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State, 1945
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President's Secretary's File (Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration)
Departmental Correspondence
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PSF
State Dept.
1945
has 4016 Carbon of this memo sent z Mr. Hettinium 1/15/45
SECRET
state respt frau 2.45
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
"ERS JR
WASHINGTON
OK
FDR"
January 3, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Suggested U. S. Policy toward Latin America
We are now preparing for the forthcoming Latin American con-
ference which you have approved for February. As a guide to
our preparation we have restated our Latin-American policy as
follows:
In our best self-interests from the point of
view of the future security of our country and well-
being of our people, it is the policy of the
United States to collaborate with and assist the
other American republics in the development of
basic economic and social factors which contri-
bute to the security and welfare and the opportunity
of the peoples of this Hemisphere.
To accomplish this long term cooperation is
required in the fields of: public health, nutrition
and food supply, education, science, culture, in-
formation, transportation, economic development in-
cluding industrialization and modernization of
agriculture.
These are the basic factors which contribute
to the development and dignity of the individual,
a rising standard of living and the growth of
democracy. Only in this way can we hope to have
economic, social and political stability among the
nations of this Hemisphere--without which we can
never realize the permanent unity of the Americas.
Will you be good enough to let me know if this statement is
in line with your thinking on the subject.
DECLASSIVIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72 MAR
3 1972
By J. Schemble Date
2-45
Imp
file confidential
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
January 6, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Latest Opinion Trends in the U. S. A.
I. U. S. Policy on Liberated Areas
On balance, opinion seems to favor a policy of non-
interference in the politics of liberated countries.
However, opinion is not firmly crystallized, according to
polling results just received.
A positive and clarifying statement unfolding this
Government's position would tend to find support and fur-
nish a frame of reference, which the public clearly
desires.
II. Attitudes Toward Britain and Russia
A. New evidence confirms that --
(1) The public widely believes that both Britain
and Russia actively support factions of their own choice
in liberated countries.
(2) The public disapproves of such unilateral
action.
B. Greater dissatisfaction "with the way in which
Russia, Britain and the United States are cooperating with
each other" exists among the best informed and most
influential
- 2 -
influential groups than among the public as a whole.
National Total
28% "felt dissatisfied"
College educated
37%
"
If
Upper economic group
43%
If
"
(1) However, the public, when taking a longer per-
spective, is not so much disturbed over the prospects of
post-war cooperation with Britain and Russia.
C. Press and radio comment, however, has begun to
excuse British actions in Europe -- in contrast to pre-
vious sharp disapproval -- while criticizing U. S. policy.
III. Information and Attitudes on Dumbarton Oaks
A. Estimates are more pessimistic than formerly
respecting Congressional acceptance of the Proposals
unless present political differences among the Allies are
quickly smoothed over.
B. After several months of publicity,
Only 43% of the public have even heard of the
Proposals. Among these, about half have no opinion as to
whether the Proposals provide a "real and practical basis
for setting up an international organization to maintain
world peace". They were deemed "practical" by a 2 to 1
ratio of those with opinions. The well-educated are no
more favorable than the poorly educated.
Inp file
state Dept folder
2.45
2
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
January 9, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Memorandum from Dr. Bowman
Attached is a copy of a statement drafted
by Dr. Isaiah Bowman, which speaks for itself.
Something along this line I feel would be
most useful either in one of your statements or
in one of the State Chief Department statements.
Enclosure:
Copy of a statement
drafted by Dr. Isaiah
Bowman.
Given to Judge Roseaman 3/10/45 for
speech material.
MEMORANDUM TO THE PRESIDENT
FROM: Isaiah Bowman
The world is fast losing faith in generalities about a bright
future. This is increasing our already superhuman tasks of recon-
struction.
To counter this tendency, a speed-up is needed in plans for
world organization. Can the time for a world conference of United
Nations be fixed at the impending meeting of the "Big Three"? An
adopted plan of world organization would stem the present growing
tendency on the part of Britain and Russia to take unilateral action.
It would be the greatest fear-remover the world could devise. Fear
of economic and political chaos is now almost as great as the recent
fear of the Nazis.
To secure unaminity of agreement on world organization by the
"Big Three" and to win acceptance by our public and by the United
Nations (including liberated countries), a stand should be taken
on a sound principle which Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes once
applied to the law. He said that the law defines a line of "minimum
social conduct," below which one went at one's peril. The law does
not preach, nor does it indicate maximum behavior. It deals with
minima of conduct. It is not an instrument for religious devotion or
for character building. It establishes rules and provides penalties.
Religious orators are already saying that we must practice
"total Christianity." This is as if we intended to start a fight for
a Christian peace as against a Moslem peace or a Hindu peace. The
- 2 -
point is missed that our need is for an agreement on rules of conduct
and action. Moral ideas that lie in impracticable areas are lifeless.
No one nation can impose its brand of morality upon the world.
There is not time, even if there were the will, in which to
convert the world to a single creed. What Christianity has not done
in 1900 years of missionary work, it cannot now do in six months.
There is much foolish talk of the danger of compromising our
principles. Those who oppose compromise desire to achieve at one
stroke the highest conceivable ideals of international conduct. We
shall fail and draw back into isolationism if we insist on perfection.
What we need to agree upon is not a set of abstractions, but an
area of practical action, the largest we can get. The Constitution
of 1787 was neither perfect nor complete. It was the best that could
be obtain at that time. It is attainable social conduct or "moral
harness" that we are after. Below that is peril for any nation.
Above it is the area of continuous future striving toward higher levels
of action and morality.
January 5, 1945
filer DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
January 12, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Latest Opinion Trends in the U.S.A.
I. President's Message to Congress
The public has been reassured by the President's
foreign policy statements. The reasoned philosophy
and tone of moderation have won praise from most com-
mentators, including some recent critics.
The two main reasons for liking the speech are:
1) the emphasis upon Allied unity;
2) the warning against dangers of "perfectionism".
The message was thought to have clarified U. S.
policy, at least to have given a "focus" for policy--
if not a "specific" program.
Despite some criticism on this score, especially
by political opponents, the general disposition is to
accept the President's "inability" to be more precise
prior to the expected Big Three meeting.
II. The Polish Question
The recent developments concerning the Lublin
Committee have brought the following reactions:
1. Opinion approved the U. S. statement affirming
continued recognition of the London government.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-78
MAR 3 1972
2. Many
By J. Schauble Date
- 2 -
SECRET
2. Many hold that neither the London nor the
Lublin regime is representative of the Polish
nation.
3. Russia's recognition is sharply criticized
as damaging United Nations harmony.
4. While the Lublin group is still regarded as
Russian-controlled, there is somewhat more
disposition than heretofore to regard its
claims sympathetically.
III. Lend-Lease
1. Ignorance of Reverse Lend-Lease
Despite sympathetic treatment of reverse lend-
lease in the press, the latest opinion survey shows--
Only one-third of the public (32%) seem to be
aware of reverse lend-lease furnished by England; and
Only one-half of the college educated (55%)
and of the upper economic group (52%) are aware of
reverse lend-lease.
2. Repayment of Lend-Lease
70% of the public think that England should
repay us in full;
85% of those unaware of reverse lend-lease
favor repayment in full; and
As many as 56% of those who know about reverse
lend-lease favor repayment in full.
DECLARSIFIED Joph Acting Secretary 5.Pm
State Dont 1-13-98
MAR 3 1972
By
+
Veta
state Dept. for air
2-45
file SECRET
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
January 16, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Memoranda on Recent American
Public Opinion Developments
I am enclosing herewith two memoranda summar-
izing recent American public opinion developments
on International affairs which will be of interest
to you.
The first memorandum contains conclusions
and the other goes into supporting data on the
subjects covered.
Smith 6.8mg
Acting
Secretary
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-78
MAR 3 1972
By J. Schauble Date
(note: 2 memoranda did not come ACT to file)
Inptile file
state Dept. folder
2-45
SECRET
confidential
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
January 16, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: American Public Opinion
on Selected Questions
A. CONCLUSIONS
The following appraisal takes into
account all major sources of articulate
opinion and various public opinion sur-
veys including a January 1945 survey
conducted by Hadley Cantril of Princeton.
I. Liberated Areas (including Italy)
A. British and Russian Action
The weight of American opinion disapproves
of unilateral action by Britain and Russia regarded
as "interference" in the internal politics of Greece,
Italy, Poland and other countries.
B. U. S. Policy
American opinion is not firmly crystallized
as to the proper role of the United States. While
opposed to the principle of "interference" in the
politics of liberated countries, sentiment seems to
prefer a "more active" U. S. policy if this be neces-
sary to assure a fair deal for the smaller countries.
II. Poland's
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Schauble Date
- 2 -
SECRET
II. Poland's Boundaries
The weight of American opinion apparently is not
opposed to cession of former Polish territory to Russia,
provided Poland is compensated. But the public wants
Poland's consent to any territorial modification.
While the Curzon Line has been found acceptable by
much responsible opinion, accurate testing of the
general public on this specific boundary is not
feasible.
III. Attitudes Toward Britain and Russia
A. General
Despite much comment sympathetic to the
British during the past fortnight, opinion polls show
increased dissatisfaction with Big Three cooperation.
The British are chiefly blamed.
B. Disturbing Effect on Security Organization
Recent British and Russian actions have dis-
turbed the public and led to some pessimism concern-
ing the establishment of a successful international
security organization.
IV. International Peace and Security Organization
The American public, despite some criticism and
pessimism concerning Dumbarton Oaks, overwhelmingly
desires American participation in an international
security organization.
V. Japanese Mandated Islands
American opinion strongly favors some form of
U. S. control of Pacific Islands mandated to Japan.
But opinion is almost evenly divided on the method of
control -- slightly favoring U. S. administration
under an international organization rather than out-
right U. S. ownership.
VI. Other
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Schauble Date MAR 3 1972
SECRET
- 3 -
VI. Other Dependent Areas
American sentiment dislikes European imperialism
and would welcome arrangements looking toward the
self-government of colonial peoples.
VII. British Empire Preferences
Articulate opinion is practically unanimous
that British Empire preferences should not be excepted
from proposed international agreements calling for
substantial reduction of trade barriers. It is in-
creasingly felt that reduction of Empire preferences
must be accompanied by reductins in U. S. tariffs.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Schauble Date
Inpfilice
SECRET
confidential
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
January 16, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: American Public Opinion
on Selected Questions
B. SUPPORTING DATA
(All polling results refer to
the Cantril survey of early
January 1945, unless otherwise
noted.)
I. Liberated Areas (including Italy)
A. British and Russian Action
(1) By a ratio of more than 3 to 1,
"The British handling of affairs in Greece" was
"disapproved" (Disapproved: 52%; Approved: 15%;
(2) By a ratio of about 2 to 1, the public
deems "fair", the "recent criticism of the way
Britain and Russia are conducting their relations
with the Greeks, the Poles and the Italians"
(Fair: 44%; Unfair: 24%; No Opinion: 32%).
B. U. S. Policy
(1) Asked whether "liberated countries
such as Italy and Greece should be allowed to work
out their own governmental problems without inter-
ference from the three big Allied countries --
England, Russia and the U. S. -- even if civil war
results" -- 48% said YES; 41% said NO (December,
third week).
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR
3 1972
(2) Asked
By J. Schauble Date
- 2 -
SECRET
(2) Asked whether "liberated countries
should take a more active part in the settlement
of European problems such as Greece, Italy and
Poland, or should leave them to settlement by the
European powers --
57%preferred to have the "U. S. take
a more active part"
34%preferred to "leave settlement
to European powers"
(3) But the 34% preferring a "hands-off"
policy is reduced to 15% when asked whether we should
leave settlement to the European powers even if it
would mean that big powers like Britain and Russia
would dominate the little countries.
(4) Only 1 in 3 of those with opinion
on the question, felt "that the U. S. should do more
than it is to help Italy get back on her feet".
II. Poland's Boundaries
(1) When asked whether "russia should be allowed
to keep some Polish territory which the Russians now
occupy provided that the Poles are given in exchange
some German territory", 54%said YES, and 25% said NO.
(2) The 25% replying NO to the above question
was reduced to 18% when asked whether they would
"change their minds if the Poles who live in terri-
tory which would be given to Russia were helped to
move to other parts of Poland."
III. Attitudes Toward Britain and Russia
A. General
(1) The number dissatisfied "with the way
in which Russia, England and the United States are co-
operating" rose from 28% in early December to 44% in
early January.
DECLASSIFIED
(2) The
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Scheuble Date MAR 3 1972
- 3 -
SECRET
(2) The general public continues to de-
signate England as the country "chiefly to blame" --
the early January figures being 22% England, The
Russia; 4% U.S.A.; 11% no opinion (totaling 44%
"dissatisfied").
