepted), without first entering into an agreement in
writing with every such seaman, specifying what monthly or other wages such seaman is to be paid, the
capacity in which he is to act, and the nature of the voyage in which the ship is intended to be employed,
80 that the seaman may have some means of judging of the probable period for which he is likely to be
engaged; and the said agreement shall contain the day of the month and year in which the same shall be
made, and shall be signed by the master in the first instance, and by the seamen respectively at the port
or place where such seamen shall be respectively shipped; and the master shall cause the same to be, by
or in presence of the party who is to attest their respective signatures thereto, truly and distinctly read
over to every such seaman before he shall be required to sign the same, in order that he may be enabled
to understand the purport and meaning of the engagement he enters into and the terms to which he is
bound. § 2.
Regulations respecting Forms of Agreements. - In the cases of ships bound to parts beyond seas, except
as herein-after provided, every agreement shall be in the form and shall contain true entries under their
respective heads of the several particulars set forth in the schedule marked (A.) at the end of this act, so
far as the same can be ascertained; and the owners and the master of every such ship, or one of them,
shall, on reporting his ship's arrival at her port of destination in the U. K., deposit with the collector or
comptroller of customs at such port a true copy of such agreement, attested by the signature of the master,
that every person interested in such agreement may at all times know the terms and conditions thereof;
and in the cases of ships employed in fishing on the coasts of the U. K., and of ships regularly trading
from one part of the U.K. to another, and of ships regularly trading or making regular voyages to any
of the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, or to any port on the continent of Europe
between the river Elbe inclusive and Brest, the agreement to be entered into as aforesaid shall be in the
form and shall contain due entries under their respective heads of the particulars set forth in the schedule
(B.) at the end of this act, so far as the same can be ascertained ; and the owner or one of the owners of every
such ship employed in fishing or in trading in any of the cases last mentioned shall, within 10 days next
after the expiration of every 6 months ending the 30th of June and the 31st of December each year,
deposit with the collector or comptroller of the customs of the port to which the ship belongs a true copy
of every agreement entered into with any person composing part of the crew within the preceding 6
months, attested by the signature of such owner; and all copies of agreements required to be deposited as
aforesaid shall, when the same have been deposited, and be required to be produced in evidence on the
part of any seaman, be received and taken as legal proof of the contents of the agreement. - § 3.
Penalty for Default.- - If any master of any ship as aforesaid carry out to sea any seaman (apprentices
excepted) without having first entered into the agreement hereby required, he shall for every such offence
forfeit and pay the sum of 10/. in respect of each and every seaman carried out contrary to this act and
if any master neglect to cause the agreement to be distinctly read over to each seaman, as enjoined above,
he shall for every such neglect forfeit and pay the sum of 51.; and if any master neglect to deposit a copy
of the agreement with the collector or comptroller of the customs as is hereby required, or shall wilfully
deposit a false copy of such agreement, he shall for every such neglect or offence forfeit and pay the sum
of 50L. - § 4.
Seamen not to be deprived of legal Remedies, &c. No seaman, by entering into or signing such agree-
ment as aforesaid, shall forfeit his lien upon the ship, nor be deprived of any remedy for the recovery of
his wages which seamen are now lawfully entitled to against either the ship, the master or the owners
thereof; nor shall any agreement made contrary to or inconsistent with the provisions of this act, or any
clause whereby a seaman shall consent to forego the right which the maritime law gives him to wages in
the case of freight earned by ships subsequently lost, or containing any words to that effect, be valid or
binding on any seaman signing the same; and in cases in which it may be necessary that the agreement
should be produced to sustain a claim on the part of a seaman, no obligation shall lie upon the seaman to
produce the same, nor shall any seaman fail in any suit or proceeding for the recovery of his wages for
want of the production of such agreement, or of any deposited copy thereof as aforesaid, or for the want
of any notice to produce the same any law or usage to the contrary notwithstanding.- 5.
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Seamen refusing to join or to proceed in the Ship, &c. may be committed to Gaol. - In case a seaman
shall, after having signed an agreement as before mentioned, neglect or refuse to join the ship on board of
which he had engaged to serve, or refuse to proceed to sea in her, or absent himself therefrom without
leave, it shall be lawful for any justice of the peace, at home or abroad, near the place, upon complaint of
the fact made upon oath by the master, mate, or owner thereof, and such justice is required, by his
warrant to cause such seaman to be apprehended and brought before him and in case such seaman shall
not give a reason to the satisfaction of such justice for his neglect, refusal, or absence, upon due proof
thereof it shall be lawful for such justice to commit such seamen to the house of correction, to be kept to
hard labour for a period not exceeding 30 days provided that in case such seaman, on being brought
before said justice, shall consent to join the ship and proceed on the voyage for which he has agreed, it
shall be lawful for said justice, at the request of the master, instead of committing such seaman, to cause
him to be conveyed on board the said ship, or be delivered to the master, for the purpose of proceeding
on the voyage, and also to award to the master such costs as shall seem reasonable, not exceeding in any
case the sum of 40s., which shall be chargeable against and may be abated from the wages to grow due to
such seaman. 6.
Forfeiture for temporary Absence from Duty. If any seaman, after having signed the aforesaid
agreement, or after the ship on board which he has agreed to serve has left her first port of clearance,
and before the period for which he has agreed to serve be completed, shall wilfully and without leave
absent himself from the ship, or from his duty, he shall (in all cases not of absolute desertion, or not
treated as such by the master,) forfeit out of his wages to the master or owner of such ship the amount
of 2 days' pay for every 24 hours of such absence, and in a like proportion for any less period of time, or, at
the option of the said master, the amount of such expenses as have been necessarily incurred in hiring a
substitute to perform his work ; and in case any seaman while he belongs to the ship shall without suffi-
cient cause neglect to perform such reasonable duty as is required of him by the master or other person
in command, he shall be subject to a like forfeiture in respect of every such offence, and of every 24
hours' continuance thereof; and in case a scaman, after signing such agreement, or after the ship's arrival
at her port of delivery, and before her cargo be discharged. shall quit the ship without a previous dis-
charge or leave from the master, he shall forfeit 1 month's pay out of his wages. But no such forfeitures
shall be incurred unless the fact of the seaman's temporary absence, neglect of duty, or quitting the ship
be duly entered in the ship's log-book, which entry shall specify truly the hour of the day at which the
same shall have occurred, and the period during which the seaman was absent or neglected his duty, the
truth of which entry the owner or master must, in all cases of dispute, substantiate by the evidence of
the mate or some other credible witness.
How Amount of Forfeiture is ascertained when Seamen contract for the Voyage. - In all cases where
the scaman has contracted for wages by the voyage or by the run, and not by the month or other stated
period of time, the amount of forfeitures incurred under this act shall be ascertained as follows viz., if
the whole time spent in the voyage agreed upon shall exceed 1 calendar month, the forfeiture of 1 month's
pay, expressed in this act, shall be taken to be a forfeiture of a sum of money bearing the same propor-
tion to the whole wages as a calendar month shall bear to the whole time spent in the voyage, and in like
manner a forfeiture of 2 days' pay or less shall be accounted and taken to be a forfeiture of a sum bearing
the same proportion to the whole wages as the same period of time shall bear to the whole time spent in
the voyage and if the whole time spent in the voyage shall not exceed 1 calendar month, the forfeiture
of 1 month's pay shall be taken to be a forfeiture of the whole wages contracted for and if such time
shall not exceed 2 days, the forfeiture of 2 days' pay shall be accounted and taken to be a forfeiture of the
whole wages contracted for and the master is authorised to abate the amount of all such forfeitures
enacted out of the wages of any seaman incurring the same. § 8.
Forfeiture for Desertion. - Every seaman who absolutely deserts the ship to which he belongs shall
forfeit to the owner or master all his clothes and effects left on board, and all wages and emoluments to
which he might otherwise be entitled, provided the circumstances attending such desertion be entered in
the log-book at the time, and certified by the signature of the master and mate or other credible witness
and an absence of a seaman from the ship for any time within the space of 24 hours immediately pre-
ceding the sailing of the ship without permission from the master, or for any period however short, under
circumstances plainly showing that it was his intention not to return, shall be deemed an absolute
desertion; and in case any such desertion take place in parts beyond seas, and the master be under the
necessity of engaging a substitute for the deserter at a higher rate of wages than that stipulated in the
agreement to be paid to the seaman deserting, the owner or master shall be entitled to recover from the
deserter by summary proceeding, in the same manner as wages are hereby made recoverable, any excess
of wages which he shall pay to such substitute beyond the amount payable to the deserter, had he duly
performed his service pursuant to agreement. - 9.
Penalty for harbouring Deserters. If any person shall, on shipboard or on shore, harbour or secrete
a seaman who has signed an agreement to proceed on a voyage to parts beyond seas, and has deserted or
absented himself without leave from his ship, knowing or having reason to believe him to be a deserter or
to be absent without leave, he shall for every seaman so harboured or secreted forfeit 10% and no debt
exceeding 5s., incurred by any seaman after he has signed any agreement as aforesaid, shall be recoverable
until the voyage agreed for has been concluded; nor shall it be lawful for any keeper of a public-house,
or of a lodging house for seamen to withhold or detain any chest, bed or bedding, clothes, tools, or other
effects of any seamen, for any debt alleged to have been contracted by such seaman; and in case any
chest, bed, &e., or other effects as aforesaid, be withheld contrary to this act, it shall be lawful for any
justice of the peace in any part of H. M.'s dominions, upon complaint upon oath made by such seaman or
on his behalf, to inquire into the matter, and if he see right to cause such property or effects so withheld
or detained to be seized and delivered over to the seaman. & 10.
The Period within which Wages are to be paid The master or owner of every ship is hereby required
to pay to every seaman entered as aforesaid his wages, if the same be demanded within the periods
following; viz., If the ship be employed in trading coastwise, the wages shall be paid within 2 days after
the termination of the agreement, or at the time when such seaman is discharged, whichever shall first
happen if the ship be employed in trading otherwise than coastwise, then the wages shall be paid at the
latest within 3 days after the cargo is delivered, or within 10 days after the seaman's discharge, whichever
shall first happen; in either of which last-mentioned cases of payment being delayed, the seaman at the
time of his discharge is entitled to be paid on account a sum equal to one fourth part of the estimated
balance due to him and in case any master or owner neglect or refuse to make such payment, he shall
for every such neglect or refusal forfeit and pay to the seaman the amount of 2 days' pay for each day not
exceeding 10 days, during which payment shall without sufficient cause be delayed beyond the period at
which such wages or part wages are hereby required to be paid; for recovery of which forfeiture the
seaman has the same remedies as he is entitled to for recovery of his wages provided that nothing
in this clause contained shall extend to the cases of ships employed in the southern whale fishery, or on
voyages for which seamen by the terms of their agreement are compensated by shares in the profits of the
adventure. 1 11.
Payment of Wages to be valid notwithstanding Bill of Sale, &c. Every such payment of wages to a
seaman shall be valid and effectual in law, notwithstanding any bill of sale or assignment made by any
seaman of such wages, or of any attachment or incumbrance thereon; and no assignment or sale of
wages made prior to the earning thereof, nor any power of attorney expressed to be irrevocable for the
receipt of such wages, shall be valid or binding upon the party making the same. - 1 12.
Masters to give Seamen Certificates on Discharge. - Upon the discharge of a seaman from ship, he
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shall be entitled to receive from the master a certificate, signed by him, of his service and discharge,
specifying the period of service and the time and place of his discharge; and any master refusing to give
such certificate, without reasonable cause, shall for every such offence forfeit and pay to such seaman the
sum of 5L § 13.
For obtaining immediate Payment of Wages of Seamen in certain Cases.- If after a seaman has been dis-
charged from any ship or vessel 3 days he shall be desirous of proceeding to sea on another voyage, and
in order thereto requires immediate payment of the wages due to him, any justice of the peace in any part
of H. M.'s dominions may, on application from such seaman, and on satisfactory proof that he would be
prevented from employment by delay, summon the master or owner of such ship or vessel before him,
and require cause to be shown why immediate payment of such wages should not be made and if it
appear to the satisfaction of such justice that there is no reasonable cause for delay, he shall order pay-
ment to be made forthwith, and in default of compliance with such order such master or owner shall
forfeit and pay the sum of 51. 14.
Summary Mode of recovering Wages not exceeding 201.- And whereas seamen, in cases of dispute, may
be exposed to great inconvenience, expense, and delay in obtaining payment of their wages; for remedy
thereof it is enacted, in all cases of wages not exceeding 204. which is due and payable to a seaman for
service in any ship, it shall be lawful for any justice of peace in any part of H. M.'s dominions residing
near the place where the ship has ended her voyage, cleared or discharged her cargo, or near the place
where the master or owner upon whom the claim is made shall be or reside, upon complaint on oath
made to such justice by any seaman or on his behalf, to summon such master or owner to appear before
him to answer such complaint, and upon his appearance, or in default thereof, on proof of his having
been summoned, such justice is empowered to examine upon the oath of the parties and their witnesses
(if there be any) touching the complaint and the amount of wages due, and to make such order for pay-
ment as shall appear reasonable and just; and in case such order be not obeyed within 2 days after making
thereof, it shall be lawful for such justice to issue his warrant to levy the amount of the wages awarded
as due, by distress and sale of the goods and chattels of the party on whom such order for payment shall
be made, rendering to such party the overplus (if any shall remain of the produce of the sale) after
deducting thereout all charges and expenses incurred by the seaman in making and hearing the complaint,
as well as those incurred by the distress and levy and in the enforcement of the justice's order and in
case sufficient distress cannot be found, it shall be lawful for the said justice to cause the amount of the
said wages and expenses to be levied on the ship in respect of the service on board which the wages are
claimed, or the tackle and apparel thereof; and if such ship be not within the jurisdiction of such justice,
then he is empowered to apprehend and commit the party upon whom the order for payment shall be
made to the common gaol of the county, there to remain without bail until payment of the amount of
wages awarded, and of all costs and expenses attending their recovery; and the award and decision of
such justice shall be final and conclusive as well on every seamen as on the owner and master of the
ship. - § 15.
In what Case Costs of Suit for Recovery of Wages not to be allowed. If any suit for the recovery of a
seaman's wages be instituted against the ship, or the master or owner thereof, in the court of admiralty
or in any vice-admiralty court, or in any court of record in H. M.'s dominions, and it shall appear to the
judge that the plaintiff might have had as effectual a remedy for the recovery of his wages by complaint
to a justice of the peace as herein-before provided, then and in every such case such judge is hereby
required to certify to that effect, and thereupon no costs of suit shall be awarded to the plaintiff.- 16.
If Ship is sold at a Foreign Port, Crew to be sent Home at the Expense of the Master or Owners.-
When any ship whatever belonging to any subject of the U. K., except in cases of wreck or condemn-
ation, is sold at any port out of H. M.'s dominions, the master in all such cases (unless the crew in the
presence of the British consul or vice-consul, or if there be none such, then in the presence of 1 or more
British resident merchants at such port, shall signify their consent in writing to be there discharged,) is
hereby required, besides paying them the wages to which they shall be entitled under the agreement,
either to provide them with adequate employment on board some other British vessel homeward bound,
or to furnish the means of sending them back to the port in H. M.'s dominions at which they were
originally shipped, or to some port in the U. K., as shall be agreed upon, by providing them with a passage
home, or depositing with the consul or vice-consul such money as he shall deem reasonably sufficient
to defray the expenses of their subsistence and passage; and if the master refuse or neglect to do so,
such expenses shall be a charge upon the owner whose ship is 80 sold, except in cases of barratry, wreck,
or condemnation, and may be recovered as so much money paid and expended on his account, together
with full costs, at the suit of the consul or other person defraying such expenses, or of the attorney-
general, in case the same has been allowed to the consul out of the public monies. 17.
Supply of Medicines to be kept on board, &c. Every ship sailing from the U. K. to any place out of the
same shall have and keep constantly on board a sufficient supply of medicines, suitable to accidents and
diseases arising on voyages; and in case any default be made in providing such medicines, or in case any
of the seamen receive any hurt or injury in the service of the ship, the expense of providing the
necessary surgical and medical advice, and attendance and medicines which the seaman shall stand in
need of until he be cured or be brought back to the U. K., shall be borne and defrayed by the owner and
master of the ship, or one of them, without any deduction whatever on that account from the seaman's
wages. § 18.
Sections 19 and 20 provide for the establishment of an office at the Custom-house, London, for the
general register of merchant seamen, consisting of a registrar, &c., under the direction of the lords of
the admiralty; and authorise letters and packets, on the business of the office, addressed to the registrar,
to go free of postage.
Masters of Ships to deliver Lists of their Crews on their Return.- Whereas by the act 4& 5 W. 4. c. 52.
(see post, p. 28.), a certain book by way of muster-roll is required to be kept on board merchant ships and
whereas it is expedient for the better effecting the objects of this act, that a return should be made to
the registrar of merchant seamen of many of the said particulars, it is enacted, that the master of every
British ship bound to parts beyond seas, except in the cases herein-after provided, shall not only keep the
book required by the said recited act, but shall, on reporting his ship on her arrival at her port of destin-
ation in the U. K., deliver to the collector or comptroller of customs at such port an account, signed by
himself, of all the seamen and others (including apprentices) who have belonged to the ship at any time
during her absence from the U. K., containing a true and correct return under their respective heads of
the several particulars expressed in the form set forth in the schedule marked (C.), at the end of this
act. § 21.
Masters of Ships in the Home Trade to return like Lists. Within 21 days after the 30th of June and
the 31st of December in each year, the owner or one of the owners of every ship employed in fishing on
the coasts of the U. K., or in regularly trading from one part of the U. K. to another, and of every ship
regularly trading to any of the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, or to any port on
the continent of Europe between the river Elbe inclusive and Brest, shall deposit with the collector or
comptroller of the customs of the port to which the ship belongs, or with the registrar in London, an
account, signed by the owner, or master, of the voyages in which such ship has been engaged during the
half year ending on the days above mentioned, and setting forth the Christian and surnames of the
several persons (including the master and apprentices) who belonged to the ship at any time during such
periods, which account shall be in the form and shall contain a true and correct return, under their
respective heads, of the several particulars expressed in the schedule marked (D.), at the end of this
act. § 22.
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Return to be made in case of Ship lost or sold Abroad. In case any ship be lost or sold while absent
from the U. K., then an account containing a similar return as in the cases before mentioned, made out
up to the period of such loss or sale, by the persons who were at that time owner and master thereof, or
by one of them, shall be transmitted to the registrar in the port of London 80 soon as he shall be able to
make such return after the loss, and within 12 calendar months at farthest after the sale of the ship.
- § 23.
Lists to be certified, &c. The said accounts and returns required by this act to be delivered to the
collector or comptroller of customs, shall be transmitted by them to the registrar; and every owner or
master of a ship who shall refuse or wilfully neglect to deliver such list or account as is hereby required,
shall for every such refusal or neglect forfeit and pay the sum of 251. 24.
Disposal of the Effects of Seamen dying Abroad. - Whenever a British seaman abroad dies elsewhere
than on board a British ship, leaving any money or effects within the limits of any British consulate,
H. M.'s consul there is hereby required to claim and take charge of such money and effects, and to
dispose of the effects for the benefit of the next of kin of the deceased or other person who may be
entitled to the same; and in case no claim be made to the same within 3 calendar months after the death
of such seaman, the consul shall, after abating the amount of any expenses incurred in getting in the
assets of the deceased, remit the balance of such monies as either have arisen or shall hereafter arise to
the president and governors of the corporation for the relief and support of sick, maimed, and disabled
seamen, and of the widow and children of such as shall be killed, slain, or drowned in the merchant
service," to be by them paid over and disposed of in the manner and under the regulations provided by
the act 4 & 5 W. 4. C. 52.: and in case any seaman dying as last mentioned leave on board the ship to
which he belonged any monies, elothes, or other effects, and the same be not claimed, within 1 month
after the ship's return to the U. K. by the executor or administrator of the deceased, then the master of
the ship is hereby required to deposit the same or the proceeds arising therefrom with the president and
governors aforesaid, to be disposed of in the manner provided by the said act with respect to the wages of
deceased seamen. - & 25.
Parish Boys may be put out Apprentices in the Sea Service. Overseers of the poor or other competent
persons are hereby empowered to bind by indenture and put out any boy having attained the age of 13
years, and of sufficient health and strength, who or whose parent or parents is or are maintained by any
parish or township, or who shall beg for alms therein, with his consent, but not otherwise, an apprentice
in the sea service to any of H. M.'s subjects being master or owner of any ship registered in any port of
the U. K., for 80 long time and until such boys shall respectively attain the age of 21 years, which binding
shall be as effectual as if such boy had been bound by virtue of any statute now in force respecting the
binding of parish apprentices, or as if such boy were of full age and had bound himself an apprentice,
and notwithstanding the residence of the master or owner to whom he may be bound be more than 40
miles distant from such parish or place provided that every such binding shall be made in the presence
of 2 justices acting for the county, riding, borough, or place within which such parish or township is
situate, which justices shall execute the indenture in testimony of their being satisfied that such boy
hath attained the age and is of sufficient health and strength as required by this act and that the period
when the service under such indenture shall expire may the more certainly appear, the age of every such
boy shall be inserted in his indenture, the same being truly taken from the entry of his baptism in the
register book of the parish in which he was born (where the same can be obtained), a copy of which shall be
given and attested by the officiating minister of such parish without fee or reward ; and where no such
entry of baptism can be found the justices shall inform themselves as fully as they can of the boy's age,
and from such information shall insert the same in his indenture, and the age of every such boy so inserted
therein shall (in relation to the continuance of his service) be taken to be his true age without any further
proof thereof. 26.
Parish Apprentices may be turned over to the Sea Service. It shall be lawful for any person to whom
any parish apprentice is bound to a service on shore according to the statutes already in force relating to
such apprentices, or for the executors or administrators; or, there being none such, for the widow of any
such deceased person, with the concurrence of two or more justices residing in or near to the place where
such poor boy shall be bound apprentice, to assign and turn over such boy, with his consent, but not
otherwise, apprentice to any master or owner of any ship not having her complement of apprentices as
herein required, to be employed by such master or owner in the sea service during the unexpired periol
of his apprenticeship. - 27.
Indentures may be assigned on the Death of the Master. - In the event of the death of the master of
any parish apprentice to the sea service, it shall be lawful for the widow, executor or administrator of
such deceased master to assign his indenture for the residue of the unexpired term to any master or
owner of any ship not having the complement of apprentices herein required; all which assignments, if
executed within the port of London, shall be attested by the registrar or one of his assistants or clerks,
and if at any other port by the collector or comptroller of the customs thereof. - I 28.
Parish Officers to prepare Indentures. Such overseers, &c. shall cause the indentures of apprenticeship
to be prepared and transmitted in duplicate, if the master or owner of the ship to whom such apprentice
is bound be or reside within the limits of the port of London, to the registrar, and if at any other port to
the collector or comptroller of customs at such port; and the said overseers or other persons shall cause
each poor boy to be conducted and conveyed to such port or place by the constable and at the expense of
the parish or township sending him thither, and shall also, upon the execution by the master of the
counterpart of the indentures, cause to be paid down to the master the sum of 51., to be expended in
providing such boy with necessary sea clothing and bedding which sum, with the other expenses, are
to be allowed in their accounts in relation to the poor. - 29.
How Counterparts of Indentures to be attested. The counterparts of all indentures shall, if the master
be or reside within the limits of the port of London, be executed in the presence of and attested by the
registrar or one of his assistants or clerks, and if at any other port by the collector or comptroller of the
customs at"such port, and also in both cases by the constable or other officer who shall convey such
apprentices thither, and such indentures shall bear date respectively on the days on which they are
executed and the constable on his return shall deliver such counterpart to the overseers or other
competent persons to be registered and preserved. 30.
Every Ship to have Apprentices according to her Tonnage. The master of every ship belonging to any
subject of the U. K., and of the burden of 80 tons and upwards, shall have on board, at the time of
clearing out from any port of the U. K., 1 apprentice or more, in the following proportions to the ship's
admeasurement, according to the certificate of registry viz., every ship of 80 tons and under 200 tons
shall have 1 apprentice at the least, every ship of 200 tons and under 400 tons shall have 2 apprentices
at the least, every ship of 400 tons and under 500 tons shall have 3 apprentices at the least, every ship of
500 tons and under 700 tons shall have 4 apprentices at the least, and every ship of 700 tons and upwards
shall have 5 apprentices at the least, all of whom at the period of their being bound shall have been under
17 years of age, and shall have been duly bound for the term of 4 years at the least and if any master
neglect to have on board his ship the number of apprentices hereby required, he shall, for every such
offence, forfeit and pay the sum of 10/. in respect of each apprentice so deficient. § 31.
Apprentices exemptfrom Contributions. No apprentice bound or assigned pursuant to this act, nor
any master or owner in respect of any such apprentice, shall be liable to the payment of any contribution
for the support of any hospital or institution. - 32.
Indentures and Assignments to be registered. The registrar in London, and the collector and comp-
troller of customs at each other port, shall, in a book to be kept for that purpose, enter all indentures
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SEAMEN (CONSOLIDATION OF LAWS RELATING TO). 23
and assignments of parish apprentices, specifying the dates thereof, the names and ages of the apprentices,
the parishes or places from whence sent, the names and residences of the masters to whom bound or
assigned, and the names, ports, and burden of the respective ships to which such masters belong, and
shall make and subscribe on each indenture or assignment an indorsement purporting that the same hath
been duly registered pursuant to this act and every collector and comptroller shall also at the end of
each quarter of the year transmit a list of the indentures and assignments registered by him within the
preceding quarter, containing all the particulars aforesaid, to the registrar in London. I 33.
Indentures of Apprentices to be registered.- In every case of a person voluntarily binding himself
apprentice to the sea service, the indentures to be executed on such occasions shall be registered in a
book to be kept for that purpose by the registrar in London, and by the collector and comptroller of cus-
toms at each other port at which the indenture shall be executed, in which book shall be expressed the dates
of the several indentures, the names and ages of the apprentices, the names and residence of their masters,
and (if known) the names, port, and burden of the several ships on board which they are to serve; and
such registrar and collector or comptroller shall indorse and subscribe upon each indenture a certificate
purporting that the same hath been duly registered pursuant to this act, and the said collector and comp-
troller shall also at the end of each quarter of the year transmit a list of the indentures so registered by
them within the preceding quarter, containing all the particulars aforesaid, to the said registrar, for the
purposes of this act and it shall be lawful for the master, or his executor or administrator, with the
consent of the apprentice if of the age of 17 years or upwards, and if under that age with the consent of
his parent or guardian, to assign or transfer his indenture to any other master or owner of any registered
ship; and all such voluntary apprentices may, during the term for which they are bound, be employed
in any ship of which the master of any apprentice is master or owner provided that every such assign-
ment be registered and indorsed by the said registrar, or by the collector or comptroller of customs at the
port where the master is resident, or to which his ship belongs, in which latter case the said collector or
comptroller shall notify the same to the registrar as is provided with regard to the indenture of such
apprentice. I 34.
No Stamp Duty on Agreements. Agreements with the crew of a ship made in conformity with this
act, and all indentures of parish and voluntary apprentices to the sea service, and all counterparts and
assignments of such indentures executed after the passing of this act, shall be wholly exempt from stamp
duty. § 35.
Penalty on Masters neglecting to register Indentures, &c. - If any master to whom any apprentice
mentioned in this act shall be bound or assigned neglect to cause the indenture or the assignment thereof
(as the case may be) to be registered as required by this act, or shall, after the ship has cleared outwards
on the voyage upon which such ship may be bound, suffer his apprentice to quit his service (not entering
into that of H. M.), except in case of death, desertion, sickness, or other unavoidable cause, to be certified
in the log-book of the ship, every such master shall for every such offence forfeit and pay the sum
of 10/. $ 36.
Justices to determine Complaints.- Two or more justices residing at or near to any port at which any
ship, having on board any sea apprentice, shall at any time arrive, shall have full power and authority to
inquire into and examine, hear and determine, all claims of apprentices upon their masters under their
indentures, and all complaints of hard or ill usage exercised by their masters towards their apprentices,
or of misbehaviour on the part of any apprentice, and to make such orders therein as they are empowered
to do in other cases between masters and apprentices. - I 37.
Common Assaults may be summarily punished by 2 Justices. In case of any assault or battery which
shall, after the commencement of this act, be committed on board any British merchant ship in any place
at sea, or out of H. M's dominions, it shall be lawful for any 2 justices in any part of H. M.'s dominions,
upon complaint of the party aggrieved, to hear and determine any such complaint, and to proceed and
make such adjudication thereon as any 2 justices are empowered to do by the act 9 Geo. 4. c. 31., subject
however to such provisoes and limitations as are contained in the said act with respect to the cases of
assault and battery therein mentioned; and the fine or forfeiture to be imposed in such case shall be
payable to the Merchant Seamen's Hospital or institution at or nearest to the port or place where such
adjudication is made. § 38.
Masters entitled to receive the Wages of Apprentices entering into the Navy.- - No parish or voluntary
apprentice to the sea service shall be at liberty to enter into H. M.'s naval service during his apprentice-
ship without the consent of his master; but if nevertheless he voluntarily enter on board any of H. M.'s
ships of war, and be allowed by his master to continue therein, such master, in case he give notice to the
secretary of the admiralty of his consent to his apprentice remaining in H. M.'s service during the residue
of his apprenticeship, shall, upon the production of his indenture, be entitled, at the time of paying off
the ship, to receive to his own use any balance of wages that may be then due and payable to such
apprentice up to the period of expiration of his indenture. - § 39.
Forcing on Shore, &c. any Person belonging to the Crew a Misdemeanor.- If any master of a British
ship force on shore and leave behind, or shall otherwise wilfully and wrongfully leave behind on shore or
at sea, in any place in or out of H. M's. dominions, any person belonging to his crew, before the arrival of
such ship in the U. K., or before the completion of the voyage or voyages for which such person was
engaged, whether such person have formed part of the original crew or not, every person so offending
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall suffer such punishment by fine or imprisonment, or
both, as to the court before which he is convicted shall seem meet; and the said offence may be pro-
secuted by information at the suit of the attorney-general, or by indictment or other proceeding in any
court of criminal jurisdiction in H. M.'s dominions at home or abroad, where such master or other per-
son shall happen to be, although the place where the offence may have been committed be out of the
ordinary local jurisdiction of such court; and such court is hereby authorised to issue a commission for
the examination of any witnesses absent or out of its jurisdiction and at the trial the depositions so
taken, if such witnesses be then absent, shall be received in evidence. - § 40.
Seamen not to be discharged Abroad, without Sanction.- No master shall discharge any individual per-
son of his crew, whether British subject or foreigner, at any of H. M.'s colonies or plantations, without
the previous sanction in writing of the governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary, or other officer appointed
in that behalf by the government there, or in the absence of all such authorities at or near the port or
place at which the ship is then lying, then of the chief officer of customs resident at or near to such port
or place; nor shall he discharge any person at any other place abroad without the like previous sanction
in writing of H. M.'s minister, consul, or vice-consul there, or in the absence of any such functionary,
then of two respectable merchants resident there; all which functionaries are hereby required, and all
which merchants are hereby authorised, in a suinmary way to inquire into the grounds of such proposed
discharge by examination on oath, and to grant or refuse such sanction according to their discretion,
having regard to the objects of this act. - I 41.
Not to be left Abroad ON the Plea of Incapacity to proceed. No master shall be at liberty to leave
behind abroad, either on shore or at sea, any person of his crew, on the plea of such person not being in
a condition to proceed on the voyage, or having deserted from the ship, or otherwise disappeared, unless
upon a previous certificate in writing of one of such functionaries or merchants as aforesaid, if there be
any such at or within a reasonable distance from the place where the ship shall then be, if there be time
to procure the same, certifying that such person is not in such condition, or has deserted or disappeared,
and cannot be brought back; and all such functionaries are hereby required, on the application of any
such master, to inquire by examination on oath into the circumstances, and to give or refuse such certifi-
cate according to the result of such examination. 1 42
B 4
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24 SEAMEN (CONSOLIDATION OF LAWS RELATING TO).
