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MHY 11:24 FR CDC/OSH-OD
97704885767 TO 912022058313
P.04/08
MAY-04-88 10:10 From:CHAMBLEE IC
7704887422
T-704 P.04/08 Jab-200
272
Exposure of Casino Employees to ETS Trout et al
agement were notified in advance of
Indoor Air. 1,20 The total mass of
col.³ This method has been shown to
the NIOSH site visit. The sudy pop-
respirable particulate was collected
be a specific and sensitive method
ulation consisted of dealers and su-
according to NIOSH Method 0600
for cotinine measurements. The
pervisors: there were 279 dealers and
using pre-weighed polyvinyl chio-
limit of detection (LOD) was 0.050
supervisors, including both smokers
ride (PVC) filters installed in Dorr-
ng/mL. The mean of two determina-
and non-smokers, scheduled to work
Oliver (Milford, CT) nylon cyclones
tions is reported as the final result for
the second shift (generally the busi-
(which collect particulates less than
all individual samples.
est shift of the day) during the two
ten microns in diamcter). 1.21 Sam-
Urine cotinine analyses were made
days of the evaluation (Thursday and
pling was conducted at a flow rate of
by using a similar LC tandem mass
Friday nights). Dealers and supervi-
1.7 liters per minute (L/min) for
spectrometric procedure with the
sors were chosen as the study popu-
approximately eight hours. Nine area
same LOD. However. for these sam-
lation because these were the only
samples were collected at the center
ples, a preliminary hydrolysis of the
employees for whom adequate work
tables in various gaming pits (loca-
cotinine glucuronides was carried
schedule information was available.
tions in the casino gaming area are
out. Thus the urine cotinine results
During the evening prior to the eval-
referred to as pits). Instantaneous
are the total (free cotinine + cotinine
uation, NIOSH investigators were
measurements of CO2 concentrations
glucuronide) levels in the sample.
present in the casino cafeteria to
were obtained using a Gas Tech
The mean of two determinations is
distribute information sheets describ-
Model RI-411A Portable (direct
reported as the final result for all
ing the HHE and to talk to employ-
reading) CO₂ monitor (Gas Tech
individual samples. Both serum and
ees. Although the goal was to contact
Inc., Newark, CA). CO₂ measure-
urine cotinine values are reported in
and explain the HHE to each of the
ments were obtained at various Inter-
units of ng/mL. 23-25 Four samples of
279 employees who were non-
vals and locations throughout the
both serum and urine from each
smokers, the actual number of non-
building.
night of testing were split and sent to
smokers in the population and the
actual number contacted is unknown.
Medical
the laboratory as additional samples
not identified as duplicates. Analysis
Each non-smoking dealer and super-
The medical evaluation included a
of these samples indicated an overall
visor contacted was asked to partici-
self-administered questionnaire and
method coefficient of variation of
pate in the HHE on one of the two
biologic monitoring for exposure to
2% for both the serum and urine
nights (either Thursday or Friday
cigarette smoke. After giving in-
assays in this study.
night). Management presence at the
formed consent and confirming that
For the two sample I tests and
time of employee recruitment and
they did not currently use tobacco
correlations, serum and urine cotin-
employee concern over management
products. employees filled out a
ine levels were log-transformed be-
disapproval of the evaluation was
questionnaire that included questions
cause of the skewness in their distri-
likely an important factor negatively
on work history. whacco use history.
butions. Statistical analyses were
affecting employee participation.
and exposure to ETS. Participants
performed using Epi Info. Version
Participants were not paid.
were asked to estimate the amount of
6²⁶ and SAS.²⁷ A P value ≤ 0.05
Environmental
time (hours/minutes) that they were
was considered statistically signifi-
exposed to ETS on the day of the
cant.
