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James Cicconi's Subject Files
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THE WILSON CENTER
JAMES H. BILLINGTON, Director
November 22, 1983
TO:
Members of the Board of Trustees
FROM:
James Janes H. Billington Hisiy
RE:
Transmittal of Minutes
I am writing to forward the minutes of the September Board
meeting to you, along with a few other items which you might find of
interest. I should like to call special attention to the mention of
our endowment resolution in this report. As promised, Vice Chairman
Bob Mosbacher wrote each trustee after the meeting, and several of you
are now working on our drive. I hope that in coming weeks such parti-
cipation will grow; it is a powerful and persuasive message to our
outside prospects.
Among the enclosures are several items referring to the evening
dialogue we held here on November 15 on the occasion of the 50th anni-
versary of Soviet-American diplomatic relations at which former Ambassador
George Kennan and other former U.S. ambassadors to the U.S.S.R. spoke.
I am enclosing a copy of his remarks, the guest list, and some clippings
about the evening. I also enclose copies of both an article I wrote for
this past Sunday's Washington Post and of my report to the two Congressional
delegations I accompanied to the Soviet Union last summer.
I wanted to remind you of the next Board meeting at 10:00 a.m. on
Tuesday, March 6. We are planning a special event the night before, and
I will send you details of this when they are settled. Please reserve
these two dates on your calendar.
With best holiday wishes and the hope that I'll see or hear from
you soon.
Enclosures a/s
ADC Pl note on my calendar. Thanks
I
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20560 202 357-2429 CABLE: WILCEN
THE WILSON CENTER
W
September 21, 1983
3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Summary Minutes of the Thirty-second Meeting
of the Board of Trustees
Present: William J. Baroody, Jr., Chairman
Theodore C. Barreaux
William J. Bennett
Daniel J. Boorstin
James W. Cicconi (for Mr. Baker)
Stuart E. Eizenstat
Mary Frances Lowe (for Secretary Heckler)
Robert A. Mosbacher
Jesse H. Oppenheimer
S. Dillon Ripley and John E. Reinhardt
Anne Firor Scott
Daniel J. Terra (for Secretary Shultz)
Robert M. Warner
Unable to attend: Kenneth B. Clark
Max M. Kampelman
Charles Z. Wick
Staff members present: James H. Billington
Prosser Gifford
George Liston Seay
Mernie M. Weathers
Chairman Baroody commented on the large attendance at the Wilson Council
meeting which he and three other Board members had attended earlier in the
day. He expressed the hope that Board and Council might work more closely
together on the Center's funding needs and invited Board members to partici-
pate in the three-day, high-level conference on the future of Germany to be
held September 21-23 at the Center.
The minutes of the last meeting of March 1, 1983, were approved.
1. Finance Committee Report. (Mr. Mosbacher, Chairman) Before the
committee report was presented, Mr. Baroody circulated a document prepared by
Center director James Billington and asked Board members to read it (enclosed).
Mr. Billington then summarized the unique opportunities for the Center by
virtue of its location in Washington, D.C.; its embassy-like role of finding
and bringing scholars into touch with its resources and its political culture;
its unique program organization by regions of the world; and its dedicated
staff, rotating body of fellows, and increasing network of alumni throughout
the world. He stressed that the Center's long-range special mission is to
deal with philosophic, historical, comparative dimensions and longer-range
strategic perspective. Although annual fund raising has increased and a
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BLILDING WASHINGTON DC 20560 202 357-2429 CABLE: WILCEN
Summary Minutes of the 32nd Meeting of the Board of Trustees
Page 2
certain amount of annual fund raising is healthy, some endowment was needed to
permit longer-range planning and allow the leadership of the Center to concen-
trate more on their creative, catalytic, and facilitative roles.
Mr. Baroody reminded Board members that at the previous meeting in March
the Board had discussed the following five possible ways to increase concrete
Board participation in the endowment campaign, based on the suggestion made
by Robert Mosbacher (Vice Chairman and chairman of the Finance Committee):
to (1) identify a new endowment prospect and present him or her to the Center;
(2) organize and sponsor an event that introduces prospective donors to the
Center; (3) suggest and organize a regional visit; (4) make a personal commit-
ment and contribution to the campaign; and (5) introduce new corporations or
foundations to the Center. Mr. Baroody mentioned that ex-officio government
Board members and members from the academic community might find direct solici-
tation for The Wilson Center an impossible task-and that each member should
decide how he or she can contribute or participate. He further suggested that
the Council and the Board work together for concrete participation by members
of both bodies within a definite time span.
Mr. Mosbacher said he would be writing to each Board member to ask for
names of contacts, in addition to planning meetings in Texas and California
in forthcoming months, at which specially prepared video tapes could be used
for presentation.
During the discussion which followed, Mr. Barreaux suggested that Board
members might wish to undertake a specific assignment with a counterpart on
the Wilson Council in seeking commitments toward endowment.
Asked whether the senior staff might "burn out" their energies raising
funds at the expense of administering the Center's programs, Mr. Billington
said that in the ten years he has been director, annual private-sector giving
has risen from less than $100,000 to the vicinity of $2,000,000. In answer
to a question, he indicated that he now spends approximately two-thirds of his
time fund raising. He said that he and the Center needed to spend more time
on the Center's meetings. Asked whether departmentalization inherent in pro-
grams might threaten the spontaneity and variety of a more free and random
scholarship, Mr. Billington said that approximately half the fellowships of
the Center at any given time were located in the broadly defined programs
(History, Culture, and Society and the Program on American Society and
Politics), but that all scholars in all programs are chosen only for their
individual projects.
Deputy Director Prosser Gifford called attention to a chart prepared for
the financial report which indicated a "committed carryover" of only eight
percent of annual funding for future spending needs. He then pointed out that
most conferences must be planned a minimum of eighteen months in advance and
that the Center needs some assurance and some flexibility for long-term sched-
ules which endowment would permit.
Mr. Oppenheimer discussed the possible advantages of an annual giving
program for the Wilson Council and offered to assist its activities involved in
his area of the country.
Summary Minutes of the 32nd Meeting of the Board of Trustees
Page 3
George Seay briefly described the Wilson Council as presently composed of
35 leaders of foundations and corporate executives, dedicated to assisting the
Center with "outreach" and major funding, including endowment. While pursuing
an endowment goal of $7 to $10 million established several months ago as a
result of outside consultation, the Center has received $1.7 million in firm
commi tments toward such an endowment. Recently, potential donors have asked
about the involvement of those groups governing and supporting the Center in
this goal; and a demonstration of such support could help the Center add as
much as an additional million dollars. Before Mr. Barreaux moved a resolution
of support for the endowment effort, Mr. Mosbacher asked that all members be
candid in their responses in order accurately to reflect the enthusiasm (or
lack of it) by the governing body.
RESOLVED: That the Board of Trustees of the Woodrow Wilson
International Center for Scholars give its full endorsement to the
building and investment of a $7 million Endowment Fund for the pro-
grams of the Center. Toward this end, Board members pledge their
individual cooperation as appropriate in accordance with the recom-
mendations offered by Vice Chairman Robert Mosbacher on March 1, 1983.
It is the desire of the Board that every effort be extended toward the
successful conclusion of this campaign by March 31, 1984.
This resolution was unanimously carried.
2. Publications and Meetings Committee Report. (Mr. Gifford for
Mr. Wick, Chairman) Mr. Gifford said the regular publication program of the
Center has continued to gather momentum: the Wilson Quarterly now publishes
five issues a year and copublishing ventures also continue to flourish. A new
dimension now in planning with seed money from the Ford Foundation is a series
of Wilson Center Papers, which--it is hoped--may after a period of three years
become self-sustaining from sales and subscriptions.
A second dimension will be expanding FM radio offerings by producing a
once-per-week 30-minute program which will make use of the Center fellows,
guest scholars, and meeting and conference participants. These weekly broad-
casts will also be available on cassettes and marketed to schools, colleges,
and public affairs groups. The Center plans to begin January 1, 1984, with a
considerable reserve of prepared programs. He also called attention to the
variety of major meetings and conferences forthcoming in the next few months.
Mr. Bennett said that there was no need to use hyperbole in describing the
Center, which is a very good institution; he commented on the value of the
Quarterly to him and suggested adding more of the Center's material to that
journal.
3. Program Committee Report. (Mr. Eizenstat, Chairman) Mr. Eizenstat
reported that on June 3, 1983, the Center received notification of a grant of
$544,500 from the Ford Foundation to provide support over a three-year period
for international program innovation and improved outreach. The grant requires
that a considerable portion of its funds be matched for specific projects, and
that in addition two or more of the Center's six programs be involved in plan-
ning major conferences and meetings.
Summary Minutes of the 32nd Meeting of the Board of Trustees
Page 4
At its May 9, 1983, meeting the Program Committee agreed that the new
European program should develop along lines consistent with the other area
programs, and that funding and space allocation be subject to further review.
No separate competition for the European program is planned until the fall of
1984; those selected during the coming year would be out of the existing pool
of applications to History, Culture, and Society--much in the way that the East
Asia Program developed. In early summer 1983, pursuant to Program Committee
authorization, a search began for a Program Secretary of the European program.
To inaugurate the program, money will have to be raised to cover staff
and meeting expenses. Stipends and some modest programmatic funds are avail-
able through federal and Ford Foundation allocation. At least $100,000 per
year will be needed to sustain a program comparable to the other international
programs. The Center hopes for support of the European program from the
Volkswagen Foundation and hopes to secure in addition a mix of European and
American funding to sustain the European program through its first three years.
4. Director's Report. Mr. Billington briefly spoke of accompanying
during the summer two leadership delegations to the Supreme Soviet of the
U.S.S.R., one with the House of Representatives and a second with the Senate.
In addition, he visited the People's Republic of China, Japan, and the Republic
of Korea to recruit new talent and to visit Center alumni. He spoke of the
generous hospitality and stimulating exchanges with the alumni and their con-
tinuing interest in supporting The Wilson Center through scholar recruitment
and exploration of funding possibilities. In Russia, Congressman Foley's
delegation from the House of Representatives proposed an imaginative set of
exchange meetings to follow on the 50th anniversary of recognition of Soviet-
American relations. These meetings, in which the Center was to play a major
part, may, however, have to be curtailed in the wake of the Korean airline
tragedy.
Mr. Billington mentioned that the Center will celebrate on October 24,
1983, the 15th anniversary of the legislation which created the Center with a
reception and a small dinner at which Senator Patrick Moynihan, one of the
founding fathers and long-time vice chairman of the Board, will speak. In
addition, the Program on American Society and Politics hopes to schedule dia-
logues involving the three former presidents. President Carter has agreed to
come in early January, and President Ford may come soon after that.
5. Date of Next Meeting. Mr. Baroody scheduled the next Board meeting
for Tuesday, March 6, 1984, at 10:00 a.m.
The meeting adjourned at 5:00 p.m., and Mr. Baroody requested that members
of the Board remain for an executive session.
Respectfully submitted,
Marnier Weathers
Mernie M. Weathers
Secretary to the Board
CCB
7/25/02
CONFIDENTIAL FOR USE OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES
September 19, 1983
THE WILSON CENTER
I. The Special Opportunity Ahead
Having just completed ten years as director of an active insti-
tution and looking forward to the fifteenth anniversary of its enabling
legislation, the time may be ripe to tell its major supporters fairly
simply just what the Center now is and might be.
I believe that The Wilson Center has already become a uniquely
important institution for our civilization, and that it now has a unique
opportunity to affect the destiny of that civilization.
This may seem an extravagant claim, but I believe there is a
solid argument. I would ask you to correct or refute me if you disagree--
and to support us in new ways if you agree. The crucial elements are as
follows:
(1) Washington now contains both the world's greatest repository
of scholarly resources and data and the world's most important repository
of political power (in terms of both the raw power to coerce and the moral
power to inspire). This Center is an utterly unique national institution
within the city created by Congress to be an active, living intermediary
both physically and spiritually--between these two features of this city.
2. The United States has built the largest and most sophisti-
cated system of higher education rooted in research in world history.
The Center is utterly unique in America in being an embassy of that
university-based world of scholarship to the world of politically based
advocacy of Washington, D.C. The Center is the only place for bringing
world-class intellects to Washington in any significant numbers, for pure
research on self-initiated topics in the humanities and social sciences-
and, at the same time, bringing scholars into contact with politicians
who are in the very different business of advocacy and horse-trading.
The Center differs fundamentally from other high-quality "think tanks" in
Washington which do direct public policy research. These centers generally
bring preselected scholars to Washington permanently as employees (rather
than--as the Center does--temporarily as competitively selected fellows).
They usually provide analysis of policy options and/or argumentation for
predetermined advocacy positions and are, thus, essentially an intellec-
tual enrichment of the advocacy process rather than a resource pool of
disinterested intellect.
The Center serves as a place to rotate hard-core scholars in
and out of Washington (rather than a place to rotate scholar-politicians
in and out of government as the "think tanks" often do) thus offering a
distinctive form of vitamin enrichment for both the university world of
research and the advocacy politics of this city.
CONF IDENTIAL FOR USE OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES
2
(3) The problems of the world are both deepening and multiplying,
and the United States cannot escape from its involvement therein. The
problems are so complex, perplexing, and threatening that a fuller engage-
ment of the analytic intellect and moral imagination of our university-based
thinkers is profoundly desirable and may be our most important under-tapped
resource for new breakthroughs in wisdom and understanding.
At the same time, material support is rapidly declining for
both higher research in the humanities and social sciences within the
United States and for international contacts with rapidly proliferating
global centers of scholarly activity in the humanities and social sciences.
Therefore, the Center's special identity as an international center for
scholars gives it a unique potential to do something that is becoming
harder to do at the very time that it is much more needed: to bring to
Washington the world's best scholars to work on the world's most important
problems with the world's best resources in close proximity to the world's
most important power center.
Breaking down this ambitious charge into its four component
parts, it can be said that the Center does an excellent job of bringing
our scholars into touch with resources (thanks largely to the Library of
Congress, National Archives, our OWN Scholars' Guides, etc.); a very good
job of bringing here some of the world's best scholars (thanks to open
competition and a wide net of recruitment and tolerance of diversity);
a fairly good job of bringing the scholars in contact with political Wash-
ington (through our 200-odd annual meetings); and only a beginning at the
fourth component of defining and focusing on the most important problems.
A: public-policy think tank begins with the problems and proceeds
to analyze them (often in teams, usually in disaggregated and quantitative
terms) and generally seeks directly to influence some predefined area of
public policy in the fairly immediate future. The Wilson Center has begun
deliberately in a different manner by assembling the elements appropriate
to basic research requiring a long-range perspective, qualitative judg-
ments, and culminating in strategic synthesis. We have begun by finding
and attracting talent, facilitating access to materials and establishing
dignified links with the realities of power.
