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    "ocrText": "Ronald Reagan Presidential Library\nDigital Library Collections\nThis is a PDF of a folder from our textual collections.\nCollection: Reagan, Ronald: Gubernatorial Papers,\n1966-74: Press Unit\nFolder Title: Speeches - Miscellaneous (including scripts),\n1964-1974 [1964-October 1967]\nBox: P20\nTo see more digitized collections visit:\nhttps://reaganlibrary.gov/archives/digital-library\nTo see all Ronald Reagan Presidential Library inventories visit:\nhttps://reaganlibrary.gov/document-collection\nContact a reference archivist at: [email protected]\nCitation Guidelines: https://reaganlibrary.gov/citing\nNational Archives Catalogue: https://catalog.archives.gov/\n-\n.\n1961\n1964\nA TIME FOR CHOOSING\n1963.2\nAn Address By\nRONALD REAGAN\nJames Madison, one of our founding fathers, said, \"Ve base all\nour experiments on the capacity of man for self-government.\" The\npractice of self-government entails free discussion between men of\ngood will in an effort to solve differences of opinion.\nToday it seems impossible to debate legitimately the means of\nsolving our problems. There is a growing tendency to substitute name-\ncalling. On the one hand, a small group of people see treason in any\nphilosophical difference of opinion and apply the terms \"pink\" and\n\"leftist\" to those who are motivated only by humanitarian idealism\nin their support of the liberal welfare philosophy. On the other hand,\nan even greater number of people today, advocates of this liberal\nphilosophy, lump all who oppose their viewpoint under the banner of\nright-wing lunacy, charging that these right-wing lunatics or extrem-\nists pose the only internal threat to our national security. One has\nto wonder how long we can afford the luxury of this family fight\nwhile we are at war with the most dangerous enemy mankind has ever\nknown.\nSavings and loan associations deal with investment risks, evalu-\nating past records, future potential, company policy, management\nbalance sheets. Well, I think it is high time that we all do some\nunemotional evaluating of our most important holding, including a\ncheck on the future plans and policies of its management.\nNot long ago, two friends of mine were talking to a Cuban busi-\nnessman who had escaped from Castro. He was telling pretty horrible\ntales of his experiences. One of my friends turned to the other and\nsaid, \"Ne don't realize how lucky we are.\" The Cuban exclaimed,\n\"How lucky you are! I had some place to escape to.\" It is just\nas simple as that.\nIf this way of life of ours is lost, where in the world do men\nwho desire freedom find an escape? I think it is time to ask ourselves\nif we still know the freedoms intended for us by the creators of the\nonly true revolution that has ever taken place in man's history. Here\nin this country our revolution was the only one that did not merely\nexchange one set of rulers for another set of rulers. We lighted a\ntorch 200 years ago that said to the downtrodden of all the world,\nnot that we had decided on a more benevolent ruler, but rather that\nfor the first time man had decided his rights were God-given, the\npeople were sovereign and government could do only those things per-\nmitted by the people.\nBy unleashing the individual genius of every man, a mere 6% of\nthe world's population occupying only 7% of the world's land surface\nhas created and owns 50% of the world's wealth. We have distributed\nthat wealth more widely among our people than has ever been done in\nany society heretofore created by man. We have proved man's capa-\ncity for self-government. Yet today, under the unremitting pressure\nof the cold war, we have adopted contrary measures in the apparent\nbelief that our proven system is unable to meet the challenge of the\ncold war.\nTHE LIBERAL PHILOSOPHY: PLANNED ECONOMY\nA White House adviser, Arthur Schlesinger Jr., sees the cold\nwar disappearing \"through a peaceful transition into a not undemocra-\ntic socialism.\" Another government adviser, Ted Sorenson, in his\nbook Decisions in the White House, says that public opinion is often\nerratic, inconsistent, arbitrary and unreasonable; that it is fre--\nquently hampered by myths and misinformation, by stereotypes and by\ninnate resistance to innovations. For these reasons, he says, \"the\nPresident must not be bound by public opinion; he must not only reign\nin Washington but he also must rule.\"\nHoward K. Smith of television tells us that \"the distribution\nof goods must be effected by a planned economy; that the profit motive\nmust be replaced by the incentives of the liberal welfare state.\"\nToday there are millions and millions of people in our land who cannot\nsee a fat man standing beside a thin one without automatically coming\nto the conclusion that the fat man got that way by taking advantage\nof the thin one. They' seek an answer to all the problems of human\nneed through government.\nOne of the articulate voices of the liberal philosophy, Senator\nClark of Pennsylvania, defines liberalism as \"the program of meeting\nthe material needs of the masses through utilizing the full power of\ncentralized government.' It is disturbing when a representative of\nthe people uses what heretofore has been a foreign term and describes\nyou and me as \"the masses.\" But, more important, the \"power of cen-\ntralized government\" was the very thing the founding fathers sought\nto minimize. They knew that the government cannot control things.\nThe government cannot control the economy without controlling people.\nPlutarch warned that \"the real destroyer of the liberties of the\npeople is he who spreads among them bounties, donations and benefits.\"\nMankind has known only a few moments of freedom in all the long\nclimb from the swamp to the stars, and most of those moments have\nbeen ours. Strangely enough, all of them have been under a system of\nprivate ownership. and capitalism. But freedom is never more than one\ngeneration away from extinction. The late Judge Learned Hand said,\n\"Liberty lies in the hearts of men and women; when it dies there, no\nconstitution, no court, no law can save it.\"\nI think we have come to a time for choosing. Two contrary philo-\nsophies divide us in this land of ours. Either we believe in our tra-\nditional system of individual liberty, or we abandon the American\nRevolution and confess that an intellectual elite in a far distant\ncapital can plan our lives for us better than we can plan them our-\nselves.\nIn our adult lifetime we have seen the government lay its hand\non health, housing, farming, industry, commerce, education and commu-\nnications. In so doing, regardless of good intentions, it has created\na permanent structure of government which has become so big and so\ncomplex that it virtually entraps the President and the Congress,\nregardless of which party is elected to power.\nThere are today 2½ million federal employees, and the present\nbudget calls for an increase of 40,000 this year. In 1942 there was\none top-salaried government executive for every 89 employees; by\n1961 there was one for every 17. Federal, state and local governments\nemploy one out of every six people earning a living in this country;\nfive of us are paying the full salary of a sixth employee. If the\npresent rate of increase continues, in six short years one-fourth of\nthe total work force of the nation will be employed by the government.\nToday 48 million Americans receive some form of direct cash pay-\nment from government; 38 million of them receive it from the federal\ngovernment.\nSecretary of Commerce Hodges recently said, \"The sad thing about\ngovernment is that you really don't know what is going on most of the\ntime.\" He probably said it right after he announced that he could\nrun his department with 10% fewer employees and then discovered that\nin one month 1,600 new ones had been hired.\n-3-\nProbably no one in government knows exactly what everyone does\ndo, but one congressman found an indication. He uncovered a man\nwhose job in Washington is to sit and scan documents that come over\nhis desk. He reads them, initials them and sends them on to the pro-\nper agency. One day a document came his way that he was not supposed\nto read. Nevertheless he read it, initialed it and passed it on.\nTwenty-four hours later it came back to his desk with a memo: \"You\nwere not supposed to read this. Erase your initials and initial the\nerasure.\n11\nGOVERNMENT PROGRAMS SELF-PERPETUATING\nGovernment programs take on a weight and momentum of their own.\nFederal welfare spending today is ten times greater than it was in\nthe dark depths of the depression, when there was so much real need.\nFederal welfare spending in the last ten years has multiplied eight\ntimes as fast as the increase in population. In my home region of\nLos Angeles County, 44% of the total budget is for welfare. This is\nmore than all the money collected from real estate taxes in our county.\nAll of us probably are familiar with the practice of government\nagencies in hurrying to spend all their money before the end of the\nfiscal year so they can go to Congress with clean hands and empty\npockets. But is it not going a little overboard for one of the\nUnited States travel agencies to spend 87% of its budget in the last\ntwo days of the fiscal year?\nThere is a seeming indestructibility to government agencies. A\ngovernment bureau is the nearest thing to eternal life that we shall\never see on this earth.\nThe Farm Home Mortgage Bureau was created in the depths of the\ndepression. Today it is bigger than ever. It is not lending money\nas it was originally set up to do, that is, to enable tenant farmers\nto own their own cabins. It is now in the business of lending money\nfor recreational agencies, golf courses and--you name it.\nThe REA, or Rural Electrification Administration, was created in\n1936 to aid in bringing electricity to rural homes. It did just that,\nand today more than 98% of the farm homes in the country have electric\npower. In 1936 the sponsors of this legislation declared it was not\ntheir intent to let government-subsidized, tax-exempt utility groups\ncompete with private industry, but today the REA is bigger than ever,\nwith a budget of nearly half a billion dollars a year. Four out of\n-4-\nfive of all its new customers are nonfarm users. It borrows money\nfrom the Treasury at 2% for such nonfarm uses as a ski lift, complete\nwith artificial snow machinery, in northern Illinois; and that money\nmust be borrowed by the Treasury at 4 to 4½.\nThe Tennessee Valley Authority was started as a flood control\nproject. Periodically the Tennessee Valley had been ravaged by\nflood. The TVA cured that; it flooded the whole area permanently.\nThen it was suggested that with the electricity generated by the\nwaters impounded behind the dams, the TVA go into the power business.\nBut today three-fourths of all the electricity produced by the TVA\nis generated in steam plants.\nSome people say government spending is necessary to stimulate\nthe economy. There has been no greater spending anywhere in the\ncountry than in the Tennessee Valley, yet the Labor Department today\nofficially lists over 50% of the 169 counties in that region as perma-\nnent areas of poverty, distress and unemployment.\nThis brings us to the most serious threat to freedom: the extent\nto which policy is determined by these permanent bureaus rather than\nby those we elect to office with our ballots. Last year, while Con-\ngress was debating whether to lend the United Nations $100 million\nto bail it out of its financial difficulties, the State Department,\nwithout asking anyone's permission, handed the UN $217 million, part\nof which was used to pay the delinquent dues of Castro's Cuba.\nLast year Congress passed a law prohibiting our foreign aid\nbureaus and agencies from giving aid to any nation selling oil to\nCuba. Yet, in the first six months of this year, four nations selling\noil to Cuba have received $145 million.\nSince 1933 the Congress of the United States has passed laws that\nfill eleven thick volumes. In that same period the bureaus of govern-\nment have adopted regulations effecting us that fill 39 such thick\nvolumes, and many of these regulations are \"final and not subject to\nreview by any court.\"\nYou and I have lost the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution,\nour protection against search and seizure. Today federal agents, if\nthey suspect a citizen of violating a regulation, can invade his\nproperty without a warrant; can levy a fine without a formal hearing.\nlet alone a trial by Jury; and can seize and sell his property at\nauction to enforce payment of that fine.\n-5-\nHOW WELL DOES THE FARM PROGRAM WORK?\nThe Farm Program is a classic example of how government must\nresort to force and coercion when it attempts to control the economy.\nIf we were surprised when the wheat farmers last spring voted against\nSanta Claus, we might be interested in the case of one wheat farmer.\nTen years ago he was operating independently, without help from the\ngovernment, and he was getting $2.05 a bushel for his wheat and pay-\ning 20$ a loaf for bread. With the government helping him for ten\nyears, he is now getting $1.89 a bushel for his wheat and bread costs\n36$ a loaf.\nThe government has been so zealous to preserve the family farmer\nthat it has declared Louisiana State Penitentiary a family farmer and\nsends it $45,000 each year. But after thirty years of helping, there\nare only half as many family farmers in America as there were thirty\nyears ago. One-fourth of farming has seen a reduction in the per\ncapita consumption of everything it raises. That one-fourth of farm-\ning is regulated and subsidized by the federal government.\nThree-fourths of farming in the free market governed only by the\nlaws of supply and demand have seen a 21% increase in the per capita\nconsumption of everything it raises.\nThere is today in the Department of Agriculture one employee\nfor every sixty farmers. Yet with all that help it does not know\nwhat happened to sixty-six full shiploads of grain that disappeared\nwithout a trace while en route to Austria.\nThe federal grain program today is prorated at $43 for every dollar\nbushel of corn that is not raised. We authorize hundreds of millions\nof dollars for new irrigation projects to reclaim desert and wastelands\nand put them into fruitful farm production, but we are paying $300\nmillion a year to take fruitful farmland out of production.\nEVILS OF URBAN RENEWAL AND PUBLIC HOUSING\nMeanwhile, back in the cities, we adopt programs of urban renewal\nGranted the desirability of refurbishing rundown areas in our cities\nso they can once again be a source of tax revenue, we have so diluted\nprivate property rights under urban renewal that \"public use\" is any-\nthing a few government planners decide it should be. It is this\nability to force the sale of private property, more than federal\nmoney, that is the real attraction of urban renewal.\n-6-\nsame\ntime,\nare many. In one key city in the United States a man owning a run-\ndown section in the heart of the city sold it to urban renewal for\nseveral million dollars and them submitted his own plan for renewal.\nHis plan was approved and the government sold him back his own land\nfor 22% of the purchase price.\nOfficials of federal housing, disturbed as they realize belatedly\nthat all who cried \"doom\" were not crying falsely, discovered that a\nwhole generation growing up, getting married and raising children is\ntaking for granted as a way of life the living on a subsidy contri-\nbuted by their neighbors. But they do not suggest going out of\nbusiness. No, they have a new approach. They are now discussing in\nWashington taking advantage of the condemnation features of urban\nrenewal, buying homes in scattered neighborhoods and putting tenants\nfrom public housing into these individual homes in the hope that a\nsort of good neighborliness osmosis will occur that will enable them\nto take their place among the productive people of the community.\nIn New York City the maximum income for living in public housing\nis $7,500 per year. I do not have to tell you that is pretty well\nabove the national average right now. A man is suing the public\nhousing authority for the right to continue living in public housing\neven though in his new job he and his wife have a combined income\nof $14,000 a year. The basis for the suit is his new job. He has\nbeen elected to the New York State Assembly, and he says, \"How do I\nknow I will get re-elected in the next election?\"\nCONDEMNS METHODS, NOT HUMANITARIAN GOALS\nGovernment programs usually start with humanitarian goals and in\nanswer to some great emergency. To question the extent of the crisis\nor the suggested cure is to be charged with being opposed to the\nnoble motive. This is a dishonest evasion of legitimate debate.\nIt is possible to fulfill our responsibilities to a needy neighbor,\nto be our brother's keeper, without totally replacing human compassion\nith the coercion of taxation.\nCould any of us be charged with being opposed to the noble pur-\npose of the Peace Corps? Since the inception of this country we have,\nthrough our various religions, contributed voluntarily to send mission-\naries to every corner of the world, so of course we are not opposed\n-7-\nto the noble purpose. One religious order today can send and\nkeep a volunteer overseas for one year for $900. What we object to\nis that the Peace Corps prorates at $9,000 for each volunteer per\nyear.\nBecause we have a problem with school dropouts and juvenile\ndelinquents, it has been suggested that we adopt or revive something\nlike the CCC to help these youngsters. The program that is proposed\nprorates to $7,000 a year for each young person to be helped. You\ncan send a boy to Harvard for $3,000 a year! Do not get me wrong--\nI am not suggesting Harvard as the answer to juvenile delinquency.\nDILEMMA OF THE SENIOR CITIZEN\nRight now the crisis we are hearing about has to do with the\nhealth of our senior citizens, and we are told that a compulsory\ngovernment program of medical insurance will resolve it. Ignored\nis the revolutionary increase in private health insurance in the\nlast ten years, which has matched the growth of the savings and loan\nbusiness. Today, 141 million Americans, 76% of our population, have\nsome kind of private medical or health insurance, and the coverage\n(\nis increasing at the rate of four million a year. Yet we are told\nthat the private sector of the economy cannot solve the problem.\nNine percent of the people in this country are over age 65. They\ncannot be entirely destitute, because that 9% is collecting 8% of all\nthe personal revenue in the United States. As nearly as we can deter-\nmine, about 10% of our senior citizens require outside help for medi-\ncal needs. Legislation enacted in the Kerr-Mills Bill provides\nfederal funds for state administration for this needy 10%. One state\nhas found an excellent solution, using the funds to buy Blue Cross\ninsurance policies for its needy senior citizens--paying in part or\nin full, depending on individual need.\nIn the state of California the private insurance companies have\nobtained permission to pool their resources and their risks and to\nprovide low-cost policies which will cover an additional number of\nour senior citizens and for which no medical examination is required.\nHowever, when the insurance companies of New Jersey asked their state\nlegislature for the same right, they were turned down. In turning\nthem down, the governor said that if this legislation were passed it\nwould be more difficult for the federal government to get its program\nof compulsory health insurance.\n-8-\nIt would seem that government for government's sake is wanted.\nNo responsible person would suggest that a senior citizen should suffer\ndestitution because of unemployment by reason of old age, but should\nthe responsible citizen not be able to question the soundness of Social\nSecurity as a solution to the problem without reaping a whirlwind?\nSOCIAL SECURITY: INSURANCE PROGRAM OR TAX?\nThe Social Security agency has told us in more than 100 million\npieces of literature since 1939 that this is an insurance program, that\neach one of us and our employers pay into the fund and thus in our\nnonearning years we call upon our own money to see us through. Is it\nnot strange, then, that the Social Security authorities appeared before\nthe Supreme Court and denied that it is an insurance program? They\nused the term only to sell it to the people. They said that Social\nSecurity dues are a tax for the general use of the government, and the\ngovernment has used that tax money.\nThe Social Security fund is some $20 billion worth of government\nbonds. Now, you know batter than anyone else that if you and I hold\na government bond it is an I.O.U. and an asset, but how in heaven's\nname does the government give itself an I.O.U. and consider it an\nasset? The money has been spent. The plain truth is that Social Se-\ncurity today is, by its own admission, $298 billion in the red. And\nwho pays for this? Just take a look at your son.\nA young man going to work today, earning an average salary in his\nearly '20's, will find that he and his employer are now paying to Social\nSecurity $1.69 for every dollar the government promises to give him\nback. He can go into the open market today with the same amount of\nmoney and buy a retirement insurance program that will guarantee\nhim $220 a month at age 65. The government promises him $127.\nAre we suggesting that we suddenly deny a generation of senior\ncitizens an income? No., But is it beyond reason that we should look\nat this program and see where it can be put on a voluntary basis;\nwhere people who can buy a better deal from private industry should\nwe allowed to do so; and where those of us who can take care of our\nbrothers in need when the time comes, should ask them to participate\nin the program in the meantime and contribute toward their own welfare?\n-9-\nFOREIGN AID: COST VS. ACCOMPLISHMENT\nEarlier I mentioned foreign aid. All of us agree, on humanitarian\ngrounds if upon no other, that, blessed as we are with material means,\nwe should help our needy neighbors. But I do not believe that Christian\ncharity or charity of the God of Moses demands that we go into debt\nto see that a needy neighbor has an egg in his beer.\nSince the end of World War II, the original 19 countries that we\nset out to help have become 107. And to those foreign countries and\nto international agencies we have handed over $148 billion. We hear\nhowls of protest when Congress suggests cutting the present foreign\naid appropriation by half a billion dollars at the same time Senator\nHarry Byrd of Virginia reveals that foreign aid today has $21 billion\nof unexpended funds from previous appropriations.\nThe Prime Minister of Liberia told Dr. Howard Kirschner recently\nthat his country has no deficits, balances its budget every year, has\na modest tax rate, has increased its gold earnings as much as $170\nmillion each year and has no inflation. To which Dr. Kirschner replied,\n\"Mr. Prime Minister, my country has not balanced its budget in 26 of\nthe past 32 years. We have a public debt that is greater than the\ncombined debt of all the other nations of the world. We have galloping\ninflation, and we have lost gold to the extent that the solvency of\nour currency is in danger. Do you think we should continue to give\nyour government millions of dollars every year?\" The Prime Minister\nsmiled and said, \"No, but if you are foolish enough to do it, we are\ngoing to keep on taking the money.\"\nSo will Nasser keep on taking it, for Egypt is purchasing $100\nmillion worth of arms annually from Russia. Half of Brazil's total\nbudget is made up of our money, and recently we appropriated half a\nmillion dollars for research and study in Brazil to find out whether\nthat country can use additional funds. Does it surprise you to find\nout how much it costs to determine where we can spend money? We sent\nforeign aid to Bolivia, and with our money it nationalized private in-\ndustry, confiscated the tin mines, doubled the number of employees,\ncut production in half. And the cost of living went up 250% in a\nsingle year.\nTHE DAY OF RECKONING: HOW SOON?\nRepresentative Weston of Washington asked an official of the\nFederal Reserve System how long we can postpone the day of reckoning\nby reserves. The answer was. \"We are getting to\nline right now. 11 As of October 12, the United States gold at Fort\nKnox totaled $151 billion. Foreign claims against that gold are $27.3\nbillion, so we are $12 billion in the hole with respect to our gold.\nYet we are attempting to finance the world.\nOne-fifth of our total industrial capacity is fully controlled,\nplanned or owned by government. One-fourth of all the construction\nin this nation is done by government. One-third of all the mortgages\n-n this country are financed or guaranteed by agencies of the federal\ngovernment. The interest on our national debt takes the entire per-\nsonal income tax paid by 41 million Americans reporting earnings up\nto $6,000 a year, but our real debt in legislation already enacted into\nlaw is in excess of $11/4 trillion! This is greater than the assessed\nvaluation of all the real estate and tangible property in the United\nStates. The last fiscal year closed with a $6 billion deficit, but we\nare not to worry; a $10 billion deficit is planned for this year.\nWe have a budget of $99 billion, we are told. But when you read\nthe 1,600 pages of our fiscal budget you find, concealed in the fine\nprint, some bookkeeping practices which I am sure you would all\ndecry. You find public enterprise funds listed in the budget at $31\nbillion; but if you read carefully, you discover that $231 billion is\n00 be used in back-door spending. Yet we are told we wallow in luxury\nin the private sector of the economy while the public sector is starved\nfor funds.\nThe problem is not that liberals are ignorant; it is that they\nknow so much that is not SO. History tells us that as a country\napproaches a tax burden of 20%, evasion begins and breaks down respect\nfor law and order. Economists claim that our country is so solid it\ncan afford a rate of 25%, but no nation in history has ever survived\na tax burden that reached a third of its national income. Today, 35¢\nout of every dollar earned in this country is the tax collector's\nshare; 24 goes to the federal government, leaving 11¢ to be divided\namong the county, the local community and the state.\nIs it any wonder that, whatever we need, we turn to the federal\ngovernment for grants-in-aid? One Congressman described federal aid\nas the case of a man giving himself a transfusion in the right arm\nby taking blood from the left and spilling half of it on the way\nacross.\n-11-\nWARNING FROM THE PAST: PRESERVE THE CONSTITUTION\nProfessor Alexander Fraser Tytler wrote that \"a democracy cannot\nexist as a permanent form of government. It can exist only until the\nvoters discover they can vote themselves largesse out of the public\ntreasury. From that moment on, the majority always votes for the\ncandidate promising the most benefits, with the result that democracy\ncollapses over a loose fiscal policy, always to be followed by a dicta-\ntorship.\" This is not a theoretical speculation on our future; it is a\nwarning from our past, for it was written while we were a colony of\nGreat Britain. The professor was explaining what had destroyed the\nRepublic of Athens more than 2,000 years before. We cannot pass reso-\nlutions on economy and then send committees to Washington to get federal\nspending for our home town.\nTytler's warning reminds us that democracy is mob rule unless we\nhave some ground rules protecting the rights of the individuals and\nputting them beyond the vote of the majority. You and I have such\nground rules providing for the most equitable and limited government\never known to man--the Constitution.\nOf course, this stamps me as a Neanderthal man; the Constitution\nhas been ruled obsolete by our intellectual elite. Senator Fulbright,\nspeaking at Stanford University, said that the President is hobbled\nin his actions by the restrictions of power imposed on him by an anti-\nquated document, a constitutional system designed for an 18th century\nagrarian society. One man says that to talk of the Constitution today\nis to talk of taking the country back to the days of McKinley. I think\nthat is not a bad idea, for under McKinley we freed Cuba.\nDaniel Webster said, \"Hold on, my friends, to the Constitution of\nthe United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands.\nMiracles do not happen. What has happened once in six thousand\nyears may never happen again. Hold on to your Constitution, for if\nthe Constitution shall fall, there will be anarchy throughout the world.\nIt has been said that if we lose this way of life of ours, history\nwill report that those who had the most to lose did the least to pre-\nvent its happening. And we can do something about it. There are,\nperhaps, some among us today who are concerned about taking a stand.\nThey fear reprisal--retaliation from customers or clients or even\ngovernment agencies. But we can no longer afford to sit on the side-\nlines; to practice such aloofness today is to go on feeding the croco-\ndile, hoping he will eat you last. But eat you he will, Once you\nmake the decision that this is your battle, you will find a million\nthings you can do.\nA businessman in Virginia, concerned because his 200 employees\npaid no heed to the increasing cost of government, decided to make\nall deductions from their pay-checks on the fourth payday of each\nmonth. On three paydays they received their full salary; on the fourth\npayday the entire deduction came out. It took only about two months\nto make conservatives out of those 200 employees! The Internal Reve-\nnue Service is trying to force this man to give up his practice, but\nwhat he is doing is perfectly legal. Besides, it saves him $3,500 a\nyear in bookkeeping costs.\nThe percentage of money that government is taking from the private\nsector of the economy must be reduced. Unfortunately, the promised\ntax legislation of today begs the question. Tax reform is still direc-\nted by those who see taxation as a social reform. Through it they can\nget restrictions on the people that the people would not knowingly\nvote upon themselves if presented in their true light. They talk of\nthis tax legislation stimulating the economy. They could do a great\ndeal toward stimulating the economy if they just released the average\nbusinessman from some of the manhours he has to spend filling out\novernment forms and acting as the government's tax collector. It\ncosts the American Association of Railroads $5 million a year just to\nmake out ICC forms and papers.\nGRADUATED TAX NOT A PROPORTIONATE TAX\nLet us have the courage in tax reform to look squarely, once and\nfor all, at the myth that our graduated income tax has any resemblance\nto proportionate taxation. The entire structure was created by Karl\nMarx. It has no justification in getting the government needed reve-\nnue. It simply is a penalty on the individual who can improve his own\nlot; it takes his earnings from him and redistributes them to people\nwho are incapable of earning as much as he can.\nLet me give you an example of what progressive taxation has done\nthe American dream in just 30 years. That dream, of course, is that\nwealth is denied to no one in this land--that any American can go\naround the corner and find the pot of gold. Thirty years ago Babe Ruth\nhit 60 home runs a season, and the Yankees rewarded him with the\nbiggest salary ever paid in baseball, $80,000 a year. Thirty years\ngo by, and Roger Maris hits 60 home runs in a season. But in 30 years\n-13-\nthere have been some changes in the value of the dollar and some\ngreater changes in the income tax laws. To match the take-home purchas-\ning power Babe Ruth got from his $80,000, Maris would have had to be\npaid $960,000 for the season.\nWHAT HAVE WE DONE TO FREEDOM?\nIt is time we questioned what we have done to freedom. Federal\nagencies hold what amounts to life-and-death power over businesses,\neven those not legally subject to regulation. They can exert this\npower through the various bureaus, through the control of hundreds\nof billions of dollars of spending, through the use of the tax power\nas a policing power. In addition to a reduction in taxes, we must\ndemand that any tax reform be simplified so that the citizen of\nmodest means need not employ legal assistance to find out how much\nhe owes his government.\nAt the same time we must demand an end to deficit spending and\nprovision for payments on the national debt. It does not take much\narithmetic to figure out that there is a basic dishonesty in a govern-\nment that talks about an $11 billion tax cut over a two-year period\nand at the same time knowingly, openly and admittedly pursues an\ninflationary policy as an aid to prosperity that will in the same two-\nyear period reduce the purchasing power of the people by $27 billion.\nFinally, in this election year--regardless of the party of our\nchoice, because this transcends party lines we must pin down those who\nsolicit our votes as to where they stand with regard to fiscal respon-\nsibility, individual freedom and limited government. We cannot stop\nthe advance of socialism by electing to office men who just happen\nto be taking a little longer in arriving at socialist goals. Socialist\ngoals can be achieved without the overt seizure and nationalization\nof private property. It matters little that you hold title to your\nbusiness, if government can dictate policies and procedure in that\nbusiness.\nPEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE': DANGEROUS FOLLY\nThis all relates to the world struggle, because there can be no\nsecurity anyplace in the free world if there is not fiscal and economic\nstability within the United States. We are told that if we avoid a\ndirect confrontation with the enemy and pursue a policy of accommo-\ndation, the enemy will discover that his system is based on a false\npremise and he will move to the right, adopting more of our democracy\nand freedom. If this is true, and certainly it is possible, then does\nit not make more sense to let his system come unglued than to bail him\nout every time he gets sand in his gears and is threatened with a break-\ndown? Or are we trying to prove that Lenin was right when he said,\n\"When we get ready to hang the capitalists, they will stupidly vie\nwith each other to sell us the rope.\"\nAt the same time we are told that the enemy will moderate, that we\nmust move to the left into a government-planned and controlled economy\nand that as we accept a \"not undemocratic socialism\" the enemy will\nlose his fear and distrust. Every morning we are treated to bulletins\nreporting on Khruschev's smile as an indication of our safety from\nthe threat of the bomb. To those who say Mr. Khruschev promises peace,\nco-existence and friendship, the answer was given 2,000 years ago by\nDemosthenes, standing in the Athenian market place, \"What sane man\nwould let another man's words rather than his deeds tell him who is\nat peace and who is at war with him?\" Is it too much for us to ask\njust one deed as evidence that the enemy is moderating?\nAre we warmongers if we suggest that the Poles and Czechs and the\nHungarians and all those others enslaved behind the iron curtain in\ndirect violation of signed treaties ought to have a free election?\nAre we warmongers if we suggest that any meeting with Khruschev regard-\ning the Berlin crisis should take place after \"the Wall\" comes down?\nOne thing our well-meaning liberal friends refuse to face is that their\nwhole reasonable, civilized, \"let's talk this over\" solution to the\nthreat of the bombs is appeasement. Appeasement does not give us a\nchoice between peace and war, but only between fight and surrender.\nWe do not want to send other people's sons to war. We have sons\nof our own. It is precisely because we do want peace that we heed all\nthe lessons of history regarding the dangerous folly on the evil road\nof expediency. Of course there is a risk in taking a firm stand.\nThere is no way to live without a certain amount of risk, but at least\nlet us take the risk standing up for those things we believe to be\nmorally right and sound.\nBETTER TO PERISH THAN LIVE AS SLAVES'\nWinston Churchill summed it up when he said to his own people:\n\"If you will not fight for the right when you can, without bloodshed;\nif you will not fight when your victory will be sure and not too costly;\nyou may come to the moment when you will have to fight with all the\nodds against you and only a precarious chance of survival. There may\n-15-\nbe a worse case. You may have to fight when there is no chance of\nvictory because it's better to perish than to live as slaves.\"\nYou and I are face to face with our destiny. We must stand firm,\nor we shall trail in the dust the golden hopes of mankind for genera-\ntions to come. I believe that freedom has never been so fragile, so\nnear to slipping from our grasp, as it is at this moment, and this did\nnot come about through an outside aggressor. It came about through\nour own sincere efforts to solve problems of misery and human need\nthrough exchanging freedom for security.\nIf we do not accept the challenge, our children may well be the\ngeneration that takes the first step into another thousand years of\ndarkness. Lincoln's words of 100 years ago are so appropriate they\ncould well be spoken today: \"The fiery trial through which we pass\nwill light us to the latest generation. We here hold the power and\nthe responsibility; we shall nobly save or meanly lose the last best\nhope of man on earth.\"\n#\n#\n#\n-16-\nSEAL OF OF THE * CALIFORNIA GOVERNMENT SECTIONS\nXXXIII\n\"Our nation is founded on\na concern for the individual\nand his right to fulfillment,\nand this should be the\npreoccupation of our schools\nand colleges.\"\nRonald Reagan\nFellow Californians:\nof tomorrow, they are throw-backs to a darker age, a dismal time\nof Hitlerian holocausts, savagery and inquisitions.\nAlfred North Whitehead once wrote, \"In the conditions of modern\nThe future will not be built by those who destroy; it will be built\nlife, the rule is absolute: The race which does not value trained\nby those who have not only the courage to dream big dreams but\nintelligence is doomed.\"\nalso the tenacity to perform big deeds. Much of the greatness of\nWe Californians put an enormous amount of energy and resources\ntomorrow will come from our schools-from those splendid young\ninto our educational system; we spend more of our tax dollar on\nmen and women who are now applying themselves to the lessons\nit than on any other public activity; we are justifiably proud of its\nand the love of life. What is tomorrow for most of us will be \"now\"\nheritage and its promise.\nfor them-and learning is their launching pad into a new age where\nYet, despite our efforts, and despite our pride, we can have reason-\nthe spirit of man can soar higher than the rockets.\nable doubts concerning its effectiveness, its equity and its viability\nTo help these young people-and to build and preserve society -\nin some areas. Learning is a living experience yet in too many areas\nit is vital that we create and maintain the very finest of educational\nthere seems to be a widening gap between learning and education.\nsystems. A system which is responsive to the times and relevant to\nShould we not boldly investigate possible changes in some of the\nthe times to come. A system which takes advantage of the great\nbasic structures of our system? For example, should more of our\ninnovations of society-thus to provide a learning which is mean-\nresources and energies go into the earlier grades? Can basic sub-\ningful, which makes every taxpayer's dollar count for progress.\njects be more effectively taught? Will the basics of today be mean-\nThe Reagan administration's posture on education is based on these\ningful basics tomorrow? Schools in the urban areas can their\nfundamental convictions:\nneeds be more effectively met; is there a better way; are there\n- A free society, to remain free, must provide quality education\nnew concepts that might prove better? What are the real causes,\nappropriate to the capabilities and motivations of its citizens. In a\nand the cure, for rebellion on some of our campuses? What can\ndemocracy it is decreed that free men shall judge. Men may be\nwe do to revamp, equitably and realistically, the system employed\nborn free, they are not born wise. Education in our society should\nto finance our total public education program?\nhelp free men judge well.\nThis paper addresses itself to this range of questions, and more.\n- Our public educational institutions have been established, and\nIt attempts some answers; it makes some suggestions. It seeks to\nare financed, by the people. They are vehicles for the expression\nstimulate. Most of all, it calls for recognition that new techniques,\nof cultural values and goals of the people. The members of the\nnew times, new challenges call for a great commitment to excel-\nvarious education Boards are all agents of the people, and the\nlence if education is to help create tomorrow.\nschool administrators are employees of the people; through these\ninstruments the people have not only a voice but also account\nability and recourse.