(3) About 7 out of 10 of the public
in early January felt that Britain "was doing all
it possibly can to win the war", as compared with
less than 6 out of 10 in the third week of December.
(4) 8 out of 10 continued to feel that
Russia was doing all it possibly can to win the
war (even prior to the new Russian offensive, Janu-
ary 12).
B. Disturbing Effect on Security Omanization
(1) Asked whether developments in Greece,
Poland and Italy would affect the success of the
proposed world peace organization, 50% said that
these developments "would make success more diffi-
cult", 20% thought they "would make little difference";
and 6% thought they "would make success impossible".
(2) Confidence that Britain and Russia
can be trusted to cooperate with the U. S. after
the war has reached the lowest point since the
Mescow conference (60% "trust" Britain and 31% are
distrustful) (44% "trust" Russia and 42% are dis-
trustful)
IV. International Peace and Security Organization
(1) While 9 out of 10 of the public continue
to support the general proposition that "the U. S.
should join an international organization in an effort
to prevent future wars", only 3 out of 10 say that
they have some general idea of the Dumbarton Oaks
proposals.
(2) 2 out of 10 believe that these Proposals
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-78
"provide
MAR 3 1972
By J. Schauble Date
- 4 -
SECRET
"provide a real and practical basis for setting up
an international organization". However, of those
with opinion on this question, the Proposals are
considered "practical" by a ratio of 3 to 1.
(3) Confronted with the possibility that the
peace settlement might not be "completely satisfactory"
to Americans, about 60% say that we should join an
international peace organization anyway; while about
30% say that we should not join.
V. Japanese Mandated Islands
American opinion strongly favors some form of
U. S. control of Pacific Islands mandated to Japan.
But no majority opinion has developed in support of
either of the two following alternatives; according
to a January poll:
(1) "U. S. govern them under the proposed new
international organization" (47%);
(2) "U. S. own them outright" (38%).
VI. Other Dependent Areas
American sentiment dislikes European imperialism
and would welcome arrangements looking toward the self-
government of colonial peoples.
A. Italian African Colonies
Very little attention has been given speci-
fically to the future of the Italian colonies. Two
years ago, while the fighting was still going on in
North Africa, a Gallup poll found that 61% opposed re-
turning "all or nearly all the possessions Italy held
in Africa at the start of the war". Only 17% held the
contrary view (December 1942).
B. Indo-China
American opinion has not focused on the
future of Indo-China.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Schauble Date
4053
hm
Carbon of this momorandum returned to the Secretary of Atate Reget frau
State 1/18/45.
SECRET
2-45-
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
January 17, 1945.
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
"O.K.
FDR"
Subject: Expenses of Participation by the
United States in the Conference
of American Foreign Ministers to
be held at Mexico City
Participation by the United States in the forthcom-
ing Conference of American Foreign Ministers to be held
at Mexico City will necessitate certain financial obli-
gations on the part of the United States. These obli-
gations are considered to be within the purview of the
appropriation, "International Conferences (Emergency)",
contained in the State Department Appropriation Act for
1945, under which your specific approval is required for
meeting expenses of participation by the United States
in any international activity.
It is therefore my recommendation that the expenses
in connection with the above-mentioned Conference be paid
from this appropriation. May we have an indication of
your wishes?
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Schauble Date
President toden back to the Sept. by mr.
Miss Barraws says the original of this memo, instealed by the
The Rochefeller 1/18/45.
hms SUGGESTED AGENDA FOR CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN
state 2-45- freder
REPUBLICS COLLABORATING IN THE WAR EFFORT
I. Further Cooperative Measures for the Prosecurtion
of the War to Complete Victory.
II. Consideration of Problems of International Organiza-
tion for Peace and Security.
A. World Organization.
1) General Support for Dumbarton Oaks.
B. The Further Development of the Inter-American
System, and Its Relation to World Organization.
1) Atlantic Charter.
2) Utilization of Inter-American System for
Implementing World Organization.
3) Annual Consultation of Foreign Ministers.
4) Joint Guarantee of Boundaries.
5) Consultation on Post-war Settlements.
III. Consideration of the Economic and Social Problems
of the Americas.
A. Other American Republics to Join Us in Reduction
of Barriers to Free Flow of Trade and Commerce.
B. Agreement by U.S. to Assist Them in Cushioning
Shock From Termination of War Purchases and in
Meeting Internal Economic and Social Problems.
A Joint Insurance Policy for Next Five or Ten
Years.
IV. Other Matters of General and Immediate Concern to
the Participating Governments.
"20r"
1-18-45
T-473
state Dipt folder 2-45
J.C.G.
SEORBY
O.K.
F.D.R.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
January 20, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Italian Soldiers Detained
by the German Authorities
The British Embassy has informed the Department
that at the Quebec Conference you and Mr. Churchill
considered the issuance of a statement with regard
to the approximately 600,000 Italian soldiers de-
tained by the German Government but not treated as
prisoners of war. The British Embassy states that,
although this matter was not included in the joint
statement made after the conference, you subsequently
informed Mr. Churchill that you agreed that such a
declaration should be made by the United States and
British Governments.
The British note suggests that this declaration
state that the two Governments consider that these
Italian soldiers are entitled to full protection as
prisoners of war under international law and that ap-
propriate action will be taken against all those who
mistreat these Italians. The British note leaves it
to our Government to decide whether we shall issue a
similar statement or whether a joint statement will
be issued in the names of both Governments. It fur-
ther recommends that the Soviet Government might be
invited to take similar action but that the issuance
of this declaration should not be made conditional on
the consent of the Soviet Government. The British
note also suggests that the Italian Government should
be notified of any statement to be issued, as well as
the Greek, Yugoslav, and French Governments, repre-
sented on the Advisory Council for Italy.
I recommend that we agree to the British Govern-
ments proposals as expressed above. May we have
your approval?
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR
Cruph of
By J. Schauble Date
3
1972
4065
Cortons of these menes, together with syned nominations to
have
when phrsons listed su m attached memo, returned
mr Stetteness lett: mr. Bohlen 1/22/45.
THE SECRETARY OF STATE
state deept folder 2-45
WASHINGTON
January 20, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR MISS TULLY
Subject: Nominations of Messrs. Baruch,
Murray, Cole, and Palmer.
If you will be good enough to return these to
me after they have been signed by the President we
shall hold them until the agrements have been re-
ceived. After that we shall turn them over to Mr.
Latta in order that he may transmit them to the
Senate for confirmation. In this way there will be
no possibility of announcements being made until
the proper time.
Enclosures:
Memorandum for the President
Nominations
Biographical sketches
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Schauble Date
SECRET
THE SECRETARY OF STATE
WASHINGTON
January 20, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Nominations of Messrs. Baruch,
Murray, Cole, and Palmer.
The agrements for these nominations have not actually
been received but we hope to obtain them within the next
few days. In order to save time, may we have your signature
now? Of course, no announcements will be made until the
proper time.
Nominations Enclosed
Herman B. Baruch, of New York, doctor of
medicine and broker, to be Ambassador Extra-
ordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United
States of America to Portugal.
Wallace Murray, of Ohio, Director of the
Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs in
the Department, to be Ambassador Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary of the United States of
America to Iran.
Felix Cole, of the District of Columbia,
Foreign Service Officer of Class I, to be Envoy
Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of
the United States of America to Ethiopia.
Ely E. Palmer, of Rhode Island, Foreign
Service Officer of Class I, to be Envoy Extra-
ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the
United States of America to Afghanistan.
Enclosures:
Nominations
Biographical sketches
DEPARTMENT
INCOMING
DIVISION OF
OF
CENTRAL SERVICES
STATE
TELEGRAM
TELEGRAPH SECTION
file Tehran via Army
state Dept folder 2-45
MH-787
This telegram must be
closely paraphrased be-
Dated January 21, 1945
fore being communicated
to anyone. (
Rec'd 1:53 p.m.
Secretary of State,
Washington.
43, January 21, 1 p.m.
PERSONAL FOR THE PRESIDENT
I have received your mossage authorizing
my retirement from the Foreign Service. I am
profoundly touched by the commendatory terms of
your communication. It has been a groat privilege
and honor to serve under your loadership those
past years in which you have guided our nation
so wisely and so woll, I do not wish to rotire
to inactivity during the war when every valid
American should be working. I hope you will
consider making use of my services in any capacity
that my knowledge and exporience might indicate.
MORRIS
JRL
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Scheuble Date
PSF
State Dept. 2-45
PETROLEUM ADMINISTRATION FOR WAR
THE
12
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.
JAN
My dear Mr. President,
I attach a copy of a revised draft of the proposed Anglo American 011
Agreement. This represents the result of an extended negotiation with the
oil industry, which industry effectively blocked progress on the original
Agreement, and it is designed to remove the industry's opposition. In other
words, this is a revision which would have industry support.
The differences between this draft and the original Agreement are largely
differences of phraseology intended to clarify and thereby eliminate some of
the fears that were read into the original document by the oil industry.
There is no substantial difference on any point of importance with one excep-
tion - the inclusion in this draft of a clause protective of the industry on
the score of the antitrust laws.
The clause in the new draft which deals with the antitrust feature, you
will note, reads as follows,
"That upon the formal approval by either Government of any
specific course of action proposed by the Commission, action taken
by its nationals in compliance therewith shall not be an infringe-
ment of its laws with respect to restraints of trade."
This is a good deal more narrow than the clause proposed by the oil industry;
at the same time, it affords sufficient protection so that the industry is
prepared to endorse the revised Agreement if included.
I think that we are in this position, If the antitrust feature is not
reasonably disposed of in the Agreement, we will not have oil industry support,
on the contrary, we will have an opposition which has already shown itself to be
sufficiently powerful to prevent favorable reception in the Senate. On the
other hand, if the protective clause is incorporated in the Agreement, it
will undoubtedly excite other opposition in the Senate which likewise may
thwart our purposes.
The Committee that you appointed to negotiate the original Agreement met
Saturday and considered the new draft and discussed in particular the problem
presented by the inclusion of the antitrust clause. There was general agree-
ment that in asking for the protection the oil industry was not seeking an
unreasonable provision. At the same time, it was recognised that the clause
would have opposition in the Senate and the State Department representatives
feared that such opposition would prevent ratification. It was also pointed
out that an embarrassing situation would arise if the Department of Justice
were opposed. I have endeavored to develop this question with the Attorney
General, but I find that he is to be out of the city for the week.
FORVICTORY
BUY
UNITED
STATES
WAR
BONDS
AND
STAMPS
Of course you know that, as we operate today, industry is protected
against prosecution under the antitrust laws for actions taken at the
express instruction of authorized Government agencies - this having been
provided for in the Small Business Mobilisation Aot through the following
provisions
"Whenever the Chairman of the War Production Board shall, after
consultation with the Attorney General, find, and 80 certify to the
Attorney General in writing, that the doing of any not or thing, or
the omission to do any act or thing, by one or more persons during
the period that this section 18 in effect, in compliance with any
request or approval made by the Chairman in writing, is requisite to
the prosecution of the war, such act, thing or omission shall be
deemed in the public interest and no prosecution or civil action
shall be commenced with reference thereto under the antitrust laws
of the United States or the Federal Trade Commission Act. Such
finding and certificate may in his disoretion be withdrawn at any
time by the Chairman by giving notice of such withdrawal to the
Attorney General, whereupon the provisions of this section shall
not apply to any subsequent act or omission by reason of such finding
or certificate******."
Sincerely yours,
Petroleum Administrator for War.
The President,
The White House.
2
76409
RESTRICTED - CONFIDENTIAL
SUGGESTED REVISION
OF
AGREEMENT ON PETROLEUM
BETWEEN
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AND
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
Preamble
The Government of the United States of America and the Government
of the United Kingdom of Creat Britain and Northern Ireland, whose na-
tionals hold, to a substantial extent jointly, rights to explore and
develop petroleum resources in other countries, recognize;
1. That ample supplies of petroleum, available in
international trade to meet increasing market
demands, are essential for both the security and
economic well-being of nations;
2. That for the foreseeable future the petroleum
resources of the world are adequate to assure
the availability of such supplies;
3. That the prosperity and security of all nations
require the efficient and orderly development of
the international petroleum trade;
4. That the orderly development of the international
petroleum trade can best be promoted by international
agreement among all countries interested in the
petroleum trade whether as producers or consumers.
The two governments have there fore decided, as a preliminary meas-
ure to the calling of an international conference to consider the nego-
tiation of a multilateral petroleum agreement, to conclude the following
agreement.
