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In December 1959, after the failure of the first lunar probes, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) started the Ranger project, partly as a way to get out of the public relations mess the earlier failures had created. On 30 August 1961, NASA launched the first Ranger, but the launch vehicle placed it in the wrong orbit. Two more attempts in 1961 failed, as did two more attempts in 1962. NASA the
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