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Hispanic Caucus (Mixed Issues) –Immigration Brookings Forum
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THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
National Issues Forum
Immigration: New Policy Challenges
BROOKINGS THE WASHINGTOND.C. B INSTITUTION
Program Book
Monday, December 8, 1997
The Falk Auditorium 8:30 a.m. - 1:00 p.m.
The Brookings Institution
National Issues Forum
IMMIGRATION: NEW POLICY CHALLENGES
Monday, December 8, 1997
8:30 AM - 1:00 PM
AGENDA
8:15 AM
Registration/Continental Breakfast
8:30 AM
Welcome and Introductory Remarks
The Honorable Lawrence Korb, Director, Center for Public Policy
Education, Brookings Institution
The Honorable Michael Armacost, President, Brookings Institution
8:45 - 9:30AM
Keynote Address:
Immigration and Naturalization: The Key Upcoming Policy Issues
The Honorable Doris Meissner, Commissioner, U.S. Immigration and
Naturalization Service
9:30 - 10:30 AM
Panel Session I:
Immigration and Naturalization Issues: The Views From Congress:
Moderator: Thomas Mann, Director of Governmental Studies, Brookings
Institution
The Honorable Lamar Smith (R-TX); Chairman, House Judiciary
Subcommittee on Immigration and Claims
The Honorable Melvin Watt (D-NC); Ranking Minority Member,
House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration and Claims
"Reflections on the First Year as the Ranking Member"
10:30 - 10:45 AM
Break
10:45 - 1:00 PM
Panel Session II:
Moderator: Lawrence Korb, Director, Center for Public Policy
Education, Brookings Institution
Highlights of the Commission on Immigration Reform and National
Research Council Reports:
Susan Martin, Executive Director of Staff, U.S. Commission on
Immigration Reform
The Assimiliation and "Americanization" of Immigrants:
Peter Skerry, Non-Resident Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution and
Associate Professor, Claremont McKenna College;
"Do We Really Want Immigrants to Assimilate?"
Noah Pickus, Assistant Professor, Duke University;
"Making Naturalization Matter"
Frank Sharry, Executive Director, National Immigration Forum;
"Forging Unity out of Diversity"
Dan Stein, Executive Director, Federation for American Immigration
Reform;
"Oaths, Allegiance and the Loss of Our Common Understanding"
1:00 PM
Adjournment
The Brookings Institution
National Issues Forum
Immigration: New Policy Challenges
Monday, December 8, 1997
BIOGRAPHIES
MICHAEL H. ARMACOST
Michael H. Armacost has held the position of president of the Brookings Institution since
October 1995. From 1993-1995 he was distinguished senior fellow and visiting professor at
Stanford University's Asia/Pacific Research Center, and was the U.S. ambassador to Japan
from 1989-1993. During his twenty-four years in government, he also served as U.S.
ambassador to the Philippines, under secretary of state for political affairs, and has held senior
policy responsibilities in the National Security Council and the Department of Defense. He
has taught and lectured at Pomona College, Georgetown University, Johns Hopkins
University, and International Christian University. He is the author of three books. His
third, an analysis of Japan and the United States in the post cold-war world, was published in
January 1996. He is the recipient of the President's Distinguished Service Award, the Defense
Department's Distinguished Civilian Service Award, and the Secretary of State's
Distinguished Service Award. Mr. Armacost is a trustee of Carlton College; a director of
AFLAC, Applied Materials, Cargill, and TRW; and a member of the Council on Foreign
Relations, Trilateral Commission, and the American Academy of Diplomacy. He is a
graduate of Carleton College. He also attended Friedrich Wilhelms University and received
his Ph.D. from Columbia University.
LAWRENCE J. KORB
Lawrence J. Korb is director of the Center for Public Policy Education and senior fellow in the
Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution. During his career Mr. Korb has been
dean of the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of
Pittsburgh, vice president for corporate operations of the Raytheon Company, and resident
director of Defense Policy Studies at the American Enterprise Institute. From early 1981
through late 1985, Mr. Korb served as assistant secretary of defense for manpower, reserve
affairs, installations and logistics. His most recent book is American National Security: Policy
and Process, with Joseph Jordan and William Taylor (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).
His op-ed pieces have appeared in all the nation's major newspapers, and he is a frequent guest
on network news shows. Mr. Korb received his M.A. from St. John's University and his
Ph.D. from the State University of New York at Albany.