If any of the Crew are left behind, the Proof of Sanction shall he on the Master. - If any master shall
leave behind any one of his crew contrary to this act, in any indictment or proceeding, the proof of his
having obtained the sanction or certificate aforesaid shall, be upon him, it being the intention hereof that,
except in the case of entering into H. M.'s naval service, no person of the crew shall be discharged, either
with or without his consent, in any place abroad where such functionary can be found, unless he have
given his sanction thereto. I 43.
Seamen when allowed to be left behind to be paid their Wages. Every master who shall leave any
person of his crew on shore at any place abroad, under certificate of his not being in a condition to pro-
ceed on the voyage, shall deliver to one of the said functionaries, or if there be none such to any two
respectable merchants there, or if there be but one then to such one merchant, a just and true account
of the wages due to such person, and pay the same to the seaman, either in money or by a bill drawn
upon the owner of his ship; and if by bill, then such functionary or merchant, is hereby required by
certificate indorsed on such bill to testify that the same is drawn according to this act for money due on
account of wages of a seaman, or to that effect; and any master who shall deliver a false account, or re-
fuse or neglect to deliver a just and true account of the wages due to such person, and to pay the amount
in money or by bill as aforesaid, shall for every such offence forfeit and pay, in addition to the wages due,
the penal sum of 25L 44.
Act not to prevent Seamen from entering into the Navy.- Nothing in this act or in any agreement
shall prevent any seaman or person belonging to any merchant ship whatever from entering or being re-
ceived into H. M.'s naval service, nor shall any such entry be deemed a desertion from the merchant
ship, nor incur any penalty or forfeiture whatever, either of wages, clothes, or effects, or other matter
or thing, notwithstanding any agreement made to the contrary and all masters and owners of ships are
strictly prohibited from introducing into any ship's articles or agreement with the crew any clause or
matter by which any penalty or forfeiture of any kind is agreed to be incurred by a seaman upon his
entry into H. M.'s service. § 45.
Seamen entering into the Navy from Merchant Ships entitled to the immediate Delivery of Clothes, &c.-
When any seaman quits a merchant ship in order to enter into H. M.'s naval service, and is actually
received into such service, not having previously committed any act amounting to and treated by the
master as a total desertion, he shall be entitled immediately upon entry to the delivery up of all his clothes
and effects on board such merchant ship, and (in case the ship shall have earned freight) to receive from
the master the payment of the proportionate amount of his wages up to the period of such entry, in
money or by a bill on the owner; all which clothes, effects, money, and bill such master is required to
deliver up to him accordingly, under a penalty of 251. for any refusal or neglect, to be recovered with full
costs of suit, by such seaman: provided, that if no freight have been earned at the time of such entry,
then the master shall be required to give the seaman 80 entering a bill upon the owner for his wages to
the period of such entry, payable on the ship's safe arrival at her destined port; but in case the master
shall have no means of ascertaining the balance justly due, he shall make out and deliver to such seaman
a certificate of the period of his services and the rate of wages he is entitled to, producing at the same
time to the commanding officer of H. M.'s ship the agreement entered into with the seaman for the
voyage and every master, upon the delivery up of such clothes and effects, and the settlement, as now
directed, of such wages, shall be entitled to receive from the officer in command of H. M.'s ship into
which such seaman has entered, a certificate signed by the officer, which he is hereby required to give
upon the request of the master, testifying that such seaman has entered into H. M.'s ship to serve, as
proof that the master had not parted with the seaman contrary to the provisions of this act. 46.
Power to H. M. to sue for the Amount advanced for Seamen left Abroad. In all cases where any mas-
ter has forced on shore or left behind any person against the provisions of this act, and such person shall
become distressed and be relieved under the provisions of the act 11 Geo. 4. c. 20., or under any act
hereafter to be passed, then, in addition to the wages due from, and the penalties imposed on such
master, H. M. shall be entitled to sue him or the owner of the ship, at the option of the lords of the
admiralty, for all charges and expenses incurred on the subsistence, necessary clothing, and conveyance
home of such person, as 80 much money paid and expended to the use of the defendant, which, together
with full costs of suit, may be recovered in the same manner as other debts due to H. M. are recoverable
and in any proceeding for that purpose proof of the account furnished to the said commissioners by any
one of such functionaries, or by such two merchants or one merchant, according to the case, as provided
by the said act of the 11 Geo 4. C. 20., shall, together with proof of payment by the said lords or by
the treasurer of the navy, of the charges incurred on account of such person, be sufficient evidence that
he was relieved and conveyed home, at H. M.'s expense; and the court in which any proceeding for the
recovery of the said money is instituted is authorised to issue a commission for the examination of wit-
nesses abroad, and the depositions so taken shall be received as evidence. 47.
Ship's Agreement on Arrival at a Foreign Port to be deposited with the Consul. - Every master of a
British ship, on his arrival at any foreign port, where there is a British consul or vice-consul, shall
deliver to such functionary the agreement with his ship's crew, to be preserved by him during the ship's
stay there, and to be returned to the master before his leaving the port, without any fee or charge for the
same; and if any master refuse or neglect to deliver such agreement to the consul or vice-consul, as is
hereby required, he shall for every such offence forfeit and pay the sum of 251. - I 48.
No Seaman to be shipped at a Foreign Port without the Privity of the Consul. - During the ship's stay
at any foreign port no seaman shall be shipped by any master except with the privity of the consul or
vice-consul, indorsed or certified on the agreement, under a penalty of 251. for every seaman shipped in
breach of this act. § 49.
Masters to produce Agreements to Officers of King's Ships. - The master of every British ship is hereby
required to produce and show the muster-roll of the ship, and the agreement with his crew, to the cap-
tain, commander, or other commissioned officer of any of H. M. '8 ships requiring a production and sight
thereof; and it shall be lawful for any such officer in H. M.'s naval service, if he think it necessary, to
muster the crew and passengers (if any) of any British ship, in order to be satisfied that the provisions
of this act, and the laws relating to navigation with respect to the crews of merchant ships, have been.
duly complied with and if any master shall, upon being required by any such officer, neglect or refuse
to produce the muster-roll or agreement, or obstruct any officer in mustering the said crew or passen.
gers, or produce any false muster-roll, he shall for every such offence forfeit and pay the sum of 251.
- § 50.
Registrar and Officers of Customs empowered to require Production of the Agreement, For the better
carrying into effect the purposes of this act it shall be lawful for the registrar and his assistants, and also
for the collectors or other chief officers of customs, at the several ports of the U. K. and of the British
possessions abroad, to demand from the master of every ship required to enter into an agreement with his
crew, the production of the muster-roll of the ship, and also of such agreement, with liberty to take a
copy of either or both, and to muster the crew and apprentices of such ship, for the purpose of ascertain-
ing whether the provisions of this act, and of the laws relating to navigation, have been complied with
and if any master, on such demand being made, refuse or neglect to produce such muster-roll or agree-
ment, or refuse to allow a copy of either document to be taken, or refuse to permit, or prevent his crew
and apprentices from being mustered, he shall for every such neglect, refusal, or offence, forfeit and pay
the sum of 50J. 51.
Definition of the Terms Master, Seaman, Ship, and Owner. Every person having the charge or com-
mand of any British ship shall, within the meaning and for the purposes of this act, be deemed and taken
to be the master of such ship; and every person (apprentices excepted) employed or engaged to serve in
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SEAMEN (CONSOLIDATION OF LAWS RELATING TO). 25
any capacity on board the same, shall be deemed and taken to be a seaman within the meaning and for
the purposes of this act; and the term " ship," as used in this act, shall be taken and understood to
comprehend every description of vessel navigating on the sea; and the term " owner," as applied
to a ship, shall be understood to comprehend all persons, if more than one, to whom the ship belongs
and all steam and other vessels employed in carrying passengers or goods shall be deemed trading ships
within the meaning and for the purposes of this act. 52.
Recovery of Penalties. All penalties and forfeitures imposed by this act, for the recovery whereof no
specific mode is herein provided, shall be recovered, with costs of suit, in manner following (that is to
say,) all penalties and forfeitures not exceeding 20/. shall be recoverable at the suit of any person by
information and summary proceeding before any one or more justice or justices in any part of H. M.'
dominions, residing near to the place where the offence shall be committed, or where the offender shall
be, which justice or justices shall have full power to levy the amount of any such penalty or forfeiture
and costs by distress and sale of the offender's goods, or by commitment of the offender for non-payment
of the amount; and all penalties and forfeitures exceeding 201. shall and may be recovered, with costs
of suit, in any of H. M.'s courts of record at Westminster, Edinburgh, or Dublin, or in the colonies, at
the suit of H. M.'s attorney-general or other chief law officer of the crown in any part of H. M.'s do.
minions other than in Scotland, and if there at the suit of the lord advocate; and that all penalties and
forfeitures mentioned in this act for which no specific application is before provided, shall, when re-
covered, be paid and applied as follows; viz., one moiety of every such penalty shall be paid to the
informer or person upon whose discovery or information the same has been recovered, and the residue
shall be divided between Greenwich Hospital and the Merchant Seamen's Hospital or Institution at the
port to which the ship shall belong, and if there be none such at said port, then the whole of the said
residue shall be paid to Greenwich Hospital: provided, that it shall be lawful for the court before which,
or the justice or justices before whom any proceedings are instituted for the recovery of any pecuniary
penalty imposed by this act to mitigate or reduce such penalty as to them shall appear just and reason-
able, in such manner, however, that no penalty shall be reduced below half its original amount: and
provided also, that all proceedings so to be instituted be commenced within 2 years after the commis-
sion of the offence, if the same have been committed at or beyond the Cape of Good Hope, or Cape
Horn, or within 1 year if committed on the European side of those limits, or within 6 calendar months
after the return of the offender or complaining party to the U. K. 53.
As to Ships belonging to any British Colony having a Legislature.- act shall not extend or apply to
any ship registered in or belonging to any British colony having a legislative assembly, or to the crew of
any such ship, while such ship is within the precincts of such colony; any thing herein contained to
the contrary in anywise notwithstanding. 54.
Schedules referred to in the preceding Act.
SCHEDULE (A.)
An Agreement made, pursuant to the Directions of an Act of Parliament passed in the Sixth Year of the
Reign of His Majesty King William the Fourth, between
, the Master of the Ship
of the Port of
and of the Burden of
,
Tons, and the
several Persons whose , Names are subscribed thereto.
It is agreed by and on the part of the said persons, and they
relating to the said ship, and the materials, stores, and cargo
severally hereby engage, to serve on board the said ship in the
thereof, whether on board such ship, in boats, or on shore [here
several capacities against their respective names expressed, on
may be inserted any other clauses which the parties may think pro-
a voyage from the port of
to
per to be introduced into the agreement, provided that the same be
[here the intended voyage is to be described as nearly as can be
not contrary to or inconsistent with the provisions and spirit of this
done, and the places at which it is intended the ship shall touch, or
act]. In consideration of which services to be duly, honestly,
if that cannot be done, the nature of the voyage in which she is to
carefully, and faithfully performed, the said master doth hereby
be employed], and back to the port of
; and the
promise and agree to pay to the said crew, by way of com-
said crew further engage to conduct themselves in an orderly,
pensation or wages, the amount against their names respect-
faithful, honest, careful, and sober manner, and to be at all
ively expressed. In witness whereof the said parties have
times diligent in their respective duties and stations, and to be
hereto subscribed their names on the days against their re-
obedient to the lawful commands of the master in every thing
spective signatures mentioned.
Amount of
Name of
Place and Time of Entry.
Wages
Witness
Ship
Men's
Place of
Names.
Age.
Quality.
per Calendar
to
in which
Birth.
Month,
Signature.
the Seamen
Share, or
last
Day.
Month.
Year.
Voyage.
served.
Note. - Any embezzlement or wilful or negligent loss or
shall enter himself as qualified for a duty to which he shall
destruction of any part of the ship's cargo or stores may be
prove to be not competent, he will be subject to a reduction of
made good to the owner out of the wages (so far as they will
the rate of wages hereby agreed for in proportion to his incom-
extend) of the seaman guilty of the same; and if any seaman
petency.
SCHEDULE (B.)
An Agreement made, pursuant to the Directions of an Act of Parliament passed in the Sixth Year of the
Reign of His Majesty King William the Fourth, between
the Master of the Ship
,
, of the Port of
, and of the Burden of
Tons, and the
several Persons whose Names are subscribed hereto.
It is agreed by and on the part of the said persons, and they
on board such ship, in boats, or on shore [here may be inserted
severally hereby engage, to serve on board the said ship in the
any other clauses which the parties may think proper to be intro-
said several capacities against their respective names expressed,
duced into the agreement, provided that the same be not contrary
which ship is to be employed in [here the nature of the ship's
to or inconsistent with the provisions and spirit of this act]. In
employment is to be described, whether in the fisheries, on the
consideration of which services, to be duly, honestly, carefully,
coast, or in trading from one part of the United Kingdom to
and faithfully performed, the said master doth hereby promise
another, or to any of the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney,
to pay to the said crew, by way of compensation or wages, the
Sark, and Man, or to any port on the continent of Europe between
amount against their names respectively expressed: Provided
the River Elbe inclusive and Brest]; and the said crew further
always, and it is hereby declared, that no seaman shall be en-
engage to conduct themselves in an orderly, faithful, honest,
titled to his discharge from the ship during any voyage in
careful, and sober manner, and to be at all times diligent in
which she may be engaged, nor at any other than a port in the
their respective duties and stations, and to be obedient to the
United Kingdom. In witness whereof the said parties have
lawful commands of the master in every thing relating to the
hereto subscribed their names on the days against their respect-
said ship, and the materials, stores, and cargo thereof, whether
ive signatures mentioned.
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26
SEAMEN (ESTABLISHMENT FOR).
Amount of
Name of
Place and Time of Entry.
Wages
Witness
Ship
Men's
Place of
Names.
Age.
Birth.
Quality.
per Calendar
to
in which
Month,
Signature.
the Seamen
Share, or
last
Day.
Month
Year.
Voyage.
served.
Note.- Any embezzlement or wilful or negligent loss or
shall! enter himself as qualified for a duty to which he shall
destruction of any part of the ship's cargo or stores may be
prove to be net competent, he will be subject to a reduction of
made good to the owner out of the wages (so far as they will
the rate of wages hereby agreed for in proportion to his incom-
extend) of the seaman guilty of the same; and if any seaman
petency.
SCHEDULE (C.)
Ship
, of the Port of
, whereof
was Master.
A List of the Crew (including the Master and Apprentices) at the Period of her sailing from the Port of
,
in the United Kingdom, from which she took her first Departure on her Voyage to
and of the Men who joined the Ship subsequent to such Departure and until her
Return to the Port of
being her Port of Destination in the United Kingdom.
Place of
Ship in
Date of
Place
Time of Death
Place
How
Name.
Age.
Quality.
which he
Birth.
joining the
where.
or leaving
where.
last served.
Ship.
the Ship.
disposed of.
Note. If any one of the crew has entered his Majesty's
Note. This list, to be filled up,and being signed by the
service, the name of the king's ship in which he entered
master, is to be delivered by him to the collector or comptroller
must be stated in the account under the head of How disposed
of the customs, on reporting his ship inwards, on her arrival at
of."
her port of destination in the United Kingdom.
SCHEDULE (D.)
An Account of the Voyages in whieh the Ship
, of
, has been engaged in
the Half Year commencing on the
Day of
, One thousand eight hundred and
, and ending on the
Day of
One thousand eight hundred and
,
and of all the Persons (Master and Apprentices included) who have belonged to such Ship
during that Period.
ACCOUNT OF THE VOYAGES.
[Here the several Voyages and the Periods of such Voyages are to be described.]
ACCOUNT OF THE CREW.
Place of
Ship in
Date of
Place
Time of Death
Name.
Age.
Birth.
Quality.
which he
joining the
Place
How
last served.
where.
or leaving
Ship.
where.
the Ship.
disposed of.
Note.- If any one of the crew shall have entered his Majesty's
Note.- This account, when filled up, is to be signed by the
service, the name of the king's ship in which he entered must
owner, and deposited with the collector or comptroller of the
be stated in his account under the head of " How disposed
customs of the port to which the ship shall belong, or with
of."
the registrar of merchant seamen in London.
SEAMEN (ESTABLISHMENT FOR).- The reader will find in the body of
this work, p. 1015., a notice of the corporation established by the act 20 Geo. 2. e. 38.
for the relief and support of maimed and disabled merchant seamen, and of the
widows, children, &c. of such seamen as were killed or drowned in the merchant service.
But, as the funds at the disposal of the corporation have been very limited, it has not
been much heard of. Under previous acts, 6d. per month was deducted from the wages
of all seamen in the merchant service; the produce of which assessment was paid over
to the trustees of Greenwich Hospital, in the benefit of which institution such seamen
were to be allowed to participate. But this arrangement has latterly been much ob-
jected to, and apparently not without good reason; for it appears from the official
returns (Dict. pp. 1016, 1017.), that, though the contributions from merchant ships
to Greenwich Hospital in 1828 and 1829 exceeded 20,000l. a year, there was not
on the establishment a single individual who had been exclusively employed in the
merchant service The heavy expenses attending the collection of the duty were,
also, much objected to.
Repeal of the 6d. a Month Greenwich Duty. - To obviate these complaints, the
4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 34. directs that the contribution of 6d. per month by seamen in the
merchant service to Greenwich Hospital shall cease from the 1st of January, 1835 ; and
that 20,000l. a year shall be advanced from the consolidated fund to the Hospital, to make
good the deficiency caused by the cessation of such contribution.
New Establishment for Support of Merchant Seamen, &c. And to provide still more
effectually for the relief and support of maimed and disabled merchant seamen, and
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SEAMEN (ESTABLISHMENT FOR).
27
of the widows, &c. of those killed or drowned in the merchant service, the act
4 & 5 Will. 4. C. 52. has been passed. This act repeals the 20 Geo. 2. c. 38., except
in so far as it relates to the establishment of the corporation of president and governors
for the relief of maimed, &c. merchant seamen, and of the widows and children of
seamen killed or drowned in the merchant service and it also repeals as much of
the act 37 Geo. 3. c. 73. as relates to the wages of seamen dying while employed in
ships trading to the West Indies. Having thus cleared the way for a new system, it goes
on to enact : -
President and Governors empowered to relieve disabled Seamen, &c. - The said president and governors
and their successors are authorised to provide, in their hospital, for such seamen as are rendered incapa-
ble of service by sickness, wounds, or other accidental misfortunes, and those who shall become decrepit
or worn out by age, or to allow them certain pensions, or otherwise, as the president and governors deem
meet and most for the advantage of the said charity ; and also to relieve the widows and children of such
seamen as shall be killed, slain, or drowned in the said service; and also to relieve the widows and
children of seamen dying after having contributed during a term of 21 years to the funds of this corpor-
ation provided such children are not of the age of 14 years, or if of that age or upwards, not capable of
getting a livelihood by reason of lameness, blindness, or other infirmities, and are proper objects of
charity and also to relieve the widows and children (such children being proper objects of charity) of
such seamen as at the time of their death shall have been receiving or been entitled to pensions, under
and by virtue of this act, from the fund hereby to be created, as decrepit or worn-out seamen provided
that no widow shall be entitled to any benefit under this act, who shall not have been the wife of such
seaman or pensioner before he became entitled to relief under its provisions provided nevertheless, that
no seaman shall be entitled to any provision or benefit of this act, on account of any hurt or damage re-
ceived on board any ship or vessel, unless he produce, or cause to be produced, a certificate of the said
hurt or damage from the master, mate, boatswain, and surgeon, or so many of them as were in the vessel
to which he belonged at the time of his receiving such hurt or damage, or of the master and 2 of the sea-
men, if there be no other officer, or in case the master shall die, or be killed or drowned, then of the
person who shall take upon him the care of the ship or vessel, and 2 of the seamen on board the same,
under their hands and seals, thereby signifying how and in what manner such seaman received such hurt
or damage, whether in fighting, defending, working, loading, or unloading the said ship or vessel, where
and when he entered, and how long he had served on board the same; and the parties so signing and
sealing such certificate are hereby required to make oath to the truth thereof before some justice of the
peace, if given in Great Britain or Ireland, or the chief officer of the customs of the port or place where
there is no justice of the peace, or before the British consul or resident in any foreign country where
such certificate is executed (who are respectively authorised and required to administer the same without
fee or reward); and in case of sickness, whereby such seaman shall be rendered ineapable of service, a
certificate signed, sealed, and authenticated in like manner, signifying that he was healthy when he
entered on board such ship or vessel, and that such sickness was contracted on board the same, or on
shore in doing his duty in the service of the ship, and not otherwise, and expressing the time and place
he entered on board such ship or vessel, and how long he had served therein; and that no widow, child,
or children of any seaman killed, slain, or drowned in the said service, shall be relieved or entitled to any
allowance by virtue of this act unless she or they, or some person on her or their behalf, shall produce a
certificate, signed, sealed, and authenticated in like manner, signifying how and in what manner such
seaman lost his life in the service of the said ship or vessel, the time and place he entered on board, and
how long he had served therein; and that no widow, child, or children of any seaman in the said service shall
be entitled to any relief by virtue of this act, unless she or they shall produce, or cause to be produced, a
certificate under the hands and seals of the minister and churchwardens and overseers of the poor of the
parish, township, or place, or any 2 of them, or under the hands and seals of the minister and overseers
of the poor of the parish, township, or place, or any 2 of them, where there are no churchwardens, or if
in Scotland, by the minister and elders, or if in Ireland, by a justice of the peace for the parish, township,
or place where such widow, &c. shall at the time reside, and if such widow, &c. are some of the people
called Quakers, then by any 2 reputable persons of that persuasion, of the parish, township, or place
where such widow, &c. have a legal settlement, or do inhabit and reside, to be attested by 2 or more
credible witnesses, that such widow was the lawful wife and real widow, and that such child or children
was or were the lawful child or children of such deceased seaman as aforesaid, and that such child or
children is and are under the age of 14 years, or if of that age or upwards, not capable of getting a liveli-
hood by reason of lameness, blindness, or other infirmities, and is or are proper objects of charity and
that no seaman shall be provided for by a pension or otherwise, as decrepit or worn out, unless he have
served in the merchant service for the space of 5 years, and have during that time paid the monthly duty
out of his wages, imposed by the act 20 Geo. 2 C. 38., or by this act required to be henceforward paid
and deducted, as the case may happen, for the uses and purposes herein provided. - 12
Forgery of Certificate. Forged certificates to be null and void; and those knowingly using them to be
liable to the punishment of an incorrigible rogue. - § 3.
Courts. - The president and 5 assistants to make a court, who are to meet weekly. The court may
apply the monies of the corporation, and appoint the officers and their salaries, and do all other matters
and things necessary. 14.
All Masters and Owners of Merchant Ships or Vessels, &c. to pay 2s. per Month. - For effecting the
ends and purposes aforesaid, every master of any merchant ship or vessel belonging to any British subject,
and every owner, being a British subject, navigating or working his own ship or vessel, whether the said
ship or vessel be employed on the high sea, or coasts of Great Britain or Ireland, or in any port, bay, or
creek of the same, shall, from and after the 31st day of December, 1834, pay 2s. per month, and propor-
tionably for a lesser time, during the time he or they shall be employed in such merchant ship or vessel,
for the uses and purposes aforesaid provided always, that such masters or owners, or their widows and
children under 14 years of age, or being objects of charity as aforesaid, shall be entitled to a proportionate
increase of the pension or allowance, by this act provided, according to the difference between the amount
of the monthly duty paid by other seamen, mariners, and pilots, in case such master or owner shall have
paid the 2s. per month for a period of 5 years or 60 months before any application to the said president
and governors for relief under this act but in case any such master or owner be killed or drowned,
or become decrepit, maimed, or disabled, before he or they shall have paid such increased rate
of 2s. per month for the full period of 5 years or 60 months as aforesaid, then such masters or owners, or
their widows and children, shall be entitled to such smaller pension or allowance as the said president and
governors, or the trustees to be appointed, shall think fit.
All Seamen, or other Persons serving on board such Ships or Vessels, to pay 1s. per Month. Everv
seaman or other person whatsoever who shall serve or be employed in any merchant ship, or other private
ship or vessel, belonging to any British subject, whether employed on the high sea, or coasts of Great
Britain or Ireland, or in any port, bay, or creek of the same, and every pilot employed on board any such
ship or vessel, shall, from and after the 31st day of December, 1834, pay 1s. per month, and proportionably
for a lesser time, during the time he or they shall be employed in or belong to the said ship or vessel, for
the uses and purposes aforesaid provided that this act shall not be construed to extend to any person
Digitized by
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28
SEAMEN (ESTABLISHMENT FOR).
employed in taking fish, in any boat upon any of the coasts of Great Britain or Ireland, or the islands of
Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, nor to any person employed in boats or vessels that trade
only from place to place within any river of Great Britain or Ireland. § 6.
Masters of Ships to keep in their Hands 1s. per Month out of Seamen's Pay.- The master, owner, or
commander of every such merchant or private ship or vessel is hereby required to deduct out of the
wages, shares, or other profits payable to seamen or other persons employed on board such ship or
vessel (other than those hereby excepted), the said monthly duty, and shall pay the same, together with
the amount of the duty owing from himself, to such officer or officers as shall be lawfully appointed at
any of the out-ports for collecting the said duty of 1s. per month, if such seamen or other persons be en.
titled to any such wages, shares, or profits. § 7.
Appointment of Receivers.- President and governors, with the concurrence of commissioners of
customs, to appoint such persons to receive the monthly duties at the out-ports as they may think fit,
making them a reasonable allowance for their trouble, which is not, however, in any case, to exceed
5 per cent. on the gross sum collected. § 8.
Muster Roll. Every master is to keep a true and faithful muster roll of the crew of his ship, specify-
ing in writing the name of every one of the crew, including apprentices, with the various particulars as
to the place of each person's birth, the place and time of his entry to the ship, the place and time of his
discharge from or leaving the same, and if he be discharged or left, with the other particulars specified
in the subjoined formula, in the event of his being hurt, killed, &c.:-
A List and Account of the Crew (including the Master and Apprentices) of the Ship
of the
Port of
whereof
is Master, at the Period of her Departure from the Port of
in the United Kingdom, and on her Return to the Port of
in the United
Kingdom, and also of those who have joined the Ship at any Time during the Voyage.
Place and Time of Dis-
Men's
Place of
Place and Time of Entry.
charge, or leaving
the Ship.
Names.
Birth.
When and
where receiv-
ed hurt or
damaged.
When or
where killed
or drowned,
or died a natu-
ral Death.
Wages due
at Time
of Death.
What Clothes
or other Ef-
fects any de-
ceased Man
has left.
Amount of
Monthly
Duty.
Day.
Month.
Year.
Day.
Month.
Year.
L.s.d.
6
Duplicates of this account are to be delivered to the collectors of the duties at the port where the
vessel discharges; and any master or commander neglecting to keep such muster roll, and neglecting or
refusing to deliver it to the collectors of the duties, shall forfeit for every such offence the sum of 5L.
The collectors are to transmit to the president and governors the duplicates received from such vessels as
do not belong to the port of discharge; and the latter are to transmit them to the same. Collectors
neglecting to transmit such duplicates incur a penalty of 5l. § 9.
Masters to deduct Penalties from Wages. - The master of every ship coming within the provisions of
this act shall deduct out of the wages of the seamen thereof the amount of all forfeitures incurred by any
such seamen, and every master is hereby required truly to enter the same in a book to be kept by him for
that purpose, which shall be signed by the master and the person next in command, both of them certify-
ing that it contains all the forfeitures which have been incurred by the seamen of the ship during the
voyage, to the truth whereof the master shall make oath when required before the officer of the presi-
dent and governors in London, or before their collectors at the out-ports; and the said book, or a true
copy thereof signed and certified as aforesaid, shall, within 1 calendar month after the ship's return from
her voyage, be delivered to the said officer by the master, together with extracts from the log-book of the
entries therein of the causes of the several forfeitures; and every master who shall refuse or neglect to
deliver such account shall forfeit and pay the sum of 201. 10.
Examination of Masters, &c. Collectors may summon masters of vessels, and examine them upon
oath as to the truth of the muster rolls; masters refusing to appear or to answer, to forfeit 10/. § 11.
Regulations as to Government Ships.- Secretaries, &c. of public government offices to give in a list of
ships and vessels employed in their service, and of the seamen or other persons employed in such ships or
vessels; and the treasurers, &c. of such offices are to pay no wages or freight to any master, &c. until he
produce an aquittance signed by receiver of duties. § 12.
Payment of Duties.- The said monthly duties are to be paid at the port where the ship or vessel
unloads her cargo, before she be cleared inwards; and all officers are interdicted from granting any
cockets, transire, &c, or permitting any vessel to go out of any port, unless it appear by the acquittances
of the collectors of the said duties that they are not more than 3 months in arrear of the same every
officer acting contrary to this regulation to forfeit 10Z. But masters or owners may agree with the
trustees and collectors for half-yearly payments. § 13.
Prevention of Delay.- To prevent unnecessary delay, it is enacted, that if masters fail to produce
proper acquittance or certificate of agreement, tidewaiters to be continued on board at their expense.-
I 14.
Penalties by this act recoverable before a magistrate. 0 15.
Appointment of Trustees, &c. From and after the 1st day of October, 1834, it shall be lawful for the
owners, masters, and commanders employed on board ships and vessels belonging to any of the out-ports
to assemble and meet at any time and place within the same that shall be appointed by any 5 or more
of them, by giving 10 days' previous notice, to be fixed at the Custom-house, wharf, quay, or other
public place; and such persons, or the greater part of them, being so assembled, are authorised from
time to time to nominate and appoint, by an instrument in writing under their hands and seals, 15 persons
to be trustees for such out-port, for receiving, collecting, and applying the said duties, which trusteessha
continue to act until the 26th day of December, 1835, and until new trustees are nominated and confirmed
and that within 10 days after the 26th day of December in each succeeding year, the owners, masters, &c.
at such out-ports shall have power to meet and choose 15 persons to be trustees for the year ensuing, by
an instrument in writing under their hands and seals, or the majority of them so assembled, having given
previous notice in the manner before directed; which said respective trustees shall continue from time
to time until new trustees are nominated, &c. as aforesaid and the said instrument shall be sent, free of
expense, to the president and assistants or committees of the said corporation, who are required to con-
firm the same under the common seal of the corporation, without fee or reward, within 15 days after the
receipt thereof; which trustees when so confirmed (and whereof five shall be a quorum) shall have the
same powers and authorities to make by-laws, and to revoke or alter the same, and to receive and apply
any sums of money which shall be contributed, devised, or bequeathed by any well-disposed persons for the
purposes aforesaid, and to appoint receivers and other officers, and to collect, receive, pay, and apply the
said duties of 2s. per month and 1s. per month 80 to be allowed and paid by the seamen or other per-
sons serving on board any ship or vessel belonging to such persons, at such out-ports, according
to such rules, orders, and regulations as are or shall be established by virtue and in pursuance
of this act, or have been established and continued under the provisions of the act 20 Geo. 2. C. S8.,
so far as the same are not inconsistent with or repealed or varied by the provisions of this act and
the said receivers and other officers shall have the same powers and authorities as the other receivers
Digitized by Google
SHARES (PRICES OF, ETC.)
