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PSF
Refugees
Subject File
Box 177
PSF
THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
Rufugus
BALTIMORE, MARYLAND
November 21st, 1938
OF THE PRESIDENT
My dear Mr. President:
The map which I promised to send you in answer to your
second inquiry was delivered to Secretary Morgenthau at his home
in Washington last evening and he and I spent the evening examin-
ing it and other maps and documents. He will write you about them.
My purpose in writing this letter is to summarize the results of an
inspection of Northern South America. You will find detailed sum-
maries region by region pasted on the map itself.
The two critical contours on the map are the 3,000 foot
contour and the 8,000 foot contour. Below the first the tropical
conditions are severe; under 2,000 feet and between 2,000 and 3,000
feet they are still difficult for European colonists. Any site be-
low 3,000 feet would offer special technical difficulties in the
fields of health and outdoor labor. Also, there would be required
forms of tropical agriculture which are both specialized and dif-
ficult for European labor. Above 3,000 feet the climate is dis-
tinctly better, horticulture is possible, subsistence farming is
practicable and it is possible for the European to become adjusted
to both elevation and climate. Above 8,000 feet pulmonary and heart
troubles increase rapidly. Eighty percent of the population of high-
land Bolivia and Peru die of pulmonary diseases, mostly pneymonia.
If colonists were young they could stand a greater elevation. Even
8,000 feet is extreme for people beyond the age of 50, as a rule.
The net result of an inspection of all these limiting con-
ditions is that Northern South America offers no place for coloniza-
tion, on a large scale, of people such as we have in mind. This will
be cleared if the summaries on the map are read in connection with
the following text.
I NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA
1 - The Guiana Highlands
The Guiana Highlands are out of the picture. The land is
either rough or swampy, the distances to the Orinoco or other streams
is great, road construction is difficult and expensive and the insect
inhabitants are both numerous and varied. It would be a major task of
reclamation and land modification to make the region habitable and the
cost would be excessive. In enterprises of this sort the physically
possible and the economically profitable would have to be kept in bal-
ance. It would be like a city at the South Pole. Civilization could
maintain it, but the cost would be prohibitive.
2 - Venezuela
I described the llanos country in an earlier letter. A word
President Franklin D. Roosevelt - 2
here as to the western border of the plains country. Irrigation is neces-
sary and this requires considerable capital to begin with. Irrigated areas
will produce products which must be handled expertly if they are to find an
outside market; and then comes the difficulty of transport to the market.
If there were a tract of favorable climate and terrain that would accommodate
100,000 people, transport might be provided over metalled roads to the coast,
but no such tract is available. The areas are scattered. They are local
alluvial deposits. I will spend no more time on them since from every stand-
point they fail to provide the necessary conditions for tolerable living.
3 - Highland Colombia
There are a great many local tracts in Highland Colombia which could
sustain European inhabitants in comfort and prosperity. The trouble is that
they are scattered and each would require a special field survey to determine
its capacity and the scale of the facilities that would be required to provide
an outlet for colonists. As you see from the map, the highland areas available
between 3,000 and 8,000 feet are marginal to a higher plateau. The higher parts
of Colombia are already occupied and no displacement of the relatively dense
highland population is possible. This means a survey valley by valley and region
by region and will take both time and money, In the end, groups of from 500 to
5,000 people would be accommodated. This would all add up to a minor item con-
sidering the total population to be relieved.
II CENTRAL AMERICA
A protege of mine for some years, Dr. McBride, now of the University
of California at Los Angeles, has just returned from a six months' field study
of land tenure and land use in Central America. Two of his associates have
also studied the region within the past year. At my telegraphic request they
have sent me a 1,000 word summary of colonization possibilities in Central
America. Secretary Morganthau will send you a copy of this summary. I left
my only copy with him last night to be forwarded to you, together with a cover-
ing letter from him.
The summary adds up in brief to this: that only one country has
major possibilities and that is Costa Rica. I should estimate a fairly im-
mediate capacity for 50,000 people and possibly a capacity for 100,000 people.
The total population of Costa Rica is about 500,000. The available land is
located on the western and relatively dry side of the Cordillera. All of the
eastern slopes of Central America are heavily wooded and the plains near the
coast are jundle-covered, in response to excessive rainfall. It is only west
of the mountains or in drier pockets in the mountains that the white race has
established itself on an important scale.
From the standpoint of health, marketable production, transport, group
settlement, and the like, Costa Rica is unrivalled in Latin America.
III BRAZIL
1 - Western Sao Paulo
Here is a large pioneer zone in process of rapid development. I
doubt if Brazil will permit large numbers of foreign colonists to enter this
President Franklin D. Roosevelt - 3
except
zone. Her own people need it and their products are of little value, for
subsistence, outside of coffee, and Brazil already has an embarrassingylarge
quantity of coffee. The political aspects of this settlement area over-
weigh all other considerations and I need not trouble you with details until
these political aspects are cleared up.
2 - Northeastern Brazil
In view of the experience of some of the colonists in dry land
countries at the Eastern end of the Mediterranean, it is worth while to con-
sider the possibility that the Brazilian Government would extend a welcome to
such colonists who may help Brazil in reclamation projects in the states of
Ceara, Parahyba and Rio Grande Do Norte. This area suffers from recurrent
droughts. It is highly productive when irrigated. It is that part of Brazil
which corresponds with our dry West. They have borrowed our engineers and
our ideas extensively and have made progress. The advantages of settlement
here might be summed up in the following terms: fair-size group settlement,
controlled health conditions, nearness to the sea, settlement based on capital
economically expended on technical projects whose character is well known.
The low latitude (4° degrees to degrees S.) seems to be a drawback, but there
is some elevation above the sea and the capital expenditures would sustain low-
grade labor available) elsewhere in Brazil.
IV BOLIVIA - PARAGUAY
1 - Bolivia
There is room for perhaps 50,000 people along the mountain border of
Bolivia facing the Gran Chaco. This would require a brief field survey. Now
that the boundary line has been settled, development will proceed rapidly.
Capital is greatly wanted in Bolivia. The government would probably welcome
such a settlement. While the region is within the tropics, its latitude is
about 18 to 22° degrees and the elevation, sufficient to make it tolerable. No
doubt there will soon be a good outlet to the projected new port on the Paraguay
River. The greater part of the Gran Chaco is not suited for settlement under
present conditions. It is either too dry or flooded very much as in the case
of the llanos of Venezuela.
2 - Paraguay
There are possibilities for settlement of perhaps 25,000 people in Para-
guay, looking ahead for ten years. The cultural level is low. The colonists
would have to bring their culture with them. This requires group settlement
and outlets to the Paraguay River. It is no paradise, but space can be found
for a quite limited number in relatively small groups. It is not a recommended
area.
V SOUTHERN CHILE
There is only one area in Chile that is still capable of absorbing
immigrants. It is the province of La Frontera. Only those colonists who are
strong physically should attempt to settle here. The type of settlement is
like that in Michigan and Ohio in pioneer days. The hoe and axe would be
wielded. Mixed farming is the rule. There is an excess of rain during half
President Franklin D. Roosevelt - 4
the year, but the health of the colonists seems good; however, the
Chileans themselves need the land. I doubt if it is feasible to in-
duce them to open the door to more than 10,000 people.
VI AFRICA
My time being limited, I have asked for an assistant, who will
join me on Wednesday morning at nine o'clock and compile similar sum-
maries of settlement conditions in the former German colonies of Africa
and elsewhere on that continent, as well as in South Eastern Asia. With-
in two weeks at the latest these summaries will be ready, together with
appropriate maps. If it is agreeable to you, I will forward them through
Mr. Morgenthau, since he will be more closely informed of your where-
abouts.