THOMAS E. MANN
Thomas E. Mann is director of the Governmental Studies Program and the W. Averell Harriman Senior
Fellow in American Governance at the Brookings Institution. He has served as executive director of the
American Political Science Association and as visiting fellow and co-director of the Congress Project at
the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI). He has taught at several local
universities and colleges, including Johns Hopkins, Georgetown, and the University of Virginia. At
the request of several members of Congress in 1991, Mr. Mann and Norman Ornstein of AEI provided
an independent assessment of Congress and offered recommendations for improving its effectiveness.
The three-part report, Renewing Congress, was published over the period extending from the fall of
1992 to spring of 1994. He has written numerous scholarly articles and books, including How Congress
Shapes Health Policy; Unsafe at Any Margin; and Congress, the Press, and the Public. Mr. Mann has a B.A.
in political science from the University of Florida and an M.A. and a Ph.D. from the University of
Michigan. He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences.
SUSAN MARTIN
Susan Martin is executive director of the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform (CIR), a
congressionally-mandated, bipartisan commission established to assess and make recommendations
about U.S. immigration policy. Ms. Martin also serves as the U.S. National Coordinator for the
Binational Study on Migration between Mexico and the United States. Prior to her current position
Ms. Martin was the director of Policy Research and Programs at the Refugee Policy Group, and staff
Director of the North American-European Dialogue on Migration and Refugee Issues. She also served
as research director of the U.S. Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy, and taught at
Brandeis University and the University of Pennsylvania. Ms. Martin's writings include Refugee
Women and numerous articles and monographs on immigration and refugee policy. Ms. Martin
received her M.A. and Ph.D. in American Studies from the University of Pennsylvania.
DORIS MEISSNER
Doris Meissner has been the commissioner of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) since
October 18, 1993. She had served as acting commissioner of the INS in 1981, then as executive
associate commissioner until 1986, when she moved to the private sector to become a senior associate
and director of the Immigration Policy Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Ms. Meissner's career interest began with her selection as a White House Fellow serving as a special
assistant to the attorney general in 1973 and 1974. Following that appointment, she remained at the
U.S. Department of Justice to become, in succession, assistant director of the Office of Policy and
Planning; executive director of the Cabinet Committee on Illegal Aliens; and deputy associate attorney
general. Ms. Meissner has written or contributed to numerous reports and articles, testified on policy
matters before Congressional committee hearings, and addressed professional meetings and academic
forums on a wide variety of immigration issues. Ms. Meissner received her B.A. and M.A. from the
University of Wisconsin.
NOAH M.J. PICKUS
Noah Pickus is an assistant professor in the Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy and the
Department of Political Science at Duke University. Previously Mr. Pickus worked at the a.
Philip Randolph Education Fund and the Urban Institute. His most recent publications
include "Does Immigration Threaten Democracy? Rights, Restriction and the Meaning of
Membership", in Democracy: The Challenges Ahead, Yossi Shain, ed., and "Hearken Not to
the Unnatural Voice': Publius and the Artifice of Attachment", in Diversity and Citizenship:
Rediscovering American Nationhood, Gary Jacobsohn and Susan Dunn, eds. Mr. Pickus is
currently completing a book on immigration and citizenship from the Progressive era to the
present and editing a collection of essays on the same subject. He recently organized the Duke
Workshop on Citizenship which assembled scholars, public officials and practitioners.
Mr. Pickus received his Ph.D. in Politics from Princeton University.
FRANK SHARRY
Frank Sharry is the executive director of the National Immigration Forum. The Forum is an
imigration advocacy group based in Washington, D.C. It's mission is to extend and defend
America's tradition as a nation of immigrants by encouraging generous immigration policies
and fair treatment of immigrants in the U.S. He has held this position since 1990.
PETER SKERRY
Peter Skerry is an associate professor of political science and public policy at Claremont McKenna
College and a non-resident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution. At Brookings he is doing
research on the politics of the U.S. census and U.S. immigration policy. He has also been a
fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and served as director of
Washington programs for UCLA's Center for American Politics and Public Policy. He has
also been a research fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and was the Hartley Research
Fellow at Brookings. He has published articles in The New Republic, Commentary, The Wilson
Quarterly, National Review, The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Wall Street
Journal and The Washington Post. His book, Maxican Americans: The Ambivalent Minority
(Harvard University Press), was awarded the Los Angeles Times book prize in 1993. Mr.
Skerry holds a B.A. from Tufts University, master's degree in educational policy from the
Harvard Graduate School of Education, and a Ph.D. from Harvard in political science.
DAN STEIN
Dan Stein is the executive director of the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR).