Article I
The two Governments agree that the international petroloum trade
should be conducted in an orderly manner on a world-wide basis with due
76409
regard to the considerations set forth in the Preamble, and within the
framework of applicable laws and concession contracts, To this end, and
subject always to considerations of military security and to the provi-
sions of such arrangements for the preservation of peace and prevention
of aggression as may be in force, the two Governments affirm the follow-
ing general principles with respect to the international petroleum trade:
1. That adequate supplies of petroleum should be acces-
sible in international trade to the nationals of all
countrios on a competitive and nondiscriminatory
basis;
2. That in making supplies of petroleum thus accessible
in international trade, the interests of producing
countries should be safeguarded with a view to their
economic advancement.
Article II
In furtherance of the purposes of this Agreement, the two Governments
will so direct their efforts:
1. That with regard to the acquisition of exploration and
development rights the principle of equal opportunity
shall be respected;
2. That all valid concession contracts and lawfully acquired
rights shall be respected, and that no offort to inter-
fere directly or indirectly with such contracts or rights
shall be made;
3. That the exploration for and development of petroleum
resources, the construction and operation of refineries
and other facilities, and the distribution of petroleum
shall not be hampered by restrictions inconsistent with
the purposes of this Agreement.
ARTICLE III
With a view to the wider adoption of the principles embodied in this
Agreement, the two Covernments agree that as soon as practicable they
will propose to the governments of other interested producing and
2
76409
consuming countries an International Petroleum Agreement, which inter
alia would establish a permanent International Petroleum Council composed
of representatives of all signatory countries.
To this end the two Governments agree to formulate plans for an in-
ternational conference to consider the negotiation of such a multilateral
petroleum agreement. They will consult with other interested governments
with a view to taking whatever action is necessary to prepare for the pro-
posed conference.
ARTICLE IV
Numerous problems of joint immediate interest to the two Governments
with respect to the international petroleum trade must be discussed and
resolved on a cooperative interim basis if the general petroleum supply
situation is not to deteriorate.
With this end in view, the two Governments agree to establish an
International Petroleum Commission to be composed of eight members, four
members to be appointed immediately by each Government. To enable the
Commission to maintain close contact with the operations of the petroleum
industry, each Government will facilitate full and adequate consultation
with its nationals engaged in the petroleum industry.
In furtherance of and in accordance with the purposes of this Agree-
ment, the Commission shall consider problems of mutual interest to both
Governments and their nationals, and with a view to the equitable disposi-
tion of such problems it shall be charged with the following duties and
responsibilities:
1. To study the problems of the international
petroleum trade caused by dislocations
resulting from war;
3
76409
2. To study past and current trends in the
international petroleum trade;
3. To study the effects of changing
technology upon the international
petroleum trade;
4. To prepare periodic estimates of world
demands for petroleum and of the supplies
available for meeting the demands, and to
report as to means by which such demands
and supplies may be correlated so as to
further the efficient and orderly conduct
of the international petroleum trade;
5. To make such additional reports as may be
appropriate for achieving the purposes of
this Agreement and for the broader general
understanding of the problems of the
international petroleum trade.
The Commission shall have power to regulate its procedure and shall
establish such organization as may be necessary to carry out its functions
under this Agreement. The expenses of the Commission shall be shared
equally by the two Governments.
Article V
The two Governments agree:
1. That they will seek to obtain the collaboration of
the governments of other producing and consuming
countries for the realization of the purposes of
this Agreement, and to consult with such govern-
ments in connection with activities of the Commis-
sion;
2. That they will endeavor to make available to the
Commission such information as may be required for
the discharge of its functions.
Article VI
The Two Governments agree:
1. That the reports of the International Petroleum
Commission shall be published by each of the two
4
76409
Governments, unless in any particular case the two
Governments decide otherwise;
2. That upon the formal approval by either Government
of any specific course of action proposed by the Com-
mission, action taken by its nationals in compliance
therewith shall not be an infringement of its laws
with respect to restraints of trade;
3. That no provision in this Agreement shall be construed
to require either Government to act upon any report or
proposal made by the Commission, or to require the
nationals of either Government to comply with any re-
port or proposal made by the Commission, whether or
not it is approved.
Article VII
The two Governments agree:
1. That the general purpose of this Agreement is to
facilitate the orderly development of the inter-
national petroleum trade, and no provision in this
Agreement, with the exception of Article II, is to
be construed to apply to the operation of the domes-
tic petroleum industry within either country;
2. That no provision in this Agreement shall be con-
strued to prevent either of the two Governments
from taking such action as it may desire to limit
the amount of petroleum which may be imported into
its country.
Article VIII
The two Governments agree that for the purposes of this
Agreement:
1. The words "country" or "territories"
(a) in relation to the Government of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
shall mean the United Kingdom and the British
colonies, overseas territories, protectorates,
protected states, and mandated territories ad-
ministered by that Government which are named
in the attached list; and
5
(b) in relation to the Government of the United
States of America shall mean the continental
United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands;
2.. The word "petroleum" means crude petroleum and its
derivatives.
Article IX
This Agreement shall enter into force upon a date to be agreed upon
after each Government shall have notified the other of its readiness to
bring the Agreement into force and shall continue in force until three
months after notice of tormination has been given by either Government
or until it is superseded by the International Petroleum Agreement con-
templated in Article III.
In witness whereof the undersigned, duly authorized thereto, have
signed this Agreement.
6
DECLASSIFIED
Fill
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Scheuble Date MAR 3 1972
OF
STATE
February 17, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Departure of the Queen Mother and Her
Children, Including the Boy King, from
Bulgaria
did nat come tofile
In his telegram no. 393 February 14 (copy attached)
Ambassador Kirk reports from Rome that King Victor Emanuel
has asked that the President, together with Marshal Stalin
and Mr. Churchill, intercede to ensure the safety of the
Queen Mother of Bulgaria, who was an Italian princess, and
her two children.
Mr. Barnes reported from Sofia on February 5 that
the Bulgarian Prime Minister had assured him that he
would personally interest himself in the safety of the
Queen Mother and her two children, whose security was
"a question of national honor". Mr. Barnes added that
the Queen does not share the Prime Minister's confidence
in her security, and reported that she had just raised
with the Regents the question of her immediate departure
for a month's visit in Italy with her children.
The question of permitting the departure of the
Queen Mother and her family is thus before the Bulgarian
Government, and may be referred to the Allied Control Com-
mission. The Department thinks that it would be advisable
to learn whether favorable action cannot be effected on
that level, and has therefore instructed Mr. Barnes to
make further inquiries and to request General Crane to in-
form the Control Commission that this Government would
concur in favorable action, if the question comes before
the Control Commission.
Mr. Harriman has also been authorized, if informed
by Mr. Barnes that the Control Commission is considering
the question, to apprise Mr. Molotov of our attitude, and
request that appropriate instructions be sent to the So-
viet chairman of the Control Commission.
Enclosure:
Telegram no. 393,
from Rome.
Acting Secretary
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Scheuble Date MAR 3 1972
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
February 17, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Departure of the Queen Mother and Her
Children, Including the Boy King, from
Bulgaria
In his telegram no. 393 February 14 (copy attached)
Ambassador Kirk reports from Rome that King Victor Emanuel
has asked that the President, together with Marshal Stalin
and Mr. Churchill, intercede to ensure the safety of the
Queen Mother of Bulgaria, who was an Italian princess, and
her two children.
Mr. Barnes reported from Sofia on February 5 that
the Bulgarian Prime Minister had assured him that he
would personally interest himself in the safety of the
Queen Mother and her two children, whose security was
"a question of national honor". Mr. Barnes added that
the Queen does not share the Prime Minister's confidence
in her security, and reported that she had just raised
with the Regents the question of her immediate departure
for a month's visit in Italy with her children.
The question of permitting the departure of the
Queen Mother and her family is thus before the Bulgarian
Government, and may be referred to the Allied Control Com-
mission. The Department thinks that it would be advisable
to learn whether favorable action cannot be effected on
that level, and has therefore instructed Mr. Barnes to
make further inquiries and to request General Crane to in-
form the Control Commission that this Government would
concur in favorable action, if the question comes before
the Control Commission.
Mr. Harriman has also been authorized, if informed
by Mr. Barnes that the Control Commission is considering
the question, to apprise Mr. Molotov of our attitude, and
request that appropriate instructions be sent to the So-
viet chairman of the Control Commission.
Enclosure:
Telegram no. 393,
from Rome.
Acting Secretary
file
PSF:Atate Dept. freder 2.45
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
February 24, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Latest Opinion Trends
In The United States
I enclose herewith a memorandum dated
February 23rd summarizing the latest opinion
trends in the United States.
Tough 6 Pm
Acting Secretary
February 23, 1945
LATEST OPINION TRENDS IN THE U. S. A.
Cooperation Among the Allies
Before announcement of the final results of the
Crimea Conference, public "satisfaction" with coopera-
tion among the Big Three had registered a marked increase--
from less than a majority to nearly two-thirds of a
national cross-section, according to a comparison of
opinion surveys taken in early January and early February
by the Princeton University Office of Public Opinion
Research.
"Do you feel satisfied or dissatisfied with
the way in which Russia, England and the
United States are cooperating with each other
at the present time?"
January
February
Satisfied
46%
64%
Dissatisfied
43
25
No opinion
11
11
100%
100%
"Dissatisfaction" with Allied cooperation dropped
from 43% to 25%, press and radio criticism of both Britain
and Russia having sharply declined since the slackening of
attention to the Greek crisis and the focus of headlines
on the Russian offensive. However, the minority blaming
Britain remains larger than that blaming Russia; and
belief that Britain "is doing all she can to win the war"
has also declined somewhat (72% to 66%).
Those "dissatisfied" with Allied cooperation were
asked:
"Which country do you think is CHIEFLY to blame?"
January
February
England
19%
11%
Russia
10
4
United States
4
3
England and Russia
3
4
No opinion
7
3
43%
25%
- 2 -
As to postwar cooperation, popular trust has
also risen. The increase respecting Britain is slight,
and the figure continues to be relatively high. In the
case of Russia, the rise to 54% approximates the peak
figures of 55% noted in November 1943 (Moscow Conference)
and August 1944.
"Do you think "Russia (England) can be trusted to
cooperate with us when the war is over?"
RUSSIA
ENGLAND
Jan.
Feb.
Jan.
Feb.
Yes
43%
54%
61%
64%
No
41
33
29
27
No opinion
16
13
10
9
100%
100%
100%
100%
Interests Abroad Well Cared For
An increase of 7% since January results in a 5 to
3 ratio of those who think that "this country's interests
abroad are being well taken care of", according to an
unpublished Princeton survey taken before conclusion of
the Crimea Conference.
"Do you think that this country's interests
abroad are being well taken care of by the
President and other government officials, or
do you think other countries are taking
advantage of us?"
January
February
Well taken care of
46%
53%
Other countries take advantage 42
33
No opinion
12
14
100%
100%
Active Part in European Settlement
An overwhelming majority of Americans feel that
- 3 -
the United States should have "as much to say as our
British and Russian allies in the settlement of various
European problems growing out of the war".
According to a Princeton survey of early February:
69% think the U. S. should have "as much to say";
17% think the U. S. should have "more to say";
9% think the U. S. should have "less to say"; and
5% expressed no opinion.
4106
RSF state Nept. frear 2-46
hmo
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
February 26, 1945.
MENORANDUM FOR:
Mr. George T. Summerlin.
For preparation of reply.
F. D. H.
Attachment:
Ltr. to the President, 2-6-45, from
Mr. C. E. Gauss, re his retirement
from Diplomatic Service.
Mr. Couns's address Le Villa Riviers,
Long Beach 2, Callf.
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES U.S.
WASHINGTON, D.C.
. 194
Respectfully referred to
Mr. m: Cormack
Very respectfully,
Brooks Hays
are 10-02852-1
M. C.,
District.
fee
In reply refer to
OA 811.032/1-3145
March 3, 1945
My dear Mr. Bloom:
Thank you for bringing to our attention House Concurrent
Resolution 3, submitted by Mr. Hays on January 3, 1945 and re-
ferred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, proposing "that all
legislation pertaining to the participation by the United States
in international agreements and machinery to establish and to
maintain peace shall be the joint responsibility of the majority
and minority parties".
It is our understanding that this Resolution stands for the
proposition that legislation on the subjects mentioned should be
considered on a non-partisan basis. You will recell that in his
statement before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee last Dec-
ember, the Secretary of State spoke of the necessity of working "in
full cooperation with the Congress" in continuing to build, together
with the other United Nations, "the foundation of a secure end lasting
peace in which there will be wider freedom and opportunity for our own
people and for all peoples".