29
and officers appointed in pursuance of this act, and shall be liable to the same penalties and for-
feitures provided always, that if the instrument of trust be not sent to the president and assistant or
committees within 60 days after every appointment of trustees, the trust thereby created shall be con-
sidered void, and the trustees appointed under it as discharged from the same; and that the president
and governors shall have power to appoint a receiver or receivers for the port or place from which such
instrument of trust has not been sent, for collecting the forementioned duties and allowances payable at
such port or place aforesaid; and the said president and governors shall have power to demand from the
outgoing trustees of such port or place an account in writing of the former management of such void
trust, and also to demand payment from such trustees of any balance which may at the time of such default
be in their hands, who are hereby required to pay the same to such receiver appointed as aforesaid, toge-
ther with the books of account and other books belonging to such trustees relative to such trust. - I 16.
Appointments on Default. - These are not to be revocable within 5 years. 17.
Former Trustees. Trustees previously appointed at the several out-ports to be subject to the provi-
sions of this act. 18.
Trustees in Bristol. The corporation of the Merchants Venturers of Bristol are appointed trustees for
the duties, &c. received there; and empowered to hold lands, &c. for the purpose of this act. I 19.
Hull Trustees. The guild of the Trinity-house of Kingston-upon-Hull appointed trustees for the
duties, &c. received there. § 20.
Greenock and Glasgow, &c. The ports of Glasgow, Greenock, and Port Glasgow, &c. to be deemed
one united port, and masters of ships belonging thereto to elect trustees for collecting duties, &c.
§ 21.
Transmission of Accounts. Trustees of out-ports to transmit accounts of the yearly receipts and ex-
penditure to president and governors. I 22.
Transmission of Muster Rolls. Collectors appointed by trustees or corporations aforesaid, are excepted
from sending duplicate of muster rolls to the president and assistants. § 23.
Sections 24. and 25. enact that no seaman shall be entitled to the benefit of this act unless he pays the
duty; and that those seamen who have served longest shall be first provided for.
Maimed Seamen to be provided for at the port where the accident happens. § 26.
Disabled Seamen having served and paid 5 years to be provided for where they have contributed most.
- 1 27.
Seamen shipwrecked, or made Prisoners by the Enemy, may be relieved. § 28.
Where regular Certificates cannot be obtained, others may be admitted. - In all cases where the certifi-
cates directed to be produced by this act for the purpose of entitling parties to relief and support cannot
be obtained, such other certificates as shall be satisfactory to the president and governors or trustees re-
spectively shall be received and allowed, so as to entitle the party producing the same to the pensions or
other relief provided by this act. 29.
Wages of deceased Seamen to be paid to the Trustees. All sums of money due for wages to any sea-
man, mariner, or other person engaged on board any British merchant ship in any port or ports in Great
Britain or Ireland, who shall have died on board during the voyage, shall, within 3 months after the arrival
of such ship in any port of Great Britain and Ireland, be paid to the trustees of the said port appointed in
pursuance of this act, or to the receiver or collector or other authorised agent of the said president and
governors, where there are no such trustees, to and for the use of the executors or administrators of the sea-
man or other person so dying; and in case no claim shall be made on the said trustees by such executors
or administrators on account of such wages, within 1 year after the same have been paid over, then the said
trustees shall remit the same to the collector or receiver, or other their authorised agent, of the president and
governors at the port of London, in such manner and times as the said president, &c. shall direct, to and for
the use of the executors or administrators of the seaman, or other person 80 dying; and in case no claim
shall be made on the said president, &c. by the executors, &c. of such seaman, on account of such wages
within 1 year after the same shall have been first paid over to their collector, then it shall be lawful for them
to direct such wages to be paid over (but without interest for the same) to the widow, or if there be no widow
claiming, then to the lawful issue respectively, or such persons as by virtue of the statutes of distribution
of intestates' effects shall be entitled to the same; and if any master or commander of any merchant ship
neglect or refuse to pay over to the said trustees, or the receiver or collector at the port aforesaid, all such
sums of money within the time before limited, he shall forfeit for every such offence double the amount of
the sums of money due to any seaman or other person for wages. I 30.
Wages, if not demanded in 3 Years by representatives, to go to the use of the president and governors,
or the trustees of the respective ports. 31.
Payment to Scamen's Hospital in London. President and governors to pay 5 per cent. out of duties
received by them from seamen in the port of London to the Seamen's Hospital Society in that port.
32.
Deductions from gross Amount. It shall be lawful for the receiver or collector or other authorised
agent of the president and governors at the port of London, and he is hereby authorised, to deduct and
receive from the gross amount of such sums of money as shall be derived from the unclaimed wages of
deceased seamen, received by him in respect of such wages, 5 per cent. in satisfaction of all expenses and
trouble he may be put to in the receipt, collection, or transmission thereof. § 33.
The contributions to the new fund will, most likely, amount to about 50,000l. a year ;
so that, if it be discreetly and economically managed, it will afford the means of suitably
providing for a large number of disabled merchant seamen, as well as for the wives
and children of those who have lost their lives in that service. The distressing con-
sequences of those accidents and casualties to which seamen are so peculiarly liable, will
thus be materially reduced; so that the service will, in fact, be rendered less hazard-
ous, and more respectable.
SHARES IN JOINT STOCK COMPANIES (PRICES OF, ETC.). - The
following Table may, we hope, be useful to such of our readers as have not ready access
to the lists regularly published in London. It embraces the various companies of which
shares are usually on sale in the London Market, exhibiting the number of shares in
each, the sum paid up on account of such shares, the price which they brought in the
first week of October, 1835, the then dividend on account of each share, and the periods
when the dividends are payable. It is taken principally from Wettenhall's List (for the
6th of October, 1835), the most authentic record of such matters but a few items have
been supplied from other authorities. It can hardly, we think, fail to be interesting
for, though some of the particulars embodied in it will soon become obsolete, others will
not easily change, and it will always be valuable as a standard of comparison.
N. B.- When the amount of a share only is mentioned, it is to be presumed that it
is entirely paid up.
Digitized
by
Google
Table of the principal Joint Stock Companies in England and Wales, the Number of Shares in each, the Sum paid up on Account of such Shares, with their Prices, Dividends, &c.,
on the 6th of October, 1835.
30
No. of Shares.
Description of
Amount of Shares
1
Price per Share.
Dividends per
Dividends
No. of Shares,
Description of
Amount of Shares
paid up.
Price per Share.
Dividends per
Dividends
Companies.
Annum.
Due.
Companies.
paid up.
Annum.
Due.
CANALS.
L. s. d.
L. 8. d.
L. 8. d.
L, 8. d.
i
1,760 sh.
500
Shrewsbury
1251. sh.
245 0 0
Ashton and Oldham
11 0 0 per ct.
May & Nov.
Average 971. 18s. sh.
171 0 0
6 10 0 per ct.
1,482
April & Oct,
300
Stourbridge
1451.
220 0 0
800
Ashby-de-la-Zouch
Jan. & July
Av. 113/.
65 0 0
6 0 0
720
Barnsley
275 0 0
9 0 0
3,647
Stratford-on-Avon
Av. 794, 9s. 8d.
39 0 0
1 10 0
October
160/.-
Jan, & July
1,260
200
Stroudwater
1501.
525 0 0
23 0 0
Basingstoke
May & Nov.
100L
5 10 0
1,005
533
Swansea
100/.
216 0 0
13 0 0
November
Brecknock and Abergavenny
150/.
5 0 0
1
85 0 0
Jan. & July
4,000 Ish.
Birmingham Eighth share, 171. 10s.
12 10 0
3,762
Severn and Wye, and Railway
Av. 351.
17 10 0
100
260 0 0
March & Sep.
4,000
April & Oct.
1,300
Thames and Severn, black
100/.
30 0 0
1 10 0
June
Birmingham and Liverpool Junction 100/.
30 10 0
477
1,150
Ditto ditto, red
100/.
3500
1 10 0
Bolton and Bury
2501.
6 0 0
January
600
Bridgewater and Taunton
2,600 ¥ sh.
Trent and Mersey
sh. 100/.
620 0 0
32 10 0
64 0 0
Jan. & July
100/.
400
350
Tavistock (Mineral)
100/.
200
Chelmer and Blackwater
100/.
102 0 0
5 0 0
January
500
Coventry
8,149
100%
810 0 0
42 0 0
Thames and Medway
Av. 197. 5s. 8d.
200
May & Nov.
460
Cromford
1000
100/.
10001
sh.
Warwick and Birmingham
100/.
280 0 0
15 0 0.
300 0 0
17 0 0
March & Sep.
4,546
Croydon
980
Warwick and Napton
100Z.
220 0 0
12 0 0
May & Nov.
Av. 31/. 2s. 10d.
-
11,810/.
Ditto bonds
6,000
Various amount
Worcester and Birmingham
Av. 781. 8s.
85 0 0
3100
-
5 0 0 per ct.
Feb. & Aug.
2,0604
Dudley
3 10 0
20,000
Wilts and Berks
Av. 671. 10s. 8d.
20 0 0
150
May
100/.
76 10 0
March & Sep.
600
800
100Z.
120 0 0
Wyrley and Essington
125/.
75 0 0
600
Derby
6 0 0
Jan. & July
3,5754
126
Ellesmere and Chester
Wisbeach
1051.
45 0 0
Av. 133/.
85 0 0
September
-
905
Wey and Arun
110/.
22 10 0
1 0 0
231
Erewash
May
100Z.
400 0 0
43 0 0
1,297
Forth and Clyde
Av. 400/ 16s.
605 0 0
28 0 0
Jan. & July
DOCKS.
11,500
Grand Junction
100/.
230 0 0
12 0 0
June & Dec.
2,8494
Grand Union
2,690 & 1,065 1 sh.
Commercial
1001. sh.
581. & 581. 10s.
100/.
25 0 o
3 0 0 per ct.
Jan. & July
October
1,521
Grand Surrey
498,6671. 12s. 9d.
East India
Stock
704. & 761.
100/.
15 0 0
March & Sep.
March & Sep.
120,000Z.
Ditto (optional) Loan
100%
1,038
4 0 0 per ct.
June & Dec.
East Country
100/.
3,096
Grand Western
1001.
20 0 0
3,238,3101. 5s. 10d.
London
Stock
54 0 0
2 10 0 per ct.
June & Dec.
600
Glamorganshire
Ditto Bonds
Av. cost 1721. 13s. 4d.
280 0 0
13 12 8
1,960
Mar.Jun.Sep.
95 0 0
June & Dec.
Gloucester and Berkley
1,380,0001.
West India
Stock
100/.
15 0 0
5 0 0 per ct.
(& Dec.
269
Ditto (optional) Notes
2,209
Bristol
Av. 1471. 9s.
85 0 0
3 6 4
Dec. 1.
60/.
5 0 0 per ct.
749
Grantham
202 0 0
68,3241.
Ditto Notes
Various amounts
116 0 0
5 0 0 per ct.
May & Nov.
150/.
10 0 0
May
6,238
Huddersfield
570
Folkestone Harbour
50/.
Av. 571. 6s. 6d.
341. & 34/. 10s.
100
September
100
Kensington
Ab. 15,000/.
Ditto Bonds
Various amounts
5 0 0 per ct,
100/.
10 0 0
25,328
Kennet and Avon
1,352,752
St. Katharine
Stock
73 10 0
3 0 0
I
Av. 391. 18s. 10d.
Jan. & July
20 0 0
100
September
11,6994
Lancaster
500,000
Ditto Bonds
103 10 0
4 10 0
-
Av. 471. 6s. 8d.
5Ap. & 5 Oct.
SHARES (PRICES OF, ETC.).
27 5 0
100
March
2,897$
Leeds and Liverpool
100/.
527 10 0
200,000
Ditto Bonds for 10 years
101 10 0
400 -
20 0 0
May & Nov.
545
Leicester
Shoreham Harbour
Jan.Jul.1831.
140/.
12 0 0
Jan. & July
907
Leicester and Northampton
Av. 831. 10s.
80 0 0
2,500
4 0 0
June & Dec.
Deptford Pier
20/. sh. 1/. pd.
550
Liskeard and Looe Union
251.
25 0 0
5 0 0 per ct.
ROADS,
70
Loughborough
Av. 1421. 17s.
1500 0 0
90 0 0
2,409
Jan. & July
Monmouthshire
533
100/.
Archway and Kentish Town
Av. 301.
10 0 0
100
January
180 0 0
9 0 0
June & Dec.
700
Montgomeryshire
300
100/.
100 0 0
4 0 0
Barking
100/. sh.
22 10 0
150
Jan. & July
August
250
100/.
1,000
Commercial
100/.
90 0 0
500
-
Melton Mowbray
190 0 0
9 0 0
July
500
Mersey and Irwell
2,000
Ditto East India Dock Branch
100/.
59 0 0
3 0 0 per ct,
-
Digitized by Google
100/.
580 0 0
25 0 0
June
3,000
Macclesfield
492
Great Dover Street
100%
100/. sh. 701. pd.
2 14 6
May
56 0 0
247
Neath
100/.
2,393
300 0 0
15 0 0
Highgate Archway
July
Av. 30/. 7s. 104d.
2 10 0
100
Nene Navigation Bonds
100/.
sh.
100/.
pd.
100 0 0
January
1,786
Oxford
100% sh.
600 0 0
32 0 0
March & Sep.
BRIDGES.
522
Oakham
130/.
38 0 0
2 0 0
2,400
1,600
Hammersmith
50/. sh.
23 0 0
1 0 0
Peak Forest
Jan. & July
Av. about 781.
106 0 0
400
June & Dec.
7,231
2,520
Southwark, Old,
Av. 631, 2s. 8d.
200
Portsmouth and Arundel
50/.
1,700
Ditto, New, of 71 per cent.
501.
14 0 0
115 0
December
21,418
Regent's (or London)
Av. 331. 16s. 8d.
15 10 0
0 14 0
July
5,000
Waterloo
100%
2100
5,669
Rochdale
Av. 851.
141 0 0
5 0 0 per ct.
April
5,000
Ditto old Ann. of 81.
60/. pd.
2400
120
500
Shropshire
125/.
Feb. & Aug.
140 0 0
8 0 0
June & Dec.
5,000
Ditto new ditto of 74
40/.
21 10 0
0 19 3
800
I
Somerset Coal
150/.
160 0 0
10 0 0
-
60,000L.
Ditto Bonds
45,000/.
116 0 0
Ditto Lock Fund Stock
12/. 10s.
5 0 0 per ct.
12 0 0
6 5 0 per ct.
-
6,000
Vauxhall
700
Av. 70/. 10s. 3d. sh.
221. & 221. 10s.
100
Stafford and Worcester
140/.
Jan. & July
690 0 0
36 0 0
Jan. & July
No. of Shares.
Description of
Amount of Shares
Companies.
Price per Share.
Dividends per
Dividends
Annum.
No. of Shares.
Description of
Amount of Shares
Dividends per
Dividends
paid up.
Due.
Companies.
paid up.
Price per Share.
Annum.
Due.
L. 8. d.
L. S. d.
L. 8. d.
L. 8. d.
ASSURANCE COMPANIES.
844
Birmingham
501. sh.
105 0 0
5 10 0
March & Sep.
2,000
Albion
2,400
Birmingham and Staffordshire 50L. sh. 501. pd.
90 0 0
400
5001. sh. 501. pd.
76 10 0
3 10 0
December
600
Brentford
50,000
Alliance, Brit. and For.
501. sh.
3000
100/.
10/.
4 0 0 per ct.
April
11 15 0
51. p. ct. & 5s.
April & Oct.
4,250
Bristol
Ditto Marine
20/.
4000
50,000
200
1001.-
51.-
Feb. & Aug.
5 5 0
Atlas
6 0 0 per ct.
January
24,000
1,500
Brighton
201. -
14 0 0
501.-
51.-
131. & 13/. 10s.
0 12 6 per sh.
July
750
Ditto New
1,200 sh.
Birmingham Fire
2501.- 551.-
20/. 18/. pd.
12 0 0
105 0 0
400
British Fire
May
20,000
2,471
Brighton General
20%
1900
2501 501.-
5 0 0 per ct.
4000
12,000
4 0 0 per ct.
March & Sep.
363
Carlisle
British Commercial
251.
1 5 0
501.-
51.-
600
600-
June & Dec.
4,000
Continental Consolidated 100/. sh. 511. 5s.
5,000
Clerical, Medl. Life100l._ 10s.-
94 0 0
3 0 0
3276
500-
240
4,000
County
Canterbury
50/.sh.
60 0 0
5 0 0
100/. 10/.-
Jan. & July
42 0 0
2 10 0
December
Chelmsford
10,000
Eagle
501.-
4200
501.- 51.-
4 0 0 per ct.
600
050
October
300
Economic Life
Cheltenham
200
501.-
7500
8 0 0
1,000/.- 2501.-
315 0 0
2,271
5p. & 30% bs.
Jan. & July
1,000
City of London
100%-
190 0 0
European Life
10 0 0
201.- 201.-
March & Sep.
22 0 0
50,000
201.- 21.2
5 10 0 per ct.
-
Ditto New
1,000
Ditto new
100% sh. 60/. pd.
118 0 0
600
June & Dec.
1 12 0
Globe
020
-
800
1,000,000/.
Coventry
251.sh.
25 0 0
Stock
147 10 0
20,000
Guardian
1001.-
201.-
7 0 0 per ct.
June & Dec.
200
Derby
501.-
7 0 0 per et.
5500
100
July
180
Dover
501.-
2 10
0
40,000
Hope
501.-
51.-
626
Fire 51.per ct.
March & Sep.
600
Dudley
201.-
21 10 0
5 0 0 per ct.
Life 81.per ct.
240
Exeter
2,400
Imperial Fire
501.-
5 0 0 -
5001.-
501.-
117 0 0
5 7 6
June & Dec.
4,000
7,500
Imperial Life
Equitable
100Z.- 10%-
401. pd.
410 0
April & Oct.
950
090
June
10,000
Indemnity Marine
Imperial
501. sh.
43 10 0
1001.-
81.-
5 0 0 per ct.
1500
2,020
Kent Fire
5 0 per ct.
August
85,000
Ditto Bonds
100%
-
400
-
501.- 501.
92 0 0
Ditto Life
3 10 0
Feb. & Aug.
1,200
Ipswich
10/. sh.
0 12 0
79 0 0
300
800
10,000
Law Life
Isle of Thanet
251. sh. 201. pd.
20 0 0
100/. sh. 10/. pd.
5 0 0 per ct.
August
2600
3,900
London Fire
0 16 0
April
2,350
Independent
30/.sh.
50 0 0
600
-
251.- 10s.-
April & Oct.
100
March & Sep.
240
Leicester
31,000
London Ship
501. sh.
100
-
251:- 21. 10s.
30,000
Palladium Life
100
500
Liverpool
2421. 18s. pd.
310 0 0
5 0 0
-
501.
21.-
276
250,000
Protector Fire
20/.
50 0 per ct.
Jan. & July
200
Maidstone
501 sh.
100 0 0
8 0 0
-
21.-
Feb. & Aug.
1 6 6
2,500
Provident Life
016
June
9,000
Phoenix
100%-
101.-
501. sh. 391. pd.
24 10 0
3 0 0
-
19 10 0
100,000
100
July
1,000
Ratcliffe
Rock Life
100% 80%
69 0 0
4 0 0 -
201.-
21.-
March & Sep.
51. 19s. & 61.
689,219% 17s. 10d.
050
August
480
Rochdale
Royal Exchange
251.- 151.-
700 -
Stock
190 0 0
Sun
5 0 0 per ct.
June & Dec.
4,000
South Metropolitan
501.- 14/. 10s.
16 0 0
6,000
210 0 0
1,600
Sheffield
University Life
251.- 10/. 5s._
58 0 0
1 12 6
1001. sh. 51. pd.
Feb. & Aug.
500
50,000
July
United Kingdom Life
5 0 0 per et.
1,000
Shrewsbury
10%sh.
0 12 0
20%
January
226
4 0 0 -
Jan. & July
120
Swansea
50/.
September
8,200
United General
501. sh. 44/. pd.
35 0 0
5 0 0 per ct.j
Jan. & July
SHARES (PRICES OF, ETC.).
JOINT STOCK BANKS.
240
Warwick
501.
5000
500
)
-
400
Wakefield
251.
22 10 0
1 5 0
5,000
Australasia
-
351.
40 10 0
750
Warrington
201.-
22 10 0
Bank of Birmingham
501. 10/.
5 0 0 per ct.
October
10,000
1300
10 0 0 per ct.
March
12,000
Westminster Chartered
501..
46 10 0
300
June & Dec.
10,000
Birmingham Bank
501. 51.-
1400
10 0 0
-
6,000
Ditto New
10,000
Hibernian
100% 251.
50L sh. 10/. pd.
8 10 0
0 12 0
-
400 -
800
Yarmouth
20% 18/.
900
18,000
London and Westminster
100Z. 151.-
1300
200 -
Lancaster
Digitized
3,000
100% 20/.
30 0 0
August
25,000
Liverpool
100%-10/.-
1700
60 0 per ct.
Jan. & July
WATER-WORKS.
30,000
Manchester and Liverpool 101.-
21 10 0
7 10 0 -
January
4,800
Birmingham
251: sh. 251. pd.
26 0 0
20,000
Manchester
100%-201.-
35 5 0
600 -
October
121
Colchester
100/. sh.
20,000
Provincial Bank of Ireland
1001.- 251.
47 0 0
700-
Jan. & July
4,453
East London
1001. -
131 0 0
500
by
20,000
National Bank of Ireland
501. 10/.
March & Sep.
21 0 0
4,500
Grand Junction
Av. 41/. 13s. 4d.-
51 10 0
2100
10,000
National Provincial England
1001.-251..
Jan. & July
217.10s.&21/415s.
2,000
Kent
1001.-
4600
200
10,000
Gloucestershire
501.- 51.-
11 0 0
10 0 Oper ct.
Feb. & Aug.'
388
Liverpool Bootle
2201.-
310 0 0
1000
Google
6,000
Hampshire
January
501.- 51.-
900
7 10 0
August
1,500
New River London Bridge Water Annuities -
5800
210 0
April & Oct.
6,486
Manchester and Salford
Av. 301.
52 0 0
100
March
GAS LIGHT AND COKE COMPANIES.
1,500
Portsmouth and Farlington
501-
400
Bath
390
500
Ditto (New)
501.
2400
200
March
201. sh. 161. pd.
2500
1120
Bradford
Mar. & Sep.
1,000
Vauxhall, late South London
600
100%-
8300
251. sh.
4 0 Oper ct.
April & Oct.
#.
10 0 0 per ct.
8,300
West Middlesex
Av. 631. 12s.
5,000
British
77 0 0
300
June & Dec.
40% sh. 16/. pd.
21 10 0
6 0 0
March &
5,000
Ditto Provincial
1,360
York Building Company Lessee Prop. 1001.-
35 10 0
1140
20%
22 0 0
April & Oat.
51.pet. & Bs. 5s.
September.
31
Table of the principal Joint Stock Companies in England and Wales,- continued.
32
Description of
Amount of Shares
Dividends per
Dividends
of
Amount of Shares
No. of Shares.
Price per Share.
No. of Shares.
Price per Share.
Dividends per
Dividends
Companies.
paid up.
Annum.
Due.
Companies.
paid up.
Annum.
Due.
L. S. d.
L. 8. d.
L. S. d.
L. 8. d.
2,000
Polberou Consols
10/. sh. 81. pd.
-
IRON RAILWAYS.
1,020
Penoles
12/. 121.
660
Bolton and Leigh
100% sh.
100 0 0
Ditto Subscription
11.-
500
Canterbury and Whitestable
501.
11,500
Real del Monte, Registered Av. sh. 631.10s 6d.
161. 10s. to 171.
350
Cheltenham
100/.
78 0 0
Ditto,
Unregistered
2,000
Clarence
100/-
40 0 0
Ditto,
New
41. 10s. pd.
1,600
Cromford and Peak Forest
100/.-
March & Sep
Ditto Loan Notes
150/.
2,500
Forest of Dean
501.
28 0 0
0 19 0
5,000
Redmoor Consolidated
51. sh. 21. pd.
Grand Júnction
100/. sh. 40/. pd.
82 0 0
30,000
United Mexican, iss. 21. pm.
40/.
40Z.
4 0 0
30,000
Great Western
100/. sh. 51. pd.
10/. 10s., 107.15s.
Ditto Scrip
41. 5s. & 31. 15s.
& 11/. 10s.
Ditto Subscription
21.-
2,000
Hartlepool
100/. sh.
Ditto New Scrip
51.
2,100
Leeds and Selby
100/.-
110 0 0
5,000
UnionGold, iss.2l.5s.p.,221.10s.sh. 71.17s.6d.p.
20 15 0
1,500
Leicester and Swanington
501.-
48 0 0
West Cork
501. sh. 351.
5,100
Liverpool and Manchester
100%-
195 0 0
9 0 0 per ct.
Wheal Brothers
20/. -
40 0 0
Ditto Quarter Shares
251.-
47 10 0
Ditto East
800
20,000
London and Greenwich
201.-
247.10s. & 241.5s.
3 0 o per ct.
April & Oct.
& 251. & 271. &
LITERARY INSTITUTIONS.
26/.10s.
25,000
London and Birmingham
100/.sh. 351. pd.
80 0 0
1,000
London, with Bronze Ticket 781. 15s. sh.
2000
20,000
London and Southampton
501. 10/.
900
1,500
London University
100L.
27 0 0
1,000
Manchester and Oldham
100% 31.-
700
Russell
261. 5s.
800
553
Monmouth
501. sh.
King's College
100Z. pd.
40/. & 451.
2,500
Preston and Wigan
20/. pd.
1,000
Stockton and Darlington
100/. sh.
240 0 0
6 0 0 per ct.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Warrington and Newton
100/.
1,500
Stanhope and Tyne
100%
10,000
Anglo-Mexican Mint
-
10% sh. 10/. pd.
0 12 0
800
Durham Junction
100/. sh. 10/. pd.
10,000
Australian Agricultural 100L. 261. 10s.
37 0 0
0 10 0
1,080
Auction Mart
501. sh.
19 0 0
100
8,600
British Rock and Patent Salt - 501. sh. 351. pd.
100
Apr. & Oct.
MINES.
British Annuity
501. sh.
12 10 0
2 0 0 per ct.
Jan. & July
8,000
Albion Copper
51. sh. 21. 10s. pd.
210 0
6,000
British American Land Company
81. pd.
7 0 0
4,000
Alten
151. 10/. 10s.
11/. to 12/.
10,000
Canada Company
100/. sh. 201.
331.15s.&33/10s.
6 0 0 per ct.
Jan. & July
10,000
Anglo Mexican, iss. 51. pm.
100% sh.
41. 10 to 51.
200,000
Upper Canada Loan (New)
104 10 0
500 -
1Ap. & 1 Oct.
SHARES (PRICES OF, ETC.).
Ditto Subscription
251. pd.
City Bonds, 4 per cent.
103 0 0
2,000
Bolanos
150/. sh.
1251. to 1301.
Central America (Land)
-
301. sh. 201. pd.
10,000
Brazilian Imp., iss. 51. pm.
-
351.
sh.
20%
pd
30 0 0
320
May & Nov.
75
Covent Garden Theatre, Renters
5001. sh.
25 0 0 & ad.
6,000
Macaubas and Cocaes United 251. 201.
131. to 14/.
300
Drury Lane ditto
250/.
170 0 0
12 15 6 -
-
11,000
Ditto St. John D'el Rey
20/. 81.-
5 10 0
2,122
Ditto, Proprietors
100/.
500
Cata Branca
61. 10s.
7 10 0
2,500
Essex Marine Salt
201. sh. 61. pd.
Candonga
71. 10s.
7 0 0
15,000
General Steam Navigation
151.
13/.
21 17 6
1 0 0 per et.
March & Sep.
10,000
Copiapo
201. sh. 71. 10s. pd.
Hudson's Bay Stock
1000
-
Jan. & July
Digitized by Google
10,000
Bolivar Copper Company
201. sh. 20/.
61. to 71.
2,000
London Com. Sale Rooms
Av. 751. sh.
20 0 0
100
April & Oct.
Ditto Scrip
10/. 31.-
New Corn Exchange
-
20,000
British Iron Company
501. 50L.
1 10 0
April & Oct.
New Brunswick (Land)
91. pd.
-
6,000
British Copper
51. 10s.
61. 10s. & 61.15s.
12,000
Patent Purifying Sea Water 10L.
sh.
21.
8,500
Columbian, iss. 51. pm.
551. 34/. 10s.-
91. to 10Z.
10,000
Rio Doce
251.
21.-
1/. 10s. to 21.
1,500
Ditto New
11/. 71.-
41. 10s. to 51.
2,754
Revertionary Int. Society
100%
100%
130 10 0
4 0 0 per ct.
Jan. & July
2,850
English
12/. 10s.-
231. to 241.
100
May & Nov.
2,633
Ditto New
100% 501.
70 0 0
4 0 0
-
20,000
General Mining Association 20/. sh. 15/.
61. to 71.
Thames and Isis
100%
500-
10,000
Hibernian
50/. 10/.
17. 10s. to 21.
4,000
Thames Tunnel
501. sh.
700
6,155
Mexican Company
100% 51/. 10s.
210 0
10,000
Van Diemen's Land - 100/. sh. 161. 10s. pd.
900
20,000
Mining Company of Ireland 251.- 61.-
-
SHIPS.
33
SHIPS (CLASSIFICATION, QUALIFICATIONS OF MASTERS, OF, ETC.). - There is in the
Dict., p. 1268., an account of the annual average number of shipwrecks from 1793 to
1829, with a classified account of those in the last year. Since then, the number of
these calamities has in no degree diminished. In 1833, no fewer than 800 ships,
being about a thirtieth part of the whole number belonging to the British dominions,
including the plantations, were either entirely lost or driven on shore Nor is this
much above the present average. The frequency and amount of shipwreck is, indeed,
quite appalling and has, at length, begun forcibly to arrest the public attention.
It may be thought, perhaps, that these disasters are wholly ascribable to the perils
incident to navigation, and that they are not really greater than might be expected to
occur to a mercantile navy of the extent of that of England, whose flag is displayed on every
sea, however remote or dangerous; but such is not really the case. If we suppose that
a third part of the wrecks that have taken place of late years have been occasioned by the
dangers of the sea, we believe we shall not be within, but beyond, the mark. The other
two thirds, or more, have originated in artificial causes, of which the principal have been
the erroneous system adopted by the underwriters in the classification of ships, and the
incompetency of the masters.
1. Old System for classifying Ships. - To insure a ship on right principles, or in such
a way that the premium shall be the fair equivalent of the risk, is no easy matter. The
risk depends partly on the condition of the ship and the capacity of the master and crew;
partly on the nature of the cargo she is to take on board; and partly on the voyage she
has to perform. The last two circumstances disclose themselves, and their influence may
be appreciated, at least with sufficient accuracy for practical purposes, without any diffi-
culty; but it is far otherwise with the condition of the ship, and the capacity of the
master and crew. It is essential to the adjusting of an insurance on fair terms, that
these should be known and it is, at the same time, exceedingly difficult to acquire any
accurate information with respect to them.
It is plain that there is but one mode in which any thing satisfactory can be learnt with
respect to the condition of ships, and that is, by the inspection and examination of persons
of competent information as to such matters. To acquire a just character at first, a
ship should be repeatedly surveyed while she is being built and to learn her condition
at any subsequent period, some of the planks should be taken off, and her hull and
rigging subjected to a thorough examination. This is the only method to be followed if
we wish to arrive at results that may be safely depended on. The age of a ship should
not be altogether overlooked in estimating her condition ; but it is not a criterion that,
taken by itself, is worth almost any thing. There is the greatest possible difference in
the materials of which different ships are built, in the way in which they are built, and in
the wear and tear to which they are exposed. Some have been so very bad, that they
have actually gone to pieces on their first voyage; others, with difficulty, last for 3, 5,
or 7 years and others, again, run for 10, 15, and even 20 years, and upwards, with but
little repair. It may be presumed that the condition of ships built of similar materials,
on the same plan, and employed in the same departments of trade, will depend materially
on their ages but a thousand circumstances conspire to defeat this presumption and
it would be ludicrous to suppose that it should apply at all in the case of ships constructed
of different materials, and engaged in different lines.