\n- Quality education requires the dedicated services of well -prepared\nteachers whose primary interest and motivation are the education\nRaned Reagan\nof students. The teaching profession should continue to be one of\nour most respected professions. The rewards for service must be\nGovernor\ncommensurate with the importance of the responsibilities involved.\nTenure has become one of the rewards. However, if the teaching\nprofession chooses to use the strike as a method of gaining benefits\nfor itself, something must give way and immediately SO.\n- This is an inappropriate time to entertain seriously argument\nagainst the traditional philosophy of in loco parentis. The institution\nas a transmitter of our culture must stand in relation to the young\nas the responsible parent. At the same time the parent (or guardian)\nin fact must also be held accountable for the actions of the student.\nSanity, order and good taste must return to our campuses\n- There are those who press for standardization, but our value is\nfor diversity in education-content, methods and objectives. We\nare committed to vocational and technical programs in education\nin the same strength to which we are committed to programs lead-\ning to academic attainments and the communication of culture.\nWe are concerned with the future. This series of creative studies is\nTraining which will lead to satisfying work careers is not second\ndirected to the question \"what kind of a California do we want in\nclass. Considering the dilemma of the unemployed and the un-\nthe future?\"\nemployable, it is first class indeed.\nThere is today that small and noisy claque, usually clustered around\n- In California, higher education functions within a tripartite sys-\nthe campus, which tags itself the wave of the future. While chanting\ntem: junior college, state colleges and the University. Each has a\nsongs to freedom, they violate it; while raising banners to truth,\nspecial charge: the junior (or community) college-vocational and\nthey smash the very ethos of academia. These are not the harbingers\ntechnical education including the first two years toward a full col\nlege degree; the state college- four-year college education with\ndollars.) It is therefore mandatory that we constantly evaluate the\nsome limited programs for first year graduate work; and the Uni-\neconomic, social and political impact of that cost, and the methods\ny-undergraduate work but importantly advanced study lead-\nof raising those funds. We must do this on the bases of need, value\ning to the Ph.D. The University also carries responsibility for the\nreceived and taxpayer burden.\ngreatest share of research and scholarly activity for society, and it\nAnd, at this time when tomorrow beckons with its promises of\nis from the University that most of our future University teachers\ngreat innovations and its even greater expectations, it is also irn-\nwill come. These three segments of higher education in our State\nperative that such evaluation be made boldly-with an eye to put-\nmust remain separate and each carry out its role. They must remain\nting the money where the need is-with an eye to revamping the\nseparate because each has its own job to fulfill; and because it\nfinancial system 50 that adequate resources are available through an\nwould be financially impossible for the citizens to support facilities\nequitable and efficient taxing structure. Today's system is neither\nfor research and graduate work on 98 additional campuses.\nadequate nor equitable.\n- Society must insure, within the free enterprise system, that no\nThe \"quilted,\" frequently complex, nature of elementary and sec-\nindividual is deprived of higher education because of economic\nondary education financing is archaic, confusing, inequitable and\ncircumstances or prejudice. This is the basis of Governor Reagan's\ninefficient. The system has been put together with good intentions\nEqual Education Plan to insure that every qualified student has\nbut by piece-meal efforts. A. Alan Post, California's legislative\nthe opportunity for a higher education.\nanalyst, puts it this way: \"True quality education for most or all\n- It is essential to our total education system that private schools\npupils cannot or will not occur until such time as the system of\nsurvive along with our public institutions. Private institutions serve\nstate and local support for the schools is drastically revised in order\nas pace setters, enrich the range of possible education experience,\nto reduce the disparity in total assessed valuation between school\ntend to hone the cutting edge of educational excellence, make pos-\ndistricts.\"\nsible wider educational opportunity, and can call upon financial\nWe urgently need a complete assessment and overhaul of the entire\nsupport often unavailable to public institutions.\nfinancial system of our public schools. We must mandate a com-\n- To the extent possible, the control of institutions should be at\nplete evaluation leading to revenue measures which are (1) based\nthe local level so that the people can effectively participate. In\non equity to the property taxpayers, and (2) are more responsive\ndecisions affecting schools, programs or finances, other things being\nto our defined educational objectives.\nequal, the citizens most immediately involved should bear the great-\nOne measure that deserves exploration is the establishment of a\nest responsibility for involvement and decision.\nschool district foundation program financed by an annual state-\nOn the following pages, we discuss some of the important areas\nwide property tax levied on all non-residential (commercial) prop-\nof education confronting us today; things which must be attended\nerty. Each school district would receive the same amount of tax\nto if we are to create the better tomorrow.\nmoney per pupil. This would provide the financial revenue to sup-\nAll are important, and through them all runs the golden thread:\nport basic education. Thus, all children would have the same oppor-\nlife is dynamic-to be fulfilled, one must grow. It is the function\ntunity to learn basic educational skills in public schools. Expendi-\nof education to help each individual grow to the maximum extent\ntures for enriched educational programs, costing more than the\nof his capabilities, to help him fulfill his great personal potential:\namount allocated through the foundation program, could be financed\nThis is the proper preoccupation of our schools and, this is\nthe\nby taxes levied by a vote of the citizens on residential property\neducational preoccupation of the Reagan administration.\nwithin the district receiving the benefits of the enriched program.\nThis proposal could reduce the present inequities resulting from\nwidely scattered and generally clustered commercial properties. It\nwould also give the local electorates the opportunity to make well-\ninformed decisions as to the level of education programs they wish\nto have, and pay for, in their own districts.\nAt the same time, the Reagan administration suggests that the use\nof a \"roving corps of experts\" in the fields of school management,\nbudgetary financing, cost control and systems analysis would be of\ngreat value. Such a program would deal strictly with fiscal and\nWe must reassert priorities and revamp the financial structure\nmanagement techniques and would not in any way attempt to\ninvade the academic province of local school districts. The experts\ninvolved would be available to consult with representatives of school\ndistricts on various sophisticated management techniques to make\nbetter use of existing resources.\nIt is clear, certainly to the taxpayer, that government cannot and\nMost Californians regard education as our single most important\nshould not do all things for all people all the time. California's\ninvestment; we spend more of our tax dollar for education than\nwage earners-and the State treasury, into which their taxes flow\nfor any other public activity. (In 1968-69, more than $2 billion will\nhave limited resources. What priorities will we set forth to govern\nbe spent by the State for all facets of education; this represents\nthe expenditure of those funds? The Reagan administration agrees\n36.4 per cent of the total budget, and 53.2 per cent of general fund\nthat education should have the highest priority. But, recognizing\nthat priority, the question still arises: are our educational budgets\nThe sooner we get on with a tuition program and grants and loans,\nout of whack?\nthe sooner we will provide equal educational opportunity in our\nFor example: we know that during the first few years of school\npublic institutions of higher learning.\nthe teaching of basic skills develops a child's matrix for future\nlearning. Yet, the highest teacher-pupil ratios are in our elementary\nschools. It is a commitment of the Reagan administration to work\ntoward rectifying this-to spend available education dollars first\nwhere they will result in the greatest benefit to the student and\nto society the beginning grades of the learning experience.\nThe Reagan administration also questions whether those citizens\nwho send their children to private elementary and secondary schools\nshould be required to support public schools, through taxes, at the\nsame level as those citizens who send their children to those public\nTo reclaim the art of teaching\nschools. In such cases, the parent should probably receive either a\ntax credit, or a form of reimbursement based on the State's average\npayment to the school district for each enrolled student.\nThe rapid rise in costs of higher education, coupled with the State's\nrevenue problems, makes it mandatory to levy a charge for tuition\nas a step toward providing a portion of the funds required for the\nuniversity and state college systems. (In the budget year 1968-69,\nBuildings, books, equipment-all are vital to formal education. But\nthe Reagan administration has budgeted some $532 million of the\nteachers are the key to learning. It is the artistry of teaching-the\ntaxpayers' funds for higher education.)\nteacher's relevant knowledge made alive through sensitive articu-\nFull opportunity for higher education for all qualified students in\nlation-that has most to do with the success or failure of educa-\nour state does not exist because of the financial problems of poor\ntion. The teacher who can make a child's eyes glow with the glee\nfamilies including some of our racial minorities. Ironically, other\nof \"Now I see\" is the teacher, the artist, who builds a great to-\ninequities also exist: California's low income families, through taxes,\nmorrow.\npay a disproportionate share of the cost of educating students be-\nYet teachers are too often taken for granted. Too many citizens\nyond high school. As economist Milton Friedman has asked: \"Why\naccept the proposition that the call to teaching, at least in elemen-\nshould the families in Watts pay taxes to subsidize the families in\ntary and secondary schools, can be handled by people who have\nBeverly Hills who send their children to U.C.L.A.?\"\nbeen provided only second-rate educations and who are sometimes\nThis administration believes that the facts weigh heavily in favor\nunderpaid.\nor tuition. Tuition could help rectify the inequities. It could-bring\nToday, many of our teachers work under exceptionally trying cir-\nabout Governor Reagan's \"Equal Education Plan.\" Part of the funds\ncumstances. This is most apparent in our urban schools-large\nderived from tuition would be set aside to provide grants-in-aid\nclasses spawned by population explosion, classes confused by the\nand loans for qualified students with financial need. These would\nmobility of migration, student bodies changing in ethnic and racial\nhelp cover not only tuition but also room, board and incidental\nmixtures-all with accompanying tensions, all presenting awesome\nexpenses. These expenses now constitute a real burden to poor\nchallenges. Tragically, in some schools the tensions are explosive;\nstudents, including those from minority communities. Repayment\nagressions are overt and solutions unclear. Occasional personal\nof loans would not begin until the student had become an earning\ninjury to teachers, rising fears and calls for \"combat pay\" make\nmember of society.\nappropriate the word \"crisis\" The people of California have a\nA substantial number of state college and university students come\nresponsibility to the teachers who educate their youth; a safe, ade-\nfrom families with relatively high incomes. Under the present tax\nquate and meaningful environment in which to teach.\nstructure, neither these students nor their families are required to\nOur most important investment in learning should be the educa-\ncontribute to the cost of their higher education in relation to their\ntion of our teachers. They should be taught to teach rather than\nability to pay. This is another valid reason for tuition. At the same\nsubjected to endless hours of classroom trivia. Colleges and uni-\ntime, this administration believes that full tax credits should be\nversities must get in step with the realities of this threshold age.\ngranted to parents, or responsible relatives paying tuition of their\nPublic schools must produce competent, productive citizens-the\ncollege students.\ntimes demand it, the economic penalties levied on the unprepared\nThe people of California face these choices in regard to the financ-\nand unproductive are harsh and immediate. This is even more vital\ning of our state colleges and universities: we either limit the growth\nnow than it was in past years; today there are few escapes to the\nof the colleges and universities, exclude qualified students, divert\nfields or the factories for the uneducated.\nmonies from other public programs (such as welfare or elementary\nTeachers must be motivated toward the goal of excellence. Merit\nand secondary schools), or raise taxes, or charge a reasonable\npay plans, increased and meaningful career opportunities, pride in\ntuition.\nachievement these can help to revitalize the art of teaching.\nThe citizens have voiced majority support for the tuition plan,\nIt is imperative that our great institutions of higher learning show\ncoupled with an \"equal education\" program of grants and loans.\nas much interest in their schools of education as they do in their\nother professional schools, More of the resources of our colleges\ngo into other professions. For, in recent years some educators at\nand universities should be applied to the education of teachers for\nall levels have been promoting their self-interest over the needs\nthis is a crucial regenerative process in the life of society. Teacher\nof the pupil. These have included both teachers and administrators:\ntraining should broaden courses and give students an earlier start\nteachers organized to \"take over\" the schools and administrators\nin practice teaching, placing them in classroom situations as soon\nwilling to let them or too weak. to stop them. It is time for all\nas practical\nteachers to embrace the ethics of a great profession; it is time for\nThe Fisher Act of 1961, which added an extra year (beyond the\nall administrators to accept the responsibilities of leadership and\nbachelor's degree) to teacher training and required prospective\npublic trust.\nteachers to study specialty subjects during that year, has by-and-\nSchools exist for students; they were not built for teachers, or for\nlarge been a failure. Though raising the level of elementary salary\nadministrators. Each group has its proper role in the system: stu-\nscales, it has unnecessarily delayed credentialing of teachers. It has\ndents to learn, teachers to teach, administrators to expedite and\ndeterred many students-who did not want to stay in college five\nlead. In the final analysis the people, too, must be held account-\nyears taking up careers in teaching; and, the fifth year has\nable for the schools of their society. For, in a free society, the\nmany times failed to provide relevant subject matter.\nschools are what the people want them to be.\nTeachers should receive enough pay incentive to permit them to\nAs a start toward upgrading the teaching profession, the Reagan\nremain in the classroom. The tendency today is for the good teach-\nadministration offers these suggestions:\ners, particularly men, to move into administrative work where the\npay is better. But the good teachers are needed in the classroom.\n1. Teaching must come of age. In this threshold age and in this\nWhen the teaching is poor, a reduction in class size simply results\nCreative Society, teaching can be the great profession-the all-\nin poor teaching to fewer students at one time.\nimportant bridge between the past and a glorious tomorrow. The\nTeachers are tied to a salary system that pays the least able as\ncurrent salary schedule casts teachers into homogeneous roles; but,\nmuch as the first rate teacher. They are \"guaranteed\" jobs after\nteachers are not all the same. They do not all possess the same\nthree years of service in one district, but they pay much for that\nabilities, motivations or strengths. The following staff levels are\nguarantee: the flexibility to move from district to district on an\nsuggested as one, but not necessarily the only, means of re-estab-\nexchange basis; the implementation of a meaningful merit pay plan\nlishing teaching as a profession, and making education more re-\nthat rewards excellence, and the development of new teacher classi-\nsponsive to current and future needs:\nfications that will provide worthwhile goals and rejuvenate the\nEducational Technician-Junior college or college graduates, in any\nprofession. If salvaged, the waste of inefficiency in many school\nsubject field, who could assume many of the clerical or house-\ndistricts could go part of the way in providing better pay scales.\nkeeping tasks of the teacher. The technician would have no instruc-\nThe responsibilities of teachers to their pupils are to teach (not\ntional responsibilities.\nindoctrinate), to motivate, to inspire, to excite, to prepare for the\nfuture, and to preserve for them what is important of the past.\nAcademic Assistant-The first level of a credentialed teacher. The\nTo the public, which establishes and maintains the schools, teach-\nacademic assistant would be a teacher intern. He or she could work\ners are responsible for the safe keeping of youngsters while in\nwith students and have some instructional responsibility in special\nschool, for efficient and economical use of equipment and facili-\nor skilled areas.\nties and for full disclosure of the academic achievements of each\nstudent.\nStaff Teacher effect, all teachers are staff teachers. However, the\nOver the years, tenure has been granted as a career reward to\nfull-time staff teacher would spend all of his or her school hours\nwith students.\nteachers and faculty by the citizenry. But the costs of tenure must\nbe recognized. It has tended to limit the opportunities for teachers\nSenior Teacher-The \"teacher's teacher,\" primarily responsible for the\nand has often stifled ambition. It was offered by the people to\napplication of curriculum and instructional innovations to the class-\nteachers, as a protection and as a reward, who served the public\nroom. The senior teacher could be the expert who works to im-\nwell. Today, too many believe mistakenly that tenure is an inalien-\nprove classroom instruction, and spends approximately half of his\nable \"right\" which requires no responsibility. It is ironic that some\ntime with students.\nteachers, granted job security by the public, now threaten to close\ndown our schools. These militants take the position that they are\nMaster Teacher-This teacher could spend about one-quarter of his\naccountable to no one, that they are the power elite and that the\ntime in the classroom and the other three-quarters working to up-\npeople, the owners of the schools, are voiceless providers. This\ngrade subject matter and introducing new concepts. This person\nadministration's policy is clear: the rights and the best interests of\nwould be the specialist in curriculum and research, responsible for\nthe public are not negotiable.\nkeeping subject matter current with the times. He or she would\nThe urgent need for better, fuller education-and the exciting pros-\nalso assist in raising the level of teacher specialization in specific\npects of technological change in learning, and in the development\nsubject areas.\nof this nation-requires that more Americans find personal mean-\nThis plan envisions the emancipation of the teacher. It enlarges the\ning in a commitment to teaching. It is unfortunate that the actions\nrole of teaching, offers career advancement, and provides a way\nof the irresponsible few tarnish the reputation of the teaching pro-\nfor the teacher to be treated as an equal and a colleague along-\nfession to the point where many who would become teachers now\nside other educational personnel and administrators.\n2. Most principals are overburdened with paper work and detail.\nTo restore reason to the campus\nThey do not have the time to keep up with good business-admin-\nistrative techniques. A position of school manager should be con-\nsidered. The school manager could be a non-credentialed person\nwith management training and experience. He could assume re-\nsponsibility for the business functions of school operation, and\nIn nearly every way that can be measured American higher edu-\nthus permit the principal to participate actively in the instructional\ncation is the best in the world. Our physical facilities are superior,\nprogram. The principal could also seek, from the Senior Teacher(s),\nour student-teacher ratios cannot be matched elsewhere, our cur-\ncounsel on the selection, performance and evaluation of other\nricula offer the widest variety, the abilities of our scholars excite\nteachers. Thus, the plan envisions a principal generalist and a\nthe admiration of their peers everywhere. And yet despite these\nteacher specialist.\nthings we see rapid spread of rebellion and violence on our cam-\npuses. Great universities have been brought to standstills. Their\nSuch a plan could be initiated and implemented in every school\nvery existence has been threatened.\ndistrict. The Temple City Unified School District in Los Angeles\nMany superficial explanations have been offered, but one key point\nCounty has moved already in this direction. The Reagan adminis-\nhas gone unnoticed. The insitutions which have been the targets\ntration believes that establishment of position ratings for teachers\nof rebellion vary widely. Some are small and rural. Others are\nshows great potential foward restoring of teaching as a rewarding\ngreat cosmopolitan institutions. Their internal structures and cur-\nprofession.\nricula differ. They vary geographically and socially. The grievances\nof a rebellious student at a local junior college in no way resem-\n3. In-service training-a continuing education-is essential for all\nble those of a student at a large university and neither institution\neducation personnel. The knowledge explosion mandates a contin-\nhas much in common with the Sorbonne or the University of Cara-\nuance of teacher training in this rapidly changing world.\ncas or the University of London. Yet all have felt rebellion and\nviolence. Why?\nIn-service training must be professional in scope and content, and\nBy its very nature, a modern college or university is uniquely vul-\nrelated to the training of basic skills and understanding of new\nnerable to the use of force. The root assumption of the academy\nconcepts and knowledge. Also, it must be directed toward the\nis that all questions will be submitted to discussion. The institu-\nchallenging and rewarding tasks of dealing with children of all\ntional goal of the academy is truth, and truth cannot be estab-\nbackgrounds.\nlished by force. The use of force contradicts the very premise of\nthe academy. When, therefore, a rebellious and fanatical minorit\n4. The teaching profession and the school districts should seek the\nthrows away the premise and resorts to coercion, the academy is\nadvice and assistance of business and industry in developing merit\nill prepared to meet the challenge.\npay plans and improving salary classifications for teachers. We\nThis is especially true when the disruptive elements among the\ncannot expect to recruit or keep a teacher in the profession unless\nstudent body receive moral, and even active support from irre-\nhis or her salary is competitive with other types of rewarding\nsponsible faculty members. Such faculty members illegitimately\nenterprises. For superior and bi-lingual teachers who are willing to\nappeal to the principle of academic freedom even while under-\nspend time and effort with the poor child or the child with a lan-\nmining the academic enterprise itself. Other faculty members often\nguage barrier there should be increased remuneration.\nare either apathetic, or exclusively concerned with their own work,\n5. Throughout the state we have fine examples of volunteer groups\nand some report they are cowed by agressive and militant col-\nproviding tutoring for youngsters in basic educational skills. How-\nleagues-and thus fail to defend themselves and their legitimate\never, many sources remain untapped. Exchange of information is\nstudents, against the tyranny of the revolutionary minority. Admin-\nneeded. A \"teacher-student service corps\" could become the\nistrators, too, have lacked courage. Fearing to be thought \"repres-\nvehicle to meet this need. Education departments of California\nsive\" they have allowed the majority to be repressed. Worrying\ncolleges and universities, working in close communication, could\nabout their image, they have resorted to duplicity. Blind to the\ncoordinate utilization of teachers, former teachers, education stu-\ntrue nature of the revolutionary minority, they have turned aside\ndents and teaching assistants and others as part-time tutors for\nhoping the storm would pass.\nschool children, particularly those in poor and minority areas.\nThe goal of the rebellious minority on campus is not academic,\nbut political. It is not truth, but power. The challenge comes in\n6. Teacher time-a crucial factor in respect to quality education-\nvarious ways. ROTC or recruiters from business or government\nis inexcusably abused by the demands of an increasing variety of\nmay be obstructed. Those they disagree with may be harassed.\nmenial, ministerial chores. Housewives, former teachers, students\nThe norms of the community may be challenged often through\nand others can find satisfaction in volunteering their time as teach-\nobscenity. But such challenges are merely ways of testing, dividing,\ning aides and could handle much of the teacher's administrative\nand demoralizing the unorganized majority. The real goal of the\nchores, releasing the teacher for more class work. Some districts\nrebellious minority is power-and control. Increasingly, its demands\nalready are using teacher aides, and the arrangements have met\ninvolve control of admissions, control of faculty appointments,\nwith considerable success. Short training sessions for these aides\ncontrol of curriculum, degree requirements, and institutional policy.\nare conducted at some colleges in the state.\nBut-control for what purpose?\nAmerican colleges and universities are vital institutions of the soci-\ngroups should be advisory to the governing boards of the institu-\nety. Part of their activity goes on in the classroom. But they are\ntions rather than to the administrative officers, otherwise conflicts\nalso a kind of nerve center. National defense, scientific develop-\nof authority and responsibility will develop.\nment, business, industry, medicine-all depend in important ways\non our academic institutions. More than 90 percent of new knowl-\nedge is credited to universities in American society-knowledge\nessential to keep pace with an expanding, imploding universe. It\nis obvious that the goal of the campus rebels is a dangerous one\nto our society: to sever the vital connections, to use the academy\nas an instrument of guerilla warfare, to strike a blow at the foun-\ndations of American life. Though a small minority, the rebels are\norganized, effective and dangerous. They do not bother to con-\nTomorrow-the turned on school\nceal their aims. For many the heroes are Che Guevara, Regis De-\nbray, Ho Chi Minh, and Mao Tse Tung.\nThe threat they pose is real. How do we meet it?\n-The hard-core rebels must be isolated. When legitimate student\ngrievances exist these should be remedied, thus depriving the reb-\nels of temporary allies. Procedures for communication between\nIn ten minutes it will be time to leave for school.\nstudents and administration should be reviewed constantly. Rea-\nThe youngsters gobbles his breakfast. On television, pictures live\nsonable persons can arrive at equitable decisions; recognizing that\nand direct in living color, motion and sound forth the\nthose who come to learn do not always have the maturity and the\nlaunching of a giant space vehicle. The capsule will circle the moon\nwisdom of those who administer.\nand return to earth. The boy is enraptured. It is now. Wild! His\nAdministration and faculty and students must refuse to tolerate\neyes sparkle. His face lives with excitement. He is turned on. He\nforce on campus.\nis learning.\n-Those assuming the student role but whose real goals are pat-\nAn hour later he is in school. The same boy. Now he is dull, shriv-\nently not academic must be expelled. Those who want to learn are\neled, uninspired. Bored by linear word sequences of the printed\nwaiting for their places.\npage, the static photographs and monotoned lecture. The world\n-Faculty members who betray their academic calling through dis-\nspeeds by outside not inside his classroom. He turns off. He\nruptive or violent activities on the campus should be dismissed\nis being educated but he is not learning.\non professional grounds. This has nothing to do with political\nHe lives in an electronic age. He is being \"taught\" in another di-\nviews, rather it is because of actions relating to responsibilities as\nmension of time.\na faculty member. Deliberate failure to meet classes, improper use\nTomorrow, perhaps, \"school\" will be different; it can be. For some\nof the classroom, or interference with the normal functioning of the\nit already is. The world of now could live in the classroom as it\nuniversity should be ample grounds for the dismissal of a faculty\ndoes in life. The learning experience of life need not be stupefied\nmember of whatever rank. The procedures for such dismissal\nby structure, materials or technique. Tomorrow, learning can live\nshould be reviewed and brought up to date to meet new tactics\nfor all and \"school\" can be exciting as well as functional, flexible\nand the vacuum which exists due to the absence of the restraint\nand economical.\nof professional ethics.\nFrom the practical standpoint of design, schools of the future will\n-The vast majority of students and faculty members who are\nfeature interiors with wide areas of open space to allow classes the\nloyal to academic goals must become more alert to their own inter-\nfreedom to adapt to a variety of learning situations. Moveable par-\nests. They must help to bring order and sanity to the campus. At\ntitions, sliding doors, swing-out panels will make interiors more\nthe same time, the rights of ordinary students and faculty mem-\nflexible, more dynamic.\nbers must be protected. Rights are not the exclusive preserve of\nOn the outside, massive pre-fabricated wall and roof sections will\ndissidents and disrupters.\nbe easily swung into place. The structures will meld with the en-\n-The public at large, as well as government, is properly con-\nvironment of learning; life will be inside, a part of the process of\ncerned. The academy is not an island outside the law; it must not\nstudy. Because large components will be used, construction time\nbe used as a staging area for insurrection-i must not be a priv-\nwill be reduced-making school plants more economical for the tax-\nileged sanctuary for those who would destroy society.\npayers, freeing funds for innovation and expansion.\nTo help reduce trouble on the campuses, priority must be given\nLike many things in life tomorrow, schools of the future will make\nto establishing closer contact between colleges and universities on\nwide use of electronic aids to help handle teaching situations-\nthe one hand and citizens in communities served by the institu-\nand, also, to keep pace with the knowledge explosion. Computers,\ntions, on the other.\nalready being used for such routine tasks as taking student at-\nOne approach in this respect has been implemented by our state\ntendance, will frequently be used for the more tedious assignments.\ncolleges. Citizen advisory groups, representing a cross-section of\nTeaching machines and similar equipment will help to revolutionize\ncommunity thought, have been established in most areas where a\neducation; they will free the teacher to teach-to have time for\nstate college is located. To be most constructive and useful, these\nmore individual instruction. Electronic teaching aids are capable of\nproviding a great degree of personalized instruction. Properly used,\npare for-the opportunities which lie ahead. Here are a few sug-\nthese machines will permit the individual child to work at his own\ngestions to accelerate the application of California's creative genius\npace and thus the promise of the wizardry of technology is\nto our learning system:\nrelated to one of the oldest of educational goals individual\n1. Trade school centers for drop-outs. These facilities would house\ninstruction.\ncomputer-era industries providing earn-while-you-learn employ-\nPrototype educational parks for high school are even now begin-\nment to as many as 3,000 young people. The young worker-learn-\nning to take shape. They are, in short, \"total learning\" facilities\ners would attend classes for half of each day-learning what they\nconsisting of a number of schools built in a single, park-like set-\nmissed in school (closed circuit TV, films, recordings, computerized\nting. Educational parks show promise in two important respects:\ninstruction courses would enable each individual to proceed at his\n(1) they can offer a range of subjects and educational resources\nown pace, and at the same time accelerate his learning achieve-\nand situations that only a large, flexible facility can provide, and\nments). The other half of each day would be spent working and\n(2) they should be more economical through the saving on capital\nearning in one of the industries housed in the facility. The work-\nexpenditures, and the shared and total use of facilities. In these\nprocess would interact with the instruction courses so that the\nparks, students might attend school eight hours a day, five days a\nlearning would be meaningful and practical.\nweek, 11 months a year; in the evenings and weekends, the park\n2. A task force, comprising educational leaders, industrial leaders,\ncould serve as a civic center for adult education, recreation and\nexperts from the fields of communications and computer sciences,\nother forms of community interaction.\nand representatives of some of the great research institutions in\nHowever, any advantages of such parks must be balanced by a\nour State, to search for both immediately practical and also exotic\nrealization that education which is too centralized, and too far re-\napplications of technological innovations to the field of learning.\nmoved from neighborhood control, risks standardization and con-\nMake the findings and the recommendations of this group avail-\nformity. The diversity of America is part of our national strength;\nable to school districts, interested industries, and educational, sci-\nit permits unity without uniformity; it is part of the viability of\nentific and technological journals and societies.\nour education system. As we create the great tomorrow, as we\n3. Establish procedures permitting schools and school districts\napply innovation, we need not-we must not-abandon or diminish\nschedule time on computers operated by industry. This would\nour heritage of individuality.\nallow educators to experiment with computer techniques, and put\nSo-called \"cluster schools\" also are in prospect; some are operat-\nrepresentatives of schools in close contact with experienced com-\ning today. These schools are laid out like a cluster of leaves; each\nputer technologists.\nleaf a large classroom. The flexible and open environment gives\n4. \"Loan\" industry experts to school districts to provide expertise\nthe teachers maximum opportunity to teach and the students max-\nin such areas as systems analysis, finance and electronics. For ex-\nimum freedom to learn.\nample, such an arrangement could be used to have representatives\nThe field of educational broadcasting, especially educational\nof the commercial broadcast industry-engineering, production and\ntelevision but also radio, will become a great part of the learning\nprogramming people-consult with schools on how to increase the\nprocess. It will range from highly sophisticated programming to\ninstructional applications of commercial and educational broad-\npersonalized \"learning banks\" tailored through electronic wizardry\ncasting.\nto the individual student's quest for knowledge.\n5. Provide more instructional broadcast time on both educational\nSome instructional use of television is under way but the frontiers\nand commercial radio and television stations. This would mean\nhave not really been crossed. The day is not too far off when the\ndevoting some morning or afternoon, public service broadcast time\nmessage of this medium will really find its own in learning situ-\nto programs beamed to classrooms. College and university educa-\nations. At that time as much attention may be given to educational\ntion students also could participate in the instructional programs.\nTV (for youngsters and adults alike) as is now given to commer-\n6. Call on industry to make used technical equipment available to\ncial telecasting. Much of the learning through television may take\nschools. Equipment could include radios, TV sets, models and\nplace at home, as a family experience-youngsters \"knowing\" for\nmock-ups that could apply to science studies, and a variety of\nthe first time, adults relearning, updating their knowledge of a\nother equipment suitable for general classroom use and for voca-\nfast-changing world, absorbing new ideas, new techniques, new\ntional training.\ninformation.\n7. Promote wider use of mobile laboratories to travel from school\nCalifornia should lead the way in the advancement of these great\nto school, or to take education into neighborhoods. These units\ninstruments of learning-computer sciences, electronic wizardry,\ncould contain sophisticated educational equipment such as elec-\ntelevision. What the internal combustion engine did to give us\ntronic teaching aids. They could be fully-equipped traveling labo-\nmobility, the computer and the television can do to lift the spirit\nratories used to accompany students to the ocean or the mountains,\nof man along his journey into tomorrow-whole men and women,\nfor example, where on-site activities would provide for more mean-\nliving and learning in a total environment, sensitive to the lives\ningful learning experiences.\nof others, productive as only the infinite potential of each human\n8. Build pilot educational parks in urban areas for high school\nbeing can be.\ngrades only. This would preserve the concept of neighborhood\nWhether it is computer technology, new construction techniques,\nschools for elementary and junior high school students, while pro-\nsystems analysis or educational broadcasting, private industry\nviding wider learning experiences for high school youngsters.\nshould be closely involved with educators to bring about-and pre-\n9. Develop on-line TV-microfilm exchange procedures to increase\navailability of educational resources. One great \"library,\" for ex-\nToday, there is controversy and concern over academic freedom-\nample, could serve many schools. While each campus still would\nthat commodity which is precious to the pursuit of knowledge and\nhave its own library containing basic materials, thousands of other\nvital to the growth of a free society. Throughout generations, aca-\nvolumes could be ordered from the central library on microfilm\ndemic freedom has served free men well: it has served best, and\nor on-line TV video tapes. Curriculum materials also could be\nbeen held in highest esteem, when those who claimed it for their\nobtained on microfilm from central points of distribution.\nown have kept constantly in mind that they are, in fact, scholars.\n10. Establish main data banks to serve many school districts or\nNo appeal to higher morality justifies conduct unbecoming a\ncampuses. The banks could be used to log information such as\nscholar. Kenneth Coombs has warned \"the behavior of the aca-\nstudent enrollment, performance, attendance and other administra-\ndemic must never become such that continued preservation of\ntive data. Existence of these data banks would help to cut down on\nacademic freedom becomes less likely.\"\nadministrative overhead, and provide time for teachers to teach.\nBecause academic freedom is a priceless property, the public and\nBut, with all the electronic innovations, the \"turned on\" school\nits elected representatives have properly exercised great patience.