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Annex 20, Registration and Information
NOTICE
to users of the National Plan
for Civil Defense and Defense Mobilization
Annex 20, Registration and Information, has been
incorporated into Annex 19, Emergency Welfare.
The Lighter Dwight 0 ADMINISTRATION
Please retain this sheet with your
annexes in the place of Annex 20.
THE NATIONAL PLAN
for
Civil Defense and Defense Mobilization
Annex 21
NATIONAL FIRE DEFENSE
PLAN
. DIMITE Library BOLL
Executive Office of the President
OFFICE OF CIVIL AND DEFENSE MOBILIZATION
77.19 17/00/77 THE
12/01/17
THEN
Preface
This annex supports and amplifies the National
Plan for Civil Defense and Defense Mobilization, par-
ticularly Part V, Functions for Protection of Life and
Property, Section H, Disaster Services. It outlines the
responsibilities, general guidance, and procedures for
organized protection against the extraordinary effects
of fire resulting from enemy attack. Some of these re-
sponsibilities and procedures are applicable also in
major natural disasters.
Auxiliary documents, including Federal operations
plans and prototype State and local operations plans,
will be issued as necessary and will be subordinate to
and compatible with this annex and the National Plan.
This annex is published in looseleaf form in order
that pages may be added or replaced easily whenever
revisions are made.
Penaldrugh
D. The Eisenhower
Director
Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization
Issued March 1960
[iii]
Contents
Page
PREFACE
iii
I. DEFINITIONS
1
II. ASSUMPTIONS
1
III. GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES
2
A. Individuals and Families
2
B. Industries and Other Organizations
2
C. Local Governments
2
D. State Governments
2
E. Federal Government
3
IV. FUNCTIONS
3
A. Operations Preparedness
3
B. Staffing and Equipment
5
C. Communications.
6
D. Training
6
V. EXECUTION
8
A. Industries and Other Organizations
8
B. Municipal Governments
8
C. County Governments
9
D. State Governments
9
E. Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization
10
F. Other Federal Agencies
11
[iv]
ANNEX 21
NATIONAL FIRE DEFENSE PLAN
I. Definitions
A. Fires, for purposes of this annex, are those re-
sulting directly or indirectly from enemy attack, includ-
ing both (1) urban-area fires, for the control of which
organized fire departments are responsible, and (2)
rural-area fires, for the control of which the rural fire
defense organizations are responsible.
B. Fire defense, for purposes of this annex, refers
to those extraordinary preparations and operations to
prevent, contain, or curtail the destructive effects of
fires directly or indirectly resulting from attack. It also
includes other measures incident to firefighting under
these conditions, such as training, rescue, salvage, water
supply, reduction of fire potential, and fire-service chem-
ical, biological, and radiological defense.
C. Rural areas, as referred to in this annex, include
forests, other wild lands, and flammable-crop lands not
under the jurisdiction of organized municipal fire de-
partments.
D.
Dwight
II. Assumptions
841
LIVE
A. Enemy-caused fires, from sabotage, incendiary
weapons, and blast and thermal effects of nuclear weap-
ons, would be a major destructive force in an attack
upon the United States and would seriously impair sur-
vival and recovery activities. Fires resulting from com-
bat operations would be another potential hazard. The
1 See Annex 1, Planning Basis.
[1]
Annex 21
incidence of accidental fires and arson might well be
greater during and soon after attack, because of then-
existing confusion and disorder.
B. Fires under emergency conditions could exceed
normal firefighting capability particularly when it is
considered that ability to combat fires might be seri-
ously impaired by radioactive fallout.
C. In general, primary reliance in combating such
fires in urban areas would be placed in the capability
of local firefighting organizations, aided where possible
by related government services and by the available
facilities of Federal, State, and other local governments.
III. General Responsibilities
A. Individuals and Families
Individuals and families are responsible for learn-
ing and applying the basic rules of fire prevention, for
reporting fires, for extinguishing small fires, and for
providing all possible assistance to their community
fire protection efforts.
B. Industries and Other Organizations
Industries and other organizations are responsible
for self protection against fires, including preventive
measures and training, and for contributing to gov-
ernment fire protection efforts.
C. Local Governments
Local governments (county, metropolitan, or mu-
nicipal) are responsible for providing fire defense for
anticipated emergency needs within their jurisdictions,
and for the active coordinated emergency planning
among local fire, water supply, and health officials.
D. State Governments
State governments are responsible for assisting
their counties and municipalities in developing capabil-
ity for fire defense, for coordinating fire defense plan-
ning within their jurisdictions and with other States
[2]
Annex 21
and the Federal Government, and for making available
to their political subdivisions, and when possible to other
States, firefighting resources which can be spared. They
are also responsible for direction of fire control on all
State and private lands outside organized urban areas.
E. Federal Government
The Federal Government is responsible for the
direction of fire control on all Federal lands outside
organized urban areas. It is also responsible for guid-
ing and coordinating fire defense planning with and
among the States, for disseminating critical fire defense
information, and for making available to the States in
emergencies Federal firefighting resources and facili-
ties not needed for military and other essential Federal
requirements.
IV. Functions
A. Operations Preparedness
1. Objective
To assure practicable, coordinated, and effi-
a
cient fire defense in a civil defense emergency.