The Wilson Center now has an opportunity unlike that of any
other existing institution anywhere to mount an altogether fresh and
sustained attempt to create new understanding and guidance toward reso-
lution of the most important long-term international problems. The
Wilson Center has this possibility because it has assembled the basic
elements needed to foster genuine breakthroughs in the difficult and
elusive area of applying the social sciences and humanities to the stra-
tegic. amelioration of basic human problems.
II. The Base Achieved
To prepare itself for this unique opportunity, the Center has,
during the past decade, developed a set of distinctive assets. It has
only two major problems-both of which can and should be tackled now,
precisely because the Center is in such excellent shape otherwise and can
move from strength. The strengths are:
CONFIDENTIAL FOR USE OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES
3
(1) Organization. The Center has created a unique structure
that does not predefine the questions to be solved and liberates the Center
from the rigid confines of departmental and disciplinary structures which
subtly inhibit direct application to world problems of much university-
based research. Emphasis on regions also inclines Wilson Center research
to take seriously the cultural diversity and different traditions of
different parts of the world--a frequent short-coming of problem-oriented
policy research. By organizing itself in accordance with regions of the
world, the Center has defined itself in a way unique from all other
non-university-based institutes for advanced study. By beginning with
the Kennan Institute, it focused immediately on our most intractable
international area of concern and adversarial relations, moving next to
North-South problems with the Latin American Program. The Center now
covers the world (albeit unevenly) and has set a model for combining
humanistic depth with social scientific methodology in a way unique to
think tanks.
(2) Personnel. The Center's nearly 700 alumni worldwide con-
stitute one of the most potentially powerful as well as intellectually
high-powered new bodies of people to become relatively favorably inclined
towards the United States in the 1970s. In most cases, these alumni are
passionately committed to the Center as an enterprise. Along with our
six academic advisory councils and the high-quality (and by now very
experienced) talent searchers and issue sifters on our senior staff, the
Center has a unique body of human resources waiting to be mobilized for
greater intellectual definition and more selective emphases in future
competitions, fellowships, and meetings.
The Center has the advantages of a top faculty without the
drawbacks of tenured deadwood and the danger of institutionalized (and
intellectually limiting) ideological and methodological biases. It also
has an extraordinary gifted and vital private sector advisory group, the
Wilson Council, that needs to be drawn on more systematically in the new
period ahead.
(3) Basic Funding. The Center has achieved a steadily rising
federal budget for those areas in which base support is needed and appro-
priate: the basic fellowship program and most of the core staffing and
administrative needs. Through vigorous efforts the Center has greatly
increased its annual private funding and brought it about equal in recent
years to the level of the federal funding. Annual private (corporate,
personal, foundation) funding supports some staff, practically all outreach
and new experimentation, and, of course, the Wilson Quarterly, our highly
successful form of reporting to the broader educated public everywhere.
III. The Key Need
With a sound organizational structure, high-quality personnel,
and a record of success in annual fund raising, the Center has only two
serious material problems. But the solution of both is clearly a pre-
requisite for any sustained, full-scale attempt to realize the moral-
intellectual mission of this institution. The two "missing links" are a
CONFIDENTIAL
FOR USE OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES
4
secure physical location for the Center over the long term and a small
operating endowment to assure its continued spiritual and intellectual
independence.
The need for a permanent home has been solved magnificently so
far in the Castle; and our Congressional committees hope that this arrange-
ment will continue in the future. There would seem to be a new opportu-
nity to render permanent our home here in the Castle by intensifying our
identity with the new emerging International Quadrangle in ways that
would be mutually beneficial to both the Center and the Smithsonian.
The Center has no higher institutional priority in the months ahead than
our efforts to extend and develop our links with the Smithsonian. The
Center provides precisely the internationally oriented advanced research
in the sciences of man that Secretary Ripley has projected as an extending
objective of the new International Quadrangle. The Smithsonian in turn
provides the Center with a rich and supportive ambience of cultural
artifact and reflective memory of human accomplishment uniquely capable
of sustaining and even inspiring the deeper, more synthetic look at world
problems that this present-minded city needs.
The need for an endowment must, in my view, be solved fairly
rapidly at the level the Board has already agreed on if we are to make
the extraordinary effort in staff concentration on qualitative intellectual
tasks that must be the main focus of the next decade of its activity.
The increased amount of effort in recent years simply to sustain
this high level of annual giving has had high costs in opportunities
foregone. It has been at the direct expense of the kind of intellectual
definition, sophisticated recruitment, and intense direct effort to
define a program focused on the problems of civilization in the future
and making the kind of subtle but powerful long-term impact that our
Center is now equipped to do. If we are to be able to use the Center's
human assets to make an assault directly with this extraordinary instru-
ment on defining what is truly important for the future of civilization,
we will need a small number of additional staff and we will need to
relieve the senior staff of the continuous and renewed burden of fund-
raising which has prevented them so far--and will decisively prevent
them in the future-from the intellectual and moral task which the Center
is now uniquely equipped to undertake. A secure endowment is
the only adequate answer to this problem. It will relieve us of that
part of annual solicitation which marginally takes away from the time
and energy needed for the subtle arts of recruitment, meeting management,
and problem definition.
Is it really possible to reach, in effect, a long-term
strategic version of the benefits of a public-policy think tank at the
deep level of world-class intellectual advance that this Center has set
as its ultimate objective? The founding fathers of our country, who also
bridged the world of ideas and the world of affairs, and Woodrow Wilson,
who sought to do it on a global scale, had a vision of doing what had
never been done before and not accepting the prejudgment of impossibility.
Nothing less than Wilson's noble, unrealized task is now before us as a
realistic assault possibility. The Wilson Center has already shown in
the seventies that it is possible for an old civilization to build new
CONFIDENTIAL
FOR USE OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES
5
institutions. and that America is still open to an immigration of ideas
from abroad and to a great variety of scholars working harmoniously
together here at home. The richness and variety of this Center can and
must be used more effectively for the broader and deeper purposes of
civilization.
But this cannot realistically be done without a secure financial
base of the minimal dimensions we have defined in this endowment drive.
One cannot tackle the unique opportunity this Center now has on the
fragile base of annual funding and with the increasing drain of time and
energy that annual funding on the private side is requiring. We could
try to move into a predominant, perhaps overwhelming, reliance on public
funding or continue trying to live on multiyear foundation grants. Either
course runs the risk of inviting pressure at some future time either to
concentrate more on short-range topical problems, advocacy issues, or on
lesser intellectual agendas generated basically by the staffs of congres-
sional committees, executive bureaucracies, or foundations.
In short, the attempt in the decade ahead of the free mind to
make a fresh effort at-a level of depth and intensity perhaps never
before undertaken to bring our extraordinary and underused intellectual
resources to bear on the most important international questions-this
opportunity depends directly and squarely on this endowment effort. If
it is not completed successfully, changes in the presently highly friendly
relationship with the Congress, the Smithsonian Institution, and our by-
now knowledgeable and supportive Wilson Council, as well as our special
stature of acceptance in the academic community worldwide--some or all of
these forces are sure to change and likely to be weakened and the unique
body of high-quality staff talent we presently have eroded.
The most important single difference that a secure endowment
base would make is that it would permit the Center to have an altogether
different and far more creative relationship with its principal advisory,
governing, and funding bodies: the Congress, the Board, and the Wilson
Council. The scholarly institution and its international network that
had been established in this past decade could begin to have a substantive
rather than supplicative relationship to these bodies. These bodies of
political and economic leaders with public and private responsibilities
and a unique treasury of ongoing practical experience- all have a vital
role to play in moving from the relatively pure scholarly base established
during the past decade to the genuine dialogue and impact projected for
the next decade. We-the scholarly community- the genuine question-
ing, advising, and agenda-setting skills that are uniquely available to
us in these three bodies with which we have dignified scholarly relations.
A base of endowment would enable us to draw on all three groups for the
substantive advice and special perspectives they can provide rather
than take up all their and our time making the short-term case repeatedly
for annual funding. In short, the Center needs a base of long-term
financial security to become a Center that develops the long-term planning
necessary to deal comprehensively with strategic questions.
There is a time taken at the flood and there is a rich litera-
ture on the decline and fall of civilizations as well as on the special
role that small creative minorities can play in the building and revival
6
CONFIDENTIAL FOR USE OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES
of civilizations. It will be a sad chapter in history if the twenty-first
century were to look back on late twentieth-century Washington as a city
which, amidst the growing complications and problems of its international
involvements spent more of its spare time and money accumulating and
exhibiting art and missed the opportunity to cross-pollinate and harvest
its extraordinary national resources of scholarly intellect. Scholars are
thirsty for a broader challenge. The self-righteousness of the sixties and
the self-pity of the seventies have both given way to a renewed readiness
to serve and a reaffirmed openness of approach. I think I can speak for
the senior staff qf this remarkably dedicated little institution and for
an influential and potentially important alumni body in saying: give us
this financial vote of confidence and we will do our best to do the job
that we can all feel will make a difference for our children.
IV. Alternatives
The Center has two other dignified options at the present
besides that which I have outlined and recommended.
(1) It can continue as at present to rely exclusively on short-
term annual funding for its non-federal expenditures. It could continue
to achieve honorable scholarly results and to have some broader impact;
but it would need to recognize institutionally the burn-out that is pro-
grammed into the present mode of operations for the senior staff and to
acknowledge that (even with a reduced program of meetings and outreach) the
Center will not be able to make serious substantive use of its substantial
national and global access to the "world of affairs". Sooner or later (but
probably sooner in this highly political town) the Center may see an erosion
of an asset that could never be recovered: its record of, and reputation
for, independence, integrity, and world-class scholarly quality.
(2) It can anticipate the risk that lies ahead on its present
course given its continued financial vulnerability and evolve consciously
toward either of two attainable and intrinsically admirable basic identi-
ties that are different from the more ambitious identity it has been pur-
suing. Either: (a) a facility for scholars taking sabbaticals in Washington,
or (b) another policy-oriented "think tank" focused on short-term problems.
By becoming, in effect, essentially subordinate either to the
world of ideas or to the world of affairs, the Center would resolve the
creative, but perhaps unsupportable tension inherent in its charter. It
could still try to reach out occasionally to the other community. If it
had to choose between these two identities, I would recommend (1), because
there is no such institution in Washington for the modern social sciences
and humanities and there are excellent public policy think tanks.
Janes Director Billington
The Wilson Center
THE WILSON CENTER
JAMES H. BILLINGTON, Director
May 20,
1983 RE!RET JAB cicconits
The Honorable James A. Baker, III
To
Assistant to the President
mot
The White House
Washington, D.C.
20500
Dear Mr. Baker:
I am writing to invite you to an evening dialogue at The
Wilson Center on Monday, June 6, from 6:00 to 10:00 P.M. The sub-
ject will be "The Role of Law and Lawyers in Japan and America"
With the U.S. legal system under attack and lawyers being criti-
cized as "paper entrepreneurs, we thought it would be timely to
reflect on our "litigation society" through a comparison with a
distinctly different society, Japan.
Our speakers for the evening will be Isaac Shapiro, Partner,
Milbank, Tweed, Hadley and McCloy, and Michael K. Young, Director,
Center for Japanese Legal Studies, Columbia University. The Wilson
Center is fortunate in currently having Koichiro Fujikura from the
Law Department of Tokyo University as a guest scholar. Dr. Fujikura
will comment on the presentations from the Japanese perspective.
As always, there will be ample time for audience participation and
discussion.
I am enclosing a short paper on the subject of law and lawyers
in the two societies to get you thinking about the issues to be
discussed. At the meeting we will consider the view of the Japanese
as lacking "law consciousness" and discuss the cultural and insti-
tutional reasons for a number of differences that exist between
the two societies. Differing perceptions of regulation, "rights"
and dispute resolution will also be examined. I also hope that we
can discuss the implications of these issues for trade and other
issues of current interest.
I hope you will be able to join us on June 6. The Wilson
Center is located in the Smithsonian Institution Building (the
"Castle"), located on the Mall at 1000 Jefferson Drive, S.W.
Please call right away to let us know if you are coming. This
will aid us in making the preparations for the conference. If you
have any questions, please call me or Angela Fields at 202/357-1937.
Sincerely,
Ronald More
Ronald A. Morse
Secretary, East Asia Program
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20560 202 357-2429 CABLE: WILCEN
Comparison of Japanese and American Legal Advisors
Robert Brown, Esq.
TO Be Published In:
Research and Development
October 1982
During the years following the Meiji Restoration, Japan
modeled many of its codes after European ones. Similarly,
during the Allied Occupation many changes were made in
Japanese codes to make them more similar to American laws.
However, neither of these wholesale adoptions affected the
public attitude toward law, according to most legal schol-
ars. According to them, the cultural values of the people
and the government which led them did not materially change,
even though the structure of law in Japan was changed.
Thus, according to these writers, there is a gap between
what the law says (as borrowed from Western sources) and
how the people use the law.
As proof that Japanese attitudes toward the law have
not really changed, one example which is frequently cited is
the apparent fewer number of lawyers in Japan than in the
West. According to these scholars, if Japan had truly
adopted Western legal patterns, there would not be a great
discrepancy between Japanese and Western practices in this
area.
Several authors have described the apparent wide
discrepancy between the number of lawyers in Japan and
various Western nations. For instance, Professor H. Tanaka
of Tokyo University indicates that population per lawyer in
-3-
compare U.S. attorneys (including judges and prosecutors)
only with practicing attorneys in Japan (which excludes prose-
cutors, or procurators as they- are called in Japan, and
judges). Therefore, in Chart 1, the figures for judges
(2,700) and procurators (1,173) are included in the total
for members of the legal profession in Japan.
The next group which we can identify as including
persons who are doing legal work in Japan are the employees
of Japanese corporations who work in Legal Divisions
(Homubu), Contract Divisions (Reiyakubu) or Documents
Divisions (Bunshobu). As one scholar has noted, "Such people
play an enormously important role in Japan and tend to be
neglected in discussion of the role of law and the lawyer in
Japan.
Such persons are usually legally trained in a univer-
sity law faculty, but did not enter the Legal Research and
Training Institute, the sole Japanese law school, they work
for corporations advising on legal matters. (Some confir-
mation that the Legal Institute is in fact not really a law
school can be found in the education one receives at the
Institute, which is more devoted to courtroom techniques and
practical experience than it is to legal education. One is
already expected to have received such education before
entering the Legal Institute.) Thus, only calling graduates
of the Legal Institue "attorneys" can be very misleading.