Personal breathing zone (PBZ)
evaluation and for the four previous
and general area (stationary) air sam-
days. The work practices and activi-
Results
ples for nicotine vapor were col-
ties of all participants were observed
lected by drawing air through
by NIOSH personnel during the
Environmental
XAD-4 sorbent tubes (SKC® #226-
course of the evaluation.
Eighteen PBZ samples for nicotine
93: SKC Inc., Eighty Four. PA) with
Pre- and post-shift blood and urine
and ten area samples each for nica
battery-powered SKC Pocker
specimens were collected from each
tine vapor and respirable dust were
Pumps at air flow rates of 150
participant. All samples were blind-
collected. PBZ nicotine exposures
milliliters per minute (mL/min) for
coded and sent to the National Cen-
for the Thursday evening monitoring
personal samples and 200 mL/min
ter for Environmental Health, Divi-
ranged from 6-12 µg/m³ (geometric
for area samples. Sampling was con-
sion of Environmental Health
mean. 8 µg/m³), expressed as time-
ducted for approximately eight
Laboratory Sciences. Serum cotinine
weighted averages (TWAs). The
hours. The analyses for nicotine were
was determined for each serum sam-
highest PBZ sample concentration
conducted in the NIOSH laboratory
ple in duplicate by high-performance
(12 µg/m³) was from a dealer work-
using a modified version of Ameri-
liquid chromatography/atmospheric
ing a poker game. Area TWA air
can Society for Testing and Materi-
pressure chemical ionization tandem
concentrations (range. 6-12 µg/m:³
als (ASTM) method D5075-90a.
mass spectrometry (LC APCI MS/
geometric mean, 8 µg/m³) were sim-
Standard Test Method for Nicotine in
MS) according to a standard proto-
ilar to the PBZ sample concentra-
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"ocrText": "MHY 11:24 FR CDC/OSH-OD\n97704885767 TO 912022058313\nP.04/08\nMAY-04-88 10:10 From:CHAMBLEE IC\n7704887422\nT-704 P.04/08 Jab-200\n272\nExposure of Casino Employees to ETS Trout et al\nagement were notified in advance of\nIndoor Air. 1,20 The total mass of\ncol.³ This method has been shown to\nthe NIOSH site visit. The sudy pop-\nrespirable particulate was collected\nbe a specific and sensitive method\nulation consisted of dealers and su-\naccording to NIOSH Method 0600\nfor cotinine measurements. The\npervisors: there were 279 dealers and\nusing pre-weighed polyvinyl chio-\nlimit of detection (LOD) was 0.050\nsupervisors, including both smokers\nride (PVC) filters installed in Dorr-\nng/mL. The mean of two determina-\nand non-smokers, scheduled to work\nOliver (Milford, CT) nylon cyclones\ntions is reported as the final result for\nthe second shift (generally the busi-\n(which collect particulates less than\nall individual samples.\nest shift of the day) during the two\nten microns in diamcter). 1.21 Sam-\nUrine cotinine analyses were made\ndays of the evaluation (Thursday and\npling was conducted at a flow rate of\nby using a similar LC tandem mass\nFriday nights). Dealers and supervi-\n1.7 liters per minute (L/min) for\nspectrometric procedure with the\nsors were chosen as the study popu-\napproximately eight hours. Nine area\nsame LOD. However. for these sam-\nlation because these were the only\nsamples were collected at the center\nples, a preliminary hydrolysis of the\nemployees for whom adequate work\ntables in various gaming pits (loca-\ncotinine glucuronides was carried\nschedule information was available.\ntions in the casino gaming area are\nout. Thus the urine cotinine results\nDuring the evening prior to the eval-\nreferred to as pits). Instantaneous\nare the total (free cotinine + cotinine\nuation, NIOSH investigators were\nmeasurements of CO2 concentrations\nglucuronide) levels in the sample.