Dwight
2. Actions Required
THE
a. Development and implementation of policies,
organization, plans, and programs, consistent
with planning assumptions, for fire defense
operations. These plans should provide for:
(1) Coordinated emergency action, including
coordination of rural fire defense and or-
ganized fire department operations.
(2) Facilities for direction and control.
(3) Mutual aid.
(4) Exchange of information on preattack
conditions, postattack situations, and
emergency operations.
[3]
Annex 21
(5) Fire defense support programs, such as
reduction of fire vulnerability, rescue, sal-
vage, emergency water supply, emergency
training, radiological monitoring and de-
contamination, and biological and chem-
ical warfare defense measures.2
(6) Extraordinary rescue and salvage at fires,
in areas subject to fire hazards, or under
control of fire personnel.
(7) Standard operating procedures.
b. Implementation and coordination by the vari-
ous governments of emergency plans and pro-
grams for the defense of natural resources
against fire.
C. Coordination of industrial and government fire
defense activities with those of other emer-
gency services within the particular jurisdic-
tion.
d. Provision by the State and by the Federal Gov-
ernment, through the State as appropriate, of
guidance and technical assistance through
technical information and prototype plans, out-
lining standard operating procedures.
e. Periodic testing of operations plans by all fire
defense agencies, singly and jointly.
f. Dissemination of information and promotion
of programs for the removal or protection of
combustibles and the reduction of fire vulner-
ability.³
2 See Annexes 17, Disaster Services ; 23, National Radiological Defense
Plan; 24, National Biological and Chemical Warfare Defense Plan;
32, National Water Plan; and 37, Training and Education.
3 See Annex 9, Public Information.
[4]
Annex 21
g. Compilation and maintenance of inventories of
firefighting resources and other necessary op-
erational data for use at government control
centers.
h. Establishment of automatic lines of succession
for fire department officials, preservation of
essential fire records, and establishment of
appropriate alternative locations for emer-
gency command and control of the fire organ-
izations.
B. Staffing and Equipment
1. Objective
To assure that firefighting forces have ade-
quate personnel and equipment for essential fire
defense activities during a civil defense emer-
gency.
a
2. Actions Required
Dwight
a. Establishment and maintenance of emergency
The
State, county, and municipal fire control
facilities.
b. Provision at each level of government of equip-
ment and staffing necessary to carry out its
emergency fire defense activities, and acquisi-
tion by industrial and other organizations of
approved fire defense equipment, water supply,
and emergency facilities as necessary.
c. Strategic placement (including dispersal) of
equipment and assignment of personnel by
each fire defense organization in accordance
with its fire defense plan and with mutual aid
agreements.
d. Maintenance of equipment in operable condi-
tion.
4 See Annex 8, Preparations for Continuity of Government.
[5]
Annex 21
e. State and local participation in Federal grants-
in-aid for emergency fire defense personnel
and equipment in accordance with approved
programs.
f. Programs for recruitment and training of per-
sonnel to supplement, in an emergency, exist-
ing firefighting staffs.
C. Communications
1. Objective
To develop adequate statewide and interstate
fire defense communications systems, with provi-
sions for effective coordination with Federal,
State, and local control centers.
2. Actions Required
a. Establishment and maintenance by the Federal
Government, States, counties, municipalities,
and industries of interconnected fire defense
communications systems, including interstate
and intercounty communications to implement
mutual-aid agreements.
b. Effective coordination by the Federal Govern-
ment, States, and counties of fire defense com-
munications within their jurisdictions.
c. Provision of Federal technical and financial
assistance to the States and their political sub-
divisions for fire communications.
d. Federal authorization of fire defense communi-
cations networks.
D. Training
1. Objective
To prepare fire defense personnel at each
level of government for the performance of their
functions under emergency conditions of extreme
severity.
5 See Annex 15, Communications.
6 See Annex 37, Training and Education.
[6]
Annex 21
2. Actions Required
a. Sponsorship, coordination, and extension of
present fire defense training programs by Fed-
eral, State, and local governments, industries,
and other organizations. Such expansion of
existing training programs must be developed
by qualified regular fire training officials and
based on standard fire training programs, tech-
niques, and procedures, expanded to cover
applicable civil defense subjects, weapons ef-
fects, and the necessary staff and command
requirements for large-scale emergency fire
defense operations.
b. Federal sponsorship of a fire defense training
program extended to subjects not provided
through regular fire defense sources.
c. Training in technical fire prevention and pro-
tection, reduction of fire vulnerability, emer-
gency water supply measures, rescue and sal-
a
vage operations, and chemical, biological, and
DIMBER
radiological defense.
BUA
d. Retraining as necessary on the basis of tests
and evaluations of emergency operations.
e. Training of instructors to conduct local train-
ing courses in fire defense.
f. Encouragement and assistance by the Federal
Government and the States for approved fire
defense training programs, including Federal
financial assistance to the States and their
political subdivisions for fire defense training
and for construction of training facilities, and
technical guidance and assistance in planning,
designing, constructing, maintaining, and op-
erating training facilities.
[7]
Annex 21
g. Development and provision, by the Federal
Government to the States and by the States to
their political subdivisions, of training materi-
als and other information pertinent to fire
defense in civil defense emergencies.
V. Execution
In order to make the National Fire Defense Plan
effective, it must be operated substantially as outlined
below, and, where necessary, appropriate Federal, State,
or local legislative action should be taken.