He is an attorney who has worked for nearly 15 years in the field of immigration law and law
reform. He has been in his present position since January 1988. Prior to leading FAIR,
Mr. Stein was the executive director of the Immigration Reform Law Institute, a public
interest litigation group which represented a variety of organizations in immigration and
administrative law matters. Mr. Stein has also been in private law practice in real estate,
federal agency litigation, criminal law and tax-exempt corporate law. Mr. Stein's interest in
immigration began as a professional staff member of the U.S. House of Representatives' Select
Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control, where he studied U.S.-Mexico border issues and
international crop substitution efforts. Mr. Stein is the author of many articles on
immigration. He has also appeared on national television programs such as 60 Minutes, The
Brokaw Report, This Week and the MacNeil/Lehrer Hour. He hosts a weekly live talk show on
NET Political NewsTalk Network called, "Borderline". Mr. Stein is a graduate of Indiana
University and of Catholic University School of Law
LAMAR SMITH
Lamar Smith is the republican U.S. representative from the 21st congressional district of Texas.
He was first elected in 1986. In the 105th Congress, he chairs the Immigration and Law
Subcommittee of the House Judiciary Committee. Mr. Smith was the author of the 1996
landmark illegal immigration reform law. He also serves on the Budget Committee. Prior to
his election to Congress, Mr. Smith was commissioner of Bexar County and served in the
Texas House of Representatives. He also worked as an attorney in private practice, was a
business writer for the Christian Science Monitor and for the U.S. Small Business
Administration. Mr. Smith is a graduate of Yale University and the Southern Methodist
University Law School. In August 1997, National Journal named him as one of the top 100
most influential people in Washington, D.C.
MELVIN WATT
Melvin "Mel" Watt is the democratic U.S. representative from North Carolina's twelfth district,
first elected in 1992. He is ranking minority member of the Immigration Claims
Subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee. Mr. Watt also serves on the Banking and
Financial Services Committee. Prior to his election to Congress, he was an attorney in private
practice. He managed Harvey Gantt's campaigns for city council and mayor of Charlotte,
North Carolina, as well as the U.S. Senate. Mr. Watt also served in the North Carolina State
Senate. Mr. Watt is a graduate of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and he
received his J.D. from Yale University where he was a member of the Yale Law Journal. He
has received honorary degrees from North Carolina AT&T State University and Johnson C.
Smith University.
The Brookings Institution
National Issues Forum
Immigration: New Policy Challenges
Monday, December 8, 1997
PARTICIPANTS
(as of 4:00 p.m., December 4, 1997)
Francisco Aguirre-Sacasa
Jesse Alvarez
Ambassador
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323 Dirksen Senate Building
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Lin Huisheng
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Washington, DC 20057
Karen A. Mogan
Bernard R. McDonald
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American Meat Institute
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Gustavo Mohar
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Pilar Morales
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1911 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
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Arlington, VA 22202-4513
Meredith Moss
John Pede
Resident Scholar
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US Department of the Air Force
712 Jackson Place, NW
1480 Air Force Pentagon
Washington, DC 20006
Washington, DC 20330
Michael Mullins
Philip Peters
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Lenora Peters-Gant
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Washington, DC 20340
Matthew Murray
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Falls Church, VA 22041
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Bruce Powers
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PN 3130 9/15/97
Dec. 8, 1997
FY93 340K applications force timenship
FY96 1.3millim
"
FY97 1.6 million
11
4-x increase the applications in 5 yrs
Last year, FOOK people became citizens
Naturalization
E
Standardization
2
Quality
Acclimating New Americans
Enforcement
!
Borders (control of legal & illegal entry)
2
Interior eirforement (not a policy consensus on what
we do)
*
Admin. committed
to workplace enforcement (employer evf.)
X
Congress is ambivalent on This
INS focuses on Serious abuses (smuggling)
3
Remarals
several ago-: 45K removals
Last yr. 110k removals (famalprocedures)
This yr 140 K removals
Forus-in-orminals or- those w/outstanding orders
of deportation
Hit up against nexus bth
domestic 12 foreig Policy
Legislation
Welfare Law + IRAIRA
Politics of These are still very fluid
Substantial changes to both
Examples gareas where wants change
:
I
provisions for mandatory detenting
forbrad clarsef cases
Elim admin discreting forExee. brand
Unwakable Cb/c of blauket nature)
2 Departure management
§ 110 (U.S. w/better sense of who leaves
the country)
Broad-based deal w/land barder of
Canada { Mexico that can't work.
