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Clinton Presidential Records Digital Records Marker This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff. This marker identifies the place of a publication. Publications have not been scanned in their entirety for the purpose of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room. -1993-94- President's Challenge PHYSICAL FITNESS PROGRAM PACKET FEATURED in this packet are the following 1993-94 Presi- dent's Challenge Materials: The time is right to accept the President's Letter from President Bill Challenge. If you are 6-17 years of age, you Clinton are eligible to earn one of three Presidential awards. Ask your physical education teacher Letter from Co-Chairpersons about the program today! Or write: of the President's Council on Fitness, Washington, D.C. 20004 Physical Fitness and Sports, Florence Griffith Joyner and Tom McMillen Test Manual Awards Listing, Order Form and New Awards State Champion Entry Form New Physical Fitness Score- card Official President's Challenge Apparel Listing and Order Form (Instructor's Apparel and Student Award T-Shirts). PRESIDENTIAL PARTICIPANT Also enclosed in the packet are INDISAHA AWARD AWARD a Get Fit Booklet, a new FITNESS FITNESS FITNESS President's Challenge poster The President's Challenge is a program of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. and a Presidential Special Edi- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public/ Health Service. tion Jacket Order Form. IONIO A Program of the FITNESS THE SPORTS President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports PRESIDENTIAL NATIONAL PHYSICAL AWARD THE PRESIDENT'S CHALLENGE AWARD FITNESS FITNESS NATIONAL-YOUTH-PHYSICAL-FITNESS-PROGRAM A PROGRAM OF THE PRESIDENT'S COUNCIL ON PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS FACT SHEET WHAT IS THE PRESIDENT'S CHALLENGE? The President's Challenge is a physical fitness testing program of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports (PCPFS). During the 1992-93 school year, approximately 28,000 schools nationwide parricipated in the program and over 2.0 million awards were distributed. The program is for ages six through 17, including those students with special needs. WHAT ARE THE TEST ITEMS? The test battery consists of five required components of physical fitness. These include: 1) a one-mile run/walk for circulorespi- ratory endurance: 2) curl-ups for abdominal strength and endurance; 3) the V-sit and reach (or sit and reach) for muscular flexibility; 4) pull-ups for upper body strength and endurance: and 5) the shuttle run for body coordination. WHAT ARE THE AWARDS? Awards are based on three different levels of physical fitness exhibited: Presidential, National and Participant. The Presidential Physical Fitness Award for outstanding achievement is awarded to those who score at or above the 85th percentile on all five test items. The students earning this award receive a Presidential certificate and a blue embroidered emblem. The National Physical Fitness Award recognizes those who score at or above the 50th percentile on all five test items. The students earning this award receive a National cer- tificate of achievement, a red embroidered emblem or both. The Participant Physical Fitness Award recognizes those who attempt all five test items, but score below the 50th percentile on one or more of the five test items. The students receive either a Participant Cer- tificate of Achievement, a white embroidered emblem or both. WHO IS QUALIFIED TO ADMINISTER THE PRESIDENT'S CHALLENGE? To qualify for awards, instruction and testing must be carried out by a certified physical education teacher/specialist. A certified physical education teacher/specialist is also required to modify the program for students with special needs, based upon individual limi- tations and abilities. Others who wish to administer the test must be assisted by a physical education teacher/specialist and have at least one student qualify for the Presidential Award. After the first testing and qualifying, the test administrator is certified to give further tests without the assistance of a certified physical education teacher/specialist. HOW OFTEN CAN THE TEST BE ADMINISTERED? The PCPFS recommends fitness testing at least twice each year, in the fall and spring. Before performing the test, all students should be taught the correct techniques for all components, including proper pacing and running style. There is no limit to the number of attempts students can have on each test item. All five test items are required and must be performed in order for a student to qualify for an award. Physical fitness resting is most effective when it is part of a comprehensive physical education program that supports test- ing with educational and motivational information. WHAT IS THE STATE CHAMPION AWARD? The State Champion Award is given to the schools with the highest number of students scoring at or above the 85th percentile. Three schools are selected in each state as State Champion schools based on total enrollment: category I-enrollment of 50 to 100; cate- gory II-enrollment of 101 to 500; category III-enrollment of 501 and above. WHO IS ELIGIBLE TO EARN THE STATE CHAMPION AWARD? Only schools will be considered for the State Champion Physical Fitness Award. Further guidelines and directions can be found on page 11 of the 1993-94 Program Packet. Modifications have been made this year, SO please, take a moment to review these requirements. WHEN ARE STATE CHAMPION SCHOOLS NAMED? State Champion schools are named annually in the fall. The names of the winning schools are provided to the governor, super- intendent of education/instruction and members of Congress for each state, along with a news release to the local media. The winning