Full cooperation with the Congress to achieve this high purpose
requires that party lines be submerged in the consideration of issues
pertaining to it. The State Department acts upon this principle. Both
before and since the Dumberton Onks Conversations, the Department has
consulted with members of the Senate and House of Representatives and
other leaders of both major parties on matters relating to the es-
tablishment of a general international organization. These discussions,
which throughout have been frantk and fruitful, supported the belief
that the American people are increasingly aware of the great responsi-
bility of this nation in world affairs.
To rid the world of war and to achieve international cooperation
in solving problems of common concern to all peoples are tasks worthy
of the best and sincerest effort of all peace-loving nations. The
United States Government can share constructively in the accomplishment
of these purposes only as the American people give it strength by
standing united for the establishment and effective operation of inter-
national machinery to advance human welfare and maintain peace and
security.
The Department has been informed by the Bureau of the Budget that
there is no objection to the submission of this report.
Sincerely yours,
Joseph C. Grew
Acting Secretary
79TH CONGRESS
18T SESSION
H. CON. RES. 3
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
JANUARY 3, 1945
Mr. HAYS submitted the following concurrent resolution: which was referred
to the Committee on Foreign Affairs
NW
CONCURRENT RESOLUTION
-
- mil
Whereas it is the sense of the Congress that measures involved
in the establishment of a peace to follow the present hostili-
ties should be considered without reference to partisanship:
H СОИ" BES 3
Therefore be it
Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate
3 2 1
concurring). That all legislation pertaining to the participa-
tion by the United States in international agreements and
4 machinery to establish and to maintain peace shall be the
5 joint responsibility of the majority and minority parties.
79rm CONGRESS
1st SESSION
H. CON. RES. 3
CONCURRENT RESOLUTION
Establishing the joint responsibility for the
peace.
By Mr. HAYS
H' СОИ" BE2'3 3
IN JHE HOLSE ON
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JANUARY 3, 1945
ИОГТИЛОВНЯ ТИЗЯЯ JJNO
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n
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
March 5, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Report on Latest Opinion Trends
in the United States.
Attached herewith is a memorandum which has
just been prepared on Latest Opinion Trends in
the United States.
South Acting Secretary
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-78
By J. Scheuble Date MAR 3 1972
March 2, 1945
LATEST OPINION TRENDS IN THE U. S. A.
I.
Demilitarization Treaty
(1) Both Roosevelt and Dewey voters give over-
whelming support (89%) to the proposition that
"Germany and Japan be kept permanently disarmed",
according to final results of a Gallup poll -- pub-
lished on March 2.
(2) Similarly, majorities in both parties favor
negotiation now of demilitarization treaties (Roose-
velt voters, 56%; Dewey voters, 53%).
(3) Who Should Dispatch U. S. Forces? Opinion
is not now well crystallized on the issue whether
or not the President should obtain the approval of
Congress before ordering U. S. armed forces to par-
ticipate in putting down a violation of the demili-
tarization treaty.
Following Gallup's report (Jan. 31) that a
slight majority (54%) preferred Congressional
approval to a simple Presidential order, further
experimentation was initiated, working with a small
but well-constructed sample of the public.
The unfixed state of public sentiment is demon-
strated by the fact that sizable majorities in favor
of Presidential authorization were obtained, when
the Princeton questions made it clear to the re-
spondent that --
1) Legislative assent is required for
the approval of treaties, and
2) "Need" for military action would be
urgent.
Another insight into current opinion on this
issue is given by Gallup's report (March 2) that a
majority of those voting for President Roosevelt in
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. include Date
- 2 -
1944 favor giving such power to the President,
while a large majority of those voting for
Governor Dewey are opposed. The Gallup question
and results follow:
"If it becomes necessary to use force to keep
Germany and Japan from arming again, should the
President have the right to order the use of
American force immediately, or should the ap-
proval of Congress be obtained first?"
Roosevelt Voters Dewey Voters
President should have right
54%
23%
Should first obtain approval
37
69
Undecided
9
8
100%
100%
II.
Unconditional Surrender of Germany
In early February, popular opinion continued
to be overwhelmingly in favor (81%) of the "uncon-
ditional surrender" of Germany -- according to a
Princeton poll -- even though political leaders
and commentators had been calling for an elabo-
ration of that formula.
Moreover, the public generally appears to be
much less concerned than press and radio critics
with the question of whether the German people have
been adequately informed by the Allies as to "how
they will be treated after they surrender".
When questioned,
62% said they "didn't know" whether the German
people had been told how they will be treated,
27% thought that they had been told, and
11% thought that they had not been told.
- 3 -
III.
Transfer of "Polish" Territory
No change was registered in the month preced-
ing the Crimea Conference in the majority of 2 to
1 (of those with opinions) who said "Russia should
be allowed to keep some Polish territory which the
Russians now occupy provided that the Poles are
given in exchange some German territory".
Aid to France and Italy
According to an early February opinion poll
(Princeton), A majority of the public thinks that --
1) The U.S. should do all it can to help these
countries,
2) The U.S. is doing all it can at the present
time.
Only 15% feel that the U.S. is not doing all
it can for France; only 20% for Italy.
Sentiment is much stronger for aid to France
(84%) than for Italy (55%).
Early February Results:
France
Italy
"Do you think the U.S. should
Yes
84%
55%
do all it can at the present
No
9
31
time to help France (Italy)
No op.
7
14
get back on its feet?"
100%
100%
"Do you think the U.S.
Yes
66%
53%
is doing all it can
No
15
20
at the present time?"
No op.
19
27
100%
100%
(All polling results above, except the Gallup poll
in section (I. Demilitarization Treaty), are confi-
dential.)
HECTOR NT
(filid Confidential, 3/10/45)
/1. Memo for Pres. from Secy. of State. 12/28/44 Re: Deteriorating
Economic Situation in Italy - staly folder, 1-44,
12. Memo for Pres. from Secy. of State. 12/18/44 re: Soviet-Iranian
Relations. - Russia folder, 1-44
11-11-44
/3. Memo for Pres. from Secy. of State 1/1/45 re: Letter from Myron
Taylor concerning Acting food situation in Italy Taylor forder, 4-44
4. Memo for Pres. from/Secy. of State 1/12/45 re: reaction in Iraq
to Congressional Resolutions regarding Palestine. Palestine folder 1-45.
/5. Memo for Pres. from Acting Secy of State Grew 1/12/45 re: Soviet
Foreign Policy - Russia fulder, 1-45
/6. Memo for Pres. from Secy. of State 1/9/45 re: Memorandum from
Dr. Isaiah Bowman- state Dept. folder 45
17. Memo for Pres. from Secy. of State 1/8/45 re: Ozech Attitude
toward the Lublin Government. Russia folder 1.45
/8. Memo for Pres. from Secy. of State 1/8/45 re: Soviet request
for Long-Term credits. Russia folder, 1-45
/9. Memo for Pres. from Secy. of State 1/6/45 re: Latest opinion
trends in the USA. - state Dept folder, 2.45
/10. Memo for Pres. from Secy. of State 1/4/45 re: Resolution of
Polish American Democratic Organization of Chicago Chicago-Poland folder
11. Memo for Pres. from Secy. of State 1/4/45 re: Lowdermilk
Project for Palestine Palestine forder 1-45
/12. Memo for Pres. from Secy. of State 12/29/44 re: Reply to letter
from Catholic Archbishops. Stettenius folder, 2-44
Л3. Memo for Pres. from Secy. of State 1/8/45 re: Saudi Arabia -
Financial Assistance. - Saudi arabia folder 1-45
14. Memo for Pres. from Secy. of State 1/2/45 re: Voting in the
Security Council. world security arg. folder, 4-45
15. Memo for Pres. from J.C. Grew 1/7/45 enclosing copy of telegram
from Ambassador Patterson reporting that King Peter of Yugoslavia
requesting that Pres. send a telegram to Churchill supporting
King Peter's position in discussions now in progress in London
concerning an agreement between P.M. Subasic and Marshal Tito.
- yugoslana folder, 1-45"
16. Memo for Pres. from Secy. of State 1/1/45 re: French participa-
tion in the control of Germany. - Germany folder, 1-45"
17. Memo for Pres. from Secy. of State 1/10/45 re: Argentine Meat-
Churchill freder, 1-44
/18. Memo for Pres. from Secy. of State 1/9/45 re: Attitude of Ibn
Saud toward Arab Union and Palestine. Saudi arabia folder, 1-45
- 2 -
/19. Memo to the Pres. from the Secy. of State 1/17/45 re: Message
from the Queen of the Netherlands.- metherlands focar 1-45
/20. Memo to the Pres. from the Secy. of State 1/17/45 re: The
Iranian Question- Churchill freder, 1-45. (or give n It. Elsey ?)
/21. Memo to the Pres. from the Secy. of State 1/18/46 re: Political
matters for discussion at the forthcoming meeting.- Crimea conf
folder 3.45
/22. Memo to the Pres. from the Secy. of State 1/4/45 re: Communish-
Kuomintang Relations. china folder 1-45
h3. Memo to the Pres. from the Secy. of State 1/18/45 re: French
Request for Participation in Big Three Meeting. - France 1-45 folder
/24. Memo to the Pres. from Secy. of State 1/17/46 re: Voting in
Security Council.- - world Security arg. folder, 4.45
/25. Memo for Pres. from Secy. of State 1/16/45 re: American Public
Opinion on Selected Questions (2 memos). state Dept freden 2.45
126. 26. Cable from London complete version of Prime Minister's speech
in House of Commons 1/18/46 - Churchill folder 1-45
/27. Cable from London text of Mr. Eden's speech 1/19/45 - Theat Britain
folder, 1-45
/28. 28. Memo from the Jos. Grew to the Pres. Re: Indochina 1/19/45-
Indo China freder 1-45
1. Top Secret. Cable from Hurley to President 1/2/45
2. Personal letter from Cong. Emanuel Cellar to the Pres. 12/15/46
and the President's reply. 1/16/45
3. Personal letter from Lincoln MacVeagh, Athens, Greece, 12/8/46.
4. Report from J.F. Byrnes as Director of War Mobilization &
Reconversion - Jan. 1, 1945
5. Memo to the Pres, from Secy. Morgenthau re: problem of what to
do with Germany after her defeat - 1/10/45.
6. Letter from the Attorney General, with suggested message to
Congress on the Petrillo matter, 1/10/45
7. Article by Jesse Jones, together with his note to the Pres. 1/11/45
8. Printed article "Preamble to Post War Shipping".
9. Note to the Pres. from Prince Mohamed A11, Heir Presumptive to
Throne of Egypt 1/8/45
10. Letter from Cong. Mike Mansfield which contains lengthy report
on his findings and recommendations as a result of his mission
to China - 1/3/45
11. FBI report 1/6/45 re Soviet Govt. Purchasing Commission had
endeavored to kidnap an employee of theirs and place him aboard
a Soviet vessel bound for the USSR.
12. Letter from Ben Cohen attaching copy of letter with comments
on Dumbarton Oaks proposals prepared by & small group working
with Manley Hudson, addressed to the Secy. of State. 12/22/44
13. Map and mimeographed data on Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.
14. Mystery novel "5 Murderers".
- 2 -
17. Memo from L. Currie enclosing brief notes from Leon Henderson
sent to him in confidence 1/19/45
18. Letter from Sen. McKellar enclosing short speech on foreign
situation - 1/18/45
19. Memo from L. Currie enclosing some notes for this conference 1/19
20. Cable from Vatican City for the Pres. 1/18/45 from Myron Taylor
21. Letter to the Pres. from Herbert H. Lehman 1/19/45 re UNRRA.
22. Letter to the Pres. from Leo Crowley 1/19/45 re Lend-Lease to
Russia
23. Memo on Post-War Germany
24. Memo to the Pres. from Leo Crowley re lend-lease to France.
4
Newo
SECRET
TPS
December 28, 1944
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Deteriorating Economic Situation in Italy
I am becoming increasingly alarmed about the plight of
Italians in liberated Italy during the next several months.
I have seen Marshal Alexander's very sobering telegram of
December 21 (NAF 830) containing a final urgent request for
a decision on the bread ration for the Italian people. I
asked Admiral Leahy yesterday to send you 8 copy of NAF 830
if you had not already seen it.
Reports from Myron Taylor and Alexander Kirk during
the past several weeks and months have reflected the increas-
ing gravity of the food situation particularly north of the
Garigliano River. It is generally conceded that a ration of
at least three hundred grams per day of bread and "pasta" is
required to maintain the populace on any kind of 8 standard
approaching normal subsistence. Thus far the Allied authori-
ties have not been able to achieve this ration north of the
Garigliano.
