Gallup, George, Dr.

CHICAGO SUN-TIMES, Sun., Sept. 25, 1960 SECTION TWO 9 WILLIAM R. FRYE Why Nikita Talked Tough At UN NEW RK-Sovie Prime Minister Nikita diplomats do not believe that it need be taken or new, but nonetheless was reasonably well S. Khrushchev is clearly a man under extreme wholly at face value. Seen in the context of received here. It was regarded as a genuine impulsion to be tough. He now has flung the Sino-Soviet power struggle, they say, it effort to get East-West relations back on the down a challenge to the West to end the should be interpreted as an effort to retain rails. Khrushchev's decision to shoot down the cold war on his terms- or else. leadership of the Communist world. dove did not sit well. This kind of talk is not If "peaceful coexistence" is to be the ac- likely to serve his purposes This means the Kremlin chief is likely to cepted party line, if it is to be incorporated run into a stone wall. He is likely to be con- anywhere west of the Iron into the major party program-th revised fronted by a major rallying of support for Curtain. It will simply gal- Communist is now being vanize the West into redou- Mr. Hammarskjold. Western diplomats may drafted, it must seem dynamic, revolutionary, find UN majorities easier to muster then. Life bled counteraction, turn the crusading and productive. UN solidly against him, and in the UN that he has affronted SO badly may Khrushchev therefore built himself up a not be particularly pleasant for Khrushchev. perhaps even frighten some formidable UN platform, summoning or en- of his own Western collabo- ticing a dozen or more chiefs of state into the AT THAT POINT, UN observers believe. rators, such as Fidel Castro audience, and used that platform to fling de- the critical showdown will come. Khrushchev of Cuba. fiance to the face of the enemy. said Friday he still wanted a summit con- WILLIAM R. The purpose he seeks to ference in a few months time. Perhaps at FRYE achieve must therefore lie HE PRESUMABLY though his perform- that point he will accept defeat of his efforts east of the Iron Curtain. It must be either ance cast him in heroic proportion. It is hard at intimidation and sit down to negotiate with to solidify his own grip on power in the for Westerners to judge the reaction of Com- a new President in Washington. Kremlin or to triumph over a challenge to munists in Peiping and in Eastern Europe. This could mean a total break between his policies from Red China. Perhaps in their eyes Khrushchev did appear Moscow and Peiping, but it is what most UN heroic. people think Khrushchev will do if he retains THE LATTER IS THE THESIS most wide- But if these tactics backfire--as they almost control over events. ly accepted here. certainly will backfire- then? Will Khru- On the other hand, Khrushchev could be Moscow and Peiping are locked in a major shchev still be the Communists' knight on a SO discredited inside the Communist world that ideological struggle, the principal issue of white charger? he or a successor would feel obliged to ca- which is whether peaceful coexistence with President Eisenhower's address to the UN pitulate to the Red Chinese line-that world the West is desirable-or indeed even possi- Thursday was well designed to unhorse him. atomic war is inevitable and even desirable. NIKITA S. KHRUSHCHEV ble. Red China openly favors war. Khru- It contained little or nothing that was startling That, of course, would mean Armageddon. shchev says he prefers peace, and most West- ern diplomats believe at least this much. In an effort to protect himself against scorn- ful charges of "softness" toward capitalism, Khrushchev now has evolved and proclaimed Debate May Sway The Undecided to the world a policy of "imposing" peace upon the Western world, almost literally at By George Gallup terviewers handed voters a card listing the they rate Nixon and Lodge higher than they the point of a gun. Director, American Institute tickets under their respective party headings do Kennedy and Johnson. Here is the per- THE SOVIET DICTATOR, in his ranting, of Public Opinion and asked this question: centage of undecided voters who gave each adjective-laden tirade to the UN Friday, all PRINCETON, great debate on "If the presidential election were being of the candidates a "highly favorable" rating TV Monday night comes at a time when mil- held today, which candidates would you but threatened to march back into the Congo on a 10-point scale: lions of Americans are trying to make up vote for-Nixon and Lodge or Kennedy to rescue Patrice Lumumba from oblivion. and Johnson?" UNDECIDED VOTERS He demanded the ouster of Sec.Gen. Dag their minds on the next President. Enthusiasm Ratings Hammarskjold, who has stood up courageously For the last six weeks, neither Sen. John WITH THE RACE so close, the political Nixon 24% to Soviet subversion in the Congo. Kennedy nor Vice President Richard Nixon affiliation, if any, of those undecided becomes Lodge 33 has been able to gain a decisive lead. important. He reiterated, in virtually take-it-or-leave-it Kennedy 20 terms, his earlier proposals for disarmament. In the latest coast-to-coast interviewing by All voters in the present survey were Johnson 18 the Gallup Poll-conducted during the period asked whether they consider themselves Re- This portion of his speech was mistakenly in- Results of this survey are based upon 1,603 terpreted by some observers as an olive Sept. 8 to Sept. 17 in 160 sampling areas publicans, Democrats or Independents. interviews obtained in 160 sampling areas by branch; actually, those who have followed dis- across the nation-the two men again run When the politics of the undecided voters 160 field representatives of the Gallup Poll. armament closely saw it as a defiant retreat virtually neck-and-neck. alone are considered, it is seen that half of This report represents the