A further indication that corporate legal department
employees could be included in the total for the Japanese
legal profession is the fact the U.S. law schools will admit
them into their LI.M. programs, although only U.S. citizens
who have graduated from a law school can be admitted.
Therefore, in Chart 1, we have included the 1980
-5-
the U.S. is about 14 times what it is in Japan. According
to Judge T. Hattori of the Tokyo District Court, the ratio
is about 10 to 1. Professor D. F. Henderson of the
University of Washington in his study of foreign investment
in Japan quotes similar figures.
These authors arrive at such wide discrepancies by
taking an English word, "attorney", and finding the Japanese
translation for it, "bengoshi", without looking at the
actual-usage of the terms. The danger with such an approach.
is that while a word such as "bengoshi" may be translated in
a certain way, this does not necessarily mean that all the
people in the United States who are called "attorney" would
in Japan be called a "bengoshi", or vice versa. One term
may be more encompassing than the other.
This is precisely the problem with translating the word
"bengoshi" as "attorney". Many of the functions which are
performed by attorneys, for instance in the United States,
are performed by people in Japan who are not bengoshi.
Therefore, to compare the all-encompassing word "attorney"
with the much more limited word "bengoshi" is very
misleading.
TO arrive at a proper analysis of the role of the
legal profession in Japan, more than bengoshi must be com-
pared with attorneys. One must compare all those in Japan
performing the type of work which is performed by lawyers in
Western nations, such as the United Steates.
The first such group which must be included are judges
and prosecutors. Even though these two groups are attor-
neys in Japan and most other Western nations, some writers
when discussing the legal profession of the two nations
-7-
neys in Japan is proof that Japan adopted Western laws as
models without the Western concept of the role of lawyers
also being adopted.
Calendar of Events
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS
Smithsonian Institution Building Washington D.C. 20560 202 357-2115
JUNE 1982
Noon Discussion
"Jewish Emigration from the U.S.S.R."
Wednesday
June 1
Yaacov Ro'i, Director, Russian and East
European Research Center, Tel Aviv University;
Short-term Visiting Grantee, Kennan Institute,
The Wilson Center
Noon Discussion
Introducing three new Fellows of The Wilson Center:
Monday
June 6
Henry M. Pelling, Emeritus Reader in Recent
British History, University of Cambridge, and
Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge.
"Britain and the Marshall Plan."
T. H. Rigby, Professorial Fellow in Political
Science, Australian National University,
Canberra. "Revolutionary absolutism: the mono-
organizational society and the new class."
Jiri Valenta, Associate Professor, Department of
National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate
School. "Soviet crisis management in bordering
communist countries: implications for the United
States."
Dinner/Discussion*
"The Role of Law and Lawyers in Japan and the
Monday
United States"
June 6
Isaac Shapiro, attorney, Milbank, Tweed, Hadley
and McCloy
Michael K. Young, Director, Center for Japanese
Legal Studies, Columbia University
Commentator:
Koichiro Fujikura, Fellow, The Wilson Center;
Professor of Law, University of Tokyo
Conference*
"Energy Pricing, Supply, and Demand in East Asian
Tuesday
Developing Countries"
June 7
Harry G. Broadman, Fellow, Center for Energy Policy
Research, Resources for the Future
A. B. Harland, Deputy Assistant Administrator,
Energy Office, United Nations Development Program
Jayant Sathaye, Staff Scientist, Energy Analysis
Program, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Corazon M. Siddayao, Research Coordinator, Energy
and Industrialization Project, East-West Center
Colloquium
"Reverend Jerry Falwell and the Moral Majority:
Tuesday
Origins of a Social Movement"
June 7
Susan Harding, Fellow, The Wilson Center; Assistant
Professor of Anthropology, University of Michigan
Commentators:
Michael Agar, Professor of Anthropology, University
of Maryland
Donald Mathews, Professor of History, University
of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Noon Discussion
"Future of East-West Relations"
Wednesday
June 8
James Leonard, Aspen Institute
Herbert S. Okun, Aspen Institute
Dinner/Discussion*
"Using History for Policy Analysis and Public
Wednesday
Management"
June 8
Ernest May, Fellow, The Wilson Center; Charles
Warren Professor of History, Harvard University
Richard Neustadt, Littauer Professor of Public
Administration, Kennedy School of Government,
Harvard University
Commentators:
Jeff Bingaman, U.S. Senator from New Mexico
Robert Blackwill, Deputy Assistant Secretary for
Foreign Affairs, Department of State
Phillip S. Hughes, Under Secretary, Smithsonian
Institution
Noon Discussion
"The Japanese Approach to Environmental Issues
Thursday
and Regulation"
June 9
Koichiro Fujikura, Fellow, The Wilson Center;
Professor of Law, University of Tokyo
Colloquium
"The Social Composition of Agrarian Rebellions
Thursday
in Prefamine Ireland: The Case of the Carders
June 9
and Caravats, 1813-16"
4-6 pm
James Donnelly, Fellow, The Wilson Center; Professor
of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Commentators:
Samuel Clark, Associate Professor of Sociology,
University of Western Ontario
David W. Miller, Professor of History, Carnegie-
Mellon University
Colloquium
"Stalin: The Disloyal Patron?"
Friday
June 10
T. H. Rigby, Fellow, The Wilson Center;
3-5 pm
Professorial Fellow in Political Science,
Australian National University
Commentator:
Robert Tucker, Professor of Politics,
Princeton University
Colloquium
"The Structure of Power in Venezuela"
Monday
June 13
German Carrera Damas, Fellow, The Wilson Center;
4-6 pm
Professor of History, National University,
Caracas, Venezuela
Commentator:
John Lombardi, Professor of History, Indiana
University
Noon Discussion
"Is China Going Capitalist?"
Tuesday
June 14
Dorothy J. Solinger, Director, Asian Studies
Program, University of Pittsburgh
Dinner/Discussion*
"Debt and Development: The Prospects for Growth
Tuesday
in a Rescheduled Latin America"
June 14
Anthony Solomon, President, Federal Reserve
Bank of New York
Noon Discussion
"Russia and Byzantium: Common Roots or Common
Wednesday
Structure?"
June 15
Alexander Kazhdan, Senior Research Associate,
Dumbarton Oaks
Colloquium
"Friends and Enemies in U.S. Far Eastern Poliey,
Wednesday
1931-1953"
June 15
4-6 pm
Ryuichi Nagao, Fellow, The Wilson Center; Professor,
School of Liberal Arts, University of Tokyo
Seminar
"Soviet Investment Imperative and the Economic
Thursday
Burden of Defense"
June 16
4-6 pm
Stanley Cohn, Professor of Economics, State
University of New York at Binghampton
Commentator:
Robert Campbell, Fellow, The Wilson Center;
Chairman, Department of Economics, Indiana
University
Cosponsored by the National Council for Soviet and
East European Research and the Kennan Institute
of the Wilson Center
Noon Discussion
"Big Business and Politics in Japan"
Monday
June 20
Gary D. Allinson, Fellow, The Wilson Center;
Ellen Bayard Weedon Professor of East Asian
Studies, University of Virginia
Colloquium
"Psychiatry and Dissent: The Soviet Experience
Monday
and Its Implications"
June 20
4-6 pm (room 486)
Walter Reich, Fellow, The Wilson Center; Program
Director, The Staff College, National Institute
of Mental Health
Commentator:
Boris Zoubok, Department of Psychiatry, College
of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University;
former Soviet psychiatrist
Colloquium
"America's Size and Shape: Federal Urban Policy
Tuesday
from Humphrey to Reagan"
June 21
4-6 pm
Otis Graham, Fellow, The Wilson Center;
Distinquished University Professor of History,
University of North Carolina
Commentator:
Stuart E. Eizenstat, attorney; Member of the Board
of The Wilson Center
Noon Discussion
"Genetic Recoil of the Demographic Shotgun:
Wednesday
Qualitative Decline in U.S. and Soviet Populations"
June 22
John Glad, Secretary, Kennan Institute,
The Wilson Center
Colloquium
"Corruption in Asia: The Human Cost"
Wednesday
June 22
Syed Hussein Alatas, Fellow, The Wilson Center;
4-6 pm
Professor and Head, Department of Malay Studies,
National University of Singapore
Noon Discussion
"China and the Two Superpowers"
Friday
June 24
Xue Mouhong, Professor of International Politics,
Peking University, and Visiting Fellow, Institute
for East Asian Studies, Berkeley
Noon Discussion
"The China Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy"
Tuesday
June 28
Robert S. Thompson, Professor of Government,
University of South Carolina
Colloquium
"Moscow: Urban Policy and Politics under Stalin"
Tuesday
June 28
Timothy J. Colton, Fellow, The Wilson Center;
4-6 pm
Associate Professor of Political Science,
University of Toronto
Commentator:
T. H. Rigby, Fellow, The Wilson Center;
Professorial Fellow in Political Science,
Australian National University
Noon Discussion
"The Unofficial Peace Movement in the U.S.S.R."
Wednesday
June 29
Catherine Cosman, staff member, Commission on
Security and Cooperation in Europe
*by invitation.
It is suggested that events be confirmed on the day of the event by telephoning
Louise Platt or Cynthia Ely, 357-2115.
f
THE WILSON CENTER
April 29, 1983
The Honorable James W. Cicconi
Special Assistant to the President
and Chief of Staff
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear Jim:
Enclosed are the minutes of the March 1 Wilson Center Board meeting.
This was a particularly important meeting, both because of Jim Billington's
concise but comprehensive discussion of the Center's mission and because
of the Board's discussion of its own responsibilities and those of the
Wilson Council. Because of the importance of Jim's remarks, we asked him
to write them up more fully than can be reported in the minutes and we
circulated a copy of this write up to you on March 22. I commend them to
you as a solid expression of the principal purposes and priority emphases of
the Center as discussed by the Board on several occasions and as adhered
to by the Director and his staff in seeking to implement the Center's
responsibilities.
With respect to the role of the Board and the Wilson Council, this will
continue to be the focus of our discussions in upcoming Board meetings and,
I hope, we will have opportunities to discuss our respective roles on a
more informal basis from time to time between Board meetings.
In this regard, the Council is working on a more precise definition
of its role as noted in the minutes. And we discussed a matter of significant
importance at our recent Board meeting relating to collective support of our
development and endowment effort. The endowment campaign, as you know, has
had encouraging early results leading to commitments of nearly $2 million.
We have now reached the point where the active participation of our Board
and Council members is needed--indeed essential in dealing persuasively
with prospective donors.
I hope you will review the recommendation of Bob Mosbacher and the
finance committee as outlined on page 2 of the minutes. The list of 5
recommendations is suggestive rather than exhaustive and I fully realize
that some Board members will be in a better position that others to follow
through. But I would appreciate your consideration of these steps and where
possible your indication of which one or more of them you might be willing
to undertake. Some from of help from everyone is really quite important at
this point in helping persuade others that the governing body of the Center
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20560 202 357-2429 CABLE: WILCEN
fully supports its plans for growth and development.
I know you will do what is possible in the context of your own
responsibilities. Jim, Bob Mosbacher and I will be very grateful for
your help and anxious to follow through on your suggestions.
Sincerely,
Bill
William J. Baroody, Jr.
Chairman
Board of Trustees
THE WILSON CENTER
W
April 13, 1983
TO:
Members of the Board of Trustees
B
FROM:
William J. Baroody, Jr., Chairman
SUBJECT: Revised Board Assignments
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:
Mr. Baroody, Chairman;
Mr. Ripley, Vice Chairman;
Messrs. Baker, Bennett, Kampelman,
Mosbacher and Shultz
FINANCE COMMITTEE:
Mr. Mosbacher, Chairman;
Messrs. Barreaux, Oppenheimer, Powers*
Ripley, Shultz and Wick
PERMANENT SITE COMMITTEE:
Mr. Ripley, Chairman;
Messrs. Baker, Boorstin, Kampelman,
Warner and Wick, and Ms. Heckler
FELLOWSHIP COMMITTEE:
Mr. Warner, Chairman;
Messrs. Barreaux, Bennett, Clark,
Kampelman and Ripley, and Ms. Scott
PROGRAM COMMITTEE:
Mr. Eizenstat, Chairman;
Messrs. Baker, Oppenheimer, Warner
and Wick, and Ms. Heckler
PUBLICATIONS AND
MEETINGS COMMITTEE:
Mr. Wick, Chairman;
Messrs. Boorstin, Clark, Eizenstat
and Mosbacher, and Ms. Heckler
*Designates non-Board member Mr. John J. Powers, Jr., Chairman of the
Wilson Council.
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20560 202 357-2429 CABLE: WILCEN
THE WILSON CENTER
March 1, 1983
3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Summary Minutes of the Thirty-first Meeting
of the Board of Trustees
Present: William J. Baroody, Jr., Chairman
Theodore C. Barreaux
John C. Broderick (for Mr. Boorstin)
Stuart E. Eizenstat
Max M. Kampelman
Jesse H. Oppenheimer
John E. Reinhardt (for Mr. Ripley)
Anne Firor Scott
Daniel J. Terra (for Secretary Shultz)
Ronald L. Trowbridge (for Mr. Wick)
Robert M. Warner
Unable to attend: James A. Baker, III
William J. Bennett
Kenneth B. Clark
Margaret M. Heckler
Robert A. Mosbacher
Staff members present: James H. Billington
Prosser Gifford
Michael J. Lacey
George Liston Seay
Mernie M. Weathers
Chairman Baroody opened the meeting by noting the departure of Richard
Schweiker and nomination of Margaret Heckler as Secretary of Health and Human
Services and, thus, as a member of the Board. He also noted the departure of
Charles Blitzer, who has represented Mr. Ripley so long and so well on the
Board, to become director of the National Humanities Center in North Carolina;
and welcomed John Reinhardt, a former statutory member of the Board and now
Acting Assistant Secretary for History and Art, as Mr. Ripley's representative
at this meeting.
The minutes of the last meeting of October 5, 1983, were approved.
Finance Committee Report. Mr. Baroody first called on Ambassador Terra,
who said that the luncheon which he hosted in Chicago on January 24, honoring
Wilson Council member John Swearingen, was an attempt to broaden the base of
private funding through local involvement and recognition.
Reporting for the Finance Committee, which met prior to the Board meeting,
George Seay cited funding developments of recent months and outlined the long-
term funding strategy, briefly summarizing the report of the committee on
(1) federal support, (2) private short-term funds, (3) private mid-term funds,
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20560 202 357-2429 CABLE: WILCEN
Summary Minutes of the 31st Meeting of the Board of Trustees
Page 2
(4) private long-term funds (the endowment campaign), and (5) endowment special
efforts. Mr. Seay commented that since beginning the $7 million campaign for
a nucleus endowment in October, $1,500,000 in firm pledges for general endowment
has been raised mainly through contacts with individuals. A new phase of this
effort will be aimed at corporations, foundations, and long-standing supporters
of the Center. The agreement contracted in early October with the Cambridge
Associates Group to design the endowment goals was now considered closed, with
the remainder of the grant received from the Rockefeller Brothers Fund to be
used for such future consultancy as may be needed.