A. Industries and Other Organizations
Industries, institutions, and similar organizations
should organize, train, and equip fire defense brigades
or squads for self-help and mutual aid, and should co-
ordinate with public fire departments.
B. Municipal Governments
1. Enact ordinances and establish policies for joint
action among industrial fire brigades, municipal
fire forces and other departments, and county and
State fire defense organizations.
2. Participate in mutual aid arrangements and
agreements required to implement county or
area fire defense plans.
3. Assign responsibility to the chief fire officer for
recruiting, training, equipping, supervising, and
directing adequate personnel to fulfill the mission
of fire defense.
4. Establish line-of-command succession for munici-
pal fire officers.
5. Preserve essential fire department records.
6. Establish, where authorized, a municipal fire
defense advisory committee.
[8]
Annex 21
C. County Governments
1. Arrange for and participate in mutual aid or area
agreements required to implement State fire de-
fense plans.
2. Obtain or establish authority required for devel-
opment of county firefighting resources and for
participation in mutual aid agreements.
3. Designate a fire official as county fire coordinator
or equivalent, responsible for development of ef-
fective fire defense against enemy attack, and
establish line-of-command succession for him and
key members of his staff.
4. Preserve essential fire defense records.
5. Establish, where authorized, a county fire defense
advisory committee with representation from
participating units.
D. State Governments
1. Assist counties and municipalities to expand
à
normal fire defense capabilities, including opera-
tions plans, resources, training, and procedures
Dwight
for mutual aid and unified command, to meet
141
requirements of enemy attack.
2. Review existing State statutes to determine
whether municipalities and counties within the
State may, by local law or ordinance, adopt provi-
sions authorizing interjurisdictional actions con-
cerning fire defense.
3. Establish State areas, where necessary, for imple-
menting State fire defense policies, plans, and
programs, and for coordinating county and mu-
nicipal fire defense plans and programs, within
the areas' geographic limits.
4. Designate a State fire coordinator and establish
line-of-command succession for that position and
key members of his staff.
[9]
Annex 21
5. Delegate to the fire coordinator the authority nec-
essary for discharging his responsibilities and
developing a staff commensurate with the re-
quirements for total State fire defense.
6. Establish a State fire advisory committee com-
posed primarily of outstanding State fire organ-
ization officials and fire chiefs of probable target
areas within the State.
7. Participate in mutual aid arrangements and
agreements with other States and the Federal
Government.
E. Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization
The Director, OCDM, shall direct and coordinate
the National Fire Defense Plan for the Federal Govern-
ment. OCDM shall:
1. Assist the State and local governments in develop-
ing fire defense plans and training programs.
2. Guide and coordinate fire defense activities of
Federal agencies and their field establishments.
3. Assign to appropriate Federal agencies those
functions required to implement the National Fire
Defense Plan.
4. Provide necessary facilities and staffing at OCDM
National, Operational, and Regional Headquar-
ters and direct other appropriate Federal agen-
cies to provide adequate emergency relocation
sites and staffs, as appropriate, to assure opera-
tional capability for discharging their national
fire defense responsibilities.
5. Coordinate a Federal research and development
program to determine optimum methods, materi-
el, and facilities for the fire defense of the Nation
7 See Annex 36, Research and Development.
[10]
Annex 21
and promulgate significant advancements in tech-
nical matters and operating procedures for fire
defense.
6. Provide technical and financial assistance, includ-
ing grants-in-aid, to the States and their political
subdivisions for personnel, communications, equip-
ment, and training.⁸
7. Evaluate periodic tests called for by State fire
defense plans.9
8. In event of a civil defense emergency, evaluate
the national fire situation postattack and dissemi-
nate this information to the States. 10
F. Other Federal Agencies¹¹
1. The Department of Agriculture shall provide fire
defense for all rural lands under its jurisdiction.
DIME
In cooperation with local, State, and other Federal
841
SIGNATURE
agencies, the Department shall develop a national
program and direct Federal activities relating to
the prevention and control of fires caused by the
effects of enemy attack in rural areas of the
United States.
2. The Department of the Interior shall provide fire
defense for all rural lands under its jurisdiction
and, as coordinated by the Department of Agri-
culture, shall function in the rural fire defense
program as provided in national, regional, and
State rural fire defense plans.¹²
3. Under the directive authority of OCDM, other
Federal agencies shall participate in applicable
programs of the National Fire Defense Plan.
8 See Annex 38, Federal Assistance.
9 See Annex 39, Review, Tests, and Inspection.
10 See Annex 14, Damage Assessment.
11 See Annex 7, Role of the Military.
12 Listed in an appendix to this annex.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE O-1960
[11]
THE NATIONAL PLAN
for
Civil Defense and Defense Mobilization
Annex 22
EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE
RECONNAISSANCE
. DIME Library THE
UNITED
UNIT
Executive Office of the President
OFFICE OF CIVIL AND DEFENSE MOBILIZATION
Preface
This annex supports and amplifies the National
Plan for Civil Defense and Defense Mobilization, par-
ticularly Part V, Section I, Functions for Protection of Life
and Property. It states the principles, responsibilities,
requirements, and broad courses of action for the
development of explosive ordnance reconnaissance
capability.
Auxiliary documents, including prototype State
and local operational plans, will be issued when neces-
sary and will be subordinate to and compatible with the
National Plan and this annex.
The annex is published in looseleaf form in order
that pages may be added or replaced whenever revisions
are made.