\npresent in the casino cafeteria to\nwere obtained using a Gas Tech\nThe mean of two determinations is\ndistribute information sheets describ-\nModel RI-411A Portable (direct\nreported as the final result for all\ning the HHE and to talk to employ-\nreading) CO₂ monitor (Gas Tech\nindividual samples. Both serum and\nees. Although the goal was to contact\nInc., Newark, CA). CO₂ measure-\nurine cotinine values are reported in\nand explain the HHE to each of the\nments were obtained at various Inter-\nunits of ng/mL. 23-25 Four samples of\n279 employees who were non-\nvals and locations throughout the\nboth serum and urine from each\nsmokers, the actual number of non-\nbuilding.\nnight of testing were split and sent to\nsmokers in the population and the\nactual number contacted is unknown.\nMedical\nthe laboratory as additional samples\nnot identified as duplicates. Analysis\nEach non-smoking dealer and super-\nThe medical evaluation included a\nof these samples indicated an overall\nvisor contacted was asked to partici-\nself-administered questionnaire and\nmethod coefficient of variation of\npate in the HHE on one of the two\nbiologic monitoring for exposure to\n2% for both the serum and urine\nnights (either Thursday or Friday\ncigarette smoke. After giving in-\nassays in this study.\nnight). Management presence at the\nformed consent and confirming that\nFor the two sample I tests and\ntime of employee recruitment and\nthey did not currently use tobacco\ncorrelations, serum and urine cotin-\nemployee concern over management\nproducts. employees filled out a\nine levels were log-transformed be-\ndisapproval of the evaluation was\nquestionnaire that included questions\ncause of the skewness in their distri-\nlikely an important factor negatively\non work history. whacco use history.\nbutions. Statistical analyses were\naffecting employee participation.\nand exposure to ETS. Participants\nperformed using Epi Info. Version\nParticipants were not paid.\nwere asked to estimate the amount of\n6²⁶ and SAS.²⁷ A P value ≤ 0.05\nEnvironmental\ntime (hours/minutes) that they were\nwas considered statistically signifi-\nexposed to ETS on the day of the\ncant.\nPersonal breathing zone (PBZ)\nevaluation and for the four previous\nand general area (stationary) air sam-\ndays. The work practices and activi-\nResults\nples for nicotine vapor were col-\nties of all participants were observed\nlected by drawing air through\nby NIOSH personnel during the\nEnvironmental\nXAD-4 sorbent tubes (SKC® #226-\ncourse of the evaluation.\nEighteen PBZ samples for nicotine\n93: SKC Inc., Eighty Four. PA) with\nPre- and post-shift blood and urine\nand ten area samples each for nica\nbattery-powered SKC Pocker\nspecimens were collected from each\ntine vapor and respirable dust were\nPumps at air flow rates of 150\nparticipant. All samples were blind-\ncollected. PBZ nicotine exposures\nmilliliters per minute (mL/min) for\ncoded and sent to the National Cen-\nfor the Thursday evening monitoring\npersonal samples and 200 mL/min\nter for Environmental Health, Divi-\nranged from 6-12 µg/m³ (geometric\nfor area samples. Sampling was con-\nsion of Environmental Health\nmean. 8 µg/m³), expressed as time-\nducted for approximately eight\nLaboratory Sciences. Serum cotinine\nweighted averages (TWAs). The\nhours. The analyses for nicotine were\nwas determined for each serum sam-\nhighest PBZ sample concentration\nconducted in the NIOSH laboratory\nple in duplicate by high-performance\n(12 µg/m³) was from a dealer work-\nusing a modified version of Ameri-\nliquid chromatography/atmospheric\ning a poker game. Area TWA air\ncan Society for Testing and Materi-\npressure chemical ionization tandem\nconcentrations (range. 6-12 µg/m:³\nals (ASTM) method D5075-90a.\nmass spectrometry (LC APCI MS/\ngeometric mean, 8 µg/m³) were sim-\nStandard Test Method for Nicotine in\nMS) according to a standard proto-\nilar to the PBZ sample concentra-"
}