But notwithstanding the criterion of age is thus really worth less than nothing as a rule
by which to judge of a ship's condition, it is almost the only one that has been referred to
in this country. Since about the year 1760, or perhaps earlier, ships have been arranged,
by the underwriters at Lloyd's, in classes marked by the letters A, E, I, and o, and the
figures 1, 2, and 3; the former referring to the hull of the ship, and the latter to the
rigging. A ship marked A 1. was in the highest class, that is, her hull and rigging were
both declared to be in the best condition ships marked E 1. were in the next class ;
those marked I 1. were in the lowest available class, or that formed of such as were fit
only for carrying coals, or other goods not liable to sea damage along the coast ; ships
marked o were unseaworthy. But to get into the highest class, no examination of the
ship, or none worthy of the name, was required. Unless some very flagrant defect were
obvious in their construction, all ships were entitled, when new, to be marked in the highest
class and they were entitled, whatever might be their real condition, to stand in it for a
certain number of years, varying from 6 to 12, according to the port in which they
happened to be built ! It is not easy to imagine that any thing can be more absurd than
such a classification ; but the whole extent o' the injury arising from it is not imme-
diately obvious. The great majority of merchants and underwriters have not, and could
not be expected to have, any personal knowledge of different ships, and have nothing to
trust to but the classified accounts. Suppose, now, that two ships were built at the same
time in London or any other port ; that one was constructed of the best materials, and in
the best way, while the other was constructed of the worst materials, and in the most de-
fective manner these two ships were placed side by side in the class A 1.; the underwriters,
C
Digitized by
Google
34
SHIPS.
seeing them there, were ready, without further inquiry, to insure them at the same pre-
mium, and the merchants were, for the same reason, quite as willing to employ the one as
the other ! A bounty was thus given on the construction of what have been called slop-built
ships, or ships of an inferior class. For a half, or, at most, two thirds, of what would be re-
quired to construct a good and really sufficient ship, a shipowner got an inferior vessel of
an equal burthen sent to sea ; and, owing to the matchless absurdity of the system of classi-
fication, the inferior was placed in the same rank with the superior ship enjoyed all the
advantages such distinction could give and was, in the public estimation, deemed quite
as good and as deserving of employment as the other. This has been a more copious
source of shipwreck than all the currents, rocks, and fogs that infest our seas ; but
it was not the only one. At the end of a certain number of years, depending (as
already stated) on the port where the ship was built, both the vessels referred to above
were degraded to the class E and yet it might happen, that the superior ship was,
when so degraded, better entitled to continue in the class A than the inferior ship was
ever to be in it. But even this does not exhaust the whole absurdity of this preposterous
scheme ; for supposing that the superior ship had been so thoroughly repaired as to be as
good as the day she came off the stocks, and that the inferior ship had got no repair at
all, still they were both placed, side by side, in the class E! All the annals of all the
maritime nations of the world, from the Phoenicians downwards, furnish no example of
a more perverse, contradictory, and absurd regulation. That it should have existed
amongst us for the greater part of a century, strikingly exemplifies the power of habit to
procure toleration for the most destructive practices and errors.
It may be said, perhaps, that, whatever system of classification is adopted, there must be
great numbers of inferior vessels for, though we did not, foreigners would build them ;
and, being consequently able to sail them cheaper, would drive us tota'ly out of all trades
in which they could come fairly into competition with us. This is true ; but no one
ever thought of proscribing inferior ships, or of dictating to the shipowner what sort of
ships he should build, or to the merchant what sort he should employ. We do not object
to inferior ships, but we do object to the same character being given to them that is given to
superior ships. This is practising a gross fraud upon the public and gives an unfair and
unjust advantage to the owners of inferior vessels. The interests of navigation and of
humanity imperatively require that ships should be correctly classified ; that those that are
not seaworthy should not be classed with those that are, but that the real state of each
should be distinctly set forth in the register, and be made known to every one. If this be
done, the merchant and the underwriter may be safely left to deal with them as they think fit.
In consequence mainly of the laudable exertions of Mr. Marshall, the attention of
the principal merchants, shipowners, underwriters, &c. of the metropolis was some years
ago directed to this subject and in 1824 a committee, consisting of representatives
from these different bodies, was appointed to inquire into and report on it. The
committee collected a great deal of valuable evidence ; and laid an able report before a
general meeting of merchants, shipowners, &c. on the 1st of June, 1826. We subjoin
an extract from this report, which more than bears out all that we have stated -
" From the absence of all control on the original construction of ships while building, and the impossi-
bility of ascertaining by any inspection, after completion, their real quality, it appears to be indis-
putably proved, by an almost uniform concurrence of testimony, that the first character, or A 1., is indis-
criminately extended to ships differing widely in strength, durability of materials, and all those qualities
on which character ought to be dependent; that many ships to which the first class is assigned are
decidedly inferior to others which are placed, from lapse of time alone, in a lower class; that many
become totally unfit for the conveyance of dry cargoes, long before the expiration of the period
during which they are entitled, according to the present system, to remain on the first letter, in which
they are notwithstanding continued; that instances are on record of first class ships which have been unfit
from their origin for the conveyance of dry cargoes; and some are declared to have been hardly fit, when
new, to proceed to sea with safety. One case is even adduced in which, from ill construction and insuf-
ficiency of fastening in a new ship, her insecurity was predicted, and she actually foundered on her first
voyage and yet this identical vessel was ranked according to the indiscriminate system pursued in the
first class.
" Such, as respects new ships, appears by the evidence to be the practical results of a system which,
assuming to designate by marks their intrinsic quality, provides no means of actually ascertaining that
quality ; but offers, in effect, a premium for the building of inferior and insufficient ships, by the induce-
ment it holds forth to fraudulent construction; and by the equality of character it indiscriminately ex-
tends to the best and the worst ships built at the same port.
" Nor, your committee regret to have to report, is the evidence of the errors, inconsistencies, and evils
arising from the existing system, as applied to old ships, by any means less conclusive. By the refusal to
restore character, in consequence of repairs, however extensive, the inducement to maintain ships in an
efficient state is removed whilst, from the absence of all regular provision for stated or periodical
examination, their efficiency or inefficiency is rendered dependent upon the varying views, the caprices,
or the interests of the proprietors. Hence, though the second character, or, E, is declared by the rules of the
system to be the designation of ships which, having lost the first character from age, are kept in perfect
repair, and appear, on survey, to have no defects, and to be completely calculated to carry dry cargoes with
safety, the whole body of evidence distinctly proves that character to be, in very numerous instances,
assigned to ships which, from original defect or want of requisite repairs, are utterly unfit and unsafe for
dry cargoes while others, which, from sound constitution or efficient reparation, are pronounced in the
evidence to be superior to many new ships, are indiscriminately classed with the actually worthless and
unseaworthy. Hence, too, the employment of ships, after they have passed the period prescribed by a falla-
cious standard of classification, becomes uncertain, precarious, and difficult; the shipowner is injured
the shipper and underwriter misled; the building of superior ships, capable of long service, is dis-
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couraged, and direct inducement is held out to the construction of those of an Inferior description ; the
general character of our mercantile marine is degraded and it is to be feared, that, could the system be
traced to its ultimate results, it would be found to be productive of a lamentable loss of property and life."
It may have seemed surprising that, despite the continued complaints of the lowness of
freights, and the want of employment for shipping, so many new ships should be annually
built. But this was, to a considerable extent at least, occasioned by the system of classi-
fication now described. Hitherto, instead of building a really good and durable ship, the
principal object has been to construct one that should, at farthest, be, as the phrase is, run
off her legs in about 10 years or thereby. The reason is, that, whatever might be a ship's
condition, she was then degraded from the class A 1., and that it was hardly possible, in
most departments of trade, to find a merchant to employ, on any thing like reasonable terms,
a ship to which these symbols of imaginary excellence were not attached. Hence the ship-
owner, instead of repairing his 10-years-old ship, sold her for what she would fetch, and built
a new one. But the person who purchased the ship degraded to E 1. forced her, though
at an enormous reduction, into business ; so that there were two bad or inferior ships in
the field whereas, under a reasonable system of classification, there would have been only
one good ship. The injury that this has done to the shipping interest is too obvious
to require to be pointed out. It has been infinitely more hostile to it than all those
reciprocity treaties, and that foreign competition, about which there has been so much
unfounded clamour. " If the system of classification were founded on the principle of
intrinsic merit, if the real efficiency of the ship formed the basis on which character was
given, the consequence, in numerous instances, would be, that, instead of supplying the
place of those ships that at present lapse from age only into the second class, with
new ones, the owners would effectually repair the existing ships, so that there would
speedily be not only a material improvement in the construction of ships, but a material
increase in the amount of tonnage, and a corresponding increase in the rate of freight."
(Marshall's Statements, p. 19.)
The conclusive report and exposition referred to above did not produce the conse-
quences that might have been anticipated. Government seems, for reasons known only
to itself, to have concluded that this was not a subject with which it could interfere and
it was laid aside for some years more. But the still-increasing amount of shipwreck, and
the frightful loss of life and property consequent thereon, again roused the public
attention to the subject and we are glad to have to announce, that the principal mer-
chants, shipowners, and underwriters have at last succeeded in setting on foot machinery
by which it is believed that a classified account of shipping will be obtained, founded on
correct principles. Should this anticipation prove well founded, the public will owe
much to the able and intelligent individuals who have imposed on themselves this difficult
and important task. They will have done more than any other set of men to improve
the character of our mercantile marine, and to lessen the disasters incident to a sea-
faring life.
2. New System of Classification. - This new classification is conducted under the
direction and superintendence of a committee of merchants, shipowners, and under-
writers. These are authorised to establish rules for classifying ships, and appoint, con-
trol, and dismiss the surveyors by whom they are inspected and examined. A classified
register is annually published, which will be gradually made more and more complete
and the expenses attending the institution are to be defrayed, partly by the fees charged
on making an entry in the register, partly by the profits on the sale of the book, and
partly from voluntary sources. But, as the subject is of the utmost importance to every
one interested in commerce and navigation, we think we shall do an acceptable service
to our readers, by laying before them the statement prefixed by the Society to their
Register. It fully explains their objects, the principles on which they are proceeding,
and the means they have adopted for carrying their views into effect.
CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS.
After announcing the formation of the provisional committee, the official state-
ment goes on to say, that the following resolutions, rules, and regulations, have been
adopted ; viz. : -
That a society be established for obtaining an accurate classification of the mercantile marine of the
United Kingdom, and of the foreign vessels trading thereto and that a book containing a register of such
classification be annually printed, to be called Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping.
That all persons subscribing the sum of three guineas annually, be members of the Society, and entitled
(for their own use) to a copy of the register book.
That the price at which the register book be issued to public establishments, not being marine insur-
ance companies, be 10/. 10s.
That the register books shall be periodically posted throughout the year.
That, for the convenience of members not resident in London, a monthly supplement, containing the
reports of surveys upon newly built vessels, repairs, &c., be printed in such convenient form, as will admit
of its transmission by post, that those parties may be furnished with the latest and most correct inform-
ation; to defray the expense of which, an additional charge of 11. 1s. per annum will be made.
Superintendence of the Society. - The future superintendence of the affairs of this Society to be en-
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trusted to a committee in London, composed of 24 members, consisting of an equal proportion of mer-
chants, shipowners, and underwriters; and that, in addition, the chairman of Lloyd's, and the chairman
of the General Ship Owners' Society for the time being, shall, ex officio, be members of the committee.
The provisional committee, on their having completed the arrangements for establishing the society,
in the first instance, to appoint the 8 members constituting the mercantile portion of the permanent
committee.
The committee of the General Shipowners' Society to elect the 8 members constituting the portion of
shipowners.
The committee of Lloyd's to appoint the 8 members constituting the portion of underwriters.
Six of the members, namely, 2 of each of the constituent parts of the committee, shall go out annually
by rotation, but be eligible to be re-elected.
The vacancies 80 arising shall be filled up on all future occasions by the election of 2 shipowners and
1 merchant, to be made by the committee of the General Shipowners' Society; and 2 underwriters and
1 merchant shall be elected by the committee of Lloyd's.
The committee shall appoint from their own body, annually, a chairman and deputy-chairman.
The appointment of secretary, surveyors, and all other officers of the society, shall be made by the com-
mittee, whenever vacancies arise.
Five members of the committee shall be a quorum.
The committee shall have full power to make such by-laws for their own government and proceed-
ings, as they may deem requisite, not being inconsistent with the original rules and regulations under
which the society is established.
All elections and appointments whatever shall be made by ballot.
Surveyors.- The utmost care and discrimination have been exercised by the committee in the selec-
tion of men of talent, integrity, and firmness as surveyors, on whom the practical efficacy of the system, and
the contemplated advantages, must so materially depend; the committee have in their judgment appointed
those persons only, who, from the testimonials they produced, appeared to them to be most competent
to discharge the important duties of their situations with fidelity and ability, and to insure strict and
impartial justice to all parties whose property shall come under their supervision.
No surveyor will be permitted to receive any fee, gratuity, or reward whatsoever, to his own use and
benefit, for any service performed by him in his capacity of surveyor to this Society, on pain of immediate
dismission.
The surveyors to the society will be directed to attend on special surveys of ships under damage, the
charge for which will be regulated according to the nature of the service performed.
Funds.- The funds will be under the authority and control of the committee, who will publish an-
nually a statement of their receipts and expenditure.
The following fees will be charged to the owners of ships surveyed and classed:
For the first Entry and Classification in the Register Book.
For Entering and Classing New Ships built in the United
Tons.
L.s.d.
Kingdom.
For each ship
-
-
- under 150
0106
Tons.
L. 8. d.
Ditto
150 and under 300
110
Ditto
-
300
-
500
220
For each ship
under 100
110
330
Ditto
100 and under 200
-
220
Ditto
-
-
- above 500
Ditto
200
-
300
-
330
Ditto
300
-
400
-
- 440
For Registering Repairs after Survey.
Ditto
-
Tons.
L.s.d.
400 and upwards
-
- 550
For each ship
-
-
under 150
0106
Ditto
150 and under 300
- 110
For Special Surveys, a charge will be made according to the
Ditto
300
-
500
220
service performed.
Ditto
- above 500
330
RULES FOR CLASSIFICATION.
The provisional committee, assisted by the valuable information and practical knowledge of the com-
mittee of the General Ship Owners' Society, have, after much labour and mature consideration, adopted
the following rules and regulations for the future classification of ships; and they trust that, when these
rules have been applied, the result will be, that, instead of the uncertain standard of the port of building,
and the uncontrolled decision of surveyors, which hitherto have determined the quality and character of
ships, a book of reference will be compiled which may be referred to with confidence, as not only con-
taining the report of qualified surveyors, but exhibiting that report corrected or substantiated by the
committee of this society.
FIRST CLASS SHIPS. - It is proposed that ships in this class shall be divided into two denominations, to
be distinguished First Description of the First Class," and " Second Description of the First Class."
1. First Description of the First Class- will comprise all ships which have not passed a prescribed
age, and which are kept in the highest state of repair and efficiency; these will be designated by the
letter A.
2. Second Description of the First Class-will comprise all ships which, having passed the prescribed
age (but not having undergone the repairs that would entitle them to be continued in or restored to the
first description), or which shall have been restored, and the period assigned for such restoration having
expired, are still in a condition for the safe conveyance of dry and perishable cargoes: these will be
designated by the diphthong E.
Remarks.- The period for the continuance of ships on the first class is limited. The extent of that
period will be determined by reference to the original construction and quality of the vessel, the materials
employed, and the mode of building.
It is desirable, on grounds of national policy and of individual justice, that, after the expiration of the
prescribed period, ships shall be permitted to remain in the first description of the first class, or to be re-
stored thereto, for a further limited period, under certain defined regulations hereafter set forth.
SECOND CLASS SHIPS. - This class will comprise all ships which shall be found, on survey, unfit for
carrying dry cargoes, but which may be reported by the surveyors to this Society to be perfectly safe for
the conveyance of cargoes, not in their nature liable to sea damage to all parts of the world: these will
be designated by the letter E.
THIRD CLASS SHIPS - will comprise such ships as are good in constitution, and reported by the sur-
veyors to this society to be fit for the conveyance, on short voyages (not out of Europe), of cargoes in
their nature not liable to sea damage: these will be designated by the letter I.
SHIPS' ANCHORS, CABLES, AND STORES.- The state and condition of ships' Anchors, Cables, and
Stores," will continue to be designated by the figures 1 and 2
GENERAL REMARKS.
A report of the survey of every vessel shall be made in writing by the surveyors to this society, and
submitted to the consideration of the committee, by whom alone the classification and character of all
vessels shall be assigned; and not less than 3 members must be present at every meeting for that purpose.
That in assigning character to the existing tonnage, and especially in restoration to the first description
of the first class of ships that have been built without a view to such a privilege, the greatest caution
will be exercised, but with a rigid attention to render ample justice to the shipowner.
No member of the committee will be permitted to vote in the decision of the classification of any ship
of which he is an owner, or directly or indirectly interested.
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The reports of surveyors, and all documents and proceedings relating to the classification of ships, will
be carefully preserved, and those parties proving themselves to be interested therein will have access
thereto under certain regulations.
In all classes wherein ships are proposed, in the report of the surveyors to this society, to be removed
from one class to an inferior class, notice is to be previously given, in writing, by the surveyors to the
owner, master, or agent, with an intimation that, if the alteration be objected to, the committee are
ready to direct a special survey, to ascertain the state of the ship; on the owner, master, or agent,
agreeing to pay the expenses attending the same provided it shall, on the survey, appear that there has
been sufficient ground for such removal.
FIRST CLASS SHIPS.
New ships coming within this denomination must have been surveyed while building, by the surveyors
to this Society, in the following three stages of their progress:
First,- when the frame is completed.
Second,- when the beams are in, but before the decks are laid, and with at least two strakes of the
plank of the ceiling, between the lower deck and the bilge, unwrought, to admit of an examination of the
inner surface of the plank of the bottom.
Third,- when completed, and, if possible, before the plank be painted or payed.
A full statement, agreeably to a schedule prepared for that purpose, of the dimensions, scantlings, &c.
of all new ships, verified by the builder, shall be transmitted by the surveyor, and will be kept as a
record in the office of the society.
In building new ships, to entitle them to be ranked in this class, the following rules are to be observed:-
Timbering. The whole of the timbering to be of English, African, or live oak, or teak, of good
quality the stem, stern-post, beams, transoms, aprons, knight heads, and hawse timbers, to be entirely
free from all defects; the frame to be well squared from first foothook heads upwards, and free from sap,
and also below, unless the timber is proportionally larger than the scantling hereafter described every
alternate set of timbers to be framed and bolted together. The butts of the timbers to be close, and not
to be less in thickness than one third of the entire moulding at that place, and to be well chocked, with a
butt at each end of the chock.
The Scantlings to be as follows
5 feet to each other, unless there be a strake wrought between
Tons. Tons.
them, and then a distance of 4 feet may be allowed; and no
Scantling for ships
150 500
butt to be on the same timber, unless there be three strakes
Inches. Inches.
between.
Timber and space each to be
10
15
Thickness of plank to be as under
Floors sided, if square, and free from sap, to be
Outside.
Tons. Tons.
not less at the kelson than
8
13
11
For ships
150 500
First foothooks, sided, if square, at floor heads
7
Inches. Inches.
Second foothooks sided, if square, at the heads
64
10
Bilge to wales not less than
21
4
Third footkooks, sided, and top timbers, if square
6
9
Short hoods
8
14
3
The frame to be moulded at kelson
13
Bilge planks
3
4
The frame to be moulded at floor heads
7
11
Bilge to keel
21
3
Top timbers to be moulded at their heads at the
Wales (average)
4
5
shearstrake
4
5
Top sides
2
3
The intermediate dimensions for the scantling of timbers
Shear strake
3
4
between the floor heads and the gunwale to be regulated in
Plank shear
21
4
proportion to the distance from the two points. Should the
Inside.
timber and space be increased, the siding of the timbers to be
Ceiling below the hold beams
2
3
increased in proportion.
Clamps and bilge planks
21
4
Upper deck clamps and spirkettings
21
3
Deck Beams
Tons.
Tons.
Twixt deck celling
2
21
For ships
150 500
Deck.
Inches. Inches.
Upper deck
2}
3
To be moulded in the middle (not less than)
7
9
Water ways
4
5
To be moulded at the ends (not less than)
5
61
And to be sided
7
10
Fastenings. The treenails to be all of good English or
Those at the after end of the ship to be reduced in propor-
African oak, locust, or other hard wood but in no case Baltic
tion to their length.
or American oak to be used and all planks above 9 inches in
width are to be treenailed double and single, except bolts in-
Hold Beams
Inches. Inches.
tervene; and if below that width, then to be treenailed single,
To be moulded in the middle (not less than)
9
13
and at least one half of the treenails used are required to go
To be moulded at the ends (not less than)
7
10
through the ceiling. All ships of this description of the first
And to be sided
9
13
class are required to be copper-fastened below the wales.
Those at the after end of the ship to be reduced in proportion
Sixes of Bolts
Tons. Tons.
to their length.
For ships
150 500
Keel and Kelsons
Inches. Inches.
Inches. Inches.
Keel, sided
9
13
Heel, knee, and dead wood abaft
1
16
Keel, moulded below the rabbet not less than
7
10
Scarph of the keel
in No. 6. in No.
Main kelson to be sided
10
14
1 bolts of bolts of
Main kelson to be moulded
10
14
Kelson bolts, one through each floor 0 7-8ths 1 1-8th
The scarphs of kelson, where only one kelson, to be 5 ft. 7 ft.
Bolts through the bilge and foot waling 0 5-8ths 0 7-8ths
But where rider kelsons are added, then they may be 41 ft. 6 ft.
Butt bolts
0 5-8ths 0 3-4ths
Hold beam bolts
0 7-8ths 1 1-8th
Shifts of timber in ships of 200 tons, and upwards, to be not
Deck beam bolts
0 3-4ths 0 7-8ths
less than 1-7th the main breadth and in ships under 200 tons,
Hooks forward at throat
0 7-8ths 1 1-8th
to be not less than 1-6th the main breadth.
Hooks forward at arms
0 3-4ths 1
Transoms
0 7-8ths 1 1-8th
Plank. 1. The outside plank, above the light-water mark,
The lower pintle of the rudder
2
to be English or African oak, East Indian teak, or red cedar.
-
3 $
2. The planks below the light-water mark to be good white
The beams to be sufficient in number, and securely fastened
oak, elm, or beech but the elm or beech not to be wrought
to the sides, with either iron or wood knees, or both, or with
higher than the first foothook heads.
shelf pieces and knees; the same to be well and sufficiently
3. The clamps, spirkettings, shelf pieces, and ceiling, to be
bolted; and it is required that 1 bolt in each butt below the
English or African oak, or teak.
wales, and the bolts in the bilges, shall be through and
The outside plank to be clear of all defects; the inside to be
clenched and in all cases where the butt bolts are not through
free of all foxy, druxy, or decayed planks, and the whole to
and clenched, 1 year will be deducted from the period that
be properly shifted and fastened. No butts to be nearer than
would otherwise be assigned in the classification of the vessel.
General Remarks-- The scantlings and dimensions of all intermediate-sized vessels to be proportion-
ately regulated agreeably to a scale adopted by the Society, a copy of which is in the hands of each of the
surveyors; and it is to be clearly understood, that smaller dimensions will not entitle the ship to be placed
in this class.
1. All ships so constructed, and having the whole of the workmanship generally performed in the best
manner, will be marked in the book thus, " 12 A."; thereby denoting that they are ships of the first
quality, and will remain in the first description of the first class 12 years, provided they be kept in a state
of efficient repair. For additional rule, see next page.
2. Ships surveyed while building, as before mentioned, the scantling of timber, thickness of plank, and
size of fastenings of which shall be in no respect less than those in the foregoing specifications, but which
may not be framed, nor chocked, nor the timbers so well squared, as in the manner before described, or in
which live oak and red cedar alternately may have been used in the framing, or in which good foreign
white oak may have been used for ceiling, shelf pieces, and clamps, will be marked in the book thus,
" 10 A" denoting that they are to remain in the first description of the first class 10 years, provided they
be kept in a state of efficient repair.
3. Ships surveyed while building as before mentioned, but in the frame of which foreign oak timber
shall be used for floors and first foothooks only, or in which good white Dantzic oak plank shall be used
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SHIPS.
below the wales outside, whilst in other respects they are constructed in the manner set forth in the
preceding descriptions, will be marked in the book thus, 9 A"; denoting that they are to remain in
the first description of the first class 9 years, providing they be kept in a state of efficient repair.
4. Ships surveyed while building, as before mentioned, and frained and fastened according to the pre-
ceding descriptions, but in the planking of which good foreign white oak shall be employed in other parts
than the bottom, will be marked in the book thus, "8 A"; denoting that they are to remain in the first.
description of the first class 8 years, provided they be kept in a state of efficient repair.
5. Ships surveyed while building, as before mentioned, and framed and fastened agreeably to the pre-
ceding descriptions, but in which good foreign white oak shall be used in the frames above the first
foothook heads, or in the planking of which (except the strakes through which the beam fastenings pass)
good Dantzic fir shall be used, will be marked in the book thus, 7 A"; denoting they are to remain
in the first description of the first class 7 years, provided they be kept in a state of efficient repair.
6. Ships surveyed while building, as before mentioned, in the frames of which, above the first foothook
heads, sound old English or African oak or teak timbers shall be used, but planked agreeably to any of the
preceding descriptions, or with American red pine, or yellow Baltic pine, will be marked in the book thus,
6 A denoting that they are to remain in the first description of the first class 6 years, provided they
be kept in a state of efficient repair.
7. Ships surveyed while building, as before mentioned, in the frames of which above the first foothook
heads, red pine timber, either American or Baltic, or Hackmatack, and in the bottoms of which, below
that mark, the same materials are used, or black birch, elm, ash, or hard wood of like quality, and in the
planking of which good yellow pine shall be used, will be marked in the book thus, 5 A"; denoting
that they are to remain in the first description of the first class 5 years, provided they be kept in a state
of efficient repair.
8. Ships surveyed while building, as before mentioned, the frames of which above the first foothook
heads, are composed of yellow pine, elm, ash, birch, spruce, or other similar woods, will be marked in
the book thus, 4 A" denoting that they are to remain in the first description of the first class 4 years,
provided they be kept in a state of efficient repair.
Ships built in the. U. K. under a roof, and which shall have occupied a period of not less than 12
months in their construction, will have one year added to the period prescribed for their continuing in
the first class.
Ships to be hereafter built, and not surveyed while building by the surveyors to this society, will be
subjected to a special examination previously to assigning the class in which theyare to be placed, accord.
ing to the preceding regulations but in all such cases, 1 year will be deducted from the period allowed
to that class in consideration of not having been submitted to such survey during the construction.
Special Exceptions. The prohibition, in all cases, of the use of fir will not apply to ships the topside
planking of which, between the lower paint and shear strake and the upper black strake only, shall
be composed of pitch pine, or Dantzic or Riga fir, of the best quality.
IRON-FASTENED SHIPS.
Ships under 150 tons, though iron-fastened, will be admissible to any of the preceding classes except
the 1st, and those above 150 tons, to any except the 1st, 2d, or 3d, provided that in other respects
they be constructed in accordance with the preceding rules, and that their bottoms be not copper-
sheathed.
At the expiration of the above periods, all ships will be reduced to the second description of the
first class, designated by the diphthong A; but if not surveyed within 12 months after entering this
description, such ship, having been during that time in some port of the U. K., the character will be
omitted until such survey be held, or, if required by the owner, will be allowed to pass into the letter E.
Second Description of First Class Ships.- This class comprises ships which, having passed the pre-
scribed age, and not having undergone the repairs that would entitle them to be continued in or restored
to the first description, or which shall have been restored, and the period assigned for such restoration
having expired, are still in a condition for the safe conveyance of dry and perishable cargoes these will
be designated by the diphthong AE.
General Remarks.- For the purpose of ascertaining the competencies of ships for this description, a
careful survey will be required to be made annually, or on the return from every foreign voyage, by the
surveyors to this society.
The bottom of every ship of this description will be required to be caulked at least once in every 5
years or, if wood, sheathed and felted once in every 7 years but if any ship be stripped within these
periods, the bottom to be caulked if necessary.
The surveyors in their reports to the committee, on which the continuance of ships in this letter is to
be founded, are required to state, distinctly and separately, the actual condition of the decks, ben is, and
topsides, particularly in the way of the deck fastenings, water-ways, hatchway-comings, beams, breast-
hooks, upper and lower deck fastenings, timber, plank, and treenails.
Where the surveyors to this society consider repairs to be requisite, they are respectfully to intimate
the same, in writing, to the owner, agent, or master; and if such repairs are not entered upon within a
reasonable time, a corresponding report will be made to the committee.
In cases where it shall satisfactorily appear to the surveyors to this society that doubling, of sufficient
thickness and properly wrought and fastened, may be allowed as a substitute for the shitting of plank,
either in the wales or bottom, the surveyor is to make a special report thereof, together with his reasons,
to the committee, who will determine thereon.
SECOND CLASS SHIPS.
Will comprise all ships which shall be found, on survey, unfit for carrying dry cargoes, but which
shall be reported by the surveyors to this society to be perfectly safe and fit for the conveyance, to all
parts of the world, of cargoes not in their nature subject to sea damage, and they will be designated by the
letter E.
Subject to occasional inspection, ships will continue in this class 80 long as their condition shall, in the
opinion of the committee, entitle them thereto.
THIRD CLASS SHIPS.
Will comprise ships that are in good constitution, and which shall be found, on survey, fit for the con-
veyance, on short voyages (not out of Europe), of cargoes in their nature not subject to sea damage, and
they will be designated by the letter I.
Additional Rules for Ships of the First Description of the First Class.
Resolved,
Committee Minute, 16th Dec. 1834.
That an intermodiate class be constituted, comprising ships in which all the requisites for the ten years
ships have been complied with, although some of those required for the twelve years ships may have been
omitted: and that such ships are to remain in the first description of the first class cleren years;
provided they be kept in a state of efficient repair, and that they be marked in the book thus, 11 A."
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Committee Minute, 19th Dec. 1834.
Ordered,
That the rule requiring " that, in all cases where the butt bolts are not through and clenched, one
year will be deducted from the period assigned in the classification of the vessel," shall not be applied to
ships built previously to the promulgation of the regulations of this society; but that in the case of all
vessels built since that period, the rule will be rigidly enforced.
RESTORATION OF SHIPS TO THE FIRST DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST CLASS.
If at any time, before the expiration of one half of the number of years beyond the period for which
ships are to remain in the first description of the first class, an owner be desirous to have his ship
continued in, or restored to, that description, such restoration shall be acceded to (on his consenting to
the special survey hereafter described, and performing the repairs found requisite) for a further period,
but which shall not exceed two thirds of the time originally assigned for her remaining in the first
description of the first class, the same to be calculated from the year of such restoration.