schools and participants receive a certificate signed by the President of the United States of America. School participation in this pro- gram is not required, but is encouraged. PRESIDENT'S CHALLENGE POPLARS RESEARCH CENTER 400 E. 7TH STREET BLOOMINGTON, IN 47405 TOLL FREE 1-800-258-8146 Printed on Recycled Paper. Clinton Presidential Records Digital Records Marker This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff. This marker identifies the place of a publication. Publications have not been scanned in their entirety for the purpose of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room. PRESIDENT'S Readiness for Physical Activity NO SPORTS Current practice in physical education and sports medicine emphasizes the WOISING twin goals of reducing the risk of illness and increasing quality-adjusted life ex- FITNESS& pectancy through the development of health-related fitness (Bouchard et al., 1990). The average city-dweller currently takes insufficient habitual physical activity to realize these goals, but involvement in a regular, well-designed pro- Physical Activity gram of aerobic training, supplemented by moderate resisted muscle exercises And Fitness could satisfy both objectives (American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), Research Digest 1991; ACSM, 1993). What are the risks of engaging in such activity, and how can a person determine if they are ready to undertake such a program? Series 1, No. 5 Risks of Exercise February 1994 Excessive physical activity can provoke a variety of musculo-skeletal injuries, but the big fear, highlighted by such events as the sudden death of Jim Fixx and other high-profile exercisers, is that the program will provoke a fatal heart attack. Studies from our own laboratory and elsewhere (Cobb & GUEST AUTHOR Weaver, 1986; Northcote & Ballantyne, 1984; Sadaniantz & Thompson, Roy J. Shephard, M.D. 1990; Shephard, 1974, 1981; Vuori et al., 1982) show that (at least in symp- (Lond.), Ph.D., D.P.E. from tom-free men) the risk of fatal and nonfatal heart attacks during physical School of Physical & activity is from 4 to 56 times higher than it is while sitting at home reading Health Education and a book. Maron et al. (1986) suggested that the main causes of sudden death Dept. of Preventive Medicine & Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, in exercisers under 35 years of age were hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (48%: University of Toronto. particularly a thickening of the septum between left and right ventricles) and unexplained enlargement of the left ventricle (18%). In those over the age of 35 years, 80% of exercise-related deaths were attributed to disease of the coronary arteries. The overall risk that vigorous physical activity will provoke Produced quarterly by the a cardiac emergency is quite low, about one death per 400,000 hours of jog- ging (Thompson et al., 1982), and furthermore the risk seems even lower in President's Council on regular than in occasional exercisers (Siscovick et al., 1984). Physical Fitness and Sports Implications for Pre-exercise Screening Washington, D.C. 20004 Ideally, regular physical activity should be conceived as a simple, safe, and natural part of healthy living, a lifestyle to which the human body has Co-edited by Drs. Chuck Corbin adapted over many centuries of evolutionary struggle as a hunter and primi- and Bob Pangrazi, tive agriculturalist (Shephard, 1993), rather than as a dangerous medical in- Arizona State University tervention that requires extensive, high-technology pre-exercise evaluation. For a long period, physicians in the United States adopted a somewhat re- strictive approach to exercise prescription, suggesting that a stress electro- cardiogram was needed in all men over the age of 35 years who wanted to Chiquita increase their habitual physical activity (Cooper, 1970). Their starting point was the now largely discredited assumption (Shephard, 1984; Siscovick et al., 1991) that a medically-supervised exercise stress ECG could predict and thus Produced as a public service by avert the occasional exercise-induced cardiac arrest. Northcote and Ballantyne (1984) have pointed out that it would cost $13 billion to screen Chiquita Brands International, Inc. even current athletes over the age of 35 years; moreover, it would be neces- 1 Clinton Presidential Records Digital Records Marker This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff. This marker identifies the place of a publication. Publications have not been scanned in their entirety for the purpose of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room. PRESIDENT'S Heredity and Health-Related Fitness NO SPORTS A Note From the Editors FITNESS& In the February Issue of the Physical Activity and Fitness Research Digest we noted the importance of heredity as a factor affecting the development of health-related physical fitness. We cited the research of Claude Bouchard and colleagues and in- Physical Activity dicated that a forthcoming issue of the Digest would deal with the influences of And Fitness heredity on physical fitness in greater detail. Research Digest In this issue of the Digest readers have the opportunity to read a synthesis paper on "Heredity and Health-Related Fitness" written by the most prominent scholar in the area. While we have known for some time that heredity was a factor affecting fitness Series 1, No. 4 performances, it was not until Dr. Bouchard and his colleagues began their in-depth November 1993 studies in the area that we began to really know the extent of hereditary influences. Dr. Bouchard has studied families, especially families with twins, to learn how heredity affects fitness. Heredity (genotypes) affects different fitness components (phenotypes) in different ways. For example two people of the