\nwill always depend most on a \"turned on\" staff with a vision of\nBut patience wears thin when order is destroyed and society is\nthe future, with a motivation to create the future.\nthreatened. It is imperative that the great majority within the aca-\ndemic community themselves restrain those who jeopardize the\nprofessional freedom they prize 50 highly; surely, it is up to\nthe responsible members to see that freedom is coupled with\ndiscipline.\nOne of the great challenges of our time, and one which educators\nmust help us meet positively, is how to maintain individuality in\nthe face of an increasingly complex society with its penchant for\nstandardization, in the face of a growing trend which deifies ma-\nA search for meaning in a worried world\nterialism and conformity. The future will be a sepulcher indeed if\nwe ignore, or attempt to diminish, the divine nature of man. What\nwill it profit man if he gains the stars and loses his soul?\nThe greatest strides, in life and learning, can be-should be-not\n50 much about outer space but about inner man. The great teach-\ners, the timeless masters, have not pointed us toward materialism.\nLearning is both a find and a quest-and in the continuum of life,\nThey have dealt with the great truths and with the high questions.\nthe quest is often the more important.\nThese are the truths which cement our American heritage. These\nIn such a search, curricula must be more than a series of studies\nare the truths which can sustain the future.-And, they are the\nand lectures connected by long intervals of boredom. Learning must\ntruths which give reason to life and meaning to education for an\nbe a living thing, an on-going, high-peak study of the past, present\nage both old and new.\nand future of the human condition; brilliant with the starfire of\nthe good that has been-and the best that is yet to be.\nOne major step in this direction in California is legislation en-\nacted this year which gives local elementary and secondary school\ndistricts greater latitude to develop their own curricula. The legis-\nlation sets broad minimum standards but encourages local school\ndistricts to innovate and enrich make courses more relevant to\ntheir students, to develop flexible approaches to both the gifted\nand the disadvantaged child all to keep pace with a vital, chang-\nThe \"Equal Education Plan\"\ning world. At the same time, and at the college level, this Admin-\nfor higher education in California\nistration is moving for program budgets rather than the inflexible\nline item budgets of the past.\nBy its very nature learning is most concerned with tomorrow. But\nthere can be no tomorrow without the pedestal of the past. What\nwe do in the future what we do with the future - depends on\nwhether we preserve the best of the past and avoid its errors.\nGovernor Ronald Reagan's \"Equal Education Plan\" for\nInstitutions of learning, great repositories of man's knowledge, must\nhigher education in California has four major objectives:\nhelp not only to conceive tomorrow but also to conserve as well\n1. To achieve full educational opportunity for all qualified\nas catalogue the past. These schools must not become computer-\nstudents in California.\nized vending machines. Along with dispensing facts (of which we\n2. To keep the University of California and the State\nhave mountains) they must stimulate a passion for wisdom, con-\nColleges fully competitive with the great private univer-\nscience, compassion, responsibility and patience (all of which we\nsities and colleges in attracting and retaining outstanding\nhave too little)\nreachers.\n3. To provide a supplemental capital improvement fund for\nthat the sole criterion for eligibility be that of need, once a\neach campus of the University and each State College.\nprospective recipient is admitted to the University or State\n4. To eliminate existing inequities, SO that low-income\nCollege. He proposes that uniform criteria be established to\nfamilies shall not pay a disproportionate share of the cost\ndetermine need and the amount of assistance appropriate in\nof educating students.\neach case. In establishing these criteria, he suggests that,\nTo accomplish all four objectives, Governor Reagan recom-\nin addition to family income, consideration be given to other\nmends the adoption of an annual tuition for full-time Cali-\nfactors on a formula basis.\nfornia students at the University of California and the State\nThese factors will include the number of children in the\nColleges.\nfamily, other family obligations, and the ability of the\nTuition revenues will provide grant-in-aid and loan funds for\nstudent to assist himself through part-time employment.\nneedy students, including tuition, board, room, and other\nAnother factor is whether different requirements should be\nexpenses. These latter expenses often keep poor students\nestablished for women and men students.\nfrom attending the University and State Colleges.\nFinally, criteria should be established for forgiveness of\nIn addition to providing student financial aid, tuition will\nloans to encourage graduates to enter important fields of\nguarantee additional teaching chairs at the University and\nemployment which fill a national or community need. Ex-\nState Colleges at salary levels high enough and flexible\namples might include teaching, research, or military service.\nenough to attract and retain the finest teaching talent in the\nB. Teaching chairs. These chairs will attract outstanding\nnation. Tuition also will generate enough revenue to\nteachers and reward and retain recognized members of the\nestablish special funds for capital improvements on each\nteaching faculty. The majority of these chairs would be\ncampus.\nfilled over the years by promotion from within, but the\nThese funds will reduce demands upon the General Fund.\nprogram would also attract outstanding faculty from through-\nThe Governor's plan proposes that 50 percent of tuition\nout the country.\nrevenues be used each year for grants-in-aid and loans, 25\nIt is hoped that the establishment of the chairs would serve\npercent to establish and maintain the teaching chairs, and\nto keep the University of California fully competitive with\n25 percent for capital improvements.\nother great private universities and colleges.\nC. Capital improvement program. The 25 percent of tuition\nrevenues to be assigned for capital improvements would be\ndivided among the individual campuses in amounts propor-\ntionate to their respective contribution of tuition revenues or\nenrollment on the basis of relative size. Therefore, a signif-\nicant supplemental fund would be available for the individual\nFour Key Elements\ncapital needs of each campus, which presumably otherwise\nwould have had to come from the state's General Fund and\ntaxpayers.\nD. Tuition. More than three-fifths of the students in the\nUniversity of California and more than half of the students\nThe highlights of the four key elements of the \"Equal\nin the State Colleges come from families in income brackets\nEducation Plan\" are:\nof $10,000 or higher. A substantial number come from fam-\nA. Grants-in-aid and loan program. The major economic\nilies with income in excess of $15,000 or even in excess of\nbarrier to a college education is not tuition but, rather, the\n$25,000, particularly at the University. Conversely, only\ncost of more expensive items such as board, room, and trans-\n12 percent of the University students and 14 percent of the\nportation. Relatively few students from low-income families\nState College students come from families with incomes\nor minorities actually are found on our University and State\nbelow $6,000. Inasmuch as the principal financial support\nCollege campuses today. To correct this imbalance, the\nof both the University and the Colleges comes from the\nGovernor recommends that half the proceeds from tuition be\nGeneral Fund, it is obvious that the lower-income families\nused each year to support a full program of grants-in-aid. In\nare paying to support educational institutions which are used\naddition, these grants will be supplemented by a complete\nprimarily by the upper-income families. A modest tuition\nloan program at minimum interest rates which utilizes pri-\nplan-augmented by grants and loans-corrects this inequity.\nvate, state, and federal funds.\nThe costs of a higher education should be based on need\nGovernor Reagan also suggests active recruiting and coun-\naccording to the formula described earlier. In this connec-\nseling programs geared to students in the low-income neigh-\ntion, the \"Equal Education Plan\" provides, through a\nborhoods who should be encouraged to enroll in the\ncombination of grants and loans, the supplementary funds\nUniversity of California and the State Colleges.\nnecessary to give any qualified California student the funds\nIn the awarding of grants and loans, the Governor recommends\nhe needs to obtain a higher education.\nThe particulars of this plan are as follows:\nconsidered a necessary expenditure in this area includes all\nOnce financial need is established, the grant-loan program\nexpenses at the University. Present estimates place this\nwill be administered in the following manner:\nfigure at $2,000 per year, which would include the student\n1. During the first year the student will borrow 75 percent\ntuition, fees, room and board, books, and incidental ex\nand be awarded 25 percent in grants.\npenses.\n2. During the second year the student will borrow 50 percent\nCertain objections have been raised regarding the high\nand be awarded 50 percent in grants.\namount of loan required during the first year. An alternative\n3. During the third year the student will borrow 25 percent\nwhich will avoid discouraging potential students from lower\nand be awarded 75 percent in grants.\nsocio-economic and minority groups reverses the above\n4. During the fourth year the student will receive the full\nformula and places the emphasis upon grants rather than\namount in grant monies.\nloans. Under the plan, the student could enter the University\n5. Governor Reagan recognizes the importance of attracting\non full grant-in-aid during the first year, borrow 50 percent\noutstanding graduates from throughout the country. While\nand receive 50 percent in grants the second year, borrow 25\ntuition will be charged graduate students, it is not antici-\npercent and receive 75 percent the third year, and receive\npated that this program will alter the Regents' posture\nfull grant-in-aid the final year.\nregarding certain waivers. Full-time graduate students who\nmeet the identical requirements in the area of financial need\nIn conclusion, the Governor points out, in the case of needy\nas do those undergraduates mentioned above will become a\nstudents, tuition will be offset by grants and loans. On the\npart of the grant-loan program and receive 50 percent of the\nother hand, for the well-to-do family, any state tuition would\nannual stipend in the form of a grant-in-aid and 50 percent in\nbe far below the tuition for a private university or college,\nthe form of a loan. The Governor also suggests that the\nand would represent only a fraction of the actual cost to\nRegents examine the possibility of forgiveness in the area\nthe taxpayers.\nof these graduate loans, as is being suggested with regard\nWith regard to students from out of state, the plan recom-\nto undergraduate loans, for selected areas of state need.\nmends that the higher tuition rate be maintained and that the\nIt should be pointed out here that the dollar amount being\nresidence requirements be revised and strengthened.\nOne of a series of Creative Studies by the Reagan Administration\nState of California Governor's Office Sacramento 95814\n(Not printed or mailed at taxpayers' expense)\nTHE\n8 SEAL * CALAMINA STATE OF CALIFORNIA\nXXXIII\n\"to every man, regardless\nof his birth, his shining,\ngolden opportunity-\nto every man the right to live,\nto work, to be himself,\nand to become whatever thing\nhis manhood and his vision\ncan combine to make him- -\nthis, seeker, is the\npromise of America.\"\nRonald Reagan\nFellow Californians:\nin other aspects of our life, to attack and solve our public problems.\nThere is no magical formula for the task of designing and building\nThis is the first in a series of creative studies on some of the great\ntomorrow - just work, and common sense, and the cooperative\nissues of our day and our state. It presents some guidelines for\nknow-how of committed individuals.\naction as we continue to work with all Californians to design the\nOurs is a threshold age: we have before us either decades of great\nfuture.\ndeeds or years of despair and disruption. If we are to make the\nThis first paper sets forth the position of my administration in the\nmost of tomorrow, we must shuck the encumbrances of yesterday\narea of human relations. It is the result of programming which was\nand develop new and valid priorities.\nstarted in 1967, and it indicates the basic direction in which we\nCalifornians need a new agenda.\nwish to move.\nProven principles remain constant; but changing times also demand\nWe know that our society is in danger because the human com-\nnew ideas, new applications, new endeavors. \"A state without the\nmunity is disrupted by strife. There are some who deny the spiritual\nmeans of change,\" as Edmund Burke said, \"is without the means\nnature of man, counting him just an economic digit or a political\nof its conservation.\" It is part of the greatness of our American\npawn. With this devaluation of man it becomes all too easy for\nsystem that it can accommodate both the fixed and the moving.\nthem to ignore degradation or to excuse violence. We cannot accept\nThe simplistic approach that laws alone can solve all of our prob-\neither extreme.\nlems has shown itself to be falacious; in case after case the laws\nEach of us must make a personal commitment to compassionate\nare on the books but the problems remain. The valid test of good\nand honest solutions. California, as a state, must make a commit-\ngovernment is not how many laws it passes, or how much of the\nment to action. Government has been attacking the evils of dis-\ntaxpayers' money it siphons off for public proj\ntrue\ncrimination for years. But the false promises of too many politicians\nwhether those in office use disciplined imagina\nhave smashed the hopes of too many of our people. Over the years\nemment of and by as well as for the people-\novern-\npromising legislation has been paralyzed by bureaucracy. Some seg-\nment helps to release the energies of every man by removing the\nments of the private sector have not fulfilled their responsibilities.\nobstacles to his progress. And, this is the purpose of the Creative\nThe result has been an \"expectation gap\"-a chasm between the\nSociety: to stimulate constructive change through a continuing joint\npromise and the deed, between what is and what should be. We\nventure between all sectors of the community while reaffirming the\nmust close that gap.\nright of every man to maximum liberty and the pursuit of happi-\nWe must ask ourselves, as we deal with this and the other impor-\nness in an orderly society. California is concerned about human\ntant issues of our society, what kind of a future we want-and what\nrelations. We are concerned about the problems facing many of our\nis the best way for the individual and the community at large to\nminority groups. There is no doubt that many of our citizens in\nbuild it.\nthe minority communities have legitimate grievances. It is impera-\nI believe these papers can be the beginning of a new California\ntive, and it is morally right, that we attend to these grievances; that\nCommitment-a new sense of purpose.\nwe correct the inequities; that we remove the unnatural barriers,\nand that we guarantee equal rights to all, regardless of color or\ncreed. This must be done.\nRaned Reagan\nBut, it cannot be done by shrill exaggerations or false promises;\nGovernor\nand, it will not be achieved through mob action or by the torch\nor the club.\nIt will take involvement and honest leadership on all fronts. It will\ntake commitments of time, skill, resourcefulness, and capital from\nall sectors. This is what is required to set our house in order. With-\nout this total effort on the part of individuals, of private enterprise,\nof organized labor, of local and state governments, too many of our\ncitizens in the minority communities will continue to exist as per-\npetual tenants on federalized plantations. Such an existence degrades\nnot only them but also California and the nation.\nWhat is needed most today is not urban renewal but human\nWhat kind of California do we want in the future-in the next ten\nrenewal.\nor twenty years? What kind of a place do we want for ourselves,\nThis paper on human relations-and the plight of the minority\nfor our children - for succeeding generations? What kind of schools?\ncommunities-is the first in a series of creative studies which have\nWhat kind of jobs? What kind of cities and parks and highways?\nbeen under preparation by members of the Reagan administration\nWhat kind of government?\nduring the last year. Other studies will be published in the weeks\nTogether we can help design and invent that future. In fact, we\nahead. They will deal with such areas as law and order, education,\nmust if it is to be what we want it to be.\npublic assistance, economic growth and job opportunities, and the\nCalifornia still has in its veins the limitless energies of the dynamic\nquality of life in today's environment.\nWest. It is the most unfettered, the most imaginative state in the\nThe creative society places government in its proper role: govern-\nunion. It is time that together we used that imagination, so apparent\nment should lead, citizens must act. What we will propose here\nprimarily is the role the non-governmental sector the independent\na half later the architect Victor Gruen could accurately say: \"We\nsector-can play in building a better state.\nturned our cities into doughnuts, with all the dough around the\nLike those to follow, this paper does not pretend to be a master\ncenter and nothing in the middle.\" Our atomic deterrent protects\nlan; there are already too many master plans and too many master\nour cities from enemy bombs; but we are allowing them to be\nrailures on the record. This paper presents instead an exploration\neffectively destroyed by inner rot. And the loss is all America's.\nof the dimensions of and possible solutions to the problems of our\nNo one needs to be told that this is a time of great danger, but a\nminorities.\ntime of danger is also a time of opportunity. Societies grow stronger,\nwe are informed by Arnold Toynbee, as they respond to challenges.\nWe have in America, broadly speaking, two rival philosophies of\ngovernment; they may be called \"from the top down\" and \"from\nthe bottom up.\" There is no doubt where the founders of this\nnation stood. They had rebelled against government from the top\ndown; the first three words of the preamble to the Constitution\nmay be the most important of all, for they place the emphasis\nFor too many the American dream\nwhere it ought to go: We, the People.\nremains an empty promise\nThe path we follow in California turns away from any idea that\ngovernment and those who serve it are omnipotent and omniscient.\nAlong this path government can lead but not rule, listen but not\nlecture.\nAmericans are not really divided. But they are deeply puzzled about\nIn America, the virtue of the people lies in its dynamic free eco-\nhow to achieve the goals of domestic tranquility, abundance, and\nnomic and social system. Yet the energies of this system can be\nhuman dignity on which we all agree. We do not, as is sometimes\nfrustrated and misdirected. In its dynamism the system is alien to\nsaid, need new values; probably there are no new values. But we\nthe spirit of encumbering bureaucracy, and to the rigid blueprints\ndo need new ways of fulfilling our traditional ones. The old ma-\nof remote government. But our society has become so vast that an\nchinery no longer seems to work. Familiar methods suddenly seem\nindividual, lacking information and opportunities for communica-\ninadequate to the tasks. The result has been a spreading malaise,\ntion, may not know where or how to exert personal efforts for the\neven among those who in material things are well off. Socially and\ncommon good.\npolitically, we are experiencing a confidence gap.\nIn this area, therefore, government has a special role to play. It has,\nBut for the urban poor, for some of our minority groups, the in-\nof course, its own agencies and services, but the most important\nadequacy of the old methods has resulted in more than a malaise.\nthing it can do is to liberate the constructive energies that exist all\nTOSS the nation, riots, looting, murder and arson have been\nthrough our society.\narked by a violent few. But for a great many others as well, the\nIn California we have enormous resources for scientific and indus-\nAmerican dream remains an empty promise: It cannot remain so.\ntrial research. Thousands of highly successful and talented men and\nFor whatever was true in the past, Americans today are not content\nwomen are in our business communities. Colleges and universities\nto live in poverty, or to remain cut off from the rest of society,\nare rich in their potentiality for study and research. We have any\nwhile years and generations pass. They know as well as anyone\nnumber of philanthropic enterprises.\nelse that a nation which is reaching out to the stars does not have\nTo liberate our vast resources of energy and talent, government\nto accept degradation in its midst.\ncan dismantle obsolescent structures, strike down inequitable laws,\nThe failure of familiar approaches ought to unite us all in the de-\nlegislate against restrictive practices. Indeed, today's bureaucratic\nvelopment of new ones. The lethargic bureaucracy that fails some\nstructures cannot remain adequate in a computerized, automated\nof us fails the rest of us as well. We have found that comparatively\nworld of accelerating change.\nlittle of the so-called \"war on poverty\" money actually reaches those\nGovernment, of course, can also maintain its commitment to candor\nwho are poor. We have found that urban renewal is the real war on\nand to fiscal responsibility. The inflation that wastes the middle-\nthe poor people. It destroys their homes and fails to provide new\nclass dollar pushes the poor man into despair. A good part of our\nones. (A subsequent study in this series will deal in depth with\npresent difficulty in racial relations comes from the fact that the\npublic assistance and social welfare; the need to break the chain of\natmosphere has been poisoned by false promises. The function of\ndependency and to redirect those programs which institutionalize\nleadership is to lead, not delude.\npoverty into a kind of permanent status. This is especially impor-\nGovernment has the responsibility for keeping order and upholding\ntant to many of our citizens in minority communities.)\nthe law. \"There is no grievance,\" said Lincoln, \"that is a fit object\nThe discriminatory union wastes America's manpower and clogs\nof redress by mob law.\" Mobs do not generate progress; they re-\nthe free market system. The schools that are too rigid and un-\ntard it. Mobs do not establish rights; they trample them. The spirit\nimaginative to reach the Negro child, the Spanish-speaking and the\nof destruction cannot be allowed to prevail here. [The next paper\nIndian child cannot be the best ones we can provide for our other\nin this series will cover law and order-the proper responsive, re-\nchildren. Throughout history, the great cities have been the centers\nsponsible system of law enforcement and justice which is necessary\nof civilization: Athens, Rome, Florence, Paris. \"He who is tired of\n\"to keep our people safe and free\")\nLondon,\" said Samuel Johnson, \"is tired of life.\" Yet a century and\nFinally, the government, through its leaders, can bear continuing\nwitness to the American system and American values. Too often of\n-A Negro was appointed director of Veterans Affairs first\nlate the people have been depressed by those who sell America\nNegro to head a major state department.\nshort. The voices of defeat and despair must not be the only ones\n-75 Negroes, Mexican-Americans, Orientals and other minorit,\nheard.\nmembers are among the Governor's appointees to boards, com-\nBut government is a tool, and like any tool is effective only if used\nmissions and executive positions.\nfor its proper purposes. Some today still talk as if government\n-Governor Reagan has broken the pattern of predominantly white\nshould initiate and plan all of the activities of our society. Central-\nmembership on draft boards by recommending minority citizens\nized bureaucratic control is failing all over the world. Yet there\nfor appointment.\nare some who urge us to turn the clock back by establishing still\nFor the first time, the homes of low-income persons located in\nmore unwieldy bureaucratic structures. The surprising thing is not\nfreeway rights-of-way will be re-located by the state instead of\nthat these systems do not work, but that anyone ever actually\ndemolished.\nthought they would. They certainly are not the answer to the prob-\n-More than 20 bills dealing specifically with the problems of low-\nlems of our minority groups.\nincome citizens were signed into law last year.\nIn California we must solve the problems of racial relations. And\nOne of the legislative highlights of 1967 was the creation of the\nwhat we do here we do not only for ourselves but for all of man-\nCalifornia Job Training and Placement Council to develop coordi-\nkind. California is a microcosm of the nation, and nothing a great\nnated training and placement programs through private industry.\npeople does is purely domestic. We must show the world that a\nSome 20,000 representatives of industry and labor, through Man-\nfree nation can cope with the pressing problems of modern life,\nagement Councils set up in 16 cities, have taken on the responsi-\nand that a free society-with its variety, flexibility, and spontaneity,\nbility of making this program work.\nwith its willingness to experiment cope with them much more\nThe Reagan administration also has:\neffectively than any other system. \"In America,\" as Alexis Tocque-\n-Provided guidance for a pilot summer \"earn and learn\" program.\nville wrote, \"I saw more than America; I saw there the image of\n-Trained welfare recipients to serve as family day-care parents,\ndemocracy itself.\"\nproviding both employment for them and care for the children of\nworking mothers.\n- Obtained pledges of support from commanding officers of mili-\ntary bases to end discrimination in housing for service personnel.\n- Worked with business and schools to cut the number of high\nschool dropouts.\n-Signed into law legislation establishing occupational training cen-\nters for adults.\nUnleash the power that can make us\nEnacted legislation permitting school districts to use bi-lingual\ninstruction.\none people, united in justice and purpose\n-Signed legislation prohibiting discrimination in apprenticeship\nprograms.\nLegislation has been introduced this year to create the California\nJob Development Corporation, which would pool private capital to\nThere are three great forces which can solve the problems of human\nmake loans to small businesses unable to get conventional financing.\nrelations; forces which can move to break the barriers of poverty\nThis is an extension of the Job Training and Placement Council.\nand injustice and close the expectation gap.\nFinancial institutions, as members of the proposed corporation,\nThe Great and Growing Middle Class. It is the very strength of our\nCAL-JOB, would pledge funds to be used for loans.\nland, and encompasses individuals of all creeds and colors.\nThe California Home Ownership, Construction and Rehabilitation\nThe Dynamic and Productive Private Enterprise System. Its knowledge,\nAct of 1968, would enable many low-income families to experience\nresources, manpower, factories and capacity can help every indi-\nthe pride of home ownership. The bill calls for a $500 million bond\nvidual realize his potential.\nissue to finance state loans for low-income families. It would help\nCreative Government. It can best meet human needs by liberating\nthem to build or re-construct private homes. Both the CAL-JOB and\nthe constructive energies that exist throughout society.\nhome ownership measures are supported by Governor Reagan.\nThese dynamic forces, acting together, can unite the hearts and\nLack of jobs, education and housing are the roots of the minorities'\nminds of this land, unleashing the power that will make us one\nproblems. Help must come from government, business and labor\npeople, united in justice and purpose.\nand the independent sector.\nDuring the Reagan administration, progress has been made but\nThe Reagan administration has instructed heads of agencies and\nthere is still a long way to go to reach the goal of equal oppor-\ndepartments that equal opportunity and fair employment laws will\ntunity for all Californians.\nbe enforced-down the line state hiring practices and contract\nHere are some of the things which have already been done:\npolicies. Industry and labor should do no less. Our private enter-\n-Governor Reagan has held private meetings with minority group\nprise system has the capacity to extend its bounties to all who want\nrepresentatives throughout the state to hear about their problems,\nto make an honest effort. It is the responsibility of both management\nand discuss ways to deal with them.\nand labor to see that the capacity of the svstem is achieved.\nWe also support the \"urban coalition\" approach because the efforts\nA California Commitment-t audit,\nof the total community are needed to solve the problem. This and\ngalvanize and coordinate the resources\nsimilar voluntary efforts are functioning examples of a creative\nof a creative society\nsociety.\nBoth education and the home have always been central aspects of\nthe American dream. Education opens the way to personal advance-\nment and allows ambitions to be fulfilled. And with each passing\nyear it grows more important, for to an ever-increasing degree our\nWhat is needed now is an honest appraisal of the tasks required\nsociety reserves its rewards for the educated. The home is bound\nto close the gap between expectations and reality.\nup with both freedom and dignity. Ownership of property and\nIt was this desire for facts-plus the desire to open a direct line of\nacceptance of responsibility are closely linked.\ncommunications- which led Governor Reagan to tour the state to\nThough education grows ever more important, increasingly, some\nmeet with the leaders of minority groups.\nare being left behind. Of the 5,000,000 children in California ele-\nWhat they voiced matches the general profile of desire of minority\nmentary schools, hundreds of thousands attend so-called \"ghetto\"\ngroups throughout America. Surveys tell us that more than 90 per\nschools-too often dilapidated buildings with antiquated equip-\ncent of our minority citizens are responsible and law abiding.\nment, in which packed classrooms make adequate teaching all but\nUnfortunately, the lawless few, the troublemakers and self-seekers,\nimpossible. Some children are passed from grade to grade without\nwho use misguided and impressionable followers to fan the flames\never learning to read. And some children from \"hard-core\" poverty\nof violence, are covered sensationally by some news media.\nareas are so far behind when they enter the first grade that they\nWhat do the vast number of minority citizens want out of life?\nnever catch up.\nThey want the same things all other Americans want-jobs, good\nThe decaying neighborhood if left unattended, in time can enmesh\nhealth, educational opportunities for their children and themselves,\nan entire city. As the decay spreads, ever more money is required,\nand freedom to live in pleasant surroundings. Adequate police\nbut ever less is available. And for those who live in the neighbor-\nprotection also is high on their list of priorities, along with oppor-\nhood the prospect of improvement becomes ever more remote.\ntunities in business and commerce. What they're talking about is\nThose who are able to do so move out, removing from the area\nfull participation in the American way of life.\nthe most able and most talented. The decay of buildings becomes\nLeadership is important to any good cause. In the case of Cali-\na decay of the spirit.\nfornia's minorities, leadership is available. But factionalism and\nIn both education and housing, we must move to break these vicious\norganizations working at cross-purposes can hurt their efforts. This\ncircles. We need more intensive training designed to prepare teachers\nhas been the historic trouble with government assistance programs.\nwho will work in the slums, an incentive system to attract talented\nIn the field of human relations, we've experienced a proliferation\nand understanding teachers to the schools in the depressed areas,\nof organizations, all competing for the chance to better the plight\nand above all we need more teachers and administrators from the\nof the poor. Coordination is the key to the success of any project.\nminority groups themselves. The time of the teacher is valuable.\nWorking together, such organizations can succeed in the areas where\nMuch more use can be made of paid and unpaid lay volunteers.\nbreakthroughs are most urgently needed: consumer purchasing,\nQualified volunteer mothers could work intensively with small\npolitical action, neighborhood improvement, development of minor-\ngroups of pre-school children. Others could help with playground\nity businesses and a host of other desirable goals.\nand cafeteria supervision, and with other non-teaching tasks.\nThus, the first step should be an accurate statewide audit of our\nWe need to involve the entire community in our educational sys-\ntotal assets and liabilities, of what is being done to solve the plight\ntem. Curricula should be made more responsive to the needs of\nof the minority groups, who is doing what, who can do it best, and\nthe core-city child. Courses and textbooks dealing with the Negro\nwhat more needs to be done.\nin America and Spanish cultures would be valuable. For teachers\nSecond, a coordinated effort must be developed to activate programs\nin Spanish-speaking areas, we should explore the possibility of\nat all levels-state and local, public and private.\nteacher-exchange programs with Mexican schools, and we should\nThird, and on a continuing basis, these programs should be co-\nestablish an incentive system for bi-lingual teachers.\nordinated and implemented into a total, sustained thrust peri-\nIn neighborhood renewal we must learn to use the energies that\nodically evaluated for maximum relevancy, efficiency and results.\nexist in the neighborhood itself. We have encouraged home owner-\nAll of this should be an action concept based on practicalities, and\nship through low interest loans, and through programs which allow\ndesigned-not by some federal bureau 3,000 miles and 30 years\nan individual to help build his own home. Efforts to improve a\naway, but-by those here in California who are directly involved in\nneighborhood, planned by the people themselves, can be coordi-\nthe problems and their solutions on a day-to-day basis. This is the\nnated and materially assisted. Small parks can be planned and\nthrust of Governor Reagan's program, \"The California Commitment.\"\nbuilt, decaying property reclaimed, streets cleaned up, recreation\nSuch a California Commitment would involve both statewide re-\nprograms planned through cooperation among neighborhood resi-\nsponsibilities and regional compacts. It would consist of represent-\ndents, talented outsiders and local government.\natives from local communities, from the counties, from business\nEverywhere opportunities exist for private capital and private finan-\nand labor, from the academic world and the professions, and from\ncial institutions to play a role, and already many have shown great\nthe minority groups and the state government.\nreadiness to help.\nThe Governor will take the lead in forming this Commitment, but\nstate government will serve primarily as a catalyst not as a force\n7. Business executives and business students could offer their knowl-\nof imposition or intervention.\nedge and experience in competitive enterprise to help upgrade and\nThe first task of such a Commitment should be to conduct the state-\nestablish small businesses. Chambers of commerce and university\nwide audit. This is necessary not only to outline the dimensions of\nbusiness schools are ideally equipped to operate such a project.\nthe job ahead, but also it is needed to minimize waste, inefficiency\n8. California's Service Centers should provide \"coaching\" services\nand duplication. At present, for example, there are more than 400\nto minority and low-income job applicants. The purpose is to help\nseparate agencies, both public and private, at work in the Watts\napplicants overcome fear of test situations.\narea of Los Angeles. Without criticizing the good intent and dedi-\n9. More industries could establish satellite companies in poverty\ncation of these agencies, it may well be that better coordination\nareas. The key is to find products that can be manufactured by\nand delineation could achieve a bigger return for each dollar spent.\nun-trained employees, then provide the facilities and equipment to\nThe Commitment, by being a clearing house for information,\ndo the job. The final objective is to provide mass employment for\ncould bring together these energies and talents and organizations\nthe under-trained and build a corps of minority management per-\nwhich are now diffused. And, by achieving an overview of the\nsonnel which later can be assimilated into the parent company.\nentire situation it could better direct the energies of the community\nSeveral California firms are either actively engaged in operating\n-public and private the point of need.\nsatellite companies or have such plans on the drawing boards.\nUpon completion of the audit, resulting in a clearer picture of what\n10. Various industries could consider sharing the costs of keeping\nmust be done, what will be required to do it, and what resources\njunior high and high schools open during summer months to pro-\nand abilities are available within the all sectors, Cali-\nvide recreation, training, and basic education. College students could\nfornia would then be fully justified in insisting that the federal\nbe hired as staff to operate the schools, with hourly salaries paid\ngovernment leave within the state a substantial portion of that tax\nby industries. At least one major California company already has\nmoney which is now being siphoned to Washington. We do not\napproved adoption of a high school.\nneed more massive federal bureaucracy imposed upon us from\n11. A way is needed to provide tutoring for youngsters in educa-\nafar. We can make our plans, take our actions, and guide our pro-\ntional subjects and training in such areas as home economics and\ngrams here at the state and local levels.\npersonal care. A \"student service corps\" could become a vehicle\nHere are examples of the activities such a California Commitment\nfor students to help people their own age. Student government at\ncan evoke from the independent sector:\nall levels of education should organize programs and select loca-\n1. Manned by representatives of both industry and labor, job re-\ntions for student service.\ncruiting stations could be established in low-incorne areas. This\n12. Community school center programs bring the family into the\nindustry/union effort could include recruiters representing a variety\nschool and gain full use of existing educational facilities by even-\nof industries and labor skills. Industrial and union organizations\ntually keeping them open throughout the year. Activities to serve\nshould decide details of operating procedures.\nall members of the family can be conducted: job training, health\n2. Tools and equipment could be loaned to neighborhood groups\ncare, child care, recreation, entertainment -creating a concept of\nto use for re-building projects. Local residents should be free to\nusing schools for continued activities and education for the entire\ndecide how and what they want to build, whether it's a park, a\nfamily.\ncommunity center or simply a clean-up campaign. Tools and equip-\n13. Education departments of California colleges and universities\nment could be made available through the cooperation of chambers\ncould coordinate a program to utilize former teachers, education\nof commerce and service clubs.\nstudents, and teaching assistants to provide tutoring service for\n3. Union members assigned by union leadership on a voluntary\nschool children.\nbasis could donate a few hours of work a week in low-income\nareas to show \"how it's done\" in various trades and skills.\n14. In an effort to broaden the base of educational experience,\n4. Trade unions should study the possibility of providing paid\nattempts could be made to exchange teachers between school dis-\ntricts. This approach calls for inter-district transfers and a new look\napprenticeship training during summer months. Such training could\nresult in a cadre of skilled young people for future union member-\nat the entire concept of tenure. Increased benefits, to both students\nand teachers, should result in a gradual upgrading of education and\nship. Unions could identify potential trainees by contacting com-\na broadening of experiences. Better communication and understand-\nmunity action groups and through referrals by union membership.