Requisites for Restoration.- All the bolts in the range of each deck to be driven out, and the planks
taken out; the upper deck water-ways, and plank shears, and spirketting, and the strake next the water-
ways on the lower deck in the midships, to be also taken out the sheathing to be entirely stripped off
the bottom; a strake in the upper course of the bottom between the wales and the light-water mark,
fore and aft, and a plank in the ceiling at the floor heads, to be taken out, the timbers to be clear, and
the hooks forward to be exposed and in that state the ship to be submitted to a special survey and ex.
amination, at which the attention of the surveyors to this society is to be particularly directed to the
state of the decks, the remaining plank of the topsides, the wales, upper courses, and treenails, and other
fastenings also to the state of the frame, hawse timbers, and knight heads, kelson, floors, foothooks,
ceiling, and breast hooks, the rudder in all its parts and hangings; and if, after such examination, the
owner should consent to take out all planks, timbers, beams, knees, water.ways, fastenings, and other
parts that may be found defective, and objected to, and replace them with materials of the same species,
or of equal quality, as those of which the ship was originally constructed; such ships to be entitled to
restoration to the first description of the first class for a further period proportionate to their real con-
dition and the extent of the repairs performed, and provided that they be at all times thereafter kept in
a state of efficient repair.
Additional Rule.- But if, at any age, the whole of the outside plank of a vessel should be taken off as
low as the second foothook heads, and the remainder of the planking, either outside or inside, together
with all the decks, be removed, 80 as to expose the timbers of the frame entirely to view, and in that state
the ship be submitted to a special survey and examination by the surveyors to this society and if, after
such examination, all timbers, beams, knees, kelsons, transoms, breast hooks, remaining plank, inside or
outside, or other parts to be defective, be replaced with materials of the same species, or equal quality,
with those of which the ship was originally constructed, and all the treenails driven out and renewed
such ships may be restored to the first description of the first class, for so long a period as may be deemed
expedient by the committee, not exceeding in any case the term of six years, as provided by the sixth
general rule for ships, in the construction of which old timber has been used.
For Ships which comprise the existing Tonnage.- All ships comprising the existing tonnage are to
undergo a very careful survey by the surveyors, prior to registration, and will be classed in the new
Register agreeably to the descriptions herein before laid down for the building of new ships, unless on
such survey there be found sufficient cause to assign them a less period.
On the proposed survey, especial attention is required to the following points; namely, to an examin.
ation of the state of the upper deck fastenings, water-ways, spirketting, plank shears, topsides, and
upper deck, with its appendages; also the lower deck fastenings, wales, and counter, and the plank and
treenails outside the water's edge; the state of the rudder, windlass, and capstan (if the latter be used
for purchasing the anchors).
And if on theexamination any ship shall be found so defective as to render her unfit to continue on the
first description of the first class for the remainder of such term of years, as she would be entitled to
under these rules and regulations, a notice of the intention to make such a reduction at the expiration of
thirty days, shall be given in writing to the surveyors to this society, to the master, owner, or agent, with
an intimation that, if any of them object to the alteration, the committee will direct a special survey, to
ascertain the state of the ship, on the said master, owner or agent agreeing to pay the expenses attending
the same, should it be found that the proposed reduction was justifiable.
SHIPS' ANCHORS, CABLES, AND STORES.
All vessels are required to have their masts, spars, and standing rigging in good order, and the principal
sails in sufficient number and good condition; and every ship is to be supplied with a good hempen stream
cable, or hawser, of sufficient size and length, and with at least one good warp; and all vessels are
required to be provided with anchors of proper weight, and cables of approved quality, in number and
length according to the undermentioned scale
Anchors.- All vessels under 200 tons to have at least two bower anchors; and all vessels above that
tonnage to be provided with at least three bower anchors.
Tons.
Fathoms.
Tons.
Fathoms.
Cables. All vessels under 100 to have at least 150 if chain.
All vessels from 300 to 400 to have at least 200 if chain.
-
100 to 150
-
160
-
-
400 620
-
220
-
-
150-200
-
170
-
-
200 - 300
-
180
But in all cases where hempen cables are used, then one sixth
-
more in length will be required.
Boats. All vessels under 150 tons to be provided with 1 good boat; and every vessel above that
tonnage to be provided with at least 2 good boats.
For Ships navigated by Steam.
All sea-going vessels navigated by steam shall be required to be surveyed twice in each year, when a
character shall be assigned to them according to the report of survey as regards the classification of the
hull and materials of the vessel.
That with respect to the boilers and machinery, the owners are required to produce to the surveyors to
this society, at the above directed surveys, a certificate from some competent master engineer, describing
their state and condition at those periods; and to which certificate it is desirable there should be added
a description of the particulars of the same as far as may be practicable, in the manner and form annexed
to be appended to the report of survey and delivered to the committee, who will thereupon insert in the
register book the letters M. C.," denoting that the boilers and machinery have been inspected, and certified
to be in good order and safe working condition; but if no certificate of their condition be furnished by
the owner or master, then no character can be assigned.
The surveyors to this Society are directed to observe the following rules, with regard to vessels navi.
gated by steam: -
Hull. To examine and report the scantling of timbers, plank, and fastenings, where built, and by
whom, in the same manner as directed for sailing vessels.
Scantlings. The scantlings are to be deemed sufficient for a steam vessel under 300 tons register, if
equal to those required by the scale prescribed in the rules for this society, for a sailing vessel of two
C 4
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SHIPS
thirds of the registered tonnage of such steam vessel but for a steam vessel above 300 tons register, then
the scantlings are to be equal to those required by the scale for a sailing vessel of three fourths of the
registered tonnage of such steam-vessel.
Floors. Where the vessel is not filled in solid to the floor heads in the engine-room, an exception
will be specially made against any reduction of the scantling of the floors, which, in such cases, will not
be permitted to be upon the reduced scale of two thirds or three fourths of the dimensions for the scant-
Jings of sailing vessels as before stated ; but the floors will then be required to be equal to the dimensions
set forth in the rules for ships, of the actual registered tonnage of the steam vessel.
The surveyors are required to report the number, size, length, fastenings, and mode of arrangement of
the engine and boiler sleepers, and the description of timber of which they are composed, and whether
diagonally trussed with wood or iron, and to what extent; the length, size, and fastenings of shelf-pieces
and paddle beams and whether the vessel be constructed with sponcings, and how they are formed; and
to give the general length and shifting of the plank outside and inside.
Materials and Stores. The surveyors are to examine and report the number and description of the
masts, sails, anchors, cables, hawsers, warps, and boats, as directed to be done for sailing vessels; but the
anchors and cables will not be required to exceed in number, weight, and length those of a sailing vessel
of two thirds of the registered tonnage of the steam vessel.
The surveyors are to be particular in examining the beats of all vessels employed in carrying
passengers.
Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign for Vessels navigated by Steam.
[Place and date]
183
Boilers.
certify that the whole of the boilers and machinery
Whether iron or copper
,
of the steam vessel
belonging to
Working pressure
whereof
is master,
tons, have been
If it can be increased at pleasure
carefully inspected and ex amined by
at
If any and what means of changing the water with-
;
and that
find the same to be at this time in
out extinguishing the fires and blowing off
good order and safe working condition.
Witness
hand,
Number of feed pumps
How attached
, Master Engineer.
State of the boilers
The following is a true account of the particulars of the
machinery of the steam vessel
herein named
What clear space at the topside of the boiler
Do. at the end
Do. round the chimney
Engines.
Number
Estimated power
Diameter of paddle-wheels
Pumps.
Number of hand pumps
Length of paddles
Breadth of paddles
If any attached to engine, their purpose and power
If upon the first or second motion
Number of revolutions per minute
Size and condition of the holding-down bolts
Number of force pumps, with a branch and hose of
sufficient length to reach to every part of the vessel
Master Engineer.
Fuel.
Where stowed
The rules herein set forth may at all times be altered by the
If in contact with boiler
presiding committee, and especially to meet any acknowledged
For what quantity room is provided
improvements which may be made in naval architecture, or
If liable to get wetted
in the materials used in ship-building.
No one can question the advantages that will result from carrying a plan of this sort
completely into execution. We confess, however, that we doubt much whether this can
be done without the co-operation of government. It is invidious to impose on one set of
merchants and shipowners the task of deciding upon the condition of the ships or other
property belonging to others; and, though we have every confidence in the integrity of
the gentlemen composing the committee, the most honourable men are liable to be
influenced by an esprit du corps, and by insensible biasses. We, therefore, cannot help
thinking that the scheme would have a much better chance of success, and that the
classification would be more likely to be correct, were it managed by individuals nowise
connected with business. The surveyors, on whose capacity and honesty the whole
scheme must principally depend, ought to be quite independent of the good or ill-will
of those on whose property they have to report. But can that be said to be the case at
present and can it be fairly presumed that merchants or shipowners will deal by the
property of their friends and neighbours as it might be dealt with by officers appointed
by, and responsible only to, government? We apprehend that both those questions must
be answered in the negative; and hence our conviction that this is a matter in which
government should interfere. No one can doubt that it is bound to do every thing in
its power to promote the safety of navigation, and to preserve the lives of our seamen.
In this view it erects lighthouses, and prescribes regulations as to pilotage, &c. But,
how indispensable soever, these are not more essential to the interests of navigation than
a proper classification of ships; and, if other means should fail to effect this desirable
purpose, government will certainly neglect a most important duty if it do not interpose.
- (For a further discussion of this important question, see the article on the Frequency
of Shipwrecks in the 122d number of the Edinburgh Review. Some of the previous
statements are taken from that article.)
3. Incapacity of Masters. - Means by which it might be obviated. - But government will
not do its duty, if it do not go further than this. An erroneous classification of shipping
has been one great cause of shipwreck, but it has not been the only one. The ignorance
and incapacity of the masters and officers is another, and hardly a less copious, source of
disaster. Officers of the navy have to go through a course of discipline, and are obliged
to submit to certain examinations as to their proficiency in seamanship. This, also, was
the case with the officers of the East India Company's ships, which were exceedingly well
navigated. Indeed, the Company trusted entirely for protection to the goodness of their
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SHIPS.
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ships, and the skill of their officers and men it not being their practice ever to insure.
But the masters and officers of ordinary merchant-ships are not subjected to any specific
training, or any regular examination. Every thing is left to mere individual investiga-
tion and selection; and this, as every one knows, depends almost wholly on accident; or,
which is nearly equivalent to it, on the skill, industry, liberality, &c. of the shipowner. Every
one must be satisfied that masters so chosen cannot fail of being, in many instances, very
ill qualified for their business. Few, however, have any notion of the extent of the
mischief thence arising; but we have been assured by gentlemen of undoubted inform-
ation, and extensively connected with the business of insurance, that nearly half the
losses at sea may be ascribed to the ignorance, incapacity, and carelessness of the masters
and crews. Perhaps, there may be some exaggeration in this but, supposing that only
a third part, or that 266 out of the 800 vessels wrecked in 1833, were lost through the
circumstances referred to, is not that enough, not merely to justify government interfer-
ing to avert so great an evil, but to make such interference a positive duty?
The interposition of government, in a case of this sort, is not only absolutely just
and necessary, but it is conformable to the highest authority. The famous French
ordinance of 1681 has the following article - " Aucun ne pourra ci-après être reçu capi-
taine, maître, ou patron de navire, qu'il n'ait navigué pendant cinq ans, et n'ait été exa-
miné publiquement sur le fait de la navigation, et trouvé capable par deux anciens maîtres,
en présence des officiers de l'Amirauté et du Professeur de l' Hydrographie, s'il y en a
dans le lieu." (Liv. ii. tit. 1. $ 1.) A similar article has been inserted in the Code
de Commerce; and, in 1825, the French government issued an ordinance specifying,
in detail, the qualifications that are necessary before any one can obtain a certificate of
his fitness to command a ship, either on a foreign or a coasting voyage the persons who
are to examine candidates; and the rules that are to be observed in the examination.
Some similar ordeal ought certainly to be established in this country. The authority of
the master is so very great, and the trust reposed in him, including not merely the ship
and goods of his employers, but the lives of the crew and passengers, so very extensive,
that it is the bounden duty of the public to provide that it be not committed to ignorant
or incapable hands.
Perhaps it would, at first, be enough to enact, that no ship, which cleared out for
an oversea voyage, should be deemed a British ship, unless the master and the second in
command had received a certificate of fitness from the proper authorities. This would
leave it to the owners to take whom they pleased as masters of coasting vessels but
we believe that the better way would be to enact that all masters of vessels, above a
specified tonnage, should be selected from among certificated persons. We do hope that
the next time we may have to notice this subject will be to announce that the measure
now suggested, or one of a like import, has been carried into effect. - (Edinburgh
Review, loc. cit.)
4. Disorderly Conduct of the Crews.- Means by which it might be obviated. - No-
thing, we are well assured, would do so much to obviate the disorderly bad conduct so
frequently complained of, on the part of seamen, as the enforcing of sobriety on board
ships. However disgraceful, there can be no doubt of the fact, that some very bad
cases of shipwreck have been mainly occasioned by the drunkenness of the crew. The
Americans have seen the advantage that would arise from a reform in this particular
and large numbers of American ships, especially of those engaged in long voyages, are
now sent to sea, in which the use of spirits is strictly prohibited, unless when prescribed
by the surgeon as a cordial or medicine. In these ships the conditions of agreement,
signed by the men, have at their head the words " No GROG ALLOWED," printed in large
capitals. Instead of it, the seamen are liberally supplied with coffee, cocoa, &c. ; and,
it is said, that the crews of the ships fitted out on this plan are not only more orderly,
but that they are more vigorous, and able to endure greater fatigue. But, to establish
the superiority of this practice, it is enough to mention that the American insurance
offices have, for some time past, insured " temperance ships" at a decidedly lower premium
than others We are convinced, that nothing would do half so much to improve the
character of our common seamen, as the introduction of a similar system into our mer-
chant-service. And, notwithstanding the prejudices against it, we are glad to have
to state, that some ships, fitted out on this plan, have sailed from London and Liver-
pool, and that (even in this its incipient stage) it has been found to answer exceedingly
well.
5. Improper Built of Ships. - We have elsewhere noticed (article TONNAGE, in this
Supplement) the act 5 & 6 Will.4. c. 56., passed last session, for ascertaining the tonnage of
ships. In the old system, the tonnage was determined by reference only to a ship's length
and breadth; which led to vessels being built of a disproportionate depth, in order that
their registered tonnage, and, consequently, the charges depending on it, might be dimin-
ished as much as possible. The faulty construction of ships thence arising has, no doubt,
contributed, in some degree, to occasion losses ; but the act referred to, by making the
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42
SLATE. - SPELTER.
tonnage be fairly determined according to the capacity of the ship, whatever the form
may be, will completely obviate this source of defective construction and loss.
Account of the Shipping employed in the Trade and Navigation of the United Kingdom in 1834
specifying the Number and Tonnage of Vessels entering Inwards and clearing Outwards (including
their repeated Voyages), and the Number of their Crews; separating British from Foreign Vessels; and
distinguishing the Navigation with each Country.
Inwards.
Outwards.
Countries.
British.
Foreign.
British.
Foreign.
Ships.
Tons.
Men.
Ships.
Tons.
Men.
Ships.
Tons.
Men.
Ships.
Tons.
Men.
Russia
1,519
297,013
13,568
228
59,166
2,725
1,082
217,375
9,941
132
38,826
1,732
Sweden
103
15,353
764
183
35,910
1,731
101
15,278
770
125
22,174
1,051
Norway
63
6,403
398
618
98,303
5,139
44
4,177
283
642
107,809
5,406
Denmark
-
47
5,691
276
657
53,282
3,138
335
56,703
2,667
817
86,720
4,696
Prussia
193
32,021
1,506
557
118,111
5,081
155
25,609
1,216
425
88,396
3,817
Germany
701
115,278
5,502
544
45,471
2,552
719
117,964
5,669
586
48,865
2,721
Holland
1,011
137,546
6,684
646
67,230
3,667
877
120,584
5,847
597
64,214
3,891
Belgium
407
40,875
3,265
371
43,683
2,260
373
34,051
2,896
332
36,369
1,893
France
1,565
128,017
12,168
1,403
74,382
9,207
1,574
131,941
12,361
1,202
66,459
7,682
Portugal, Proper
514
59,015
3,492
36
4,539
322
508
61,618
3,832
90
16,833
895
Azores
165
12,338
753
165
12,493
848
2
261
26
Madeira
14
2,475
160
20
3,432
197
Spain and the Balearic
Islands
427
45,254
2,588
34
3,862
288
341
36,799
2,176
52
8,492
500
Canary Islands
36
3,830
198
1
104
6
34
3,711
196
1
92
8
Gibraltar
28
3,720
207
94
11,734
648
6
1,151
64
Italy and Italian Islands
387
58,142
3,218
63
14,380
799
473
71,076
3,943
60
12,947
703
Malta
8
1,063
67
1
156
9
80
12,022
645
6
984
61
Ionian Islands
62
8,469
462
42
5,753
306
Turkey and Continental
Greece
134
18,688
1,012
1
298
15
140
20,789
1,166
1
292
14
Morea and Greek Islds.
16
2,311
121
10
1,158
69
Egypt
6
1,124
57
24
5,067
299
1
260
14
Tripoli, Barbary, and
Morocco
33
4,014
209
20
2,534
141
1
322
16
Coast of Africa, from
Morocco to the Cape
of Good Hope
137
32,313
1,763
5
452
48
151
35,533
2,091
4
640
35
Cape of Good Hope
27
5,566
330
47
9,145
530
Eastern Coast from the
Cape of Good Hope to
Babel Mandel
1
138
7
Isle of Bourbon
1
195
14
Cape de Verd Islands
3
892
39
St. Helena and Ascen-
sion
2
362
19
12
2,158
119
Mauritius
75
20,909
1,073
33
9,192
490
Arabia
2
537
28
East India Company's
Territories, Singapore
and Ceylon
186
75,461
4,638
197
90,833
5,829
Sumatra
1
279
21
China
30
29,308
2,649
16
8,887
632
4
1,476
64
Java
5
1,901
99
2
584
31
11
2,766
161
4
1,623
76
Philippine Islands
6
1,586
85
1
372
18
3
728
46
Ports of Siam
1
337
20
New South Wales
42
12,400
672
90
29,567
1,756
British Northern Colo-
nies
1,905
524,606
23,270
1,880
503,393
23,315
British West Indies
918
246,605
13,387
900
246,609
13,836
Hayti
13
1,928
113
49
7,728
454
2
391
23
Cuba, and other Foreign
West Indies
35
7,152
359
5
1,367
54
87
16,755
960
11
3,236
146
United States
281
94,658
4,078
492
204,529
8,417
387
133,754
6,217
546
220,913
9,261
Mexico
35
6,893
366
2
490
23
29
5,502
314
2
490
24
Guatemala
2
272
17
Columbia
36
7,459
414
18
3,820
203
Brazils
140
29,371
1,515
3
508
26
176
41,154
2,101
3
854
42
States of Rio de la Plata
52
10,120
526
48
9,206
513
3
820
41
Chili
27
6,341
358
4
1,074
55
28
6,532
385
Peru
15
2,768
167
11
2,176
135
The Whale Fisheries
107
34,161
3,993
99
33,014
4,275
IslesofGuernsey,Jersey,
and Man
2,380
146,543
10,103
37
5,652
286
2,141
122,365
8,841
2
249
14
Greenland (Ice)
7
802
51
-
2
231
16
Foreign parts (not dis-
tinguished)
5
1,169
47
164
20,669
913
Totals
13,903
2,298,263
126,727
5,894
833,905
45,897
13,639
2,296,325
129,504
5,823
852 827
45,829
SLATE. - Slate and chalk laden on board any ship or vessel bound for foreign parts
shall be deemed ballast and all such ships or vessels having on board only slate, or slate
and chalk, shall be deemed to be departing in ballast; and if, on the return of any such
ship or vessel, any slates or chalk be remaining on board, they shall be deemed to be
her ballast. - (4&5 Will. 4. c. 89. § 3.)
SMUGGLING.- - The 85th clause in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 53., for the prevention
of smuggling (Dict. p. 1061.), authorising justices to sentence seafaring men, convicted
of smuggling, to serve in the navy for 5 years, has been repealed. Persons convicted of
such offences are now to be committed to the house of correction, to hard labour, for not
less than 6 months for the first offence, 9 for the second, and 12 for the third. -
& 5 Will. 4. c. 13. § 2.)
SPELTER.- - The exportation of spelter or zinc from Europe to India, which began
in 1821, produced an extent of speculation, and a fluctuation of price, that could hardly
have been conceived possible. - Subjoined is an account of the
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Quantity, Value, and Selling Price of the Spelter imported into Calcutta from all Parts from the
year 1820-21.
Years.
Quantity
Value.
Average Price
Years.
Quantity
imported.
imported.
Value.
Average Price
per Fy. Md.
per Fy. Md.
Bax. Mds.
Sa. Rs.
Cur. Rs.
Bas. Mds.
Sa. Rs.
Cur. Rs.
1820-21
Nil.
Nil.
1827-28
185,634
1,173,614
9 3
1821-22
22,636
225,360
23 7
1828-29
133,451
711,217
7 2
1822-23
46,032
510,467
20 10
1829-30
99,795
487,287
6 1
1823-24
94,873
1,412,336
15 10
1830-31
74,416
363,208
5 10
1824-25
190,900
1,986,790
13 8
1831-32
64,334
299,583
5 8
1825-26
130,380
1,193,956
12 13
1832-33
30,710
130,948
1826-27
188,670
1,328,738
10 13
1833-34
24,941
96,312
This table shows the extraordinary extent to which speculation had operated on this article. The
excess of imports from 1824-25 to 1828-29 was such, that recently the trade may be said to have been
altogether extinct, the supplies that were carried out during the 3 years ending with 1834-35 being in-
tended rather to serve as dead weight than as a merchantable article. The stock in the India market has
now, however, been 80 much reduced, that a considerable rise of prices may, at no distant period, be fairly
anticipated. (Bell's Comparative View of the Commerce of Bengal for 1830-31, and 1831-32, p. 5.; and
for 1832-33, and 1833-34, p. 24.)
SPIRITS.- - The reader will find, in the body of this work (art. SPIRITS, p. 1075.),
a statement of the smuggling and other pernicious consequences resulting in Ireland
from the oppressive duties laid on spirits previously to 1823 of the good effects of the
reduction of the duty to 2s. 10d. the Imperial gallon in that year; and of the influence
which the addition of 6d. to the duty in 1831 had in reviving that illicit distillation, the
preceding reduction had gone far to put down. The view we took of the necessity of
making a fresh reduction of the duty was approved and strongly recommended by the
Commissioners of Excise Inquiry; and has, we are glad to say, been acted on by govern-
ment; the act 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 75., having reduced the duty on British spirits, entered
for home consumption in Ireland, to 2s. 4d. a gallon.
It was contended, when this measure was before parliament, that the reduction should be extended to
all parts of the empire; and that, by confining it to spirits used in Ireland, a new temptation would be
created to smuggle from that country into England and Scotland. This no doubt will be, in some degree,
the case; and we hope that no long period will be allowed to elapse till the measure be generalised. We
do not, however, think that there is much probability of its giving birth to any considerable amount of
smuggling; and it is not to be denied that the reduction was much more urgently required in Ireland
than any where else. Scotch whisky carried to Ireland is admitted for consumption at the low duty.
Spirit Licences.- - The act 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 75. made certain additions to the duties on spirit licences,
which are now as follows:
From the 10th of October, 1834, retailers of spirits whose premises are rated under
L. 8. d.
10/. per annum, shall pay 3 3 0 per annum of licence duty.
At 10/. and under 201.
-
660
-
201.
-
251.
-
990
-
251.
-
30/.
-
11 0 6
-
30/.
-
40/.
-
12 12 0
-
401.
-
50%
-
14 3 6
-
50/. and upwards
-
15 15 0
-
The spirit licences of grocers in Ireland, not selling spirits to be consumed on the premises of said
grocers, not to be affected by this act. 8.
All houses licensed at the passing of the present act to continue to be deemed of the same value, so
long as the present persons hold them, and the premises remained unaltered; afterwards, their annual
value is to be determined according to the mode prescribed in 6 Geo. 4. c. 81. § 9. But it is ordered by
the 5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 39. that the additional licence duties shall not be charged on the retailers of spirits
not consuming more than 50 gallons a year. 1.
SPIRITS (CONSUMPTION OF).
Account of the Number of Gallons of British, Colonial, and Foreign Spirits entered for Home Consump-
tion, specifying the Quantities separately entered for England, Scotland, and Ireland, with the Nett
Revenue derived from each sort of Spirit in each Country, during the Year ended 5th of January, 1835.
England.
Scotland.
Ireland.
The United Kingdom.
No. of
Nett
No. of
Nett
No. of
Nett
No. of
Nett
Gallons.
Revenue.
Gallons.
Revenue.
Gallons.
Revenue.
Gallons.
Revenue.
L.
8.
d.
L.
s.
d.
L. s. d.
L. s. d.
Brit. spirits
7,644,301
2,866,608 11 4
6,045,043
1,007,505 10 0
9,708,462
1,368,952 3 2
23,397,806
5,243,066 4 6
Colonial do.
3,206,650
1,442,816 0 0
111,169
50,027 0 0
27,358
12,297 0 0
3,345,177
1,505,140 0 0
Foreign do.
1,347,436
1,514,375 0 0
44,748
49,599 0 0
27,988
31,555 0 0
1,420,172
1,595,529 0 0
Totals
12,198,387
5,823,799 11
'6,200,960
1,107,131
10
9,763,808
1,412,804
3
2
28,163,155
8,343,735 4 6
Excise Office, London, 29th September, 1835.
STARCH.-The injurious influence of the duty on starch, the nett produce of which,
in 1833, was only 91,5174 18s. 2}d., was most ably exposed, and its abolition strongly
recommended, by the Commissioners of Excise Inquiry, and we are glad to have to add
that, agreeably to this recommendation, the duty has been abolished. - (4 & 5 Will. 4.
c. 77.)
Digitized by Google
44
STEAM VESSELS. - STETTIN.
STEAM VESSELS.
Account of the Number and Tonnage of Steam Vessels, distinguishing the Countries to which they
belonged, which entered Inwards and cleared Outwards, stating whether they conveyed Goods or
Passengers, or both, in 1833 and 1834.- (Parl. Paper, No. 320. Sess. 1834.)
Year ending 5th January, 1834.
Countries to which
the Vessels belonged.
With Goods only.
With Passengers only.
With both Goods and Passengers.
In.
Out.
In.
Out.
In.
Out.
Ves-
Ves.
Ves-
Ves-
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Ves-
Tons.
sels.
sels.
Tons.
Ves-
sels.
sels.
sels.
sels.
Tons.
United Kingdom and
its dependencies
From and to fo-
reign parts
13
636
7
317
966
81,906
779
50,133
479
75,619
520
81,471
Coastwise
63
6,554
191
26,174
1,741
167,146
1,744
167,269
9,524
1,459,963
9,466
1,458,646
France
1
72
4
288
44
3,128
58
4,176
47
3,384
25
1,800
Holland
13
3,653
4
1,124
16
4,496
Year ending 5th January, 1833.
United Kingdom and
its dependencies :-
From and to fo-
reign parts
7
340
9
634
840
61,151
711
43,084
375
53,330
392
54,398
Coastwise
54
5,868
155
23,336
1,815
185,337
1,809
184,495
8,299
1,298,111
8,365
1,293,817
France
4
288
16
1,022
37
2,654
62
4,664
35
2,529
Holland
29
8,149
8
2,248
36
10,116
Note. Vessels with passengers only are not compelled to enter and clear at the Custom-house.
STETTIN, a city of Prussia, on the left bank of the Oder, about 36 miles from its
mouth, in lat. 53° 23' 20" N., long. 14° 33' E. It is well built, strongly fortified, and
has a population, exclusive of troops, of 28,000.
Stettin is the seat of an extensive and growing commerce; and is now, indeed, the principal port of
importation in Prussia. She owes this distinction mainly to her situation. The Oder, which flows
through the centre of the Prussian dominions, is navigable as far as Ratisbor, near the extreme southern
boundary of Prussian Silesia; and is united, by means of canals, with the Vistula, the Elbe, the Spree, &c.
Stettin is, consequently, the principal emporium of some very extensive and flourishing countries; and
is not only the port of Frankfort-on-the Oder, Breslaw, &c., but also of Berlin. Hence, at the proper
seasons, its wharfs are crowded with lighters that bring down the produce of the different countries
traversed by the river, and carry back colonial products, and other articles of foreign growth and manu-
facture. Vessels of considerable burden, or those drawing above 7 or 8 feet water, load and unload, by
means of lighters, at the mouth of the river, at Swinemunde, the out-port of Stettin, on the east coast of
the isle of Usedom, in lat. 53° 55' N., long. 14° 15' 15" E. Formerly there were not more than 7 feet
water over the bar adjacent to Swinemunde; but the harbour of the latter has recently been so much im-
proved, by the construction of piers and breakwaters, dredging, &c., that it is now the best on the Prussian
coast, and admits vessels drawing from 18 to 19 feet water. A lighthouse has been erected at the extremity
of the castern pier. Stettin is a free port that is, a port into and from which all sorts of goods may be
imported and re-exported free of duty. If goods brought through the Sound be imported at Stettin, and
entered for home consumption in the Prussian states, they are charged with 21 per cent. less duty than if
they had been imported through any other channel. This is intended to reimburse the merchant for the
sound duties, and to encourage importation by this direct route in preference to that carried on through
Hamburgh and Emden. There is a great wool fair in the month of June each year.
Monies, Weights and Measures same as at Dantzic, which see. The bank of Berlin has a branch at
Stettin.
Imports and Exports.- The principal articles of import at
port 876 ships, of which 630 were loaded, 66 in ballast, and
Stettin are sugar, coffee, dye-woods, wine, iron, and bard-
177 coasters. Of the ships with cargoes 374 were Prussian,
ware, oil, tallow, cotton, and cotton goods, herrings, spirits,
106 Danish, 65 English, 1 American, 3 Bremeners, 6 Ham-
linseed, coal, salt, &c. The principal exports are linen, timber
burghers, 4 Hanoverian, 12 Dutch, 11 Norwegian, 6 Olden-
and staves, corn, wool, zinc, bottles and glass, bones, manga-
burghers, 32 Swedish, 3 Russian, 5 Lestockers, 1 Lubecker.
nese, fruits, &c.
We subjoin an official
In 1833, among other articles, there were imported 32,863
Account of the Arrivals and Departures of Shipping at Swine-
tons raw sugar, 23,447 do. clayed sugar, 32,503 do. molasses,
munde, the out-port of Stettin, in 1830.
1,396 barrels coffee, 12,895 tuns olive oil, 11,493 do. hemp-
stead oil, 5,413 do. palm oil, 129,522 quintals dye-woods,
Whereof
112,559 barrels herrings, 119,360 casks wine, 17,353 quintals
iron, 68,757 do. tallow, 47,066 do. potash, 7,586 do. copper,
&c. Among the exports in the same year, exclusive of linens,
Flags.
Total
&c., were 1,620 quintals of wool, 4,732 lasts corn, 1,636 do.
Ships.
Lastage.
Ships.
Laden.
Ships.
InBal-
last.
oak staves, 3,226 do. wainscot, 17,813 pieces of wood for build-
ing, 5,044 lasts of wood for ship-building, 74,192 quintals of
zinc, 1,826 do. glass, 4,453 do. manganese, 38,880 do. bones,
Prussian
Arr.
612
44,494
510
34,143
102
10,351
36,046 do. oil-cakes, 66,877 bottles, &c. The wheat shipped
Dep.
522
42,147
382
29,741
140
12,406
from Stettin is mostly red, and of very fine quality. The barley
Danish
Arr.
113
5,418
88
3,981
25
1,434
is also very good. The oak staves are believed to be equal, or,
Dep-
113
5,482
92
4,403
21
1,079
perhaps, superior to any from any other port of the Baltic.
Arr.
