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Clinton Presidential Records
Digital Records Marker
This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative
marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff.
This marker identifies the place of a publication.
Publications have not been scanned in their entirety for the purpose
of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or
visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room.
-1993-94-
President's
Challenge
PHYSICAL FITNESS
PROGRAM PACKET
FEATURED in this packet are
the following 1993-94 Presi-
dent's Challenge Materials:
The time is right to accept the President's
Letter from President Bill
Challenge. If you are 6-17 years of age, you
Clinton
are eligible to earn one of three Presidential
awards. Ask your physical education teacher
Letter from Co-Chairpersons
about the program today! Or write:
of the President's Council on
Fitness, Washington, D.C. 20004
Physical Fitness and Sports,
Florence Griffith Joyner and
Tom McMillen
Test Manual
Awards Listing, Order Form
and New Awards
State Champion Entry Form
New Physical Fitness Score-
card
Official President's Challenge
Apparel Listing and Order
Form (Instructor's Apparel and
Student Award T-Shirts).
PRESIDENTIAL
PARTICIPANT
Also enclosed in the packet are
INDISAHA
AWARD
AWARD
a Get Fit Booklet, a new
FITNESS
FITNESS
FITNESS
President's Challenge poster
The President's Challenge is a program of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports.
and a Presidential Special Edi-
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public/ Health Service.
tion Jacket Order Form.
IONIO
A Program of the
FITNESS THE SPORTS
President's Council on
Physical Fitness and Sports
PRESIDENTIAL
NATIONAL
PHYSICAL
AWARD
THE PRESIDENT'S CHALLENGE
AWARD
FITNESS
FITNESS
NATIONAL-YOUTH-PHYSICAL-FITNESS-PROGRAM
A PROGRAM OF THE PRESIDENT'S COUNCIL ON PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS
FACT SHEET
WHAT IS THE PRESIDENT'S CHALLENGE?
The President's Challenge is a physical fitness testing program of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
(PCPFS). During the 1992-93 school year, approximately 28,000 schools nationwide parricipated in the program and over 2.0 million
awards were distributed. The program is for ages six through 17, including those students with special needs.
WHAT ARE THE TEST ITEMS?
The test battery consists of five required components of physical fitness. These include: 1) a one-mile run/walk for circulorespi-
ratory endurance: 2) curl-ups for abdominal strength and endurance; 3) the V-sit and reach (or sit and reach) for muscular flexibility;
4) pull-ups for upper body strength and endurance: and 5) the shuttle run for body coordination.
WHAT ARE THE AWARDS?
Awards are based on three different levels of physical fitness exhibited: Presidential, National and Participant. The Presidential
Physical Fitness Award for outstanding achievement is awarded to those who score at or above the 85th percentile on all five test items.
The students earning this award receive a Presidential certificate and a blue embroidered emblem. The National Physical Fitness Award
recognizes those who score at or above the 50th percentile on all five test items. The students earning this award receive a National cer-
tificate of achievement, a red embroidered emblem or both. The Participant Physical Fitness Award recognizes those who attempt all
five test items, but score below the 50th percentile on one or more of the five test items. The students receive either a Participant Cer-
tificate of Achievement, a white embroidered emblem or both.
WHO IS QUALIFIED TO ADMINISTER THE PRESIDENT'S CHALLENGE?
To qualify for awards, instruction and testing must be carried out by a certified physical education teacher/specialist. A certified
physical education teacher/specialist is also required to modify the program for students with special needs, based upon individual limi-
tations and abilities. Others who wish to administer the test must be assisted by a physical education teacher/specialist and have at least
one student qualify for the Presidential Award. After the first testing and qualifying, the test administrator is certified to give further tests
without the assistance of a certified physical education teacher/specialist.
HOW OFTEN CAN THE TEST BE ADMINISTERED?
The PCPFS recommends fitness testing at least twice each year, in the fall and spring. Before performing the test, all students
should be taught the correct techniques for all components, including proper pacing and running style. There is no limit to the number
of attempts students can have on each test item. All five test items are required and must be performed in order for a student to qualify
for an award. Physical fitness resting is most effective when it is part of a comprehensive physical education program that supports test-
ing with educational and motivational information.
WHAT IS THE STATE CHAMPION AWARD?
The State Champion Award is given to the schools with the highest number of students scoring at or above the 85th percentile.
Three schools are selected in each state as State Champion schools based on total enrollment: category I-enrollment of 50 to 100; cate-
gory II-enrollment of 101 to 500; category III-enrollment of 501 and above.
WHO IS ELIGIBLE TO EARN THE STATE CHAMPION AWARD?