same age and sex GUEST AUTHOR with similar lifestyles could vary in health-related fitness just because of the genes they inherited. As noted later in this paper, the heritability for body fatness is 25%+, Claude Bouchard, Ph.D. muscle fitness 20-40%, and CV fitness 10 to 25%. Physical Activity Sciences Laboratory But heritability only accounts for differences that heredity might make when com- PEPS, Laval University paring two people who have not trained. Bouchard and colleagues have been the Sainte-Foy, Québec, GIK 7P4, pioneers who have demonstrated that not only do people differ in fitness based on Canada heredity, but people of different genetic backgrounds respond differently to training. In other words, two people of different genetic background could do the exact same exercise program and get quite different benefits (see Figure 1). Some people get as much as 10 times as much benefit from activity as others who do the same program. Produced quarterly by the Though quite technical in some places, the following paper has many practical im- President's Council on plications for teachers and professionals in physical activity and fitness. Some of these are listed below: Physical Fitness and Sports Washington, D.C. 20004 Recognizing individual differences is critical in helping students, clients, and pa- tients with fitness achievement. People do not enter our programs with similar backgrounds, nor do they respond similarly to training. Co-edited by Drs. Chuck Corbin Assumptions about a person's fitness cannot always be indicative of their current and Bob Pangrazi, activity levels. The conclusion that the lower fitness of one person compared to another is a result of inactivity is a dangerous one. Those who do not adapt Arizona State University quickly to physical activity need encouragement to keep them involved, not dis- couragement associated with conclusions about their level of activity and effort. Different people (genotypes) respond differently to each part of fitness (pheno- type). A person who has less hereditary predisposition to one type of fitness may Chiquita respond well to another. For this reason we should be careful not to expect peo- ple to perform well on all health-related fitness tests just because they score well on one test. Produced as a public service by Even those with little technical background can benefit from the paper that follows. Chiquita Brands International, Inc. Read on! 1 Clinton Presidential Records Digital Records Marker This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff. This marker identifies the place of a publication. Publications have not been scanned in their entirety for the purpose of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room. PRESIDENT'S Physical Fitness and Healthy Low Back Function NO Introduction: WOISAND SPORTS T he initial issue of the Physical Activity and Fitness Research Digest (Series 1, No. 1) gave a general overview of the benefits of physical FITNESS& activity and how those benefits related to major lifestyle diseases and the Healthy People 2000 promotion and disease prevention priorities. This is- sue focuses on physical activity, physical fitness, healthy back function and Physical Activity low back pain. And Fitness Research Digest The following key points are discussed in detail in this article: At some time in their lives, 60-80% of all individuals experience low Series 1, No. 3 back pain. The condition is disabling to 1-5% of this population. August 1993 To have a healthy, well-functioning back, flexible lumbar muscles, ham- strings, and hip flexors and strong fatigue-resistant abdominal and back extensor muscles are necessary. The Healthy People 2000 goals aim to decrease disability from chronic disabling disease and to increase the proportion of the population who GUEST AUTHOR regularly perform activities to enhance muscular strength, endurance, Sharon Ann Plowman and flexibility. In terms of low back health, the latter goal may be one Northern Illinois University way of achieving the former goal. DeKalb, IL 60115 Exercises to maintain or increase muscular function in the low back region are presented in Table 1. The anatomical logic (presented in Table 2) linking low back health and physical activity is stronger than the research evidence at this time. Produced quarterly by the Studies (see body of text) support the fact that individuals who have suffered President's Council on low back pain (LBP) have weaker, more fatigable, and less flexible muscles in Physical Fitness and Sports the trunk region even after the acute pain episode has subsided than do those who are pain free. Continued weakness, low endurance and restricted range of Washington, D.C. 20004 movement appear to be contributing factors to recurrent LBP. The ability to predict first-time LBP from muscular strength, endurance or flexibility values Co-edited by Drs. Chuck Corbin has not been established. Likewise, a direct relationship between LBP and cardiovascular or body composition fitness has not been established. On the and Bob Pangrazi, other hand, with one exception which is noted in the following text, the stud- Arizona State University ies reviewed have not shown that high levels of any of these fitness compo- nents are in any way linked as causal factors to LBP. Therefore, it appears prudent at this point to continue recommending a specific program of trun- cal muscular fitness as a part of a comprehensive physical fitness activity pro- Chiquita gram. This recommendation is in accordance with the Healthy People 2000 goal, which states the aim of increasing to at least 40 percent the proportion of the population 6 years old and above who regularly perform physical activities Produced as a public service by that enhance and maintain muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flex- ibility (Public Health Serve, 1990). A comprehensive program would, of Chiquita Brands International, Inc. course, utilize the entire body and, along with the trunk region, stress upper 1 Clinton Presidential Records Digital Records Marker This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff. This marker identifies the place of a publication. Publications have not been scanned in their entirety for the purpose of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room. PRESIDENT'S Common Physical Activity and Intrinsic Motivation Introduction: Theory Development ON PHYSICAL SPORTS O ver the past 20 years, we have accumulated considerable evidence to document the health benefits of physical activity (see previous FITNESS& Research Digest). Researchers have established with a fair degree of confidence just how much physical activity is necessary to produce fitness improvement and benefits to health (ACSM, 1990). Given this rather clear picture of how to obtain desirable benefits, an obvious question is why do Physical Activity less than one quarter of the population engage in light-to-moderate physical And Fitness activity? The answer to this question is found largely in the realm of psy- Research Digest chology-specifically in the area of motivation. The task of this issue is to review current knowledge and to translate it into suggestions for enhancing physical activity. Specific guidelines for fostering intrinsic motivation to- Series 1, No. 2 ward physical activity are outlined in the final section. May 1993 Motivational studies have long focused on factors that initiate, influence and modify behavior. Early theories dealt essentially with the deterministic as- pects of those factors; focusing on instinctual drives (e.g., Freud, 1923/1962), physiological drives (e.g., Hull, 1943), or environmental influences (e.g., Skinner, 1953, 1971). Although these theories had (and still have) consider- GUEST AUTHOR able value, their apparent view of people as passive beings that are pushed and pulled around by their physiology or environment has given rise to con- Dr. James R. Whitehead cern and criticism. A different point of view was published as a monograph Department of HPER by (White, 1959) who proposed that people are driven by a need to be com- University of North Dakota petent, or effective in mastering all aspects of our environment. He suggested Grand Forks, ND 58202 that when attempts to master the challenges of our surroundings were suc- cessful, the result was positive -a "feeling of efficacy" (p. 329)-which, in turn, served to intrinsically motivate further behavior. White's monograph led to a wealth of study on intrinsic motivation, and in that respect it can be seen as the foundation of subsequent studies that are described below. Produced quarterly by the Refinements of the Theory President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports A major development of White's (1959) monograph is represented by the addition of a formal statement of cognitive evaluation theory (Deci, 1975; Deci & Ryan, 1985). Cognitive evaluation theory states that Washington, D.C. 20004 intrinsic motivation is driven by an innate need for competence and self-de- termination in dealing with one's surroundings. The intrinsic rewards for the behaviors motivated by this need are satisfying feelings of competence Co-edited by Drs. Chuck Corbin and autonomy, positive emotions such as enjoyment and excitement, and and Bob Pangrazi, possibly the sensation of flow (complete absorption in the activity). These feelings, in turn, serve to maintain or increase a person's intrinsic motiva- Arizona State University tion for the particular behavior. In a nutshell (according to the theory), an individual's desire to pursue a particular activity depends upon whether his or her feelings of competence, autonomy, and positive affect persist over time. Conversely, if an individual Chiquita begins to perceive him or herself as incompetent at the activity and/or under external control to do it, then his or her intrinsic motivation is undermined. The outcome is then either a state of extrinsic motivation (the activity might Produced as a public service by continue dependent on the continuance of external rewards and/or coercion), or a state of amotivation (further activity unlikely because the perceptions of Chiquita Brands International, Inc. incompetence lead to a sense of futility). 1 Clinton Presidential Records Digital Records Marker This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff. This marker identifies the place of a publication. Publications have not been scanned in their entirety for the purpose of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room. PRESIDENT'S COUNTY The Health Benefits of Physical Activity NO I n 1990, Healthy People 2000 was released by Dr. Louis Sullivan, SPORTS Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services. The document elaborated national health promotion and disease prevention goals for the year 2000. A central goal of the document is to increase the span of FITNESS healthy life for Americans. While improved treatment of disease to prevent premature death is an important concern, Healthy People 2000 emphasizes Physical Activity the importance of prevention of illness/disease, especially lifestyle or chronic illnesses that have become the leading sources of death in our soci- And Fitness ety. But perhaps most important of all, the goals focus on efforts to promote Research Digest a quality of life and a sense of well-being associated with good health. Dr. Michael McGinnis, Director of the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Series 1, No.1 Promotion, recently made the following statement. February 1993 it is not through happenstance that the physical activity category is