3 3 Employer verification
Just beginning pilot projects to test-
whether employes are verfyr
Smith request for 1,000 Bader Patrol agents
(1996 law requires 1000 new 9 per year)
No answer to whether Admin will ask for
Problem w/. discontinuation of designated eu tities
program (people coming to site to do forgerprint)
(in Feb )
INS is putting into place mobile vaus (to be
ableto read greas beyond
cam muty distance H nursing etc homes
Smith
Cometry should know who is coming in, why and for
how long
Illegal immigrati
crime assoc w/illegal mm
20% of fed Trinsances are
A
Lots involved in drug crimes
70% of illegal drugs come across
Southern bords
2illegals use use
public benefits used by illegals
+ jobs taken f) wages depresed
does bluefits.
by immigrants
Wants Admin to make sure its budget contains
2090 more border patiolagents
Improvements in departa-L need more but)
Go after fraudulent does
(sscards; birthcat)
Employer sauetimes easter for
employer to check.
Most newcomers are comy for right rea sans
Legal imm. refarm? ?
Not where from, but where going
Certain kinds of legal mmm cost jobs
and depress wages
40% of all legal imm have fewskills educat / httle
(economy w/stapnaut# y unskilled
jobs; high # of lupt tech jobs)
Publi Pubhi-benjits?) benefits ?
want to discourage
Need to do better w/family recurricat
Protect high tech companies.
Education threshhold?
The numbers (fours). 1 millim/year
is too high
Mel Watt,
4 problem areas (inconsistent; ambivalent; dishmest)
1) The more we devolve to the states, the more
immigration becomes a state issue.
(disparate burdens on state {} local govt.s)
2
Due process (crime control & social justice.)
Welfare Refarm H Anti etc Act
Society w/less less inclinate to provide
due paren for citingers w
/ egal & illegal 1m migreets
3
Class & Race and impact on immigrat
policies
Immigration policy fams wealthy.
(Investor visa category - 10,000)
only use a few hundred agean
"Meanstesting" forsponsors
(forfamily
H 1B (hiskly schools killed-emp 65K)
245(i) - ho extension family
VISAS
businesses get extense done.
Farm workers.
Mexicaus V. Candadrairs
(4th on source constries)
for illegals
Visa overstays are 50% of illegals + are
mostly Europeans and non-Hirpanics
Targetting
Visa waiver applies to Ewo or Australians
Refugee ad missims
(Smaller 7,000 allocation set aside for Africaus)
Haitians
Callfor a Lottery whin programs (categories
w/out regard to
ethnicity)
g
Possible to control illegal imm w/ont controll 'I
demand ? ( questwakes.)
Smith's-concen- is that 7 will stay,
(not incertive) that employes are setting up an
Negative impact of immigrants on Black Americans
(cant bit Blacks against immigrants)
Session II
Susan Martin (CIR)
Legal immigration is- in the national. interest
Businemes-benefit the most fm immigration
Cities benefit
Losers? lower economic up (particularly the
next to most reaut
immigrant group
States aties-w/-
large concentrations of weskilled immigiants
Cibamigrants use less senies, but )
contribute < taxes b/c g low wages
(pubhischools for example)
Renewed emphasis on "Americaningation"
1
*
voluntary (to take andregations)
help immigrants and nurselves
Legal
mutual & reciprocal
Immigrants US hand have access to public
benefits.
Info packet for grants
- honto activere
- local info cleanighouses
X
2
Education
a. English acquisitis
b. Shift models). away from educ. models (vansis
four or From
3
Emphasize English & Ciricsfor aducts.
3
Citizenship
Legal framework is O.K.
May want to do abetter job implementing laws.
Stein (FAIR)
Dual nationality permitted since 1973
Mexico allows dual-nats mals to vote in local elections
Leave belind eultural heritage ?
in Mexico
Frank
Sharry
Act of immigration is vem American
(prozen of assimilation starts before They show up)
Immigrants participate in labormanket @ higher
rate trau native bans.
Homeouneship -
English lamp aequisite
Optimism -
Immigrants are disprop represent in
receiving Corp Medal + Honor
Assimilation is a 2-way street:
Join civic & sorid K - - respect my culture
Genius of America: diversity and write ans
synthesized.
Centerfor Immig. studies
Noda
V-
Pickus
shift to value of citizenship (comman to both sides
of tredebate)
Need to create a more meaningful test
Naturalization as playing a role in Americanigat
Test needs to be standardized (sametest;
sameparsing
Courses that prepare immigrants togo Through
(when-conuses-were set-up. thispiren. of during a amnestyin
the 1980s, in migrants flooded to Them
)
Partnerships btam groups that Serve immigrants
and those that support American values.
(American Legion)
Peterskerry
We don't agree on what Americanijat means
(Vagueness) - (we can't agree on what obligations
to impose meach Ther-much las immigrants,
Raciadimati of minigration
Blacks w/adiff. a set of issues tran
immigrants