Only schools will be considered for the State Champion Physical Fitness Award. Further guidelines and directions can be found
on page 11 of the 1993-94 Program Packet. Modifications have been made this year, SO please, take a moment to review these requirements.
WHEN ARE STATE CHAMPION SCHOOLS NAMED?
State Champion schools are named annually in the fall. The names of the winning schools are provided to the governor, super-
intendent of education/instruction and members of Congress for each state, along with a news release to the local media. The winning
schools and participants receive a certificate signed by the President of the United States of America. School participation in this pro-
gram is not required, but is encouraged.
PRESIDENT'S CHALLENGE
POPLARS RESEARCH CENTER
400 E. 7TH STREET
BLOOMINGTON, IN 47405
TOLL FREE 1-800-258-8146
Printed on
Recycled Paper.
Clinton Presidential Records
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of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or
visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room.
PRESIDENT'S
Readiness for
Physical Activity
NO
SPORTS
Current practice in physical education and sports medicine emphasizes the
WOISING
twin goals of reducing the risk of illness and increasing quality-adjusted life ex-
FITNESS&
pectancy through the development of health-related fitness (Bouchard et al.,
1990). The average city-dweller currently takes insufficient habitual physical
activity to realize these goals, but involvement in a regular, well-designed pro-
Physical Activity
gram of aerobic training, supplemented by moderate resisted muscle exercises
And Fitness
could satisfy both objectives (American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM),
Research Digest
1991; ACSM, 1993). What are the risks of engaging in such activity, and how
can a person determine if they are ready to undertake such a program?
Series 1, No. 5
Risks of Exercise
February 1994
Excessive physical activity can provoke a variety of musculo-skeletal injuries,
but the big fear, highlighted by such events as the sudden death of Jim Fixx
and other high-profile exercisers, is that the program will provoke a fatal
heart attack. Studies from our own laboratory and elsewhere (Cobb &
GUEST AUTHOR
Weaver, 1986; Northcote & Ballantyne, 1984; Sadaniantz & Thompson,
Roy J. Shephard, M.D.
1990; Shephard, 1974, 1981; Vuori et al., 1982) show that (at least in symp-
(Lond.), Ph.D., D.P.E. from
tom-free men) the risk of fatal and nonfatal heart attacks during physical
School of Physical &
activity is from 4 to 56 times higher than it is while sitting at home reading
Health Education and
a book. Maron et al. (1986) suggested that the main causes of sudden death
Dept. of Preventive Medicine &
Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine,
in exercisers under 35 years of age were hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (48%:
University of Toronto.
particularly a thickening of the septum between left and right ventricles) and
unexplained enlargement of the left ventricle (18%). In those over the age
of 35 years, 80% of exercise-related deaths were attributed to disease of the
coronary arteries. The overall risk that vigorous physical activity will provoke
Produced quarterly by the
a cardiac emergency is quite low, about one death per 400,000 hours of jog-
ging (Thompson et al., 1982), and furthermore the risk seems even lower in
President's Council on
regular than in occasional exercisers (Siscovick et al., 1984).
Physical Fitness and Sports
Implications for Pre-exercise Screening
Washington, D.C. 20004
Ideally, regular physical activity should be conceived as a simple, safe, and
natural part of healthy living, a lifestyle to which the human body has
Co-edited by Drs. Chuck Corbin
adapted over many centuries of evolutionary struggle as a hunter and primi-
and Bob Pangrazi,
tive agriculturalist (Shephard, 1993), rather than as a dangerous medical in-
Arizona State University
tervention that requires extensive, high-technology pre-exercise evaluation.
For a long period, physicians in the United States adopted a somewhat re-
strictive approach to exercise prescription, suggesting that a stress electro-
cardiogram was needed in all men over the age of 35 years who wanted to
Chiquita
increase their habitual physical activity (Cooper, 1970). Their starting point
was the now largely discredited assumption (Shephard, 1984; Siscovick et al.,
1991) that a medically-supervised exercise stress ECG could predict and thus
Produced as a public service by
avert the occasional exercise-induced cardiac arrest. Northcote and
Ballantyne (1984) have pointed out that it would cost $13 billion to screen
Chiquita Brands International, Inc.
even current athletes over the age of 35 years; moreover, it would be neces-
1
Clinton Presidential Records
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of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or
visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room.