Mr. Baroody pointed out that it will take strong, sustained, and contin-
uous effort and involvement on the part of the Board to advance the Center's
work and create a financially stable base. He read the following telegram
from Mr. Mosbacher:
I endorse, urge, and strongly request that the following plan
which you, Jim Billington, and George Liston Seay propose be unani-
mously accepted by the Board. Every Board member should do one or
more of the following: (1) identify a new endowment prospect and pre-
sent him or her to the Center; (2) organize and sponsor an event that
introduces prospective donors to the Center; (3) suggest a regional
visit and organize same; (4) make a personal commitment and contri-
bution to the campaign; (5) introduce new corporations or foundations
to the Center.
I am sorry I cannot be with you, but hope this plan can be put
into effect immediately.
Discussion centered on ways individual Board members might participate and
the Council's understanding of its mission and purpose. Suggestions included
making funding support a prerequisite for Council membership, better indoctri-
nation of the fund-raising role expected of members, and stressing geographical
distribution or committee assignments for members. Mr. Billington commented
that the Center has benefited from the recent broadening of regional representa-
tion and that the Council itself was discussing reforming the membership and
bringing in new members. He asked the Board for names of key people to make
the Council more broadly representative as suggested by Messrs. Oppenheimer
and Terra and in line with the Mosbacher injunction. Mr. Seay, speaking as
the Council's executive secretary, said the Council is presently working on a
charter to delineate its mission; that in its approximately ten-year history
contributions amounting to $1,800,000 have been raised; that Council members
consider fund raising to be part of their obligation; and that the Council had
at its last meeting expressed a desire to work more closely with the Board of
Trustees through shared meetings, discussions, and activities.
Program Committee Report. (Mr. Eizenstat, Chairman) Mr. Eizenstat stated
that the Board had, in principle, at its April 6, 1982, meeting, recommended
the creation of a new European program at the Center. In preparing to present
recommendations about how such a program might be structured, Center director
James Billington has commissioned two outside, independent inquiries into the
nature and needs of this field by Dr. Renata Fritsch-Bournazel, a research
fellow at the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques in Paris, to determine
Summary Minutes of the 31st Meeting of the Board of Trustees
Page 3
major current research activity and intellectual priorities within Eastern and
Western Europe; and by Dr. John Talbott, Professor of History at the University
of California at Santa Barbara, to survey existing centers and needs inside the
United States. The final reports have not yet been received, but preliminary
reports stress that there is remarkably little activity focusing on new issues,
and that most European studies programs in this country are both weak in number
and poor in quality. After the final reports are received, the director will
prepare a recommendation for the Program Committee of the Board, which will in
turn prepare a final recommendation for the Board on the structure of the
proposed program. After discussion, it was decided to delegate the Program
Committee to authorize a competition for fellowships in the European program
in advance of final determination at the next Board meeting of the scope and
nature of this program.
Mr. Eizenstat reported briefly on the progress of the Program on American
Society and Politics, under Michael Lacey. There have been two groups of ten
fellows each; the first began work in the fall of 1981. Special events have
included a commemoration of the 125th anniversary of Woodrow Wilson's birth,
an evening session on Franklin D. Roosevelt and his legacy in connection with
Roosevelt's centennial, and a two-day conference which was held in late October
at the Belmont facility on the role of the state in recent American history.
Mr. Lacey, at Mr. Eizenstat's request, then outlined future planned conferences
and projects (focusing on the history of American public policy, the development
of environmental politics and policy in the United States since World War II,
and, in conjunction with the U.S. Information Agency, a project with intellec-
tuals from the Third World expressing their view of America's impact, both
culturally and politically, on development in their own societies).
Fellowship Committee Report. (Mr. Warner, Chairman) Mr. Warner reported
that the Committee had met on February 1 and selected 52 fellows, one adjunct
fellow, 16 alternates, and endorsed additional candidates eligible for Volks-
wagen Fellowships (Attachment A). Mr. Billington said that, although there
are areas which are targeted for special recruitment efforts prior to each
fellowship competition, there are never established quotas or any internal
fixed ratios in the selection process itself, but that the Center relies on
the guest scholar route for a measure of balancing.
Mr. Warner moved and the Board approved unanimously an increase on ceiling
for fellowship stipends from the current $35,000 to $38,000. Second, Mr. Warner
moved that the allocation of monies that can be used annually for guest scholar-
ships be fixed at 10 percent of the annual federal fellowship appropriation.
Each year the Board has authorized the designation of a specific sum of money
from the total fellowship allotment as a fund for guest scholars, if so needed:
from an initial allocation of $25,000 in 1976, increased to $50,000 in 1978
and to $75,000 in 1980. Mr. Billington explained that guest scholars do not
come through the regular competition, but take advantage of space which becomes
available for a short period of time; that the Center does not pay for their
transportation costs; that they receive a stipend which tends to be somewhat
lower than the full fellowships; that many bring their own funding; and that
there were approximately 47 guest scholars in the last fiscal year. A motion
was made and unanimously adopted to approve the full report of the Fellowship
Committee including the new formula for allocating guest scholar funds.
Summary Minutes of the 31st Meeting of the Board of Trustees
Page 4
Director's Report. Mr. Billington announced that Abraham Lowenthal, sec-
retary of the Latin American Program, will go on leave on March 16. Mr. Louis
Goodman, former staff director of the Latin American-Caribbean program of the
Social Science Research Council, and, since November, program associate of the
Latin American Program, will become its acting director. Thomas Bruneau,
professor of political science and director of the Center for Developing Area
Studies at McGill University, will join the Latin American Program in July as
a senior program associate. Sam Wells, secretary of the International Security
Studies Program, will go on leave later in the year. The Center is exploring
the possibility of having a former fellow and a current member of the advisory
council of the International Security Studies Program, General Andrew Goodpaster,
assume some of the senior responsibilities in that particular program. In the
Kennan Institute, Herbert Ellison, professor of history and chairman of the
Department of Russian and East European Studies at the University of Washington,
Seattle, was selected after a search and will come on board in midsummer as
secretary of the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies.
Mr. Billington expanded on the theme of his most recent annual report:
the integrity, importance, and impact of the Center. Created as an "Inter-
national Center for Scholars," the Wilson Center's basic universe is that of
advanced scholarship. It does not "relate" to that community; it is a part
of it: a rotating body of scholars who collectively represent the independent
scholarly community in action in Washington--each working on a major individual
project of his or her own choosing.
He said that all his discussion about the Center assumes the continuance
of its scholarly base: the maintenance of open competition and high quality
control in the selection of fellows, and the insistence that all scholars work
toward a major scholarly product and participate in dialogue at the Center.
Following that, he said, two key questions remain.
(1) How does the community of scholars at the Center relate to the other
communities to which the Center has an obligation and/or an opportunity to
relate? He then discussed the unique relationship that has developed and
opportunities that exist in relating to three Washington "communities" (the
United States government, the Washington intellectual community, and the Smith-
sonian Institution) and to three broader "communities" that are national--and
in many respects, international (the "world of affairs," the nonacademic public,
and the Center's symbolic function as a Presidential memorial).
(2) Given the central commitment to scholarly integrity and the parallel
commitment to interact with broader publics, how can the Center best increase
the importance and the impact of the scholarship conducted here? He suggested
that scholarship at the Center could probably make the greatest contribution
by stressing, wherever possible, questions of value which underlie questions
of policy; by introducing the historic, the comparative, the philosophic, even
the theological and imaginative dimensions of world problems. To increase the
impact of its scholarship, he pointed to many Center successes, but wondered
if everything above basic scholarly publication obligations and the full devel-
opment of the Wilson Quarterly might not best be concentrated on the systematic
exploration of the entire new range of electronic technologies as a means of
reaching out.
Summary Minutes of the 31st Meeting of the Board of Trustees
Page 5
Mr. Kampelman complimented Mr. Billington on his presentation and asked
if he would prepare a written version for distribution.
Deputy Director Prosser Gifford distributed a paper on Center publications
and meetings (Attachment B) and summarized some of the recent publications,
which developed from conferences held at the Center. Ten individual cassettes
produced by National Public Radio (NPR) have been included in a publication
called the Cassette Gazette that NPR produces monthly, which goes to a large
number of radio stations and public affairs groups around the country. These
cassettes are made by two Center scholars with a member of the senior staff as
a moderator and present a discussion on a given topic. A series called The
Wilson Center Papers is being created from the occasional papers of the various
programs. Mr. Gifford displayed a mock-up copy, briefly summarized the wide
range of meetings and activities currently going on at the Center, and invited
questions and comments.
Date of Next Meeting. Mr. Baroody said a two-day conference on German-
American relations was scheduled in September, and a Wilson Council meeting
rescheduled to occur at that time. He asked that the Board change the regu-
larly scheduled October 4 meeting to September 21 at 3:00 p.m. to coincide
with both the Council meeting and the conference.
The meeting adjourned at 5:10 p.m., and Mr. Baroody invited Board members
to remain and participate in the special evening honoring former Board chairman,
Max Kampelman.
Respectfully submitted,
Mernie h Weather
Mernie M. Weathers
Secretary to the Board
NEWS
THE WILSON CENTER
W
February 9, 1983
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS
"A"
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING WASHINGTON D.C. 20560
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
Ann C. Sheffield
(202) 357-2841
THE WILSON CENTER ANNOUNCES
RESULTS OF ANNUAL FELLOWSHIP COMPETITION
The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars has offered research
appointments to 52 new fellows, Chairman of the Board of Trustees
William J. Baroody, Jr. announced today.
Wilson Center fellows are chosen competitively once a year on the basis
of submitted research proposals from throughout the world.
Baroody noted that the latest round of competition with 406 applicants from
34 countries around the globe, was especially keen because of the quality
of the proposals received and the diversity of talents represented. As
in the past, fellowships were awarded not only to academics, but also
to journalists, public officials and others.
The following fellows, who were chosen in one general and five focused
programs, will pursue their projects while in Washington.
PROGRAM ON HISTORY, CULTURE AND SOCIETY
Warner Bement Berthoff, Professor of English and American Literature,
Harvard University. The continuances of virtue: meaning and value in
imaginative literature.
Robert Oakley Collins, Professor of History, University of California,
Santa Barbara. Jonglei: the past and present of the future.
Bernard John Cooke, Professor of Religious Studies, College of the Holy
Cross. Religious and cultural symbol systems.
Chidananda Dasgupta, India. Managing Editor, SPAN Magazine, United
States Information Service, New Delhi. Cinema and social change in
contemporary India.
2.
Seymour Drescher, Professor of History, University of Pittsburgh. Implementing
human rights: British abolition.
Thomas Christopher Garvin, Ireland. Professor of Political Science, University
College of Dublin. Social structure and Irish republicanism.
Robert Abraham Hill, Jamaica. Assistant Professor of History, University of
California, Los Angeles. Marcus Garvey and the Black international: a
centennial biography.
Robert Emmet Kennedy, Jr., Professor of European History, George Washington
University. A cultural history of the French Revolution.
Rosalind E. Krauss, Professor of History of Art, Hunter College and Graduate
Center, City University of New York. Photography's discursive spaces:
reality surveyed.
Sabah Uddin Kushkaki, Afghanistan. Former Afghan Minister of Information and
Broadcasting. Why Russia invaded Afghanistan: when a people fail to meet
their objectives.
Silva Meznaric, Yugoslavia. Senior Researcher, Association of Slovene Trade
Unions. Conflicts and consensus in inter-ethnic space: the influence of
labor immigration on a small nation's cultural identity and its policy impli-
cations.
Gieve Gustad Patel, India. Private Medical Practitioner, Bombay. The bequeath-
ing of civilization from one generation to the next: a play.
Andrus Pork, U.S.S.R. Docent in Philosophy, Tartu State University. Patterns
of explanation in history and in politics.
Paul Walter Schroeder, Professor of History, University of Illinois. The
European states system, 1789-1848.
Klemens Szaniawski, Poland. Professor of Philosophy, University of Warsaw.
Ethics and logic.
William Augustine Wallace, Professor of Philosophy and History of Science,
The Catholic University of America. The modeling of nature: man and the
sciences in contemporary culture.
Merwin Crawford Young, Professor of Political Science, University of Wisconsin-
Madison. The African colonial state in comparative perspective.
PROGRAM ON AMERICAN SOCIETY AND POLITICS
Donald DeBats, Senior Lecturer in American Studies and Politics, Flinders
University, Australia. The American voter in the 19th century: case studies
in a traditional electorate.
3
Ronnie E. Dugger, Publisher and editor-at-large, The Texas Observer. Lyndon
B. Johnson and the evolution of domestic policy in the United States since 1953.
Betsy Erkkila, Assistant Professor of English Literature, University of Penn-
sylvania. Poetry and politics: a study of the political text and context of
Walt Whitman's work.
Mario Garcia, Associate Professor of History, University of California, Santa
Barbara. Historical analysis of the Mexican-American community.
Tom Gerety, Associate Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh School of Law.
Faith's good staff: religion in American law.
Hazel Hertzberg, Professor of History and Education, Teachers College, Columbia
University. A history of social studies in American public schools, 1880-1980.
Peter Kruger, Federal Republic of Germany. Professor of History, Marburg Univ-
ersity. The United States and German federalism, 1871-1949.
Mark Reutter, journalist, freelance writer, Baltimore. Making steel: life
and work at Sparrows Point.
Massimo Salvadori, Italy. Professor of Contemporary History, University of Torino.
The relationship between civil society and the state, socio-economic development
and the problems of democracy in some currents of American political thought.
Mildred Sanders, Associate Professor of Political Science, Rice University. The
roots of regulation: economics and politics in the nineteenth century.
Warren Susman, Professor of History, Rutgers University. Emergence of the
culture of abundance, 1880-1940.
Alan Trachtenberg, Professor of American Studies, Yale University. Photography
and culture in America.
KENNAN INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED RUSSIAN STUDIES
Boris Gasparov, Stateless. Visiting Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures,
Stanford University. History of Russian language from a socio-cultural perspective.
Peter B. Reddaway, United Kingdom. Senior Lecturer in Political Science, London
School of Economics and Political Science. Soviet policy towards dissent since
1953: how is it formed, implemented, changed?
Teodore Shanin, United Kingdom. Professor and Head of Department of Sociology,
University of Manchester. The Stolypin reforms in Russia as the archetype of
rural transformation strategies in contemporary "developing societies."