Caltigh
a Library OHL
Director
Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization
Issued December 1959
[iii]
Contents
Page
PREFACE
iii
I. DEFINITIONS
1
II. ASSUMPTIONS
1
III. GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES
2
A. Public
2
B. State and Local
2
C. Federal
2
IV. FUNCTIONS
3
A. Planning and Operation
3
B. Training and Information
5
V. EXECUTION
8
[iv ]
ANNEX 22
EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE
RECONNAISSANCE
I. Definitions
A. Explosive ordnance includes unexploded bombs;
artillery, mortar, and rocket projectiles; land mines;
antipersonnel and demolition charges; grenades; pyro-
technics; aerial and naval mines, torpedo and depth
charges; guided missiles; nuclear weapons; and all sim-
ilar or related items or components.
B. Explosive ordnance reconnaissance consists of
the detection, investigation, location, verification, mark-
ing, identification, and reporting of unexploded ord-
nance, including the initial evacuation of personnel.
C. Disposal refers to various measures to render
D.
explosive ordnance safe.
Dwight
BULL
II. Assumptions
A. A potential enemy has the capability of launch-
ing a large scale, varied form of attack against the
continental United States.
B. Such an attack would produce a number of un-
exploded ordnance incidents, including:
1. Unexploded bombs, shells, mines, and tor-
pedoes.
'See Annex 1, Planning Basis.
[1]
Annex 22
2. Downed friendly and enemy aircraft con-
taining unexploded ordnance.
3. Malfunctional and unexploded missiles, both
friendly and enemy.
4. Stocks of explosive material in fires and ex-
plosions resulting from military attacks.
5. Numerous false reports of all of the above
types.
III. General Responsibilities
A. Public
The public shares the responsibility with the mili-
tary, law enforcement agencies, and civil defense
organizations for reporting the presence of unexploded
ordnance or other suspected weapons or explosive
devices to local law enforcement or other appropriate
authorities.
B. State and Local
State and local governments are responsible for
the detection and reporting of unexploded ordnance to
the proper Federal authorities, for the initial evacua-
tion of personnel from endangered areas, and for the
disposal of commercial type non-nuclear explosive
devices in areas under civil jurisdiction. Local actions
under these responsibilities should conform to State
plans.
C. Federal
The Department of Defense, through its compo-
nent Military Departments, conducts explosive ordnance
[2]
Annex 22
disposal and provides training and operational assist-
ance to civilian agencies in the performance of respon-
sibilities outlined above. Within the Department of
Defense, the Department of the Army provides assist-
ance, upon request of civil defense authorities, in
training civilian personnel in explosive ordnance recon-
naissance; and, in conjunction with the other Military
Departments and with civil defense agencies, assists
in the establishment and operation of an explosive
ordnance reconnaissance and incident reporting sys-
tem.³
IV. Functions
A. Planning and Operations
1. Objectives
a. To enable prompt, effective action in report-
ing the presence of ordnance or other explo-
a
sives that threaten the public safety or in
Dwight
minimizing the damage likely to occur if a
THE
detonation takes place.
b. To develop a nationwide civil capability to cope
with hazards inherent in the handling of un-
exploded ordnance.
The Atomic Energy Commission would take custody and dispose of
fissionable materials from any type of unexploded ordnance.
"See Annex 7, Role of the Miltary.
[3]
Annex 22
2. Actions Required
a. Public
(1) Report promptly to proper authorities
the location of unexploded ordnance, and
if possible mark the site to warn others
of the danger.
(2) Observe instructions and orders of police
or other authorities in charge at the sites
of incidents for evacuation and other
actions, including giving assistance as
requested and appropriate.
b. State and Local
(1) Develop capability and competency for
the immediate detection, recognition,
identification, evaluation, and reporting
of explosive ordnance and weapons inci-
dents, and for disposal of commercial
type non-nuclear explosives and devices
in areas under civil jurisdiction. (The
Atomic Energy Commission would take
custody and dispose of fissionable mate-
rials from any type of unexploded ord-
nance.)
(2) Establish standard operating proce-
dures, working relationships, and com-
munications procedures between civil and
military authorities to facilitate the im-
plementation of the explosive ordnance
reconnaissance and disposal function.
"See Annex 16, Maintenance of Law and Order.
[4]
Annex 22
(3) Undertake evacuation and related meas-
ures to protect the public, reconnaissance
personnel and equipment, and other
property from the effects of possible
explosions and to avoid actions that may
cause or contribute to causing explosions.
These measures include determination of
safety distances for specific types of
identifiable unexploded ordnance and
erection of protective works, such as sand-
bags, blasting mats, and embankments,
to deflect or block blast waves in event a
detonation takes place.
C. Federal
(1) Direction and coordination by OCDM of
the civilian aspects of the explosive ord-
nance reconnaissance program, to assure
maximum results.
(2) Completion of operational plans and pro-
cedures, in coordination with State and
local governments, which will insure a
capability for explosive ordnance recon-
naissance and disposal.
D.
(3) Final reconnaissance, identification, safe
Dwight
recovery, and field evaluation of United
PUL
States and foreign explosive ordnance.
B. Training and Information
1. Objective
To provide a program for training civil ex-
plosive ordnance reconnaissance agents that will
5 Federal responsibility for explosive ordnance disposal will be carried
out by the Department of Defense. See Annex 7, Role of the Military.