7
614
7
614
-
-
Account of charges incurred by a British ship, of about 200
Mecklenburgh
Dep.
8
671
4
323
4
348
tons burden, at Swinemunde and Stettin:
Hanse Towns
Arr.
5
566
3
327
2
239
Dep.
8
733
7
610
1
123
Arr.
5
408
5
408
-
-
Rixd.
S. gr.
Pf.
Russian
Dep.
5
408
2
137
3
271
Swedish
Arr.
26
2,109
25
2,051
1
58
Stettin.- Pilotage and fee
8
Dep.
25
10
28
2,066
15
1,206
860
Town dues and clearances
6
1
20
Arr.
13
587
13
587
-
-
Poor rates
Norwegian
Dep.
14
610
10
469
4
141
Muster roll
2
27
6
Arr.
95
7,128
90
6,806
5
322
Brokerage and charter party
5
20
British
Dep.
95
18
7,000
78
5,411
17
1,589
Broker's commission
22
Arr.
19
835
16
727
3
108
Measuring
8
Hanoverian
Dep.
17
12
764
16
713
I
51
Swinemunde. Port charges, inwards
34
8
Arr.
5
200
5
200
-
-
Ditto, outwards
34
12
8
Oldenburgh
14
21
Dep.
5
200
4
152
1
48
Harbour dues
3
16
Dutch
Arr.
27
1,349
18
996
9
353
Commission
Dep.
27
1,368
26
1,288
1
80
Arr.
1
117
1
117
I
-
Prussian dollars, or about 100 Spanish
Nespolitan
Dep.
1
117
1
117
-
-
dollars
151
14
1
Arr.
2
230
2
230
-
I
American
Dep.
2
230
2
230
-
-
Navigation- Stettin is the principal shipping port in the
Prussian dominions. In 1831, there belonged to it 252 ships,
Totals
Arr.
930
of the burden of 26,398 lasts, being about a third part of the
64,055
783
51,190
147
12,865
Dep.
842
61,796
639
shipping belonging to Prussia. In 1833, there arrived at the
44,800
203
16,990
Digitized by Google
SWEDEN.- SWEETS.
45
Port Regulations.- All vessels are prohibited entering Swine-
must have pilots. The master must produce at the police-
munde, unless forced by stress of weather, without previously
office the muster roll of the crew, and the passports of the
heaving-to for, and receiving, a pilot on board. But when
passengers, if there be any on board. The latter are bound to
compelled to enter without a pilot, the master is to observe the
go with him to the police, and the crew if desired. All
signals made from the lighthouse on the eastern pier, and to
presents to pilots and custom-house officers are strictly pro-
shape his course accordingly. If no flag be hoisted on the
hibited. Vessels directed to perform quarantine must imme-
lighthouse, nor signal made, the port cannot be entered, and
diately hoist the yellow flag: and on no account quit their
the master must either anchor in the roads, or stand out to sea.
assigned berth. The master is responsible for the conduct of
After the pilot has been received on board, the master is bound,
the crew and if any of them be discharged or remain on shore,
in all cases, to conform to his directions. Within 24 hours
he must give notice thereof to the police.
after arrival, the master must deliver to the custom-house an
We have gleaned these particulars from various works, and
account of the species and quantity of each article on board
among others from the work (in German) of Ferber, a privy
and he is subjected to a heavy fine if this account should turn
councillor of his Prussian Majesty, on the Commercial State of
out to be incorrect. He is to abide by the instructions given
Prussia, Berlin, 1832, p. 133, &c.; the Archives du Commerce,
him as to discharging his cargo, loading, &c. No gunpowder
tom. vi. p. 131.; Annuaire du Commerce Maritime, tom. ii.
is to be kept on board, nor any inflammable matter boiled in
p. 325. Papers printed by order of the American Congress,
the ship. All ships proceeding from Swinemunde to Stettin
3d March, 1831, vol. i. p. 351., &c.
SWEDEN.
SWEDEN: -Duties in Sweden on a few of the Principal Articles of Import according to the New Tariff
issued 30th June, 1835.
Articles.
Quantity for
Import Duty.
Duty.
Swed. Money.
English Money.
Rixd. s. rs.
L. s. d.
Sugar:
Muscovado, brown and yellow
1 skip.
0 2 6
0 0 1 1-24
Crushed lump and Havannah white
0 5 0
0 0 2 1-12
Coffee
0 3 0
0 0 11
Tobacco leaf
0 6 0
0 0 2
Segars
100 st.
1 0 0
0 1 8
Cut, Karduser, loose or packed
1 skip.
0 12 0
0 0 5
Knaster
0320
0 1 1 1-3
Spun or Negrobead
0 8 0
0 0 3 1-3
Stems
0 2 0
0 0 0 5-6
Tea
080
0 0 31-3
Wine in cask
1 kanna
0 24 0
0 0 10
bottle
100
018
Bottles to pay according to the kind of glass.
Spirits, Hollands, brandy, rum, arrack, and not exceeding 12° strength
1 kanna
0 32 0
0 1 1 1-3
over 12°
1 0 0
0 1 8
Porcelain imitation, white, yellow, not painted, plates or dishes
1 sklp.
0 2 0
0 0 0 5-6
other pieces
060
0 0 21
Real, white or one-coloured
080
0 0 31.3
Gilt or coloured, or painted with flowers and figures
0 12 0
0 0 4
Cotton
006
0 0 1-5
Cotton goods
Calico and like fabrics prohibited
prohibited.
Cambric and like, above 76 threads per inch, fine, and from 6 to 9 qrs.
wide (Sweedish quarters)
1 ell
060
0 0 2
Corderoy and cordett, not exceeding 4 quarters wide,
0100
0 0 4 1-8
Gauze, lawn, muslin,
-
9
-
0 5 0
0 0 2
Jean,
-
5
-
0 6 0
0 0 21
Cotton velvet
-
4
-
080
0 0 31-3
Shawls of dyed yarn, or printed under 7 qrs. square, exclusive of fringe
prohibited.
Fancy, above 7 qrs. square, exclusive of fringe
1 sq. ell
080
0 0 3 1-3
Woollen goods
Woollen cloth prohibited
prohibited.
Frise, frisad, duffel, and Kalmuk
1 ell
100
0 1 8
Cassimere, not exceeding 6 quarters wide,
White, black, yellow, or red
1 ell
0 24 0
0 0 10
Other colours
prohibited.
Blankets
1 skip.
0 24 0
0 0 10
Flannel
not exceeding 61, qrs. wide
1 ell
0 10 0
0 0 4 1-3
Bombazette and bombasin
-
5
0 3 0
0 0 11
Camlet
-
6
0 4 0
0 0 1 2-3
Merinos
-
9
060
0 0 21
Woollen with a mixture of cotton or flax
Bombasin iustré, not exceeding 6 qrs. wide
ell
040
0 0 1 2-3
Flannel
prohibited.
Other kinds, not exceeding 6 qrs. wide
1 ell
0 8 0
0 0 31.3
Shawls under rixdol. 6.32 value
prohibited.
of rixdol. 6.32 and upwards value (20 per cent.)
100 rixdls.
20 0 0
20 per cent. av.
Linen goods
Sail and tent cloth
1 ell
0 8 0
0 0 3 1-3
Duck
0 12 0
0 0 5
Linen of different qualities, from rixdol. 0.3 to rixdol. 0.16
Silk goods:
Crape, say craped crape
1 skip.
6 24 0
0 10 10
Gauze or plain crape
5160
0 8 10 2-3
Velvet
4 0 0
068
Tafeta, levantin, satin, &c.
prohibited.
Other kinds of silk goods (long measure, ell goods)
600
010 0
Shawls of gauze or other thin stuff
800
0 13 4
Bourse de Sole
6 32 0
0 11 1 1-3
Other descripitions
prohibited.
Silk with a mixture of cotton, wool, or flax:
All descriptions of long-measure goods
1 skip.
3 16 0
0 5 6 2-3
Shawls of less value than rixdol. 10
prohibited.
more
-
10 (20 per cent.)
100 rixdls.
20 0 0
20 per cent. av.
Iron goods
Pots and kettles of 11 Inch thick and under, stoves, gates, rails, &c.
1 sklp.
800
0 13 4
Castings for machinery, whole or in pieces
600
0 10 0
Not specified
33 16 0
215 6
Anchors and anchor stocks
12 24 0
1 0 10
Kedges, grapples, bolts, hammers
20 0 0:
1 13 4
Bar and hoop iron
prohibited.
Plates under 3-8ths of an inch, and above 6 lispounds each
9 0 0
0150
Chains
12 24 0
1 010
SWEETS.- An excise duty was imposed on sweets — that is, on home-made wines,
mead, or metheglin, -manufactured for sale, so early as 1696. In 1803 it amounted
to 49s. a barrel; the produce of the duty varying from that year to 1816 from about
21,000L to about 33,000L. a year. But in 1816 it fell off to little more than half its pre-
vious amount. This sudden decline was doubtless occasioned by the great increase in
the consumption of Cape wine, consequent to the reduction of the duty on it, in 1814,
from about 6s. to about 2s. 6d. a gallon. In 1817 it was attempted to revive the manu-
Digitized by Google
46
SYDNEY.- TARIFF.
facture of home-made wine, by taking a third from the duty on sweets; which amounted,
after the reduction, to about 18. ord. a gallon; and in 1826 it was further reduced to
6d. But the ease with which the article may be made by private individuals, and the
decisive check given, by the introduction of Cape and other cheap foreign wines, to the
use of home-made substitutes, prevented these reductions from having any material in-
fluence; and in 1832 the duty had dwindled to 3,7211. Under these circumstances, the
Commissioners of Excise Inquiry wisely recommended the abolition of the duty, which
has been effected by the act 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 77. (Fifth Report by Commissioners of
Excise Inquiry, p. 18, &c.)
SYDNEY.
Population.- There is, in the Dict. p. 1099., an account of the population of the colony of New South
Wales, according to the census of 1828, accompanied with an intimation that doubts were entertained as
to its accuracy. These have since been fully confirmed by the returns obtained under a census taken
on the 2d of September, 1833. It appears from them that the population of the colony of New South
Wales, exclusive of aborigines, amounted at that date to 60,261 of which were-
Free.
Convict.
Total.
Males
22,843
21,845
Males
44,688
Females
13,475
2,098
Females
15,573
36,318
23,943
60,261
Of the free population, 5,265 males and 4,944 females were under 12 years of age. The total population of
Sydney, in September, 1833, was 16,232, of which 13,492 were free.
The census of 1828 made the population of the colony only 36,598. The total immigrants from the 1st
of July, 1828, to the 31st of December, 1833, have been, men 2,531, women 2,323, children 1,846; in all,
6,690. Now, if we add this number to the population as given by the census of 1828, it would follow, had
that census been accurate, that the colonial births, during the intervening 5. years, had exceeded the
deaths by about 17,000. But an increase of this sort, taking the magnitude of the female population
inte account, is evidently impossible; and shows that the population had been materially underrated
in 1828.
Wages in New South Wales.- Every one in any degree familiar with such subjects is aware of the
extreme difficulty of obtaining accurate accounts of the rate of wages. But in the case of colonies, this
difficulty is materially increased; it being the object of those interested in the encouragement of emi-
gration, to set its advantages, of which high wages are probably the greatest, in the most striking light,
and conversely. Hence we did not venture to lay any details as to the rate of wages at Sydney before the
reader, except those given by the late Emigration Commissioners ; and as these gentlemen mentioned that
their statements had been obtained from the colonial agent, and other authentic sources, we had no doubt
of their accuracy.-(Dict. p. 1103). We regret, however, to be obliged to say that this confidence, though
apparently well founded, seems to have been not a little misplaced. The Rev. Henry Carmichael, one of
the professors in the Australian College, Sydney, has shown, in his valuable tract, entitled Hints to Emi-
grants to New South Wales, that the statements put forth by the Emigration Commissioners were " cal-
culated very seriously to mislead; and that, in point of fact, they have misled very many individuals,
who, on arriving at Sydney, found the wages far below what they had been made to expect.
A committee, consisting of the most intelligent persons of
" Good ploughmen, or shepherds, obtain from 151. to 201.,
the class referred to, have drawn up a report on the eligibility
with a house and rations.
of New South Wales as a place of resort for emigrant me-
" Wages of domestic servants are-
chanics, in which, among other things, they declare that the
Of a single man
from L.12 to L.20
account of the rate of wages (see Dict. p.1103.), published by the
Of a single woman
-
8
15
Emigration Commissioners, is extravagant and ridiculous."
Of a married couple
-
20
30
" Common labourers," they say, " do not earn more than 4s.
to 5a. per week, with rations and lodgings mechanics, out of
" N.B. A married pair of emigrants may easily find a small
house, containing 2 apartments, to accommodate them on their
Sydney, do not average more than 157. to 201. per annum, with
rations, &c. ; mechanics of the highest qualifications, in Syd-
arrival, at a weekly rent of from 7s. to 10s.; and an un-
ney, do not average more than 21. per week the year round.
married man may lodge and board for 10s. 6d. per week."-
Agricultural labourers, capable of managing a farm in the
(Carmichael's Tract, pp. 32, 33. Lond. ed.)
capacity of bailiff, not more than 151. to 201. per annum, with
These statements certainly differ very widely from those of
rations, and hut to live in; and persons of higher grades and
the Emigration Commissioners. The greater mildness and
similar occupations cannot get more than 40l. to 601. per an-
salubrity of the climate appears to be the principal, or rather,
num, and rations."
perhaps, the only recommendation in favour of emigrating to
In corroboration of the accuracy of these statements, Mr.
Australia rather than to Canada or the United States but
Carmichael gives the substance of a letter from William
whether this be a sufficient counterpoise to the vast distance
M'Pherson, Esq., collector of internal revenue, and secretary
of Australia from Europe, the heavy expense of the voyage
of the Emigrants' Friend Society, dated the 18th of June,
thither, the chances of drought, and the high price and general
1833.
bad quality of the land, is a point to which we do not pre-
" Good mechanics can earn, in Sydney, from 30s. to 40s. per
sume to decide; but it is one that deserves the serious attention
week, without board or lodging; and in the country, from 20%
of every one who is projecting a visit to the antipodes.
to 30/. per annum, with house and rations.*
* The rations allowed to free labourers may be rated per
" Common labourers in Sydney obtain about 14s. per week,
week as follows, viz.
without board or lodging; and in the country, about 121. per
Lbs. OX.
Lbs. OZ.
annum, with house (or rather hut) and rations.*
Flour
10 0
Tobacco
0 2
" Wages given to farm servants vary with their qualifications
Beef and mutton 10 0
Salt
0 2
50/. to 601., with a house and rations, may be considered the
Tea
:
Soap
0 2
highest wages given to overseers of a superior description, and
Sugar
10
Milk
7 quarts.
201. to 251. to those of humbler pretensions.
" Their being married or single makes, in general, no differ-
t This latter (the milk), being given in lieu of tea and sugar.
ence in the rate of wages, unless where the females are ex-
So that labourers, if well-behaved and industrious, are sure
pected to perform any domestic duties: but rations are usually
to raise themselves above the station which they occupy at
given to the wife and children of a married overseer as well as
home.
to himself.
TARIFF.-Instead of the customs duties on the undermentioned articles, imposed by
the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 56., given in the first column of the Table entitled TARIFF in
the Dictionary, the acts 4& 5 Will. 4. c. 89., 5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 32., &c. have substituted
the following:
L. s. d.
L.s.d.
Apples, dried
the bushel
020
Cassava powder or starch, the produce of and im-
Ashes, pearl and pot, imported from a British pos-
ported from any British possession in America
session in Europe
the cwt. 060
the cwt. 010
Books in the foreign living languages, being of edi-
Coffee, the produce of, and imported from Sierra
tions printed in or since the year 1801, bound or
Leone, or any British possession within the limits of
unbound
the cwt.
2
10
0
the East India Company's charter
the pound 0 0 6
Bottles of earth or stone, viz. empty
the
dozen
006
Currants
the cwt. 1 2 2
full
Free.
Figs
the cwt. 0 15 0
Bronze, viz. all works of art made of bronze, the cwt. 100
Grapes, for every 100/. of the value
500
other manufactures of bronze, for every 100/. of the
Mats and matting, for every 100l. of the value
2000
value
3000
Imported from any British possession, for every
1001. of the value
500
Digitized by Google
TEA (TRADE IN).
47
L. s. d.
L. 8. d.
Oil, viz. animal oil
the cwt.
026
Plums commonly called French plums and prunellos
cocoa nut oil
the cwt.
013
the cwt. 100
olive oil
the tun 440
Prunes
the cwt. 070
the produce of or imported from any part of the
Raisins
the cwt.
0 15
0
dominions of the King of the Two Sicilies, after
the produce of and imported from any British pos-
31st of August, 1834
the
tun
880
session
the cwt.
076
imported in a ship belonging to any of the
Rice, rough, or paddy, the produce of the west
subjects of the King of the Two Sicilies,
coast of Africa, imported from a British possession
after 31st of August, 1834
the tun 10 10 0
on that coast
the bushel
001
Note. See art. OLIVE OIL in this Supplement.
Seal skins of British taking, imported direct from the
palm oil
the cwt.
013
fishery or from a British possession, the doz. skins
001
Palmetto thatch, the produce of and imported from
Spirits, viz. liqueurs, the produce of and imported
the British possessions in America
the cwt.
0
0
1
from the British possessions in America, viz.
Plantains, dried, the produce of and imported from
not being of greater strength than the strength of
the British possessions in America, for every 100/.
proof by Syke's hydrometer
the gallon
090
of the value
5 0 0
being of greater strength
the gallon 0 13 6
Pears, dried
the bushel
020
Tea, after 1st of July, 1836
the pound 0 2 1
TEA (TRADE IN). - We are truly glad to have to state that the results of the
the first year's experience of the free trade to China have more than justified the
anticipations of those who expected the greatest success from the measure. At an
average of the 3 or 4 years preceding the dissolution of the Company's charter, their
average annual imports of tea amounted to about 31,500,000 lbs. a year; but in
1833-34, the last year of the charter, the imports were only 29,592,310. The year
1834-35, the first year of the free trade, presents a very different result the imports
having amounted to nearly 42,000,000 lbs., exceeding by above 10,000,000 lbs., or
30 per cent., the Company's imports when largest! We subjoin an
Account of the Imports of the different sorts of Tea into Great Britain and Ireland in the year 1834-35,
specifying the Ports of Importation and the Quantities brought into each; with a Statement of the
Imports for 1833-34, the last Year of the Company's Trade.
Total Import
Imported by
Teas.
London.
Liverpool.
Bristol.
Leith.
Clyde.
Dublin.
of each
and under the
Description in
East I. Co. in
1834-35.
1833-34.
lbs.
lbs.
Fokien Bohea
3,007,655
619,499
45,704
110,451
-
-
107,693
3,891,002
4,398,120
Canton do.
5,791,977
887,495
119,382
92,984
72,002
150,114
7,113,954
3,763,922
Congou
14,760,304
2,700,752
795,746
327,283
249,533
566,572
19,400,190
15,233,012
Caper
349,467
131,859
-
11,951
18,649
4,859
516,785
344,240
Ankoi
66,055
19,175
-
.
85,230
Souchong
582,858
97,438
113,341
3,940
11,032
.
808,609
439,827
Orange Pekoe
801,793
111,633
27,186
13,134
953,746
257,787
Campoi
744,005
168,531
20,619
788
78,668
-
1,012,611
Pekoe
377,846
52,139
24,428
6,304
11,557
-
472,274
199,916
Twankay
3,310,949
337,526
20,882
14,053
16,851
3,283
3,703,544
3,898,563
Hyson
1,382,422
178,740
96,005
6,435
21,276
3,283
1,688,161
887,444
Hyson Skin
299,810
10,769
1,051
6,576
-
318,206
104,990
Young Hyson
403,751
26,792
2,283
657
-
-
-
433,483
Gunpowder
305,832
13,002
14,972
3,415
9,325
263
346,809
32,046
Imperial
166,714
15,235
21,276
-
8,668
+ -
211,893
Sundries, presents, &c.
85,346
-
-
-
-
-
,
-
85,346
32,448
Total into each port
32,436,784
5,370,585
1,274,638
606,498
504,137
849,201
41,041,843*
29,592,310
* Exclusive of the cargo of the Eliza (lost) and of the Sir David Scott, and one or two smaller vessels still to arrive: allowing
also 2lbs. per pecul, or 14 per cent., for difference between Canton and English weight.- (From the Circular of Weston, Moffat,
and Son, 18th of September, 1835.)
The extension of the trade is not, however, the only gratifying circumstance connected
with it. Notwithstanding the great additions made to the exports, there was either no
rise of prices at Canton, or none worth mentioning; a fact which sets the ability of
China to furnish additional supplies in the most striking point of view. The quality,
too, of the free trade teas is said, by some, to be superior, and is admitted by all to be at
least equal, to that of the Company's teas. Many apprehensions were entertained of
disturbances taking place between the crews of the private ships and the natives, that
might interrupt or stop the trade; but nothing of the sort has occurred. Under all the
disadvantages of inexperience, the free traders have, with but few exceptions, conducted
themselves with singular tact and address; and the captains of the different ships agree
in affirming, that Canton is a port where they may unload, load, and clear out, not only
without any difficulty, but with as much facility and expedition as at either London or
Liverpool. It is singular, indeed, how completely the statements put forth by the
Company's advocates, in favour of the monopoly, have been disproved in fact, the only
interruption of any kind given to the free traders was occasioned by the pretensions
advanced by the individual sent out to watch over their interests; and, however painful
the way in which that interruption was terminated, there can be no doubt that the event
was a most fortunate one for the success of this great experiment.
The accounts have not yet been made up; but we can confidently state that the
opening of the trade has been quite as successful as respects exports as imports. The
quantity and value of the cottons shipped for China, in 1834-35, very much exceed
the quantity and value of those shipped in any previous year. This, indeed, might
have been anticipated; but few comparatively anticipated what has turned out to be the
fact, that the cotton stuffs have met with a quick and advantageous sale; and that all
descriptions of twist, with the exception of some of the higher numbers, have, also,
realised good prices and profits. Indeed, we have no doubt, as well for other reasons, as
Digitized by Google
48
TEA (TRADE IN).
from the statements of gentlemen of great experience recently arrived from China, that
the trade between that country and England is yet only in its infancy. Nor is it
possible to estimate the mighty dimensions to which it may attain, should our cottons,
as there seems to be a fair prospect, come into extensive use among the Chinese.
Tea (Duties on). We mentioned in the article TEA (Dict. p. 1148.), that
objections had been made to the duties imposed on tea by the act 3 and 4 Will. 4.
c. 101. and that it had been proposed to repeal them, and to impose in their stead an
equal duty of 2s. per lb. Had tea been of a nearly uniform quality, or had the
different teas been of nearly the same value, there would have been nothing to object to
in the equalisation of the duty but, so far from this being the case, small beer does not
differ more from strong than some sorts of tea from others; and while the price, in
bond, of the inferior sorts, in most markets, does not exceed 10d. or 1s. per lb., that of the
superior sorts is as high as 4s. or 5s. Under these circumstances, it is not easy to imagine
that any thing can apparently be more oppressive or unjust than the imposition of the
same rate of duty on all sorts of tea. But, admitting the injustice, it was contended
that it was not really of a kind that could be obviated; that it was impossible to dis-
criminate between different qualities of tea; that, by imposing different rates of duty, a
door was opened to every species of fraud; and that teas admitted at one port at the
low duty of 1s. 6d. were charged at another with the higher duties of 2s. 2d. and 3s.
per lb. We believe these statements were much exaggerated; though no doubt can be
entertained of their being true to a certain extent. It was evident, indeed, that con-
siderable difficulties would have to be encountered at the outset of a new system; but
it is probable that a little experience would have done much to obviate them and it is
believed by many well-informed persons, that the duties charged under the act 3 and 4
Will.4. c. 101. might have been, at no very distant period, assessed with considerable fairness.
But government, influenced partly by a wish so get rid of the clamour and outery raised by
the importers against the discriminating duties, and partly, perhaps, by a doubt whether
they could ever be fairly collected, consented to their abolition; and, to accomplish it,
introduced and carried through the act 5 and 6 Will. 4. c. 32. This act declares that the
existing duties on tea shall cease and determine on the 1st of July 1836 and that, from
and after that date, a duty of 2s. 1d. per lb. shall be charged on all teas, without ex-
ception, entered for home consumption in the United Kingdom.
We do not deny that the necessity of the case - the impossibility of fairly assessing discriminating duties
may justify a measure of this sort but nothing short of this will afford so much as the shadow of an
excuse for it. Tea is no longer, in this country at least, a luxury, but a necessary of life and as many as
7,000,000 lbs. of Bohea have been consumed in a single year. Now, if we take the price of Bohea in
bond, in London, at 1s. per lb., and of Hyson, and other fine teas, at 48., the new duty will be equivalent
to an ad valorem tax of above 200 per cent. on the beverage of the poor, and of little more than 50
per cent. on that of the rich ! This is a grievous anomaly; and, if the difficulties in the way of assessing
discriminating duties could have been obviated by the adoption of any means at the disposal of govern-
ment, it is dealing most unjustly and oppressively by the poor. Perhaps it was not possible entirely to
obviate the difficulties in question. But had the plan we suggested (Dict. p. 1148.) been adopted, that is,
had a duty of 1s. 6d. (1s. 3d. would have been still better) been charged on Congou as well as on Bohea,
and the duties on all the other descriptions of tea been allowed to stand as they were, there would have
been but little room left for fraud; the revenue would have lost little or nothing; and the duty would
have been in all other respects infinitely less objectionable.
Warehousing of Tea.- The commissioners of customs have, by a minute dated the 10th of July, 1834,
issued the following regulations with respect to the warehousing of tea, and its removal from the original
port of importation to any other warehousing port, for the purpose of being warehoused for home
consumption
1. That the warehouses which may be approved for the deposit
6. That the officers be authorised, under the 124th section of
of tea, be exclusively appropriated to that purpose.
the Regulation Act, to draw samples of tea, not exceeding 3
2. That the article be weighed and examined at the time of
ounces of each description and quality, unless under special
importation, the officers taking care that all the packages Im-
circumstances, such samples to be disposed of as the Board
ported in each vessel be " scribed" with a progressive num-
may see fit to direct. And that the merchants or proprie-
ber, with the initials of the vessel's and master's names, and
tors of the goods be allowed to take the like quantity as sam-
the gross landing weight; and that the duty be charged
ples, under the 31st section of the General Warehousing
according to the quantity and quality then ascertained.
Act.
3. That no packages be allowed to be divided into smaller
7. That the removal of teas from the original ports of im-
packages (except for the purpose of stores), nor the mixing
portation to any other warehousing port in the United King-
of tea, of any sort or sorts, be permitted in the warehouses,
dom, for the purpose of being warehoused for home
either for home consumption or exportation.
consumption, do take place under the regulations and con-
4. That the packages be sorted and arranged in the warehouse
ditions specified in the General Orders of the 14th of June,
by the occupier, according to their respective " chops" or
1831, and 3d of November, 1832, in regard to the removal
" beds," so as to enable the officers to select from each the
of articles the produce of the East Indies and that tea so
required number of packages for taring, and to ascertain the
removed be allowed to be deposited in warehouses or floors
proper tare to be allowed on the packages in each " chop"
which may have already been approved for other goods.
or " bed and that the rule to be observed, as to number
8. When tea, or other East Indiagoods, shall be imported into
of chests to be turned out in each " chop' or " bed," be-
either of those ports for the Glasgow market, and transhipped
ing of the same size and description of tea, be as follows,
into craft properly secured, for removal to Glasgow in charge
viz
of the officers of the revenue, under such regulations for the
1 to 5- 5 chests of the same size and
security of the revenue as may appear necessary in such
description of teas
1
turned
out.
cases, the examination of the goods, for the purpose of ascer-
6 to 40- 40
3
ditto
taining the duty thereon, may take place at Glasgow instead
41 to 80- 80
4 or 5
ditto
of the port of importation.
81 to 120- 120
5
ditto
121 to 200 200
6
ditto
In all other cases, goods shall be examined at the time of
201 to 300 300
8
ditto
importation, for the purpose of fixing the amount of duty to
301 to 500. 500
10
ditto
which they may be liable, and the duty so ascertained shall
501 to 800. 800
12
ditto
be assessed on the goods at whatever future period they may
801 and upwards
16
ditto
be delivered for home consumption.
And that, in addition to the tare, an allowance-for draft be
Under these arrangements, there will be no objection to the
made of 1lb. upon each package exceeding 28 lbs. gross, to
goods being removed from the original port of importation to
be deducted from the foot of the landing account.
any other warehousing ports in the United Kingdom, for the
5. That tea entered for exportation be previously weighed,
purpose of being re-warehoused for home consumption, under
and any deficiency of the landing quantity charged with
the same regulations and restrictions now applicable to the
duty, unless such tea be deposited in a warehouse of special
removal of articles the produce of the East Indies.
security.
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TIMBER. - TONNAGE OF SHIPS.
49
The ports of London, Liverpool, Bristol, Hull, Newcastle, Leith, Glasgow, Greenock,
Port Glasgow, Dublin, Belfast, and Cork, have been declared ports into which tea may
be imported and warehoused.
TIMBER. - During last session (1835) a committee of the House of Commons
was appointed to inquire into the operation of the existing duties on timber. Having
examined several witnesses, the committee agreed to the following resolutions : -
1. Resolved, That it is the opinion of this committee, that the present mode of taking the duties on
deals is susceptible of improvement, and that this committee would recommend that a mode be adopted
which shall approach more nearly to a payment according to the contents of the deals.
2. Resolved, That it is the opinion of this committee, that the difference of duty of 45s., now imposed
by law upon timber the produce of Europe, as compared with timber the produce of our North American
colonies, is too great, and may be reduced.
3. Resolved, That it is the opinion of this committee, that, having a due regard to the interests which
have been created in the British North American colonies by the system hitherto pursued, and to the
representations of the shipping interest, a reduction of the protective duty, not exceeding 15s. per load,
appears to them to be a fair arrangement.
4. Resolved, That it is the opinion of this committtee, that such reduction be made, so far as may be
consistent with the interests of the revenue, without any augmentation of the duty on colonial timber.
5. Resolved, That it is the opinion of this committee, that, in any alteration made, such alteration
should not affect the shipments made in the year 1836.
6. Resolved, That it is the opinion of this committee, that there should be an uniform mode of taking
the duty on deals throughout the United Kingdom.
The adoption of these resolutions will be a material improvement. Still, however, they fall far short
of what the public exigencies require. An ample supply of the best and cheapest timber being, if not
absolutely indispensable, of the utmost possible importance to a manufacturing nation, possessed of a
large mercantile and warlike navy, it should be about the very last article on which duties should be
imposed. But, if a tax must, on the principle of quocunque modo rem, be laid on timber, it is surely
unnecessary to say that it ought to be laid equally on all timber imported; or that, if a distinction be
made, it ought plainly to be in favour of the best, and not of the worst, article. But, for several years
past, our policy, if we may 80 call it, has been exactly the reverse of this. We have laid high dis-
criminating duties on the superior and cheaper timber of the north of Europe, to force the importation
of a dearer and comparatively bad article from our North American possessions 1 Even supposing the
suggestion of the committee were adopted, there would still be a discriminating duty of 30s. a load
charged on the superior timber of the North of Europe over that which is laid on inferior timber from
North America. The folly of thus enhancing the cost, and deteriorating the quality, of 80 important an
article as timber, is the greater, seeing that it is by no means clear that our North American possessions
derive any real advantage from the timber trade ; at all events, it is certain that they do not gain by it
more than a very small part of the loss it entails on us ; and any injury that might be done them by the
equalisation of the timber duties, would be more than made up by the repeal of the discriminating duties,
that are at present charged on most articles of foreign produce imported into the colonies duties which,
without being productive of revenue, are the source of much irritation and disgust.
