Ask the Scholar

{
    "localId": "559236010",
    "label": "President Nixon's Trip to Europe - WHITE HOUSE ITALY February-March 1969",
    "core": "doc",
    "dtoType": "document",
    "citationUrl": "https://catalog.archives.gov/id/559236010"
}

{
    "id": "559236010",
    "sourceUrl": "https://catalog.archives.gov/id/559236010",
    "contentType": "document",
    "title": "President Nixon's Trip to Europe - WHITE HOUSE ITALY February-March 1969",
    "citationUrl": "https://catalog.archives.gov/id/559236010",
    "collections": [
        "National Security Files (Nixon Administration)",
        "Central Files"
    ],
    "iiifBase": "https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/nixon/rn-nsf/572248/Batch0007/559236010_Page_01.jpg",
    "thumbnailUrl": "https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/nixon/rn-nsf/572248/Batch0007/559236010_Page_01.jpg",
    "largeImageUrl": "https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/nixon/rn-nsf/572248/Batch0007/559236010_Page_01.jpg",
    "imageCount": 94,
    "hasImages": true,
    "source": "import",
    "hasTranscription": false
}

{
    "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/id/559236010",
    "naId": 559236010,
    "levelOfDescription": "fileUnit",
    "recordType": "description",
    "ocrSource": "nara-archive"
}

{
    "seq": 47,
    "pageIndex": 0,
    "type": "photo",
    "url": "https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/nixon/rn-nsf/572248/Batch0007/559236010_Page_47.jpg",
    "mediaId": "5f7bfe76d2954283",
    "ocrText": "GOVERNMENT\nDemocratic Party. The two parties had split in\n1947 over the issue of collaboration with the\nItaly has been a democratic republic since\nCommunists, which was supported by the fol-\nJune 2, 1946, when the monarchy was abolished\nlowers of the Italian Socialist Party Secre-\nby popular referendum. The Constitution, which\ntary, Pietro Nenni, and opposed by Social Dem-\nwas promulgated on January 1, 1948, established\nocratic elements under the leadership of Giuseppe\na bicameral Parliament, a separate judiciary, and\nSaragat, now President of Italy. The abandon-\nan executive branch composed of a Council of\nment of Communist collaboration by the Neni\nMinisters (Cabinet) and headed by the President\nSocialists in 1957 and the subsequent development\nof the Council (or Prime Minister). The Cabinet,\nof the center-left coalition, in which both the\nwhich in practice is composed of members of\nNenni Socialists and the Social Democrats were\nParliament, must retain the confidence of both\nalined with the Christian Democrats, paved the way\nhouses. The President of the Republic, who is\nfor the merger of the two parties. The reunified\nchief of state, is elected for 7 years by Parlia-\nparty is a member of the Socialist International.\nment sitting jointly with a small number of\nThe PSI polled 14. 5 percent of the popular vote in\nregional delegates. He nominates the Prime\n1968. Party Secretary: Mauro Ferri. Newspaper:\nMinister, who chooses the other Ministers.\nAvanti!\nExcept for a few Senators, both houses of Par-\nThe Liberal Party (PLI) is anti-clerical,\nliament-the Chamber of Deputies (630 members)\nright-center, and strongly pro-NATO. In the last\nand the Senate (322 members)-are popularly and\nnational elections it won 5. 8 percent of the popular\ndirectly elected by proportional representation. In\nvote. The PLI participated in several coalition\naddition to 315 elected members, the Senate in-\ngovernments in the past. Secretary General:\ncludes the two living ex-Presidents and five other\nGiovanni Malagodi. Official weekly: La Tribuna.\npersons appointed for life according to special\nThe Italian Social Movement (MSI), on the ex-\nprovisions of the Constitution. Both houses are\ntreme right, is imbued with the traditions of fas-\nelected for a maximum of 5 years, but either may\ncism and the memory of Mussolini. The MSI\nbe dissolved before the expiration of its normal\npolled 4.5 percent of the popular vote in 1968.\nterm. Legislative bills may originate in either\nPolitical Secretary: Arturo Michelini. Newspaper:\nhouse and must be passed by a majority in both.\nIl Secolo.\nThe Italian state is highly centralized. The\nThe Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist\nchief executive of each of the 92 Provinces, the\nUnity (PDIUM) is a rightist group formed in 1959\nPrefect, is appointed by, and answerable to, the\nby the unification of two monarchist parties which\ncentral Government. In addition to the Provinces,\ntogether polled 1.3 percent of the vote in 1968. Its\nthe Constitution provides for 19 regions with\ninfluence and popular support, largely centered in\nlimited governing powers. Five regions have been\nNaples and the south, have decreased in recent\nestablished so far-Sardinia, Sicily, Trentino-\nyears. Political Secretary: Alfredo Covelli. News-\nAlto Adige, Valle d'Aosta, and Friuli-Venezia\npaper: Roma (published in Naples).\nGiulia-and formation of the others is in the pro-\nThe Republican Party (PRI) is a small, left-\ngram of the present government.\ncenter party with a tradition going back to the 19th\ncentury struggle to unite Italy as a republic. The\nPRI drew 2.0 percent of the 1968 vote. It has\nPolitical Parties\nparticipated in several postwar governments,\nincluding the present one. Party Secretary: Ugo\nThere are nine major political parties and a\nLa Malfa. Newspaper: La Voce Repubblicana.\nnumber of minor ones. The major parties, in the\nThe Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian\norder of their approximate strength in the last\nUnity (PSIUP) was formed in January 1964 by a\ngeneral elections (1968), are:\ngroup of left-wing Socialists who contended that\nThe Christian Democratic Party (DC) polled\nPSI participation in the Moro government would\n39.1 percent of the popular vote. This descendant\njeopardize important Socialist objectives. The\nof the Popular Party of the early 1920's has been\nPSIUP was first tested in a national election in\nthe core of all postwar governments. It repre-\n1968, and won 4.5 percent of the total vote.\nsents a wide range of views, which sometimes\nParty Secretary: Tullio Vecchietti.\nmakes it difficult to reach agreement on specific\nissues. Party Secretary: Flaminio Piccoli. Of-\nficial newspaper: Il Popolo.\nPostwar Coalitions\nThe Communist Party of Italy (PCI), the largest\nCommunist Party in Western Europe, has ad-\nThe postwar governments that laid the basis for\nvocated the policies of the Soviet Union in for-\nthe new Italian democracy and the extraordinary\neign affairs and reform of the state in domestic\nindustrial growth of the country were based on a\naffairs. The PCI obtained 26.9 percent of the\nPLI-DC-PSDI-PRI coalition. This combination\npopular vote in 1968. Secretary General: Luigi\ndrew increasing criticism, however, from the\nLongo. Newspaper: L'Unità.\nPSDI and PRI, as well as from a substantial seg-\nThe Italian Socialist Party (PSI) was recon-\nment of the DC, as being no longer responsive\nstituted from the merger in October 1966 of the\nto the times. As a result, a \"center-left\" gov-\nItalian Socialist Party and the Italian Social\nernment was formed under Prime Minister\n3"
}