To implement your instructions of October 31 to the War
Department to increase the bread ration to three hundred grams
throughout all of liberated Italy I am informed that the Com-
bined Civil Affairs Committee (CCS) is working on 8. directive
to Marshal Alexander. I believe there is considerable re-
luctance on the British side to concur in 8. directive to
Alexander to use food reserves for north Italy to relieve
the present acute situation in liberated Italy. There is
of course complete unanimity on the American side in its
desire to carry out the spirit and letter of your request
of October 31.
This
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-1074R 3 1972
By J. Schauble Date
SECRET
- 2 -
This difficult problem can be solved eventually only
by an increase in the shipping allocation to the Mediter-
ranean theater. I hope that this situation will be kept
under constant review for the purpose of increasing the
Mediterranean shipping allocation at the expense of any
less urgent demands, other than operational, on world
shipping.
E.R. Stettinius, Jr.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Scheuble Date
Drip file
SECRET
December 18, 1944
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Soviet-Iranian Relations
Your memorandum of December 8, 1944 suggested that
Harriman take up with Stalin the question of difficulties
between the Soviet Union and Iran. Fortunately, a tele-
gram from Ambassador Morris in Tehran dated December 8,
reports that since the Iranian Government resigned last
month, Morris has heard of no action by the Russians
which could clearly be construed as further undue inter-
ference in internal Iranian affairs.
An approach by us to the Russians at this moment
might aggravate the situation, causing the Russians to
flare up with a harder policy against Iran than ever.
I believe it would be a mistake for Harriman to approach
Stalin at the moment, as long as there is a possibility
that the tension in Iran is easing. We are following the
developments minutely, and are keeping Harriman posted.
If you concur, we will instruct him to stand by, to be
ready to act when the proper moment comes.
I should like to talk with you about the free port-
railway trusteeship plan at one of our early meetings.
Edward R. Stettining, Jr.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Schauble Date
SECRET
January 1, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Letter from Myron Taylor Concerning
Food Situation in Italy
Thank you for letting me see Mr. Taylor's letter
of November 11, 1944 and attached plan for improving
the Italian food situation. These are being returned
for your files in accordance with your memorandum
of December 7.
The application of Mr. Taylor's recommendations
depends upon a solution of the critical shipping
and internal transportation problem. As to crop
pooling, his plan is also based on the assumption of
rigorous harvest control machinery which 80 far has
not materialized. I feel that Mr. Taylor's plan is
sound and that you might wish to give it considera-
tion when the present obstacles are removed.
Enclosure:
Letter from Mr. Taylor
together with its enclosure.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72 MAR
3 1972
By J. Scheuite Date
CRODET
January 12, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Reaction in Iraq to
Congressional Resolutions
Regarding Palestine.
I think you will want to note these
two airgrams from our Minister at Baghdad,
the first of which outlines the reaction
in Iraq to the revival of the Palestine
resolutions in Congress, while the second
gives the text of a note from the Iraqi
Foreign Office to our Winister summarizing
the position of Iraq and the other Arab
countries in this regard.
These airgrams show quite clearly
that the Araba regard, and will continue
to regard, the Palestine question with the
utmost concern. Zionist activities in this
country will remain the gravest threat to
friendly relations between the United States
and the countries of the Near East until a
solution to the problem is reached.
To are sending copies of the Iraqi
note to Tom Connally and Sol Bloom.
Enclosures:
Acting Secretary
1. Airgram no. A-75,
December 19, 6 p.m.
1944, from Baghdad.
2. Airgram no. A-77,
December 21, 9 D.
from Baghdad.
By State J. Schauble Date MAR 3 1972
CECRET
January 12, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Soviet Foreign Policy
While you may not have time to read in full the
enclosed lengthy interpretive report from Harriman on
developments in Soviet policy derived from the attitudes
of the Russian press, I believe that, in view of your
forthcoming meeting, you will find it worthwhile to
look over at least the first two paragraphs of the
report which summarize the Ambassador's conclusions
in regard to the main lines of Soviet foreign policy
at the present time.
(signed) Joseph C. ssrew
Acting Secretary
Enclosure:
Copy of telegram
no. 90 from Moscow,
January 10, 1945.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Schauble Date
January 9, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Memorandum from Dr. Bowman
Attached is a copy of a statement drafted
by Dr. Isaiah Bowman, which speaks for itself.
Something along this line I feel would be
most useful either in one of your statements or
in one of the State Department statements.
Enclosure:
Copy of a statement
drafted by Dr. Isaiah
Bowman.
GEORGI
January 8, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Czech Attitude toward
the Lublin "Government"
You may be interested in the enclosed telegram
from Harriman indicating that Benes may have made some
commitment to the Russians in regard to the recognition
of the Lublin group and also suggesting that the dis-
position of Czech Ruthenia has not yet been finally
determined.
E. R. Stettinius, Jr.
Enclosure:
Copy of telegram
no. 63 from Moscow,
January 6, 1945.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Scheuble Date MAR 3 1972
SECRET
January 8, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Soviet Request for Long-Term Credits
Molotov has presented to Harriman an aide-memoire
requesting from the United States six billion dollars
in post-war credits to run for thirty years at an
interest rate of two and one-half percent. In trans-
mitting the text of the aide-memoire, Harriman has also
in the enclosed telegram submitted his own reactions
thereto which I believe you would be interested in read-
ing in full.
Harriman indicates his belief that the Russians will
expect this subject to be discussed at the forthcoming
meeting and states his view that (1) it is to our interest
to assist in the development of the economy of the Soviet
Union, (2) the Russians should be given to understand
that our cooperation in this respect will depend upon
their behavior in international matters, and (3) the
discussion of these long-term credits should be wholly
divorced from the current lend-lease negotiations.
E.R. Stettinius, Jr.
Enclosure:
Copy of telegram
no. 61 from Moscow,
January 6, 1945.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter,
MAR 1:11-72 3 1972
By J. Schauble Date
January 6, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Latest Opinion Trends in the U. S. A.
I. U. S. Policy on Liberated Areas
On balance, opinion seems to favor a policy of non-
interference in the politics of liberated countries.
However, opinion is not firmly crystallized, according to
polling results just received.
A positive and clarifying statement unfolding this
Government's position would tend to find support and fur-
nish a frame of reference, which the public clearly
desires.
II. Attitudes Toward Britain and Russia
A. New evidence confirms that --
(1) The public widely believes that both Britain
and Russia actively support factions of their own choice
in liberated countries.
(2) The public disapproves of such unilateral
action.
B. Greater dissatisfaction "with the way in which
Russia, Britain and the United States are cooperating with
each other" exists among the best informed and most
influential
- 2 -
influential groups than among the public 8.8 a whole.
National Total
28% "felt dissatisfied"
College educated
37%
-
"
Upper economic group
43%
#
"
(1) However, the public, when taking a longer per-
spective, is not so much disturbed over the prospects of
post-war cooperation with Britain and Russia.
C. Press and radio comment, however, has begun to
excuse British actions in Europe -- in contrast to pre-
vious sharp disapproval - while criticizing U. S. policy.
III. Information and Attitudes on Dumbarton Oaks
A. Estimates are more pessimistic than formerly
respecting Congressional acceptance of the Proposals
unless present political differences emong the Allies are
quickly smoothed over.
B. After several months of publicity,
Only 43% of the public have even heard of the
Proposals. Among these, about half have no opinion as to
whether the Proposals provide a "real and practical basis
for setting up an international organization to maintain
world peace". They were deemed "practical" by a 2 to 1
ratio of those with opinions. The well-educated are no
more favorable than the poorly educated.
H.R. Stettinius, Jr.
SECRET
January 4, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Lowdermilk Project
for Palestine.
Information has reached us that the Zionists intend
to ask you to endorse the so-called Lowdermilk project
for the development of Palestine. This project, which
is described in 8 recent book entitled Palestine, Land
of Promise by Dr. Walter Clay Lowdermilk of the United
States Department of Agriculture, proposes the estab-
lishment of a Jordan Valley Authority on the model of
the TVA, with the object of making it possible for
Palestine to absorb at least four million Jewish refu-
gees. The author, who is Assistant Chief of the Soil
Conservation Service of the Department of Agriculture,
has made it plain that his plan represents his own
personal views and does not have the backing of the
Government. The project has, however, been heartily
endorsed by the Zionists, who have not failed to stress
the fact that the author is prominent in our own Govern-
ment's reclamation work.
Quite apart from the foreign policy implications,
we have some interesting comments regarding the Lowder-
milk project, based on the view of scientists resident
in Palestine, from one of our officers in the field,
showing that from a purely technical standpoint there
are serious obstacles to the plan. I thought that
you would want to know this.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Schauble Date MAR 3 1972
SECRET
December 29, 1944
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Reply to letter from Catholic
Archbishops
Reference is made to my memorandum of
December 15, 1944, outlining the conversation
I had with Archbishops Mooney, Stritch and
Spellman during which they expressed apprehen-
sion concerning developments in the inter-
national field.
There is attached for your consideration a
suggested reply to the letter addressed to you
which the Archbishops left with me. Their letter
is also enclosed.
Enclosure:
Reply to letter of
December 13 from
Archbishops.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Scheuble Date
ERS.,P
TOP SECRET
7AR ok
December 22, 1944
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Proposals for the Extension of Long
Range Financial Assistance to Saudi
Arabia
In a memorandum from the Secretary of State dated
April 3, 1944, which you approved, it was recommended
that lend-lease funds be used for the extension of in-
creased economic assistance to Saudi Arabia and that
subsequently Congressional approval be sought for the
provision of direct financial aid.
Largely because of wartime conditions, Saudi Arabia
is experiencing budgetary deficits. These may be ex-
pected to continue for the next few years until oil
royalties and a revival of normal trade provide sufficient
sources of revenue to meet essential governmental ex-
penditures. Meanwhile Saudi Arabia is dependent for
survival upon help from abroad. If such help is not
provided by this Government, undoubtedly it will be
supplied by some other nation which might thus acquire
a dominant position in that country inimical to the wel-
fare of Saudi Arabia and to the national interest of the
United States.
An American national interest, basically strategic
in character, exists in Saudi Arabia for the following
reasons:
1. A strong and independent Saudi
Arabian Government in the Near East, where
DECLASSIFIED
two
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Schauble Date
MAR
3
1972
TOPSECRET
- 2 -
two great world powers come in contact, is
less likely to fall victim to war-breeding
aggression than 8 weak and disintegrating
state vulnerable to economic and political
penetration.
2. The vast oil resources of Saudi
Arabia, now in American hands under a con-
cession held by American nationals, should
be safeguarded and developed in order to
supplement Western Hemisphere oil reserves
as a source of world supply.
3. The military authorities urgently
desire certain facilities in Saudi Arabia for
the prosecution of the war, such as the right
to construct military airfields and flight
privileges for military aircraft en route to
the Pacific war theater.
King Ibn Saud has indicated that he prefers to rely
upon the United States for the assistance his country
needs and that he would adopt a much more independent
attitude toward third countries if he were assured that
this Government will extend adequate aid on a long-range
basis. This cannot be done through lend-lease (a) because
the Foreign Economic Administration is unwilling to con-
tinue it beyond the present fiscal year; and (b) because
there is no assurance in any case that lend-lease would
be available on a long-range basis.
Your approval is requested of the following steps to
be taken in order to enable this Government to extend
adequate long-range assistance to Saudi Arabia for the
purpose of affording protection to the American national
interest in that country and of obtaining wartime facili-
ties urgently needed there:
1. That
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR
3
By J. Schauble Date
1972
TOBSECRET
- 3 -
1. That the Congress be requested to
appropriate funds for use in meeting the urgent
financial requirements of Saudi Arabia to the
extent deemed necessary by the Secretary of
State;
2. That the Secretary of State inform the
President of the Export-Import Bank that you
desire the Bank to make a commitment in principle
of its intention to extend, after the necessary
study, development loans to finance long-range
projects for the improvement of economic con-
ditions and living standards in Saudi Arabia;
3. That the military authorities, after
consultation with the Department of State, give
immediate consideration to such projects as it
may be advisable for them to undertake promptly
in Saudi Arabia in order to provide interim
assistance by means of such measures as the con-
struction of airfields and related installations,
the dispatch of training missions and equipment,
and the construction of strategic roads, together
with other facilities.
The Secretaries of Far and the Navy concur in the
foregoing proposals.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Schauble Date MAR 3 1972
TOPSECHET
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE TO MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT ENTITLED
*PROPOSALS FOR THE EXTENSION OF LONG BANGE FINANCIAL
ASSISTANCE TO SAUDI ARABIA.