The shipowners would sustain more injury from an equalisation of the timber duties than any one
else. But we have shown (Dict. p. 1156.) that, even as regards them, the inconvenience would not be
very considerable. But, whatever it might be, it would be fully obviated by allowing them a bounty of
30s. or 40s. on the conveyance of emigrants to Quebec a measure of the policy of which we are, on this
as well as on other grounds, fully persuaded. - (See Dict. in loc. cit.)
For an account of the timber imported, exported, and retained for consumption in 1833 and 1834, see
post, p. 52.
TONNAGE OF SHIPS. - We noticed in the Dict., p. 1165., the inconveniences
attending the old method of measuring ships, and gave some of the clauses of a bill
that had been introduced for their more correct admeasurement. The subjoined statute,
5 & 6 Will. 4. cap. 56., which has embodied similar clauses, prescribes the rules according
to which the tonnage of ships is to be ascertained from and after the 1st of January
1836. These rules are not so simple or easily applied as the one that has hitherto been
used ; but they will give the tonnage of all ships, however built, with tolerable accuracy,
and will, consequently, take away the temptation, that has till now existed, to build
ships of a form unsuitable for the purposes of navigation, in order that, by measuring
less than their true burden, the duties charged according to the tonnage might be
evaded.
Repeal of former Regulations. The rules laid down in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 55. (see Dict. p. 977.)
relating to the admeasurement of ships, are hereby repealed, so far as relates to the merchant ships to be
hereafter registered. - $ 1.
Rule by which Tonnage of Vessels is to be ascertained. - From and after the commencement of this act
the tonnage of every ship or vessel shall, previous to her being registered, be measured and ascertained
while her hold is clear, and according to the following rule; viz.: divide the length of the upper deck
between the afterpart of the stem and the forepart of the sternpost into 6 equal parts. Depths: at the
foremost, the middle, and the aftermost of those points of division, measure in feet and decimal parts of a
foot the depths from the under side of the upper deck to the ceiling at the limber strake. In the case of a
break in the upper deck, the depths are to be measured from a line stretched in a continuation of the
deck. Breadths: divide each of those 3 depths into 5 equal parts, and measure the inside breadths at
the following points; viz. at 1-5th and at 4-5ths from the upper deck of the foremost and aftermost depths,
and at 2-5ths and 4-5ths from the upper deck of the midship depth. Length at half the midship depth
measure the length of the vessel from the afterpart of the stem to the forepart of the sternpost then
to twice the midship depth add the foremost and the aftermost depths for the sum of the depths add
together the upper and lower breadths at the foremost division, 3 times the upper breadth, and the
lower breadth at the midship division, and the upper and twice the lower breadth at the after division,
for the sum of the breadths then multiply the sum of the depths by the sum of the breadths, and this
product by the length, and divide the final product by 3500, which will give the number of tons for
register. If the vessel have a poop, or half deck, or a break in the upper deck, measure the inside mean
length, breadth, and height of such part thereof as may be included within the bulk-head; multiply these
3 measurements together, and, dividing the product by 924, the quotient will be the number of tons
to be added to the result as above found. In order to ascertain the tonnage of open vessels, the depths are
to be measured from the upper edge of the upper strake. - § 2.
Tonnage to be entered on Register. - The tonnage or burden of every ship belonging to the U. K.
ascertained in the manner before directed, shall, in respect of any ship registered after the commence-
D
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Google
50
TRADE AND NAVIGATION
ment of this act (except as herein excepted), be inserted in the certificate of the registry thereof, and be
taken and deemed to be the tonnage or burden thereof for all the purposes of the said act. - §3.
Tonnage of Steam Vessels. - In each of the rules before prescribed, when applied to ascertain the ton-
nage of any ship or vessel propelled by steam, the tonnage due to the cubical contents of the engine room
shall be deducted from the total tonnage of the vessel as determined by either of the rules aforesaid, and
the remainder shall be deemed the true register tonnage of said ship or vessel. The tonnage due to the
cubical contents of the engine room shall be determined in the following manner; viz. : measure the inside
length of the engine room in feet and decimal parts of a foot from the foremost to the aftermost bulk-
head, then multiply the said length by the depth of the ship or vessel at the midship division as aforesaid,
and the product by the inside breadth at the same division at 2-5ths of the depth from the deck taken as
aforesaid, and divide the last product by 924, and the quotient shall be deemed the tonnage due to the
cubical contents of the engine room. - § 4.
Length and Contents of Engine Room to be set forth in Description of Steam Vessel. - The tonnage due
to the cubical contents of the engine room, and also the length of the engine room, shall be set forth in the
certificate of registry as part of the description of the ship or vessel, and any alteration of such tonnage
due to the cubical contents of the engine room, or of such length of the engine room, after registry, shall
be deemed to be an alteration requiring registry de novo within the meaning of the said act for the regis-
tering of ships or vessels. - § 5.
For ascertaining Tonnage of Vessels when laden. - The tonnage of all ships, whether belonging to the
U. K. or otherwise, as there shall be occasion to measure while their cargoes are on board, the following
rule shall be observed ; viz. measure, first, the length on the upper deck between the afterpart of the
stem and the forepart of the sternpost; secondly, the inside breadth on the underside of the upper deck at
the middle point of the length ; and, thirdly, the depth from the underside of the upper deck down the
pumpwell to the skin ; multiply these 3 dimensions together, and divide the product by 130, and the quo-
tient will be the amount of the register tonnage of such ships. - 1 6.
Amount of Register Tonnage to be carved on Main Beam. - The true amount of the register tonnage of
every merchant ship or vessel belonging to the U. K., ascertained according to the rule by this act esta-
blished in respect of such ships, shall be deeply carved or cut in figures of at least 3 inches in length on the
main beam of every such ship or vessel, prior to her being registered. - § 7.
Not to alter Tonnage of Vessels already registered. - Nothing herein contained shall extend to alter the
present measure of tonnage of any ship or vessel which registered prior to the commencement of this act,
unless in cases where the owners of such ships shall require to have their tonnage established according
to the rule before provided, or unless there be occasion to have such ship admeasured again on account
of any alteration made in the form or burden of the same, in which cases only such ships shall be re-ad-
measured according to the said rule, and their tonnage registered accordingly. - § 8.
Commencement of Act. - This act shall commence and take effect upon and from the 1st day of
January 1836. - § 9.
Account of the Number and Tonnage of Vessels, and the Number of their Crews, belonging to the
British Empire, on the 31st of December, 1832, 1833, and 1834.
1832.
1833.
1834.
Vessels.
Tons.
Men.
Vessels.
Tons.
Men.
Vessels.
Tons.
Men.
United Kingdom
19,143
2,225,980
134,588
19,158
2,233,855
136,250
19,447.
2,274,702
138,265
Isles of Guernsey, Jer-
521
sey, and Man
35,880
3,844
531
37,446
3,839
528
37,653
3,761
British Plantations
4,771
356,208
23,202
4,696
363,276
23,911
5,080
403,745
26,035
Totals
24,435
2,618,068
161,634
24,385
2,634,577
164,000
25,055
2,716,100
168,061
TRADE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. - The following Tables give a
very complete view of the trade of the United Kingdom in 1833 and 1834. They are all
derived from official sources, and their accuracy may be depended on. We congratulate
our readers on the results they exhibit. They show, that all the great branches of ma-
nufacturing industry carried on in the kingdom are in a flourishing state. The progress of
the cotton manufacture continues to be quite extraordinary. The imports of the raw
material, and the exports of the finished articles, have increased, during the last 3 or 4
years, with a rapidity unexampled, in almost any previous period of equal duration, in
the history even of this wonderful manufacture. It is not possible to say whether our
present progress is destined to be lasting but the rapid growth of wealth and popu-
lation in almost all countries, the new markets that have been recently opened in the
East, and the more correct ideas that are beginning to be everywhere entertained with
respect to the influence of restrictions, seem to warrant the confident anticipation of
a long-continued course of prosperity, and of a very great extension of our manufactures
and trade. Nothing would be so likely to nullify these expectations, and to check our
advance, as the growth of political agitation. It occasions an insatiable craving after
change which, though it should not end in any overt act, seldom fails, in the long run,
to excite fears and apprehensions in the minds of capitalists and others that are extremely
hostile to great undertakings. It is to be hoped, that nothing may occur amongst us to
exemplify these remarks. Of all countries that ever existed, this, perhaps, is the one in
which sudden and violent changes ought most to be deprecated. They could not, in
fact, be attempted without great injury and, if carried into effect, might be pro-
ductive of the most disastrous consequences.
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OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
51
I. Account of the Official and of the Real or Declared Value of the principal Articles of British Produce
and Manufacture exported in 1832, 1833, and 1834. - (From the Annual Finance Book for 1835, pp. 121
-128.)
Official Value.
Declared Value.
Articles.
1832.
1833.
1834.
1832.
1833.
1834.
L.
s.
d.
L.
s.
d.
L.
s. d.
L.
s. d.
L.
8. d.
L.
s. d.
Brass and copper
manufactures
1,126,246 18 3
1,018,284 11 5
1,086,594 2 4
916,563 1 5
884,149 4 9
961,823 2 11
Cotton manufactures
37,206,480 10
4
40,133,343 2
3
44,266,902 13 0
12,675,622 6 6
13,782,375 17 6
15,302,571 7 1
yarn
6,726,562 17 6
6,279,076 5 8
6,802,237 18 9
4,722,759 3 6
4,704,024 9 1
5,211,014 17 8
Hardwares & cutlery
878,361 17 1
966,503 4 7
947,476 18 11
1,434,431 7 11
1,466,361 12 11
1,485,233 1 1
Iron & steel, wrought
and unwrought
2,408,183 18 3
2,690,253 14 3
2,621,672 9 8
1,190,747 12 10
1,405,034 19 3
1,406,872 2 1
Linen manufactures
2,785,549 13 6
3,589,539 0 8
3,850,763 14 5
1,774,726 13 9
2,167,023 7 1
2,443,344 18 7
yarn
5,898 7 8
50,125 16 5
82,169 10 9
8,705 7 0
72,006 5 0
136,312 11 9
Salt
353,824 19 2
392,053 7 8
371,469 19 10
149,678 1 6
184,175 10 2
152,126 14 10
Silk manufactures
475,165 19 2
695,324 0 6
533,683 9 7
529,990 10 10
737,403 17 10
637,198 5 4
Soap and candles
348,286 8 3
453,910 17 5
382,198 10 0
315,644 16 3
362,284 19 1
263,972 4 11
Sugar, refined
1,292,489 9 8
693,131 14 4
1,141,565 14 4
1,038,789 16 0
563,092 4 3
916,391 9 6
Tin, wrought and
unwrought
358,259 10 1
371,634 3 4
370,115 18 10
355,056 9 2
369,162 0 2
370,382 11 5
Wool, sheep's
149,991 12 4
175,479 12 3
81,382 17 10
219,650 1 0
332,503 17 4
192,175 14 1
Woollen and worsted
yarn
122,124 19 8
113,191
3
9
99,933 11 9
235,307 7 6
246,204 0 0
238,543 15 9
Woollen manufac-
tures
6,556,294 8 8
7,788,842 6 3
6,514,703 3 10
5,244,558 11 8
6,294,432 3 9
5,736,870 11 0
All other articles
4,232,981
1
5
4,578,646 12 11
4,678,680 1 6
5,632,293 11 9
6,097,113 0 3
6,194,358 1 6
Totals
65,026,702 11 0
69,989,339 13 8
73,831,550 15 4
36,444,524 18 7
39,667,347 8 5
41,649,191 9 6
Whereof from Great
Britain
64,582,037 9 7
69,633,853 16 1
73,495,535 11 3
36,046,027 11 5
39,305,512 19 8
41,286,594 5 6
From Ireland
444,665 1 5
355,485 17 7
336,015 4 1
398,497 7 2
361,834 8 9
362,597 4 0
II. Account of the Real or Declared Value of the various Articles of the Manufacture and Produce of the
United Kingdom, exported to Foreign Countries during each of the Eight Years ending with 1834
specifying their Value, the Countries to which exported, and the Value of those annually shipped for
each. - (Papers published by Board of Trade, vol. iv. p. 227.)
Countries to which
Exports.
exported.
1827.
1828.
1829.
1830.
1831.
1832.
1833.
1834.
L.
L.
L.
L.
L.
L.
L.
L.
Russia
1,408,970
1,318,936
1,435,805
1,489,538
1,191,565
1,587,250
1,531,002
1,382,300
Sweden
46,731
42,699
38,252
40,488
57,127
64,932
59,549
63,094
Norway
39,129
53,582
64,234
63,926
58,580
34,528
55,038
61,988
Denmark
104,916
111,880
95,247
118,813
92,294
93,396
99,951
94,595
Prussia
174,338
179,145
189,011
177,923
192,816
258,556
144,179
136,423
Germany
4,654,618
4,394,104
4,473,555
4,463,605
3,642,952
5,068,997
4,355,548
4,547,166
Holland
Belgium
2,104,561
2,142,736
2,050,014
2,022,458
2,082,536
2,789,398
2,181,893
2,470,267
886,429
750,059
France
446,952
498,938
491,388
475,884
602,688
674,791
848,333
1,116,885
Portugal, Proper
1,400,044
945,016
1,195,404
1,106,695
975,991
540,792
967,091
1,600,123
Azores
26,687
27,940
31,244
23,629
41,638
77,920
54,430
63,275
Madeira
39,916
39,802
40,283
38,444
38,960
28,038
33,411
38,455
Spain and the Balearic
Islands
225,414
301,153
861,675
607,068
597,848
442,926
442,837
325,907
Canary Islands
48,821
38,152
50,010
42,620
33,289
21,053
30,507
30,686
Gibraltar
1,045,266
1,038,925
504,163
292,760
367,285
461,470
385,460
460,719
Italy and the Italian
Islands
1,942,752
2,176,149
2,202,030
3,251,379
2,490,376
2,361,772
2,316,260
3,282,777
Malta
200,949
239,458
224,010
189,135
134,519
96,994
135,438
242,696
Ionian Islands
37,196
41,078
30,465
56,963
50,883
55,725
38,915
94,498
Turkey and Continen-
tal Greece (exclu-
sive of the Morea)
531,704
185,842
568,684
1,139,616
[888,654
915,319
1,019,604
1,207,941
Morea and Greek Islds.
335
9,694
10,446
10,149
25,914
37,179
Egypt (Ports on the
Mediterranean)
53,624
35,302
59,305
110,227
122,832
113,109
145,647
158,877
Tripoli, Barbary, and
Morocco
8,201
13,745
1,138
426
751
2,350
14,825
Western Coast of Africa
155,759
191,452
244,253
252,123
234,768
290,061
329,210
326,483
Cape of Good Hope
216,558
218,049
257,501
330,036
257,245
292,405
346,197
304,382
Cape Verd Islands
76
5,856
240
1,710
215
146
530
St. Helena
41,430
31,362
45,531
38,915
39,431
21,236
30,041
31,615
Isle of Bourbon
127
35,188
16,341
10,042
7,091
Mauritius
195,713
185,972
205,558
161,029
148,475
163,191
83,424
149,319
Arabia
-
-
-
250
East India Company's
Territories & Ceylon
3,662,012
4,256,582
3,659,218
3,895,530
3,377,412
3,514,779
3,495,301
2,578,569
China
610,637
842,852
Sumatra and Java
120,747
189,200
255,885
162,102
285,296
150,606
471,712
410,273
Philippine Islands
65,926
300
4,721
71,220
39,513
102,284
185,298
76,618
New South Wales, Van
Diemen's Land, and
Swan River
339,958
443,839
310,681
314,677
398,471
466,238
558,372
716,014
New Zealand,
and
South Sea Islands
172
2,487
845
1,396
4,752
1,576
936
Ports of Siam
10,467
-
-
.
19,742
British North Ame-
rican Colonies
1,397,350
1,691,044
1,581,723
1,857,133
2,089,327
2,075,725
2,092,550
1,671,069
British West Indies
3,583,222
3,289,704
3,612,085
2,838,448
2,581,949
2,439,808
2,597,589
2,680,024
Hayti
257,931
248,328
297,709
321,793
376,103
543,104
381,528
357,297
Cuba & other Foreign
West Indies
649,378
569,728
672,176
618,029
663,531
633,700
577,228
913,005
United States
of
America
7,018,272
5,810,315
4,823,415
6,132,346
9,053,583
5,468,272
7,579,699
6,844,989
Mexico
692,800
307,029
303,562
978,441
728,858
199,821
421,487
459,610
Guatemala
1,943
6,191
3,700
30,366
Columbia
213,972
261,113
232,703
216,751
248,250
283,568
121,826
199,996
Brazil
2,312,109
3,518,297
2,516,040
2,452,103
1,238,371
2,144,903
2,575,680
2,460,679
States of the Rio de la
Plata
154,895
312,389
758,540
632,172
339,870
660,152
515,362
831,564
Chili
400,134
709,371
818,950
540,626
651,617
708,193
816,817
896,221
Peru
228,466
374,615
300,171
368,469
409,003
275,610
387,524
299,235
Isles of Guernsey, Jer-
sey, Alderney, and
Man
320,959
329,428
319,996
344,036
324,634
317,496
335,934
360,665
Totals
37,181,335
36,812,756
35,842,623
38,271,597
37,164,372
36,450,594
39,667,347
41,649,191
D 2
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52
TRADE, ETC. OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
III. Account of the Quantities of the Principal Articles of Foreign and Colonial Merchandise imported
into, exported from, and retained for Consumption in the United Kingdom, with the Nett Revenue ac-
cruing thereon, during the Years ended 5th January, 1834, and 1835. - (Papers published by Board of
Trade, vol. iv. pp. 12-19.)
Quantities retained for
Quantities imported.
Quantities exported.
Consumption.
Nett Revenue.
Description
of Merchandise.
1833.
1834.
1833.
1834.
1833.
1834.
1833.
1834.
L.
L.
Ashes, pearl and pot,cwts.
169,729
94,134
11,395
6,136
166,422
89,960
1,505
1,326
Gross rev.
Barilla and alkali - -
214,523
193,971
2,458
3,233
219,503
180,490
16,703
17,754
Drawbcks&
repayments
}
4,460
Bark for tanning or
13,293
dyeing
-
852,201
849,300
354
1,132
854,279
849,561
26,674
28,276
Coffee, viz.
British plantation lbs.
18,833,830
22,089,123
194,980
768,946
20,941,194
22,224,073
East India & Mau-
ritius
-
6,218,299
9,951,141
3,996,097
6,303,562
1,799,319
1,558,604
591,241
614,434
Foreign plantation -
9,373,980
9,824,847
11,158,501
8,177,972
1,471
2,418
Totals
-
34,426,109
41,865,111
15,349,578
15,250,480
22,741,984
23,785,095
Cocoa
lbs.
4,608,718
2,984,894
2,351,877
2,205,316
1,268,287
1,173,795
Husks and shells
-
404,039
443,786
12,026
11,779
515,688
449,168
Cotton wool from foreign
countries, viz. :
United States of
America
-
237,506,758
269,203,075
Brazil
-
28,463,821
19,291,396
Turkey and Egypt -
987,262
855,167
Other foreign coun-
tries
-
1,696,108
2,260,852
Cotton wool from British
possessions, viz.
East Indies and
Mauritius lbs.
32,755,164
32,920,865
British W. Indies,
the growth of
-
-
1,653,166
1,672,211
British W. Indies,
imported from
-
431,696
624,314
Other British pos-
sessions
-
-
162,862
47,545
Total quantities
-
303,656,837
326,875,425
17,363,882
24,461,963
293,682,976
302,935,657
473,011
373,812
Indigo
lbs.
6,635,436
4,155,296
3,664,814
3,928,226
2,323,300
2,447,827
29,781
32,056
Lac dye
326,894
708,959
52,811
88,234
435,572
393,474
1,170
1,057
Logwood
tons
26,080
21,054
7,045
4,548
17,595
14,026
3,492
2,942
Madder
cwts.
61,397
72,004
756
1,527
72,186
70,951
14,730
7,207
Madder roots
56,662
80,297
27
-
60,549
75,271
3,721
1,892
-
Flax and tow, or co-
dilla of flax and hemp-
1,129,633
811,722
18,202
19,569
1,112,190
794,272
4,728
3,405
Currants
-
142,539
192,786
10,554
12,967
140,445
163,523
311,063
242,180
Lemons and oranges chsts.
351,951
266,323
5,294
1,460
319,147
254,783
69,392
57,434
Raisins
cwts.
158,324
213,729
36,127
27,635
137,692
147,467
149,195
122,272
Hats of straw
No.
25,723
16,550
56,093
23,956
21,469
11,487
6,092
3,260
Platting of straw -
lbs.
22,223
45,372
2,801
2,832
22,079
25,470
18,768
20,915
Hemp undressed - cwts.
527,459
673,811
32,170
19,672
512,623
666,096
2,110
2,844
Hides, untanned, viz.-
Buffalo, bull, ox,
cow,or horse hides,cwts.
296,300
437,291
29,366
56,127
265,861
342,718
39,027
51,769
Hides tanned, viz. -
Buffalo, bull, ox,
cow, or horse hides, lbs.
65,702
80,262
10,450
4,964
48,578
40,339
532
517
Leather gloves
pairs
1,436,472
1,697,944
22,638
1,411,215
1,603,828
-
29,952
Molasses
cwts.
717,934
678,382
1,332
2,078
643,886
507,980
289,623
228,621
Oil-Olive
galls
1,891,918
2,318,142
397,367
234,930
1,368,217
2,225,227
45,743
46,365
Palm
cwts.
267,194
270,669
19,738
20,412
216,225
264,806
27,043
23,606
Train, spermaceti
and blubber tuns
32,876
25,334
2,083
3,727
31,242
21,462
1,761
1,559
Saltpetre and cubic
nitre
cwts.
165,746
359,488
20,737
68,276
160,235
215,963
4,184
5,992
Flax and linseed bushels
2,179,135
2,210,237
652
7,523
2,222,967
2,211,968
13,923
13,890
Silk, raw
lbs.
2,785,109
3,643,512
66,187
4,417,027
.
207,007
15,900
13,860
Waste and knubbs
-
649,451
1,012,951
267,472
292
450
Cassia Lignea
-
-
1,297,710
2,066,836
1,341,546
1,680,350
77,067
100,182
1,778
2,196
Pepper
-
8,729,552
7,675,340
3,997,027
6,391,247
2,228,393
2,457,020
111,174
122,852
Pimento
I
4,844,973
1,396,773
2,810,384
1,799,143
330,245
322,751
6,894
6,726
Sugar, viz.-
Ra
W.
West India
cwts.
3,655,621
3,844,243
366,550
598,744
East India and Mau-
Refin
ed.
3,651,804
3,741,579
4,414,302
4,559,392
ritius
-
737,653
697,141
Foreign
-
316,018
202,030
245,698
401,044
Tallow
-
1,115,427
1,397,407
39,245
19,068
1,090,765
1,160,180
171,605
182,998
Tea
-
32,057,832
33,643,980
254,460
1,181,005
31,829,619
34,969,651
3,444,102
3,589,361
Timber, viz.
Battens and batten
ends
10,597
13,360
60
88
-
12,384
13,560
116,215
129,774
Deal and deal ends
great hund.
55,798
67,105
1,098
860
57,291
62,808
521,494
601,914
Masts 6 and under 8
ins. in diameter, No.
9,169
10,223
484
269
8,756
9,595
Masts 8 and under 12
10,449
8,108
inches in diameter-
3,136
3,853
213
210
3,209
3,612
Masts 12 & upwards,Ids.
4,416
4,470
465
86
4,833
3,791
Oak planks
2,381
2,739
19
1
2,549
2,616
10,149
10,442
Staves
gt. hund.
63,896
86,855
3,081
2,634
65,480
83,186
43,386
36,756
Fir, 8 inches square
and upwards - loads
466,694
489,466
910
624
481,523
493,200
437,629
440,300
Oak, ditto
27,622
26,494
42
32
27,236
26,854
33,775
33,075
-
Unenumerated, ditto-
32,484
41,769
90
34
33,111
40,352
8,308
10,170
Wainscot logs, ditto -
3,031
-
.
-
3,269
-
-
8,867
Tobacco, viz.
Unmanufactured - lbs.
22,082,579
38,517,861
8,060,562
12,980,951
20,502,971
21,048,324
Manufactured or
segars
386,609
959,882
210,914
273,360
143,856
145,385
3,140,085
3,223,648
-
Snuff
-
3,864
164
2,359
10,303
138
161
Wool, sheep and lambs' -
38,046,087
46,455,232
442,696
807,362
39,066,620
40,840,271
137,855
131,319
Wine, viz.
Cape
imp. galls.
454,394
484,298
16,436
5,568
545,191
524,081
75,975
72,048
French
-
275,366
363,376
99,540
128,506
232,550
260,630
63,165
71,131
Portugal
-
2,226,733
4,213,427
243,577
296,538
2,596,530
2,780,303
Spanish
-
3,368,530
3,446,563
732,306
688,021
2,246,085
2,279,853
-
173,910
161,042
1,491,078
1,562,341
Madeira
301,057
372,698
209,194
150,369
Other sorts
-
817,761
885,754
312,215
346,575
426,372
485,308
All sorts
-
7,443,841
9,766,116
1,613,298
1,639,121
6,207,770
6,480,544
1,629,219
1,705,520
VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.- UNITED STATES, ETC.
53
VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.- Population.- Including military, the total population
of Van Diemen's Land amounted, on the 1st of January, 1835, to 35,250. The males are
to the females in the proportion of about 23 to 10, and the free to the convict population
nearly as 22 to 12}. The total estimated value of the articles of colonial produce
exported from the colony in 1834 was 203,2321. ; of which 117,323L. worth were shipped
from Hobart Town, and the residue from Launceston, which is rapidly rising in point
of commercial importance. The value of the wool exported was 103,680l., being more
than half the exports. The total imports into the island during the same year, con-
sisting chiefly of British manufactures, were valued at 471,215% ; of which those im-
ported into Hobart Town were supposed to be worth 355,2731., and those into Laun-
ceston 115,942l. In 1834, there were 7 ships and 24 boats employed in the black
whale fishery from Hobart Town, and 16 ships and 53 boats from Launceston, which
produced in all oil and whalebone of the value of 25,2941. - (Hobart Town Almanac
for 1835).
VENEZUELA. - An account of the trade of La Guayra, the principal port of this
republic, in 1829, 1830, and 1831, is given in the " Dictionary" under La Guayra. The
following details with respect to the foreign trade of the republic in 1833-34 are taken
from the official statements contained in the Report of the Secretario de Hacienda, pub-
lished at Caraccas in 1835.
Exports. - Account of the Quantities and Values of the principal Articles exported by Sea from
Venezuela in 1833-34.
Articles.
Quantity.
Value.
Articles.
Quantity.
Value.
Lbs.
Dollars.
Lbs.
Dollars.
Coffee
11,602,634
1,293,655
Dye-woods
-
17,667,853
72,925
Cacao
5,384,916
706,248
Tobacco, hides, baize, and
Indigo
-
421,602
504,818
all other articles
-
-
816,837
Total
3,394,483
Imports. - During the same year the total value of the imports was 3,296,411 dollars : of these the value
of the cotton goods was 1,063,527 dollars; linens, 615,270 dollars ; woollens, 75,437 dollars ; silk, 96,912 dol-
lars; flour, 140,770 dollars; pork, 123,477 dollars, &c.
Statement of the Import and Export Trade of Venezuela in 1833-34, exhibiting the Amount of the Trade
with each Country.
Imports and Exports.
Duties on Imports and Exports.
Countries.
Imports.
Exports.
Totals.
Imports.
Exports.
Totals.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Great Britain
897,742.76
520,542-08
1,418,284.84
238,682-35
26,579.16
265,261.51
United States
783,061.33
1,115,490-38
1,898,551-71
272,708-38
33,622.25
306,330-63
France
61,969.21
205,750-21
267,719.42
25,732.88
5,757.49
31,490.37
Germany
326,972.36
384,527.26
711,499.62
103,246-98
10,338.60
113,585.58
Spain
82,399-01
1205,750.60
288,149.67
12,550.81
9,774.36
22,325-17
New Grenada
121.90
18,764.33
18,886.23
46.87
197.49
244:36
Holland
90,597'29
155,459.46
246,056.75
27,510.55
3,861.71
31,372.26
Denmark
980,101-15
740,205.33
1,720,306.48
269,895.90
25,778-38
295,674.28
Mexico
5,030
5,030
Sardinia
-
-
28,658.19
28,658.19
-
-
965.83
965.83
Hayti
1,018.90
1,018.90
.
2.92
2.92
Various
68,416.30
18,316.67
86,732.97
19,163.59
821.63
19,925.22
Totals
3,296,411.31
3,394,483.41
6,690,894.72
969,538.31
117,699.82
1,087,238.13
The trade under the head of Denmark is entirely carried on with the island of St. Thomas.
The total imports and exports from La Guayra in 1833-34 were 3,541,190 dollars, being more than half
the trade of the republic. The imports and exports from Puerto Cabello during the same year were
1,445,724 dollars; the rest were from Maracaybo, Guiana, &c. The countries to which the shipping
frequenting the ports of the republic belonged is not specified but, in all, there cleared out 242 foreign
ships of the burthen of 22,532 tons.
UNITED STATES (TRADE OF). - The following statements in relation to
the trade and navigation of the United States have been derived from the official
returns printed by order of Congress -
I. Statement showing the Quantity and Value of the Cotton Wool annually exported from the United
States since 1821.
Years.
Sea Island.
Other Sorts.
Value.
Years.
Sea Island.
Other Sorts.
Value.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Dollars.
l.bs.
Lbs.
Dollars.
1821
11,344,066
113,549,339
20,157,484
1828
11,288,419
199,302,044
22,487,229
1822
11,250,635
133,494,460
24,035,058
1829
12,833,307
252,003,879
26,575,311
1823
12,136,688
161,586,582
20,445,520
1830
8,147,165
290,311,937
29,674,883
1824
9,525,722
132,843,941
21,947,401
1831
8,311,762
268,668,022
25,289,492
1825
9,665,278
166,784,629
36,346,649
1832
2,743,373
313,471,749
31,724,682
1826
5,972,852
198,562,563
25,025,214
1833
11,142,987
313,555,617
36,191,105
1827
15,140,798
279,169,317
29,359,545
1834
8,085,937
576,631,970
49,448,402
It appears from this statement, that both the quantity and the value of the exports in 1834 were
greater than in previous years. The increase, since 1821, has been quite astonishing.
Digitized by
Google
54
UNITED STATES (TRADE OF).
II. Account of the Quantity and Value of the Cotton Wool, Tobacco, Flour, and Rice, exported from the
United States during the Year ended 30th of September, 1834 specifying the Quantities and Values of
each Article shipped for each Country.- (From Papers laid before Congress, 3d March, 1835.)
Cotton.
Tobacco.
Flour.
Rice.
Whither exported.
Sea
Island.
Other.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Dollars.
Hds.
Dollars.
Barrels.
Dollars.
Tierces.
Dollars.