It is an exciting search. May I say that it has given me great
pleasure to supply the information that you desire.
Sincerely yours,
Isaiah Bonnan
President Franklin D. Roosevelt,
The White House,
Washington, D. C.
PSF Refugee file
THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY
WASHINGTON
November 21, 1938
My dear Mr. President:
Sunday night, at my house, I had a most
interesting discussion with Dr. Isaiah Bowman on
colonies.
Dr. Bowman secured for me the information
contained in the attached telegram. You will
note that the only country in Central America which
offers possibilities for colonization is Costa Rica.
I am securing maps of Costa Rica and as soon as I
have them I will send them down to you. I would
also like to remind you that it is Costa Rica that
Mr. Zemurray, of the United Fruit, informed you
(and Jeff Coolidge informed me) is in need of
$5,000,000 to put them on their feet financially.
Dr. Bowman left with me a map which he has
prepared, at your request, covering the countries
south of the Rio Orinoco. I am forwarding it to
you.
He is also going to give me a memorandum on
possible locations for colonization in South America.
At my suggestion, he has retained an assistant
who is an expert on the colonies in South Africa and
as soon as he has a report I will advise you.
Have you any suggestions as to how we should
proceed in regard to Costa Rica?
Yours sincerely,
The President,
Warm Springs, Georgia.
Refuga
COPY
WESTERN UNION
CA14 811 NL COLLECT 7 EXTRA 1/141 - SANTAMON ICA CALIF 19
DR ISAIAH BOWMAN
OAK PL BALTO
THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT PREPARED AFTER CONSULTATION WITH MY
COLLEAGUES DOCTORS FITZGIBON POLITICAL SCIENCE AND HUSSEY
HISTORY BOTH OF WHOM SPENT RECENT MONTHS IN CENTRAL AMERICA.
THIS SUMMARIZES OPPORTUNITIES FOR AGRICULTURAL COLONIES.
INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL OPENINGS FOR LIMITED NUMBER MIGHT
BE EXPECTED IN TIME. WAGES FOR AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL
LABOR EXTREMELY LOW IN ALL SECTIONS. ROAD SYSTEMS BEING
ACTIVELY EXTENDED IN MOST COUNTRIES AND AIR SERVICE MAKES
MANY REGIONS NEWLY ACCESSABLE.
COSTARICA OFFERS BEST POSSIBILITIES FOR SEVERAL
10,000 GROUPS. COUNTRY DEMOCRATIC AND SYMPATHETIC TOWARD
IMMIGRATION. UPPER RIM OF MESETA CENTRAL AND UPPER SLOPES
BEYOND THAT RIM CONTAIN FERTILE VOLCANIC SOIL WELL DRAINED
EASILY CLEARED AT ELEVAT ION OF 3,000 to 6,000 FEET. WHILE
LOWER ELEVATIONS OF MESETA ARE THICKLY PEOPLED HIGHER
ELEVATIONS ARE SPARSELY INHABITED. DISTANCE TO MARKET NOT
GREAT OVER FAIR ROADS RAPIDLY BEING IMPROVED. CLIMATE
EXCELLENT. WESTWARD SLOPE TOWARD NICARAGUA ALSO SPARSELY
- 2 -
CA14 2/160
INHABITED AND ABOVE 3,000 FEET OFFERS POSSIBILITIES
PARTICULARLY ABOUT HEADWATERS OF SANCARLOS AND ON PACIFICWARD
SLOPE. PENINSULA OF NICOYA ALSO OFFERS POSSIBILITIES AS DOES
RATHER ROUGH MOUNTAIN TERRAIN OF TALAMANCA CORDILLERA. MOST
OF REGIONS MENT IONED ARE SUITABLE FOR CEREALS BEANS AND FRUITS
FOR SUBSISTANCE AGRICULTURE AND COFFEE FOR EXPORT. THIS
COUNTRY PARTICULARLY ATTRACTIVE BECAUSE POPULATION IS MOSTLY
WHITE.
HONDURAS. MOST OF HIGHLAND 3,000 TO 5,000 FEET
ELEVATION CONTAINS SPARSE POPULATION. THE SOIL IS GOOD THE
RAIN VARIES FROM 30 - 50 INCHES RESULTING IN A GOOD GROWTH
OF VEGETATION AND EXCELLENT FORESTS OVER MUCH OF THE AREA.
LONG DRY SEASON FROM NOVEMBER TO APRIL OFFERS A PROBLEM AND
HAS HELPED TO EEP AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT DOWN BUT SHOULD
NOT PREVENT EXTENSIVE PROFITABLE GRAIN FARMING IF ROADS ARE
CONSTRUCTED AS OUTLETS TO MARKET THOUGH INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
MAY NEVER BE POSSIBLE. A MUCH LARGER ANIMAL POPULATION
SHOULD BE POSSIBLE ALSO WITH INTELLIGENT MEASURES AGAINST
TICKS WHICH NOW CONSTITUTE A SERIOUS HANDICAP.
- 3 -
CA14 3/160
MINING TOO OFFERS GOOD POSSIBILITIES KNOWN DEPOSITS OF GOLD
AND SILVER BEING numerous. THESE AREAS ARE SUITABLE FOR
PIONEER SETTLEMENTS AND WITH FURTHER EXTENSION OF ROADS AND
RAILROADS SHOULD SUPPORT MANY 10,000 GROUPS. PINE LUMBERING
INDUSTRY ALSO PROMISING. ATTITUDE OF GOVERNMENT TOWARD
IMMIGRATION DOUBTFUL.
NICARAGUA. UPLANDS FROM MATAGALPA TO UPPER SEGOVIA
REGION SPARSELY INHABITED BUT CAPABLE OF SUSTAINING TWO OR
THREE 10,000 GROUPS BY SUBSISTANCE AGRICULTURE, TROPICAL AND
SUBTROPICAL HORTICULTURE, AND COFFEE PRODUCING FOR EXPORT
IF MARKET EXISTS. ROADS FROM MANAGUA AND TO ATLANT IC COAST
RIVERS BEING IMPROVED.
GUATEMALA. TWO REGIONS OFFER GOOD PROSPECTS.
HIGHLANDS OF ALTA VERA PAZ 3,000 to 4,000 FEET ELEVATION
HAVE HEALTHFUL CLIMATE, RICH SOIL, ABUNDANT VEGETATION;
HEAVY RAINS, BUT WITH GOOD DRAINAGE DUE TO UNDERLYING
LIMESTONE. ROAD SYSTEM UNDER CONSTRUCTION; RAILWAY AND RIVER
OUTLET TO LIVINGSTON; AIR LINE TO GUATEMALA CITY. ANOTHER
REGION IS HIGHER PART OF WESTERN END PACIFIC COASTAL PLAIN
EAST AND WEST FROM COATEPEQUE AND ALONG FOOT OF VOLCANIC RANGE
- 4 -
CA14 4/178
EASTWARD FROM THERE. THIS IS PIEDMONT SLOPE ABOUT 1,000 FEET
HIGHER THAN NEIGHBORING UNITED FRUIT COMPANY BANANA REGION,
WELL DRAINED VOLCANIC SOIL SUFFICIENT RAINFALL AND EXCELLENT
WATER SUPPLY. SOME DANGER OF MALARIA. GOOD FOR CATTLE, SUGAR
CANE, CORN, BEANS, TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUITS. ROADS
LEAD TO GUATEMALAN HIGHLANDS AND RAILROADS TO PORTS OF OCOS
AND CHAMPERICO. PRESUMABLY THE PETEN REGION THOUGH ONCE
OCCUPIED BY POPULOUS MAYAN CITIES IS IMPOSSIBLE NOW UNLESS
AN EXTENSIVE PROGRAM OF MALARIA ERADICATION COULD BE CARRIED
OUT. THE TWO RECOMMENDED GUATEMALAN REGIONS ALREADY CONTAIN
MANY GERMAN FINCAS, MAINLY COFFEE FARMS, ALSO SOME INFLUENTIAL
ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FARM OWNERS. SUBTROPICAL HORTICULTURE
AS YET UNEXPLOITED BUT PROMISING. GOVERNMENT LIKELY TO FAVOR
IMMIGRANTS, BUT SOME FOREIGN LAND OWNERS LIKELY TO OPPOSE.