\ning between the various cultural segments would be anticipated.\n5. Industrial plants could remain open at night as a means of pro-\nviding in-plant training. Women, for instance, could be taught how\n15. Individual industries and unions in California could make yearly\nto type and operate business machines to help prepare them for\ncontributions to a fund that would be used entirely for scholarships\nclerical jobs.\nfor the poor. A special scholarship committee representative of the\n6. A vocational and professional task force consisting of represent-\nparticipating businesses and trade unions would decide who should\natives of the State Personnel Board, personnel departments of in-\nreceive the scholarships. Grants should not be limited to higher\ndustries, and union officials should survey the needs and require-\neducation, but should be available to those who want to attend\nments of the job market for today and tomorrow. As an outgrowth\ntrade and technical schools.\nof this activity, changes in civil service, vocational training, industry\n16. Thousands of school buses in the state could be used during\nhiring standards and union apprenticeship requirements would be\nthe summer to: transport youngsters on recreational and educational\nanticipated.\ntrips; provide daily service to and from hospitals and health centers\ninconveniently located for low-income residents; and as a shuttle\nThe answer will come from\nservice to shopping centers.\nthe hearts of men.\n17. Patterned after the Olympic Games, neighborhood competition\nin track-field and water sports events is proposed to keep youngsters\nIt must be clear that all of this is only a beginning. It is, however,\nactive and to salute 1968 as an Olympic Year. School coaches and\nthe foundation of an accelerated effort toward human renewal-an\nrecreation leaders, in cooperation with service clubs and local Y's,\neffort to spur on those who are willing to help others, an effort to\nare especially qualified to plan and carry out this project which can\nprovide opportunity for those who in the final analysis are willing\nbe staged at high schools. It is suggested that Neighborhood Olym-\nto help themselves.\npics be held on weekends to permit maximum participation. All\nThis concept of a California Commitment can help to innovate and\nthe participants, boys and girls, would receive California Neighbor-\ncreate; it can also help coordinate and make the most of what is\nhood Olympic certificates.\nalready being done in all sectors of society-by men and women\n18. California's great athletes, amateur and professional alike, could\nand organizations of good will throughout our state.\nlend their talents and prestige to the fight for equality by holding\nIt is fitting that this fresh commitment be made here in California,\nsports clinics in poverty areas and appearing at Neighborhood\nhere in the West. For the West has always stood for the promise of\nOlympics. Our professional sports teams, the athletic departments\nAmerica. It is appropriate that California take the lead in solving\nof colleges and universities and such groups as the Fellowship of\nour racial problems and that here we begin the new agenda which\nChristian Athletes could cooperate.\nwill strengthen our entire society.\nIf there is any honest answer to improved human relations, the\n19. Both the state government and the private sector own un-\nanswer will come from the hearts of men.\ndeveloped land throughout California; land that is not being used\nIt is time to stop acting like our brother's keeper; it is time to start\nwhile it awaits development. Through the state and the action of\nbeing our brother's brother.\nlocal chambers of commerce, it is suggested that land near poverty\nThe cry from the minority group today is not a new cry. It is a cry\npockets be loaned to local communities for recreation or other\nwhich has been uttered by man ever since his beginning:\npurposes. If necessary, the land can be cleared by volunteer labor\n\"I am a man. I want to be recognized and accepted as a human\nusing loaned equipment to make it suitable for use.\nbeing-with human dignity and independence.\"\nThis is the cry articulated in the Declaration of Independence, and\n20. Child care centers to care for pre-school children of working\nin the Constitutions of the United States and the State of Cali-\nmothers. The facilities could be provided in the immediate vicinity\nfornia. The fact that too often this cry has been ignored, or stifled,\nof an industrial plant, and provide education, recreation, and health\ndoes not invalidate its eternal truth.\nservices to youngsters while their mothers work. Costs of such\nThe time has come for each one of us to make the choice. Either\nfacilities could be shared by both industries and unions.\nwe affirm our faith in man's ability to meet his fellow man in a\n21. Evidence suggests that many minority citizens are victimized\nspirit of good will build together peacefully and harmoniously\n-or we fail for all time.\nby over-pricing, shoddy merchandise, and usury. To help stop these\nabuses, consumer consultants will be located at the State Service\nMany of today's problems are the result of prejudice-the prejudice\nCenters. The consultants will also offer advice on \"how to buy\" to\nwhich has divided mankind from his very beginning. Many reli-\ngious and ethnic groups in America have experienced prejudice\nlow-income housewives.\nand it is a tribute to them that such prejudice is now largely a\n22. Several community fund organizations in California have sum-\nmatter of history. It will be a tribute to our minorities today-and\nmer earn, learn, and play projects already planned. Limited funds\na tribute to our majority-when existing prejudice also is pushed\nare available for the projects, however. More money from the pri-\ninto the past.\nvate sector would bring greater benefits to more people, mostly\nWe must make sure that no American ever again will have to tell\nyoungsters. Business, industry, and union officials should contact\na child that he is denied some of the blessings of this land because\nunited fund officials in the metropolitan areas and offer to help\nin some way he may be different. And, this must be a personal\nexpand these programs.\nthing. Each individual must become involved.\nThe American dream which we have nursed so long in this country\n23. Communications media should help to promote the concept of\n-and neglected so much, of late-is not that every man must be\nthe California Commitment. The Advertising Council can prepare\nlevel with every other man. The American dream is that every man\na public service promotional campaign, in cooperation with such\nmust be free to be himself, to be free to become whatever his\ngroups as the California Broadcasters Association and the Califor-\naspirations and his ability and his drive can make him to be.\nnia Newspaper Publishers Association.\nThe restoration-the perpetuation-of that dream is the greatest\nThese are just a few of the ideas that can be translated into positive\nchallenge confronting every one of us today.\naction. Implementation will depend on proper motivations, coordi-\nnation and a concentrated effort. This effort must come from indi-\nOne of a series of Creative Studies by the Reagan Administration\nviduals, from their organizations, their schools, their government\nState of California Governor's Office Sacramento 95814\nand from the private enterprise system.\n(Not printed or mailed at taxpayer's expense)\nand\nI\nof s\nTHE\nSTATE OF CALIFORNIA * SEAL SEAL\nXXXIII\n\"In the final analysis\nthe call for law and order\nand justice must come\nfrom each citizen at every level\nand on every occasion.\nOnly in that way can our\npeople be safe-and free.\"\nRonald Reagan\nFellow Californians:\nToday lawlessness is rampant in America. Crime continues to in-\ncrease faster than population; juvenile delinquency increases at an\nDisregard for law and order increases all around us. Crime rates\neven faster rate. In too many cities few women are brave enough-\nsoar. The use of narcotics spreads, particularly among our young.\nor, foolhardy enough-to venture out alone after dark; the streets\nA violent faction would turn our campuses into staging areas for\nare not safe. Campus after campus is wracked with disorder; uni-\ninsurrection and our streets into a no man's land; they violate both\nversities are used as staging areas for insurrection.\nthe law and the rights of their fellow citizens.\nMass violation of the law and mob violence increasingly threaten\nour communities in the guise of \"civil disobedience.\" In reality this\nWe need today a revival of common sense and common decency\nis deliberate and premeditated violation of the law by groups de-\nrejection of the permissive attitude which pervades too many\ntermined to achieve their ends regardless of the cost to their neigh-\nhomes, too many schools, too many courts. We must reject the\nbors or the effect on the total society. As a nation and as a people\nidea that everytime a law is broken, society is guilty rather than\nwe cannot tolerate this. We must draw the line between legitimate\nthe law-breaker. It is essential we restore the American precept\nprotest and those actions which interfere with the rights of all our\nthat each individual is responsible, and accountable, for his actions.\ncitizensi to carry on their normal, daily activities. No one has the\nAnd, it is too simple to trace all crime to poverty. Our time of\nright to choose which laws he will or will not obey.\naffluence is also a time of increasing lawlessness; there is a crime\nThe frightening increase in crime in recent years is evidence that\nproblem in the suburbs, as well as the slums.\nour criminal justice system, of itself, cannot contain crime. What\nis needed is a total, coordinated program involving all sectors of\nour society-and every citizen. We must establish long-range goals\nAs we seek to turn the tide in favor of the responsible, law-\nand design a step-by-step action program with each step consist-\nabiding citizen, it is crucial that we have a total and sustained fight\nent with those goals. In addition, an improved criminal justice\nagainst lawlessness coordinating the efforts and the resources of\nsystem is mandatory if we are to reach the four goals set by the\nindividual citizens, the private sector and local organizations as\nCalifornia Commitment in this area. These are:\nwell as government at all levels. Such an effort is necessary if we\n-to guarantee each citizen the security and protection of the law;\nare to give meaning and substance to the California Commitment.\n-to strengthen and maintain the concept of law and increase re-\nAnd, it is essential if we are to keep our people safe and free.\nspect for it, so that we can reduce crime and maintain order and\nsafety in our communities;\n-to emphasize that the primary responsibility for preserving law\nRaned Reagan\nand order rests with local government, supported and assisted by\nstate government, and\nGovernor\n-to develop and coordinate the imaginative thinking of business\nand industry, educational institutions, government, science and\ntechnology and citizen leaders in order to identify and implement\nboth established and new methods for the prevention and control\nof crime, the administration of justice and the punishment and\nrehabilitation of law violators.\nThe vehicle to accomplish these goals was established by legislation\nin 1967. It is the California Council on Criminal Justice. This group\nprovides a statewide team for the planning, coordination, improve-\nThis creative study, the second in a series now being prepared by\nment and development of law enforcement techniques, and the\nthe Reagan administration, deals with the need for law and order\nadministration of justice. Representatives of all agencies involved\nin a free and creative society.\nin the law and order process serve on the Council: members of\nThis paper outlines some of the dimensions of the twin problems\nthe legislature, law enforcement officers, attorneys, representatives\nof crime and lawlessness and proposes measures, techniques and\nof the courts and penal institutions. Education and appropriate\nprograms which are vital to the essential purpose of a democratic\nbranches of science and technology are also represented.\ngovernment-insuring individual safety and freedom for all citizens.\nThis paper reaffirms the right of every citizen to the full protection\nThe Council serves as a clearing house for crime prevention and\nof the law and the responsibility of every citizen to uphold and\ncontrol proposals. It is also charged with providing information\nobey the law.\nservice on research and development projects, and with advising\nThe Reagan administration is dedicated to building and maintain-\ngovernment agencies on criminal justice matters.\ning a creative society in which every person is guaranteed maximum\nMany of the programs which could be instituted and implemented\nfreedom under just laws and is assured the right to become what-\nby the Council are listed in this paper.\never his abilities and aspirations allow him to become within the\nBut, most important, this study emphasizes that the individual citi\nframework of these laws.\nzen must do his part; he must become involved in the continui,\nIt is axiomatic that while society can have law and order without\nfight to maintain law and order.\nfreedom, no society can long remain free without law and order.\nIt is not enough to be concerned; there must be a commitment to\naction. The average citizen is quick to deplore \"the crime problem\"\npolitical institutions can provide a substitute for common sense and\nbut all too often he is reluctant to accept his personal responsibility.\npublic morality.\"\nIn the midst of his journey through a hostile land, the Good Samar-\nPublic attitudes are vitally important. Yet in the crucial matter of\nitan did not just seek the nearest emergency center, he ministered\nattitude there has been an erosion of respect for law and of con-\nto the victim himself-he became involved, because he cared enough\ncern for order. Crimes are often spectacular, and everyone is aware\n0 act.\nof them, while the erosion of concern is silent and invisible. Yet if\nIt is the basic commitment of government that every citizen should\ncrime is like a house on fire, the erosion of concern is like a house\nbe safe-safe on the street, safe in his home, safe in school, safe\ndecaying. The end result is the same.\nin the park. But, it is also a part of the California Commitment\nIn the pages that follow we will deal with both immediate and\nthat each individual is responsible for his own actions-that each\nlong-range measures to support these fundamental precepts:\ncitizen must accept his full share of responsibility. When the free-\nEvery law-abiding individual has the right to expect government\ndom the Athenians wished for the most was freedom from respon-\nto guard the safety of his person.\nsibility, Athens ceased to be free.\nEvery homeowner and businessman has the right to expect govern-\nment to protect property against the criminal, the arsonist, and the\nlooter.\nEvery parent has the right to expect government to protect the\ncommunity from those who deal in narcotics.\nEvery student in our colleges and universities has a right to pursue\nhis education unhampered by the violent few. The campus is not\nWe face a serious breakdown in the rule of law\nan island outside the law (the serious problem of campus dis-\norders and the need for stricter controls and discipline will be cov-\nered in the creative study on education which will be included in\nthis series of papers).\nLaw is more than just a set of rules; it is the gateway through which\nWhere laws are needed to move forward against crime we will\nman passes to reach the fullness of human existence. Without law,\npress for them. But active concern, throughout every sector of the\nas Hobbes said, life would be \"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and\ncommunity, can be mobilized right now. This is essential if we in\nshort.\" But law, in the words of Clarendon, \"is the standard and\nCalifornia are to reverse the trends of the last decade.\nguardian of our liberty.\"\nYet today we face a serious breakdown in the rule of law, a break-\ndown which endangers our traditional American way of life.\nIn some quarters there has grown up a nihilistic contempt for the\nvery idea of law. Among some of our government officials there is\nwillingness to accept lawbreaking as a \"right\" and a timidity\nAs much force as necessary, as quickly as possible\nabout facing up to the responsibility of enforcing the law swiftly\nand equally for all citizens. Pervading our society is a climate of\npermissiveness. There is confusion between the rights a citizen may\nhave under the law and the largess a concerned and generous soci-\nIn 1967 California's crime laws were improved. Governor Reagan\nety may bestow on its less fortunate members.\nsigned into law measures which strengthened statutes concerning\nThe problems have many aspects and many facets, not the least of\nburglary, robbery and rape, and increased the penalties in cases\nwhich is the rapidly rising rate of major crimes.\nwhere the criminal inflicts great bodily harm upon the victim.\nThe material cost of crime is staggering: over $30 billion a year.\nOne of the most important accomplishments of the Reagan admin-\nSpent constructively this money could transform America. The cost\nistration has been. the enactment of legislation establishing the\nin wasted human lives and wasted human potential cannot be\nCalifornia Council on Criminal Justice. As already outlined, this\nmeasured. And this is all the more damaging because the victims\nCouncil can be an effective statewide vehicle for increased and en-\nof crime are often those least able to bear the burden-the poor\nlightened law enforcement.\nand the members of minority groups.\nThe most modern facilities available in education, scientific research,\nThe dramatic increase in crime is only one aspect of the problem.\nand systems technology must be fully utilized in the fight against\nMany citizens sense a spreading malaise in which alienation from\ncrime. In 1967 Governor Reagan signed legislation creating the\nsociety and rule-breaking are commonplace. Bizarre cults spring\nCrime Technological Research Foundation. This foundation is sup-\nup whose behavior seems to be a calculated affront to the idea of\nported by both private and public funds and is destined to design\nan orderly community and the belief in human dignity.\nnew concepts in crime detection and law enforcement.\nThere is, of course, a limit to what law alone can accomplish. The\nIn 1967 the California Highway Patrol in cooperation with the Fed-\npreservation of order is the responsibility of the entire community,\neral Bureau of Investigation put into operation the first law enforce-\nnot just of government and the police.\nment computer hook-up in the nation. The Highway Patrol's crime\n\"There is no country in the world,\" wrote Alexis de Tocqueville,\ninformation computers in Sacramento were linked to the FBI com-\n\"in which everything can be provided for by the laws, or in which\nputer center in Washington, D.C., and connections were extended\nto include the intra-state electronic communications network main-\njudges out of politics. The bill would insure the appointments of\ntained here in California. As a result, instant communications are\nqualified men and women of proven ability and integrity to judicial\navailable not only between Sacramento and locations throughout the\noffice. At this time, when it is imperative that society take all proper\nState but also between Sacramento and Washington. This greatly\nsteps to uphold law and curb the increase of crime, it is also im-\nincreased speed and information service helps our law officers to\nperative that the courts be firm, fair and above reproach.\nmove more swiftly and more efficiently in the apprehension of\nRecent proposals in the criminal justice field call for the federal\ncriminals.\ngovernment to appropriate large sums of money for subsequent\nGovernor Reagan has acted to insure immediate and effective steps\ngrants to state and local governments. This action would, for the\nto control lawlessness and to restore order in the event of riots and\nfirst time in our nation's history, substantially involve the national\nother major disorders. At his direction an improved system of\ngovernment in the local responsibility for enforcing the law and\nplanning, communication and liaison was established between state\nmaintaining our basic system of criminal justice.\nagencies and local law enforcement officials. This system will also\nA more desirable alternative, which has broad applicability in\nfacilitate emergency assistance in cases of natural disaster.\nother fields of governmental activity, would be the development of\nTask forces of key state officials work closely with sheriffs and\na tax credit system for financing state and local projects in the\npolice chiefs to coordinate the system in the principal cities through-\nareas of law enforcement and the administration of criminal justice.\nout the state and to coordinate planning and procedures for state\nBasically, the states and local communities would choose to retain\nassistance on call, In such situations, the assistance will be instant\ncontrol over a portion of the tax base. The system leaves financing\nand constant until the disorder is ended. Similarly, a 24-hour,\nand decision making at the state and local level. It allows state\nstreamlined communications system has been established to provide\nand local government to exercise maximum discretion in defining\nimmediate notification to all state agencies in case of potential or\nand achieving public service objectives.\nexisting emergencies such as floods, earthquakes, and other dis-\nasters.\nCalifornia law enforcement has taken the firm position that mob\nviolence and mass criminality will not be tolerated. Immediate and\neffective action will be taken to control lawlessness, to restore safety\nand order, and to protect our citizens in case of rioting.\nOther steps in the area of law enforcement taken during first months\nLaw enforcement\nof the Reagan administration include:\n-The Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training has\nembarked on a comprehensive recruiting program to determine the\nneed for new law enforcement officers, and to furnish recruiting\nThe policeman has long been a symbol of the law to the American\ninformation to potential candidates.\npeople. Through generations, both the personal and family safety\n-State government has provided full support for crime prevention\nof our citizens have been entrusted to the police. We have been\nprograms and has encouraged service clubs, fraternal groups and\ntaught that respect for the law means respect for the police. The\ncivic organizations to support local law enforcement, and to help\npeace officers of this state are the most carefully selected, most\nrehabilitate ex-convicts through the formation of parole advisory\nhighly trained in the nation.\ncommittees.\nEvents of recent years indicate a deterioration in respect for both\n-In cooperation with the Attorney General's office, the Governor\nthe law and the law officer by some elements of society. Instances\nhas urged the legislature to authorize a special investigative force\nof disrespect, even open defiance, of the police have increased; the\nto prevent the spread of organized crime in California.\nsituation threatens to become critical and its ultimate end would\n-A narcotics education study has been established to develop the\nbe the total breakdown of law and order. Because of this danger,\ncurricula and materials for teaching our school children about the\nthe law-today, more than ever-must have our active support.\ndangers of illegal drug use.\nThe era of the officer on the beat has passed. The policeman travels\nDuring 1968 legislation was introduced to tighten state laws against\ntoday in automobiles and on motorcycles. As a result, in too many\nobscene the material to youngsters.\npornography in accordance with the latest rulings of the United\nneighborhoods, he no longer is a friendly and familiar figure. This\nStates Supreme Court. Particular attention is being given in this\nseparation of the police and the public, and resultant lack of com-\nproposed legislation to the prevention of widespread distribution of\nmunication, has probably contributed to some misunderstandings.\nBut it cannot account for some of the more serious aspects of the\nOther administration-endorsed legislation is aimed at restoring to\nbreakdown in respect for the police:\ncities and counties the right to enact laws relating to local prob-\n-More and more, the police themselves are becoming the victims\nblems of public safety. This measure would eliminate the legal\nof crime.\nconfusion often arising from \"pre-emption\" when state and federal\n-Even routine arrest situations sometimes threaten to erupt into\nstatutes abrogate local authority.\nwidespread violence.\nA judicial selection plan, submitted by Governor Reagan to the\n-Charges of brutality are being raised by a small but disruptive\nlegislature and supported by many prominent professional and\nsegment of society, which is constantly challenging the authority of\ncivic groups throughout the state, would take the appointment of\nthe law.\nFor the law-abiding, the policeman is a friend. For all our science\n7. Establish exchange programs between agencies involved in the\nand sophistication, for all our justified pride in intellectual accom-\nadministration of justice, providing for a cross fertilization of ideas\nplishment, the jungle is waiting to take over. The man with the\nand expertise.\nbadge helps to hold it back. Too often the only thanks he gets is\n8. Increased use of miniaturized communications equipment, espe-\na charge of \"police brutality.\"\ncially by officers when they are away from their automobiles or\nIt is time that responsible citizens are heard from; that they act to\nmotorcycles. Such equipment combined with modern telecommuni-\nassist the policeman, show him the respect he must have to carry\ncations systems can speed the flow of crime information and in-\nout his job and provide him with the cooperation necessary to\ncrease the officer's safety and effectiveness.\npreserve the peace.\n9. Greater use of closed circuit television for security of critical\nHarassment, tough working conditions and low pay are making it\nareas such as jail cells, bank vaults and high crime areas. Such\ndifficult to recruit qualified persons to serve as lawmen. On an\nsystems can supplement police patrol activity.\naverage night in a California city of 500,000 only 65 peace officers\n10. Helicopter patrols, linked by radio with ground units, can im-\nwill be on patrol duty. To locate and employ the types of people\nprove police efficiency, increase surveillance, and provide greater\nwho must be attracted to police work, careers in law enforcement\ncapabilities for emergency rescue operations. This concept has been\nmust be upgraded to professional status. More advantages are\nsuccessfully pioneered by the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department.\nneeded in terms of compensation, benefits, opportunities for ad-\n11. Develop improved education and training programs including\nvancement and job satisfaction.\nspecialist training in such fields as criminal investigation, community\nToday's police officer must be better educated and better equipped\nrelations, and administration. The latest scientific knowledge, tech-\ntechnically to handle modern anti-crime techniques. This is why\nniques, and equipment should be utilized in such activities.\nthe Reagan administration has advocated establishing a California\n12. Develop in cooperation with the phone companies a telephone\nPolice Academy to provide advanced training for local law enforce-\n\"help\" number to be dialed in the event of an emergency. Use of\nment officers. The academy would be staffed by experts in all facets\ncoins at pay telephones should not be needed. Electronic equipment\nof law enforcement, and use modern equipment to teach latest\nwould pinpoint the location of the call, and relay the information\npolice methods. A measure to establish the academy will be in-\nto the nearest law officer.\ncluded in the Governor's next legislative program.\n13. Work with the Broadcasters Association to select broadcast kilo-\nFollowing are other specific suggestions that we believe will help\ncycle locations to be dialed in the event of an emergency. These\nto improve conditions for law officers, to give them more tools for\nwould be used to transmit information to persons living in areas\nthe fight against crime and restore public respect for the law:\nwhere disturbances occur, and to broadcast emergency information\n1. Make every effort to put more officers back on the beat. The\nto the public.\npurpose is to build friendly and trusted contacts between law offi-\ncers and the public. At least one major department-Los Angeles-\nalready doing this.\n2. Upgrade salaries and opportunities for advancement to attract\nthe best men available. Salaries should be based on career pro-\ngrams. Too often departments provide no pay increases after the\nthird year of service unless officers move up into administrative or\nsupervisory positions.\n3. Adopt modern management techniques. Systems analysis and\nThe legal system\nelectronic data processing should be adapted to the problems of law\nenforcement.\n4. Establish community relations units in all police and sheriff's\ndepartments. Human relations training should be required for all\n\"Justice delayed is justice denied.\" Experience confirms the validity\nofficers. Emphasis should be placed on the officer's relationship with\nof this saying, for it describes the current condition of our court\nthe members of the community and the efficacy of \"preventive\nprocedures. A powerful deterrent to the potential law-breaker is\npolice work.\"\nknowledge that he will have a speedy trial, and that the proper\n5. Create incentives for officers to continue their education in rel-\npenalty for the crime will be enforced.\nevant fields. Departmental policies should adopt work schedules to\nThis administration believes that steps should be taken to make the\npermit officers to enroll in college courses or specialized training\njudiciary more efficient, and more responsive to the times. As a\nprograms. Men with degrees, and men who have completed their\nstart, the courts should consider using computers for information\nlegal training, often continue in police departments because they\nstorage and retrieval. Other suggestions are:\nare attracted to this particular area of public service.\n1. Re-examine bail and pre-trial release practices so that the quality\n6. Establish a system of periodic leaves to permit police officers to\nof justice is not measured by the quantity of a defendant's money.\nspend time in research, study or teaching. This system would pro-\n2. Develop a summons sytem in lieu of physical arrests for per-\nvide a change from the ordinary routine of police work, and would\nsons not charged with crimes of violence or moral turpitude. De-\nbroaden the officer's outlook, thus benefiting both the officer and\nfendants could be ordered to report to court through mailed sum-\nhis department.\nmons. Only if he failed to appear would an arrest be made.\n3. Develop improved techniques for handling mass arrests. In\nand coordination exist among correctional, welfare, health, educa-\nthese difficult situations, justice should be assured and the guilty\ntional, law enforcement and rehabilitation services. Local sur\nshould not be permitted to escape punishment simply because a\nshould be taken and an analysis made of the problem areas a.\nlarge number of persons are involved in breaking the law.\nconditions that account for delinquency. The efforts of public and\n4. Equip crime investigators with technical capabilities at least equal\nprivate agencies in this field should also be audited.\nto the sophisticated equipment employed by today's criminals. Legis-\nlation should be enacted to allow law enforcement officers to use\nParticular targets for scrutiny are:\nelectronic surveillance equipment under the control of a warrant\na. The programs serving families and children, especially the child\nauthorized by a judge. This is of special importance in the campaign\nprotective services;\nagainst organized crime.\nb. The efforts of the public school system to provide for those seg-\n5. Provide some means whereby the constitutionality of challenged\nments of the population which have a high potential delinquency\nlaws can be determined without requiring that law first to be broken\nrisk;\n-with the attendant arrests, criminal records, possibility of violence,\nC. The utilization made of the job training and placement resources\netc.\nfor youth;\n6. Urge greater cooperation between the judiciary and the police to\nd. The adequacy of recreation and leisure time activities for all,\nestablish clearer guidelines for arrest, interrogation and search pro-\nand\ncedures. The guilty should not go free simply because of legal\ne. The efforts being made by the organized\nthe\ntechnicalities.\njuvenile population.\n2. Youth Service Bureaus should be organized local auspices\nto provide counseling, recreational, special educational, job referral\nand placement activities for youth. These bureaus would specifically\ndeal with juvenile problems.\n3. Youth in-service programs should be established in which the\ndelinquency-prone are organized to provide recreational leadership\nand participation in community service projects. Many students in\nJuvenile delinquency\nthe community could be encouraged, by their schools and churches\nto \"adopt\" a brother or sister which could mean a new and con-\nstructive relationship for the delinquent youth. Youth Councils in\nFew areas of human endeavor exhibit more good intentions, but\nevery high school could be created with the responsibility of mini\nshow less achievement, than the battle against juvenile delinquency.\nmizing delinquency by working with the police and school adm.\nHere is the beginning of our crime problem. The challenge we face\nistration.\nis to save young people before they take the first turn down the\n4. Special programs could be designed by school counselors and\nroad to crime. The old maxim \"prevention is better than correction\"\nteachers to reduce the dropout rate and to provide special services\nis especially true when applied to juvenile delinquency.\nto potentially delinquent youth.\nThe main problem with delinquency prevention efforts has not been\n5. Educational programs in colleges and junior and senior high\na lack of suitable programs, but a failure to coordinate existing\nschools should be developed to alert young people to the dangers\nactivities into a concentrated statewide effort. Fragmented, piece-\nof drug abuse. The curricula, materials and instructional guides must\nmeal approaches of limited scope have been mounted by both state\nbe carefully prepared by experts in such fields as medicine, phar-\nand local government.\nmacology, law and psychology so that the ultimate product will be\nA concerted effort is required. The objective of such an endeavor is\nboth factual and acceptable to student audiences. This group of\nto define a realistic, practical, and comprehensive strategy for pre-\nexperts could be organized at the county level and travel and con-\nventing delinquency in California. It must delineate the targets,\nsult with each school district to develop a basic orientation course\nidentify existing and potential resources, and prescribe an organiza-\non narcotics and drug abuse for all teachers. Special training courses\ntional and operational strategy.\ncould also be established for selected teachers at each high school\nDelinquency springs from a multitude of causes. Its roots are deeply\nand junior high school. This in-depth orientation by experts in the\nimbedded in our society. Because of this, we obviously cannot\nvarious professional fields associated with drug problems could\neliminate some aspects of delinquency completely. But a determined\nprovide a corps of instructors to present drug education programs.\ncommitment by citizens, the infusion of existing resources, public\n6. Drug abuse committees should be set up at junior and senior\nand private, and an assessment of what we are doing in the field\nhigh schools through local PTA's. Faculty members, school admin-\nshould help to reduce crime among our youth.\nistrators, law enforcement personnel, and health officials should\nThese steps should be included in a statewide drive on delinquency:\nserve on each committee. It should serve to facilitate the student\n1. We must identify needs, coordinate programs and implement\neducation program and provide information to parents about drug\nefforts in a realistic approach to reducing juvenile delinquency. The\nabuse and specific conditions within the school. Such committees\nstatewide Delinquency Prevention Commission, Public Agency Co-\ncould provide the means for rapid dissemination of the latest infor-\nordinating Councils and similar groups at the local level are natural\nmation on narcotics and drug problems through statewide mailing\nvehicles for this effort. It is essential that better communication\nfrom a central source.\nCorrections\n5. Develop new approaches for the handling of chronic alcoholics.\nA variety of programs could do much to reclaim lives now wasted\ndue to chronic alcoholism, including: detoxication centers, local\ncounseling programs, long term institutionalization in alcoholic re-\npunishment and rehabilitation are legitimate and desirable\nhabilitation facilities, and work training programs. Such steps are\nof a correctional system. Swift and sure punishment is recog-\nalso consistent with a growing trend of legal decisions which point\nnized as a deterrent to criminal behavior. Effective rehabilitation is\ntoward the treatment of such cases as medical problems, rather than\nalso a good crime prevention technique; it involves the correction\nas strictly criminal matters.\nof anti-social conduct.\n6. Provide quarters at prisons for conjugal visits between inmates\nWe must provide a flexible system with more options for the treat-\nand their wives. This should help to alleviate instances of homo-\nment of criminal offenders. We must recognize that the over-\nsexuality in the prisons, and help to keep the family unit intact\nwhelming majority of all inmates in prisons and other correctional\nwhile the head of the household is incarcerated.\ninstitutions will some day return to society. Whether their adjust-\nments both in prison and later in the community will be successful\ndepends upon the effectiveness of the rehabilitation program.\nThe prevention of recidivism (i.e., repeated criminal offenses by\npersons released on probation or parole) offers a major challenge\nCrime and the community\nfor our correctional processes. Improved prison programming which\nemphasizes the prisoner's adjustment to less restrictive conditions, is\na key feature of effective rehabilitation. Today the criminal offender\nCrime must be the concern of the entire community and some\nis suddenly thrust from rigid institutional control to relative free-\nCalifornia communities already are marshaling their forces to com-\ndom as a parolee, a probationer, or a discharged prisoner. If he fails\nbat crime. Such diverse organizations as chambers of commerce,\nin society, he must go back to prison and start over.\nneighborhood groups, \"Y's\" ministerial and church associations,\nWhat is needed in the modern correction system is sufficient pro-\nservice clubs, real estate boards, PTA's, improvement associations\ngram flexibility to permit offenders to readjust gradually to the\nand news media have joined together to plan and conduct crime\nconditions and requirements of normal citizenship. In such struc-\nprevention activities and support for law enforcement.\ntured situations, close supervision and preventive detention at the\nIndividual citizens have become involved by serving on neighbor-\nfirst sign of a return to the pattern of criminal behavior would\nhood patrols, speaking before schools, churches and civic groups,\nincrease the public safety.\nraising funds and providing special talents to the campaigns.\nSpecific ideas which could be developed for a modernized correc-\nProjects include ideas on how to reduce the number of burglaries\ntional system include:\nin homes, schools and stores; vandalism; auto thefts; robberies; and\n1.\nablish educational programs for inmates in county jails. The\nassaults. Free time and space have been donated by broadcast sta-\ntra ag, conducted in conjunction with work programs already\ntions and community newspapers, and stores and other businesses\nunder way could increase the possibilities for employment of a\nhave cooperated by distributing materials that provide anti-crime\nprisoner upon his release.\ntips to their customers and employees.