"See Annex 37, Training and Education.
[5]
Annex 22
fulfill the responsibilities of civil authorities for
accurate reporting and reconnaissance activities
on unexploded ordnance, and thereby to assure
the military the information and coordination
necessary to conduct effective disposal operations
in civil areas.
2. Actions Required
a. Public
(1) Become generally informed concerning
the explosive ordnance reconnaissance
program-what it is, who is involved,
what its objective is, and what the public's
responsibility is in relation to the pro-
gram.
(2) Inform themselves through normal news
and other media concerning the nature
of explosive ordnance incidents and of
their responsibilities in respect thereto.
b. State and Local
(1) Direct the initial effort to the training of
active law enforcement personnel. This
category affords the most dependable
agent-accustomed to handling emer-
gency situations, and with the authority
and facilities to enforce reconnaissance
decisions. It is intended not to preclude
the concurrent training of other civil
defense personnel but to place the em-
phasis on active duty police personnel.
'See Annex 9, Public Information.
[6]
Annex 22
(2) Support the training and qualification of
approximately 10 percent of all regular
police and other law enforcement officers
in the explosive ordnance reconnaissance
function.8
(3) Encourage and support training of regu-
lar police as required to accomplish the
disposal responsibilities outlined in Sec-
tion III.B.
(4) Assist in detailed explosive ordnance re-
connaissance program coordination and
scheduling, to provide the maximum prod-
uct from the Army explosive ordnance
reconnaissance training.
(5) Coordinate in the preparation and release
of information concerning the explosive
ordnance reconnaissance program so as
to apprise the public concerning their
responsibilities in the matter.
D.
C. Federal
Dwight
SUL
(1) Develop and disseminate-by OCDM-
suitable public information materials for
use by Federal, State, and local govern-
ments in promoting understanding of
this aspect of defense.
*Police selected for this training will be 10% of departments in
metropolitan areas of 100,000 population and over, 20% of State police
departments, and 10% of other departments including county sheriffs'
departments and police from other than metropolitan areas. The total
to be qualified will approximate 10% of all Federal, State, and local law
enforcement personnel.
[7]
Annex 22
(2) Train sufficient personnel-by field es-
tablishments of Federal agencies with
responsibilities for explosive ordnance
reconnaissance.
V. Execution
A. Execution of State and local government and
individual responsibilities is in accordance with Part
IV, Section B, and Part V, Section I, Subsection 2, of the
National Plan and in coordination with authorities
applicable to execution of Federal responsibilities.
B. The Federal Government and States shall
provide, as appropriate, stimulation, coordination,
guidance, and assistance in the execution of explosive
ordnance reconnaissance training programs.
C. The Federal Government shall carry out train-
ing and education programs to discharge its military
and nonmilitary defense responsibilities, functions, and
activities for explosive ordnance reconnaissance.
[8]
THE NATIONAL PLAN
for
Civil Defense and Defense Mobilization
Annex 23
NATIONAL RADIOLOGICAL
DEFENSE PLAN
UNUM
DWIRK The D. Eisenhowar
Executive Office of the President
OFFICE OF CIVIL AND DEFENSE MOBILIZATION
4/19 IAZOLINA 1111
bel
noth IlldaM TENALSG bas FEVER
and
77.19 1823
-
( )
Preface
This annex supports and amplifies the National Plan
for Civil Defense and Defense Mobilization, particularly
Part V, Section I, Emergency Protection from Delayed
or Unconventional Weapons Effects, Subsection 2, Radia-
tion. It states the principles, responsibilities, require-
ments, and broad courses of nonmilitary action incident
to radiological defense in the event of nuclear attack or
major nuclear disaster. The National Health Plan, An-
nex 18, contains the provisions for protection against the
health hazards of radiological contamination.
Auxiliary documents will be issued as necessary and
will be subordinate to and compatible with this annex
and the National Plan.
The annex is published in looseleaf form in order that
pages may be added or replaced easily whenever re-
visions are made.
Ceoa Hough
Director
Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization
The Dwight of
Issued October 1959
[iii]
Contents
Page
PREFACE
iii
I. DEFINITION
1
A. Radiological Defense
1
B. Radioactive Fallout
1
II. ASSUMPTIONS
2
A. Enemy Nuclear Attack
2
B. Major Nuclear Disaster
2
III. GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES
2
A. Federal
2
B. State and Local
3
C. Industrial, Institutional, and Individual
3
IV. ELEMENTS OF RADIOLOGICAL DEFENSE
3
A. Detection and Reporting of
Radiological Hazards
3
B. Protection from Radiation
5
C. Radioactive Decay
6
D. Decontamination
6
V. FUNCTIONS
8
A. Public Information and Education
8
B. Technical Training
8
C. Radiological Defense Equipment
and Facilities
10
D. Research and Development
12
VI. EXECUTION
13
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ANNEX 23
NATIONAL RADIOLOGICAL
DEFENSE PLAN
I. Definition
A. Radiological Defense
"Radiological defense" is the organized effort,
through detection, warning, and preventive and re-
medial measures, to minimize the effect, on the people
and resources of the United States, of nuclear radiation
in the event of enemy attack or other major nuclear
disaster.
B. Radioactive Fallout
Radioactive fallout is the surface deposition of radio-
active material which has been explosively distributed
in the atmosphere by the detonation of a nuclear weapon.