the first priority area of the Healthy People 2000 effort. Physical ac- tivity is related to the health of all Americans. It has the ability to re- duce directly the risk of several major chronic diseases as well as to catalyze positive changes with respect to other risk factors of these diseases. Dr. William Foege, former Director of the Centers for Disease Control, suggests that physical activity may provide the shortcut we in public health have been seeking for the control of chronic diseases, much like immunization has facilitated progress against infectious diseases (McGinnis, 1992, p. S196). The inclusion of physical activity as an important lifestyle for promoting good health is now clear. But for those interested in the health benefits of physical activity, it is not easy to find a single source that summarizes these benefits. For this reason, we have attempted to provide a simple summary Produced quarterly by the of the benefits in three sections: disease prevention and treatment; health President's Council on promotion; and physical fitness development. Six principal sources are used for this summary. Readers are encouraged to consult these references and Physical Fitness and Sports their sources for more complete details. Washington, D.C. 20004 Disease Prevention Co-edited by Drs. Chuck Corbin and Treatment and Bob Pangrazi, P rior to 1940, the leading killers in the United States were infectious Arizona State University diseases. Improvement in public health practices, implementation of personal and public health education, and vaccines have greatly re- duced the incidence of these diseases. As indicated in the early statement by Dr. Foege, "chronic diseases" are now our major health concerns. These chronic diseases are often referred to as "lifestyle diseases" because changes Chiquita in lifestyle, including increased activity and fitness, can reduce the threat of early death and the incidence of disease. Table 1 lists several of the diseases for which regular physical activity can reduce risk, either of getting the dis- Produced as a public service by ease or of dying from it. Also illustrated in Table 1 are some of the possible Chiquita Brands International, Inc. reasons why exercise reduces risk of these diseases. Clinton Presidential Records Digital Records Marker This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff. This marker identifies the place of a publication. Publications have not been scanned in their entirety for the purpose of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room. Walking for Exercise E and Pleasure [Booklet] 17 pages Walking for Exercise and Pleasure COMPANY IMISICAL 9 FITNESS The President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Clinton Presidential Records Digital Records Marker This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff. This marker identifies the place of a publication. Publications have not been scanned in their entirety for the purpose of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room. Exercise and Weight Control [Booklet] 20 pages Exerci Weight Control Clinton Presidential Records Digital Records Marker This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff. This marker identifies the place of a publication. Publications have not been scanned in their entirety for the purpose of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room. Wake up! to Family Fitness with the California Raisins [Foldout] 4 pages WAKE UP! TO FAMILY FITNESS WITH THE CALIFORNIA RAISINS EMISICAL FITNESS& and Kusti yomagucku President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Date: Rt: EXERCISE In the interest of better personal fitness, general health, and disease prevention, I prescribe the following exercise: Name: Address: Rx Aerobic Walking/hiking 30 minutes Easy jogging two miles Swimming or water exercise 20 minutes (continuous) Bike riding 20 minutes (moderate speed) Muscle Strength Weight training three sets, ten repetitions Calisthenics Push-ups and sit-ups Flexibility Stretching PRESIDENT'S COUNCIL Range of motion X per week PHYSICAL ON FITNESS Refill/Report-Back Date: Clinton Presidential Records Digital Records Marker This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff. This marker identifies the place of a publication. Publications have not been scanned in their entirety for the purpose of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room. Incroducing the Physician's Rx: Exercise [Foldout] 2 pages Introducing the Physician's EXERCISE PRESIDENTS COUNCIL IMPHISICAL THE FITNESS Your own exercise plan for a whole new you! Clinton Presidential Records Digital Records Marker This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff. This marker identifies the place of a publication. Publications have not been scanned in their entirety for the purpose of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room. Physical Education A Performance checklist [Booklee] spages Performance Education Physical Clinton Presidential Records Digital Records Marker This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff. This marker identifies the place of a publication. Publications have not been scanned in their entirety for the purpose of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room. The Benefits of Regular Exercise - IRSA The Association of Quality clabs [Booklet] 16 pages THE BENEFITS OF REGULAR EXERCISE IRSA The Association of Quality Clubs PRESIDENT'S COUNCIL Clinton Presidential Records Digital Records Marker This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff. This marker identifies the place of a publication. Publications have not been scanned in their entirety for the purpose of digitization. To see the full publication please search online or visit the Clinton Presidential Library's Research Room. **5 the