\n2. Expand work furlough programs at both the state and county\nTo be effective these community efforts must always be coordi-\nlevel. Under these plans, prisoners are allowed to work during the\nnated with local law enforcement agencies. In one area, a commu-\nday, and return to jail during off-duty hours. In this way a prisoner\nnity \"march on crime\" reduced the crime rate by one-third.\nretains his gainful employment, and continues to support his family.\nThe Reagan administration has considered a wide variety of ap-\nAt the same time he is being supervised, and the work experience\nproaches to community involvement in crime control prevention.\naids in his rehabilitation.\nHere are some ideas for coordinated action between law enforce-\n3. Utilize local treatment centers as a \"half way\" step between\nment agencies, individual citizens and community groups:\nprison and community. At these centers, parolees could find coun-\n1. Develop special activities to educate citizens in crime prevention.\nseling, short term residential facilities and other assistance toward\nSound prevention efforts diminish opportunities to commit crimes.\ntotal re-adjustment. Improved parole services could include job\nPresentations designed for civic groups, churches and professional\nplacement units, expanded outpatient psychiatric services and addi-\norganizations could teach citizens to protect themselves and their\ntional community education resources, such as training programs\nfamilies against residential burglaries, child and female molestations\nprovided by private employers.\nand similar dangers. School curricula should include appropriate\n4. An important factor in improving parole successes is the avail-\neducational programs concerning citizenship training, respect for the\nability to a parolee of normal contacts with individuals and groups\nlaw, the role of police in society, and the criminal justice system.\nother than former convicts. These contacts could be found through\n2. Develop programs for businessmen to help them to protect their\nparole advisory committees usually formed at the local level by\nplants, stores and offices. Education in business practices, such as\nservice clubs or civic organizations. Another method of providing\nlocation and types of safes, how to keep cash on hand, anti-crime\nthis type of relationship could consist of church sponsored projects\ntraining for employees and development and use of internal security\nin which a parolee is \"adopted\" by a family to provide a new and\nsystems could be included. This training could be most effective if\nconstructive relationship.\nconducted through the cooperative efforts of all citizens and repre-\nsentatives of the criminal justice system. This type of \"total\" in-\nWhat has happened to the soul of America?\nvolvement would promote personal commitment and mutual re-\nspect.\n3. Formulation of model anti-crime programs by local officials, ser-\nWhat has been presented in this study are some of the measures,\nvice clubs and civic organizations. Planning councils could be\nsome of the tools, some of the programs, needed to keep our\norganized, representing every segment of the community, to develop\npeople safe and free.\nways in which lives and property can be protected against criminal\nIndividual acts of crime, and the ravages of organized crime, an\nactivity.\nmatters which demand major concern of the citizen and his govern-\n4. Designate a \"project city\" for purposes of pilot studies involving\nment. We must continue to press for the laws, the tools, and the\na variety of new techniques to fight crime. When a number. of anti-\ncitizen awareness needed to combat these forces.\ncrime measures are introduced into a single community, the effec-\nBut, these are now almost overshadowed by a new kind of crime:\ntiveness of the combined effort would be more easily determined.\npolitical lawlessness.\n5. Increased participation by churches in an organized drive against\nThere are those today who say that each man can choose the law\nhe wishes to obey; that need for social change is justification to\npornography.\n6. Recruit groups of clergymen of all faiths to serve during emer-\nwreck society; that reform is excuse enough to violate individuals\ngency situations-for example, patrolling troubled areas to exert a\nand destroy property. In their perversion of the right to dissent,\ncalming influence. The clergymen should wear some identifiable\nthese revolutionary hypocrites sing songs to freedom but dance to\nmarkings that would single them out as \"peacemakers.\" This type\nthe beat of anarchy.\nof group effort must be coordinated with law enforcement agencies.\nEven now, as America struggles to reaffirm its commitment to a\n7. Appoint \"block parents\" in each neighborhood to provide a\ngovernment of just laws equitably applied, there are those in high\nhome where any child may take refuge if he becomes lost or is\nplaces who condone and even encourage wanton violation of the\nconfronted by a suspicious stranger. The homes could be identified\nlaw. One of America's highest elected officials brags \"I've got\nby an appropriate sign or window decal such as a \"helping hand.\"\nenough spark in me to lead a mighty good revolt.\"\nService clubs and churches could take an active part in this\nWith such irresponsible demagoguery in high office, is it any won-\nder that sparks of revolt are fanned into flames of rebellion? We\nprogram.\n8. Establish telephone warning systems among merchants, in coop-\ncannot be safe, we cannot be free, if liberty becomes license; those\neration with local law enforcement agencies. This could help to\nwho hold otherwise are not liberal, they are licentious.\nprevent business crimes, such as passing fraudulent checks, shop-\nMuch of the lawlessness of today is a symptom of the sickness of\nlifting, confidence games and robberies.\npermissiveness-permissiveness in the attitudes of right and wrong.\n9. Enact local ordinances that will make auto theft more difficult.\nIt is a permissiveness which pervades our homes, our schools, our\nLaws have been passed in some areas against leaving keys in auto-\nchurches, our courts and our governments.\nSuddenly it is wrong to hold an individual accountable for his own\nmobiles, or leaving the ignition unlocked.\n10. Promote building security measures, including devices for doors\nactions. Suddenly it is wrong to hold a parent accountable for th\nand windows, silent and non silent alarm systems and industrial\ndeeds of his child. Suddenly, now, it is unfair to expect college\narea planning. This could be done through merchant groups, busi-\nstudents to obey the rules.\nness organizations and trade associations. Building security surveys,\nWhat has happened to the concept of right and wrong-of reward\neducational literature, and demonstrations by industrial security\nfor virtue and punishment for vice? What has happened when the\nspecialists could form part of this project.\nguarantee of law, which was written to protect the law-abiding, is\n11. Provide for more effective crime prevention by including rep-\ntwisted and turned to set the criminal free? What has happened\nresentatives from the criminal justice system in various community\nwhen anarchy is given status as a bargaining agent to halt the\nactivities. For example, the police should take part in planning and\norderly process of a university?\ndevelopment of public transportation, building design, street light-\nWhat, indeed, has happened to the soul of America?\ning, parks and recreation, street and highway planning and parking\nThe time has come to state that the law will be upheld-and mean\nfacilities.\nit; to say that once again no man will be above the law-or be-\n12. Form technical research and development committees at the\nneath it, and that every man will know the full protection of the\ncommunity level and recruit the experts within the community.\nlaw; to say that if the law is to be changed, the revisions will be\nThis could include such areas as science and technology, public\nwritten in the halls of government, not on the streets and side-\nrelations, graphic arts, statistics, data processing and engineering.\nwalks.\nParticularly in smaller cities, these persons could serve without\nIt is a basic part of the California Commitment that this be so.\ncharge as a community service, and thus increase the resources\nBut, government cannot do it alone; law enforcement agencies can-\navailable for the administration of justice.\nnot achieve it on their own. Government is the representative of-\n13. Launch mass publicity campaigns to encourage citizens to ob-\nbut not a substitute for-the people.\nserve and report crimes in progress, suspicious persons and sus-\npicious vehicles. Pocket size information cards could be distributed\nOne of a series of Creative Studies by the Reagan Administration\ninstructing citizens as to what they should observe and how they\nState of California Governor's Office Sacramento 95814\nshould report to the police.\n(Not printed or mailed at taxpayer's expense)\n1964\nI\n85\n1964\nWITH\nDES\nOn this and following pages you will find Ronald Rea-\ngan's 1964 TV speech - reprinted in full. Mr. Reagan wound\nup this speech with the statement: \"You and I have a rendez-\nvous with destiny.\" The statement (the theme of his speech)\nwas far truer than even be realized at the time!\nHis speech reminds historians of two earlier speeches: In\n1856 a lawyer from Reagan's home State of Illinois made of\nspeech for the GOP Presidential Candidate. The candidate\nlost, but that lawyer (bis name was Abraham Lincoln) was\ndrafted to run for the U.S. Senate in 1858. And in 1860 be was\ndrafted to run for the Presidency.\nIn 1928 a little-known New Yorker delivered the nomin-\nating speech for the Democrat's Presidential Candidate. The\ncandidate lost. But the speech-maker (his name was Franklin\nDelano Roosevelt) was drafted to run as Governor of New\nYork (he won). And in 1932 be was elected to the first of his\nfour terms as President of the United States!\nAPPENDIX\nI am going to talk of controversial things. I make no\napology for this. I have been talking on this subject\nfor ten years, obviously under the administration of\nboth parties. I mention this only because it seems im-\npossible to legitimately debate the issues of the day\nwithout being subjected to name-calling and the ap-\nplication of labels. Those who deplore use of the terms \"pink\" and\n\"leftist\" are themselves guilty of branding all who oppose their liberal-\nism as right wing extremists. How long can we afford the luxury of this\nfamily fight when we are at war with the most dangerous enemy ever\nknown to man? If we lose that war, and in so doing lose our freedom,\nit has been said history will record with the greatest astonishment that\nthose who had the most to lose did the least to prevent its happening.\nThe guns are silent in this war but frontiers fall while those who should\nbe warriors prefer neutrality. Not too long ago two friends of mine were\ntalking to a Cuban refugee. He was a business man who had escaped\nfrom Castro. In the midst of his tale of horrible experiences, one of my\nfriends turrfed to the other and said, \"We don't know how lucky we are.\"\nThe Cuban stopped and said, \"How lucky you are! I had some place to\nescape to.\" And in that sentence he told the entire story. If freedom is\nlost here there is no place to escape to.\nIt's time we asked ourselves if we still know the freedoms intended for\nus by the Founding Fathers. James Madison said, \"We base all our ex-\nperiments on the capacity of mankind for self-government.\" This idea\n- 41 -\nthat government was beholden to the people, that it had no other source\nIn contrast, the three-fourths of farming unregulated and unsubsidized\nof power except the sovercign people, is still the newest most unique\nhas seen a 21 per cent increase in the per capita consumption of all its\nidea in all the long history of man's relation to man. For almost two\nproduce. Since 1955 the cost of the farm program has nearly doubled.\ncenturies we have proved man's capacity for self-government, but today\nDirect payment to farmers is eight times as great as it was nine years\nwe are told we must choose between a left and right or, as others suggest,\nago, but farm income remains unchanged while farm surplus is bigger.\na third alternative, a kind of safe middle ground. I suggest to you there\nIn that same period we have seen a decline of five million in the farm\nis no left or right, only an up or down. Up to the maximum of indi-\npopulation, but an increase in the number of Department of Agriculture\nvidual freedom consistent with law and order, or down to the ant heap\nemployees. There is now one such employee for every 30 farms in the\nof totalitarianism, and regardless of their humanitarian purpose those\nUnited States, and still they can't figure how 66 shiploads of grain headed\nwho would sacrifice freedom for security have, whether they know it or\nfor Austria could disappear without a trace, and Billy Sol Estes never\nnot, chosen this downward path. Plutarch warned, \"The real destroyer\nleft shore. Three years ago the government put into effect a program\nof the liberties of the people is he who spreads among them bounties,\nto curb the over-production of feed grain. Now, two and a half billion\ndonations and benefits.\"\ndollars later, the corn crop is 100 million bushels bigger than before the\nToday there is an increasing number who can't see a fat man standing\nprogram started. And the cost of the program prorates out to $13 for\nbeside a thin one without automatically coming to the conclusion the\nevery dollar bushel of corn we don't grow. Nor is this the only example\nfat man got that way by taking advantage of the thin one. So they would\nof the price we pay for government meddling. Some government pro-\nseck the answer to all the problems of human need through government.\ngrams with the passage of time take on a sacrosanct quality.\nHoward K. Smith of television fame has written, \"The profit motive is\nOne such considered above criticism, sacred as motherhood, is TVA.\noutmoded. It must be replaced by the incentives of the welfare state.\"\nThis program started as a flood control project; the Tennessee Valley\nHc says, \"The distribution of goods must be effected by a planned econ-\nwas periodically ravaged by destructive floods. The Army Engineers set\nomy.\" Another articulate spokesman for the welfare state defines liberal-\nout to solve this problem. They said that it was possible that once in 500\nism as meeting the material needs of the masses through the full power\nyears there could be a total capacity flood that-would inundate some\nof centralized government. I for one find it disturbing when a represent-\n600,000 acres. Well the Engineers fixed that. They made a permanent\native refers to the free men and women of this country as the masses,\nlake which inundated a million acres. This solved the problem of the\nbut beyond this the full power of centralized government was the very\nBoods, but the annual interest on the TVA debt is five times as great as\nthing the Founding Fathers sought to minimize, They knew you don't\nthe annual flood damage they sought to correct. Of course, you will\ncontrol things, you can't control the economy without controlling people.\npoint out that TVA gets electric power from the impounded waters, and\nSo we have come to a time for choosing. Either WC accept the responsi-\nthis is true, but today 85 per cent of TVA's electricity is generated in coal\nbility for our own destiny, or we abandon the American Revolution and\nburning steam plants. Now perhaps you'll charge that I'm overlooking\nconfess that an intellectual belief in a far-distarit capitol can plan our\nthe navigable waterway that was created, providing cheap barge traffic,\nlives for better than we CRUL plan them ourselves.\nbut the bulk of the freight barged on that waterway is coal being shipped\nAlready the hour is late. Government has laid its hand on health,\nto the TVA steam plants, and the cost of maintaining that channel each\nhousing, farming, industry, commerce, education, and to an ever increas-\nyear would pay for shipping all of the coal by rail, and there would be\ning degree interferes with the people's right to know. Government tends\nmoney left over.\nto grow, government programs take on weight and momentum as public\nOne last argument remains: The prosperity produced by such large\nservents say, always with the best of intentions, \"What greater service\nprograms of government spending. Certainly there are few areas where\nwe could render if only we had a little more money and a -little more\nmore spending has taken place. The Labor Department lists 50 per cent\npower.\" But the birth is that outside of its legitimate function, govern-\nof the 16g counties in the Tennessee Valley as permanent areas of por-\nment does nothing as well OF as economically as the private sector of the\ncrty, distress, and unemployment. Meanwhile, back in the city, under\neconomy. What better example do we have of this than government's\nUrban Renewal, the assault on freedom carries on. Private property rights\ninvolvement in the farm economy over the last 30 years. One-fourth of\nhave become SO diluted that public interest is anything a few planners\nfarming is responsible for 85 per cent of the farm surplus. One-fourth of\ndecide it should be. In Cleveland, Ohio, to get a project under way, city\nfarming has seen a steady decline in the per capita consumption of every-\nofficials reclassified 8.1 buildings as substandard in spite of the fact their\nthing it produces. That one-fourth is regulated and subsidized by gov-\nown inspectors had previously pronounced these buildings sound. The\nowners stood by and watched 20 million dollars worth of property\nit\nwas destroyed by the headache ball. Senate Bill 628 says, \"Any property,\n$5,000. But beyond the great bureaucratic waste, what are we doing to\nbe it home or commercial structure, can be declared slum or blighted\nthe people WC seek to help?\nand the owner has no recourse at law. The Law Division of the Library\nRecently a judge told me of an incident in his court. A fairly young\nof Congress and the General Accounting Office have said that the Courts\nwoman, with six children, pregnant with her seventh, came to him for\nwill have to rule against the owner.\"\na divorce. Under his questioning it became apparent her husband did\nnot share this desire. Then the whole story came out. Her husband was\nHousing. In one key Eastern city a man owning a blighted area sold\na laborer earning $250 a month. By divorcing him she could get an\nhis property to Urban Renewal for several million dollars. At the same\n$80 raise. She was eligible for $350 a month from the Aid to Dependent\ntime, he submitted his own plan for the rebuilding of this area and the\nChildren Program. She had been talked into the divorce by two friends\ngovernment sold him back his own property for 22 pcr cent of what they\nwho had already done this very thing. But any time we question the\npaid. Now the government announces, \"We are going to build subsidized\nschemes of the do-gooders, WC are denounced as being opposed 10 their\nhousing in the thousands where we have been building in the hun-\nhumanitarian goal. It seems impossible to legitimately debate their solu-\ndreds.\" At the same time FHA and the Veterans Administration reveal\ntions with the assumption that all of us share the desire to help those less\nthey are holding 120 thousand housing units reclaimed from mortgage\nfortunate, They tell us we are always against, never for anything. Well,\nforeclosure. Mostly because the low down payment, and the easy terms\nit isn't so much that Liberals are ignorant. It's just that they know so\nI\nbrought the owners to a point where they realized the unpaid balance\nmuch that isn't SO.\non the homes amounted to a sum greater than the homes were worth,\nWe are for a provision that destitution should not follow unemploy-\nso they just walked out the front door, possibly to take up residence in\nment by reason of old age. For that reason we have accepted Social Sc-\nnewer subsidized housing, again with little or no down payment and casy\ncurity as a step toward meeting that problem. However, we are against\nterms.\nthe irresponsibility of those who charge that any criticism or suggested\nSome of the foreclosed homes have already been bulldozed into the\nimprovement of the program means we want to end payment to those\nearth, others it has been announced will be refurbished and put on sale\nwho depend on Social Security for a livelihood.\nfor downf payments as low as $100 and 35 years to pay. This will_give\nthe bulldozers a second crack. It is in the area of social welfare that gov-\nFiscal Irresponsibility. We have been told in millions of pieces of liter-\nermnent has found its most fertile growing bed. So many of accept\nature and press releases, that social security is an insurance program, but\nour responsibility for those less fortunate. We are susceptible to humani-\nthe executives of Social Security appeared before the Supreme Court in\ntarian appeals.\nthe case of Nestor V. Fleming and proved to the Court's satisfaction that\nFederal welfare spending is today ten times greater than it was in the\nit is not insurance but is a welfare program, and Social Security dues are\ndark depths of the depression. Federal, state, and local welfare combined\na tax for the general use of the government. Well it can't be both, in-\nspent 15 billion dollars a year. Now the government has announced that\nsurance and welfare. Later, appearing before a Congressional Committee\n20 per cent, some 9.3 million families, are poverty stricken on the basis\nthey admitted that Social Security is today 298 billion dollars in the red.\nthat they have loss than a $3,000 a year income.\nThis fiscal irresponsibility has already caught up with US.\nIf this present welfare spending was prorated equally among these\nFaced with a bankruptcy we find that today a young man in his early\npoverty stricken families, WC could give each family more than $4,500 a\ntwenties, going to work at less than an average salary, will with his cm-\nyear. Actually, direct aid LO the poor averages less than $600 per family.\nployer pay into Social Security an amount which could provide the young\nThere must be some administrative overhead somewhere. Now are we\nman with a retirement insurance policy guaranteeing $220 a month at\nto believe that another billion dollar program added to the half a hun-\nage 65, and the government promises him $127.\ndred programs and the 45 billion dollars, will, through some magic, end\nNow are we so lacking in business scuse that we cannot put this pro-\npoverty? For three decades we have tried to solve unemployment by gov-\ngram on a sound actuarial basis, SO that those who do depend on it won't\ncriment planning, without success. The more the plans fail, the more\ncome to the cupboard and find it bare, and at the same time can't we\nthe planners plan.\nintroduce voluntary features so that those who call make better provision\nThe latest is the Area Redevelopment Agency, and in two years less\nfor themselves are allowed to do so? Incidentally, we might also Nin.\nthan one-half of ) per cent of the unemployed could attribute new\nparticipants in Social Security to name their own beneficiaries, which they\njobs to this agency, and the cost to the taxpayer for each job found was\ncammol do in the present program. These are not prob\nleins\nhave you milh in workers protected by in\nand survived We have\ndo 01:19:11 persion funds that are soundly financed by some\nthe solvency of our currency is in danger. Do you think that\n70 billion dollars invested in corporate securities and income earning\nshould continue (1) give your country millions of dollars year?\" he\nreal estate. I think we are for telling our senior citizens that no one in\nprime minister smiled and said, \"No, but if you are foolish enough to\nthis country should be denied medical care for lack of funds but we are\ndo it. we are going to keep on taking the money.\"\nagainst foreing all citizens into a compulsory government program rc-\ngardless of need. Now the government has turned its attention to our\n9 Stalls for 1 Bull. And SO we built a model stock farm in Lebanon,\nyoung people, and suggests that it can solve the problem of school drop-\nand WC built nine stalls for each bull. I find something peculiarly ap-\nouts and juvenile delinquency through some kind of revival of the old\npropriate in that. We have in our vaults $15 billion in gold. We don't\nC.C.C. camps. The suggested plan prorates out to a cost of $4,700 a year\nown an ounce. Foreign dollar claims against that gold total 527 billion.\nfor each young person WC want to help. We can send them to Harvard\nIn the last six years, 52 nations have bought $7 billion worth of our\nfor $2,700 a year. or course, don't get me wrong-I'm not suggesting\ngold and all 52 are receiving foreign aid.\nHarvard as the answer to juvenile delinquency. We are for an interna-\nBecause no government ever voluntarily reduces itself in size, govern\ntional organization where the nations of the world can legitimately seek\nment programs once launched never go out of existence. A government\npeace. We are against subordinating American interests to an organi-\nagency is the nearest thing to eternal life we'll ever see on this earth.\nzation SO structurally unsound that a two-thirds majority can be mastered\nThe United States manual takes 25 pages to list by name every Congress-\nin the U:N. General Assembly among nations representing less than 10\nman and Senator, and all the agencies controlled by Congress. It then\nper cent of the world population.\nlists the agencies coming under the Executive Branch, and this requires\nIs there not something of hypocrisy in assailing our allies for so-called\n520 pages.\nvestiges of colonialism while we engage in a conspiracy of silence about\nSince the beginning of the century our gross national produc has\n1\nthe peoples enslaved by the Soviet in the satellite nations? We are for\nincreased by 33 times. In the same period the cost of Federal governs\n=\naiding our allies by sharing our material blessings with those nations\nment has increased 234 times, and while the work force is only 11% times\nwhich share our fundamental beliefs. We are against doling out money,\ngreater, Federal employees number nine times as many. There are now\ngovernment to government, which ends up financing socialism all over\n21/2 million Federal employees. No one knows what they all do. One\nthe world.\nCongressman found out what one of them does. This man sits at a desk\nWe set all 1.) help 19 war lavaged countries at the end of World\nin Washington. Documents come to him each morning. He reads them,\nWar 11. We are HOW helping 107. We have spent 146 billion dollars.\ninitials them, and passes them on to the proper agency. One day a due\nSome of that money bought a $2 million yacht for Haile Sclassie. We\nunient arrived he wasn't supposed to read, but he read it, initiall 1 it\nbought dress stits for Greck undertakers. We bought 1,000 TV sets,\nand passed it on. Twenty-four hours later it arrived back at his desk\nwith #g-inch sereens, for a country where there is no electricity, and some\nwith a memo attached that said, \"You weren't supposed 10 read this.\nof our foreign aid funds provided extra wives for Kenya government\nErase your initials, and initial the crasure.\"\nofficials. When Congress moved to cut foreign aid they were told that\nWhile the Federal government is the great offender, the idea filter\nif they CII! it dollar they endangered national security, and then\ndown. During'a period in California when our population has increased\nSenator Plan, Byrd revealed that since its inception foreign aid has\ngo per cent, the cost of state government has gone up 80s per cent and\nearcly spent its llotted budget. It has today $21 billion in unexpended\nthe number of employees 500 per cent. Governments, state and local.\nfunds.\nnow employ one out of six of the nation's work force: 1f the rate of in-\nSome time 009 Dr. Howard Kershner was speaking to the prime min-\ncrease of the last three years continues by 1970 one-fourth of the total\nister of Lebanon. The prime minister told him proudly that his little\nwork force will be employed by government. Already The have a permat\ncountry balanced its budget each year. It had no public debt, no infla-\nnent structure SC big and complex it is virtually beyond the control of\ntion, a modest MAN rate and had increased its gold holdings from S70\nCongress and the comprehension of the people, and tyranny inevit ably\nto $180 million, When he finished, Dr. Kershner said, \"Mr. Prime Min-\nfollows when this permanent structure usurps the policymaldag fune\nister, my country hash't balanced its budget 28 out of the last 10 years.\ntion that belongs to elected officials.\nMy country's bi is greater than the combined debt of all the nations\nOne example of this occurred when Congress was debating whether to\nof the world. We have inflation, and we have a tax rate that takes from\nlend the United Nations $100 million. While they debated the Suc.\nthe private sector a percentage of income greater than any civilized\nDepartment gave the United Nations S217 million and the United\npart of that money to pay the delinquent dues of Castro's\nchild's prayer in a school cafeteria endangers religious freedom, but\nCuba.\nthe people of the Amish religion in the State of Ohio who cannot par-\nUnder bureaucratic regulations adopted with no regard to the wish\nticipate in Social Security because of their religious beliefs have had\nof the people. we have lost much of our Constitutional freedom. For\ntheir livestock seized and sold at auction to enforce payment of Social\nexample, federal agents can invade a man's property without a warrant,\nSecurity dues.\ncan impose a fine without a formal hearing, let alone a trial by jury, and\nWe approach a point of no return when government becomes SO huge\ndi seize and sell his property at auction to enforce payment of that (ine.\nand entrenched that we lear the consequences of upheaval and just go\nalong with it. The Federal government accounts for one-hith of the in-\nRights by Dispensation. An Ohio deputy fire marshal sentenced a\ndustrial capacity of the nation, one-fourth of all construction. holds or\numan to prison after a secret proceeding in which the accused was not\nguarantees one-third of all mortgages, owns one-third of the land, and\nallowed to have a lawyer present. The Supreme Court upheld that sen-\nengages in some nineteen thousand businesses covering hall a hundred\ntence, ruling that it was an administrative investigation of incidents\ndifferent lines. The Defense Department runs etig supermarkets, They\ndamaging to the economy. Some place a perversion has taken place. Our\ndo a gross business of $730 million a year, and lose Sign million. he\nnatural unalienable rights are now presumed to be a dispensation of\ngovernment spends $11 million an hour every hour of the 24 and pre-\ngovernment, divisible by a vote of the majority. The greatest good for\ntends we had a tax cut while it pursues a policy of planned inflation\nthe greatest number is a high-sounding phrase but contrary to the very\nthat will more than wipe out any benefit with depreciation of our pur-\nbasis of our Nation, unless it is accompanied by recognition that we\nchasing power.\nhave certain rights which cannot be infringed upon, even if the indi-\nWe need true tax reform that will at least make a start toward re-\nvidual stands ontvoted by all of his fellow citizens. Without this recog-\nstoring for our children the American dream that wealth is denied to\nnition, majority rule is nothing more than mob rule.\nno one, that each individual has the right to fly as high as his strength\nIt is time we realized that socialism can come without overt scizure\nand ability will take him. The economist Summer Schlicter has said,\nof property or nationalization of private business. It matters little that\n\"II a visitor from Mars looked at our tax policy, he would conclude it\nyou hold the title to your property or business if government can dietate\nhad been designed by a Communist spy to make free enterprise 1111-\npolicy and procedure and holds life and death power over your business.\nworkable.\" But we cannot have such reform while our tax policy is\nThe machinery of this power already exists. Lowell Mason, former anti-\nengineered by people who view the tax as a means of achieving changes\ntrust law enforcer for the Federal Trade Commission, has written \"Amer-\nin our social structure. Senator Clark (D.-Pa.) says the tax issue is a class\nican business is being harassed, bled and even black jacked under a pre-\nissue, and the government must use the tax to redistribute the wealth\nposterous crazy quilt system of laws.\" There are SO many that the gov-\nand earnings downward.\nernnient literally can find some charge to bring against any concern it\nchooses to prosecute. Are we safe in our books and records?\nKarl Marx. On January 15th in the White House, the President told\nThe natural gas producers have just been handed a 428-page ques-\na group of citizens they were going to take all the money they thought\ntionnaire by the Federal Power Commission. It weighs ten pounds. One\nwas being unnecessarily spent, \"take it from the have's and give it to the\nfirm has estimated it will take 70,000 accountant man hours to fill out\nhave-nots who need it SO much.\" When Karl Marx said this he put it:\nthis questionnaire, and it must be done in quadruplicate. The Power\n\"from each according to his ability, to each according to his need.\"\nCommission says it must have it to determine whether a proper price is\nHave we the courage and the will to face up to the immorality and\nbeing charged for gas. The National Labor Relations Board ruled that\ndiscrimination of the progressive surtax, and demand a return to tradi-\na business firm could not discontinue its shipping department even\ntional proportionate taxation? Many decades ago the Scottish economist,\nthough it was more efficient and economical to subcontract this work out.\nJohn Ramsey McCulloch, said, \"The moment you abandon the cardinal\nThe Supreme Court has ruled the government has the right to tell a\nprinciple of exacting from all individuals the same proportion of their\ncitizen what he can grow on his own land for his own use. The Secretary\nincome or their property, you are at sea without rudder or compass and\nof Agriculture has asked for the right to imprison farmers who violate\nthere is no amount of injustice or folly you may not commit.\" No nation\ntheir planting quotas. One business firm has been informed by the In-\nhas survived the tax burden that reached one-third of its national in-.\nternal Revenue Service that it cannot take a tax deduction for its insti-\ncome.\ntutional advertising because this advertising espoused views not in the\nToday in our country the tax collector's share is 37 cents of every\npublic interest.\ndollar earned. Freedom has never been 50 fragile, so close to slipping\nfrom our grasp. 1 wish I could give you some magic formula, but each\nAlexander Hamilton warned us that a nation which can prefer dis-\nof us must find his own role. One man in Virginia found what he could\ngrace to danger is prepared for a inaster and deserves one. Admittedly\ndo, and dozens of business firms have followed his lead. Concerned be-\nthere is a risk in any course we follow. Choosing the high road cannot\ncause his 200 employees seemed unworried about government extrava-\ncliminate that risk. Already some of the architects of accommodation\ngance he conceived the idea of taking all of their withholding out of only\nhave hinted what their decision will be if their plan fails and we are\nthe fourth paycheck each month. For three paydays his employees re-\nfaced with the final ultimatum. The English commentator Tynan has\nceived their full salary. On the fourth payday all withholding was taken.\nput it: he would rather live on his knees than die on his feet. Some of\nHe has one employee who owes him $1.70 each fourth payday. It only\nour own have said \"Better Red than dead.\" If we are to believe that\ntook one month to produce 200 Conservatives.\nnothing is worth the dying, when did this begin? Should Moses have told\nAre you willing to spend time studying the issues, making yourself\nthe children of Israel to live in slavery rather than dare the wilderness?\naware, and then conveying that information to family and friends? Will\nShould Christ have refused the Cross? Should the patriots at Concoul\nyou resist the temptation to gct a government handout for your com-\nBridge have refused to fire the shot heard round the world? Are we to\nmunity? Realize that the doctor's fight against socialized medicine is\nbelieve that all the martyrs of history died in vain?\nyour fight. We can't socialize the doctors without socializing the patients.\nYou and I have rendezvous with destiny. We can preserve for our chil-\nRecognize that-government invasion of public power is eventually an as-\ndren this the last best hope of man on earth or we can sentence them to\nsault upon your own business\nIf some among you fear taking a stand\ntake the first step into a thousand years of darkness. If we fail, at least\nbecause you are afraid of reprisals from customers, clients, or even gov-\nlet our children and our children's children, say of us WC justified our\ncrnment, recognize that you are just feeding the crocodile hoping he'll\nbrief moment here. We did all that could be done.\ncat you last.\nIf all of this seems like a great deal of trouble think what's at stake.\nI\nWe are faced with the most cvil enemy mankind has known in his long\nclimb from the swamp to the stars. There can be no security anywhere\nI\nin the free world if there is not fiscal and economic stability within the\nUnited States. Those who ask us to trade our freedom for the soup\nkitchen of the welfare state are architects of a policy of accommodation.\nThey tell us that by avoiding a direct confrontation with the enemy he\nwill learn to love us and give up his evil ways. All who oppose this idea\nare blanket indicted as war-inongers. Well let us set one thing straight,\nThe speech above contains an excellent summary of Mr.\nthere is no argument with regard to peace and war. It is cheap dema-\nReagan's political philosophy, derived from his own comule-\ngoguery to suggest that anyone would want to send other peoples' sons\nto WHI. The only argument is with regard 10 the best way to avoid war.\nlions. 11 represents sentiments be bas expressed publicly across\nthe nation since the early 1950's!\nThere is only one sure way-surrender.\nAppeasement OF Courage? The spectre our well-meaning liberal\nfriends refuse to face is that their policy of accommiodation is appease-\nincht, and appeasement does not give you a choice between peace and\nwar, only between fight or surrender. We are told that the problem is\ntoo complex for a simple answer. They are wrong. There is no casy an-\nswer, but there is a simple answer. We must have the courage to do what\nwe know is inorally right, and this policy of accominodation asks us 10\naccept the greatest possible immorality. We are being asked to buy our\nsafety from the threat of the Bomb by selling into permanent slavery\nour fellow human beings enslaved behind the Jion Curtain. To tell them\nto give up their hope of freedom because we are ready to make a deal\nwith their slave masters.\n1-4-66\n@\n(2)\nthe\nRONALD REAGAN FOR GOVERNOR COMMITTEE\nSOUTHERN CALIFORNIA HEADQUARTERS\n3257 WILSHIRE BLVD.\nA PLAN FOR ACTION\nLOS ANGELES, CALIF. 90005\nNORTHERN CALIFORNIA HEADQUARTERS\n46 KEARNY ST.\nAn Address By\nSAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. 94108\nRonald Reagan\n-101-L\nJanuary 4, 1966\nA Plan for Action\nBy Ronald Reagan\nLadies and gentlemen, for the last six months\nI've been traveling up and down the state, meet-\ning as many of you as I could, answering questions\nand asking a few. There isn't any secret as to\nwhy I've been doing this; I have said I'll be a\ncandidate for Governor once I've found the an-\nswers to a few questions myself-mainly about\nmy acceptability to you. Who'd like to be Gover-\nnor isn't important; who the people would like\nto have as Governor is very important.\nThis is a big state-it's been described as\nmore like a nation than a state. I've used plane,\ntrain and automobile in these last six months.\nI've been on a California street 8,000 feet above\nsea level, and one a couple of hundred feet below\nsea level. I've thrown a snowball and watched\nwater skiers all on the same day, and I haven't\nbegun to cover the state. Actually, I think you\ncould spend a lifetime just seeing and getting to\nknow California.\n1\nsomeone has said California isn't a place-\ncount the jobs that don't exist because they didn't\nit's a way of life. Well, that's true, and it's a\ncome here, but we can count very easily the 800\ngood way. People have been coming to this place\njobs that disappeared in Palo Alto when an air-\nand to this way of life for 100 years. They've\ncraft plant moved to the East Coast. I'm holding\ncome from every part of America and from a\na catsup bottle-a pretty commonplace item. But,\nlot of other countries. Today some of us are\nwhen the Secretary of Labor and our own state\nnative-born Californians descended from the\novernment finished their experiments in reform\nearliest immigrants, and some of us have only\nmong farm workers and cancelled out the Bra-\nbeen Californians since this morning. Then a lot\ncero program, there were 28 million fewer of\nof us fall somewhere in between and even when\nthese manufactured in one plant in Oakland, and\nwe've been here 30 years, as I have, we still refer\nthat meant lay-offs for 200 employees. And be-\nto ourselves as being from someplace. We're from\ncause there is no assurance they will quit their\nIllinois or Iowa, Kansas or New Jersey. But,\nwell-meant social tinkering before next harvest\nwe're here to stay and our children are native-\nseason-canning and packing companies are mak-\nborn, and California's problems are our problems.