Russia
1,260,494
131,140
21
1,966
413
2,168
600
26,370
Prussia
4,822
700
10
1,100
Sweden and Norway
603,979
75,692
2,224
138,279
4
25
1,587
31,235
Swedish West Indies
52
3,926
6,390
34,937
155
2,932
Denmark
103,897
11,107
311
23,108
4
18
2,644
51,410
Danish West Indies
387
34,526
45,923
246,104
1,729
27,973
Holland
32,593
4,891,377
603,211
19,101
1,012,442
223
1,119
18,765
326,067
Dutch East Indies
-
2,747
16,704
Dutch West Indies
183
15,720
13,020
70,475
275
5,058
Dutch Guiana
21
1,750
1,025
5,557
60
1,063
Belgium
1,205,085
173,279
1,910
96,575
1,190
24,197
England
5,689,759
261,006,407
33,762,334
30,658
2,937,020
19,487
95,534
13,601
247,173
Scotland
494,475
17,013,052
2,279,719
-
200
1,300
3,174
40,426
Ireland
520,110
65,611
Gibraltar
62,332
8,089
2,312
172,711
22,339
125,155
170
2,928
British East Indies
39,684
5,159
2,185
11,689
19
318
St. Helena
-
372
2,110
British Guiana
51
3,848
584
3,021
335
6,260
British West Indies
571
51,117
95,816
500,399
6,531
105,326
British American colonies
8,742
971
345
21,460
134,975
675,757
1,882
34,171
Hanse Towns, &c.
6,612,895
757,124
20,611
1,126,728
297
1,583
18,103
314,966
France on the Atlantic
1,868,610
71,060,190
10,086,585
4,641
613,952
2,050
9,821
12,100
217,901
France on the Mediter-
ranean
7,019,857
882,048
134
9,126
800
4,224
547
9,066
Bourbon, &c.
18
2,116
512
2,789
5
85
French West Indies
665
53,866
5,043
25,910
2,105
36,766
French Guiana
200
1,000
Hayti
417
34,239
47,146
249,990
2,427
41,644
Spain on the Atlantic
254,671
33,646
857
66,328
230
1,395
51
980
Spain on the Mediter-
anean
638,296
75,270
-
-
360
2,340
72
2,100
Teneriffe, &c.
-
16
239
Cuba
35,042
5,081
378
39,094
102,837
530,616
20,736
336,765
Other Spanish W. Indies
22
1,343
13,455
71,053
748
14,331
Portugal
54
857
Madeira
24
2,388
5,096
27,011
112
1,787
Fayal, &c.
1
21
Cape de Verd Islands
57
5,673
2,367
13,201
50
602
Italy
190,842
21,879
301
26,106
80
400
46
815
Malta
30
3,006
170
648
29
502
Trieste, &c.
3,805,312
437,959
5
612
-
748
12,542
Turkey, Levant, &c.
4
275
65
362
China
726
4,147
25
433
Mexico
225
14,095
14,976
74,856
133
2,727
Honduras
18
1,328
2,389
12,284
61
1,196
Central Republic of
America
-
480
8,561
3,103
17,720
75
997
Colombia
17
1,240
19,563
105,226
261
4,730
Brazil
21
1,171
152,603
876,600
432
7,821
Argentine Republic
500
100
1
44
36,776
210,549
486
8,606
Chili
245
5,673
15,683
95,905
150
2,960
Peru
2,000
13,500
South America, generally
-
48,335
306,045
West Indies, generally
133
12,653
10,039
53,228
7,049
119,691
Europe, generally
293,868
31,573
2,421
45,365
Asia, generally
514
3,209
12
280
Africa, generally
1,016
125
516
49,906
1,827
10,477
51
1,080
South Seas
10
60
14
266
N. W. coast of America
2
234
393
2,560
49
1,244
Totals
8,085,937
376,631,970
49,448,402
87,979
6,595,305
835,352
4,520,781
121,886
2,122,272
The total value of the different articles of domestic growth and manufacture exported from the
United States during the year ended 30th of September, 1834, was 81,024,162 dollars. The value of the
articles of foreign growth and manufacture exported from the United States during the same year was
23,312,811 dollars; making together a grand total of 104,336,973 dollars.
III. Account of the Imports and Exports of Tea, Coffee, and Sugar into and from the United States
during the 3 Years ending the 30th of September, 1833, with the Quantities left for Consumption.
Imports.
Exports.
Left for Consumption.
Articles.
1831.
1832.
1833.
1831.
1832.
1833.
1831.
1832.
1833.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Tea
5,182,867
9,906,606
14,639,822
526,186
1,279,462
1,712,779
4,656,681
8,627,144
12,927,043
Coffee
81,757,386
91,722,329
99,955,020
6,056,629
55,251,158
24,897,114
75,700,757
35,471,171
75,057,906
Sugar, brown
98,576,928
60,117,717
85,689,044
17,297,837
14,230,070
2,001,424
81,279,091
55,887,647
85,687,620
white
10,437,726
6,334,571
11,999,088
5,274,579
3,258,875
4,475,869
5,163,147
3,075,696
7,523,219
IV. Navigation of the United States during the 4 Years ending the 30th of September, 1834.
1831.
1832.
1833.
1834.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
American tonnage entered
922,952
949,622
1,111,441
1,074,670
sailed
972,504
974,865
1,142,160
1,134,020
Foreign tonnage entered
281,948
393,038
496,705
568,052
-
sailed
271,994
387,505
497,039
577,700
V. Amount of the registered, enrolled, and licensed Tonnage of the United States, on the 31st of Decem-
ber, 1830, 1831, 1832, and 1833.
1830.
1831.
1832.
1833.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Registered
576,475
620,451
686,989
750,027
Enrolled and licensed
615,301
647,394
752,460
856,123
Totals
1,191,776
1,267,846
1,439,450
1,606,150
Digitized by Google
WAREHOUSING SYSTEM.-WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 55
VL Statement of the Commerce of each State and Territory, commencing on the 1st day of October, 1833, and
ending on the 30th day of September, 1834. - (Papers laid before Congress, 3d March, 1835.)
Value of Imports.
Value of Exports.
States and
Domestic Produce.
Foreign Produce.
Total of
Territories.
In Ameri-
In Foreign
Total.
Domestic
can Vessels.
Vessels.
In Ameri-
In Foreign
can Vessels.
Vessels.
Total.
In Ameri-
In Foreign
can Vessels.
Vessels.
Total.
and Foreign
Produce.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Maine
896,441
-
190,680
1,060,121
726,385
88,892
815,277
18,234
656
18,890
834,197
New Hampshire
118,235
460
118,695
79,656
-
.
79,656
1,214
-
-
1,214
80,870
Vermont
322,806
-
322,806
334,372
-
-
334,372
.
-
334,372
Massachusetts
17,299,053
373,076
17,672,129
4,355,800
316,946
4,672,746
5,218,293
257,781
5,476,074
10,148,820
Rhode Island
426,569
455
427,024
405,967
14,918
420,885
80,741
.
.
80,741
601,626
Connecticut
381,285
4,435
385,720
421,419
.
421,419
997
-
997
422,416
New York
68,292,736
4,895,858
73,188,594
11,596,306
2,253,163
13,849,469
7,406,536
4,256,009
11,662,545
25,512,014
New Jersey
27
4,465
4,492
6,472
1,659
8,131
-
8,131
Pennsylvania
9,913,792
565,476
10,479,268
1,630,645
401,158
2,031,803
1,568,094
389,849
1,957,943
3,989,746
Delaware
175,735
10,208
185,943
51,945
-
51,945
0
51,945
Maryland
4,218,917
428,566
4,647,483
2,143,899
868,809
3,012,708
705,100
450,437
1,155,537
4,168,245
District of Co-
lumbia
174,753
21,501
196,254
664,145
142,757
806,902
13,492
13,492
820,394
Virginia
734,223
103,102
837,325
4,750,003
719,237
5,469,240
10,372
5,486
13,858
5,483,098
North Carolina
193,955
28,517
222,472
360,012
111,394
471,406
-
471,406
South Carolina
879,675
907,592
1,787,267
7,255,281
3,864,284
11,119,565
35,974
52,239
88,213
11,207,778
Georgia
202,432
344,370
546,802
5,166,844
2,400,483
7,567,327
-
-
-
7,567,397
Alabama
293,638
101,723
395,361
4,141,786
1,522,261
5,664,047
6,750
6,750
5,670,797
Louisiana
8,969,944
4,811,865
13,781,809
16,838,562
6,921,045
23,759,607
1,341,385
1,456,532
2,797,917
26,557,524
Ohio
14,799
4,968
19,797
145,381
96,070
241,451
-
241,451
Florida Territory
111,957
23,841
135,798
175,218
14,967
190,185
160
38,480
38,640
228,825
Michigan Terri-
tory
106,202
-
106,209
36,021
-
-
36,021
#
-
-
-
.
-
36,021
Totals
113,700,174
12,821,158
126,521,332
61,286,119
19,738,043
81,024,162
16,407,342
6,905,469
23,312,811
104,336,973
WAREHOUSING SYSTEM. - The act 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. § 20. has the fol-
lowing proviso -
The commissioners of customs shall remit or return the duties payable or paid, on the ble or any
portion of wine, spirits, or other fluid, which shall be lost by any unavoidable accident in the warehouse
in which it was deposited according to the provisions in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 57., or any other act ta
be passed for the warehousing of goods; and the duties upon the following articles, deposited in ware-
houses of special security, viz. wine, currants, raisins, figs, hams, cheese, and mahogany, when taken out
of warehouse for home use, shall be charged upon the quantities actually delivered.
Loss by Fire in Warchouses. - The 5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 66. enacts, that the clause in the general ware-
housing act, 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 56 § 41. (Dict. p. 1223.) providing for the indemnification of the merchants
for damage occasioned to merchandise in warehouses by embezzlement, waste, or spoil, or by the wilful
misconduct of the officers, shall not extend, or be taken to extend, to any damage or loss occasioned by
fire. - § 4.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.- - The act 4 and 5 Will. 4. c. 49., passed in
1834, repealed some of the clauses in the acts 5 Geo. 4. c. 74. and 6 Geo. 4. c. 12.,
establishing the new system of weights and measures, and enacted others in their stead.
But the act referred to has been itself repealed by the 5 and 6 Will. 4. c. 63. This new
act contains several important provisions. It abolishes all local or customary measures,
under a penalty of 40s. for every sale made by them; it prohibits the mischievous
practice of selling by heaped measure it enacts that coals shall in all cases be sold by
weight that with the exception of gold, silver, platina, diamonds, and other precious
stones (which may be sold by troy weight), and drugs (which may be sold in retail by
apothecaries' weight), all other articles sold by weight shall be sold by avoirdupois
weight only; and that a stone shall, in all cases, consist of 14lbs. avoirdupois; a hundred
weight of 8 such stones, &c. Lead and pewter weights are not to be stamped.
The act sets out with repealing the 4 and 5 of Will. 4. C. 49. and the provisions in the acts 5 Geo. 4.
c. 74. and 6 Geo. 4. c. 12., which require that all weights and measures shall be exact models or copies in
shape or form of the standards deposited in the exchequer; and those allowing the use of weights and
measures, not in conformity with the Imperial standard, established by said acts; or that allow goods or
merchandise to be bought or sold by weights or measures established by local custom, or founded on
special agreement. It then goes on to enact as follows -
Weights and Measures stamped at the Exchequer declared legal. Weights and measures verified and
stamped at the exchequer as copies of standard weights and measures shall be taken to be legal weights
and measures, to be used for comparison as copies of the Imperial standard weights and measures,
although not similar in shape to those required under the provisions of the said acts; and the comptroller-
general, or other duly authorised officer of the exchequer, may compare and verify, and stamp as correct
standard measures of a yard, standard weights, and standard measures of capacity, any weights and
measures which correspond in length, weight, and capacity with the standards, or parts or multiples
thereof, deposited in the exchequer, under the 5 Geo. 4. C. 74., although such weights and measures may
not be models or copies in shape or form of the standards 80 deposited. § 4.
Copies of the standard Weights and Measures worn to be re-verified. All copies of the Imperial
standard weights and measures which have become defective, or have been mended, in consequence
of wear or accident, shall forthwith be sent to the exchequer, for the purpose of being again compared
and verified, and shall be stamped as re-verified copies of such standard weights and measures, provided
the comptroller-general or other officer appointed for such verification, deem them fit for the purposes of
standards; and every new comparison and verification shall be indorsed upon the original indenture of
verification and such weights and measures shall be stamped upon payment of fees of verification only
and the comptroller-general, or other officer, shall keep an account of all copies of the Imperial standard
weights and measures verified at the exchequer. - § 5.
Local and customary Measures abolished. From and after the passing of this act, the Winchester
bushel, the Scotch ell, and all local or customary measures, shall be abolished; and every person who shall
sell by any measure other than one of the Imperial measures, or some multiple or aliquot part thereof,
shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding 40s. for every such sale: but nothing herein shall prevent the
sale of any articles in any vessel, where such vessel is not represented as containing any amount of
Imperial measure, or of any fixed, local, or customary measure heretofore in use. - I 6.
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WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
Heaped Measure abolished.- From and after the passing of this act, so much of the said acts as relates
to heaped measure is hereby repealed, and the use of heaped measure shall be abolished, and all
bargains, sales, and contracts made after the passing of this act, by heaped measure, shall be null and
void and every person who shall sell any articles by heaped measure shall be liable to a penalty not ex-
ceeding 40s. for every such sale. 7.
Articles sold by heaped Measure, how to be sold. - Whereas some articles heretofore sold by heaped
measure are incapable of being stricken, and may not be conveniently sold by weight it is enacted, that
all such articles may henceforth be sold by a bushel measure, corresponding in shape with the bushel
prescribed by the 5 Geo. 4. c. 74. for the sale of heaped measure, or by any multiple or aliquot part
thereof, filled in all parts as nearly to the level of the brim as the size and shape of the articles will
admit; but nothing herein shall prevent the sale by weight of any article heretofore sold by heaped
measure. § 8.
Coals to be sold by Weight.. From and after the 1st of January 1836, all coals, slack, culm, and cannel of
every description shall be sold by weight, and not by measure, under a penalty of 40s. for every sale. § 9.
All Articles to be sold by Avoirdupois, except, &c. From and after the passing of this act, all articles
sold by weight shall be sold by avoirdupois weight, except gold, silver, platina, diamonds, or other
precious stones, which may be sold by troy weight and drugs, which, when sold by retail, may be sold by
apothecaries' weight. § 10.
The Stone, Hundred Weight, &c. From and after the passing of this act, the weight denominated
a stone shall, in all cases, consist of 14 standard pounds avoirdupois, the hundred weight of 8 such stones,
and the ton of 20 such hundred weights: but nothing herein shall prevent any bargain, sale, or contract
being made by any multiple or aliquot part of the pound weight. § 11.
Contents of Weights and Measures to be stamped on them. - All weights made after the passing of this
act of the weight of one pound avoirdupois, or more, shall have the number of pounds contained in them
stamped or cast on the top or side thereof in legible figures and letters and all measures of capacity
made after the passing of this act, shall have their contents stamped or marked on the outside thereof in
Iegible figures and letters. § 12.
Weights of Lead or Pewter not to be stamped. The stamping of weights of lead or pewter, or of
any mixture thereof, is prohibited after the 1st of January, 1836; but nothing herein shall prevent the
use of lead or pewter, or any mixture thereof, in the manufacture of weights wholly and substantially
cased with brass, copper, or iron, and legibly stamped or marked cased," or prevent the insertion of
such a plug of lead or pewter into weights as shall be bona fide necessary for adjusting them and affixing
the stamp thereon. 1 13.
Conversion of Rents, Tolls, &c. Clauses 14. and 15. regulate the proceedings that are to take place
in England, Ireland, and Scotland, for the conversion of rents, tolls, &c. payable in weights or measures
now abolished, into Imperial standard weights and measures.
Fiar Prices.- In Scotland, from and after the passing of this act, the fiar prices of all grain in every
county shall be struck by the Imperial quarter, and all other returns of the prices of grain shall be set
forth by the same, without any reference to any other measure whatsoever ; and any sheriff clerk, clerk
of a market, or other person offending against this provision shall forfeit not exceeding 5/. 16.
Copics of Standards, Inspectors, &c.- Clauses 17, 18, 19, and 20. prescribe the mode in which copies of
the standard weights and measures shall be provided in counties, cities, boroughs, &c., the appointment
of inspectors of weights and measures, &c. Clause 22. orders, that the expense of providing copies of
standard weights, with the remuneration to inspectors, be defrayed out of the county rate. Clause 23.
prohibits any maker or seller of weights or measures from being appointed inspector, and orders all
inspectors to enter into a bond for 200L. for the due performance of the duties of their office, and the safe
custody of the stamps and standard weights and measures committed to their care. Clause 24. orders
inspectors to attend at market towns when ordered by justices. The following clauses are of general
importance.
Magistrates to procure Stamps for Inspectors, for stamping all Weights, &c. In England, the justices
in general or quarter sessions assembled, and in Scotland the justices and magistrates at a meeting called
by the sheriff, and in Ireland the grand juries, shall provide the inspectors with good and sufficient
stamps for stamping or sealing weights and measures; and all weights and measures whatsoever, except
as herein excepted, used for buying and selling, or for the collecting of any tolls or duties, or for the
making of any charges on the conveyance of any goods or merchandise, shall be examined and compared
with one or more copies of the Imperial standard weights and measures provided under authority of this
act for such inspectors, who shall stamp, so as best to prevent fraud, such weights and measures, if they
be found to correspond with the said copies; and the fees for such examination, comparison, and
stamping shall be those in the schedule at the end of this act; and every person using any weight or
measure other than those authorised by this act, or some aliquot part thereof, or which has not been
stamped as aforesaid, except as herein excepted, or which shall be found light or otherwise unjust, shall
forfeit not exceeding 51. and any contract, bargain, or sale made by such weights or measures shall be
wholly null and void, and every light or unjust weight and measure shall, on being discovered by any
inspector, be seized, and, on conviction, forfeited; but nothing herein shall require any single weight above
56 lbs. to be inspected and stamped nor any wooden or wicker measure used in the sale of lime, or other
articles of the like nature, or any glass or earthenware jug or drinking cup, though represented as con-
taining the amount of any Imperial measure, or of any multiple thereof; but any person buying by any
vessel represented as containing the amount of an Imperial measure, or of any multiple thereof, is
authorised to require the contents of such vessel to be ascertained by comparison with a stamped measure,
such measure to be provided by the person using such wooden or wicker measure, glass jug, or drinking
cup; and in case the person using such last-mentioned measure or vessel refuse to make such comparison,
or if, upon comparison being made, it be found to be deficient in quantity, the person using the same
shall be subject to the forfeitures and penalties imposed on those using light or unjust weights or mea-
sures. § 21.
Weights and Measures once stamped need not be re-stamped.- No weight or measure duly stamped
by any inspector appointed under the 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 49., or this act, or by any person or persons au-
thorised to examine and stamp weights or measures, shall be liable to be re-stamped, although the same
be used in any other place than that at which it was originally stamped, but shall be considered as a legal
weight or measure throughout the U. K., unless found to be defective or unjust. § 27.
Power to Justices, &c. to enter Shops and inspect Weights and Measures. Justices, sheriffs, magis-
trates, and inspectors are authorised to examine weights and measures, and to order such as are light or
otherwise unjust to be seized and forfeited those using such weights and measures are subjected to a
penalty of not more than 51.; and a like penalty is imposed on those refusing to produce such weights and
measures, or obstructing the magistrates. - § 28.
Penalties on Inspectors counterfeiting Stamps, &c.- Inspectors or other persons authorised to inspect
weights or measures, who shall stamp any weight or measure without verifying the same, or who shall
otherwise misconduct themselves in their office, shall for every such offence forfeit not more than 51.
Persons forging or counterfeiting any stamp or mark used for stamping or marking weights or measures,
forfeit for every offence not more than 50/. and not less than 10/. ; and persons knowingly using weights
or measures marked with such counterfeit stamps, forfeit for every offence not more than 10/. nor less
than 21. § § 29, 30.
Penalty on Price Lists, &c. From and after the 1st of January, 1836, any person printing, or clerk of
any market or other person making any return, price list, price current, or any journal or other paper
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WHALE FISHERY (SOUTHERN).
57
containing price list or price current, in which the weights and measures quoted or referred to denote or
imply a greater or less weight or measure than is denoted or implied by the same denomination of Im-
perial weights and measures under the provisions of this act, shall forfeit and pay not exceeding 10s. for
every copy of every such return, price list, price current, journal, or other paper which they publish.
- § 31.
The remaining clauses relate to the recovery of penalties; and save the rights of the Founders' Com-
pany, and of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
Schedule of fees to be taken by all inspectors of weights and measures appointed under the authority of
this act -
For examining, comparing, and stamping all brass weights,
For examining, comparing, and stamping all wooden mas-
within their respective jurisdictions,
sures, within their respective jurisdictions,-
«
8. d.
4.
Each half hundred weight
0 9
Each bushel
2
Each quarter of a hundred weight
0 6
Each half bushel
02
Each stone
0 4
Each peek, and all under
.01
Each weight under a stone to a pound inclusive 0 1
Each yard
0 of
Each weight under a pound
0 02
Each set of weights of a pound and under
0 2
For examining, comparing, and stamping all measures of
capacity of liquids, made of copper or other metal, within their
For examining, comparing, and stamping all iron weights,
respective jurisdictions,-
or weights of other descriptions not made of brass, within
s. d.
their respective jurisdictions,
Each five gallon
1 0
s. d.
Each four gallon
09
Each half hundred weight
0 3
Each three gallon
06
:
Each quarter of a hundred weight
0 2
Each two gallon
04
Each stone
0 1
Each gallon
02
Each weight under a stone
0 01
Each half gallon
- 0 1
Each set of weights of a pound and under
0 ?
Each quart and under
0 03
WHALE FISHERY (SOUTHERN).- This consists of three distinct branches
viz., 1st, the catch of the spermaceti whale; 2d, that of the common black whale of
the southern seas; and, 3d, that of the sea elephant, or southern walruss.
The spermaceti whale (Physeter macrocephalus) is found in all tropical climates, and,
on the coasts of New Zealand and Japan. The ordinary duration of the voyage of a
ship from England, employed in this department of the fishery, is about 3 years.
The common black whale of the southern seas (Physeter microps) is met with in
various places, but principally on the coast of Brazil; in the bays on the west coast of
Africa; and in some of the bays in New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, &c.
Sea elephants (intermediate between the walruss of the northern seas and the seal)
are principally met with in the seas round the Islands of Desolation, South Georgia
and South Shetland, the coast of California, &c. Vast numbers of these animals are
annually captured; vessels frequently load entirely with them and they are believed
to furnish more oil than the common South Sea whale. The oil of the black whale and
that of the sea elephant, are both known in the market by the name of southern oil ;
and they are so very similar, that those most versed in the trade can with difficulty dis-
tinguish the one from the other. Hence ships commonly engage indifferently in either
fishing as opportunity offers. The usual duration of the voyage of a ship from England
in either of the last two departments, or in the two combined, varies from 12 to 18
months. We subjoin a
Statement of the Southern Whale Fishery carried on from Great Britain since 1800; exhibiting the total
Number of Ships annually absent from Great Britain on whaling Expeditions; the total Number of
Ships that annually returned to Great Britain; the annual Imports of Sperm and of common Oil, with
the Prices of each; the Average Tonnage of the Ships at Sea; and the Average Number of Men to
each Ship.
Ships
Price of
Price of
Years.
Ships at
Sperm Oil
Common Oil
return-
Sperm
Common
Total
Average
Average
Sea.
imported.
Oil per
Value of
Tonnage
No. of
ed.
imported.
Oil per
Tun.
Tun.
Imports.
of Ships.
Men to
a Ship.
Tuns.
Tuns.
L.
L.
L.
1800
64
26
1,351
2,836
70
30
179,650
1801
78
25
555
3,538
84
40
188,140
1802
90
136
1,106
5,948
80
29
260,972
1803
92
132
1,770
4,496
80
35
298,960
1804
99
37
1,952
4,210
78
32
286,976
1805
86
32
2,413
3,099
75
30
273,945
242
28
1806
66
38
2,538
3,739
70
26
260,874
1807
43
20
1,351
1,473
78
24
140,730
1808
55
20
1,681
2,140
93
34
229,093
1809
53
15
1,824
805
100
40
214,600
1810
45
16
1,410
765
105
42
180,180
1811
59
27
3,401
966
100
37
376,142
1812
62
12
1,899
633
90
42
206,496
1815
41
23
2,598
2,131
82
50
319,586
1814
48
29
2,695
1,977
66
40
256,950
1815
56
15
1,181
1,897
66
36
146,238
300
30
1816
54
31
3,505
2,928
53
28
267,749
1817
76
24
1,969
3,009
65
30
218,255
1818
91
33
3,398
4,267
75
36
408,462
1819
112
40
3,678
4,885
85
33
473,835
1820
137
39
2,717
5,061
71
25
319,432
1821
123
58
5,606
4,570
60
19
303,190
1822
118
41
6,011
1,970
54
22
356,934
British.
Colonial.
British.
Colonial.
340
32
1823*
114
57
6,891
296
1,723
668
45
21
383,626
1824
96
42
5,928
150
742
618
40
22
273,010
1825
83
32
4,331
65
1,104
412
48
30
256,488
1826
78
38
5,695
388
454
289
55
34
359,827
1827
80
29
4,476
534
665
474
70
27
767,453
1828
83
20
3,216
116
136
338
79
25
275,078
1829
92
26
4,485
818
102
478
74
27
408,082
1830
101
25
4,157
498
419
901
72
43
390
36
392,049
1831
108
27
5,939
1,576
192
1,462
75
43
634,747
1832
106
30
5,576
1,589
402
1,785
61
28
498,301
1833
110
19
3,451
2,608
220
2,245
62
25
437,283
1834
99
27
4,021
2,710
149
2,394
65
23
496,004
*
The ships for this and the succeeding years, as for the previous ones, do not include colonial ships but those from Britain only.
From this year commenced the Imperial Measure.
E
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WINE. - WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE.
We are indebted for the above valuable table, the only one of its kind that has ever been published, to a gentleman connected
with & house that has been largely engaged in the trade since its commencement. The details may, therefore, be safely de-
pended upon.
The spermaceti and southern colonial oils are principally imported from New South Wales and Van
Diemen's Land. There used also to be a very considerable importation from the Cape of Good Hope
but that is now much fallen off. The imports of whale and seal oil from our North American possessions
have been greatly augmented of late years. That, however, is mostly the product of the northern seas.
WHALE FISHERY (AMERICAN SOUTHERN). - The Americans were among the first
to begin, and have long outstripped every other people, in the extent and success
with which they have prosecuted the southern whale-fishery. It is principally carried
on from New Bedford and other ports in the state of Massachusetts, and from Nantucket,
a small island dependent on this state, celebrated for the bold adventurous character of
its sailors, and for being the earliest seat of the fishery. We borrow from a Nantuoket
journal the following details with respect to this fishery in 1834 -
Spermaceti Whale Fishery.- The whole number of ships
the spermaceti oil imported into the United States during the
engaged in this valuable branch of the fisheries, is 273; of
year 1834. Since Jan. 1., there have arrived from the Pacific
which 257 are now absent viz. from -
Ocean 55 ships; viz., into this port, 11; New Bedford, 25;
New Bedford
94
Falmouth
6
Plymouth, 2; Fairhaven, 6; New London, 2; Edgartown, 2;
Nantucket
63
Newport
6
Sagharbor, 2; Warren, 3; Falmouth, Bristol, and Hudson,
Fairhaven
14
Sagharbor
5
1 each. The cargoes of these ships, including that of the
Bristol
13
Salem
3
Levant and Spartan (just arrived, and presumed to amount to
New London
10
Newburyport
3
5,000 brls.), average little more than 2,000 bris. each being in
Hudson
9
Poughkeepsie
2
the whole, 111,881 bris. Add to this quantity 16,000 bris. es-
Warren
7
Portsmouth
2
timated to have been brought from the South Atlantic Ocean,
Edgarton
6
Dartmouth
2
making about 128,000 bris., and we have the entire quantity
of spermaceti oil imported in the course of the last year. Of
and one from each of the following ports viz. Boston, Ply-
this quantity 70,577 bris. were received at New Bedford, and
mouth, Wareham, Rochester, Portland, Wiscasset, Fall River,
the residue at Nantucket and other ports.
Providence, Stonington, Newbury, New York, and Wilming-
A mong the ships now abroad, there are 31 which sailed in
ton Delaware. Sixteen ships only are in port, belonging as
1831; 73 in 1832; 88 in 1833; and 65 in 1834. Should no
follows: to New Bedford, 7; Nantucket, 5; Fairhaven, Ply-
unforeseen calamity take place, whereby this important branch
mouth, Sagharbor, and Edgartown, each 1.
of national industry may be injured or interrupted, the number
The aggregate tonnage of the 257 absent ships is nearly
of spermaceti whale ships expected to arrive within the year
100,000 tons. Of these, only 61 had each at last dates obtained
1835, may be set down at 70, and their cargoes at 135,000 bris.,
1,000 brls. of oil and upwards; and about the same number
valued at upwards of 3,000,000 dollars.
are not yet reported with any oil. The number of seamen and
We deduce from this valuable document one fact which we
navigators employed on board these vessels is not far from
repeat with some feeling of pride. It is, that more than half
9,000. The cost of the entire fleet, as fitted for these voyages
of the ships now engaged in the sperm whale fishery are
of 3 years' duration, probably exceeds 6,000,000 dollars.
commanded by Nantucket men though less than one fourth
A document before us furnishes a very careful estimate of
of the whole fleet is owned in this place.
There are various circumstances that conspire to give the Americans advantages for the prosecution of
the southern whale fishery that are not enjoyed by any European nation. It is difficult, however, to see
why it should not be prosecuted with still greater advantage from the ports of New South Wales, Van
Diemen's Land, &c. It is supposed by many that Rio de Janeiro would be a good station for the fishing.
We believe, however, that the southern, as well as the northern, whale fishery has passed its zenith, and
from the same cause-the decreasing supply of fish. The whales are gradually becoming scarcer and more
difficult to catch. They have been entirely, or almost entirely, driven from some of their old haunts
and the fishery is now very frequently prosecuted in very high latitudes.
WINE. - The Oporto Wine Company, described in the Dict. art. WINE, p. 1247.,
has been abolished by a decree dated Lisbon, 30th of May, 1834, of which the following
are the principal clauses -
Art. 1. All the privileges. authorities, prerogatives, and
Art. 4. The subsidio litterario shall be received, as in every
immunities of whatever nature or denomination granted to the
other place, by the receiver-general or his deputies.
Wine Company of the Alto Douro, and to the junta of its ad-
Art. 5. The duties on consumption shall be received in the
ministration, from the time of its establishment to this day, are
same manner; but those on exportation will be paid at the
abolished.
Custom-house of the city of Oporto, on the manifests which are
Art. 2. The free disposal of their vineyards and wines is
to be presented by the sellers and exporters, under the penalties
accordingly restored to the cultivators of the Upper and Lower
ordered in such cases.
Douro, as to those of all other parts of these kingdoms.
Art. 7. All ordinances and regulations whatever contrary to
Art. 3. All imposts hitherto laid on the wines of Oporto,
the present decree are abolished, as if they were expressly
with the exception of the subsidio litterario, and of the duties
mentioned. The ministers of the interior and finance are
on consumption in the city of Oporto and its district, as well
charged with the execution of the present decree.
as that of 12,500 reis on each pipe exported from the Foz of
the Douro, are abolished.
Wine, Survey of Permits, &c. The 5 & 6 Will. 4. C. 39. exempts the dealers in and retailers of wine,
not being dealers in or retailers of spirits, from the obligation to allow their premises to be entered,
and their stocks and premises to be surveyed by the officers. It also enacts that a permit shall no
longer be necessary for the removal of wine. Licences may be granted by the commissioners of
excise to sell wine in theatres, &c.
WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE. - The exemption from the export duty of 10s.
per cent. enjoyed by woollen goods, or goods of wool and cotton or wool and linen, ex-
ported to places within the limits of the East India Company's charter, has been repealed
by the 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. § 18.
Printed by A. SPOTTISWOODE, New-Street-Square, London.
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