Robert C. Tucker, Professor of Politics and Director of Russian Studies Program,
Princeton University. Stalin: a study in history and personality.
LATIN AMERICAN PROGRAM
Roderic Ai Camp, Director of Latin American Studies, Central College, Pella, Iowa.
Public-private interests: entrepreneurs and the state in 20th century Mexico.
Tom Joel Farer, Distinguished Professor of Law, Rutgers University Law School.
Development, social conflict and defense of human rights in Latin America: the
tale of a decade.
Rosario Green, Mexico. Professor and Researcher, El Colegio de Mexico and
Associate Researcher, CEESTEM (Center for Third World Studies), Mexico. Trans-
national banks and national development in Mexico.
Thomas Eloy Martinez, Argentina. Assistant to the Director General, Radio
Caracas Television, Venezuela. Peron against Peron.
Carol A. Smith, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Duke Unversity. The roots
of revolution in Guatemala: a social history.
Evelyne Huber Stephens, Assistant Professor of Political Science, College of the
Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts and
John David Stephens, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Brown University. Dependency,
development, and democratic socialism: lessons from the Jamaican experience.
(joint project)
Augusto Fernandez Varas, Chile. Director of Research and Professor, FLACSO
(Latin American Faculty of the Social Sciences). Latin America in the new
Soviet policy of transitions to socialism.
INTERNATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES PROGRAM
Steven Loomis Canby, President, C & L Associates. The art of war, military
reform and western security.
Harold Karan Jacobson, Professor of Political Science and Research Scientist,
Center for Political Studies, Institute for Social Research, University of
Michigan. The determination of U.S. military force levels: political processes
and policy changes.
Robert Scott Jaster, former Associate National Intelligence Officer for Africa,
Central Intelligence Agency. The Rhodesian peace settlement: lessons for
Third World conflict resolution.
Talukder Maniruzzaman, Bangladesh. Professor of Political Science, University
of Dacca. Military withdrawal from politics: a comparative study.
David Stanley McLellan, Professor of Political Science, Miami University (Ohio).
Cyrus Vance.
William Young Smith, General, U.S. Air Force, Deputy Commander in Chief, U.S.
European Command. Strategy, arms programs, and arms control: the way ahead.
5
EAST ASIA PROGRAM
Mary Brown Bullock, Director, Committee on Scholarly Communication with the PRC,
National Academy of Sciences. China turning West: educational/scientific relations
with Europe, Japan and the United States.
Theodore Friend, Former President, Swarthmore College. Imperialism, revolution,
and reversion: Indonesia and the Philippines, 1941-1949.
Tetsuya Kataoka, Japan. Professor of Political Science, Saitama University, Saitama.
A history of post-war Japanese political thought.
Byong-ik Koh, Republic of Korea. Professor of History, Hanlim College, Ch'unch'on.
Confucianism and its modern transformations.
Yuan Tien, Professor of Sociology, Ohio State University. China's revolutionary
conservative family policies: restorations, redirections and ramifications.
THE WILSON CENTER
PROSSER GIFFORD. Deputy Director
March 1, 1983
TO:
The Board of Trustees
FROM:
Prosser Gifford
Notes on Publications and Meetings
Since the last meeting of the Board of Trustees the Wilson Center has
published six special reports, an Annual Report for 1981-82, thirteen working
papers, two newsletters, and will have a ninth Scholars' Guide (to Southeast
Asia Studies) available this month. Of the special reports three warrant
special mention. The Iranian Revolution and the Islamic Republic results
from a conference organized last May by a Guest Scholar at the Center,
Nikki R. Keddie, and was published by the Middle East Insitute in October.
Thus it represents both the value of encouraging Fellows and Guest Scholars
to organize scholarly conferences in their fields and the value of co-publishing
with other institutions which have established audiences in particular fields.
Korean Studies in America. Options for the Future grew out of a three-day
conference in June 1982 examining a century of Korean-American diplomatic
relations. At that time it became clear that a serious analysis of the status,
the strengths and weaknesses of the pursuit of Korean studies nationally would
be a service to the field as well as a contribution to thought about area
studies generally. Some Lessons and Non-Lessons of Vietnam is the result of a
collaboration between the International Security Studies Program and The Wilson
Quarterly. It was mailed to 800 people in the relatively short time of two weeks
after a conference in which 50 historians and analysts of the American involvement
in Vietnam debated what we know and what we need still to know about the years
1964-73.
We have accumulated considerable experience during the past year with FM
Radio programs, having done seventeen with the Longhorn Network in 1982 and
several with Radio Smithsonian. If we receive the Ford Foundation grant, we will
be in a position to consider our own radio show on a weekly basis. With our
Fellows and staff we have ample capability. What we need to augment is organiza-
tional management and regularity of production. We have already established with
National Public Radio the fact that our programs are of a high technical and
substantive quality; they have been picked up by NPR and put in its Cassette
Catalogue. Ten of our programs are now commercially available in cassette form
and are announced through the monthly Cassette Gazette sent out by NPR. A number
of others are in preparation. This means that the business of reproducing and
supplying cassettes is entirely done by NPR, and that we will receive a modest
royalty from the sales. As we develop our own program, we may also be able to
package cassettes together in ways which will make them more useful to schools,
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20560 02 357-2185 CABLE: WILCEN
colleges, universities, and public affairs groups nationally. I append a
list of these programs now available as cassettes.
Again contingent upon receipt of a grant from the Ford Foundation, we
are prepared to unify our six series of Occasional or Working Papers put out
by each program into a single Wilson Center Papers series with a more attractive,
uniform format and tighter editorial control. We would then undertake to
experiment with marketing strategies with the intention that the Working Papers
series would become self-sustaining by the end of a three-year period, through
subscriptions to institutions and individuals. We recognize that this will not
be an easy task, but, if successful, it holds out the promise of significantly
enlarged audiences for our Working Papers and also acknowledgement of the
principle that our products ought to be self-sustaining where possible. The
developments in word-processing and direct printing technology are such that we
may be able to hold down production costs. We already have in view an experienced
person to assume the difficult editorial task of evolving a single series of
uniformly high quality.
Among meetings which are forthcoming, I mention only a sampling of the
major events. We have, as the March calendar indicates, a full roster of
colloquia and noon discussions, as well as our internal seminar on "Authority
and Participation." But here I take note only of major events over the next
few months to which we are committed. With a small senior staff, I believe that
we are running near capacity year 'round on meetings as well as on accommodation
for fellows and guest scholars.
February 28 - March 1 Inter-American Dialogue, Wye Plantation
The second plenary session of the Inter-American Dialogue, a major
initiative co-chaired by Wilson Board member Ambassador Sol M. Linowitz
and former President of Ecuador, Galo Plaza. The Dialogue is designed
to examine key issues in U.S.-Latin American relations and involves 48
distinguished leaders - half from Latin America and the Caribbean, half
from the U.S. and Canada. The first plenary was held October 15 and 16, 1982
at The Wilson Center. An edited volume will be produced based on the
background papers and discussions from the two meetings.
March 8 Evening Dialogue. "Totalitarianism and Authoritarianism: a
Workable Distinction?"
Sidney Hook, Hoover Insitution on War,
Revolution and Peace, Stanford
Michael Walzer, Institute for Advanced Study,
Princeton
March 10-11 Conference on the Study of Central Asia
This two-day conference will bring together leading scholars with
Middle Eastern, Soviet, Chinese, and Central Asian competence to examine
an area that is everybody's periphery. What is the state of knowledge
about and what ought to be the research agenda for Central Asia?
-2-
March 11-12 Caribbean Editors's Conference, Miami Florida
Jointly sponsored by The Wilson Center and Florida International
University, the Conference will bring together key experts on the
Caribbean and journalists and editors from the Southeast to discuss
key issues facing the Caribbean region. The Conference is part of the
Program's project on enhancing public understanding in the United States
of U.S.-Caribbean relations.
March 29 ISSP, Core Seminar III. "Nuclear Free Zones: The Record of
the Past and Opportunities in the
Middle East"
Warren Donnelly, Congressional Research
Service
Joseph Pilat, Congressional Research Service
April 5 Conference: Prospects for U.S.-Japan Energy Cooperation and
Competition
This meeting, cosponsored by the Energy Program, Center for Strategic
and International Studies, Georgetown, will treat oil and gas trade in
the Pacific Basis, the politics of U.S. exports, options for cooperation,
and competition in photovoltaics and other energy investments.
mid-April U.S.-Venezuela Policy Dialogue
A high-level meeting of a small group of opinion-makers from Venezuela
and the U.S. to discuss issues of importance in the bilateral relationship.
This is the third in a series of such meetings.
April 25-26 Workshop: "Intelligent Systems, Communication Technologies,
and Cultural Values. "
Held in cooperation with the United States Information Agency, the
purpose of this workshop is to bring ten or twelve of the leading experts
on artificial intelligence together with about 40 invited participants from
a wide range of disciplines to discuss and clarify the concepts underlying
the use of artificial intelligence as they affect the ways we work (robots,
word processors, computers), the way we think (what is the relationship
between artificial intelligence and the structure of the human brain?), and
our deeper culture (can artificial intelligence systems be culture free?).
After these concepts have been discussed, amplified, and clarified during
the course of the workshop, they will then become the basis for exhibits at
the United States pavillion at Expo 85 in Tsukuba, Japan. One of the
principal themes of Expo 85 is technology and telecommunications, and the
United States is determined to have an exhibit which will display, not only
American technology, but American imagination about the consequences and uses
of that technology.
-3-
May 6 Evening Dialogue with Andrei Sinyavsky
May 13-14 Fifth Annual Editors' Conference, Latin American Program
An annual conference designed to bring together editors and
journalists from across the U.S. and top specialists on Latin America,
government and business to discuss Latin American issues significant
for press coverage.
May (date not yet certain) Conference: History and Public Policy
This will be built upon the work of three distinguished American
historians, who are all currently Fellows: Otis Graham, Robert Kelley,
and Ernest May.
May 11? and 26? ISSP: Core Seminars V and VI on "Nuclear Power Exports
and Proliferation"
probably late May Planning Session, U.S. -Colombian Policy Dialogue.
A small working group will be assembled in May to develop plans for
a first Dialogue between U.S. and Colombia leaders. As with the Venezuela
Policy Dialogue, its purpose is to develop greater understanding of each
country and of the importance of the bilateral relationship.
We have in addition several major conferences in the planning stage for the
fall of 1983 and the spring of 1984.
Sept. 22-23 Conference: "Germany in Europe and the World"
a major attempt to examine the historical roots, present state and
future possibilities of developments within Germany which affect or
condition its relationships with NATO and the United States.
October or November Conference: "Environmentalism in historical
perspective -- origins and outcomes of the third
American conservation movement"
January 1984 Conference: "The Treaty of Paris in the Eighteenth Century
States' System"
This meeting is cosponsored with the Folger Library's Center for British
Political Thought. Emphasis will be put upon the political economy of
European states at the end of the eighteenth century and the effects of
American independence upon intellectual conceptions of empire, economic
policy, and political thought.
-4-
spring 1984 Conference: "Through Foreign Eyes: American Traditions and
Third World Development"
-5-
REPORTS
International Security Studies Program:
"Report 1980-81"
"Some Lessons and Non-lessons of Vietnam"
American Society and Politics:
"A Commemorative Celebration"
"Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Legacy"
History, Culture and Society:
"The Iranian Revolution and the Islamic Republic"
East Asia Program:
"Korean Studies in America: Options for the Future"
Wilson Center ANNUAL REPORT 1981-82
NEWSLETTERS
Wilson Center News Autumn 1982
Latin American Newsletter January 1983
SCHOLAR'S GUIDE
Southeast Asian Studies (to be published in March)
Patrick Mayerchak
WILSON QUARTERLY
Special Issue 1982
New Year's 1983
Spring 1983 (publication date: March)
OCCASIONAL/WORKING PAPERS
KENNAN INSTITURE
#155
F. I. Kushnirsky
"Soviet Planning: Evolution in 1965-1980"
#156
Ilya, Serman
"Russia and the West"
#157 "Yugoslavia after Tito" (seminar papers)
#158
Jagat S. Mehta
"Solution in Afghanistan: From Swedenisation to
Finlandisation"
#159
Edward Allworth
"The End of Ethnic Integration in Southern Central
Asia"
LATIN AMERICAN PROGRAM
#118
Sergio Zermeño
"From Ech to de la Madrid: The Upper Classes and
The Mexican State in the Stuggle for Hegemony"
#119 Abraham F. Lowenthal and Samuel F. Wells, Jr. (eds.)
"The Central American Crisis: Policy Perspectives"
#120 Herbert S. Klein
"Peasant Response to the Market and the Land Question in
18th-and 19th-Century Bolivia"
#121
Germán Colmenares
"The Nation and Regional History in the Andean
Countries: 1870-1930"
#122
Nicolás Sánchez-Albornoz
"Indian Labor in the Andes: Theories of the 16th-
Century"
OCCASIONAL/WORKING PAPERS
INTERNATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES PROGRAM
#45 Glenn H. Snyder
"Alliance Politics and the Security Dilemma"
EAST ASIA PROGRAM
#12 Hahu-Been Lee
"Generating Momentum Toward a Pacific Community"
#14 Chalmers A. Johnson
"The Policy Dilemmas of Americas Response to the
Challenge of Japan"
Thirty-minute FM Radio Programs made by The Wilson Center
for the FOCUS program, now available on cassette
from National Public Radio
1. Focus on India. Changes in Indian villages over the past generation and
changes in the perceptions of the Indian elite about the nature of
nationalism are among the topics discussed by two Wilson Center Fellows.
Nayantara Sahgal, an Indian novelist who knew at first hand many of the
generation of which her uncle Jawaharlal Nehru was the leader, and
Dr. Morris Carstairs, a medical doctor and psychiatrist with much experience
of both physical and mental health issues in Indian villages, reflect upon
their sense of Indian society today. The moderator is Prosser Gifford,
Deputy Director of the Wilson Center.
2. Focus on Bureaucratic Reform in China. Drawing upon a day-long Wilson
Center conference, Wilson Fellow Hong-yung Lee and Edward Friedman, staff
member of the East Asian Subcommittee of the House Foreign Affairs
Committee discuss efforts at modernization in contemporary China, examining
particularly constraints on political, administrative, and economic reforms
by established revolutionary elites and cultural traditions. The moderator
is East Asian Program Secretary Ronald Morse.
3. Focus on Science and Technology in China. Panelists Richard Baum of the
University of California, Los Angeles, and Richard P. Suttmeier of Hamilton
College draw upon a one-day Wilson Center conference to examine the basis
for the current interest in China in science and technology, its potential
for modernizing the industrial sector, and its likely impact on U. S.
science. The moderator is East Asian Program Secretary Ronald Morse.