\ning plans to move South across the border, and\nSome of those problems have grown faster than\nwith them go jobs that will no longer be held by\nCalifornians.\nthe population, and in that we're number one in\nthe nation. All of us are concerned that in our\nFrom the Capitol in Sacramento one answer\ngrowth we don't destroy the very things that\nis proposed. Schools, public buildings and parks\nbrought us here in the first place. It won't matter\nare canvassed to see how many additional workers\nif the sky is bigger and bluer out here if you can't\ncould be used doing chores if money could be\nsee it for smog and all our elbow-room and open\nmade available. The total is set at 50,000 and\nspace won't mean much if the unsolved problems\nour Chief Executive goes to Washington, hand-\nare higher than the hills.\nextended, asking for $250 million to solve our\ntacks have appeared in our economy. The\nunemployment with this \"make work\" project.\nunemployment rate is almost 40% higher than\nWell, I don't think that's good enough for Cali-\nthe rest of the nation. And we lead the nation in\nfornians. Jobs are wanted. Jobs are needed-\nbankruptcies and business failures. We've dropped\nproductive jobs-jobs a man can be proud to\nfrom 6th to 13th among the states with regard to\ndo, knowing he's contributing to growth and\nnew industries locating here. There is no way to\nprosperity and that be has a chance to grow and\n3\n2\nadvance in his work. Such jobs come from private\nthe collection of corporation income tax one year\nindustry and can be made possible by an adminis-\nand sales tax the next. Now they ask for the\ntration in Sacramento that has faith in our free\nworst gimmick of all-\"Withholding\" of per-\neconomy and will take steps to improve the\nsonal income tax. This is actually a one-time\nbusiness climate so that California is once again\nbundle of money for government at the time the\nattractive to industry.\nprogram is started, but from then on the experi-\nLet me make one thing plain. I do not chal\ne of those states where it is in force reveals\nlenge the sincerity of that Administration, nor do\nS a free ticket for future tax increases. In the\nI charge it with a lack of concern. I'm sure there\nmeantime, in violation of a promise to the people,\nis an earnest desire on the part of those in office\ntens of millions of dollars of tideland oil revenues\nto provide for the people's welfare. But their\nsupposedly earmarked for building our water\napproach to the solution of our problems reveals\nproject have been siphoned off to balance the\na basic disagreement in philosophy. They are\never-growing budget deficits. This is extremely\ndedicated to a belief in rule by administrative\nshort sighted because this oil money is not a\nedict with more and more control and regulation\npermanent source of income, but only results\nof the economy and of our lives.\nfrom the sale of an exhaustible natural resource.\nJust recently a report of the Commission\nAt the same time this is a betrayal particularly\non California State Government Organization &\nof Californians in the Northern part of our state\nEconomics admitted there is no way to count the\nwho were told these oil revenues would offset\nBoards, Commissions and Bureaus in the Execu-\ndollar for dollar bonds which would be used to\ntive Branch. The legislative analyst made a partial\ncreate power and recreational facilities to give\ncount and listed 276-53 appointed in the last\ntheir area-the area furnishing the water for the\nfew years. We are told every increase in govern-\nrest of us-a chance to grow and prosper.\nment is because of the increase in population.\nNow with a budget higher than any in the\nBut, government has increased four times as fast\nhistory of our 50 states, we are told we need an\nas population and total state expenditures are up\nadditional $200 million in taxes. There is un-\nten times as much.\ncertainty and unease in financial circles over\nBudget deficits are not met by sound fiscal\nthe way we've stretched our credit and bonding\nchanges, but by one-time windfalls-sweeping the\ncapacity, but we are told we must borrow another\nproblem under the rug with gimmicks-advancing\n$260 million for school construction. If you are\n4\n5\na. average family of four-husband, wife, two\nis much more we can do for children with hearing\nchildren-your share of the state and local tax\nproblems. Facilities in special schools for the deaf\nburden is $1,396 this year and your family's share\nare so limited that many children are on waiting\nof state debt is $1,320. The portion of that which\nlists, unable to begin their education. In addition\ngoes for public welfare has doubled in these\nto facilities, we need specially trained teachers.\neight years, and in spite of so-called prosperity,\nCalifornia also leads in some things that\nthe number of people receiving welfare has\nfortunately give us no sense of pride. The\ncreased since the end of World War II from two\nonly thing that's gone up more than spending\nout of every 100 citizens to more than 15 out\nis crime. Our city streets are jungle paths after\nof 100.\ndark with more crimes of violence than New\nDon't get me wrong-no responsible person\nYork, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts combined.\nwould suggest we abandon our concern for those\nNarcotics arrests among youngsters under 18 are\nfellow human beings who, unable to make pro-\nup 40% over last year. These aren't delinquents\nvision for themselves, must depend on us. Nor\n-these are our children, inquisitive as puppies\ndo any of us think we can fulfill our responsibility\nand filled with the spirit of adventure. They are\nby grudgingly offering bare subsistence. Human\nno match for that character leaning against a\ncompassion and simple brotherhood demand that\nlamp post down the block from the school. They\nwhere there is need we should do our utmost to\nneed more help than just our love and lectures,\nprovide some of the comforts that make life\nand they can have such help if we'll untie the\nworthwhile. But this should be in response to\nhands of our local law enforcement officers.\nreal need, and where the need is temporary, the\nLegislation is needed to permit local ordinances\nhelp should be temporary, aimed at restoring\nthat will restore to the police the flexibility and\nself-sufficiency. Working men and women should\npower in making arrests they once had so they\nnot be asked to carry the additional burden of\ncan take on that character by the lamp post.\nI\nriding for a segment of society capable of\nSuch legislation has been proposed time after\ncaring for itself, but which prefers making wel-\ntime by our hard-working and dedicated legis-\nfare a way of life, free-loading at the expense of\nlators in Sacramento. A 12-point program was\nmore conscientious citizens. There is so much real\nintroduced in the last session. It was buried in\nneed, so many things still to be done, we cannot\ncommittee, pigeon-holed, or vetoed in the execu-\nafford extravagance. For example, right now there\ntive office.\n6\n7\nBack at the turn of the century, we embarked\ncost estimates have had to be revised upward\non a master plan of education. It was truly a\nagain and again.\nbi-partisan effort above political rivalry and dif-\nNow I know that in presenting these prob-\nferences. Its principal architects were a Democrat\nlems I've probably sounded overly critical, but\nAssemblywoman and a Republican Assemblyman.\nAbraham Lincoln said, \"A man may be loyal to\nBelieving in that plan, Californians taxed them-\nhis government and still be opposed to the pecu-\nselves at a rate higher than any other America\nr principles and practices of the administration\nto build a great University. But it takes me\npower.\nthan dollars and stately buildings, or do we no\nlonger think it necessary to teach self-respect,\nA big brother or paternalistic government can\nself-discipline and respect for law and order.\nsolve many problems for the people, but I don't\nWill we allow a great university to be brought\nthink we'll like the price it charges-ever-increas-\nto its knees by a noisy, dissident minority? Will\ning power over us and ever-decreasing individual\nwe meet their neurotic vulgarities with vacillation\nfreedom. A great society must be a free society,\nand weakness, or will we tell those entrusted\nand to be truly great and really free, it must be\nwith administering the University we expect them\na creative society calling on the genius and power\nto enforce a code based on decency, common sense\nof its people. Legislation alone can't solve our\nand dedication to the high and noble purpose of\nproblems, nor will they disappear under a shower\nof tax dollars. The Gold of the Golden State is\nthe University? That they will have the full\nsupport of all of us as long as they do this,\nto be found in its people-the greatest pool of\nbut we'll settle for nothing less.\ntechnical skill, talent and ability in all the world.\nLook at us, can we possibly believe that anyone\nOur great water project, given impetus in the\ncan manage our lives better than we can manage\nadministration of Earl Warren, and further re-\nthem ourselves? We have the ability to prove we\nfined and perfected during the administration of\nare first in more than sheer numbers of people.\nGovernor Knight, must be carried on more effi-\nThere is more at stake than just good government\nciently and economically than at present. The\nin California. We can demonstrate to our sis-\npeople are entitled to explanations of the 14\nter states-to an entire nation-that government\nmonth delay in building power facilities at Oro-\nshould be of and by, as well as for the people.\nville, as well as other delays, and work supposedly\nThat this way of ours is still the greatest adven-\nfinished, but then redone repeatedly until original\nture, the newest experiment in man's relation to\n8\n9\nman, and those who call it outmoded and old-\nrequirements for establishing welfare eligibility?\nshioned-who offer what they say is something\nToday a newcomer to the state is automatically\ncw-are in reality taking us back to the age-old\neligible for our many aid programs the moment\nconcept of rule over the many by the few.\nhe crosses the border.\nThere are those who'd give up state sovereign-\nThe time has come for us to strengthen both\nty and make the state an administrative district\nrepresentative government and self-government.\nof the federal government. Over and over the\n: two are not the same, but they go hand in\ntell us our problems are too big-that only federal\nhand. The executive branch of our state govern-\naid can provide an answer, but with federal aid\nment has grown dangerously top heavy, and it\ngoes federal control, and as the administration\nseeks more and more to bypass the legislature to\nin Sacramento relinquishes state sovereignty to\ngive more and more power to bureaus and agen-\nWashington, at the same time it takes more\ncies who are not elected by the people, but are\npower from those who have been elected to run\nbeholden to the man who appointed them. We\nour towns and cities. Control over local school\nhave a great many talented and knowledgeable\ndistricts is tightened until we can see looming\nmen representing us in the Assembly and Senate\never larger on the horizon the specter of state-\n-some of them have become outstanding special-\ncontrolled education, and eventually a national-\nists in particular phases of state problems. They\nized school system. Welfare becomes needlessly\nare handicapped, though, by an old-fashioned\nexpensive as red tape regulations prevent adminis-\nconcept harking back to an earlier day when\ntration at the county level from putting sensible\nrepresentatives only served part-time. Well, it's\nprocedures into practice.\na full-time job now at part-time prices, and some\nCertainly we have a rightful claim on federal\nof these men make unbelievable sacrifices simply\nfunds. It's our money in the first place. California\nbecause they are dedicated to public service. They\ndeserve better and California deserves and needs\nis one of the so-called rich states which not only\npays into the kitty everything it takes out, but\na full-time legislature with compensation as nearly\ncommensurate to the service rendered as we can\nputs in a share for other states. It's time we made\ngreater protest about the strings attached to\n1\nmake it.\nour money before we are allowed to use it. How\nAs for self-government, I am not proposing\nmany of us realize that in order to get federal\nan aimless hit or miss approach with government\nwelfare funds, our state had to cancel all residence\nsitting back hopefully waiting for a volunteer to\n10\n11\nrecognize a problem and think of a solution. I am\nThe time has come also to review our thinking\nsuggesting setting up a statewide program on a\non the matter of property tax to see if we might\nsystematic basis with government providing lead-\nnot be clinging to an archaic and outmoded idea\nership and mobilizing the full creative abilities\nthat never envisioned millions and millions of\nof the people which, in my opinion, is the meaning\nhomemakers saving to build or buy and then\nof the phrase 'government of and by the people.'\nfinding themselves paying an increasingly high\nWith the state government working to secure\nnt to live in their own home.\nmaximum return of our tax money to the state\nYears ago, the original concept of property\nfor local administration as a workable alternative\ntax was in reality a form of income tax because\nto a massive federal bureaucracy imposing more\nland was the source of wealth. I'm sure no one\nand more restrictions on local and state rule. Then\ncould have anticipated a credit structure in which\na truly creative society stamps as acceptable only\nmost of these homes are mortgaged, and the\nthose programs which help California, but which\nowner in reality only owns a limited equity in\ndo not increase our own bureaucracy, result in\nhis home-but he's taxed on the basis of actually\nmore centralization or power, or greatly unbalance\nowning real estate to the full value of the\nthe budget.\nproperty. And what happens when we reach our\nWe can ask business, labor, the financial world\nnon-earning years? When we retire on our\nen-\nand the campus for the best brains available to\nsion, social security or savings-that fixed income\nmodernize our government structure, eliminate\nthat can't keep pace with inflation? Do we just\nwaste and duplication. In the same way an ap-\nignore the tragedy of elderly citizens discovering\nproach can be made to \"in depth\" study of the\nthey can no longer afford to live in the homes in\ntax structure. It's time we recognize that only\nwhich they've grown old? Study and tax reform\npeople pay taxes. There is no way to pass them\nwill take time and this problem requires an answer\non to some impersonal organization-eventully,\nnow. Tax forgiveness would unfairly burden other\nevery dollar government spends must come from\nhome owners, but isn't it possible we could declare\nthe pockets of each one of us, and we must have\na moratorium? Assess, but not collect the tax until\na clearer understanding and a greater voice in\nsuch time as the home was no longer needed and\nwhat we buy. It's just possible that we can't\nthen collect the accumulated tax from sale of the\nafford everything that is presented to us as another\nestate.\nfree government service.\nA creative society mobilizing the business and\n12\n13\nindustrial community to pinpoint who is unem-\ntion, but there is a limit to what can be accom-\nployed, where and why, and then how to make\nplished by laws and regulations, and I seriously\na place for them in our productive free economy\nquestion whether anything additional is needed\nin fight a war on poverty 1000 times more\nin that line. What is needed is for government\neffectively than government. We can call upon\nto mobilize the decent people of goodwill from\nthe best minds in our legal profession to work\nevery group to come together in a search for\nout a plan to remove, once and for all,\nman understanding to establish channels of\nappointment of judges from the influence\nOmmunication and to make it plainly evident\npartisan politics.\nthat those few who choose to walk with prejudice\nThere is no problem we cannot solve by a\nwill walk alone. Never again should any parent\ncooperative effort using government and the full\nknow the heartbreak of explaining to a child that\ncreative talent of our people. This is true above\nhe must be denied some of the good our country\nall in the problem which is, or certainly should be,\nhas to offer because in some way he is different.\nof greatest concern to every one of us. There must\nOur problems are many, but our capacity for\nbe no lack of equal opportunity, no inequality\nsolving them is limitless and the task of govern-\nbefore the law, no differing standards with re-\nment is to discover, and harness those latent\ngards to constitutional rights for any American,\nsolutions by calling upon the people to participate\nand we are all Americans. It's high time we\nactively in government.\nstopped hyphenating ourselves into blocs, Irish-\nAmericans, Negro-Americans, Italian-Americans,\nNow I'd like to mention one problem that\nMexican-Americans, Oriental-Americans, and on\ngoes beyond the scope of purely state issues and\nand on. Those blocs were set up for political\none which, without doubt, crosses party lines.\nexpediency so cynical men could make cynical\nOur two-party system is endangered more today\npromises in a hunt for votes. If taxes are too\nthan at any time in our history, and it cannot\nhigh, they are too high for all of us. If streets\nsurvive a long-time continuation of the present\nare unsafe after dark, everyone's family is men-\nimbalance of power. Party competition keeps both\naced. If prices go up, all our pockets are a little\nparties honest and respectful of the people's\nemptier.\nwishes. Without that competition one-party rule\nbecomes one-man rule, and the subsequent loss of\nCertainly, there are problems in our differences\nfreedom will apply to Democrats and Republicans\nand government must take the lead in their solu-\nalike.\n14\n15\nI was a Democrat most of my life until I\nF.D.R. was elected. Look again at its promises\nfound I could no longer follow the leadership\nwhich were so overwhelmingly approved by\nof that party as it turned from the traditional\nAmericans of both parties. The promise to reduce\nprecepts of Jefferson, Jackson and Cleveland. I\nthe cost of government by 25%-to restore those\nbelieved then, and still believe, that anything,\nrights and powers which even then it was claimed\nwhether it be management, labor or government,\nhad been unjustly seized from the state and the\nwhich imposes unfairly on the freedom of th\n19 vidual by the federal government and its\nindividual, is tyranny and must be opposed. TA\nplanise of restoration of constitutional limits on\nchoice is not between left or right, but rather\nthe power of that government. Ask yourselves\nbetween up or down. The founding fathers knew\nwhich party would be most at home with those\nthis and they set our course upward toward the\npromises today.\nultimate in individual freedom consistent with law\nand order. They had known the other choice and\nI.am not a politician in the sense of ever\nturned from it because, whether we call it empire,\nhaving held public office, but I think I can lay\nkingdom, dictatorship, or the folly of Marxism,\nclaim to being a \"citizen politician. I have always\nit leads only downward to the ant heap of totali-\nhad an interest in politics and been an active\ntarianism, and even those earnest humanitarians\nparticipant. As a Democrat, I worked and cam-\nwho'd trade some measure of man's independence\npaigned for that party, and now, believing as I do\nfor security or material welfare are embarked on\nthat the Republican party is the party of limited\nthat downward course.\ngovernment, individual freedom and adherence to\nI believe there are millions of Democrats\nthe constitution, I have worked for that party as\ntoday devoted to the cause of freedom, and torn\nactively as I could in the campaigns of 1960, 1962\nbetween loyalty to party and concern for their\nand 1964. In those campaigns, I supported all the\nown deeply held beliefs and principles. Well,\nparty nominees because the choice today is not\nWinston Churchill, who made a change in his\none of men, but of basic and widely differing\nown political affiliation said, \"Some men change\nphilosophies.\nprinciple for party and some men change party\nNow I have come to a decision that even a\nfor principle.\"\nshort time ago I would have thought impossible\nTo those of you who are Democrats, may I\nfor me to make, and yet I make it with no linger-\nsuggest you take the 1932 platform upon which\ning doubts or hesitation. As of now, I am a\n16\n17\ncandidate seeking the Republican nomination for\nbackground statistics on me. My education was\nGovernor.\nin Economics and Sociology. I never attended\nIn the months ahead, I will present a number\ndramatic school, but most of you have found that\nof specific proposals for solution to the problems\nout. During World War II, I was called to active\nI've discussed here tonight, and for others that\nduty as a Lieutenant in the Cavalry Reserve and\nweren't mentioned because of limited time. I'll\nended up a Captain and Adjutant of an Air Force\ndo my best to meet as many of you as poss\nallation. As many of you know, that was an\nand to explain clearly and completely my philoso-\nadministrative post. I believe I've had administra-\nphy and beliefs. On those occasions I'll welcome\ntive and executive experience possibly to a greater\nyour questions and do my best to answer them so\nextent than many businessmen, and perhaps of a\nyou'll have no doubt of where I stand on the\ntype more akin to politics. For some 20 years, I\nserved on the Board, and was six times President\nissues important to you.\nof a working union, the Screen Actors Guild. This\nI've discovered already there is more gossip\ninvolved negotiating the basic contracts covering\nin this business than the one I've been in. Modern\nminimum wages and working conditions for some\npolitical dialogue isn't based on legitimate debate\n15,000 performers, dealing with the upper echelon\nanymore, or disagreement on views. There's a\nof organized labor because of our affiliation with\ngreat deal of false image-making and an effort\nthe A.F.I and with governmental agencies and\nis made not to dispute the views you really hold,\nlegislative committees. During the same period,\nbut to invent some and hang them on you with\nI was on the Board 10 years and twice President\nthe hope the false image will appear real.\nof the Motion Picture Industry Council-a body\nIn my opinion, the issues are too important\nmade up of some 30 odd unions and the manage-\nfor that kind of gameplaying. You are entitled\nment and ownership groups in our industry. In\nto a discussion of those issues and to know where\nthis capacity, I had occasion to represent the\nany candidate stands, to have a direct confronta-\nentire industry before legislative committees in\ntion of the differing philosophies without name-\nWashington, and on one occasion at a White\ncalling or personalities. If in the coming primary,\nHouse Presidential meeting.\nou choose someone else to be the party nominee,\nIn addition, I have served on charitable boards\nne will have my wholehearted support.\nand been a director of a business company and a\nIn the meantime, you are entitled to some\ntrustee of Eureka College.\n18\n19\nNow I don't in any way suggest this exper-\nience is comparable to the enormity of California's\nS4 billion dollar government, but on the other\nhand, a California election is not like a banana\nrepublic revolution. We don't start building a\ngovernment from scratch-it is a going concern\nwith a legislature, constitutional officers in\nof\ntion to Governor and prescribed duties for eacn.\nNo one man runs the State of California, and no\none man should try-but one thing a Governor\nmust do is use the power and prestige of his\noffice to see that men and women receive adminis-\ntrative appointments on the basis of integrity and\nability, not as political favors.\nI have no commitments to anyone but you\nand to my belief that the safety of our state and\nour nation should be entrusted to the care of the\npeople. To all of you who have worked in my\nbehalf to make these past few months possible-\nYou have done me great honor and made me\nvery proud-yet even as I thank you, I must ask\nfor your continued help, and I do SO with a prom-\nise to do my utmost to deserve it.\n20\n4-19-66\nthe\nthat\n\"THE CREATIVE SOCIETY\"\nUniversity of Southern California\nApril 19, 1966\nEach generation is critical of its predecessor. And as the day\nnears when the classroom and playing field must give way to that\nlarger arena with its problems of inequity and human misunderstanding,\nit is easy to look at those of us already in that arena and demand to\nknow why the problems remain unsolved. We, who preceded you, asked\nthat question of those who preceded us, and another generation will\nask it of you. I hope there will be less justification for the\nquestion when it becomes your turn to answer.\nDon't get me wrong! When the generation of which I am a part\nleaves the stage, I think that history will record that seldom has\nany generation fought harder and paid a higher price for freedom.\nWe have known three wars in our lifetime--a cataclysmic, worldwide\ndepression--end these events toppled governments and re-shaped the\nmap. pt the same time, as a result of this, or perhaps just because\nof human frailty, we have downgraded our performance with an attitude\nsometimes apathetic--sometimes cynical--toward the conduct of public\naffairs.\nWe are confused and we have confused you with a double standard\nof morality. We try to keep alive a moral code for our individual\nconduct \"don't cheat,\" \"promises are sacred, \"your word is your\nbond,\" \"serve your fellow men\"--but at the same time, we accept\ndouble-dealing at government levels, and we have lost our capacity to\nget angry when decisions are not based on moral truth, but on political\nexpediency. When small men are granted great rewards for political\nfavors, we excuse it with the expression: \"Well, that's politics.\"\nI have already established myself now as not of your generation,\nbut I am aware there are those who go even farther and place me as\nfar back as the Ice Age, or even farther than that--in the period\nof McKinley. I realize that modern political dialogue concerns\nitself largely with false image-making, rather than with legitimate\ndebate over differing viewpoints; and no candidate can hope to engage\nin a political contest without experiencing the deliberate distortions\nof his positions and his beliefs. But I sometimes wonder if we haven't\nreached one of those moments in time when the stakes are much too\nhigh for this kind of middle-aged juvenile delinquency.\n-1-\nPublic officials are elected primarily for one purpose--to solve\npublic problems. You have a right to ask any candidate about his\nunderstanding of the problems facing us, his acceptance of responsi-\nbility for solving those problems, and whether he has a fresh approach\nor just offers the same old bargain-basement politics--' \"We will do\neverything the other fellow's been doing, only we will do it cheaper\nand better.' You have a right to know--and I am obligated to tell you\nwhere I stand and what I believe.\nTo begin with, I am not a politician. I am an ordinary citizen\nwith a deep-seated belief that muchof what troubles us has been\nbrought about by politicians; and it is high time that more ordinary\ncitizens brought the fresh air of common sense thinking to bear on\nthese problems. We have had enough of the wheeling and dealing, and\nenough of schemers and schemes. I think it is time now for dreamers\npractical dreamers willing to re-implement the original dream which\nbecame this nation\nthe idea that has never fully been tried before\nin the world\nthat you and I have the capacity for self-government\nthe dignity and the ability and the God-given freedom to make our\nown decisions, to plan our own lives and to control our own destiny.\nNow it has been said that nothing is more powerful than idea\nwhose time has come. This took place some 200 years ago in this\ncountry. But there is another such idea abroad in the land today.\nAmericans, divided in so many ways, are united in their determination\nthat no area of human need should be ignored. A people that can\nreach out to the stars has decided that the problems of human misery\ncan be solved and they will settle for nothing less. The big question\nis not whether-but how--and at what price.\nWe can't accept the negative philosophy of those who close their\neyes, hoping the problems will disappear, or that questions of unemploy-\nment, inequality of opportunity, or the needs of the elderly and the\nsick will take care of themselves. But, neither should we unquestion-\ningly follow those others who pass the problems along to the federal\ngovernment, abdicating their personal and local responsibility.\nThe trouble with that solution is that for every ounce of federal\nhelp we get, we surrender an ounce of personal freedom. The Great\nSociety grows greater every day--greater in cost, greater in\ninefficiency and greater in waste. Now this is not to quarrel with\nits humanitarian goals or deny that it can achieve those goals. But,\nI do deny that it offers the only--or even the best--method of\nachieving\nmools\nThe administration in Sacramento is guilty of a leadership gap.\nUnwilling, or unable, to solve the problems of California, it has\nreduced this state to virtually an administrative district of the\nfederal government. This is not to deny the rightful place of the\nfederal government; but state sovereignty is an integral part of\nthe checks and balances designed to restrain power and to restrain\none group destroying the freedom of another. We can do more by\nkeeping California tax dollars in California than we can by running\nthem through those puzzle palaces on the Potomac only to get them\nback minus a carrying charge.\nFederal help has neither reduced the size of the burden of our\nstate government nor has it solved our problems. In California,\ngovernment is larger in proportion to the population than in any\nother state and it is increasing twice as fast as the increase in\npopulation. Our tax burden, local and state, is $100 higher per\ncapita than it is in the rest of the nation, and the local property\ntax is increasing twice as fast as our increase in personal income.\nWhat is obviously needed is not more government, but better\ngovernment, seeking a solution to the problems that will not add to\nbureaucracy, or unbalance the budget, or further centralize power.\nTherefore, I propose a constructive alternative to the Great\nSociety which I have chosen to call \" A Creative Society.\" While\nleadership and initiative for this Creative Society should begin the\ngovernor's office, it would be the task of the entire state government\nto discover, enlist and mobilize the incredibly rich human resources\nof California, calling on the best in every field to review and revise\nour governmental structure and present plans for streamlining it and\nmaking it more efficient and more effective.\nThere is no major problem that cannot be resolved by a vigorous\nand imaginative state administration willing to utilize the tremendous\npotential of our people. We have the greatest concentration of indust-\nrial and scientific research facilities of any state in the Union.\nTens of thousands of successful and highly talented men and women\nare in our business communities; colleges and universities are rich\nin possibilities for study and research; charities and philanthropic\nenterprises are many, and there are innumerable people of creative\ntalent in the professions.\n-3-\nWe have attracted the most youthful, the brightest and the best\ntrained people from every state and every nation. We have untapped\nresources in the retired men and women with lifetime records of\nachievement in every conceivable area of endeavor. Probably there\nis more talent prematurely retired in California than in any other\nstate. And these people, I believe, would welcome a chance for\nmeaningful personal fulfillment in community service--if only someone\nwould ask them.\nAnd that is the basis of the Creative Society--government no\nlonger substituting for the people, but recognizing that it cannot\npossibly match the great potential of the people, and thus, must\ncoordinate the creative energies of the people for the good of the\nwhole.\nNow this is not some glorified program for passing the buck and\ntelling the people to play Samaritan and solve the problems on their\nown, while government stands by to hand out Good Conduct ribbons.\nThere is a definite and active role for government, but as our numbers\nincrease and society grows more complex, the idea of an economy\nplanned or controlled by government just doesn't make sense. No\nmatter how talented, government is, it is incapable of making the\nmultitudinous decisions that must be made every day in the market\nplace and in our community living. Big business has already replaced\nautocratic rule from the top with decentralization, and government\nmust do the same thing.\nThis means the Creative Society must return authority to the\nlocal communities--give them the right to run their own affairs.\nThe people in San Francisco know better than anyone in Sacramento\nwhere a freeway in San Francisco should go.\nA skyrocketing crime rate has given California almost double\nits proportionate share of crime--crimes of violence--simply because\nthe state, as a result of certain judicial decisions, denies local\ngovernments the right to pass ordinances for the protection of the\npeople. Time after time, legislation has been introduced to correct\nthis. Much of it died in committee in Sacramento; but eventually,\nwhen it did pass the Assembly or the Senate, it was vetoed by the\ngovernor. The legislation will, and must, be reintroduced and\nsigned into law to give our police the power to make our streets safe\nagain. At the same time, government must call upon the best minds\nin the field of human relations and law and penology for a creative\nI propose and urge the adoption of a plan whereby a joint\ncommittee of laymen and members of the Bar Association will choose a\npanel of individuals, based on their personal character and on their\nlegal experience and ability. And then the governor would be forced\nto appoint all judges from this panel, taking judicial appointments\nonce and for all out of politics.\nA confidential survey of industry reveals that by all the\ncriteria used to establish economic health, California comes off\nlooking like that fellow on TV before he takes the pill. We lead the\nnation in population increase, but we lag far behind the national\naverage in growth of personal income, retail sales and gross product.\nWhen home construction fell off last year in the country, it declined\nfive times more in California than it did in the rest of the nation.\nFive years ago, we were sixth among the states in our ability to\nattract new industries; today we have fallen to 13th. And running like\na thread through this survey are the reports of government's unfriendly\nattitude toward business, evidenced by the harassing regulations,\nneedless paper work and regressive tax policies.\nThe present administration's approach to our deteriorating business\nclimate is always another pill out of the same old bottle--build\nanother bureau, add another tax, put the unemployed on the public\npayroll. The Creative Society will, instead, turn to those who\ntruly have the capacity to create jobs and prosperity. Ask the best\nbrains of industry and the community: What is needed to make\nCalifornia once again attractive to industry? Ask them to evolve the\nplans for creating job opportunities and a program of on-the-job\ntraining--because in the last analysis, employment and prosperity are\nthe function and responsibility of private enterprise. It is\ngovernment's responsibility to end the harassment, road blocks,\nregressive taxation and to offer, wherever practical, tax incentives\nwhich will help to provide jobs and a friendly business climate.\n-5-\nNo small part of the heavy tax load that is borne by the working\nmen and women of our state is a welfare load which doubled in the\nlast five years and is. increasing faster than our spending on education.\nThose who administer welfare at the county and local levels have\ntheir hands tied by excessive regulations and red\ntape imposed by both Washington and Sacramento. A Creative Society\nwould call upon their experience and the thinking of the campus\nresearchers and others experienced in philanthropy and public service\nto make a study to establish that we are doing all we can, first of all,\nfor those who are disabled, aged and who, through no fault of their\nown, must depend on the rest of us. Our goal should be not only to\nprovide the necessities of life, but those comforts such as we can\nafford that will make their life worth living.\nThen, such a commission must turn and investigate that part of\nwelfare having to do with those who need temporary help--who are\nbeing helped through an emergency period only until they can again\nplay a productive role. We must determine that this is still our\npurpose and that we have not, instead, settled on a program of\nperpetuating poverty with a permanent dole. We see today a second\ngeneration, and even a third generation of citizens, growing up,\nmarrying, having children, accepting public welfare for three generations\nas a way of life.\nThe 11th Century Hebrew physician and philosopher, Maimonides,\nsaid there are eight steps. in helping the needy. The lowest of\nthese is the handout; the highest is to teach them to help themselves.\nBy contrast, our State Department of Public Welfare has a book out\nand they explain the guiding philosophy of welfare at the state\nadministration level is redistribution of income. Well, this is a\nreversal of the carrot and stick philosophy, penalizing the\nindustrious and rewarding the unproductive. Redistributing income\ndoes not increase purchasing power or prosperity; only increased\nproductivity can accomplish that. Much of welfare spending could beco\ninvesting, if we would direct some of that spending toward education\nand training to prevent people from becoming public dependents in\nthe first place.\nI have been told there is work in our public institutions, some\nof which could be performed by unemployables, even illiterates--\nenough to give jobs to 50,000. Such work should be part of a welfare\nSomewhere, every problem that faces us is being solved economically\nand efficiently by citizens who did not wait for the slow growth of\nbureaucracy. The Creative Society would encourage the expansion of\nthese voluntary efforts instead of competing them out of existence\nwith free federal handouts which turn out not to be very free at all.\nA Californian concerned with needy college students and their\nproblems aroused the interest of bankers and other interested citizens\nand today, through the United Student Loan Fund, some 65,000 students,\non 700 campuses, have borrowed $35 million from banks which will be\nrepaid after graduation. Every dollar is underwritten voluntarily\nby private citizens with government playing no part whatsoever.\nFollowing the tragic disturbance in Watts last summer, the Los\nAngeles Chamber of Commerce mobilized hundreds of industrial concerns\nin this area and they agreed that unemployment was their responsibility.\nWorking with a committee of fine, responsible Negro businessmen in\nthat area, they set out to establish an employment and job training\nprogram and so far, they have put 5,000 of the citizens in that area\nto work or in on-the-job training spots. This is almost as many\npeople as there are poverty program administrators in the area.\nA businessman in Taxas, brought up in poverty--now successful--\nfounded a boys ranch. He and his wife worked tirelessly--just the\ntwo of them--and they have developed what J. Edgar Hoover has called\na \"blue print for the prevention of crime.\" Three hundred boys,\nranging in age from 4 to 17, are cared for at a per capita cost of\nabout $1,600 a year. Compare this with the $3,600 a year it costs us\nto maintain a boy in juvenile hall.\nHere in California, a B'nai B'rith Lodge adopted one of our\nyouth probation camps. Just by lending a helping hand, showing an\ninterest, being willing to listen to these young men, they have reduced\nthe period of time the boys must stay in this camp by a full one-third.