third nation- from, rather than a conciliatory step toward, Here is the present lineup: them are Democrats; only 17 per cent are Re- wide survey in the last six weeks. the West. Prefer Nixon-Lodge 45% publicans. This is the breakdown: If these three surveys are taken together, "Lean to" Nixon-Lodge 2 UNDECIDED VOTERS HE CALLED for the immediate, total abo- representing a total of 4,680 interviews, the Undecided 7 Political Affiliation lition of "colonialism" everywhere except, of two candidates each receive exactly the same Prefer Kennedy-Johnson 45 Democrat 50% proportion of the total national vote. Here course, in the Soviet empire. This demagogic "Lean to" Kennedy-Johnson Independent 33 are the results: appeal was virtually a summons to the black Considering only those voters who expressed Republican 17 This Sept. man to rise up in revolt against the white Aug. a preference, the results would be: Nixon- Some insight into why this group is unde- Report 14 31 man. Lodge 51 per cent, Kennedy-Johnson 49 per cided is offered by the "enthusiasm rating Nixon-Lodge 47% 47% 47% Such incendiarism, it scarcely need be cent. they give each of the four candidates. Despite Kennedy-Johnson 46 48 47 pointed out. is a dangerous business. But UN In obtaining these results, Gallup Poll in- their Democratic tendency on a party basis, Undecided 7 5 6 GREAT IDEAS FROM THE GREAT BOOKS Free Will Views Clash TODAY'S QUESTION Dear Dr. Adler: Is man really possessed of freedom of will or are his thoughts and acts deter- By Mortimer J. Adler and influences or elements of personal history choose one way or the other, and that this mined by causes and forces largely beyond and character. To attribute the power of free Director, Bureau of Philosophical Research makes them morally responsible for acts they his control? Isn't the modern trend in law. choice to the human will is to render human do of their own free will. We can be held politics, economics and philosophy, to Dear Mr. Mann: action as unintelligible as chance or random deny that freedom of choice exists? What The proponents of free will maintain that events. accountable only for what we freely choose are the main philosophic views about man has the power to choose his acts freely. to do. The "free willists" would maintain that free will? THIS DISPUTE ONE of the most They hold that an individual's action is not the psychotic murderer is not morally respon- ARNETT MANN determined by his own past or by present intense and irreconcilable in the history of sible for his acts, since he lacks free will, but Salyersville, Ky. circumstances. Given the philosophy-goes beyond metaphysical con- siderations to the foundations of our ethical that the professional criminals are criminals same character and past ex- and legal systems. In the dramatic climax of by choice and hence they are accountable. actions are voluntary precisely because they perience, two individuals under identical circumstances the film classic "M," the psychotic child A THIRD SCHOOL OF THINKERS flow from my strongest desires, and they are murderer, played by Peter Lorre, turns on the moderate or "soft determinists"- a middle imputable to me because they are determined can choose to act in quite different ways. underworld "tribunal" that is trying him (com- position. The ""soft determinists" hold that our by my character. The opponents of free will, posed of professional thieves, safe crackers, choices are determined or conditioned by ©1960, Field Enterprises, Inc. the "determinists," deny this. etc.), and he says, "You are the guilty ones, various external and internal factors, but that for you have chosen to be criminals, but I can't They hold that under a given we can, nevertheless, be held responsible for You can win a 54-volume set of the set of circumstances a man help myself." This poses the question of moral our voluntary actions on two conditions. The responsibility, which the "free will philos- Great Books of the Western World by of particular character can first is that the action is one which the in- choose to act in one way MORTIMER J. ophers" and various schools of determinists writing a letter, not to exceed 150 words. dividual himself desires to perform. The second ADLER answer differently. incorporating a question of general interest only. He may have freedom is that he is under no external compulsion to for Dr. Adler to consider for inclusion in of action if the circumstances permit him to The extreme or "hard determinists" hold perform the act. this column. Each week he will select as act as he chooses, but he has no freedom of that men cannot help choosing as they do. The "free willists" and the "soft determin- first prize winners the writers of the three choice. Hence they cannot be held morally responsible. ists" take radically different views of human best letters. He will use ONE of these In the example cited, they would say that the desire and personal character. For the "free letters as a basis for a future column and ACCORDING TO the determinist theory, all psychotic murderer and the professional crimi- willists," my freedom consists precisely in my will answer it in terms of the intellectual events and actions are subject to the law of nals are determined by heredity, environment, power to decide against my strongest desires cause and effect. Human conduct (as well as heritage of the Great works and other factors to be just what they are. and to alter my whole previous pattern of the motion of physical bodies) is subject to by 74 authors, spanning 30 centuries of The "free willists" take the opposite view. action. I can, in other words, transform my this law. The causes may be external conditions thought. Address the letters to Dr. Mor- They hold that normal men have the power to own character. For the "soft determinists," my timer J. Adler, in care of The Sun-Times.