4. Focus on Japan. Japanese as well as U.S. views of the current trade imbalance,
Japan's internal politics and its changing sense of its larger world role,
and the "lessons" of its economic success for the United States are among the
topics discussed by Wilson Fellow Susan Pharr, author of a recent book on
Japanese politics, and East Asian Program Secretary Ronald Morse, an authority
on Japanese energy policy. The moderator is Prosser Gifford, Deputy Director
of the Wilson Center.
5. Focus on Korea. Drawing upon a Wilson Center conference covering the first
hundred years of United States-Korean diplomatic relations, Professor Edward
Wagner of Harvard and Professor Koh, Byong-ik, former President of the
Academy of Korean Studies near Seoul, Korea discuss the significance of
critical periods of Korean history, such as the thirty years of Japanese
colonial rule, the brief American "occupation" after the second world war,
the post-Korean war years, and relationships with North Korea. The moderator
is Prosser Gifford, Deputy Director of the Wilson Center.
6. Focus on Space - the first twenty-five years. Discussing the race for
space twenty-five years after Sputnik, Professors Walter McDougall,
a Wilson Center Fellows, and John Logsden, of the Smithsonian's Air
and Space Museum, assess the consequences of the United States space
program for the organization of science and science education, for the
relationship between basic research and its applications, and for the
apparent separation between civilian and military space programs. The
moderator is Prosser Gifford, Deputy Director of the Wilson Center.
7. Focus on Russian Writers. Novelist Vassily Aksyonov, a Fellow at the Wilson
Center, reflects with Kennan Institute Secretary Abbott Gleason on the
effects of the changing Soviet political climate on writers of his
generation and the influences on them from modern international fiction and
the earlier suppressed Russian avant garde. The moderator is
Alexander Wilde of the Wilson Center.
8. Focus on Education in Language and Culture. Wilson Center scholars
Cyril E. Black of Princeton and Eleanor T. Jorden of Cornell reflect upon
the critical importance of training which combines foreign language learning
with knowledge of cultural differences. Utilizing their sustained experience
with the Soviet Union and Japan, respectively, they discuss ways in which
Americans might better learn and maintain real foreign language comprehension.
The moderator is Prosser Gifford, Deputy Director of the Wilson Center.
9. Focus on Poland. Reviewing the conditions of Poland's year under martial
law, two scholars of the Wilson Center, Leopold Unger and Artur Miedzyrzecki,
speak about the resources of mind and spirit - the intellectual tradition and
the Church - which enable the Polish people to keep going in the face of
repression and economic disaster. The moderator is Prosser Gifford, Deputy
Director of the Wilson Center.
10. Focus on the Enlightenment. Two Wilson Center scholars, Professor John Pocock
of The Johns Hopkins University and Maurice Cranston of the London School of
Economics, discuss the British and French enlightenments of the eighteenth
century and their relationships to the American Revolution. They draw upon
their research on Edward Gibbon and Jean-Jacques Rousseau for illustration of
eighteenth century thought. The moderator is Ann C. Sheffield, who is in
charge of the Center's program in History, Culture, and Society.
THE WILSON CENTER
JAMES H. BILLINGTON, Director
April 22, 1983
Mr. James W. Cicconi
Special Assistant to the President
and to the Chief of Staff
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear Jim:
I would like to invite you to attend an evening dialogue entitled The American
Presidency: What are the Specifications for the Job?--that will be held on
Tuesday, May 3, from 6:00-10:00 p.m. at The Wilson Center. Our panelists will
be Hedley Donovan, former editor-in-chief of Time Inc. and member of the Wilson
Council; William Leuchtenburg, professor of history, Columbia University and
former Center fellow; Kenneth Thompson, White Burkett Miller professor of govern-
ment and foreign affairs, University of Virginia; and Steven Hess, senior fellow,
Brookings Institution.
We will begin our evening with cocktails at 6:00 in the rotunda of the
Center, which is on the third floor of the Smithsonian Institution "Castle"
building. We will then proceed to the opening presentations of our panelists,
followed by dinner and the concluding hour or so of open discussion. We will
conclude all activity promptly at 10:00 p.m.
The construction of new museums behind the Castle has eliminated parking
areas previously used by our guests for evening events, although parking is
still available along Jefferson Drive (the Mall). Entrance to the Center is
through the east door of the Castle building, where a guard will direct you to
our location on the third floor.
I hope you will be able to attend what promises to be an especially rich
and rewarding evening. You may confirm your attendance by returning the enclosed
confirmation card or by telephoning our special events office at 202-357-2115.
I look forward to seeing you on the evening of May 3.
Sincerely
pl call Merine seeif
James In H. Billington
Enclosure
can't go.
other Anvited may WH have staff two. being fetter
or
done 4-29
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20560 202 357-2429 CABLE: WILCEN
Edilson ctr
THE WILSON CENTER
JAMES H. BILLINGTON, Director
April 11, 1983
Mr. James A. Baker, III
Assistant to the President
and Chief of Staff
The White House
Washington, D. C. 20500
On behalf of The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars,
I write to invite you to a special dialogue on Thursday, April 21st, to
discuss the subject, "Why are Fundamentalist Positions Gaining Strength
within Various Religious Traditions and with What Political Consequences?"
We will have a variety of different perspectives represented. The discussion
will be opened by Orrin G. Hatch, U.S. Senator from Utah; Bruce Lawrence,
Professor of History of Religion, Duke University; and Seymour Siegel,
Professor of Ethics and Theology, Jewish Theological Seminary.
The evening will begin at 5:30 p.m. in the Rotunda of The Wilson Center with
tea and refreshments. Presentations by the opening speakers will begin at
6 p.m. in The Wilson Center. We will break for dinner at about 7:15, returning
to the Library directly after dinner, and continuing the discussion until
10:00 p.m. As is our practice at The Wilson Center, the number invited to
the evening dialogue will be small enough to enable everyone who wishes to
participate in the general discussion following dinner.
The Smithsonian Institution Building (the "Castle") is located on the Mall at
1000 Jefferson Drive, S. W. There is parking on the Mall side but no longer
any area available on the Independence Avenue side because of construction.
The building can also be reached by the Blue and Orange Lines of the METRO.
The Wilson Center Library is located on the third floor of the Castle Building.
We look forward to your participation in this evening and hope that it will
indeed be possible for you to come. Would you please. notify Cynthia Ely
or Louise Platt at 357-2115 whether or not you can attend?
& Sincerely, James H. Billington H Billigton
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20560 202 357-2429 CABLE: WILCEN
THE WILSON CENTER
James H. Billington, Director
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
William J. Baroody. Jr., Chairman
Robert A. Mosbacher, Vice Chairman
James A. Baker III
Theodore C. Barreaux
William J. Bennett
Daniel J. Boorstin
Kenneth B. Clark
Stuart E. Eizenstat
Max M. Kampelman
Jesse H. Oppenheimer
BOARD OF TRUSTEES MEETING
S. Dillon Ripley
Richard S. Schweiker
Anne Firor Scott
TUESDAY, MARCH 1, 1983
George P. Shultz
Robert M. Warner
3:00 p.m.
Charles Z. Wick
1. Introductory remarks by Chairman William J. Baroody, Jr.
2. Approval of Minutes of October 5, 1982, Board meeting
3. Reports of Board committees
a. Finance Committee (Mr. Mosbacher, Chairman)
b. Program Committee (Mr. Eizenstat, Chairman)
C. Fellowship Committee (Mr. Warner, Chairman)
4. Director's Report
5. 01d business
6. New business
7. Next meeting scheduled for Tuesday, October 4, 1983,
at 3:00 p.m.
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20560 202 357-2429 CABLE: WILCEN
THE WILSON CENTER
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20560
February 14, 1983
TO:
All Members of the Board of Trustees
FROM: William J. Bardod, Barpody Barovely
SUBJ: Board Meeting of March 1, 1983
This is just to remind you of the Board meeting and dinner to honor
Max Kampelman on March 1. In addition to the suggested agenda and Minutes
of the last Board meeting, I am enclosing the Center's latest Annual Report.
Rather more time and energy will be devoted this time to the Director's
Report, which will deal in detail with some of the broad questions he
raises in that report about importance and impact.
Enclosures: a/s
THE WILSON CENTER
James H. Billington. Director
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
William J. Baroody, Jr., Chairman
Robert A. Mosbacher, Vice Chairman
October 5, 1982
James A. Baker III
3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Theodore C. Barreaux
Summary Minutes of the Thirtieth Meeting
William J. Bennett
of the Board of Trustees
Daniel J. Boorstin
Kenneth B. Clark
Stuart E. Eizenstat
Max M. Kampelman
Present: William J. Baroody, Jr., Chairman
Jesse H. Oppenheimer
S. Dillon Ripley
Theodore C. Barreaux
Richard S. Schweiker
Anne Firor Scott
John C. Broderick (for Mr. Boorstin)
George P. Shultz
James W. Cicconi (for Mr. Baker)
Robert M. Warner
Stuart E. Eizenstat
Charles Z. Wick
Max M. Kampelman
Robert A. Mosbacher
S. Dillon Ripley and Charles Blitzer
Anne Firor Scott
Daniel J. Terra (for Secretary Shultz)
Ronald L. Trowbridge (for Mr. Wick)
Robert M. Warner
Unable to attend: William J. Bennett
Kenneth B. Clark
Jesse H. Oppenheimer
Richard S. Schweiker
Staff members present: James H. Billington
Peter Braestrup
Zdenek David
Prosser Gifford
George Liston Seay
Mernie M. Weathers
Chairman Baroody welcomed Ambassador Daniel Terra (formerly representing
Secretary Haig, currently representing Secretary Shultz) and Ronald Trowbridge
(representing Charles Wick) to the Board meeting.
Mr. Baroody asked that comments and changes to the revised committee
assignments, circulated at the April meeting, be forwarded to him by October 15.
He invited Board members to attend the Wilson Council meeting the following day
when a Board member, Richard Schweiker, Secretary of Health and Human Services,
would speak.
Mr. Ripley announced the beginning of excavation in the Quadrangle behind
the Smithsonian Building to create 450,000 square feet of space in two new
buildings. He expressed the hope that The Wilson Center would consider partici-
pating in a very active way in some of the space that will be made available
there for seminars or discussions.
The minutes of the last meeting of April 6, 1982, were approved.
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20560 202 357-2429 CABLE: WILCEN
Summary Minutes of the 30th Meeting of the Board of Trustees
Page 3
Publications and Meetings Committee. (Mr. Trowbridge for Mr. Wick, Chair-
man) Mr. Trowbridge had chaired the meeting of the committee just prior to the
Board meeting and requested that the appropriate Center staff members speak about
the following issues that were raised:
Wilson Quarterly. Editor Peter Braestrup said the Wilson Quarterly's
"fifth issue" would appear on November 1 with a special focus on the news media.
Subscription prices have been raised 25 percent; the impact of the price increase
on circulation (now 112,000) was as yet unknown. The Quarterly is seeking addi-
tional working capital to increase advertising and circulation promotion plus
some extra money for next year's special issue on U.S. defense policy. The
recession may hurt in 1983-84, but the Quarterly expects to move to bimonthly
publication by 1988 and to begin showing a "profit."
Center publications and seminars. Prosser Gifford said that the endow-
ment campaign would encourage experiment in this area. The Center is currently
making a special effort to get out reports of conferences--such as that of May
1982 on the Iranian revolution--by inserting notices in the Quarterly. The
Center is also mailing out to key audiences in the scholarly community reports
from the programs, encouraging publication of books which result from core
seminars, and reaching an agreement with National Public Radio to tape some
Center programs that will later be sold through their cassette catalogue.
Proposal for a Wilson Center Working Papers series. Mr. Gifford said
that Center programs produce working papers--research in progress deriving from
meetings and the work of the Center fellows. Each program has so far handled
differently the question of production and distribution of the approximately
85-100 papers coming annually from the Center. The Center is now considering
ways to put the production and distribution on a more uniform and professional
basis.
Zdenek David, Center librarian, displayed the first eight Scholars'
Guides to the resources in the Washington area. He called attention to the
good reviews they have received in library journals and to the many requests for
them from abroad. Projected forthcoming Guides include Southeast Asia, North-
west Europe, and maps, charts and aerial photography, as well as revisions of
the earlier Russia/U.S.S.R. and the Latin America/Caribbean Guides.
In the ensuing discussion about ways to assess the value of meetings,
mention was made of the large number who attend annually (an estimated 7,000
to 10,000 participants), the constant need to have the best people present for
each meeting, and the need for strong chairmen to maximize the benefits of the
dialogue format.
Fellowship Committee Report. (Mr. Blitzer for Mr. Ripley, Chairman)
Mr. Blitzer referred Board members to the September 21 memorandum, "Report on
Wilson Center Fellows and Guest Scholars" (Attachment B).
Director's Report. Mr. Billington referred to Ambassador Kampelman's
introductory statement to the 1980-81 Annual Report on the central importance
to the Center of its fellows, an extraordinary body of international scholars.
He invited Board members to get to know them informally and to participate in
Summary Minutes of the 30th Meeting of the Board of Trustees
Page 5
of Management and Budget and with Smithsonian counsel before the testimony was
given; and, should the bill be passed, it will be fully reviewed with the Board
before any commitments are undertaken. Mr. Billington also mentioned that the
Kennan Institute's project with the Soviet Academy of Sciences in Moscow, to
develop a bibliography of the research institutes of the Soviet Union, has been
lagging and at present is on "hold."
Date of next meeting. Mr. Baroody announced the next Board meeting would
be on Tuesday, March 1, 1983, at 3:00 p.m., with a dinner honoring Board member
Max Kampelman to be held that evening.
The meeting adjourned at 5:00 p.m., and Board members were invited to
remain and participate in the evening dialogue on the topic of transborder data
flows, at which Professor Karl Deutsch was to open the discussion.
Respectfully submitted,
Gernie R. Weathers
Mernie M. Weathers
Secretary to the Board
ATTACHMENT A
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS
THE CASE FOR ENDOWMENT
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS
The Case for Endowment
The need for endowment
The Wilson Center seeks endowment for three compelling reasons: first,
to ensure the continuity and integrity of its programs; second, to improve
its ability to communicate to a wider public; third, to underwrite the oppor-
tunity to innovate and experiment. Each of these dimensions has been tested
with proven results during the Center's initial decade.