PRESIDENT'S
Heredity and
Health-Related Fitness
NO
SPORTS
A Note From the Editors
FITNESS&
In the February Issue of the Physical Activity and Fitness Research Digest we noted
the importance of heredity as a factor affecting the development of health-related
physical fitness. We cited the research of Claude Bouchard and colleagues and in-
Physical Activity
dicated that a forthcoming issue of the Digest would deal with the influences of
And Fitness
heredity on physical fitness in greater detail.
Research Digest
In this issue of the Digest readers have the opportunity to read a synthesis paper on
"Heredity and Health-Related Fitness" written by the most prominent scholar in the
area. While we have known for some time that heredity was a factor affecting fitness
Series 1, No. 4
performances, it was not until Dr. Bouchard and his colleagues began their in-depth
November 1993
studies in the area that we began to really know the extent of hereditary influences.
Dr. Bouchard has studied families, especially families with twins, to learn how
heredity affects fitness. Heredity (genotypes) affects different fitness components
(phenotypes) in different ways. For example two people of the same age and sex
GUEST AUTHOR
with similar lifestyles could vary in health-related fitness just because of the genes
they inherited. As noted later in this paper, the heritability for body fatness is 25%+,
Claude Bouchard, Ph.D.
muscle fitness 20-40%, and CV fitness 10 to 25%.
Physical Activity Sciences
Laboratory
But heritability only accounts for differences that heredity might make when com-
PEPS, Laval University
paring two people who have not trained. Bouchard and colleagues have been the
Sainte-Foy, Québec, GIK 7P4,
pioneers who have demonstrated that not only do people differ in fitness based on
Canada
heredity, but people of different genetic backgrounds respond differently to training.
In other words, two people of different genetic background could do the exact
same exercise program and get quite different benefits (see Figure 1). Some people
get as much as 10 times as much benefit from activity as others who do the same
program.
Produced quarterly by the
Though quite technical in some places, the following paper has many practical im-
President's Council on
plications for teachers and professionals in physical activity and fitness. Some of
these are listed below:
Physical Fitness and Sports
Washington, D.C. 20004
Recognizing individual differences is critical in helping students, clients, and pa-
tients with fitness achievement. People do not enter our programs with similar
backgrounds, nor do they respond similarly to training.
Co-edited by Drs. Chuck Corbin
Assumptions about a person's fitness cannot always be indicative of their current
and Bob Pangrazi,
activity levels. The conclusion that the lower fitness of one person compared to
another is a result of inactivity is a dangerous one. Those who do not adapt
Arizona State University
quickly to physical activity need encouragement to keep them involved, not dis-
couragement associated with conclusions about their level of activity and effort.
Different people (genotypes) respond differently to each part of fitness (pheno-
type). A person who has less hereditary predisposition to one type of fitness may
Chiquita
respond well to another. For this reason we should be careful not to expect peo-
ple to perform well on all health-related fitness tests just because they score well
on one test.
Produced as a public service by
Even those with little technical background can benefit from the paper that follows.
Chiquita Brands International, Inc.
Read on!
1
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PRESIDENT'S
Physical Fitness and
Healthy Low Back Function
NO
Introduction:
WOISAND
SPORTS
T
he initial issue of the Physical Activity and Fitness Research Digest
(Series 1, No. 1) gave a general overview of the benefits of physical
FITNESS&
activity and how those benefits related to major lifestyle diseases and
the Healthy People 2000 promotion and disease prevention priorities. This is-
sue focuses on physical activity, physical fitness, healthy back function and
Physical Activity
low back pain.
And Fitness
Research Digest
The following key points are discussed in detail in this article:
At some time in their lives, 60-80% of all individuals experience low
Series 1, No. 3
back pain. The condition is disabling to 1-5% of this population.
August 1993
To have a healthy, well-functioning back, flexible lumbar muscles, ham-
strings, and hip flexors and strong fatigue-resistant abdominal and back
extensor muscles are necessary.
The Healthy People 2000 goals aim to decrease disability from chronic
disabling disease and to increase the proportion of the population who
GUEST AUTHOR
regularly perform activities to enhance muscular strength, endurance,
Sharon Ann Plowman
and flexibility. In terms of low back health, the latter goal may be one
Northern Illinois University
way of achieving the former goal.
DeKalb, IL 60115
Exercises to maintain or increase muscular function in the low back
region are presented in Table 1.
The anatomical logic (presented in Table 2) linking low back health
and physical activity is stronger than the research evidence at this time.