When a bomb is detonated at heights which allow the
fireball to come in contact with the ground, great quan-
.
tities of pulverized and vaporized material are carried
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up in the atmosphere. The cloud then contains a vast
The
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amount of radioactive dust particles of all sizes, from
submicroscopic specks to visible grains or flakes. The
larger particles settle to the ground rapidly, the smaller
more slowly. The particles of earth are not in themselves
radioactive, but fragments of bomb materials adhere to
them and fall to the ground. This is fallout.
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Annex 23
II. Assumptions
A. Enemy Nuclear Attack
An attack with surface-burst nuclear weapons on the
United States would seriously contaminate vast areas of
the Nation with radioactive fallout. Radiological con-
tamination would be widespread and in many situations
long-lasting and intense. It would cause substantial
numbers of casualties. Serious radiation dosages could
lessen the survivors' ability to work. The radiation haz-
ard could also deny access to some areas for months for
living or employment purposes and for many years for
certain farming purposes.
B. Major Nuclear Disaster
Serious contamination could result from nuclear
detonations elsewhere, from sabotage, or, despite every
precaution, from nuclear accidents in this country.
III. General Responsibilities
A. Federal
1. Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization
The Director, OCDM, is responsible for overall
nonmilitary radiological defense planning, lead-
ership, and coordination with respect to nuclear
disasters caused by enemy attack and for nuclear
accidents declared major disasters by the Presi-
dent.
2. Other Federal Agencies
All Federal agencies are responsible for pro-
tection of personnel at their own facilities against
radiological contamination and for performing
assigned nonmilitary radiological defense func-
tions.
¹See Annex 1, Planning Basis.
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Annex 23
B. State and Local
State and local governments are responsible for the
development and implementation of nonmilitary opera-
tional radiological defense plans and programs under
their jurisdiction.
C. Industrial, Institutional, and Individual
Industries and institutions are responsible for pro-
tecting personnel at their facilities against radiological
contamination and for assisting the community radio-
logical defense effort. Individuals and families are re-
sponsible for learning and conducting personal measures
to minimize radiation effects, and for supporting and
assisting the community radiological defense program.²
IV. Elements of Radiological Defense
A. Detection and Reporting of Radiological Hazards
1. Presence of Radiation
For civil defense and defense mobilization pur-
poses, the radiological hazard is of two kinds—
that which comes directly from the weapon or de-
vice and that which is carried to earth on particles
of matter thrown aloft by the explosion. The lat-
.
ter, fallout, is of greatest concern to civil defense
Dwlght
and defense mobilization. The amount of radio-
BUL
activity from a nuclear detonation varies, depend-
ing on such factors as design and size of the
weapon, and the environment in which it is deton-
ated (i.e., kind of ground surface, height of burst,
²See Annexes 2, Individual Action; 10, National Shelter Plan; and 11,
Protection of Essential Facilities.
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Annex 23
windspeed and direction, etc.). Direct radiation is
usually confined to the area of blast, but fallout
from a single weapon can occur over thousands of
square miles.
2. Prediction of Radiation Areas
Weather Bureau and other reports of climatic
and atmospheric conditions are used to predict,
for research and testing, probable areas of fallout
using assumed data on detonation. These reports
would also be used to make rough approximations
of the radiological hazard resulting from attack,
until actual information can be obtained through
monitoring.
3. Detection
Radioactivity cannot be detected by the senses,
but instruments can detect and measure it. These
include dosimeters, which measure accumulated
dose, and rate meters, in the form of (1) fixed-
station monitoring devices for remote reading
without exposure to the operator, (2) aerial survey
instruments for general estimation of radiation
levels over a wide area from aircraft, and (3)
survey meters for use by trained monitors.
4. Monitoring Systems
Monitoring systems will be developed at all
levels of government to detect and evaluate the
hazards resulting from an attack. They will use
radio, teletype, and telephone for the two-way ex-
change of radiological intelligence and warning.
The fixed-station Federal monitoring network,
ultimately consisting of over 3,000 stations (one
per county), will provide early general assessment
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Annex 23
of the fallout situation. State and local systems
will provide detailed monitoring services for oper-
ational use.
5. Data Evaluation
Radiation intensity reports will be evaluated
at the control centers of each level of government
by specially trained radiological defense officers,
to assist in determining protective, remedial, and
recovery actions. Summaries of these data will be
provided to the next higher level of government.
B. Protection from Radiation
Protective measures against fallout radiation in-
volve two courses of action-shelter and evacuation.³
Radiation shelter is anything that decreases the
amount of harmful radiation reaching the persons or
objects involved. While specially constructed shelters
are best, any shielding material affords some degree of
protection, increasing with its thickness. Denser mate-
rials absorb more radiation and therefore provide more
protection. Programs to provide improvised shelters in
private homes and public buildings are strongly encour-
aged. When attack is imminent, everyone must seek
and remain in a place providing the best protection avail-
able. Hours may elapse before the arrival of fallout from
a
a detonation many miles away.
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Evacuation from shelter in a contaminated area must
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not occur unless and until it is certain that the exposure
during evacuation is not more dangerous than the con-
sequences of remaining sheltered.
³See Annex 10, National Shelter Plan, and Annex 12, Directed Move-
ment.
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Annex 23
Exposure time, as well as allowable dose, would de-
pend on the urgency of the situation, previous exposure,
and other factors. Both monitors and the general public
MUST AVOID ALL UNNECESSARY EXPOSURE.