IN BOTH REGIONS IMMIGRANTS MIGHT BETTER BE SCATTERED THAN
CONCENTRATED IN COMPACT COLONIES. AVAILABLE LANDS OCCUR IN
LIMITED TRACTS.
BRITISH HONDURAS. (BELICE) INTERIOR HILL COUNTRY
OF THE SOUTH WOULD SEEM TO OFFER PLACE FOR MANY SETTLERS IN
COUNTRY BETTER THAN IN BELICE WHERE OVER 1,000 WHITES ALREADY
LIVE. THIS WOULD STRENGTHEN BRITAIN'S HOLD ON THE TERRITORY
- 5 -
CA14 5/172
PANAMA. THE PACIFIC SLOPE WESTWARD FROM THE CANAL TO THE
COSTARICA BORDER WOULD SEEM TO OFFER ROOM AND SUITABLE
CONDITIONS FOR SEVERAL 10,000 GROUPS. ISOLATED VALLEYS
WITHIN THE CHIRIQUI MOUNTAINS ALSO OFFER LIMITED SITES AT
ELEVATIONS OF 1,000 to 2,000 FEET. THE COASTAL PLAINS ARE
SPARSELY INHABITED AND THE FOOTHILLS LARGELY UNDEVELOPED.
THE REGION IS DRY ENOUGH FOR HEALTHFUL LIVING, BUT WITH
SUFFICIENT RAIN FOR PASTURE, CEREAL CULTIVATION AND FRUIT
GROWING. ACCESS TO PORTS IS EASY AND A ROAD FROM THE CANAL
REACHES TO BEYOND DAVID.
SALVADOR. THIS COUNTRY PROBABLY OFFERS NO
POSSIBILITIES DUE TO DENSE POPULATION AND INTENSIVE
DEVELOPMENT. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
HUMID LOWLANDS HAVE NOT BEEN SUGGESTED BECAUSE OF
UNSUITABLE health CONDITIONS. EACH OF THE SEVERAL COUNTRIES
COULD PROBABLY ABSORB A LIMITED NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS
PARTICULARLY OF THE PROFESSIONAL CLASSES AND THOSE
FINANCIALLY ABLE AND PREPARED TO UNDERTAKE INDUSTRIAL OR
HORTICULTURAL INTERPRISES. WE WOULD STRESS SUBTROPICAL
HORTICULTURE FOR COLONY ACTIVITY, AS Yet UNTRIED ON LARGE
SCALE BUT everywhere SUCCESSFUL ON A SMALL SCALE.
GEORGE M MCBRIDE 710 VIA DE LA PAZ
PACIFIC PALISADES CALIF.
=
PSF: Refugees
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
November 28, 1938
My dear Mr. President:
In accordance with the request contained in your
memorandum of November 26 there is enclosed a brief
memorandum concerning possible opportunities for Jewish
colonization in various parts of the world.
The memorandum does not discuss geographical factors,
as I know you are thoroughly familiar with them.
A Sincerely yours, Kaths
The President,
The White House.
Department of State
BUREAU
DIVISION
}
Eu
ENCLOSURE
TO
Letter drafted
ADDRESSED TO
President Roosevelt.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1-1033
MEMORANDUM
British Empire
Great Britain.
The British Government is understood to be admitting
refugees from Germany at the rate of 75 a day to Great
Britain proper, a rate practically identical with that
of admission to this country under the German quota.
The British Government is unwilling to make any public
announcement concerning its admission of these refugees
and desires to avoid any publicity concerning it.
Palestine.
Jewish immigration into Palestine from 1933 through
1936 was:
1933
30,327
1934
42,359
1935
61,854
1936
29,727
Total
164,267
These figures include a substantial number of emi-
grants from Poland.
The British Government sharply restricted Jewish
immigration during 1937, the number falling to 10,536.
The restrictions were slightly relaxed later in the year,
the total Jewish quota for the nine-month period August
1937 - March 1938 being fixed at 9,600, and the quota for
the
- 2 -
the six months from April through September 1938 being
8,550. Total Jewish immigration during 1938 is expected
to approximate 15,500.
The recent outbreaks led to further drastic restric-
tions, the quota for the six months October 1938 - March
1939 being only 4,870. These restrictions do not cover
students and dependent wives and children of both new 1m-
migrants and immigrants previously legally admitted, who
will continue to be admitted without numerical limitation.
The Colonial Secretary, Mr. Malcolm MacDonald, an-
nounced in the House of Commons on November 24 that pro-
posals by the Jewish Agency for Palestine for immediate
admission from Germany of 10,000 children between the
ages of 6 and 14 years, 2,500 boys and girls between 15
and 17 who had begun agricultural training, and 7,500
trained farm workers between 18 and 25, were receiving
"immediate and most careful consideration."
Australia.
It is understood that Australia is admitting refu-
gees from Germany at the rate of 5,000 a year, but that
the Government 1s likewise anxious to avoid any publicity
concerning it.
Canada.
No specific information has yet been received from
the
- 3 -
the Canadian Government. Under Canadian law immigrants
from continental Europe must be either agriculturalists
with capital or dependents of residents of Canada. Ad-
mission of other classes 1s granted only by special Ad-
ministrative Exemption, which is made "with due regard
to existing unemployment and the requirements of the in-
dustrial and economic conditions in Canada, and to the
particular circumstances of each individual case."
New Zealand.
No specific information 1s available. New Zealand
law has no numerical limitations or restrictions by oc-
cupation or amounts of capital.
South Africa.
The Government declined to be represented at Evian.
It is reported that there is strong and increasing anti-
Semitism in the Union.
British Guiana.
An area of at least 10,000 square miles in the in-
terior 18 stated to be available for colonization if
"careful surveys by experts indicate its suitability."
Agricultural development in this area has hitherto been
prevented by unfavorable conditions and lack of communi-
cations.
Suggestions
- 4 -
Suggestions have been made by Jewish and other un-
official sources in this country that the major part of
British and French Guiana be taken over, possibly as part
payment on the war debts, as a new Jewish homeland. The
combined areas of the three Guianas 18 approximately
170,000 square miles, or half again as large as France,
and the territory 1s comparatively rich in resources;
but Dutch Guiana is in the middle, the climate unfavorable,
transportation almost entirely lacking, and the expense
involved would be enormous. Very careful study and exten-
sive surveys would be essential to serious consideration
of such a project.
Other British Colonies.
Plans have been announced for making 50,000 acres
in Tanganyika available for colonization and in addition
for the individual settlement of some 200 settlers. Kenya
is admitting small numbers of trained agriculturalists.
The Governors of Northern Rhodesia and Nyassaland state
that small-scale settlement in those colonies might be
possible.
- 5 -
Other Colonial Empires
Suggestions have been made of colonization in Mada-
gascar and French New Caledonia, but neitner France nor
either of the remaining colonial empires represented on
the Intergovernmental Committee, Belgium and the Netner-
lands, has indicated any willingness to permit coloniza-
tion.
-6-
The American Republics
Mexico.