Produced quarterly by the
Studies (see body of text) support the fact that individuals who have suffered
President's Council on
low back pain (LBP) have weaker, more fatigable, and less flexible muscles in
Physical Fitness and Sports
the trunk region even after the acute pain episode has subsided than do those
who are pain free. Continued weakness, low endurance and restricted range of
Washington, D.C. 20004
movement appear to be contributing factors to recurrent LBP. The ability to
predict first-time LBP from muscular strength, endurance or flexibility values
Co-edited by Drs. Chuck Corbin
has not been established. Likewise, a direct relationship between LBP and
cardiovascular or body composition fitness has not been established. On the
and Bob Pangrazi,
other hand, with one exception which is noted in the following text, the stud-
Arizona State University
ies reviewed have not shown that high levels of any of these fitness compo-
nents are in any way linked as causal factors to LBP. Therefore, it appears
prudent at this point to continue recommending a specific program of trun-
cal muscular fitness as a part of a comprehensive physical fitness activity pro-
Chiquita
gram. This recommendation is in accordance with the Healthy People 2000
goal, which states the aim of increasing to at least 40 percent the proportion of
the population 6 years old and above who regularly perform physical activities
Produced as a public service by
that enhance and maintain muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flex-
ibility (Public Health Serve, 1990). A comprehensive program would, of
Chiquita Brands International, Inc.
course, utilize the entire body and, along with the trunk region, stress upper
1
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PRESIDENT'S
Common
Physical Activity and
Intrinsic Motivation
Introduction: Theory Development
ON
PHYSICAL
SPORTS
O
ver the past 20 years, we have accumulated considerable evidence to
document the health benefits of physical activity (see previous
FITNESS&
Research Digest). Researchers have established with a fair degree of
confidence just how much physical activity is necessary to produce fitness
improvement and benefits to health (ACSM, 1990). Given this rather clear
picture of how to obtain desirable benefits, an obvious question is why do
Physical Activity
less than one quarter of the population engage in light-to-moderate physical
And Fitness
activity? The answer to this question is found largely in the realm of psy-
Research Digest
chology-specifically in the area of motivation. The task of this issue is to
review current knowledge and to translate it into suggestions for enhancing
physical activity. Specific guidelines for fostering intrinsic motivation to-
Series 1, No. 2
ward physical activity are outlined in the final section.
May 1993
Motivational studies have long focused on factors that initiate, influence
and modify behavior. Early theories dealt essentially with the deterministic as-
pects of those factors; focusing on instinctual drives (e.g., Freud, 1923/1962),
physiological drives (e.g., Hull, 1943), or environmental influences (e.g.,
Skinner, 1953, 1971). Although these theories had (and still have) consider-
GUEST AUTHOR
able value, their apparent view of people as passive beings that are pushed
and pulled around by their physiology or environment has given rise to con-
Dr. James R. Whitehead
cern and criticism. A different point of view was published as a monograph
Department of HPER
by (White, 1959) who proposed that people are driven by a need to be com-
University of North Dakota
petent, or effective in mastering all aspects of our environment. He suggested
Grand Forks, ND 58202
that when attempts to master the challenges of our surroundings were suc-
cessful, the result was positive -a "feeling of efficacy" (p. 329)-which, in
turn, served to intrinsically motivate further behavior. White's monograph
led to a wealth of study on intrinsic motivation, and in that respect it can be
seen as the foundation of subsequent studies that are described below.
Produced quarterly by the
Refinements of the Theory
President's Council on
Physical Fitness and Sports
A
major development of White's (1959) monograph is represented by
the addition of a formal statement of cognitive evaluation theory (Deci,
1975; Deci & Ryan, 1985). Cognitive evaluation theory states that
Washington, D.C. 20004
intrinsic motivation is driven by an innate need for competence and self-de-
termination in dealing with one's surroundings. The intrinsic rewards for
the behaviors motivated by this need are satisfying feelings of competence
Co-edited by Drs. Chuck Corbin
and autonomy, positive emotions such as enjoyment and excitement, and
and Bob Pangrazi,
possibly the sensation of flow (complete absorption in the activity). These
feelings, in turn, serve to maintain or increase a person's intrinsic motiva-
Arizona State University
tion for the particular behavior.
In a nutshell (according to the theory), an individual's desire to pursue a
particular activity depends upon whether his or her feelings of competence,
autonomy, and positive affect persist over time. Conversely, if an individual
Chiquita
begins to perceive him or herself as incompetent at the activity and/or under
external control to do it, then his or her intrinsic motivation is undermined.
The outcome is then either a state of extrinsic motivation (the activity might
Produced as a public service by
continue dependent on the continuance of external rewards and/or coercion),
or a state of amotivation (further activity unlikely because the perceptions of
Chiquita Brands International, Inc.
incompetence lead to a sense of futility).
1
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of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or
visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room.