First, there is the need to enhance the planning and functioning of the
Center's programs. Meetings, conferences, workshops, and the staff required
to plan and run them are the essential link between individual scholarship
and the variety of perspectives to be found among other world-class scholars
and active policy-makers. The Center has a Congressional charter to create
this link, using the comparative advantage of its Washington location, and
twelve years of operating experience. To plan and staff a comprehensive and
tough-minded intellectual agenda for a major conference requires a year's
lead-time, the commissioning of specific papers, and the selection of a
broad range of participants including some new or relatively unknown persons.
Creating the right mix, particularly in combination with foreign institutions
and foreign scholars, involving careful identification of participants,
sustained correspondence and arrangements, the translation of papers, and
many other details.
The income from an endowment for the Center's programs would make possible
advance planning for conferences on important subjects without the delays and
uncertainties necessitated by the ad hoc raising of funds in advance for
each initiative. The assurance of available funds for the advance planning
of crucial conferences will permit the Center to respond more rapidly to
special opportunities, whether they arise from an initiative within the
Center or from an invitation by another institution or a foreign government
to co-sponsor a workshop or a conference. The availability of these funds
will provide the margin for excellence to ensure the high quality of intellec-
tual endeavors which require much time and effort and the participation of a
large number of people.
The second need is to enhance the distribution of scholarly results to
the wider public. The Center has experimented successfully with relatively
quick, attractive printing (The National Interests of the United States), with
FM radio programs and cassettes, and with direct printing from its own word
processors. But the technical possibilities for "demand" printing of the
3
Background
The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars is a unique, non-
partisan memorial to our 28th President that brings outstanding scholars
from all over the world into contact with the unparalleled research materials
and the vital policy concerns of Washington, D.C. Centrally located in the
midst of the Smithsonian museums, half-way between the White House and Capitol
Hill, The Wilson Center annually hosts some 100 of the world's leading thinkers,
holds 200 meetings, and publishes the most widely read quarterly journal of
ideas in the English-speaking world (the Wilson Quarterly, circulation
105,000).
Since it began operating in 1970 under Congressional charter, the Center
has welcomed scholars and thoughtful men and women of affairs from all over
the world who submit research proposals for its annual, open fellowship
competition. The ever-changing body of fellows resident at the Center represents
a major intellectual resource for the nation. The fellows engage in dialogues
that are shared with Washington policy-makers and often (via public radio)
with a national audience. The Center's international programs (on the USSR,
Latin America, East Asia, and International Security-primarily Europe and
the Middle East) provide the best opportunity in America for advanced residential
research and for deep non-partisan dialogue with policy-makers involved with
these regions. One-half of the 40 fellows in residence at any given time in
the Center are working in these four focused programs; the other 20 are
evenly divided between two more broad-ranging programs: on American Society
and Politics and on History, Culture and Society.
Funding
Conceived by Congress as a new type of "living" Presidential memorial,
The Wilson Center was created (in the manner of the National Gallery and the
Kennedy Center) as a national institution that could and should receive both
appropriated federal funds and private financial support. In FY 1982, the
Center had an operating budget of $5.3 million (including the Wilson Quarterly)
of which about 35 percent comes from Congressionally appropriated funds.
This mix of financial support enhances the Center's ability to function as a
"neutral" location for meetings and discussions of all sorts. The Center's
presidentially appointed Board of Trustees includes eight public, ex-officio
members* and an equal number of persons appointed for six-year terms by the
President from the private sector. The Board includes both Republicans and
Democrats, scholars, Cabinet officers, and business people. The Center
* The Secretary of State, the Librarian of Congress, the Archivist of the
United States, the Director of the United States Information Agency,
the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Secretary of the Smithsonian,
the Director of the National Endowment for the Humanities, and one member
of the Executive Staff of the White House.
5
The Numbers
Given these purposes, the Center's endowment needs are specified below
in tabular form.
Portion to be
Level
financed annually
of annual
from endowment
Activity
Expenditure
income
1.
Program planning and
development of meetings,
conferences, workshops,
core seminars
$500,000
$250,000
2.
Communcation outreach,
publications, radio, and
adaptation of new word
processing technology
250,000
125,000
3.
International activities-
opportunities in inter-
national education
100,000
50,000
$850,000
$425,000
On this basis, what is required is an endowment sufficient to generate
approximately $425,000 per year of usable income. Dependent on the assump-
tions one makes concerning total return (income and growth), this suggests
an endowment corpus of approximately $7,100,000 if one posits a 12 percent
total return and an inflation rate of 6 percent, so that 6 percent would be
in effect usable income. Of the $7,100,000, $800,000 would be specially
related to a Hewlett Foundation challenge grant for innovation and new initia-
tives in the international field (the third purpose listed). Thus, an endowment
of $7 million would ensure basic continuity of the core of the Center's
program and communication budget for the foreseeable future. Much of the
endowment income, because it is dependably available in advance, could in
turn be used to finance projects cooperatively or on a matching basis, so
that the leverage provided by the endowment would be increased significantly
over the $425,000 it would generate annually.
1. The six programs of the Center are in a position to generate signifi-
cant conferences on topics of importance--often in the international field
with co-sponsorship from foreign governments or institutions. Four current
examples are (a) two conferences with diverse and high-ranking Venezuelan
7
the fundamental purposes of the Center. As we did with the Wilson Quarterly
and with FM radio, we wish to be sure that the product is worth the expense
and energy required to produce it.
3. The third item is an "opportunity fund," with special emphasis on
international education. Income from this fund would enable the Center
(a) to develop special materials--perhaps resulting from a conference planned
in response to other intellectual needs--for use in international education;
(b) to involve more American university faculty in its international programs
than would otherwise be the case; (c) to build a meeting or a workshop quickly
around a foreign visitor or delegation whose arrival and availability could
not be foreseen more than a few weeks in advance; and (d) to give emphasis
to the long-term importance of training and teaching in difficult languages
and little-known regions (such as Soviet Central Asia). These examples
suggest the wide range of opportunities which the Center invites, and many
of which we must now forego through lack of funds. We would wish only
to do a limited number more--and to do them well--but even a half dozen
more events per year planned specifically to result in some enduring product
of value to those interested in international education would signficantly
increase the Center's public reach and its impact.
Fund management
Endowment monies must in today's economy be managed both carefully and
aggressively, with an eye on long-term growth as well as on income. We
are confident that we can put into place, with excellent professional
advice, a plan for securing the maximum long-term value from an endowment.
The Center is currently preparing for the Finance Committee of the Board of
Trustees an assessment of management options for timely decision.
ATTACHMENT 3
MEMORANDUM
TO:
Fellowship Committee of the Board of Trustees
FROM:
ARM
SUBJECT:
Report on Wilson Center fellows and guest scholars
DATE:
September 21, 1982
As we do every October, we are reporting on guest scholars for the past
fiscal year and bringing you up-to-date on other fellowship and guest scholar
activities since our last meeting. There are no items requiring action.
I. Report on FY 82 guest scholars
On the attached pages, we report on the 29 guest scholars funded by
FY 82 funds: they include 18 foreigners from 13 different countries, and
eleven U.S. citizens from 7 states and Puerto Rico. These guest scholars,
in addition to their overall contribution to the Center, add diversity to
the Center's mix and include: seven practitioners, eight women, two U.S.
minorities, eight Western Europeans, and two Japanese. The total
group of guest scholars funded by federal stipends has cost the Center
$54,250 from FY 82 fellowship funds--approximately 5.6% of our total
FY 82 fellowship funds. Their average length of stay has been 2.3. months.
II. Report on new Fellowship appointments
Since our reports of last February and March, the following 6 individuals
have been offered fellowships. Five of these individuals are on lists of
candidates (alternates: Susan Harding, German Carrera Damas; special
invitation: Shlomo Avineri, Ernest May; Volkswagen: Sergio Cotta)
already approved for fellowship appointment by the Board of Trustees.
Mohamed Hakki was approved for a special out-of-cycle fellowship appointment--
after careful review by the academic council of the International Security
Studies Program and the Fellowship Committee of the Board of Trustees.
Shlomo Avineri, Israel. Herbert Samuel Professor of Political Science,
Hebrew University, Jerusalem. The anti-modernist theme in early socialist
thought. (October 1983-July 1984) (HCS)
German Carrera Damas, Venezuela. Professor of History and Director of
the Office of Culture, Central University of Venezuela. Internal power
structure and national planning in Venezuela. (April 1983-July 1983)
(LAP)
Sergio Cotta, Italy. Professor of Philosophy of Law, University of Rome.
The relationship between violence and the philosophy of praxis and its
influence on political life. (September 1982-December 1982) (HCS)
2
Mohamed I. Hakki, Egypt. Chairman, Egyptian State Information Service.
Domestic determinants of Egypt's foreign policy. (September 1982-August 1983)
(ISSP)
Susan Harding, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, University of Michigan.
Transforming American families: a comparative study of the feminist and
profamily movements. (January 1983-April 1983) (ASP)
Ernest R. May, Charles Warren Professor of History, Harvard University.
American government and society, 1930-1970. (January 1983-June 1983) (ASP)
III.
Report on new Fellowship declinations
Since our reports of last February and March, two more individuals have
declined offers of fellowships:
(HCS) Temma Kaplan, Associate Professor of History, University of
California, Los Angeles. Political mobilization and female
consciousness in Spain, 1873-1982.
(ASP) Nelson Polsby, Professor of Political Science, University of
California, Berkeley. American political party reform and its
consequences.
Polsby finished the project for which he had applied to the Center, and
Kaplan accepted another fellowship.
IV.
Report on Fellowship extensions
As already reported to the Fellowship Committee of the Board of Trustees,
two fellows have had their appointments extended:
(HCS) Tadeusz Kowalik, Poland. Associate Professor, Institute of the
History of Science, Education and Technology, Polish Academy of
Science, Warsaw. Planning and freedom: the relationship between
national economic and social planning and human liberties in both
Eastern and Western nations. (April 1981-November 1982) Kowalik
received a three-month extension from September 1, 1982-
November 30, 1982.
(ASP) Mary O. Furner, Associate Professor of History, Northern Illinois
University. Toward the corporate state: professional social science
and the transformation of American liberalism, 1875-1929. (January 1982-
December 1982) Furner received a four-month extension from
September 1, 1982-December 31, 1982.
3
V.
Recent Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to the Wilson Center
On October 23, 1981, the Executive Committee of the Rockefeller Foundation
granted $125,000 to the Wilson Center toward the costs of fellowships and
program activities in the humanities. This sum has been made available for
use during the eighteenth-month period beginning January 1, 1982. The funds
thus provided are to be used to provide partial support for fellowships and
guest scholarships for humanists and to make possible a variety of conference
activities emphasizing humanistic perspectives on contemporary social and
cultural issues.
THE WILSON CENTER
James H. Billington, Director
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
William J. Baroody, Jr., Chairman
MEMORANDUM
Robert A. Mosbacher, Vice Chairman
James A. Baker III
Theodore C. Barreaux
William J. Bennett
Daniel J. Boorstin
TO:
The Board of Trustees
Kenneth B. Clark
Stuart E. Eizenstat
FROM:
Robert M. Warner, Chairman, Fellowship Committee
RWarner
Max M. Kampelman
Jesse H. Oppenheimer
S. Dillon Ripley
SUBJECT: . Recommendations on Fellowship Stipend Ceiling
Richard S. Schweiker
and Guest Scholar Allotment
Anne Firor Scott
George P. Shultz
DATE:
February 22, 1983
Robert M. Warner
Charles Z. Wick
The Fellowship Committee at its meeting on February 1, 1983
unanimously approved the following two items and recommended
their approval by the full Board of Trustees.
I. Increase in Ceiling on Fellowship Stipends
In October 1979 the Board of Trustees authorized that the maximum
stipend for fellowships from federal funds be raised to $35,000 from
the previous $30,000 ceiling which had been set at the Center's
beginning. We recommend an increase in the stipend ceiling to
$38,000.
The requested increase in the ceiling would provide the Center greater
capacity to attract senior scholars of the highest caliber. The
ceiling ensures that no fellowship recipient receives more than
$38,000 of federal fellowship monies in any twelve-month period. It
will not become an average cost figure for fellowship stipends,
but will give the Director a slight increase in flexibility at the
top range currently offered fellows.
The Fellowship Committee recommends that the Board of Trustees
authorize the Director to approve stipends up to $38,000 within any
given year.
II. Allocation of Fellowship Monies for Guest Scholarships
In addition to its fellowship program, the Center also has a guest
scholar program which provides greater flexibility in responding to
promising candidates throughout the year. Guest Scholars are appointed
by the Director after systematic staff review for periods of normally
1-3 months, although the Director is authorized to appoint a guest
scholar for up to twelve months. Every effort is made to ensure
outside scholarly review of the project of these shorter term scholars,
and appointments are made on a space available basis after priority
consideration has been given to the fellows who emerge from the
annual competition. The guest scholar program allows the Center to react
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20560 202 357-2429 CABLE: WILCEN
2
II. Allocation of Fellowship Monies for Guest Scholarships (Continued)
quickly to exciting applicants who present themselves after the
competition is completed and also enables the Center to try to reach
out to certain areas where there has been a degree of imbalance
in the fellows from the current competition. Guest scholars have
added significantly to the diversity of the Center's scholars (in
professions, countries, and groups represented), and they have been
especially effective in connection with conferences and other special
programmatic needs. The guest scholar route also enables the Director
to bring to the Center some absolutely first-rate practitioners and
foreign scholars whom it is difficult to attract here long enough
for a fellowship appointment.
Each year the Board has authorized the designation of a specific sum
of money from the total fellowship allotment as a fund for guest
scholars, if so needed. The initial allocation was $25,000 in 1976.
The Board increased that figure in 1978 to $50,000 and again in 1980
to $75,000. These last two allocations represented about 8% of the
total fellowship budget.
We are now asking the Board to authorize a certain percentage of the
total fellowship monies for guest scholarships rather than a specific
dollar amount. We recommend that the Board establish a new fixed
percentage of the overall fellowship funds reserved for guest scholarships
set at 10% (for FY 83 this would mean $117,600). In this way the portion
of funds available for guest scholarships in subsequent years will
automatically reflect any changes in the fellowship budget.
This percentage allocation establishes only a permissible maximum by
giving the Director the flexibility to spend up to this amount on guest
scholars in a given fiscal year. Any monies reserved for guest scholars
may of course be re-allocated to fellows instead as has often been done
in the past.
To further strengthen the Center's group of scholars, the Fellowship
Committee recommends to the full Board of Trustees that 10% of the
total fellowship funds be made available for guest scholars.