\nIt would be easy to establish what that means to the taxpayer in dollars\nand cents. And all it took was a little time and a little human\ncompassion.\nHave we in America forgotten our own accomplishments? For 200\nyears we have been fighting the most successful war on poverty the world\nhas ever seen. We built the West without waiting for an area\nredevelopment plan. San Francisco, destroyed by fire, was rebuilt\nby Californians who did not wait for urban renewal. We have fought\nour wars with citizen-soldiers and dollar-a-year-men.\n-7-\nAt the end of World War I, American citizens cooperated with\ngovernment in a voluntary program of Belgian relief that saved\nmillions of lives. As World War II drew to a close, Jesse Jones,\nsecretary of commerce, alarmed at the plans he saw on bureaucratic\ndrawing boards in Washington, appealed to corporation heads and\nbusinessmen and asked them, instead, to plan the transition from\nwar-time to peace-time economy. The Council of Economic Advisors was\nborn. Fifty thousand business leaders, through 2,000 community\norganizations, performed what is still viewed as an economic miracle--\nand no tax dollars changed hands.\nFarming is California's greatest industry, responsible, directly\nor indirectly, for one-third of our employment and 70 percent of all\nthe cash business transactions that take place in the state. We\nproduce a greater variety on California farms than any other state--\nsome 200 crops--and 98 percent of our farming is out on the free\nmarket, unsubsidized by the federal farm program. But our farmers\nhave very little voice in our state capitol of Sacramento. Last\nyear they were made into guinea pigs for a sociological experiment\nby the federal government, aided and abetted by our state government.\nThey, and representatives of associated industries, should be called\nin and they should be asked, in a Creative Society, for common sense\nanswers to their problems and the voice of California government\nshould be raised in their behalf.\nControl of education should remain, as much as possible, at the\nlevel of the local school boards and unwanted unification should\nnot be imposed from above, but should only take place if it represents\nthe will of the people directly involved. Increased autonomy should\nbe granted to our state colleges and universities and the management\nof the people's affairs should be kept, as much as possible, at the\nlocal level.\nThe Creative Society, in other words, is simply a return to the\npeople of the privilege of self-government, as well as a pledge for\nmore efficient representative government--citizens of proven ability\nin their fields, serving where their experience qualifies them,\nproposing common sense answers for California's problems, reviewing the\ngovernmental structure itself and bringing it into line with the\nmost advanced, modern business practices.\n-8-\nThose who talk of complex problems, requiring more government\nplanning and more control, in reality are taking us back in time to\nthe acceptance of rule of the many by the few. It is time to look to the\nfuture. We have had enough talk -disruptive talk--in America of\nleft and right, dividing us down the center. There is really no such\nchoice facing us. The only choice we have is up or down--up, to the\nultimate in individual freedom consistent with law and order, or\ndown, to the deadly dullness of totalitarianism.\nDo we still have the courage and the capacity to dream? If so,\nI wish you would join me in a dream. Join me in a dream of a\nCalifornia whose government is not characterized by political hacks\nand cronies and relatives--an administration that doesn't make its\ndecisions based on political expendiency but on moral truth. Together,\nlet us find men to match ourmountains. We can have a government\nadministered by men and women who are appointed on the basis of\nability and dedication--not as a reward for political favors. If\nwe must have a double standard of morality, then letit be one which\ndemands more of those in government, not less.\nThis is a practical dream. It is a dream you can believe in.\nIt is a dream worthy of your generation. Better yet, it is a dream\nthat can come true, and all we have to do is want it badly enough.\n#\n#\n#\n#\n-9-\n5/15/67\n-\nAll Pritteses copyright and permission are right of add ence of of This transcript and System, in be for \\ the Inc.\nTOWN MEETING OF THE WORLD\n\"The Image of America and the Youth of the World\"\nas broadcast over the\nCBS TELEVISION NETWORK\nand the\nCBS RADIO NETWORK\nMonday, May 15, 1967\n10:00 - 11:00 PM, EDT\nWith CBS NEWS Correspondent Charles Collingwood\nEXECUTIVE PRODUCER: Don Hewitt\nSTEPHEN MARKS: Senator Kennedy, I'd like to ask you what you think\nof Dean Rusk's recent claim that the effect of anti-Vietnam war\ndemonstrations in the States may actually be to prolong the war rather\nthan to shorten it?\nSENATOR ROBERT KENNEDY: The war is going on in Vietnam, being extended\nin Vietnam, really because of the determination of those who are our\nadversaries, the North Vietnamese, the Vietcong, National Liberation\nFront. I don't think a particular action takes place - military\naction takes place in South Vietnam because of the protests here in\nthe United States. I think that if all the protests were ended, and\neven if all of the objections to the war came to an end here in this\ncountry, that the war in Vietnam would continue.\nI'm sure to some extent the fact that there are some protests gives\nsome encouragement to Ho Chi Minh and to others. But I don't - I\ncertainly don't think that that's the reason the war is continuing,\nand why the casualties are going up.\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: Well, I definitely think the demonstrations are\nprolonging the war in that they're giving the enemy, who I believe\nmust face defeat on relative comparison of the power of the two\nnations, they are giving him encouragement to continue, to hold out in\nthe hope that division here in America will bring about a peace\nwithout defeat for that enemy.\nMany of the demonstrations now taking place in this country could not\nlegally take place if there was a legal declaration of war, SO we, I\nthink, are faced with a choice here. But again, and I'm sure the\nSenator agrees with me, America will jealously guard this right of\ndissent, because I think the greatness of our country has been based\non our thinking that everyone has a right even to be wrong.\nCHARLES COLLINGWOOD: I'm Charles Collingwood and this is TOWN MEETING\nOF THE WORLD, the latest in an occasional series of trans-Atlantic\nconfrontations that's been going on ever since communication\nsatellites made them possible. With me here in the studio of the BBC\nin London are a group of young people, university students from - one\nfrom the United States, but the rest of them from Europe, Africa and\nAsia. They are all attending universities in Great Britain. They have\nideas, all of them, sometimes provocative ones, about the United States,\nits role and its image. For the next hour, via the Atlantic\ncommunications satellite, they will be participating in a global\ndialogue with Senator Robert F. Kennedy, Democrat of New York, and\nGovernor Ronald Reagan, Republican of California.\nANNOUNCER: This is another in the CBS NEWS series, TOWN MEETING OF\nTHE WORLD. Tonight's subject: \"The Image of America, and the Youth\nof the World. 11 We'll be back in a moment.\n(ANNOUNCEMENT)\nANNA FORD: I believe the war in Vietnam is illegal, immoral,\npolitically unjustifiable and economically motivated. Could either\nof you agree with this?\n2\nCOLLINGWOOD: Who wants to start? Senator Kennedy?\nKENNEDY: I don't agree with that. I have some reservations as I've\nstated them before about some aspects of the war, but I think that\nthe United States is making every effort to try to make it possible\nfor the people of South Vietnam to determine their own destiny. I\nthink that's all we want - no matter how - how we - what reservations\nwe have about the conduct of the war. I think that we're all agreed\nin the United States that if the war can be settled and the people of\nSouth Vietnam can determine their own destiny and determine their own\nfuture, that we want to leave South Vietnam. That's the stated\ngovernmental policy, certainly what I would like to see, and I think\nthat's backed by the vast majority of American people. The fact is\nthat the insurgency against - that's taking place in South Vietnam is\nbeing supported by North Vietnam. If both of us withdraw and let the\npeople of South Vietnam determine and decide what they want, what kind\nof government they want, what kind of future they want, what kind of\neconomic system they want to establish, I think that's all we're\ninterested in, that's all we're interested in accomplishing. So I\nthink it's quite different than you've described it.\nCOLLINGWOOD: Governor Reagan, what about you?\nREAGAN: Well, I think we're very much in agreement on this, that\nthis country of ours has a long history of non-aggression but also a\nwillingness to befriend and go to the aid of those who would want to\nbe free and determine their own destiny. Now, I think all of us are\nagreed that war is probably man's greatest stupidity and I think peace\nis the dream that lives in the heart of everyone wherever he may be\nin the world, but unfortunately, unlike a family quarrel, it doesn't\ntake two to make a war. It only takes one, unless the other one is\nprepared to surrender at the first hint of force. I do believe that\nour goal is the right of a people to self-determination and to not\nhave a way of life, a government or a system forced upon them.\nDAVID JENKINS: Mr. Reagan, just five minutes ago on this program,\nyou said every man has the right of dissent and I believe that every\nman has the right to be wrong. No doubt you'd also support the\nAmerican ideal of freedom. Now, while on this I want to ask you\nwhether you'd support the people who at the moment you say are\ndodging the draft, and whether you. will go on record as supporting\npeople who claim to be conscientious objectors as a means for not\njoining the war in Vietnam?\nREAGAN: Oh, now wait a minute! I thank you for giving me a chance,\nif I left the wrong impression. We agree in this country of the\nright of people to be wrong, but as I said before, taking advantage of\nthe technicality that we are not legally in a state of war, we have\npeople doing things with which I am in great disagreement. I do not\nbelieve in those who are resisting the draft. Now, we draw a line\nbetween the conscientious objector on religious grounds. With our\ngreat belief in religious freedom in our country, we have always said\nthose whose religion specifically prohibits them, such as our Quakers,\nfrom taking human life, we offer them military service in a noncombat\n3\nrole such as being medics and so forth, and they have a great and\nhonorable history, people of this kind, of serving in our wars in\nthat capacity. But I believe if government is to mean anything at all,\nthat all of us have a responsibility, once the action has been decided\nupon and supposedly by the majority will, that we then, while\nreserving our right to disagree, we support the collective or the\nunified effort of the nation. Otherwise, all law and order and all\ngovernment breaks down, because we might have a citizen who has a\nconscientious objection to paying taxes, and if we allow our citizens\nto voluntarily quit paying taxes, the government breaks down - or\nobeying the law, or anything else that may come along. We give up\ncertain individual freedoms in the interest of - well, I suppose it\ncomes from our own Constitution, our idea that every American or\nevery person has the right, is born with the right to life, liberty\nand the pursuit of happiness. But my pursuit of happiness, if it\ncomes from swinging my arm, I must stop swinging my arm just short of\nthe end of your nose.\nCOLLINGWOOD: Senator Kennedy, is there anything you want to add to\nthat?\nKENNEDY: Well, I expect I disagree somewhat with the Governor. I\ndon't think that we're automatically correct or automatically right\nand morality is on our side or God is automatically on our side\nbecause we're involved in a war. I don't think that the mere fact\nthat the United States is involved in the use of force with an\nadversary makes everything that the United States then does absolutely\ncorrect. So I - the idea that we're involved in this kind of a\nstruggle, if there are those within the United States that feel that\nthe struggle could be ended more rapidly with less loss of life,\nthat the terror and the destruction would be less if we took a\ndifferent course, then I think that they should make their views\nknown. I don't think they're less patriotic because they feel that.\nIn fact, I think that they would be less patriotic if they didn't\nstate their views and give their ideas, just because the United\nStates is involved in this kind of a conflict as we are at the present\ntime. Not to state any opposition, or say that we can't state an\nopposition because of the - the fact that we're involved in a struggle\nI think is an error. This is a difficult period of time, but the\nmere fact that we're shooting one another across the world doesn't\nmake the United States automatically right. I think it should be\nexamined. It doesn't make the course that we're following at the\npresent time automatically right, automatically correct and I think\nthat those who have a different point of view, no matter what their\npoint of view might be and whether they are in favor of using increased\nforce, or in favor of lessening the force, or even - some - of pulling\nout unilaterally - I happen to disagree with that - but I think they\nhave a responsibility and a right to state those views, even though\nwe're in a difficult period of time.\nCOLLINGWOOD: Would you draw the line at draft-dodging though. Yes,\nMr. Reagan?\nREAGAN: Well, I just - again apparently I haven't made myself clear.\nSenator, I want to make it plain, this. No, as I say, we reserve the\nright of dissent, but when that dissent takes the form of actions\nthat actually aid the enemy, the enemy that is engaged in killing our\nforces, such as avoiding the draft, refusing service, blocking troop\ntrains and shipments of munitions as we've had here in this country\nby some demonstrators, this is going beyond the dissent that is\nprovided in our present governmental system, whereby any American\ncan stand up, protest, can convey his feelings to the legislature or\nto the duly organized government in an effort to get the government\nto change its course; but again, it must stop short of lending comfort\nand aid to an enemy that is presently engaged in forceful activities\nagainst our country.\nCOLLINGWOOD: Arshad Mahmood of Pakistan.\nARSHAD MAHMOOD: Both of you a moment ago defended the right of self-\ndetermination of people and the right to dissent. I was wondering,\ngiven the assumption that North Vietnam and South Vietnam can be\nbrought to the conference table, would you advocate that the National\nLiberation Front be given a place in the con - in the negotiations or\nin the conference?\nKENNEDY: Is that - who is that directed at?\nCOLLINGWOOD: Well, why don't you start, Senator?\nKENNEDY: I've said before that I'm in favor of the National\nLiberation Front being represented at the conference table, that they\ncome to the conference table, that they take place - that they take a\npart in the discussions. They have been involved in the struggle\nfor a long period of time. I don't think that we can arrive at any\nmeaningful peace - I don't think we can have any negotiations that\nare really going to be very productive unless the National Liberation\nFront is represented and I would therefore be in favor of the National\nLiberation Front, who is the political arm of those who are providing\nmost of the troops, most of the force, most of the effort in the\nsouth, being represented at the conference table.\nCOLLINGWOOD: Governor?\nREAGAN: Well, here we're in disagreement. I believe if there is\nany negotiation involving the Vietcong, that that is between the\nVietcong, and the South Vietnamese government, in a negotiation of their\nown, because the Vietcong is in a position of being a rebellious\nforce, an illegal force, fighting against the duly authorized\ngovernment of its own nation, and to sit them down at a negotiating\ntable between two nations, North and South Vietnam, who are engaged\nin a conflict, is tipping the scales. I doubt if we - if we wanted\nto draw a parallel\nKENNEDY: Do you think the United States, should be represented then?\nARSHAD MAHMOOD: Surely, Governor\nREAGAN: No, if you're going to have a negotiation between North and\nSouth Vietnam\n5\nKENNEDY: But if you're going to have negotiations to end the war,\nand North Vietnam, South Vietnam, is going to be represented, shouldn\"t\nthe United States and the National Liberation Front be there?\nREAGAN: I don't think you can have a rebel force that is engaged\nin criminal activity having the distinction of sitting at the table\nas - as one of the representatives.\nJEFF JORDAN: I'm sorry, but you say that you believe in self-\ndetermination and in this lovely idea of let everybody decide for\nthemselves. Yet, in Vietnam, in 1954, you refused to sign the\nGeneva Convention, you refused to allow independent elections in\nVietnam, you forced the Diem regime on the Vietnamese people, it was\nhated by the Vietnamese people, it put six million in forced prison\ncamps. This was your puppet regime, and you supported it. You've\nrefused to come to the negotiations with the Vietcong, and you've\nshown every time you ask for a peace talk, all you do is escalate the\nwar. This is only one example in Vietnam. You've got the example of\nthe C.I.A. overthrowing the Jagan government, you've got the example\nof it giving 104 million pounds' aid, military aid to Greece. There\nare SO many examples of America refusing to allow a people to\ndetermine for itself what government it would have.\nREAGAN: Now, are you talking about a people determining what\ngovernment they'll have, or are you talking about a faction within a\ncountry that wants to take over and dictate the system to a country?\nNow, I disagree, I disagree.\nJORDAN:\nthe Diem regime. Would you say the Diem regime was a\npopular one, or was it one which you imposed on a people and which\nthe people then rebelled against?\nREAGAN: I doubt that you could make much of a case, I challenge your\nhistory. In 1954\nJORDAN:\nthe history of the Diem regime, sir?\nREAGAN: I do. Because there was a referendum taken in 1954, in which\n90 per cent of the people voted, in a referendum, for Diem to take\nthe position that he took. He was subsequently endorsed in two other\nelections, a few years apart, in which they elected both the General\nAssembly for his government that was preponderantly pro-Diem; they\nre-elected him to his position. We could hardly have installed a\npuppet regime at a time when we had less than 700 unarmed military\nadvisers, many of them non-commissioned officers, helping to teach the\nSouth Vietnamese how to organize an army for protection against\nguerrillas in their own country.\nJORDAN: I'm sorry, are you saying that you approve of the activities\nof the Diem regime?\nREACAN: What activities?\nJORDAN: Do you approve that they put six million in forced prison\ncamps and that the American advisers did nothing but help them in this?\n6\nREAGAN: I challenge your history again. There is absolutely no\nrecord that six million people were put in concentration camps. They\nonly have 16 million to begin with. Now, I'd also like to challenge\nsomething else about the supposed evils of the Diem regime. I do\napprove of Diem's land reform in which he took from the great mandarin\nholdings, and began to make land available to the peasants and to the\npeople of Vietnam, who had never owned land before. But also, I\nwould like to call to your attention that a team from the U.N. was sent\nto Saigon, Vietnam, to investigate the charges made against Diem's regine\nThey did investigate those, but as they returned to this country,\nDiem was assassinated, which I think was one of the great tragedies\nof this whole conflict; and the United Nations report, which they\ndeclined to make official because they thought why bring anything up\nnow that he's been killed, has on the other hand, been published,\nthere has been public access to it, and the United Nations report\ncompletely cleared the Diem regime of any of the charges that had\nbeen brought against him.\nCOLLINGWOOD: Governor, let's get Senator Kennedy in on this. We\nhaven't heard from him in a while. What about your answer to Jordan's\nquestion, Senator?\nKENNEDY: Well, why doesn't somebody ask me a question, and then\nI'll answer it specifically?\nJORDAN: Can I - can I ask you the question then?\nCOLLINGWOOD: Hands sprout up again. Go ahead, Jordan.\nJORDAN:\nself-determination, the principle of which Mr. Reagan\nmade use, seems to me to be violated by America's record in Vietnam,\nby its refusal to allow free elections which was the suggestion of the\nGeneva Convention, by its supporting of\nKENNEDY: O.K., I understand that. I understand. I would say that\nthere, as I've said before, I think that there were mistakes that\nwere made over the period of the last 10 years. There were mistakes\nin which I was involved - excuse me.\nJORDAN: Do you regard it as a mistake that a million civilians have\nbeen killed?\nKENNEDY: If a million civilians have been killed, I would regard it\nas a mistake - I think that the civilians being killed in North\nVietnam, or South Vietnam, I think that the terrorism that existed in\nNorth Vietnam was a mistake: I think that the terrorism - the killings\nthat took place in Hungary during the 1950's were a mistake; and I\nthink that some of the actions of President Diem in South Vietnam were\na mistake. I think that the United States at various times have\nbeen associated with governments which do not represent the will and\nthe wish of the people, and I think that that is most unfortunate, but\nI don't go on this program, and I don't think Governor Reagan goes on\nthis program, saying that we never made a mistake and that we never\nerred, because I think we have. But if we look at the present times,\nif I might say to you, if we look at the present time, the fact is,\nthe United States is willing to have elections in South Vietnam,\n7\nwilling to abide by the result of those elections, willing to permit\nan outside group to come in and supervise the elections, and it's\nthe North Vietnamese that are unwilling to accept that.\nLet me also say, if you want to criticize President Diem, I think\nthat at the same time, I would suggest that perhaps you could also\ncriticize North Vietnam. When did they last have a free election?\nWhen did they last have a free election in any of the countries who\nare our adversaries? I agree that our standard that we hold up to\nthe rest of the world might be higher and might be different, and\ntherefore we have a greater responsibility to adhere to it. And at\ntimes we have not in our relationships with some of the countries of\nLatin America, Asia and Africa, and I'd be glad to go into what I\nthink the explanation of that is. But I don't say that we are\nwithout fault, I don't say that even the administration that I was\ninvolved with - President Kennedy - was without fault, in our policy\ntowards Vietnam; but nor has North Vietnam. And the other important\npoint is, which I think you should accept, and have to accept, is the\nfact that we are willing at the present time to abide by elections.\nWe've stated it quite clearly, and that we were willing to permit\nan outside group to come in and supervise it.\nJORDAN: I don't know who you mean by \"we.\" But President Johnson\nand certainly Governor Reagan isn't prepared to have realistic\nnegotiations with the Vietcong, who you agree ought to be at the\nconference table. While they're spending 20 billion dollars a year\ndestroying the country, and while your government refuses\nKENNEDY: You're wrong in your figures again - it's about 25 billion.\nJORDAN: Oh, splendid, 25 billion dollars\nKENNEDY: But I wouldn't say - let me just say this - let's also -\nit doesn't do any good for any of us to get into exaggerations. We're\nnot spending 25 billion dollars to destroy the country. We feel very\nstrongly in the United States - you can smile if you wish - but we\nlisten to you, just listen to us for a second. We want the people of\nSouth Vietnam - again, Governor Reagan and I have some differences and\nI have perhaps differences with others, but - and - but the fact is\nthat we do agree that we will abide by the results of elections in\nSouth Vietnam. That's all we're interested in, in South Vietnam -\nthat people make their own determination. President Johnson has said\npublicly that he is willing to abide by the elections, and even if\nthe Communists take over the country, that the United States will\nwithdraw. Now if the North Vietnamese were to make a public\nstatement now, \"We'll abide by the elections, and we'll have elections\nthere in 60 days, and we'll have the I.C.C. come in and supervise the\nelections, 11 then I think that - and then we back down - then I think\nthere's more point to your statement. We held out the challenge, that\nwe're willing to abide by the election if that's where you put your\nemphasis. I think it's much more complicated.\nJORDAN:\nif it doesn't come about in 60 days - can we take it that\nI'm right?\nKENNEDY: Excuse me?\n8\nJORDAN: You said, sir, that if this doesn't happen in 60 days\nthere's a point to my question.\nKENNEDY: No - but will the North Vietnamese agree to elections?\nCan you deliver the North Vietnamese?\nSTEVEN MARKS: Senator Kennedy, can I ask you something about those\nelections because what I understand from reading the American press,\nis that in elections that have recently been held in South Vietnam,\nno one that the government considered in its own opinion was either\na neutralist or a Communist, was allowed to stand.\nKENNEDY: Yes, that's right.\nMARKS: And, there was also considerable intimidation. Now, it\nseems to me that if you - you accuse us being inconsistent, that if\nyou're going to accuse North Vietnam of not holding free elections,\nthen you should condemn the South Vietnam government that President\nJohnson is supporting for holding elections that are equally as\nfarcical as anything that ever happened in a Communist country.\nKENNEDY: Well, let me just say this, I said in the beginning that\nthere were mistakes and things done that I would disagree with in\nSouth Vietnam. I'm just saying - and I don't think - and I agree with\nyour criticism of the elections of South Vietnam. As I have said\nbefore, I don't think that's the point. The point is that we have\nsaid that we'd be willing to abide by the result of elections, and I\ndon't say that the elections that have been held have been free\nelections. You're absolutely right. The government of South\nVietnam has not permitted neutralists or Communists to - or people\nfrom the National Liberation Front, to participate in the elections\nthat it held in the past. But we said, the United States policy has\nbeen that if the North Vietnamese will agree to it, the National\nLiberation Front will agree to it, that we will agree to hold\nelections in which all parties will participate in South Vietnam\nand let the people themselves determine their own destiny. I said\nthat I'm sure we'd be willing to do that in 60 days, if you can get\nMr. Ho Chi Minh and the head of the National Liberation Front to\nparticipate with us. That is the challenge I'm offering to you.\nCOLLINGWOOD: Mr. Graziani of Italy.\nGRAZIANI: Yes. I mean, I think this very relevant. I think what we\nwant to know is what the Americans are doing in Vietnam. I think\nwhat we want to know is what right they have to be there. By going\nthere, they have breached the U.N. Charter, the U.S. Constitution,\nand the Geneva Agreements. What can you say about that?\nREAGAN: Well, I don't think they have breached any of those\nagreements. As a matter of fact, by the Geneva Agreement, two\ncountries were created, with the 17th Parallel dividing them\nSTUDENTS: No, no, a temporary division.\nREAGAN: A million people - a million people fled across the border\nto South Vietnam. Now\n9\nGRAZIANI: Can I quote you a passage from the Geneva Agreement?\n\"The 17th Parallel dividing North from South Vietnam is mere\nprovisional military demarcation line, and should not in any way\nbe interpreted as constituting a political or territorial boundary.\nThe introduction into Vietnam of foreign troops and military\npersonnel, arms and ammunitions is prohibited.\" Don't you think\nthat this is abridged?\nREAGAN: Oh, Mr. Graziani, I - just a moment. When I said this,\nI'm not talking about the fact that Geneva set this up as a separate\ncountry, but once the demarcation line was set, was it not Ho Chi Minh.\nand the North Vietnamese that closed that border after a million\nrefugees had fled from the Communist regime that was imposed in North\nVietnam - had fled to South Vietnam? Did they not make this a country\nthemselves, and did they not create or start the aggression with\nregard to a South Vietnam in violation of that treaty? (Several\nvoices)\nCOLLINGWOOD: Let's hear Senator Kennedy on this, Mr. Graziani.\nLet's hear Senator Kennedy on this.\nKENNEDY: Well, first, I - I think probably I've some differences\nwith Governor Reagan regarding communism at the moment. First, I'd\nsay\nGRAZIANI: Answer my question first.\nKENNEDY: Well, I don't know\nGRAZIANI: I'm sorry. You should. You should give the legal right\nfor America to be in Vietnam.\nKENNEDY: I'll come around to it. I think I can answer it the way\nI want. I don't think that communism is a monolithic political system\nat the moment. I think there are very major differences between the\nSoviet Union and Communist China, and I think that that's recognized\nin the United States, as I think it's recognized in Europe and\nrecognized elsewhere around the globe.\nI agree that I don't think that the Communist system wishes us well,\nbut I think that it's recognized that - that it's a different system\nthan it was 20 years ago, that we're going to make every effort\nwithin the United States, our governments, our people make every\neffort to try to reach an accomodation, particularly with the Soviet\nUnion, that we recognize the danger from China, but that as President\nJohnson has said, that we're going to make every effort to try to\nreach an accomodation also with Communist China, if that's possible.\nPerhaps out of the internal struggles that are taking place within\nChina at the present time, out of that might come a government which -\nwith which not only the United States, but the Soviet Union and other\ncountries around the globe could deal. That's what we're hoping.\nCOLLINGWOOD: Let's see what some of the others\nGRAZIANI: You did not answer the question.\nKENNEDY: I will be glad to answer the question.\n10\nGRAZIANI: I asked you already, what are the legal rights for the\nAmerica to be in Vietnam?\nKENNEDY: I'm going to answer that. I'll just say that other people\nhave raised points. And I think that it's interesting that they've\nraised them and that we're going to discuss them. But in any case,\nwe were invited to come in, in 1955 by the government at that time\nto give help and assistance. It was after - in -- during 1959, 1960,\n1961, 1962, when there were indications that North Vietnam was\nsupporting some insurgency within the South, and it was to struggle\nagainst that insurgency that the United States sent greater numbers\nof people. We have had the same agreements in Western Europe. We\nsent troops to Western Europe and kept them there with NATO after\nthe end of the Second World War to insure that there wouldn't be\nan overthrowing of the governments of those countries and that the\npeople themselves could determine their own destiny and their own\nfuture.\nCOLLINGWOOD: TOWN MEETING OF THE WORLD will be back in 2 moment.\n(ANNOUNCEMENT)\n11\nCOLLINGWOOD: Well, we're having a brisk argument about whether\nDI not the National Liberation Front should be represented, and\namong the students there are all sorts of hands up. Steven Marks.\nSTEVEN MARKS: Well, first of all, I'd like to ask Governor Reagan\nhow he thinks that his attitude towards legitimacy and the\nprinciple of no negotiation with rebels, had it been applied\nin the 18th century, I'd like to know how he thinks his country\nwould ever have achieved independence?\nREAGAN: I think we have to be pretty realistic about these\nsupposed wars of liberation; the legitimate uprising of a people\nwho rose as did the Americans a couple of hundred years ago\nagainst what they considered a tyranny and invasion of rights,\nbeginning with the line of the Declaration, \"When in the course\nof human events.\" We must be realistic enough today to ask\nourselves, are these truly wars of liberation and the uprising of\na people, or are these being instigated by someone outside as a\npart of the great ideological conflict which still seems to be\ngoing on in the world today?\nNow, this is what I - if the Vietcong and the South Vietnamese\nsit down and negotiate out whatever differences have caused the\nVietcong to rebel, I think we might be surprised to discover that\nthe Vietcong - I wouldn't be surprised, is a very tiny minority\ninstigated by an outside force, namely North Vietnam, but it\nhardly constitutes an uprising of the people of South Vietnam.\nRENNEDY: And I think that it's important that the United States\nassociate itself with - with those forces within a country who are\nin favor not just of change for change's sake, but - but for a\nbetter life for the people of these nations, not with the prince in\nhis palace or the general in his barracks, but with the peasant\nin the field, and with the student and with those who want to\nlead a better life, and lead their country in a better life, not\nto turn over to one tyranny, however, for another tyranny, not for\none kind of dictatorship to another kind of dictatorship.\nGELLA SKOURAS: Would you like to see the United States dissociate\nitself from the military regime which is now in Greece?\nKENNEDY: Greece. Well, I think it's unfortunate whenever a -\nthe military takes over from a democratic system in a country.\nI think it's particularly unfortunate when it takes place in\nEurope where the other countries look to for *** other countries\nof the world look to for some kind of guidanc , and I think,\nparticularly, because democracy began in Greece, began in Athens,\nthat it's particularly unfortunate that it should happen there.\nI think the United States must make it clear that we - that our\nrelationship with Greece is going to continue to be strained\nunless the country returns to democratic processes, and I, for\none, would be opposed to giving any military aid or assistance to\nGreece until it's made quite clear that the people themselves\nare going to determine their future, not a military junta.\n12\nCOLLINGWOOD: Do you agree with that, Governor Reagan?\nREAGAN: Well, this is a pretty cloudy situation over there, and\nI'm not sure that I agree completely that - well, I'm not sure\nthat the forces that the military junta rose up to put down were\ncompletely dedicated to Greece's welfare, or whether they perhaps\nwere again a part of this instigation of uprising and violence\non the part of people who have a prior allegiance to an economic\nand political theory that they believe should dominate the world.\nVLADIMIR PERENOSOV: We think the Communists will be all over the\nworld, because it is a very good system. You believe that\nanother system will be all over the world, but we shouldn't\nquarrel, we shouldn't fight against each other and instead of\nsaying such things as you said, we would like to negotiate and\nwe would like to have it in Vietnam nowadays, and we would like\nto negotiate now in Vietnam and not - not to see American troops\nin Vietnam now. And we know that over 50,000 people, American\nsoldiers, are going to Vietnam, and we think that it will create\na new world war, because the Chinese Prime Minister said that if\nAmericans landed in North Vietnam, they will have to send their\nvolunteers there. And you know that the Soviet Union in the open\nsaid about that, that it would like to send volunteers, too, and\nso it might create a new dangerous world war. And I think instead\nof sending American troops to Vietnam, it's better to negotiate\nand to stop this war in Vietnam, and to negotiate between the\nSoviet Union and America, and to create a very good atmosphere.\nBRADLEY: This discussion is now sounding like many I've had at\nOxford, and many I've had in Europe. It's one in which discussions\non Vietnam somehow degenerate into polemical accusations and\ndisputations of facts, etc., etc. I think there is a basic under-\nstanding that must be had in any kind of discussion here, and\nthat is that the United States is not out to achieve a position of\npower in land or economic force in the world. And I think that\nthere are other things that we should debate here. When you talk\nabout negotiations which seem to be the main advocation of\neveryone here, well, what - so we have negotiations, and we bring\nthe people from NLF and we bring the people from North Vietnam,\nand we bring the people from South Vietnam and the United States.\nThen, what do we negotiate for? Do we negotiate for a stable\nAsia and what does a stable Asia mean? Does this mean that the\nUnited States should be present in Asia, or does it mean that\nthe United States should be absent, and let the revolutionary\nforces take their course?\nI think these are more important questions that could be asked,\nand I'm sure, for example, that Mr. Singh from India, if we\nasked him if the Chinese happened to attack India, to whom would\nhe first go for help? Would he go to the Soviet Union, or would\nhe go to the United States? I think that there are certain\nconsiderations here about stability in Asia that haven't been\nanswered.\nCOLLINGWOOD: Well, let's see, I called on Mr. Delvaque of France\nbefore.\n13\nDELVAQUE: Bill has mentioned recently the necessity of the\npresence\n- or the choice of the presence of the United States\nin Asia - I think the best presence of any country in any other\ncountry is a diplomatic presence. And President Johnson has\nmentioned the necessity of, say, normalizing the relationship\nbetween the United States and China. Governor Reagan, do you\nthink this normalization is desirable?\nREAGAN: Well, the only objection that I've had with some of the\nbuilding of bridges that has been attempted by this country, is\nvery frankly, we haven't been hard-nosed enough in getting - now\nwhen I say concession, I don't mean that they have to buy their\nway but in getting concessions that would also help build the\nbridge from the other end.\nFor example, I think when we signed the Consular Treaty with the\nSoviet Union, I think that there were things that we could have\nasked in return. I think it would be very admirable, if the\nBerlin Wall, which was built in direct contravention to a treaty =\nif the Berlin Wall should disappear, I think that this would be\na step toward peace, and towards self-determination for all the\npeoples if it were. And so, I think that what you're bringing\nup here, and this ties in with something that Bill Bradley said,\nand it's very significant - Among people of good will in the\nworld today, there is too much of a tendency to argue challenging or\nsuspecting the other fellow's motive, when perhaps what we're\nchallenging is only the method that has been suggested. Let's\nstart with the premise that all people want peace, and not\nsuspect that anything that someone else suggests is a plot.\nFor example, we don't want the Berlin Wall knocked down so that\nit's easier to get at the throats of the East Germans. We just\nthink that a wall that is put up to confine people, and keep\nthem within their own country instead of allowing them the free-\ndom of world travel, has to be somehow wrong.\nDELVAQUE: I don't think you are really answering my question.\nI - I asked you whether you consider that the normalization of\nthe relationship between the United States and China was desirable.\nREAGAN: Well, well I thought I had. I guess maybe I was too\ngeneral in that. When you say the normalization, what do you\nmean? Do you mean that the United States should\nDELVAQUE: That's what I want you to tell me\nREAGAN: All right, the United States, we'll say, has wheat and\nChina is undergoing a great famine. And we could help with that\nwheat. Should we stand over here and give that wheat to the\ngovernment of the Red Chinese who, incidentally, have never proven\nthat they are the choice of the Chinese people\nWARUHIU: Do you think Chiang Kai-shek is a better choice?\nREAGAN: Wait a minute, wait a minute. Just a minute before my\nyoung English friend smiles - there - aloud. What if we said,\nin an effort to bring friendship between the two peoples, that\n14\nwe be allowed to provide this wheat in such a way that we are\nsure that the Chinese people, those who need it, can get it, at\nthe same time that we ask in return for the Red Chinese to sit\ndown with an effort toward giving up some of their hostile\nutterances which openly announce their aggressive intent. Is\nthis wrong?