The Government has been unreceptive to proposals for
the admission of refugees and has adopted new restrictive
immigration legislation as of November 1. A provision in
the decree that immigrants must establish "mețizo families"
was interpreted by the press to mean that they must marry
Indians. The Mexican Foreign Office, however, holds that
this interpretation 1s incorrect and that the provision
merely means that immigrants are expected to become Mexican
citizens and to become incorporated into Mexican life.
Many proposals have been made for the establishment of
a new Jewish homeland in Lower California, some proposals
linking it with a settlement of the controversy over expro-
priation of the property of the petroleum companies. Despite
the difficulties due to lack of water, natural resources and
communications, these proposals persist and a Dr. Otto
Goldschmidt, formerly professor of Economics at the Univer-
sity of Mexico is now in Mexico City attempting informally
to secure an indication of the attitude of the Mexican
Government. In view of the intense antagonism in Mexico
to any suggestion for alienation of any part of the
national domain it is believed that the attitude of the
Mexican Government will be strongly unfavorable.
Cuba
- 7 -
Cuba.
Cube has been relatively hospitable to refugees but
has so far not been willing to make any specific committ-
ment concerning the numbers which it can accept. It is be-
lieved that most refugees going to Cuba consider it merely
the doorstep for entry into the United States.
Haiti.
The Haitian Government has indicated willingness to
cooperate in receiving refugees but it 1s believed that
the absorptive capacity of the country 19 too limited to
provide a possibility of large-scale settlement.
The Dominican Republic.
The Dominican Government offered at Evian to accept
10,000 refugees and at the August meeting of the Inter-
governmental Committee in London increased its offer to
from 50,000 to 100,000 refugees. This offer has just been
reaffirmed, subject to the reservation that immigrants must
qualify in every respect with Dominican immigration law.
The Legation at Ciudad Trujillo is skeptical of this offer
and points out that of 2,000 refugees who have applied
for Dominican visas during the past four months only 20
were granted visas. The Advisory Committee expects to
send an expert there in the very near future to investigate
the possibility of large-scale settlement,
Honduras.
The Legation was advised on November 25 that the
Honduran
- 8 -
Honduran Government had approved a definite plan for the
admission of not to exceed 1,000 refugees provided that
they were adapted and prepared to engage exclusively in
agriculture and were provided with adequate assurances
of support, probably one thousand dollars each.
Costa Rica.
The Foreign Office 18 unsympathetic toward this
Government's program and there is said to be considerable
anti-Semitic feeling in the country. The President is
nevertheless stated to be sympathetic toward the admission
of refugees and the Refugee Economic Corporation has been
successful in acquiring a substantial area of land for
colonization and in setting up a Costa Rican corporation,
with a number of prominent Costa Ricans as officers, to
carry out its colonization project.
Nicaragua.
While no specific information 18 available, it is
understood that a fair number of refugees has been ad-
mitted into Nicaragua.
Salvador.
The Government declined to be represented at Evian or
to accept any refugees.
Guatemala.
No specific information is available.
Panama.
- 9 -
Panama.
No specific information is available.
Colombia.
The Foreign Office states that 5,000 refugees have
been legally admitted during the past year and that from
3,000 to 5,000 more have entered the country illegally,
that they are practically all small traders, that more
have already been admitted than is compatible with the
best interests of the country, and that it will be extremely
difficult if not impossible to admit any more.
Ecuador.
No specific information is available, but the attitude
of the Government is somewhat unfavorable due to the fact
that substantial numbers of Jews admitted last year as
agriculturalists all settled in cities as small traders.
Deportation of these refugees was ordered but the order
was rescinded due to the efforts of the local Jewish
community.
Venezuela.
No specific information is available, but the Foreign
Office states that Venezuela will be represented at
the December meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee
and will at that time be prepared to make a public statement
of the numbers it can accept and a confidential statement
of what it may be able to do in addition.
Brazil.
- 10 -
Brazil.
Although the potentialities for settlement in Brazil
are probably greater than those in any other American
Republic, the Government has hitherto been disinclined
to admit substantial numbers of refugees. A Council of
Immigration and Colonization has been recently created,
and the Embassy reported on November 24 the belief that
the policy of the Government was becoming considerably
more liberal with respect to the admission of certain
categories of Jewish refugees than had previously been
the case.
The Brazilian Foreign Minister has now agreed that
Brazil will be represented at the December meeting of
the Intergovernmental Committee through one of its most
capable officials who will accept the position of Vice
Chairman. Brazil has further agreed to make a public
statement at the meeting of the number of immigrants
she is prepared to take and to make a confidential state-
ment of the additional assistance she will be able to
offer in the solution of the refugee problem.
Argentina.
Approximately 350,000 Jews are already resident in
the Argentine, more than in the rest of Latin America
combined. The Government admits the need for additional
agricultural immigrants but finds little disposition on
the
T 11 -
part of Jewish refugees to settle on the land. New and
more restrictive immigration regulations went into effect
October 1. It is nevertheless probable that the Govern-
ment will continue to admit a not inconsiderable number
of refugees.
Uruguay.
No specific information is available but new 1mm1-
gration restrictions have been adopted since Evian.
Paraguay.
The Paraguayan Government was represented at Evian
but was not represented at the London meeting in August.
It is believed that Paraguay will be willing to take a
considerable number of refugees provided she can be
assured that they will not become a burden on the state
and that they will be prepared to devote themselves
exclusively to agriculture.
Chile.
The attitude of the Government has in general been
unfavorable to the admission of refugees and restrictive
immigration has been adopted since Evian. No specific
information is available.
Bolivia.
It is believed that the possibilities of settlement
are limited.
Peru.
- 12 -
Peru
The Government approves and will support our efforts.
It is prepared to accept a limited number of agricultural-
ists, certain types of specialists and industrialists
possessing capital. The Foreign Minister states that
almost all refugees recently admitted have settled in
the cities and that definite plans for preventing this
must be made before increased numbers can be admitted.
Ambassador Steinhardt believes that the absorptive
capacity of the country is limited but that the Govern-
ment is disposed to cooperate and that it will admit
larger numbers than it could otherwise be expected to
absorb if a substantial number are agriculturalists and
the remainder provided with capital to establish many
non-existing industries which the country seriously
needs.
THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY
WASHINGTON
November 29, 1938
My dear Mr. President:
At the request of Dr. Isaiah
Bowman, I am sending to you herewith
his memorandum, addressed to you, on
the subject of Costa Rica. The map,
referred to, 1s being mailed to you,
under separate cover.
Sincerely,
The President,
Warm Springs, Georgia.
PSF
THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
Refugues
BALTIMORE, MARYLAND
OF THE PRESIDENT
Refugee PSF
November 25, 1938
My dear Mr. President:
I have pleasure in handing you herewith a map consist-
ing of two sheets of the Millionth Map of Hispanic America pasted to-
gether to show the whole of Costa Rica and parts of adjacent states.
The map should be examined in the light of McBride's telegram and my
earlier comment of which copies have been sent you.
The area between 3,000 and 5,000 feet above the sea is
marked off by heavy inked lines where the two sheets join. If we
include country above 1,500 feet this area would be doubled; and
if above 1,000 feet it would be trebled. Settlement would have to be
adjusted to all of the elements of the environment and not to elevation
only, since some of the higher land on the eastern side of the mountains
is too wet and too heavily forested to permit agriculture.
One may get a clear idea of possibilities by looking at
the inset in the middle bottom of the map, called the San Jose-Cartago
region which is one of the most densely populated areas in Latin America.
One observes villages crowded together all the way up to 3,000 feet and
down to 400 feet and less. Given an adequate water supply the soil of
central and western Costa Rica is highly productive.