Report of the Fellowship Committee Meeting of the Board of Trustees
February 1, 1983
Those attending: Robert M. Warner, Chairman
William J. Baroody, Jr. (ex officio)
Theodore Barreaux
William J. Bennett
Kenneth B. Clark
John Reinhardt (for S. Dillon Ripley)
Anne Firor Scott
Fellowship competition in general (see attached summary sheet)
We received fewer applications this year than last (405 as opposed to 457 in
1981), but the overall number, and even the distribution of the total number
of applicants among the programs, is almost identical to that of 1980. The
distribution of proposals across the Center's programs was as follows: 134
applications in History, Culture, and Society; 108 in American Society and
Politics; 58 in the Latin American Program; 36 in the Kennan Institute; 46 in
the International Security Studies Program; and 23 in the East Asia Program.
The 52 fellows appointed represent a slightly larger percentage of applicants
(12.8%) than the 50 appointed last year.
The percentage of foreigners appointed (37%) is smaller than last year's,
while that of practitioners (21%) is about the same.
We consider the 52 fellows appointed for 1983-84 a diverse and vital group
with important and exciting projects. These 52 fellows come from 16 states
in the U.S.A. and 16 foreign countries and include our first fellows ever
from Afghanistan and Ireland.
The eleven non-academics include 5 journalists, 3 public officials, one doctor,
one consultant, and one general.
While the average age of fellows has risen slightly since last year
(from 45 to 47), the average age of applicants has remained the same. As in
the past, the average age of women appointed (42) is lower than that of the
men (48).
Although the percentage of women applicants decreased significantly (15% this
year as opposed to 22% last year), the percentage of women appointed fellows
(17%) is higher than last year's (10%).
The fields of the fellows' research have remained relatively constant. As in
the past, the largest numbers of fellows are historians (17) or political
scientists (17). Other fields represented include philosophy/religion/ethics
(6), economics (1), anthropology (1), sociology (4), literature (4), art history
(1), and film (1). Taken as a whole the group seems more humanistic than
in past years with a number of people in literature, ethics, religion and
cultural history (including photography, film, and drama).
-2-
The Fellowship Committee of the Board of Trustees reviewed 81 applications and
a comprehensive memo by the Director summarizing the recommendations of the
six panels and giving his own. After a lengthy discussion of the applicants
and other issues raised in the memo, the Fellowship Committee of the Board of
Trustees made the following decisions:
Decisions
I.
Designation of Thomas A. Sebeok as an "Adjunct Fellow" for 1983-84. Sebeok,
chairman of the Research Center for Languages and Semiotic Studies at
Indiana University, will be a Regent's Fellow at the Smithsonian next
year. This special category of "Adjunct Fellows" was established
by the Board of Trustees in the fall of 1974 "to encourage formally.
the increased participation in the intellectual life of the Center
on the part of distinguished representatives of the scholarly community
of the Smithsonian Institution." These "Adjunct Fellows" do not
receive an office or a stipend, but are invited regularly to take
part in the Center's schedule of scholarly activities.
II. Appointment of 52 Fellows: 17 in History, Culture, and Society; 12 in
American Society and Politics; 4 in the Kennan Institute; 8 in the Latin
American Program; 6 in the International Security Studies Program; 5 in the
East Asia Program. (see attached press release).
In addition to these 52 fellows appointed from the competition, the following
three fellows from the Center's list of special invitees (individuals already
approved for fellowship appointment by the Board of Trustees) will be at the
Center next year:
Shlomo Avineri, Israel, Herbert Samuel Professor of Political Science,
Hebrew University. The anti-modernist theme in early socialist
thought.
Michael E. Howard, United Kingdom, Regius Professor of Modern History,
Oxford University. Analysis of war: popular and expert assessments
of the nature and duration of conflict, 1911-1916.
Samuel Huntington, Frank G. Thompson Professor of Government, Harvard
University. The contradictions of development: an historical and
comparative study.
III.
Appointment of 16 Alternates: 6 in History, Culture, and Society: 3 in
American Society and Politics; 1 in the Kennan Institute; 3 in the Latin
American Program; 2 in the International Security Studies Program; and 1
in the East Asia Program. (see attached list).
-3-
IV.
Approval of additions to the list of candidates eligible for Volkswagen
Fellowships
A. Reporting on the Volkswagen Grant
The Center received a five-year grant of $385,000 from the Volkswagen
Foundation of Germany in 1979. The grant provides annually for the
support of two twelve-month appointments for Western European scholars,
one of whom must be a German national. As it is often difficult for
Europeans to come to the Center for periods of time longer than four months;
we agreed with the Volkswagen Foundation that in any given year we might
have four or more VW fellows at the Center for shorter periods of time
than a year.
In this third year of the grant's implementation, we have brought four
Western European scholars here on Volkswagen funds-one from the United
Kingdom, two from the Federal Republic of Germany, and one from Italy.
These four fellows are on the list of candidates for Volkswagen fellow-
ships endorsed by the Fellowship Committee of the Board of Trustees, and
all except one emerged as fellows from the regular fellowship competition
last year. The one exception came on a 4-month fellowship appointment
at the discretion of the Director.
B. Review and endorsement of additions to the list of candidates for
VW fellowships
Following the procedure approved by the Fellowship Committee of the
Board in 1980, the Fellowship Committee of the Board of Trustees
approved 43 additional candidates for Volkswagen Fellowships. In accordance
with the requirements of the Volkswagen Foundation, this list will also
be reviewed by their foundation staff and by two senior German scholars,
Drs. Dietrich Geyer and Hans-Peter Schwarz, both former Wilson Fellows.
These 43 individuals, after the next review stage is completed--along
with the approximately 200 candidates already approved for VW fellowships--
will be eligible for fellowship appointments under the terms of the
Volkswagen Foundation grant via direct invitation to be extended at the
discretion of the Director. The Director will normally extend invita-
tions to those individuals awarded fellowships through the regular
competition and to those on the special invitation list, and will clear
specific individuals with the Fellowship Committee should anyone not from
these sources be chosen for a period of time that exceeds four months.
Of the thirteen fellows funded by VW so far, eleven emerged through the
regular competition, one came from the special invitation list, and
one came for a 4-month period.
SUMMARY SHEET
APPLICANTS COMPARED WITH APPOINTED FELLOWS, 1981/1982
1981
1982
Applicants
Fellows
Applicants
Fellows*
Foreigners
#
159
23
129
19
%
35%
46%
32%
37%
Women
#
100
5
61
9
%
22%
10%
15%
17%
Practitioners #
100
11
113
11
%
22%
22%
28%
21%
Average Age**
45
45
45
47
Total #
457
50
405
52
(10.9% of
(12.8% of
applicants)
applicants)
*
These figures include two applicants (Evelyne and John Stephens) in the Latin
American Program who submitted one joint proposal.
**
Of the 50 fellows appointed for 1982-83, 16 (or 32%) were under 40 years of
age. Of the 52 individuals appointed for 1983-84, 14 (or 27%) are under 40
years of age.
Of the 52 fellows for 1983-84, the average age of the nine women is 42 and
the average age of the forty-three men is 48.
The fellows appointed for 1983-84 come from 16 foreign countries and from
16 states and the District of Columbia.
APPOINTED FELLOWS, ROUND 23, FEBRUARY 1983
COUNTRIES
STATES
Afghanistan
(1)
California
(2)
Argentina
(1)
Connecticut
(1)
Bangladesh
(1)
District of Col.
(3)
Chile
(1)
Illinois
(1)
Germany
(1)
Iowa
(1)
India
(2)
Maryland
(2)
Ireland
(1)
Massachusetts
(3)
Italy
(1)
Maine
(1)
Jamaica
(1)
Michigan
(1)
Japan
(1)
New Jersey
(3)
Mexico
(1)
New York
(2)
Poland
(1)
North Carolina
(1)
South Korea
(1)
Ohio
(2)
United Kingdom
(2)
Pennsylvania
(4)
U.S.S.R.
(1)
Rhode Island
(1)
Yugoslavia
(1)
Texas
(2)
Wisconsin
(1)
"Stateless"
(1)
16 CANDIDATES RECOMMENDED FOR ALTERNATE APPOINTMENTS TO THE WILSON CENTER
February 1983
PROGRAM ON HISTORY, CULTURE, AND SOCIETY
Kemal Afzal Faruki, 59, Pakistan, Advocate, Supreme Court of Pakistan,
Rawalpindi; Barrister-at-Law. Democracy and authoritarianism in the
Muslim world.
David Elmore Kaiser, 35, Assistant Professor of History and Philosophy,
Carnegie-Mellon University. European international conflict and social
change, 1559-1945.
Arnost Klima, 65, Czechoslovakia, Professor Emeritus of Economic History,
Charles University, Prague; Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.
The diffusion of new technology and economic development.
Martin Meisel, 51, Professor of English and Comparative Literature,
Columbia University. The imagination of chaos.
Thomas Hubert Morawetz, 40, Professor of Law, University of Connecticut
School of Law. Reasoning about rights: jurisprudential lessons from
the theory of knowledge.
Helen Nader, 46, Associate Professor of History, Indiana University.
Estate management in early modern Castile.
PROGRAM ON AMERICAN SOCIETY AND POLITICS
Jennifer R. Nedelsky, 33, Assistant Professor of Politics, Princeton
University. Individual autonomy and the bureaucratic state.
Alan Olmstead, 40, Professor of Economics and Director, Agricultural History
Center, University of California, Davis. The causes and consequences
of agricultural mechanization in California, 1860-1960.
William Taylor, 60, Professor of History, State University of New York
at Stony Brook. Public space, public opinion and the origins of mass
culture, 1880-1929.
2
KENNAN INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED RUSSIAN STUDIES
Victor Levin, 67, Israel, Professor of Slavic Languages, Hebrew University.
The language of Russian prose: 18th - 20th centuries.
LATIN AMERICAN PROGRAM
Marcello A. Carmagnani, 42, Italy, Professor of Latin American History,
University of Turin, Italy. Finances of the central government and formation
of the modern Mexican state, 1821-1910.
Richard Graham, 47, Professor of History, University of Texas, Austin.
Society and politics in Brazil, 1840-1889.
Hector Perez Brignoli, 36, Costa Rica, Professor of History, University
of Costa Rica. A history of Central America in the twentieth century,
with an abstract of historical statistics.
INTERNATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES PROGRAM
Michael Andrew Barnhart, 31, Assistant Professor, State University of
New York at Stony Brook. America's acquisition of military bases overseas,
1941-1954.
Dov Solomon Zakheim, 33, Special Assistant, Under Secretary of Defense
(Policy). Matching problems to strategy and policy: the challenge of
defense management.
EAST ASIA PROGRAM
Lawrence R. Sullivan, 37, Associate Professor of Political Science,
Adelphi University. The controversy over political authority in China,
1898-1982.
NEWS
THE WILSON CENTER
February 9, 1983
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING WASHINGTON D.C. 20560
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
Ann C. Sheffield
(202) 357-2841
THE WILSON CENTER ANNOUNCES
RESULTS OF ANNUAL FELLOWSHIP COMPETITION
The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars has offered research
appointments to 52 new fellows, Chairman of the Board of Trustees
William J. Baroody, Jr. announced today.
Wilson Center fellows are chosen competitively once a year on the basis
of submitted research proposals from throughout the world.
Baroody noted that the latest round of competition with 406 applicants from
34 countries around the globe, was especially keen because of the quality
of the proposals received and the diversity of talents represented. As
in the past, fellowships were awarded not only to academics, but also
to journalists, public officials and others.
The following fellows, who were chosen in one general and five focused
programs, will pursue their projects while in Washington.
PROGRAM ON HISTORY, CULTURE AND SOCIETY
Warner Bement Berthoff, Professor of English and American Literature,
Harvard University. The continuances of virtue: meaning and value in
imaginative literature.
Robert Oakley Collins, Professor of History, University of California,
Santa Barbara. Jonglei: the past and present of the future.
Bernard John Cooke, Professor of Religious Studies, College of the Holy
Cross. Religious and cultural symbol systems.
Chidananda Dasgupta, India. Managing Editor, SPAN Magazine, United
States Information Service, New Delhi. Cinema and social change in
contemporary India.
3
Ronnie E. Dugger, Publisher and editor-at-large, The Texas Observer. Lyndon
B. Johnson and the evolution of domestic policy in the United States since 1953.
Betsy Erkkila, Assistant Professor of English Literature, University of Penn-
sylvania. Poetry and politics: a study of the political text and context of
Walt Whitman's work.
Mario Garcia, Associate Professor of History, University of California, Santa
Barbara. Historical analysis of the Mexican-American community.
Tom Gerety, Associate Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh School of Law.
Faith's good staff: religion in American law.
Hazel Hertzberg, Professor of History and Education, Teachers College, Columbia
University. A history of social studies in American public schools, 1880-1980.
Peter Kruger, Federal Republic of Germany. Professor of History, Marburg Univ-
ersity. The United States and German federalism, 1871-1949.
Mark Reutter, journalist, freelance writer, Baltimore. Making steel: life
and work at Sparrows Point.
Massimo Salvadori, Italy. Professor of Contemporary History, University of Torino.
The relationship between civil society and the state, socio-economic development
and the problems of democracy in some currents of American political thought.
Mildred Sanders, Associate Professor of Political Science, Rice University. The
roots of regulation: economics and politics in the nineteenth century.
Warren Susman, Professor of History, Rutgers University. Emergence of the
culture of abundance, 1880-1940.
Alan Trachtenberg, Professor of American Studies, Yale University. Photography
and culture in America.
KENNAN INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED RUSSIAN STUDIES
Boris Gasparov, Stateless. Visiting Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures,
Stanford University. History of Russian language from a socio-cultural perspective.
Peter B. Reddaway, United Kingdom. Senior Lecturer in Political Science, London
School of Economics and Political Science. Soviet policy towards dissent since
1953: how is it formed, implemented, changed?
Teodore Shanin, United Kingdom. Professor and Head of Department of Sociology,
University of Manchester. The Stolypin reforms in Russia as the archetype of
rural transformation strategies in contemporary "developing societies."
Robert C. Tucker, Professor of Politics and Director of Russian Studies Program,
Princeton University. Stalin: a study in history and personality.
5
EAST ASIA PROGRAM
Mary Brown Bullock, Director, Committee on Scholarly Communication with the PRC,
National Academy of Sciences. China turning West: educational/scientific relations
with Europe, Japan and the United States.
Theodore Friend, Former President, Swarthmore College. Imperialism, revolution,
and reversion: Indonesia and the Philippines, 1941-1949.
Tetsuya Kataoka, Japan. Professor of Political Science, Saitama University, Saitama.
A history of post-war Japanese political thought.
Byong-ik Koh, Republic of Korea. Professor of History, Hanlim College, Ch'unch'on.
Confucianism and its modern transformations.
Yuan Tien, Professor of Sociology, Ohio State University. China's revolutionary
conservative family policies: restorations, redirections and ramifications.