It cannot be stated with certainty at this time the
funds which will be needed to meet the urgent financial
requirements of Saudi Arabia. It is estimated, however,
that the budgetary deficits of the Saudi Arabian govern-
ment will continue for approximately five years. If the
war should continue for several years more and if the
return of normal trading conditions should be delayed
unduly, the meximum sum to meet these deficits is estimated
at $57,000,000. Should the war end in the near future,
and should more favorable economic conditions obtain, only
about $28,000,000 will be needed. A reasonable expectation,
however, is that the sum of $43,000,000 will suffice to
meet these budgetary deficits over 8. five-year period until
Saudi Arabia becomes financially self-sufficient.
E. R. Stettinius, Jr.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Schaubte Date
MAR
3
1972
SECRET
January 2, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Voting in the Security Council
I enclose herewith an interesting cable just
received from Harriman on this question. You
will note he feels the issue is fundamental to
the Soviets and that the British and ourselves
may have to take a very firm stand if we are to
succeed in changing their minds.
Enclosure:
Telegram no. 5043
from Moscow.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Schauble Date MAR 3 1972
SECRET
January 1, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: French Participation in the
Control of Germany
The enclosed telegram from Winant summarizes
a formal memorandum presented by the French repre-
sentative on the European Advisory Commission
setting forth explicitly the wishes of France
in regard to participation in the German sur-
render instrument and the military control
of Germany.
Enclosure:
Copy of telegram
no. 11575 from London,
December 30, 1944.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Schauble Date MAR 3 1972
SECRE
January 10, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR MISS TULLY
Subject: Argentine Meat
I return herewith for your files the letter
addressed to the President dated November 22, 1944
from Lord Halifax enclosing the special collection
of communications exchanged between the President
and the Prime Minister and others on the Argentine
and British meat contracts which the President for-
warded to me on November 24.
In order that that file might be complete, I an
also attaching copies of three outgoing messages
which are directly connected with the Argentine meat
question.
E. R. Stettinius, Jr.
Enclosures:
Telegrams 10178,
10004, 1761.
Letter from Halifax
of November 22 and
enclosure.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Schemble Date
BOREI
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Attitude of Ibn Saud
Toward Arab Union and
Palestine.
I think that you will be particularly
interested in these two telegrams from Jidda
regarding King Ibn Saud's attitude toward Pan-
Arab matters and the Palestine question.
We attach considerable importance to his
action in signing the Protocol of Alliance be-
tween the Arab states drawn up at the recent
Alexandria conference, first, because there was
some question whether Saudi Arabia would sign
the agreement at all, and, second, because in
doing so the King has proposed certain amend-
ments to make the Alliance more affective, with
particular reference to Palestine.
Ibn Saud's statement that he regards him-
self as a champion of the Arabs of Palestine
and would himself feel it an honor to die in
battle in their cause is, of course, of the
greatest significance.
Enclosures:
1. Telegram no. 8,
January 4, 1 p.m.,
from Jidda.
2. Telegram no. 9,
January 5, 4 p.m.,
from Jidda.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Scheuble Date
January 17, 1945.
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Message from the Queen of
the Netherlands
I enclose for your information a message from Her
Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands in which she states
that it is now the duty of the Netherlands Government to
ask for urgent military action for the purpose of driv-
ing the Germans out of Holland. The alternative request
of the Netherlands Government is for immediate relief in
the form either of mass evacuation or in that of food,
clothing, fuel and medical supplies. The Netherlands
Ambassador stated orally that the Queen has sent the same
message to King George and to Prime Minister Churchill.
Enclosure:
As stated.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Schauble Date
January 17, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: The Iranian Question
There is enclosed in accordance with your direc-
tions a suggested reply to the Prime Minister's tele-
gram no. 890, January 15, 1945, regarding the Iranian
oil concession controversy. You will note that we in
the Department feel that the subject should be dis-
cussed at the forthcoming meeting, as the Prime Minister
suggests, and that the talks should be among you,
Churchill and Stalin as signatories to the Declaration
signed at Tehran. We do not recommend, however, that
advance notice be given of an intention to discuss it,
since this would give the matter undue importance.
Enclosure:
Suggested reply to Prime
Minister's telegram regard-
ing the Iranian oil con-
cession controversy.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Schemble Date MAR 3 1972
FOR
T.
THE IRANIAN QUESTION
1. I concur fully that the Iranian question should
be discussed at our next meeting and feel that it should
be with Stalin as a signatory to the Declaration signed
at Tehran.
2. We have not seen sufficient evidence in Iran
during recent days to demonstrate conclusively that Russia
intends to insist upon an oil concession now or even upon
the repeal of the Iranian law which forbids concession
negotiations during the war, but Russia's continued and
avowed dissatisfaction with the law arouses apprehension
which should be quieted.
3. The Soviets also replied to our note on the ques-
tion with 8. lengthy explanation of Soviet action and a
reference to the American Government's QUOTE unsympathetic
END QUOTE attitude in the matter. There seems little
reason to doubt, therefore, that the Soviets are fully
aware of the attitude of both our Governments. I do not
think it would be advisable to single out the Iranian
question by giving notice in advance of an intention to
discuss it since no agenda is being planned and advance
reference to this question alone would tend to accord it
undue importance.
I concur that a test case may well arise in this
matter which may have important bearing on the Dumbarton
Oaks plans for post-war collaboration. For this reason
we must make every effort, firm but conciliatory, to
reach 8. just solution.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Scheuble Date MAR 3 1972
T
January 18, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Political matters for discussion
at the forthcoming meeting
For your convenience I am attaching hereto an
extra copy of the memorandum that I left with you in
the black binder this morning covering the ten points
which the State Department hopes can be satisfactorily
dealt with in the forthcoming discussions.
E.R. Stettinius, Jr.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Schauble Data
1
January 4, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Communist-Kuomintang Relations
Attached is 8. summary of a telegram from Ambassa-
dor Hurley.
The Ambassador points out that Chiang and the Com-
munists have similar objectives -- popular government
and military unity. But Chiang's promises of popular
government are distrusted and his conception of unity
is summed up in his statement to the Vice President:
I want to cooperate with the Communists but they must
obey my orders.
The Ambassador states that "the Kuomintang still
hopes to keep China under one-party rule". The Commu-
nists want a coalition government. Their optimum is
1/3 Communist, 1/3 Kuomintang, and 1/3 minority party
representation. Chiang is willing to concede repre-
sentation which does not endanger Kuomintang control.
The gap between Chiang and the Communists is wide and
fundamental. It is hoped that the Ambassador can per-
suade Chiang and the Communists to bridge it. If they
do not, civil war, as he points out, will come sooner
or later.
Chiang is in a dilemma. A coalition would mean the
end of conservative Kuomintang dominance and open the
way for the more virile and popular Communists to ex-
tend their influence to the point perhaps of controlling
the
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR
3 1972
By J. Schaubte Date
- 2 -
the government. Failure to settle with the Communists,
who are daily growing stronger, would invite danger of
an eventual overthrow of the Kuomintang. Chiang could,
it is felt, rise above party selfishness and anti-Com-
munist prejudice to head a coalition government which
might bring new life into the war effort and assure
unity after hostilities.
If a settlement is not reached, the alternative
might be an American military command of all Chinese
forces. It is understood that both Chiang and the Com-
munists would agree to this. Such 8 command would make
possible limited supply of ammunition and demolition
material to the Communists which all observers agree
could be effectively used. It would obviate political
difficulties in the event of coastal landings adjacent
to areas under Communist control. If Russia comes into
the war in the Far East, it would be highly advantage-
ous to have in China an over all American command,
rather than a disunited Chinese command. And finally,
an American command could serve as 8 stabilizing poli-
tical influence in the period immediately following
the conclusion of hostilities in China.
Attachment:
Summary of a telegram
from Ambassador Hurley.
GASU
Free
2
SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPAL POINTS IN AMBASSADOR
HURLEY'S TELEGRAM OF DECEMBER 24
The Ambaseador observes that the diplomats of "is-
perialistic nations" (British, Dutch, French and British
domin The Ambassador states that, according to his under-
standing, our policy in China is (1) to prevent the col-
lapse of the national government; (2) to sustain Chiang
Kai-shek: (3) to harmonize relations between the Gener- to
alissimo and the American Commander; (4) to promote pro-dd
duction of war supplies and prevent economic collapse con-
and (5) to unify all the military forces of China for
the purpose of defeating Japan.
The Ambassador reports (1) that military reorgani-
zation by General Wedemeyer, with the cooperation of
the Generalissimo, has had & "splendid effect on the
morale of the armed forces"; (2) that Chiang "has gone
quite & distance for & first step" in reorganizing his
Cabinet and "will go further"; and (3) that Chinese and
American military and civilian officials "are coopera-
ting and the results of the united effort are beginning
to show in the military situation".
With regard to Kuomintang-Communist relations the
Ambassador states (1) that Chiang "is now convinced"
that the Russian Government does not recognize or support
the Chinese Communists and does not want dissension in
China; (2) that T. V. Soong is going to Moscow in Febru-
ary or March to confer with Marshal Stalin as Chiang's
personal representative; (3) that the Communists sub-
mitted through him (Hurley) a plan for a coalition gov-
ernment and the unification of military forces; (4) that
the National Government "then had an opportunity to make
a settlement with the Communists" but "they neglected or
did not choose to do 80 at that time"; (5) that the Gov-
ernment submitted a counter proposal which the Communists
rejected; and (6) that Chiang has appointed a new com-
mittee which is now working out a plan which he (Chiang)
believes will be feasible but which will not provide for
a "coalition".
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
The
By J. Schemble Date MAR 3 1972
/
- 2 -
The Ambassador observes that the diplomats of "im-
perialistic nations" (British, Dutch, French and British
dominions) believe that "their interests in Asia will be
more definitely safeguarded if China is divided against
herself". There are American officials in China, he con-
tinues, who feel that the Chinese Government is doomed to
collapse and that therefore the American Government should
be prepared to deal with the Chinese Communists. In con-
clusion, he indicates that he is not in sympathy with
this point of view.
8
BLOW
GOWING
LUG
SECRET
January 18, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: French Request for Participation in
Big Three Meeting
I am transmitting herewith a copy of a telegram
from Caffery setting forth the full text of the formal
request of the French Provisional Government that it
be permitted to participate in the forthcoming con-
ference of representatives of the United States, Great
Britain and the Soviet Union.
Enclosure:
Copy of telegram
no. 215 from Paris,
January 16, 1945.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Schauble Date MAR 3 1972
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
January 16, 1945.
MEMORANDUM FOR
JOHN BOETTIGER
TO READ AND PLEASE RETURN
FOR MY "TRIP FILE".
F. D. R.
Memorandum on Post-War
Germany.
/
SECRET
January 17, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Voting in the Security Council
The British Embassy has informed us informally
that their Government is prepared to accept the pro-
posed compromise formula on voting which you sent
to the Prime Minister some weeks ago.
They are still not entirely clear 88 to how this
would be applied to regional arrangements but this
is something which can be easily worked out with
them. In communicating with us they also referred to
the other open questions and requested consultation
with them before invitations are actually issued to
a general conference.
I presume, therefore, that you will hear from
the Prime Minister on this subject shortly.
11 Stettinius, Jr.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Scheuble Data MAR 3 1972
January 16, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: American Public Opinion
on Selected Questions
B. SUPPORTING DATA
(All polling results refer to
the Centril survey of early
January 1945, unless otherwise
noted.)
I. Liberated Areas (including Italy)
A. British and Russian Action
(1) By a ratio of more than 3 to 1,
"The British handling of affairs in Greece" was
"disapproved" (Disapproved: 52%; Approved: 15%;
(2) By a ratio of about 2 to 1, the public
deems "fair", the "recent criticism of the way
Britsin and Russia are conducting their relations
with the Greeks, the Poles and the Italians"
(Fair: 44%; Unfair: 24% No Opinion: 32%).
B. U. S. Policy
(1) Asked whether "liberated countries
such as Italy and Greece should be allowed to work
out their own governmental problems without inter-
ference from the three big Allied countries --
England, Russia and the U. S. -- even if civil war
results" -- 48% said YES; 415 said NO (December,
third week).
(2) Asked
- 2 -
(2) Asked whether "liberated countries
should take 3 more active part in the settlement
of European problems such as Greece, Italy and
Poland, or should leave them to settlement by the
European powers --
57%preferred to have the "U. S. take
8. more active part"
34%preferred to "leave settlement
to European powers"
(3) But the 34% preferring a "hands-off"
policy is reduced to 15% when asked whether the should
leave settlement to the European powers even if it
would mean that big powers like Britain and Russia
would dominate the little countries.
(4) Only 1 in 3 of those with opinion
on the question, felt "that the U. S. should do more
than it is to help Italy get back on her feet".