I have not spoken of the political difficulties which a
large foreign immigrant group would create if planted in this small
Latin American country, assuming that Costa Rica is willing to receive
them. The effect of such a group upon the state, and the possibility
that through the presence of the group we might become seriously involved
in European quarrels, are matters upon which reflection is needed. My
own feeling is that we keep our position uncompromised in the Western
Hemisphere only so long as we do not interest ourselves directly in the
importation of European population elements. The moment we do SO we
are likely to be charged with the importation of an European quarrel into
America. Even if we are right about such importation from the humanitarian
standpoint, we thereby give the other fellow a chance to claim that we
are wrong. Do we want to run that risk? Do we wish to confuse our
position and dilute our argument respecting the Monroe Doctrine?
Why not keep the European elements within the framework of
the Old World? Even if we do not favor migration to Latin America,
but allow it, difficulties will arise. If we both favor it and allow it,
President Roosevelt: 2
November 25, 1938
we commit ourselves to the consequences. These consequences will
surely involve us in the rightness or wrongness of acts of the
governments of the states of Central Europe.
All this is gratuitous advice. I am forwarding my
letter through Secretary Morgenthau, together with the map in
question, so that he may make his own independent comment on the
contents of this letter.
The African material is now in course of rapid compilation
and will be sent the moment it is ready. It will be illustrated
with clarifying maps.
Sincerely yours,
saiah Domnan
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
The White House
Washington, D. C.
Science Service Nov. 25, 1938
AS: Here is a round-up on Tanganyika, suggested for Sunday use, S.S.
TANGANYIKA TERRITORY COULD BE LITERAL LAND OF MILK AND HONEY, FOR INDUSTRI-
OUS AND WELL-ADAPTED COLONISTS
By DR. FRANK THONE
Science Service Editor in Biology
Copyright 1938 by Science Service
WASHINGTON -- Tanganyika, most discussed among potential new Promised
Lands for Jewish exiles, could be nade literally a land of milk and honey by in-
dustrious colonists who know how to farm and can adapt themselves to life in the
tropics. Such is the opinion of Dr. H. L. Shantz of the U. S. Forest Service, based
on two visits to the territory during which he made studies of the ecological condi-
tions that influence possible agricultural and ranching uses of the land.
Tanganyika is a big country, bigger even than Ethiopia, Dr. Shantz pointed
out. Except for a malarious coastal strip, it offers good living conditions for
white men, for although the climate is tropical it is never really hot.
The total area of Tanganyika is about 366,000 square miles, of which
299,000 square miles is potentially productive land and 67,000 square miles is desert
or otherwise unusable. There is relatively little dense forest ---- only about eight
per cent. of the total, or 11,000 square miles. The greater part of the natural
cover is a kind of savanna-like open forest, with trees standing scattered in grass-
land, as in a park. About 111,000 square miles carry this type of vegetation.
Of especial interest from the colonization point of view is the fact that a
generous section of the country will grow temperate-zone crops, especially the small
Grains, end at the same time will produce bananas and coffee. This "cool-weather
crop" area comprises some 56,000 square miles -- a block about the size of Iowa or
Wisconsin, and nearly one-third the size of all post-war Germany. In addition, there
are "warm-weather crop" areas totaling 243,000 square miles, capable of producing
cotton, corn, casava, coconuts, etc.
The grazing possibilities of Tanganyika are very great. Approximately
209,000 square miles might be used for high-production ranch lands, with an additional
66,000 square miles capable of carrying smaller numbers of cattle, sheep and goats.
At present, the livestock population, owned principally by natives, comprises nearly
five million cattle and more than five million sheep and goats.
There are still enormous herds of big game, ranging all the way from ele-
phant and rhinoceros to antelopes and apes. Problems of wildlife adjustment will
come very much to the fore if extensive European colonization is undertaken.
Under cultivation at present are about two and one-half million acres in
large European-owned plantations and over four million acres farmed by natives. The
plantations produce money crops, principally sisal, coffee, cotton and corn, with a
ganyika Territory - Cont.)
SS 11/25/38
few coconuts. The natives raise a great variety of crops, principally for their own
use. Millet is the great food grain of the natives; more than a million acres are
in that crop alone, Others are corn, wheat, potatoes, beans, peas, bananas, peanuts,
tobacco, sisal, cotton, etc.
At present there are so few white men in Tanganyika that they fairly rattle
around in the country. There are only about 6,600 of them, embedded in a dark matrix
of nearly 4,800,000 Negroes and 24,000 Asiatics. : The possible effects of rapidly
introducing half a million or more white people into the land are hard to calculate.
-----
COPY
file
Refugee folder 44
PSF
HEADQUARTERS
ITALIAN REFUGEE BRANCH
ALLIED CONTROL COMMISSION
21 February 1944
SUBJECT: Yugo - Slavs and other Natiohals in Italy.
TO:
Brigadier M.S.LUSH, ACC.
I discussed today with Mr. Malin the general Refugee
situation in Italy, and in one respect the policy and activities
of the IGC have an important bearing upon military operations
here. I refer in this connection to the second paragraph on
page 4 of Mr. Malin's letter to you dated 19 February 1944.
The Nationals mentioned in that paragraphmount, I
understand, to several thousand (Ihave no precise figue - but
It may be from 5000 to 10000).
As operations progress, we (the Rufugee Branchof ACC)
are being pressed more urgently to remove refugees in ever growing
numbers from battle zones and forward lines of communication;
and it is imperative that we do this.
But the difficulty of finding asylum or dispersal areas
for these Italian refugees 18 growing, and many provinces have
already reached saturation point. However, the campaign in Italy
still has a long way to go, and every means must be explored for
the handling in future of more refugees, and for preparing in
advance to disperse whatever numbers operations may make it
necessary to move.
Every Yugo - Slav, or Jew of Czeck, Austrian, Polish,
etc. nationality - mentioned in Mr. Malin's letter - that can
be removed from Southern Italy, means so much more space for
Italian Refugees from the battle zones. If the former are not
evacuated from Italy, we shall very soon have to think of
shipping Italians from the mainland, and this will mean shipping
them back again at a later date. The other Nationals, will on the
otherhand, sooner or later be shipped out of Italy in any case.
In view of the above, I believe that AFHQ and the other
authorities mentioned in Mr. Malin's letter should be urged at
once to get the evacuation of Nationals in question pused aread
with, within the shortest possible time.
L.R. HULLS,
Lt. Col.
Commanding
Copy:
Mr. Malin, Vice President, IGC
USF Refugees folder 4-44
THE UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE
WASHINGTON
March 6, 1944
Bx177
Dear Steve,
Herewith is the Declaration on the refugee
matter which was discussed with you by representatives
of the Treasury recently. It has been approved by
Mr. Hull personally, and Mr. Stimson himself has
worked on the statement and has made certain changes
since you saw it.
I am sending it to you because of your familiarity
with the matter and hope that you will be good enough
to bring the declaration before the President as
soon as cossible.
Many thanks.
Kith best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
Mr. Stenhen Larly
The White House
Ea
Washington, D. C.
P.S. We in the State Department feel that in issuing this
statement the President in taking a very important step
and we hope he will have an opportunity to study it with
great care.
E.R.S.
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
WAR REFUGEE BOARD
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
OFFICE OF THE
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
We submit herewith for your signature a declaration on the
Nazi extermination of the Jews.
At this stage of the war, if we can convince the people in
Germany, and particularly the satellite countries, of the serious-
ness with which we view this matter, we have a chance of saving
many of these people from death.
This declaration is a natural followup to the general statement
on the punishment of atrocities issued at the Mos cow Conference.
Although the United Nations Declaration of December 17, 1942 dealt
specifically with the crime against the Jews, a forceful declaration
issued now, at a time when Germany and her satellites know they have
lost the war, has potentialities so great that it can hardly be
compared with the declaration which was issued in 1942.