C. Radioactive Decay
Following the bomb burst, radiation intensities fall
off (or decay) very rapidly. Decay is expressed in terms
of half-life, the time required for the radioactivity of a
given quantity of a particular radioisotope to decrease
or decay to half its value. A close approximation of the
decay principle can be obtained by assuming that the
dose rate will decrease by a factor of 10 for every seven-
fold increase of time. Using this assumption, a dose rate
of 1,000 roentgens per hour at H + 1 hour will decay to
100 r/hr at H + 7 hours, to 10 r/hr at H + 49 hours, and
to 1 r/hr at H + 343 hours (approximately 2 weeks).
This assumption is satisfactory for planning purposes
for the first month or two postattack but should be used
with extreme caution for operational purposes.
Only repeated monitoring will indicate the actual
dose rate and variations resulting from overlap, decay,
and weathering.
D. Decontamination
Radiological decontamination is the reduction or re-
moval of contaminating radioactive material from a
structure, area, object, or person. Radioactivity cannot
be destroyed. Decontamination may be accomplished by
⁴See OCDM Technical Bulletin 11-22, Radiation Physics and Bomb
Phenomenology, and Effects of Nuclear Weapons (Department of Defense
and Atomic Energy Commission, June 1957).
[6]
Annex 23
(1) treating the surface SO as to remove or decrease the
contamination, (2) letting the material stand so that
the radioactivity is decreased by natural decay, or (3)
covering the contamination SO as to decrease the radia-
tion hazard. The method of decontamination depends
on the extent of contamination, the type of surface con-
taminated, and the availability of decontamination per-
sonnel, materials, and equipment.
Decontamination may be partial or complete. Partial
decontamination is the rapid, partial removal or cover-
ing of contamination on a large scale, in order to reduce
the radiation dose rate as quickly as possible to a point
where priority work can be accomplished with reason-
able safety. Subsequent complete decontamination is
accomplished as required to reduce further the radiation
hazard and would be based on the relative importance
of the contaminated areas or objects and on other con-
siderations such as man-hours required, resources avail-
able, and alternative possible solutions.
Certain vital areas, such as communications centers
or control centers, and essential equipment, such as fire-
fighting apparatus and ambulances, may require im-
mediate decontamination so that they can be employed
in civil defense activities. Personnel decontamination
would similarly be initiated as soon as possible. How-
a
ever, general decontamination should not be started
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IDENTIFICATION
until authorities responsible for radiological defense
OHL
have determined the extent of the hazard presented by
the contamination. Decontamination efforts usually in-
volve a risk to the personnel and should be deferred as
long as possible, consistent with the importance of the
mission, to take advantage of natural radioactive decay.
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Annex 23
V. Functions
A. Public Information and Education⁵
1. Objectives
a. To increase public knowledge of the nature and
hazards of radiation and its effects.
b. To provide public instruction in the preattack
and postattack measures to combat the effects
of radiation.
2. Action Required
In accordance with the general responsibilities
provided in Part III above, Federal, State, and
local governments will instruct the people on the
nature of radiation and fallout, such as general
rate of decay; the effects of radiation on people,
plants, and animals; and the principles of protec-
tion from radiation, including avoidance, shielding
(including shelter), and removal of source (de-
contamination). Primary means of public instruc-
tion are public schools, adult education, use of all
appropriate public information media, and use of
industries, institutions, and all other organizations
-national, State, and local-to reach the com-
munity and neighborhood leaders.
B. Technical Training⁶
1. Objective
To develop the technically qualified personnel
required for the operation and maintenance of
radiological defense systems, equipment, and
facilities.
⁵See Annex 9, Public Information, and Annex 37, Training and
Education.
⁶See Annex 37, Training and Education, and Annex 38, Federal
Assistance.
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Annex 23
2. Actions Required
In accordance with the general responsibilities
provided in Part III above, Federal, State, and
local governments will:
a. Establish curricula and devise course content
for all levels of instruction (including schools,
colleges, and adult education) and maintain
curricula and course content that will accurate-
ly reflect operational requirements and scien-
tific and technological progress. (In addition to
providing curricula and course content for Fed-
eral training facilities, the Federal Govern-
ment, under the general direction of OCDM and
through appropriate Federal agencies, will pro-
vide technical and financial assistance to State
governments.)
b. Establish training schools, training teams, and
informal instructional systems to train radio-
logical defense instructors, monitors, and ra-
diological defense officers. (The Federal Gov-
ernment provides instruction in radiological
defense at the OCDM Radiological Defense
School at Battle Creek, Mich., at the OCDM
Regional Offices, at the OCDM training centers
at Manhattan Beach, N. Y., and Alameda, Calif.,
a
and throughout the country by traveling teams.
Instruction is also provided through training
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programs sponsored and conducted by other
Federal agencies and by State and local gov-
ernments, to which the Federal Government
will contribute technical advice and financial
assistance.)
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Annex 23
C. Recruit trainees, insure the continued applica-
bility of their state of training, and retrain
where necessary.
d. Encourage designation and training of person-
nel for radiological defense in industries, insti-
tutions, and government departments and
agencies.