\nWARUHIU: Governor Reagan, you're on record as having supported\nSenator Goldwater when he was running for President. One of the\nthings he said was extremism was about - was about extremism and\nliberty. Now, how do you - do you see any essential difference\nbetween saying this and a Stokely Carmichael saying to hell with\nthe laws of this country? Aren't those two saying as extreme -\nI mean, as each - aren't they both extreme? And when you talk\nabout Red China giving up some of its hostile sayings, would you\ngive up this saying which is patently hostile?\nREAGAN: Well, I don't think there was anything hostile in what\nhe said. Actually, I could have questioned whether that was the\ntime and place to say it. He was paraphrasing a very famous\nremark that goes back, I guess, to Cicero. And what he was\nparaphrasing - he was paraphrasing in that statement the idea\nof all-out defense of virtue - all-out defense of liberty, and\nthat there was - I would think that a soldier who died in\nWorld War II fighting Hitlerism had gone all the way out in his\ndefense of what we believe to be right and moral, virtuous, and\ncertainly in defense of freedom. Now, to turn this\nWARUSHIU: Excuse me, sir, could you substitute communism\nfor virtue and you see the deadlock which it would produce. You\nthink something is good; he thinks something else is good. You\nwant him to give up some of his hostile views. You are not\nprepared to move back one inch from yours.\nREAGAN: May I ask, all right, wait a minute. Let me ask you\none question. I could almost guess the answer, but I know\nwhat the answer is in my own heart, and that of people who will\nreally weigh this. At the end of World War II, one nation in the\nworld had unprecedented power, had not suffered any damage to\nits industrial complex, had the greatest military force the\nworld had ever seen put together, the United States. The rest\nof the world was war-weary. The United States also had the\nonly bomb that had been demonstrated. We had the atomic\nbomb, that great weapon. Now, the United States disarmed, the\nUnited States made no effort to impose its will on the rest of\nthe nations. Can you honestly say in your he rt that had the\nSoviet Union been in a comparable position with that bomb, or\ntoday's Red Chinese, in a position with that bomb, and with that\ngreat military force, that the world would not today have been\nconquered by that force? But this country did not.\nWARUHIU: Don't forget that the Soviet Union which fought\nthe war is not the Soviet Union mich is here now. And in any\ncase, there is no comparison really. How can you give an answer\nto such a purely hypothetical question?\n15\nREACAN: No, I am saying this, as an evidence of the proof.\nWe're talking - we were supposed to - on this program - we\nwere supposed to be talking about the image of America, and I\nwould like to point out how consistent this was with our past,\nof no aggressive intent, at. a chance when for the first time,\nperhaps in all of the world's history, there was a nation with the\npower to have done it. You know, perhaps one day, history\nmight record that we goofed, that that was the time when the\nUnited States should have said to everyone, lay down your arms,\nand then we'll lay down ours.\nCOLLINGWOOD: We have a representative of the Soviet Union here.\nVladimir Perenosov, what about that?\nPERENOSOV: It seems to me that it is very strange to hear\nfrom you that America, the only country who used an atomic bomb\nand didn't use it against another country. It seems to me that\nit isn't a very good idea to say SO. We now have a lot of\narmaments. We now have a lot of people, but we are not going to\nuse this armament, these people against America, or against another\ncountries. And it seems to me that America, who did take part\nin the last war, and the Soviet Union did take part in the last\nwar, and if we say for example about America who gave a lot to\nfinish the war with Hitler, with Germany, we can speak about\nthat, from the - from the Soviet point of view, but we don't\nboast about that. It isn't necessary to do that I think so\nCOLLINGWOOD: We'll get back to this in a moment, as we continue\nwith TOWN MEETING OF THE WORLD.\n(ANNOUNCEMENT)\nCOLLINGWOOD: Now the lovely blond girl from England.\nJEAN SOLOMON: I'd like to change the subject to civil rights.\nIn England there is a growing movement for legislation against\nracial discrimination. I believe that many states have\nexperienced this legislation. Would those candidates like to\ncomment on this and perhaps other countries may learn from\nAmerica's experience.\nCOLLINGWOOD: Senator Kennedy, you were Attorney General when\nthe civil rights legislation was in a crucial phase.\nKENNEDY: Well, I'm not familiar with the exact kind of\nlegislation being proposed within your own C untry. We passed\nsome major bills in 1964, 1965, 1966 which gave some guarantees\nto individuals in the field of education, in the field of using\npublic accomodations such as hotels and restaurants, and in\nthe field of job discrimination. Some of the legislation has\nbeen more effective than other parts of it. But there was an\neffort by the United States to try to deal with the problem,\nnot completely successfully, but at least we started to make the\neffort. If you want to talk about some particular piece of\n16\nlegislation - I think it was extremely important that we pass\nthe legislation. I think it was extremely important that we\nrecognized the problem and began to deal with it, but I would\nsay to you quite frankly we've by no means made this very\ndifficult problem that affects the United States disappear, and\nwe're going to have a lot of problems including some of the\ndisorders that have happened in the past over the period of the\nlast 6 years, we're going to continue to have those within our\nown country for some years to come. We're dealing with a heritage\nof 150 years - we've been unjust to our minority groups, and\nparticularly the Negroes - as well as some other groups - the\nMexican-Americans, the Indians, and we've just begun to recognize\nit and now we're starting to deal with it. And I think we're\ngoing to have to continue to deal with it in the form of\nlegislative action as well as personal activity on the part of\nall of us.\nCOLLINGWOOD: Governor Reagan, what do you think as a governor\nof a great state of the effectiveness of American civil rights\nlegislation?\nREAGAN: Well, I think with all of the disorders we've lost\nsight of some of the progress that has been made. There can be\nno question that in this country, well, I guess in all the world -\nthere is the heritage of those people who mistrust those who are\ndifferent, and when you have - and history tells us, when you've\nhad a people enslaved, you have a much harder time. It is not\njust a racial or ethnic or religious difference. There is a\nprejudice that remains. Now, I happen to believe that the greatest\npart of the problem lies in the hearts of men. I think that\nbigotry and prejudice is probably the worst of all man's ills -\nthe hardest to correct. And in addition to legislation which\nguarantees and enforces our constitution - and our constitution -\nand it differs from the constitutions of many of the countries\nrepresented there by the young people. Many constitutions promise\ntheir people the same things that ours does, but there's one\nsubtle and yet very great difference. Those constitutions in\nmany other countries say the government grants to the people\nthese rights and our constitution says you are born with these\nrights just by virtue of being a human being, and no government\ncan take them from you. Now we've found it necessary to legislate,\nto make it more possible for government to exert its responsibility\nto guarantee those constitutional rights. At the same time, we\nhave much more that can be done in the area of just human\nrelationships. I happen to bridge a time span in which I was\na radio sports announcer for major league sp rts in our country,\nin athletics, many years ago. At that time the great American\ngame of baseball had a rulebook whose opening line was: \"Baseball\nis a game for Caucasian gentlemen. 11 And up until that time,\nup until World War II, there'd never been a Negro play in\norganized major league OT minor league baseball in America. And\none man defied that rule - a man named Branch Rickey of one of the\nmajor league teams, anu today baseball is far better off and\nour country is far better off because he destroyed that by hand-\npicking one man and putting him on his baseball team, and the\nrule disappeared. Now I don't say this is the only answer, but\n17\nwe must use both, and I think the people in positions like ourselves -\nlike the Senator and myself, like the President of the United\nStates, can do a great deal of good, perhaps almost as much as\nproper legislation, if we take the lead in saying those who\noperate their businesses or their lives on a basis of practicing\ndiscrimination and prejudice are practicing what is an evil\nsickness. And that we would not knowingly patronize a business\nthat did such a thing, and we urge all right-thinking people to\njoin us and not patronize that business. Soon we will make those\nwho live by prejudice learn that they stand alone, that they're\nCOLLINGWOOD: Excuse me, Governor, Andrew Verzar, our Swiss student,\nhasn't been on yet.\nANDREW VERZAR: Through this rather irrelevant rhetoric, to my\nmind, how does Mr. Reagan explain the fact that there is a very\nmuch higher percentage of Negro soldiers in the Vietnamese - in\nthe American forces in Vietnam than there is a percentage of\nNegroes in the States. Is it perhaps due to the fact that Negroes\nhave more difficulty still and will continue to have more\ndifficulty in finding jobs in America?\nREAGAN: I don't think anyone could deny that because of this\nheritage of prejudice which the Senator referred to, there has\nbeen, and among our minority groups, a greater percentage who\ndid not go on through our educational system - did not qualify\nthemselves for the better jobs, and so therefore there perhaps\nis a higher percentage who find the army or the military a\nsuitable job and a good job in the face of lack of opportunity\nin other lines. And this could be true.\nCOLLINGWOOD: Senator Kennedy, what about your views?\nKENNEDY: I think his point is well taken. The gentleman,\nI think, from Switzerland - there are a higher degree - a higher\nrate of Negroes serving in Vietnam than the population as a\nwhole, and the casualties in Vietnam amongst Negroes is higher\nthan the population as a whole. I think that's partially due\nto what he mentions.\nSecondly, I think it's also the fact that the draft has been\nunfair here in this country, and has discriminated against those\nwho are poor and those in the lower economic groups which we're\ntrying to remedy now.\nBut these are some of the problems and we've recognized it and\nwe're trying to do something about it. Some legislation was\npassed in the United States Senate just this past week, which\nwill at least partially rectify the situation. But the Negroes\nand the lower economic groups a larger percentage of them\nas a population as a whole have been drafted, taken into the\nArmy, and have been serving in Vietnam and have suffered casualties.\nAnd I think that it's most unfortunate.\n18\nCOLLINGWOOD: Senator, Governor Reagan, gentlemen and ladies of\nour university group, I'm afraid that our time has run out. I\nknow you didn't get a lot of questions in that you would have\nliked to have done, and I suspect that the Governor and the\nSenator didn't get some answers in that they would have liked, but\nthank you very much for being with us on this TOWN MEETING OF THE\nWORLD.\nKENNEDY: Could we just say a word, please?\nCOLLINGWOOD: This is Charles Collingwood - yes, say a word.\nKENNEDY: Just how much we've enjoyed, and I'm sure Governor Reagan\nhas, and obviously we don't agree on all of these matters. But\nit's so extremely important within our own country that we have\na dialogue. We make major mistakes within the United States. We\nrecognize that. Perhaps we don't remedy them as rapidly as you\nwould like to see us remedy or deal with them, but there are\npeople. Even though Governor Reagan and I represent different\npolitical parties and perhaps a different point of view on some\nof these matters, we've recognized the fact that we are obviously\nfar from perfect.\nBut the world is so close together now because of technology,\nbecause of a lot of different things, that it's SO important that\nwe have these kind of exchanges, and particularly as the world\nbelongs to you, that what we do and the decisions that we make\nhave an effect on your lives, that you continue where you see\nthat we make mistakes, that you continue to criticize. But, as\nI said earlier, that you examine the facts. And that all of us,\nwhether we here in the United States, or elsewhere, examine the\nfacts and try to deal with them.\nPlato once said that all things are to be questioned - and all\nthings are to be examined, and brought into question - there\nis no limit set to thought, and I think that has to apply for\nall of us, particularly those who have the advantage of an\neducation. Thank you.\nREAGAN: Mr. Collingwood, is there time for just a word of\nfarewell?\nCOLLINGWOOD: Governor, I'll let you second that.\nREAGAN: Well, I do second it. The very fact that we have\ndiscussion and differences, I think, brings me to the point -\nbeing the oldest one here, I can take the liberty of giving a\nlittle advice to the young people.\nI believe the highest aspiration of man should be individual\nfreedom and the development of the - of the individual, that\nthere is a sacredness to individual rights. And I would like\nto say to all of the young people as they pursue their way, and\nthis has been very stimulating, I think you should weigh\neverything that is proposed to you, everything in the line of\ngovernment and law and economic theory, everything of that kind\nand weigh it on this one scale - that it should at all\n19\ntimes not offer you some kind of sanctuary or security in exchange\nfor your right to fly as high and as far as your own strength and\nability will take you as an individual, with no ceiling put on\nthat effort. Plenty of room for a floor underneath so that no\none in this world should live in degradation, beneath that floor,\nbut you reserve the right for yourself to be free.\nCOLLINGWOOD: Thank you very much again. This is TOWN MEETING\nOF THE WORLD. This is Charles Collingwood. Good night.\n(ANNO UNCEMENT)\nANNOUNCER: This has been another in the CBS NEWS series, TOWN\nMEETING OF THE WORLD. Tonight's subject was \"The Image of America\nand the Youth of the World.\n11\nTOWN MEETING OF THE WORLD was recorded earlier today for\nbroadcast at this time and was edited under the supervision\nand control of CBS NEWS.\nCBS NEWS wishes to acknowledge the cooperation of the British\nBroadcasting Company and Television Station KXTV, Sacramento,\nfor their help in providing facilities for this broadcast. The\nparticipants in London were linked to the United States via the\nAtlantic communications satellite.\n-\n10/15/67\nPLEASE CREDIT ANY QUOTES OR EXCELPTS FROM THIS ABC RABIO\n24\nMI PROGRAM to \"EBO'S # is ISSESS AdD ANSWERS:\nISSUES AND #\nProduced by Paggy Wherion\nOctober 15, 1 1967\n000\nGIZST:\nnos. RONALD REAGAN, Governox of California\nENTHRROGADED BY:\nJohn Komen, ABC New York Correspondent\nPill Lawrence, Inc Political Editor\n000\n2\n4R. LAWRENCE: You have often stated you are not\nan active candidate for the Presidency, but are you now\nwilling to declare ES dirmly as Governor welson Rockefeller\nhas done this week-end that you ao not wish to become\ninvolved or have your friends get you involved at this\n5\nPresidential Conference?\nG\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: Bill, I have been saying that over and\n7\nover in this thing going on in New Hampshire. Not\n0\nonly have I asked a personal friend going into that area to\n9\ncarry a message for me to people who are suggesting this\n10\nkind of involvement, but we have just recently sent is letter\n11\nto every paper in New Hampshire, disavowing the efforts\nthat are being made in my behalf and urging that such\n2\nefforts be stopped.\n14\nMR. LAWRENCE: Well, now this friend you sent to New\n15\n?\nHampshire, that was Leland Kaiser, is that right?\n16\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: Yes.\n17\nMR. LAWRENCE: I understand he reported back to you that\n13\nthere was such building sentiment that ne just coulon't\nBY\novercome it,\n20\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: ite didn't report that to me Dut I\n21\nhave heard he said that publicly. I didn't send him to\nNew Hampshire, what had happened is that ne is a nember\n23\nof the Republican National Finance Committee and I knew\n24\nthat he and his wife were planning, they were coming east\ningland States. a driving trip, at NOTOR trip, and I\nSent air a letter and saie if at any time, E uidn't ware to\nont him out, but if he ned the opportunity and would Le\n5\nseeing any of the Republican leadership who might be involved\n3\nin this thing, would be convey that message to them, and\n7\nhe not only graciously did tais and took the letter, but I\nam sure die go out of his way to carry that word to a number\nof them.\n10\nMR. LAWRENCE: Well, I travel a lot, Governor, and\nin my experience as I travel around the country there due a\n12\nlot of rising \"Reagan for President\" sentiment, Do you\n13\ndetect it in your travels away from home - Illinois, Wisconsin,\n14\nSouth Carolina, an last night, Kentucky\n15\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: Well, Bill, I have to De conscious\n16\nof that But I have made no eifort 6b find out now deep is it.\n17\nYou know it is very easy to get impressed at an airport\n$8\nwith a welcome and a group of people who are expressing\n19\nthis sentiment, but when you stop to think how big the\n20\nalley is, that group at the airport is relatively small.\n31\ndow whether that group is the Exam total of that feeling\n32\nor whether it is deener I have made no effort to fine\n23\nand Let the say here lest it sound as if I am disparaging\n24\nthose who are doing this, anyone would have to be tremenously\n20\nhondred and grateful that anyone would think of nin in\n4\nconnection with this office, regardless of what his inter\non:\nWASHINGTON CO., of course, this is something that down inside\nas 100 3 have got to feel water and good about, but it\ndoes not change my position. I am not a candidate.\nER, KOMEN: Governor, if you are not an active candidate\nfor President, why do you move out of your nome base,\nand particularly into some states which are counted for forme\nVice President Richard Nixon?\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: Well, John, I know this is the taing\nthat you fellows can find and it serms to be an Achilles\nhael in this whole position, but let me cite my own\nbackground before I ever held office. I have been on the\nmashed potato circuit for a number of years. I have been\nspeaking publicly - fund raising, dinners and so fortn,\n13\nfor, I suppose, about 20 years. And it is true in the Party\n16\nonce you are an office holder, I think you have certain\n17\nchores that you should do for the Party. This is part\n16\nof the job. It is also true that each one of us improves\nIS\nhils box office the farther away from nome he gets. Thus\n20\nyou go 2, Long way from home and there is a curiosity about\nyou and therefore you are better box office in selling\n22\nthe tickets to the fund raising dinner. The same is\ntrue in our state, We have a great many people from the\nEast and the Midwest who come to California and do funu\n25\nraisert. We have left the selection of the places I go\n5\nto be determined by the Chairmen of the Senate and\nCongrassional Compatgn Committees in Washington - Benrge\ndurphy for the Senate, Bob Wilson for the Congressional\nCommittee. and the priorities are established on those\n5\nareas where the Republicans think we have tile best\nchance, where we should put the most effort in\nHow, for exemple last night I spoke at a Fund raiser,\n?\na gubernatorial campaign of Louis Nunn in Kentucky,\nbut I would also like to call to your attention Senator\n10\nDirksen, Senator Murphy, Senator Pannin, have all been in\nthere, Governor Kirk of Florida has been in there.\n18\nThis is a good key area for our party. This is the\n13\nonly explanation fox the engagements that I have the\n1.8\ninvitations I have accepted,\n15\nMR. KOMEN: To bolster the Republicans' campaign chest.\nto\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: Yes, and they are kind of concentrated\n17\nnow because I had to refuse virtually all of those\n18\ninvitations for the months from last January up through late\n10\nsummer because of our legislative session. New our\nlogislature is not 16 seasion and I was able to crem\n21\nsome of these dates into these few months before they meet\n22\nagain.\n28\nMR. LAWRENCE: Covernor, are you in any trouble at\n24\nhome or are you getting any heat are home because you are\ngetting away moin? Do you think Le Is entirely safe to go\n6\noff OD child Conference craise this week with the\nexpectation of scouble 1n San Francisco and Oakland\nin this anti-Vietnes Wair thing?\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: Wall, Bill, this is something we\nreally did some soul-searching about. There is no question\nbut that there is going to be trouble in California. But\nwe had to face this - I had to face this one\nthing: The threat of this kind of trouble created by\na little minority that has to be less than one percent ---\nthey are 59 percent of the noise, but they are one percent\nof the people - 1.£ we are going to continue to abandon and\nleave the regular functions of the office - not do the\nthings that are normally required, simply because of this\nkind of threat, than you are going to find that pretty\nsoon the constitutional officers of a state are going to\nbe sitting there spending most of their time waiting to\n17\nreact to the next threst.\nNow we have a great system that has been working on a\npersonent and a 24-hour basis, We have organized completely\nour disaster office, our Attorney General's office,\n21\nthe California State Highway Patrol, and the National Guard.\nWe have almost a permanent liaison in the leading cities\nof California with Local Naw enforcement. We have a\nsystem whereby at even the hine of trouble, long before any\nof the state aid is called for, We are in actual physical\n7\n1\nliaison in the local police headquarters with comparable\nenlogatos AS Sacramento in the Governor's office.\nNow this system 10 see up to operate in this next\n2\nweek and Bob 3. Finch, who 1: Lieutenent Governor, has been\nan\nin on all the briefings - unlike what might have happened\n6\nin the past in California, our Lieutenant Governor knows what\n7\nis going on in the Governor's office,\n8\nMR. LAWRENCE: Governor, is there any way you could get\na\noff this cruise ship and get back if they needed you?\n10\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: Yes, Bill, this is the other thing.\n11\nAnd not only myself but a number of Governors actually\n12\nbid to facia and sit doun with those who have planned this\n13\nGovernors Conference as to what our problems might be\n14\nand the result is they tell us we are insured of constant\n15\ncomunication, plus the ability to ba taken off the snip by\n16\nholicopter at any point in the entire trip and delivered\n17\nback for a flight to our own capitals.\n18\nSo assured of that, and with perfect confidence in\n19\nBob Finch 3 ability and understanding of the situation\n20\nand our own forces. I felt that I had an obligation.\n21\nI have never been to the Governors' Conference, completely.\n22\nThis is En important Governors' Conference and I falt I\n23\nhad an obligation to go.\n24\nMR. KOMENE To get back to the Presidential race,\nGovernor, have you any favorite now - you say you are not\n25\n8\na candidate - do you have any favorite now among those\nvarious persons Valo appear to be running?\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: so, and it wouldn't be proper for 104:\nto answer that, John, because if I am going to be, as\nSt\nI stated I will be) a favorite son candidate, with the idea,\n$\nto explain to those who might not understand, that at\n2\nfavorite son candidacy is not as we know actually a\n6\ncandidacy, it is technically so, but it is in order to\nhold a delegation together SO that your state can make its\npresence fult better in helping determine the issues in\nchoosing candicates, if I am going to do that, it certainly\nwouldn be proper for me now, even before I have chosen a\n13\nslate of delegates to make 3 cecision or announce that I\n14\nfavor someche.\n15\n*****\n16\nMR. KOMEN: Governor, resuming our discussion about\n17\npossible Presidential candidates, can you see a consensus\n18\ndeveloping among the Republican Governors over a single\n3\ncontender, perhaps restoring the power or strength\n20\nof the Republican Governors as a political force?\n23\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: Not at the moment. I would doubt\n22\nthat, Y know there have beer some who suggested this, but\n23\nI can't believe that the Governors in advance would have\n24\nany more tendency to go together CI\n25\nunite as = force than any other members of the Party. I\n10\ndo think, however, that It is going to be different than\nit has been in the past. 1 think the Party has learned\nsease Lossons and that we can expect. a consensus benind\nthe chosen nominee.\nMR. KOMEN But that would be after the Convention?\n$\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: After the Convention.\n6\n7\nMR. LIMRENCE: Governor, there has been a lot of\na\nnewspaper talk about a Rockefeller-Reagan ticken or a Rommey-\nReagen ticket. Is this even remotely possible?\n3\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: No.\n10\nMR. LAWRENCE: Well, what about a Reagan-Rockefeller\n11\nticket?\n12\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: No, I said I am not a candidate for\n13\nthat either, On the other spot I have great respect for\n14\nthe office, but I didn't choose to have a political career\n15\nand I am doing what I am doing because of some strong\n16\nbeliefs in things that I thought had to and should be\n17\ntried at least in government. I just happen to believe there\n18\nis more opportunity to do those things in the position I\n19\nhold than there would be as Vice President. But I am not a\n08\ncapdidate for either one.\nTill\n22\nMR. LAWRENCE: Could you be drafted for either?\n33\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: 1 don't foresee that having to\n24\nbe a question --\n25\nMR LAWRENCE: I don't think that is quite responsive,\n10\nthough, Governor, The question is, could you be, not\nwill you be?\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: Well, now, Bill, here again you get in\na hypothetical situation and I got in trouble answering\nthis trying to answer it once before at the Western\nGovernors' Conference.\nThe question of this gets down to the Sherman statement,\nand would someone make the Sherman statement. Well, I like\nto remember what former President Eisenhower said to me one\n9\nto\nday on a golf course about the Sherman statement. He said\n\"IE is a foolish statement that even Sherman shouldn't have\nmade.\" It calls into being does anyone have a right,\n12\nIf there is a legitimate call on the part of their\ncitizens for them to serve, does any citizen have a right\nto refuse that? But again, I say, I don't anticipate that.\nTO\n16\n12\n18\n19\n20\n27\n22\n23\n11\n?\nMR. FORED: Det 3 curn, now, to Victora, Governor. You\nhave beer mutted as saying you would give the generals a freer\nand in curring the war. Do you think this is safe from a\n3\nvorldwide point of view or from a civilian-control-of-the-\nmilitary point of view?\n152\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: Nell, I would like to comment on that\n6\nbecause I have seen/ myself quoted, and perhaps it is my own fault.\n27\nMaybe I didn't tie it together or make it clear enough but,\n6\nmuoted to the extent that it looked as if I am one who would\na\nout everything in the hands of the military and say, \"Take\n10\npicks: Go ahead. 0\n11\nNo one in this country with any reason or common sense\n12\nwould ever give up our philosophy or our belief in the control\n13\nof the military by the civilian. This is inherent in our whole\n14\nsystem and we will preserve it. But when you talk about giving\n15\nmore attention to the military, or heeding their recommenda-\n16\ntions more, you ere talking about it in the context and the\n17\nframework of those responsible for national policy. In a\n16\ncombat or a conflict such as we are in, taking the generals\n19\ninto their confidence as to what are the goals, what are we\n20\ntrying to achieve, what are our fears, what are the things we\n21\nare worried about, and chen saying to the generals, \"With\n22\nthat framework in mind, within that framework, you, as\n23\ntophnicians in the field, you) as experts in the field, what\n24\nare your recommendations as to how to achieve these objectives?\"\n25\n12\nMR. SCHEN: You don't think that is being done, now?\nGOVERNOR REACKS: Apparently not, from the number of\nmilitary men who, in testifying before Congressional committee\n2\nhave expressed dissatisfaction. One of two things is im-\nportant. Either they have not been taken into the confidence\n6\nof the administration with regard to the goals or they feel\nthe and eve military decisions that could be made that would do\nB\na better job of schieving those goals.\nNow I would hate to think that the civilian administra-\n10\ntion has kept those entrusted with the fighting of the war\n11\nin the dark. So I have to assume that, aware of the objective\n12.\naware of the risks, they have advocated certain things the\nth\n13\nbelieve would bring those objectives to completion sooner\n2\nand one that seems to be the most general, of course, is the\n15\nconstant and almost unanimous recommendation of the military\n16\nthat we should have long since stopped the flow of traffic\nZIP\nin and out of the port of Haiphong because that is where 85\n52\npercent of the materiel is coming in that is killing American\n10\nmen.\n20\nMR. LAWRENCE: Were you correctly quoted, Governor, as\n21\nsaying that if the military favored invasion of North Vietnam,\n22\nyou would Cavor it?\n29\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: Again in this context of them also\n26\nbeing privy to the objectives end the information that the\nadministration has. This, of course, touches on what I\n18\n3\nthink is one of the key issues in this whole situation: the\ncredibility gap. The fact that not only the people but\n3\nothers who should be informed, representatives in Congress\nand the Senate and in the, perhaps, military, are not privy\n5\nto what is creating national policy, or what is dictating\nnational policy.\nI'm\nI think the people of the country have the wisdom to\n&\nknow more than they have been told, and it is very difficult\n@\nfor any of U.G to sit here and give an answer or speculate on\n10\nVietnam, as we are always asked to do, until we know, and\n11\nunless we know more than we have been told, and I certainly\n12\nthink that our representatives in the Congress should know\n13\nreduce\n14\nMR. LAWRENCE: Well, there is certainly a lot of dis-\n13\nsatisfaction with the President's policy across the country,\n13\nand in California we hear that a Democratic Peace Slate\n17\nmight just beat the President in the primary out there\n18\nnext year. Do you think this is true, and is there any\n19\nkind of organized opposition in the Republican Party on that\n20\nissue?\n21\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: I don't think there is any organized\n22\nopposition in the Republican Party. The faction that is\n23\nback of the peace move out there is the same CDC faction, the\nHA\nCalifornia Democratic Council, which has been pretty extreme\nin its positions for the last several years, and you know\n14\npay\nrecently on this issue for the first time there seems DO be\n3\nsplitting of their ranks and they are having trouble. People,\n$\nlocal chapters, are dropping out, enmass, dropping their\nmembership. At the same time there is no question but that\n5\nthe CDC has attracted some of the anti-Vietnam factions and\na\nthe more radical groups to their ranks.\nI wouldn't be able to evaluate whether they could or could\nC\nnot defeat the President. I wouldn't know.\ns\nMR. KOMEN: As you said a moment ago, the Republicans are\n10\njust as divided on this as the Democrats are.\n11\nDo you think the Republicans can come up with a uni-\n12\nfied stance, either for a stronger policy than the Presiden\n13\nis carrying out, or a weaker policy and where do you stand in\n14\nthat spectrum?\n15\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: I think it could be, the Republicans\n16\ndon't have the same problems at all as the Democrats because\n17\nthe CDC position, that peace-party position, is one of\n18\ncomplete withdrawal. Withdraw, now. Just simply quit and\n3:\nget out. And I think there are some, at least, not all, as the\n20\nthere are many people, who are sincerely misguided but I think\n21\nthere are some in there who obviously must have someone else's\n22\ninterests other than the United States at heart when they\n23\nmake these recommendations.\n24\nIn the Republican Party IN think there is unanimity on\n25\nthe bel eff of ending the war, the desire for peace. There may\n15\nbe some disagreement ns to the alternatives to end it but I\nhave heard very few Republicans, and I doubt if the Republi-\ncan Party would seriously consider that radical alternative\nof ending the war by simply packing up with your tail be-\ntween your legs and running for home.\nMR. KONEN: How do you feel it should be approached,\nshould the Republican stance be stronger than what the\nPresident is doing, or should there ba a weaker stance?\n9\nWhere do you stand?\n10\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: Well, right at the moment, I have as\nfeeling that I have been critical in the past of the\ngradual escalation and the fact that it didn't seem we were\n13\nmaking the Immediate effort we should. As long as we were in\n14\ncombat and men were being killed. But reading between the\n13\nlines and from some of the indications - all of us have\n16\naccess to some contacts with that - I have a feeling that\n17\nperhaps we are doing much better in the war than we are\nof\nbeing told. I have a feeling that a corner has been turned and\n19\nthat very possibly and probably we are winning. And we are\n20\nnot being told that and very frankly I think that we will\n21\npossibly be told when 12 is politically advantageous to the\nN\npresent administration to tell us, with an election year\n29\ncoming up.\n24\nMR. LAWRENCE: Well, Governor, let's talk a little bit\nabout domestic affairs, How de you stand on President\n16\nJohnson's ten cercent surtex to finance the war in Vietnam?\nGOVERNOR REGISTS Weis, now, you ask 20 pretty tough\nquestion for a fellow who has just asked for the biggest tax\nhike in any state's history, but I would also point out that\nbefore VAS ever got around to that we did everything we could,\nand reduced the cost and the size of government in our state\nas far as we could, and then, faced with a deficit we had\ninherited, and 2. debt that was unconstitutional to maintain,\nwe had to turn to taxes, finally, to finish solving the\n20\nproblem.\nI don't see any evidence of that in Washington. Washington\n12\nseems to, and this administration seems to turn automatically\n13\nto more revenue from the people as the answer to the problems,\n14\nwith no effort on the part of government to reduce its cost, and\n15\nI think that there are many areas where the cost could be re-\n16\nduced. I think the federal government is engaged in a number\n17\nof luxuries that the people can't afford and that the people\n18\nhave had very little chance to decide whether they want to\n19\nafford them or not.\n20\n21\n22\n23\n34\n25\n17\n1\nMR. КОМВИ: On that point about budget cutting, could\nWD have some specifics? And for example, what about the\nsupersonic transport program, a very expensive program,\nby the way, do you think that is one area in which the\n5\nfederal government could cut? The SST?\n3\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: Well, actually I am not qualified to\n7\nanswer on that. I will be frank to admit I have been too\n8\nbusy with the problems I am confronting in California to try\n9\nto find the answers for myself on a number of these\n10\nthings, particularly things where I wouldn't be able to\n11\ninfluence the outcome anyway, But I think there is a well,\n12\nwe have vetoed a number of OEO programs. The state governor\n13\nhas the opportunity in a 30-day period to - the OEO\n14\nprograms in the state come across my desk. You can veto them.\n15\nAt the end of 30 days it is true the federal government can\n13\noverride your veto, We have found a number that we have\n17\nvetoed. And I never kept track and never tried to count up\n18\nuntil I read in the press someone else had counted up that\n19\nCalifornia has vetoed more than any other state.\n20\nBut more than that, of all that we have eventually\n23\nsigned, we held them up to where we got drastic changes\n22\nin more than half of them. Let me give you one example\n23\nof the kind of fat I mean can come out of government. when\n24\nyou suddenly turn loose billions of dollars of money and\n25\nscatter it out, you open yourself up to a lot of people who\n18\nhave ideas, and the ideas may not be good. Now one came\nacross our desk from a county for a grant of some tens of\nthousands of dollars and it was to salvage the hard core\nunemployed by putting them to work in this area, in\nbeautifying and clearing open-space parkland. Now this sounds\npretty good. You would think it would fit my philosophy\nexactly that those people on public assistance if able shoul\nbe contributing something back to the public good, should\nbe either training for work, or working, But when we\n10\nlooked at the program closely we found that the hard core\nunemployed they were going to help numbered 17, and over\n12\nhalf of the budget they wanted approved was for seven\n18\nadministrators to administer to the 17. And we thought\n14\nit was a little out of proportion and vetoed the program.\n15\nWhen you veto those, the federal government doesn't\n18\noverride your veto I have found because they don't dare let\n17\nthe spotlight of publicity in any open controversy reveal\n18\nto the people what is going on, We vetoed another more\n19\nexpensive program out there that actually would have\nset up a training course for picketers and demonstrators.\n21\nNow demonstrators are a kind of native California product.\nWe don't need to train any new ones out there.\nMR. LAWRENCE: While we are talking about California,\nthere has been a lot of criticism of your use of convicts\nto pick crops in labor-shortage areas,\n19\nGOVERNOR REAGAM: Yes.\nMR. MARRENCE: What motivated that decision?\nGOVERNOR REAGAN: That decision was motivated the\n2\nsame as it was when my pradecessor, Governor Brown, did the\nto\nsame ching. No one of us likes to do it. I wish there was\n$\nEnother answer to it. Here is che strange situation - and\n-\nagain perhaps this touches on the economy factor. Bill,\nCity\nhere is at state. California, with the highest unemployment\n9\nrate - well, at least it is above the national average.\n10\nEste is & state that has had an increase in the number of\nil\nrecipients getting welfare in the last four years of 54.6\n12\npartent. That is the increase in a four-year period.\n13\nBut we had, in our home of unusual weather, unusual\n14\nweather this spring. Suddenly in this harvest season\n15\nE number of crops that normally ripen one at a time\n16\nso that a work force in the fields can go from one crop\n17\nto the other, ripened all at once because of the late start\n18\nof the season, We didn't have the work force. We appealed\n19\nto the Secretary of Labor for supplemental labor from across\n10\nthe borde live Mexico, He, who is no friend of this, and\n21\ncertainly has been no friend of the California farmer, he OKed\n22\n0100 of the supplemental laborers to come in. So the\n38\nsituation xave been, as we described it, and desparate,\n24\nfor him to do this.\n25\nNOW, there was is delay due to some legal action in the\n20\nimportation of the supplemental labor. We couldn't get\nthem fast enough, The crops were beginning to rot in the\nfields. When farmiers come to you, and in one area around a\nsmall town, and show you a half million dollars worth of fruit\nthat is going to rot right there on the trees unless\nsomeone comes to pick it, we figured that we had to do what, a\nI say, my predecessor did, And we OKed the use of several\nhundred prisoners. Now these prisoners are being paid\nthe full amountthat is being paid to any laborer, They are\nnot taxing the state for board and room because while they\nare earning they are paying their own board and room.\n2\nThe growers are paying for the guards out there in the fields\n13\nMR. LAWRENCE: Governor, I am sorry to have to interrupt.\nOur time is up. We want to thank you, Governor Reagan,\n15\nfor being with us on ISSUES AND ANSWERS today.\n16\n17\n16\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24"
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