The Office of War Information, which is cooperating with the
War Refugee Board in bringing home to the peoples in German controlled
Europe the fact that we mean business in this matter, has stated that
the issuance of this declaration would be a tremendous help in making
this program a success.
Since time is of the essence, it is our recommendation that you
issue this declaration immediately and we will then request the other
members of the United Nations to issue similar declarations.
It is our considered judgment that the issuance of this declara-
tion by you, followed by an intensive campaign designed to make the
people in German controlled Europe understand its meaning, may result
in the saving of many hundreds of thousands of lives.
Secretary of State.
Jr.
Secretary of the Treasury.
Newry L Stenson
Enclosure.
Secretary of War.
DECLARATION BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
One of the blackest crimes in history, the systematic
murder of the Jews of Europe, continues unabated.
The Nazi leaders have made it clear that they have not
abandoned the plan to exterminate all the Jews within their
grasp. More than two million men, women and children
already have been put to death solely because they were
Jews.
The world will not forget the Japanese torture of our
soldiers nor the slaughters of Lidice, Kharkov and Nanking.
The world will not forget the murder of the Jews.
Our youth is fighting and dying on the battlefronts
to make a world in which tyranny and barbarity can not
exist; a world based upon freedom, equality, and justice;
a world in which all persons regardless of race, color or
creed may live in peace, honor and dignity.
It is, therefore, fitting that we should again proclaim
our determination that none who participate in such acts of
savagery shall go unpunished. The United Nations have made
it clear that they will pursue the guilty and deliver them
up in order that justice be done. Let that warning now be
repeated so that no one shall fail to hear and understand.
Let it be clearly understood that this applies not only
to the leaders but also to their functionaries and
subordinates, whether they be in Germany or in the satellite
countries. All who knowingly take part in the deportation
of Jews to their death in Poland are equally guilty with
the executioner. All who share the guilt shall share the
punishment.
The Hitlerite forces are committing these crimes against
humanity in the name of the German people. Let every German
and every man everywhere under Nazi domination by his actions
demonstrate to the world that in his heart he does not share
these insane desires. Let him hide these victims, help them
to get over the borders, and do what he can to save them from
the Nazi hangman. Let him also keep watch, and record the
evidence that can one day soon be used to convict the guilty
and acquit the innocent.
In the meantime, and until the victory that is now
assured is won, we shall persevere in our efforts to rescue
the victims of Hitler's brutality. In so far as the
necessities of military operations permit, this Government
will use all means at its command to aid the escape of Jews
and other intended victims of the Nazi executioner. We call
- 2 -
upon all the peoples of Europe to lend assistance to this
task. We call upon the free peoples of Europe to open
their frontiers to the victims of oppression. We shall
find havens of refuge for them, and we shall find the means
to assure their maintenance and support until the tyrant
is driven from their homelands.
In the name of justice and humanity let all freedom
loving nations rally to this righteous undertaking.
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
BUY
WAR REFUGEE BOARD
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
MAR 6 1944
Memorandum for Secretary Morgenthau
While we all realize that the War Refugee Board in its
five weeks of operation has barely scratched the surface of
the problem, you will be interested in the following of its
more outstanding accomplishments:
1. The Bulgarian bottleneck has been broken by our
arrangements for the rail transportation of 150 children
every 10 days from Bulgaria to Palestine via Turkey. This
small step may have important implications in the whole
Balkan refugee situation.
2. To open the way for a flow of refugees from occupied
areas into Turkey and Spain, we have asked our ambassadors to
request the Turkish and Spanish Governments to relax their
border and other controls and publicly to announce their
willingness to accept refugees. We have indicated that we
will arrange for the maintenance of refugees in Turkey and
Spain and for their transportation to other temporary havens.
3. To induce the Spanish Government to accept more
refugees, we "are taking steps to expedite the removal on a
compulsory basis, if necessary, of refugees now in Spain to
Camp Marechal Lyautey near Casablanca which is ready to re-
ceive them, but still empty.
4. We received word that it might be possible to evacuate
1,000 refugees from Constanza, Rumania, across the Black Sea
to Turkey, if a guarantee could be made to the Turkish Govern-
ment to replace an available boat, in case of its loss. With-
in 24 hours the War Refugee Board obtained commitments from
War Shipping and Lend-Lease and our representative in Turkey
was authorized to give the necessary assurances to the Turkish
Government.
Admiral Land has ordered Myron Black, Field Director
of War Shipping, from Cairo to Ankara to assist Ira Hirschmann,
lem. our representative in Turkey, on the Black Sea shipping prob-
⑉ 2 -
5. Several actual evacuation operations within occupied
Europe are now under way as the result of our facilitating
the speedy transfer of funds, the use of free exchange in
enemy territory and the necessary communications with enemy
territory. Specifically, projects under the auspices of
private organizations have been commenced to bring refugees
from Poland and Slovakia, where they face imminent death,
into Hungary, a place of relative safety, and to transfer
persecuted people from France and Rumania into Switzerland.
6. O.W.I., at our request, has started a. program to
bring home to the people in Germany and the satellite countries
our determination to forestall further exterminations of the
Jews and other persecuted minorities and to facilitate their
escape.
7. For the first time, this Government now has 25 pro-
fessional employees working full time on this problem.
8. At our request the State Department is making appro-
priate representations through neutral channels to the Bulgarian,
Hungarian and Rumanian Governments to desist from deporting
Jews to Poland and to assist in their escape. Similar repre-
sentations are being made through the Vatican to the President
of Slovakia.
Justike
PARAPHRASE OF CABLE BEING SENT TO MISSIONS IN
BERN. STOCKHOLM, LISBON AND ANKARA.
The Department is aware that you have been approached by the
Rumanian, Bulgarian and Hungarian Governments through various channels
and that means are available to you through which you can send messages
to such Governments.
Using such channels you are instructed to convey to such Governments
the following.
The United States Government is currently aware that the
Governments of Rumania, Hungary and Bulgaria are engaged in programs
of persecuting Jewish minorities and refugees of other nationalities
who have escaped into their territory. Among other forms, this
persecution consists in sending such refugees beyond the borders of
their own countries into Poland, there to undergo various forms of
cruelty and even death, dictated by Nazi degeneracy. Another form of
persecution consists in the prevention of the escape of refugees to
neutral countries where their lives might be preserved. The United
States Government is determined to do everything in its power to
rescue such unfortunates who are in danger of death and to find havens
of refuge for them. It should be made clear that this Government views
with great seriousness and will keep in mind in the future, any
continuation on the part of these governments of the execution of these
policies of Hitlerite persecutions. The position of the United States
Government in this matter has recently been restated unequivocally by
the President in establishing the War Refugee Board. (Department's
cable to Bern No. 201, January 25.) In the view of the United States
Government, these governments, as well as their subordinates and
functionaries, are fully responsible for the actions of persecution
committed on their territories, and should desist therefrom immediately
in the interest of humanity. Further, they should be informed that
they will be well advised in their own interests to take advantage of
such opportunities as may be available to them in the future to permit
refugees to depart across their borders into territories of any neutral
countries which may be prepared to receive them.
VICTORY
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
BUY
WAR REFUGEE BOARD
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
Analysis of Messages Received by the President Following
Announcement of Establishment of War Refugee Board
1. Total number of letters and telegrams received
50
All messages received were favorable, ex-
pressing gratification for the creation of
the Board and offering support and assistance.
2. 850,000 persons were involved in messages re-
ceived from organizations specifying their
membership.
3. 25 messages were received from large organizations
not specifying their membership, including:
The American Jewish Conference
National Council of Jewish Women
The American Jewish Committee
Hadassah
Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People
of Europe, Inc.
