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While much of northern India was under the rule of the Mughal emperors, the Deccan plateau of the south was controlled by a series of Muslim sultanates, including Ahmadnagar, which was ruled by the Nizam Shahi sultans. As in the rest of the Deccan, foreigners, or afaqis, were a major presence at the court; in fact, their strong cultural links with the Middle East, especially Iran, has often led to
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