II. Poland's Boundaries
(1) When asked whether "russia should be allowed
to keep some Polish territory which the Russians now
occupy provided that the Poles are given in exchange
some German territory", 54%said YES, and 25% said NO.
(2) The 25% replying NO to the above question
was reduced to 18% when asked whether they would
"change their minds if the Poles who live in terri-
tory which would be given to Russia were helped to
move to other parts of Poland."
III. Attitudes Toward Britsin and Russia
A. General
(1) The number dissatisfied "with the way
in which Russia, England and the United States are 00-
operating" rose from 28% in early December to us in
early January.
(2) The
- 3 -
(2) The general public continues to de-
signate England as the country "chiefly to blame" --
the early January figures being 22% England, 7%
Russia; 13 U.S.A.; 11% no opinion (totaling 41%
"dissatisfied").
(3) About 7 out of 10 of the public
in early January felt that Britain "wes doing all
it possibly can to win the war", as compared with
less than 6 out of 10 in the third week 6f December.
(4) 8 out of 10 continued to feel that
Bussia was doing all it possibly can to win the
war (even prior to the new Russian offensive, Janu-
ary 12).
B. Disturbing Effect on Security Oppnization
(1) Asked whether developments in Greece,
Poland and Italy would affect the success of the
proposed world pence organization, 50% said that
these developments "would make success more diffi-
cult", 20% thought they "would make little difference";
and 6% thought they "would make success impossible".
(2) Confidence that Britain and Russis
can be trusted to cooperate with the U. S. after
the war has reached the lowest point since the
Mescow conference (60% "trust" Britain and 31% are
distrustful) (44% "trust" Russia and 42% are dis-
trustful)
IV. International Peace and Security Organization
(1) While 9 out of 10 of the public continue
to support the general proposition that "the U. S.
should join an international organization in an effort
to prevent future wars", only 3 out of 10 say that
they have some general idea of the Dumberton Oaks
proposals.
(2) 2 out of 10 believe that these Proposals
"provide
- 4 -
"provide 8 real and practical basis for setting up
an international organization". However, of those
with opinion on this question, the Proposals are
considered "practical" by a ratio of 3 to 1.
(3) Confronted with the possibility that the
peace settlement might not be "completely satisfactory"
to Americans, about 60% say that we should join an
international peace organization anyway; while about
30% say that we should not join.
V. Japanese Mandated Islands
American opinion strongly favors some form of
U. S. control of Pacific Islands mandated to Japan.
But no majority opinion has developed in support of
either of the two following alternatives; according
to a January poll:
(1) "U. S. govern them under the proposed new
international organization" (47%);
(2) "U. 8. own them outright" (38%).
VI. Other Dependent Areas
American sentiment dislikes European imperialism
and would welcome arrangements looking toward the self-
government of colonial peoples.
A. Italian African Colonies
Very little attention has been given speci-
fically to the future of the Italian colonies. Two
years ago, while the fighting was still going on in
North Africa, 8 Gallup poll found that 61% opposed re-
turning "all or nearly all the possessions Italy held
in Africa at the start of the war". Only 17% held the
contrary view (December 1942).
B. Indo-China
American opinion has not focused on the
future of Indo-China.
January 16, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: American Public Opinion
on Selected Questions
A. CONCLUSIONS
The following appraisal takes into
account all major sources of articulate
opinion and various public opinion sur-
veys including 8 January 1945 survey
conducted by Hadley Cantril of Princeton.
I. Liberated Areas (including Italy)
A. British and Russian Action
The weight of American opinion disapproves
of unilateral action by Britain and Russia regarded
as "interference" in the internal politics of Greece,
Italy, Poland and other countries.
B. U.S. Policy
American opinion is not firmly crystallized
as to the proper role of the United States. While
opposed to the principle of "interference" in the
politics of liberated countries, sentiment seems to
prefer a "more active" U. S. policy if this be neces-
sary to assure a fair deal for the smaller countries.
II. Poland's
- 2 -
II. Poland's Boundaries
The weight of American opinion apparently is not
opposed to cession of former Polish territory to Russia,
provided Poland is compensated. But the public wants
Poland's consent to any territorial modification.
While the Curzon Line has been found acceptable by
much responsible opinion, accurate testing of the
general public on this specific boundary is not
feasible.
III. Attitudes Toward Britain and Russia
A. General
Despite much comment sympathetic to the
British during the past fortnight, opinion polls show
increased dissatisfaction with Big Three cooperation.
The British are chiefly blamed.
B. Disturbing Effect on Security Organization
Recent British and Russian actions have dis-
turbed the public and led to some pessimism concern-
ing the establishment of a successful international
security organization.
IV. International Peace and Security Organization
The American public, despite some criticism and
pessimism concerning Dumbarton Oaks, overwhelmingly
desires American participation in an international
security organization.
V. Japanese Mandated Islands
American opinion strongly favors some form of
U. S. control of Pacific Islands mandated to Japan.
But opinion is almost evenly divided on the method of
control -- slightly favoring U. S. administration
under an international organization rather than out-
right U. S. ownership.
VI. Other
- 3 -
VI. Other Dependent Areas
American sentiment dislikes European imperialism
and would welcome arrangements looking toward the
self-government of colonial peoples.
VII. British Empire Preferences
Articulate opinion is practically unanimous
that British Empire preferences should not be excepted
from proposed international agreements calling for
substantial reduction of trade barriers. It is in-
creasingly felt that reduction of Empire preferences
must be accompanied by reductins in U. S. teriffs.
-
PSF state sept freaus
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
14 March 1945
Memorandum for
MISS TULLY
In response to the attached memorandum from
Miss Schwass of the State Department, Mrs. Brady
suggested, and Admiral Brown and Mr. Latta concurred,
that the correspondence requested should be shown to
the Office of Near Eastern Affairs.
This has been done. That Office was also informed
that copies could not be provided without authorization
by the President, but Miss Schwass was satidfied to
be allowed to read the messages and does not wish copies.
Hence this is "finished business."
Respectfully,
Office Memorandum
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO
:
Miss Tully
DATE: March 13, 1945
The White House
FROM :
SUBJECT:
Top Secret Telegrams
Dear Miss Tully:
Yesterday this office was apprised of an exchange
of telegrams between Prime Minister Churchill and the
President, dated the latter part of August 1942, with
regard to a request of the United States to help the
British with transportation of lend-lease aid to Russia
by taking over the responsibility for operation of the
Iranian railway.
This subject is now being discussed and we should
greatly sppreciate it if the members of the Office of
Near Eastern and African Affairs concerned with this
matter could be allowed to peruse this correspondence.
I talked with Mrs. Bonsteele of Mr. Ingling's
office yesterday, and she informed me that the tele-
grams were top secret and that we would have to re-
ceive Mr. Latta's permission before we could be allowed
to see them; and Mr. Latta suggested I write a memoran-
dum to you.
There 18 also a telegram of a later date from
Mr. Harriman to the President recommending that con-
sideration be given this request, as stated above.
Thank you very kindly for your assistance in this
matter.
ME: BLSchwass BB
Ext. 2403
Department of State
336
4208
stale
Carbon initialed "D.A. OK F.D.R." and returned to
Dean Acheson, Acting Secretary, 3/20/45, elb.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
March 17, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: War Crimes
The British are urging a meeting in London between
officials of this Department, the War Department, and
the British Government in an effort to iron out a number
of questions relating to war crimes.
On February 14 Acting Secretary Grew sent a letter
to Joe Davies in New York expressing the hope that he
would be able promptly to make his contemplated trip on
this same subject. The next morning a letter was re-
ceived from him, which crossed Mr. Grew's in the mail,
stating that he would be tied up for several weeks on
account of illness.
A general program for the handling of war crimes was
the subject of conferences between officials of this De-
partment, the War Department, the Attorney General, and
Judge Rosenman prior to your departure for Yalta. Their
recommendations were, I think, laid before you. The pro-
posals contemplated the setting up of an international
tribunal for the purpose of trying the principal German
leaders and their associates for joint participation in
a broad criminal enterprise and laying the foundation for
subsequent trials of members of the Gestapo, SS, etc., on
charges of complicity in the basic criminal plan. They
also contemplated the trial of individuals for individual
atrocities. The subsequent trials would take place before
occupation or other appropriate tribunals. I understand
this plan was not discussed at Yalta.
In
DECLASSIFIED
State Done Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Scheuble Date
MAR
3 1972
-2-
In as much as the war crimes program is more or
less bogged down and in as much as we have assured the
public that we have definite plans in mind, we should
take prompt steps to get things moving in the right
direction.
Judge Rosenman is well informed on the subject.
I suggest that you authorize the Department to have
him look into the whole situation in London and discuss
the proposed plan and other current questions relating
to war crimes with the British officials.
I also suggest that the Department be authorized
to ascertain whether the Secretary of War may not desire
to have someone from his Department join Judge Rosenman
in the discussions.
May I have your approval.
Arm Gahrson
Acting Secretary
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By Schauble Date
J. MAR 3 1972
&
PSF:Atate Dept. folder 2-15
file
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
March 28, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Latest Opinion Trends
In The United States.
You will be interested in the attached
memorandum on opinion trends in the United
States with regard to dependent areas and
the treatment of colonies.
Acting Secretary
JEUNEY
March 24, 1945
LATEST OPINION TRENDS IN THE U.S.A.
A. Postwar Administration of Dependent Areas
The American people respond favorably to the idea
that an international organization should exercise an
interest in the administration of dependent areas.
This conclusion rests upon the responses to the
following questions which were asked during the first
half of March by the Princeton Office of Public Opinion
Research.
"Do you think every nation which has colonies should
make regular reports to a new international organization
on how it is administering affairs inside its colonies?"
Yes
62%
No
17%
No opinion 21%
Should a new international organization be given the
right to make definite recommendations to nations with
colonies as to how the administration in their colonies
might be improved?"
Yes
70%
No
11%
No opinion
19%
"As you know, the U.S. has certain possessions such as
Puerto Rico. Do you think the international organiza-
tion should have the right to make recommendations to
the U. S. as to how the administration in our own
possessions might be improved?"
Yes
59%
No
27%
No opinion
14%
Observations
1.
It cannot be presumed that the average American has
much appreciation of the potential significance
either
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR
3 1972
By J. Schemble Date
-2-
SECRET
either of "reports" to an international authority
or of "recommendations" by it--nor much familiarity
with the experience under the Mandates Commission of the
League of Nations.
2. The foregoing results indicate popular readiness to
accept such proposals; but they do not indicate how
great may be the public demand for such innovations in
the absence of a concrete proposal from the government.
3. Articulate support has been expressed for the general
idea that an international authority should exercise
some interest in the welfare of dependent peoples, by
outstanding leaders and organizations, especially
churches and groups devoted to the promotion of an inter-
national organization such as that proposed at Dumbarton
Oaks. Press and radio discussion during recent months,
however, has been slight.
B. Treatment of Colonies by Leading Powers
More sentiment exists to the effect that the
British treat their colonies "unfairly" than in the
cases of France and the Netherlands.
This finding of the recent Princeton poll may not
be unexpected in view of the relatively slight public
attention focused on the French and Dutch empires, and
the large proportion of the public having "no opinion"
concerning them.
No
Fairly
Unfairly
Opinion
"Do you think
32%
39%
29% Britain
Britain (France,
Holland, United
29
15
56 France
States) has treated
the people in its
41
8
51 Holland
colonies fairly or
unfairly?"
86
4
10 U.S.A.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1.11.72
By J. Schauble Date
MAR
3
1972
March 28, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Latest Opinion Trends
In The United States.
You will be interested in the attached
memorandum on opinion trends in the United
States with regard to dependent areas and
the treatment of colonies.
JOSEPH C. GREW
Acting Secretary
SECRET
March 24, 1945
LATEST OPINION TRENDS IN THE U.S.A.
A. Postwar Administration of Dependent Areas
The American people respond favorably to the idea
that an international organization should exercise an
interest in the administration of dependent areas.
This conclusion rests upon the responses to the
following questions which were asked during the first
half of March by the Princeton Office of Public Opinion
Research.
"Do you think every nation which has colonies should
make regular reports to a new international organization
on how it is administering affairs inside its colonies?"
Yes
62%
No
17%
No opinion 21%
"Should a new international organization be given the
right to make definite recommendations to nations with
colonies as to how the administration in their colonies
might be improved?"
Yes
70%
No
11%
No opinion
19%
"As you know, the U.S. has certain possessions such as
Puerto Rico. Do you think the international organiza-
tion should have the right to make recommendations to
the U. S. as to how the administration in our own
possessions might be improved?"