South African Jewish Board
American Defense - Harvard Group
Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States
and Canada
Agudas Israel World Organization
THE UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE
WASHINGTON
March 7, 1944
MEMORANDUM FOR JUDGE ROSENMAN
Subject: Declaration in Parliament
on the White Paper.
I enclose herewith a copy of the
debate in the House of Commons on Novem-
ber 10, 1943 regarding the statement of
the Colonial Secretary on the White
Paper concerning which you telephoned
this morning.
Enclosure.
En
NEA:GPH
SOURCE:
PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES,
NUMBER:
House of Commons,
10 November 1943.
London. Cols, 1152-1154.
Eucl. To 12,278 from Louds
PALESTINE
(JEWISH IMMIGRATION)
nov 17/43
86/m.01/2029
The Secretary of State for the Colonies (Colonel Oliver
Stanley): The Statement of Policy relating to Palestine
which was issued as a White Paper in May, 1939, provided
for the admission to Palestine of 75,000 Jewish immigrants
during the period of five years ending 31st March, 1944,
subject to the oriterion of the economic absorptive capacity
of the country. It was contemplated that there should be
an annual quota of 10,000 and, in addition, as a contribu-
tion towards the solution of the Jewish refugee problem,
25,000 refugees would be admitted as soon as adequate pro-
vision for their maintenance was assured.
The war has prevented the fulfilment of this programme.
The number of Jews who entered Palestine legally or ille-
gally up to 30th September, 1943, against the total of
75,000 to be admitted under the existing quota system 15
43,922. There are thus 31,078 who, it may be fairly
assumed, would have reached it before 31st March, 1944, but
for the exigencies of the war. His Majesty's Government
have been considering this position, and have reached the
conclusion that it would be inequitable to close the doors
of Palestine to these persons on account of the time factor.
No effort will be lacking on the part of His Majesty's
Government to facilitate their arrival, subject to the
criterion of economic absorptive capacity.
Earl Winterton: Will my right hon. and gallant Friend
make it clear, in order to avoid disappointment, that one
of the great difficulties about moving refugees to Pales-
tine or anywhere else 1s the question of shipping and that
that will not necessarily become easier in the next few
months?
Colonel Stanley: I an glad my noble Friend has raised that
point. I hope nobody will think that because of this there
is any guarantee that these unfortunate people will be able
to reach Palestine. All we have done is to remove what
might be a legal obstacle.
Sir Percy Harris: But will the Government make it as easy
as possible, in view of the unfortunate position of these
people?
Colonel Stanley: The chief obstacle is the domination of
Hitler over Europe.
Commander Looker-Lampson: Does not my right hon. and
gallant Friend think that in this connection Jews come first?
Miss Rathbone: While I recognise the value of the conces-
sion which has been made, would the right hon. and gallant
Gentleman
-2-
Gentleman let us know whether the Government also intend
to remove the restriction on the number of adults enter-
ing on the immigration quota, as hitherto the fact that
the majority have to be children with only accompanying
adults has been the greatest obstacle to the entry of
the permitted number?
Colonel Stanley: That is quite a different question.
Perhaps the hon. Lady will put it down.
Mr. Mack: Having regard to the expected improvement in
the military position in that area and elsewhere, is it
possible that a number of these refugees may be subse-
quently saved, and should not greater facilities be
accorded to them to enter Palestine as soon as practicable?
Colonel Stanley: We do what we can. I am afraid I can-
not forecast as optimistically as the hon. Gentleman the
future course of military events in that area.
Mr. Mack: Do I understand the right hon. and gallant
Gentleman to mean that after having discharged what he
regards as his obligation to these 30,000 odd Jews to enter
Palestine, no further numbers would enter in any circumstances?
Colonel Stanley: That is quite a different matter.
Mr. Hammersley: Is it inherent in the right hon. and gallant
Gentleman's statement that additional shipping facilities
will be given to the 32,000 as and when shipping facilities
are available?
Colonel Stanley: The hon. Gentleman must realise that the
difficulty at the moment is that these unfortunate people
are not allowed to leave.
Miss Rathbone: Will the right hon. and gallant Gentleman
give early attention to the point which I raised about per-
mitting adults to enter within the limits of the White
Paper number, as, often it is easier for adults to escape
than for children to secure permission to leave?
Colonel Stanley: Perhaps the hon. Lady will have a word with
me afterwards.
Mr. Pickthorn: Is the right hon. and gallant Gentleman's
declaration to be taken as settling the question of prin-
ciple that rations of immigration can be kept over from
year to year and accumulated?
Colonel Stanley: I am not sure that I quite appreciate the
hon. Gentleman's point. I think that this settles no ques-
tion of principle but merely one of equity. Something which
would have happened under the White Paper but for the war
has been put right.
Mr. Pickthorn:
-3-
Mr. Pickthorn: Is the right hon. and gallant Gentleman
really clear to the House in his distinction between prin-
ciple and equity; and is not the question quite clear--
does this or does it not settle as a matter of principle,
that where a maximum quota of immigration 1s fixed for a
year any number not reached in that year can be carried on
to the next year, and the next year, and SO on indefinitely?
Colonel Stanley: I am afraid that I still do not see the
hon. Gentleman's point. The quota system would come to an
end at the end of March, and there was no question, there-
fore, of succeeding years. All that this settles is that
those who did not get in by 3lst March, because they were
prevented by the war, will not be kept out because of that
fact.
STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
The United Nations are fighting to make a world in which
tyranny and aggression can not exist; a world based upon
freedom, equality and justice; a world in which all persons
regardless of race, color or creed may live in peace, honor
and dignity.
In the meantime in most of Europe and in parts of Asia
the systematic torture and murder of civilians -- men, women
and children -- by the Nazis and the Japanese continue un-
abated. In areas subjugated by the aggressors innocent Poles,
Czechs, Norwegians, Dutch, Danes, French, Greeks, Russians,
Chinese, Filipinos -- and many others -- are being starved or
frozen to death or murdered in cold blood in a campaign of
savagery.
The slaughters of Warsaw, Lidice, Kharkov and Nanking --
the brutal torture and murder by the Japanese, not only of
civilians but of our own gallant American soldiers and fliers
-- these are startling examples of what goes on day by day,
year in and year out, wherever the Nazis and the Japs are in
military control -- free to follow their barbaric purpose.
In one of the blackest crimes of all history -- begun by
the Nazis in the day of peace and multiplied by them a hundred
times in time of war -- the wholesale systematic murder of the
Jews of Europe goes on unabated every hour. It is therefore
fitting that we should again proclaim our determination that
none who participate in these acts of savagery shall go un-
punished. The United Nations have made it clear that they will
pursue the guilty and deliver them up in order that Justice
be done. That warning applies not only to the leaders but
also to their functionaries and subordinates in Germany and in
the satellite countries. All who knowingly take part in the
deportation of Jews to their death in Poland or Norwegians
and French to their death in Germany are equally guilty with
the executioner. All who share the guilt shall share the
punishment.
Hitler is committing these crimes against humanity in the
name of the German people. I ask every German and every man
everywhere under Nazi domination to show the world by his
action that in his heart he does not share these insane
- 2 -
criminal desires. Let him hide these pursued victims, help
them to get over their borders, and do what he can to save
them from the Nazi hangman. I ask him also to keep watch,
and to record the evidence that will one day be used to con-
vict the guilty.
In the meantime, and until the victory that is now assured
is won, the United States will persevere in its efforts to
rescue the victims of brutality of the Nazis and the Japs. In
so far as the necessity of military operations permit this
Government will use all means at its command to aid the escape
of all intended victims of the Nazi and Jap executioner --
regardless of race or religion or color. We call upon the
free peoples of Europe and Asia temporarily to open their
frontiers to all victims of oppression. We shall find havens
of refuge for them, and we shall find the means for their
maintenance and support until the tyrant is driven from their
homelands and they may return.