PRESIDENT'S
COUNTY
The Health Benefits of
Physical Activity
NO
I
n 1990, Healthy People 2000 was released by Dr. Louis Sullivan,
SPORTS
Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services. The document
elaborated national health promotion and disease prevention goals for
the year 2000. A central goal of the document is to increase the span of
FITNESS
healthy life for Americans. While improved treatment of disease to prevent
premature death is an important concern, Healthy People 2000 emphasizes
Physical Activity
the importance of prevention of illness/disease, especially lifestyle or
chronic illnesses that have become the leading sources of death in our soci-
And Fitness
ety. But perhaps most important of all, the goals focus on efforts to promote
Research Digest
a quality of life and a sense of well-being associated with good health. Dr.
Michael McGinnis, Director of the Office of Disease Prevention and Health
Series 1, No.1
Promotion, recently made the following statement.
February 1993
it is not through happenstance that the physical activity category
is the first priority area of the Healthy People 2000 effort. Physical ac-
tivity is related to the health of all Americans. It has the ability to re-
duce directly the risk of several major chronic diseases as well as to
catalyze positive changes with respect to other risk factors of these
diseases. Dr. William Foege, former Director of the Centers for
Disease Control, suggests that physical activity may provide the
shortcut we in public health have been seeking for the control of
chronic diseases, much like immunization has facilitated progress
against infectious diseases (McGinnis, 1992, p. S196).
The inclusion of physical activity as an important lifestyle for promoting
good health is now clear. But for those interested in the health benefits of
physical activity, it is not easy to find a single source that summarizes these
benefits. For this reason, we have attempted to provide a simple summary
Produced quarterly by the
of the benefits in three sections: disease prevention and treatment; health
President's Council on
promotion; and physical fitness development. Six principal sources are used
for this summary. Readers are encouraged to consult these references and
Physical Fitness and Sports
their sources for more complete details.
Washington, D.C. 20004
Disease Prevention
Co-edited by Drs. Chuck Corbin
and Treatment
and Bob Pangrazi,
P
rior to 1940, the leading killers in the United States were infectious
Arizona State University
diseases. Improvement in public health practices, implementation of
personal and public health education, and vaccines have greatly re-
duced the incidence of these diseases. As indicated in the early statement
by Dr. Foege, "chronic diseases" are now our major health concerns. These
chronic diseases are often referred to as "lifestyle diseases" because changes
Chiquita
in lifestyle, including increased activity and fitness, can reduce the threat of
early death and the incidence of disease. Table 1 lists several of the diseases
for which regular physical activity can reduce risk, either of getting the dis-
Produced as a public service by
ease or of dying from it. Also illustrated in Table 1 are some of the possible
Chiquita Brands International, Inc.
reasons why exercise reduces risk of these diseases.
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of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or
visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room.
Walking for Exercise E and
Pleasure [Booklet]
17 pages
Walking
for Exercise and Pleasure
COMPANY IMISICAL 9 FITNESS
The President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
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visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room.
Exercise and Weight
Control [Booklet]
20 pages
Exerci
Weight
Control
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Wake up! to Family Fitness
with the California Raisins
[Foldout] 4 pages
WAKE UP!
TO FAMILY FITNESS WITH THE
CALIFORNIA
RAISINS
EMISICAL FITNESS&
and
Kusti yomagucku
President's Council on Physical
Fitness and Sports
Date:
Rt:
EXERCISE
In the interest of better personal fitness, general
health, and disease prevention, I prescribe the
following exercise:
Name:
Address:
Rx Aerobic
Walking/hiking 30 minutes
Easy jogging two miles
Swimming or water exercise
20 minutes (continuous)
Bike riding 20 minutes
(moderate speed)
Muscle Strength
Weight training three sets, ten
repetitions
Calisthenics Push-ups and sit-ups
Flexibility
Stretching
PRESIDENT'S COUNCIL
Range of motion
X
per week
PHYSICAL ON FITNESS
Refill/Report-Back Date:
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visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room.
Incroducing the Physician's
Rx: Exercise
[Foldout] 2 pages
Introducing
the Physician's
EXERCISE
PRESIDENTS COUNCIL
IMPHISICAL THE FITNESS
Your own exercise plan for
a whole new you!
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visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room.
Physical Education A
Performance checklist
[Booklee] spages
Performance
Education
Physical
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The Benefits of Regular
Exercise - IRSA The
Association of Quality clabs
[Booklet] 16 pages
THE BENEFITS
OF REGULAR
EXERCISE
IRSA
The Association of
Quality Clubs
PRESIDENT'S COUNCIL
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of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or
visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room.
**5
the