Yes
59%
No
27%
No opinion
14%
Observations
1. It cannot be presumed that the average American has
much appreciation of the potential significance
either
DECLASSIVIED
State Dept. Letter. 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Schaoble Date
-2-
SECRET
either of "reports" to an international authority
or of "recommendations" by it--nor much familiarity
with the experience under the Mandates Commission of the
League of Nations.
2.The foregoing results indicate popular readiness to
accept such proposals; but they do not indicate how
great may be the public demand for such innovations in
the absence of a concrete proposal from the government.
.Articulate support has been expressed for the general
idea that an international authority should exercise
some interest in the welfare of dependent peoples, by
outstanding leaders and organizations, especially
churches and groups devoted to the promotion of an inter-
national organization such as that proposed at Dumbarton
Oaks. Press and radio discussion during recent months,
however, has been slight.
B. Treatment of Colonies by Leading Powers
More sentiment exists to the effect that the
British treat their colonies "unfairly" than in the
cases of France and the Netherlands.
This finding of the recent Princeton poll may not
be unexpected in view of the relatively slight public
attention focused on the French and Dutch empires, and
the large proportion of the public having "no opinion"
concerning them.
No
Fairly
Unfairly
Opinion
"Do you think
32%
39%
29% Britain
Britain (France,
Holland, United
29
15
56 France
States) has treated
the people in its
41
8
51 Holland
colonies fairly or
unfairly?"
86
4
10 U.S.A
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Schauble Date MAR 3 1972
ASF: state teyst freder
2
-VI-
-
file>
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
April 4, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Latest Opinion Trends
In The U.S.A.
Attached herewith 8. memorandum on the latest
opinion trends in the United States which will be
of interest to you.
The report covers public familiarity with
Dumbarton Oaks and opinion on Franco Spain.
Asm benon
Acting Secretary
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Scheuble Date MAR 3 1972
March
31,
SECRET
LATEST OPINION TRENDS IN THE U.S.A.
A.
Public Familiarity with Dumbarton Oaks
Nearly 4 out 10 college-educated Americans
feel that they have a "good idea" of the Dumbarton
Oaks Proposals, but only 1 out of 10 among those
having merely a grade-school education. This ques-
tion was asked of all those who said they had "heard"
about the Proposals (52% of 8. national-section) when
interviewed at the end of February and early March
by the Office of Public Opinion Research, Princeton.
"In a general way do you feel that you
have 8. good idea of the Dumbarton Oaks
Proposals?"
Yes
No
Total
National
19%
33%
52%
Grade School
9
22
31
High School
17
37
54
College
38
45
83
This Cantril survey found that 61% of the college-
trained said they had not read a "copy or summary" of
the Proposals, and that among those with a grade-school
education, 94% said they had not done SO,
B.
Information and Opinion on Franco Spain
Although 47% of the public do not "trust" Spain
to cooperate after the war, a much smaller proportion
appears to favor withdrawal of recognition -- according
to an unpublished Princeton poll of those correctly in-
formed on the question of U. S. recognition of Franco's
government.
However, this March survey found that 23% of a
national cross-section believe that Franco is not now
recognized. Only a third of the public is correctly
informed as to present recognition; and half simply
say they "don't know".
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Schauble Date
SECRET
-2-
"Do you know whether or not the U. S.
now recognizes (has diplomatic relations
with) General Franco's government?"
Yes, does recognize
31%
No, does not recognize
23
Don't know
46
100%
The question on future recognition policy was asked
only of the 31% of the national cross-section who
understood that the United States presently recognizes
the Franco government.
"Do you think we should continue to
recognize Franco's government or do
you think we should withdraw our
recognition of his government?"
Continue to recognize
15%
Withdraw recognition
12
No opinion
4
31%
On the question of "trust" in postwar cooperation,
more "distrust" was expressed concerning Spain (47%)
than any of a dozen allied end neutral countries
(Sweden, 6%; Russia, 32%), except Argentina (62). The
December question was as follows:
"Do you think Spain can be trusted to cooperate
with other countries after the war?"
Yes
21%
No 47%
No opinion 32%
Group differences on this question are remarkably
small. The proportion of those "distrusting" Spain--
among those with opinions--is perceptibly greater in
the upper economic group and in the college-educated
group; but differences by political party and by religion
are slight.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR
3 1972
By J. Schauble Date
4345
Carbon initialed "D. A. OK F.D.R." and returned to Acting
BECRET
Secretary of State, Dean Acheson, 4/7/45, elb
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
April 4, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Conditions in Liberia.
The Department has for some months been making
an intensive study of economic, political, and social
conditions in the Republic of Liberia, which compare
most unfavorably with the situation in neighboring
colonial territories. The inefficiency and lack of
initiative of the ruling group, the corruption in
government circles, the scandalous treatment of the
native inhabitants, and the lack of democratic prac-
tises in this independent republic are of particular
concern to us at a time when the problem of dependent
peoples is under widespread discussion.
Representatives of the Negro Newspaper Publishers
Association, who recently made a tour of West Africa
at your suggestion, are reported to be shocked at what
they saw in Liberia in comparison with British and
French colonial administrations. Whether or not we
admit it, Liberia is widely regarded as a responsi-
bility of the United States.
At the suggestion of President Tubman, the chief
of the FEA mission in Liberia recently delivered a
forceful speech calling attention to Liberia's short-
comings. President Tubman appears willing to undertake
some housecleaning but not without "pressure" and moral
support from the United States Government to enable him
to face the resistance of the entrenched Americo-Liberian
oligarchy. Mr. Felix Cole, our recent Chargé d'Affaires
in Monrovia, has urged that plain speaking is necessary
regarding conditions in Liberia, where we are advancing
$12,500,000 to construct a harbor and assisting the
DECLASSIFIED
country
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR
3 1972
By J. Schauble Dr.
- 2 -
country with an economic survey, a health project and
agricultural advice.
There seems little use in handling our relations
with Liberia in a sentimental vein or as if the Republic
represented a successful experiment in democracy. Sin-
cere friends of Liberia, as well as intelligent Negro
opinion in the United States, are, in general, highly
critical of that country. On the other hand, it is un-
reasonable to expect Liberians, without outside assist-
ance, to make a showing that compares favorably with
colonial areas which have regular subsidies from the
mother country for education, health and administrative
machinery.
If the sensitivities of the French, British or Dutch
should be aroused over the question of trusteeship for de-
pendent peoples, it is not impossible that some embarrass-
ing charges against Liberia may arise at the San Francisco
conference. There are indications that the British may,
at some future time, to serve their own ends, throw a
spotlight on compulsory labor practises in Liberia.
The Department considers that American interests
in Liberia are of sufficient importance and our responsi-
bilities compelling enough to justify strong representa-
ations to the Liberian Government, coupled with a program
of moral, economic and possibly financial support, to
bring about needed reform within the structure of Liberian
independence. If you approve, the Department plans to
proceed along these lines.
Asan
Acting Secretary
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
By J. Schauble Date MAR 3 1972
State Deff 45
State
SECRET
file
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
April 10, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Latest Opinion Trends
In The U. S.
Attached herewith is a memorandum on
latest opinion trends in the United States
which you will be interested in reading.
The report covers voting in the assembly
and food for liberated Europe.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter. 1-11-72
MAR 3 1972
By J. Schauble Date
April 6, 1945
SECRET
LATEST OPINION TRENDS IN THE U.S.A.
A.
Voting in the Assembly
Reaction to the Secretary's statement of April 3
has been as follows:
(1) General relief based on the feeling that
much had been done to "repair damage" done by the
revelation of the U.S.-Soviet "secret agreement" on
voting in the Assembly;
(2) Satisfaction that the U.S. will ask for
only one vote in the Assembly, and much speculation
(with some expressed hope) that Russia may not present
to the conference a request for three votes;
(3) Considerable satisfaction that the San
Francisco conference is expected to convene on
April 25 despite some misgivings at holding the
conference if agreement is still lacking on major
issues.
(4) Opposition from nationalistic press and
radio sources unfavorable to an arrangement in which
Russia will out-vote us.
(5) Speculation over the delegation's readiness
to back up the President's commitment to support the
Russian desire for three votes.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-72
MAR
By J. Schauble Date
3 1972
B.
Food for liberated Europe
The President's statement on March 16 that the
American people would have to "tighten their belts"
precipitated considerable comment, a large majority
of which was sympathetic to Allied food needs. At
the end of March a Cantril survey of public opinion
found that 90% said they were willing to have rationing
continue in the United States "for several extra months
in order to provide enough food to maintain health in
countries like France and Norway which have suffered
under German occupation". This represented no change
of opinion since last August; although during the same
period opinion favorable to feeding the Germans dropped
from 70 to 60%.
State Dept SHORE#
file
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
April 10, 1945
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Transfer of Ambassador Norweb.
I submit for your approval the transfer of
Ambassador Norweb from Panama to Cuba to take the
place of Ambassador Braden, whose transfer to
Argentina you recently approved.
DECLASSIFIED
State Dept. Letter, 1-11-22
MAR 3 1972
Bg J. Schouble Date
ADDRESS OFFICIAL COMMUNICATIONS TO
- SECRETARY OF STATE
WASHINGTON, D.C.
fill State folder. 2-45
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
In reply refer to
PR
April 12. 1945
My dear Miss Tully:
At the instance of the Paraguayan Embassy at Wash-
ington, I am transmitting herewith a communication
addressed to the President by His Excellency the Presi-
dent of Paraguay. A translation of the letter is also
enclosed herewith.
Sincerely yours,
Chief of Protocol
Enclosures:
Letter, with translation.
Miss Grace G. Tully,
FORVICTORY
The White House.
BUY
UNITED
STATES
perexas
BONDS
AND
STAMPS
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
CENTRAL TRANSLATING DIVISION
[TRANSLATION]
TC No. 10658
General Higinio Morínigo M.
President of the Republic of Paraguay
My dear friend and President:
I take great pleasure in referring to your last
letter in which you praise the contribution my country
has made to the allied cause and to the events which
arise from this final stage of the war and from the man-
ner in which the establishment of a world organization
for security is envisioned.
"ully aware of the importance to all countries at
present associated with yours of any measure which would
tend to consolidate even more the concept of unity of
aims between our two countries, Paraguay being desirous
of increasing its cooperation with the United Nations,
has decided to join the group of Sovereignties in a
state of war with the Axis Powers, adopting the measures
necessary thereto.
I avail myself of this opportunity to repeat to my
friend the President my most cordial greetings.
Very sincerely,
(Signed) H. Morínigo M.
CENTRAL TRANSLATING APR 10658 DIVISION
to PR 1945
- 6
General Higinio Morinigo
DEPART THE
Presidente de la. República del Paraguay
Mi querido amigo y Presidente:
Me es sumamente grato referirme a Vues-
tra última carta en la cual elogíais la contribución que mi
país ha hecho en favor de la causa aliada, a los acontecimien-
tos que emergen de esta etapa final de la guerra, y de la for-
ma en que se encare el establecimiento de una organización mun
dial de seguridad.
Compenetrado profundamente del alcance
que para todos los países actualmente asociados al Vuestro
tiene cualquier medida, que tienda 8 consolidar aún más el
concepto de unidad de miras entre nuestros países, y deseando
el Paraguay incrementar su cooperación con las Naciones Uni-
das, ha decidido incorporarse al grupo de Soberanías en esta-
do de guerra con las potencias del Eje adoptando las medidas
necesaries a ese efecto.
Aprovecho esta oportunided para reite-
rar al amigo y Presidente mis más cordiales saludos,
Muy sinceramente
Hollowing
ADDRESS OFFICIAL COMMUNICATIONS TO
THE SECRETARY OF STATE
WASHINGTON, D.C.
file State frien-
2.45
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
In reply refer to
PR
April 12, 1945
My dear Miss Tully:
At the instance of the British Embassy, I am trans-
mitting herewith an unsealed communication addressed to
the President by the British Ambassador at Washington.
Sincerely yours,
Chief of Protocol
Enclosure:
Unsealed letter.
Miss Grace G. Tully,
The White House.
FORVICTORY
BUY
UNITED
STATES
BONDS
AND
STAMPS
BRITISH EMBASSY,
WASHINGTON, D.C.
April 10th. 1945.
Dear Mr. President,
I have received a telegram from
Anthony asking me to thank you very warmly
for the invitation to him to stay with you
on his way back from San Francisco.
He is delighted to accept and looks
forward very much indeed to coming.
Yours ever, Samul
The Honourable Franklin D. Roosevelt,
President of the United States,
The White House,
Washington, D. C.
The Honourable Franklin D. Roosevelt,
President of the United States,
The White House,
Washington, D. C.
CRITISH EMBASST
SHINGTON. B.O.