C. Radiological Defense Equipment and Facilities⁷
1. Objectives
a. To insure the operational availability of radio-
logical defense and decontamination equip-
ment, facilities, systems, and production mate-
rials in such quantities and of such quality as
to make maximum use of the trained or qualified
personnel available at any time.
b. To provide radiological defense equipment,
facilities, and systems adequate for training
and public education needs and for research,
development, testing, and exercises. This in-
cludes, but is not limited to, instruments and
course materials provided to high schools and
colleges for public education needs and radio-
logical defense equipment provided to govern-
ment agencies for research and for training
and exercises.
2. Actions Required
a. Under coordination by OCDM, Federal, State,
and local governments, to the extent of their
capability, will:
7See Annex 38, Federal Assistance.
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Annex 23
(1) Stimulate the production of improved ra-
diological defense equipment, decontam-
inants, facilities, and systems through tech-
nical assistance to producers of such items
and through such financial incentives as
Federal loans or guarantees under the
Defense Production Act.
(2) Procure and distribute survey meters, dosi-
meters, and other special radiological de-
fense equipment and supplies for training,
testing, and operational purposes.
(3) Encourage industries and appropriate or-
ganizations to become a part of the organ-
ized State or local civil defense effort and
to equip and train personnel in the use of
radiological defense instruments and pro-
cedures for protecting their facilities and
supplementing government capabilities.
(4) Activate, equip, and maintain calibration
and repair centers for radiological defense
instruments and equipment. At least one
such center should be maintained in each
State and, where appropriate, in cities.
(The Federal Government provides tech-
nical and financial assistance to the States
for the development and maintenance of
à
these centers and maintains its own centers
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in Federal warehouses.)
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b. The Federal Government will develop and main-
tain a Federal fixed-station radiological defense
monitoring capability in each county of the
United States. Appropriate Federal agencies
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Annex 23
will work with and assist OCDM in establish-
ing this monitoring capability.⁸
C. Individual householders are responsible for pro-
curing a citizen's dosimeter and survey meter
when these become available.
D. Research and Development
1. Objectives
a. To increase knowledge of the effects of radia-
tion on humans, animals, plants, foods, drugs,
and other materials.
b. To devise improved methods and equipment for
the identification, evaluation, and reporting of
radiological hazards.
C. To investigate all possible means of preventing,
diminishing, or removing radiological hazards
and to devise methods and equipment for em-
ploying those means found to be effective and
practical.
2. Actions Required
a. The Federal Government will:
(1) Conduct or arrange for research into radio-
logical effects and defenses against them
for civil defense and defense mobilization
purposes.
(2) Recommend to State and local governments
and to private organizations, and where
appropriate provide technical and financial
⁸See Annex 5, Federal Delegations and Assignments.
⁹See Annex 36, Research and Development.
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Annex 23
assistance for, research studies and experi-
mentation which they might conduct,
including but not limited to criteria for
personnel exposure, shielding factors, in-
strumentation, decontamination, predic-
tion, and operational procedures.
b. The governments of States and their political
subdivisions, to the extent of their capability
and in accordance with their operational re-
quirements, will conduct or arrange for re-
search applicable to their jurisdictions.
VI. Execution
A. Actions taken under the National Radiological
Defense Plan shall be directed and coordinated by the
Director, Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization, as
measures essential for the protection of life and prop-
erty in accordance with Part IV, Section A; and Part V,
Section I, Subsection 2, of the National Plan, and Annex
5, Federal Delegations and Assignments.
OCDM shall allocate radiological defense and de-
contamination equipment to the Federal, State, and local
governments under provisions of the loan and grant or
transfer programs and shall match funds for procure-
ment under the Federal Contributions Program.
D.
B. Execution of Federal responsibilities not reserved
Eisenhower
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by the Director shall be in accordance with Part IV, Sec-
BUL
tion A; and Part V, Section I, Subsection 2, of the Na-
tional Plan; and Annex 5, Federal Delegations and
Assignments.
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Annex 23
1. The Department of Defense monitors and reports,
through military weather teletype circuits, ob-
served radiation intensities at all locations served
by the Air Weather Service.¹⁰
2. The Department of Commerce shall provide fore-
casts of likely fallout areas, establish radiological
monitoring and reporting capabilities at the
Weather Bureau Observatories, assist in the test-
ing of monitoring equipment, and furnish in-
formation on radiation protection.
3. The Federal Aviation Agency shall establish
radiological monitoring and reporting capabilities
at its facilities.
4. The Atomic Energy Commission shall continue to
develop and provide pertinent information on
weapons effects and other matters related to
radiological defense.
5. The Department of Agriculture shall prepare na-
tional emergency plans and develop preparedness
programs for radiological defense as it affects
livestock, crops, meat and poultry, and agricul-
ture generally.
6. The Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare shall provide results of research on biological
effects of radiation and on the effects of radio-
active contamination on food, drugs, and water
(except that covered by USDA), develop standard
procedures for collection and laboratory analysis
of food, drug, and water samples, and assist in
personnel training in the monitoring of water,
food, and drugs.
10 See Annex 7, Role of the Military.
[14]
Annex 23
7. The Department of Labor shall inform prospec-
tive workers, recruited for assignments involving
exposure to radiological hazards, of the extent of
such risks; and shall assist in the development of
programs for training monitors and other tech-
nicians requiring specialized skills for radiological
defense.
C. Execution of responsibilities of State and local
governments, private organizations, and individuals
shall be in accordance with Part IV, Section B; and Part
V, Section I, Subsection 2, of the National Plan.
Ligitary Dwight D.
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