In the name of justice and humanity let all freedom loving
people rally to this righteous undertaking.
STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
The United Nations are fighting to make a world in
which international tyranny and aggression can not exist;
a world based upon freedom, equality, and justice; a world in
which all persons regardless of race, color or creed may
live in peace, honor and dignity.
In the meantime, in most of Europe and in parts of Asia
the systematic torture and murder of innocent civilians --
men, women and children -- by the Nazis and the Japanese
continue unabated. In areas subjugated by the aggressors,
innocent Poles, Czechs, Norwegians, Dutch, Danes, French,
Greeks, Russians, Chinese, Filipinos -- and many others --
are being starved or frozen to death, or murdered in cold
blood in a campaign of savagery.
The slaughters of Warsaw, Lidice, Kharkov and Nanking
-- the brutal torture and murder by the Japanese, not only
of civilians but of our own gallant American soldiers and
fliers -- these are startling examples of what ('008 on day
by day, year in and year out, wherever the Nazis and the
Japs are in military control -- free to follow their
barbaric purpose.
-2-
In
And one of the blackest crimes 10 all history -- begun
by the Nazis in the day of peace, and multiplied by them a
times
hundred fold in time of war -- the wholesale systematic murder
of the Jews of Europe goes on unabated every hour.
It 1s, therefore, fitting that we should again proclaim
our determination that noe who participate in any of these acts
of savagery shall go unpunished. The United Nations have
made it clear that they will pursue the guilty and deliver
them up in order that 8 justice be done.
That warning applies not only to the leaders but also
to their functionaries and subordinates in Germany and in
the satelDite countries. All who know ingly take part in
the deportation of Jews to their death in Poland, or
Norwegians and French to their death in Germany, are equally
guilty with the executioner. All who share the guilt shall
share the punishment.
Hiteler 18 committing these crimes against humanity in
the name of the German people. I nak every German and every
man everywhere under Nazi domination to show the world by his
actions that in his heart he does not share these insane
desires
criminal designs. Let himmide these pursued victims, help them to
-3-
~~
get over the borders, and do what he can to save them from
the Nazi hangman. I ask him also to keep watch, and to
record the evidence that will one day be used to convict the
guilty.
In the meantime, and until the victory that is now
assured is won, the United States will persevere in its
efforts to rescue the victims of brutality of the Nazis and
the Japs. In so far as the necessities y of military operations
permit, this Government will use all means at its command to
aid the escape of all intended victims of the Nazi and
Japanese executioner -- regardless of race or religion or
color. We call upon the free peoples of Europe and Asia
temporarily to open their frontiers to all victims of
oppression. We shall find havens of refuge for them, and
we shall find the means for their maintenance and support
until the tyrant is driven from their homelands and they
may return.
In the name of justice and humanity let all freedom
loving people rally to this righteous undertaking.
INSERT A
The War Refugee Board recently established by
me will implement this policy with every possible resource.
STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
The United Nations are fighting to make a world in
which international tyranny and aggression can not exist;
a world based upon freedom, equality, and justice; a world in
which all persons regardless of race, color or creed may
live in peace, honor and dignity.
In the meantime, in most of Europe and in parts of Asia
the systematic torture and murder of innocent civilians --
men, women and children -- by the Nazis and the Japanese
continue unabated. In areas subjugated by the aggressors,
innocent Poles, Czechs, Norwegians, Dutch, Danes, French,
Greeks, Russians, Chinese, Filipinos -- and many others --
are being starved or frozen to death, or murdered in cold
blood in a campaign of savagery.
The slaughters of Warsaw, Lidice, Kharkov and Nanking
-- the brutal torture and murder by the Japanese, not only
of civilians but of our own gallant American soldiers and
fliers -- these are startling examples of what roes on day
by day, year in and year out, wherever the Nazis and the
Japs are in military control -- free to follow their
5
barbaric purpose.
-2-
And one of the blackest crimes in all history -- begun
by the Nazis in the days of peace, and multiplied by them a
hundred fold in time of war -- the wholesale systematic murder
of the Jews of Europe -- goes on unabated every hour.
It 18, therefore, fitting that we should again proclaim
our determination that noe who participate in any of these acts
of savagery shall go unpunished. The United Nations have
made it clear that they will pursue the guilty and deliver
them up in order that Justice be done.
That warning applies not only to the leaders but also
to their functionaries and subordinates in Germany and in
the satellite countries. All who know ingly take part in
the deportation of Jews to their death in Poland, or
Norwegians and French to their death in Germany, are equally
guilty with the executioner. All who share the guilt shall
share the punishment.
Hit ler 18 committing these crimes against humanity in
the name of the German people. I Ask every German and every
man everywhere under Nazi domination to show the world by his
actions that in his heart he does not share these insane
criminal designs. Let himhide these pursued victims, help them to
-3-
get over the borders, and do what he can to save them from
the Nazi hangman. I ask him also to keep watch, and to
record the evidence that will one day be used to convict the
guilty.
In the meantime, and until the victory that is now
assured is won, the United States will persevere in its
efforts to rescue the victims of brutality of the Nazis and
the Japs. In so far as the necessities of military operations
permit, this Government will use all means at its command to
aid the escape of all intended victims of the Nazi and
Japanese executioner -- regardless of race or religion or
color. We call upon the free peoples of Europe and Asia
temporarily to open their frontiers to all victims of
oppression. We shall find havens of refuge for them, and
we shall find the means for their maintenance and support
until the tyrant is driven from their homelands and they
may return.
In the name of justice and humanity let all freedom
loving people rally to this righteous undertaking.
INSERT A
The War Refugee Board recently established by
me will implement this policy with every possible resource.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
March 8, 1944
12:30 P.M.
MEMORANDUM FOR HONORABLE STEPHEN EARLY:
Secretary to the President
The President just handed me
the attached papers and binder and asked
me to take up with you before leaving the
White House
1. The President wishes you and
Sam Rosenman jointly to redraft the
declaration. He does not wish it to
be a declaration -- he wishes it to be
only a statement. He further states
that there is too much emphasis on the
Jewish situation and thinks it should
be redrafted along more general terms.
2. The President made an additional
point that the statement will have to
be cleared with the British before
issued and stated that after he has
approved your redraft that it be
submitted to the State Department for
clearance with tus British.
EDWARD R. STETTINIUS
Under Secretary of State
(NOTE: Dictated by Mr. Stettinius to Mrs. Rumelt)
A copy of this memo has been sent to
Mr. Stettinius' office, it his request.
nefuger statement
for s D.R
Doyontrant ASKto check Ws
with British ?
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
March 7, 1944
MR. EARLY:
Telephone call
2:15 - Mr. McDermott, State Department, called
in re the statement the President has makes cm Tate re
this afternoon Jews or refugees.
Mr. McDermott says this Government has a
committment to the British Government that if
it is decided to issue such a statement, we would
notify them in advance so that they could con-
sider what to do about it.
Mr. McDermott says they ought to get a
week's notice -- which means the statement should
not come out boday before.
Mr. McDermett asks that you please call him.
-
-
-
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
March 8, 1944.
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT:
The Secretary of the Treasury
telephoned today about the declara-
tion which he gave to you yesterday
with an acmmpanying letter signed
by Secretary Stimson and Stettinius
and himself.
He understands that you are
going to rewrite it and if you expect
to use it, he would like very much
to see it in its changed form. He
says he might want to make some
suggestions.
GGT
file
PSF Refuger folder
4-44
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
March 22, 1944.
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT:
The Secretary of the Treasury
called re the declaration about the
refugees. He feels that this is an
opportune time to release the statement
about treating the refugees better now
that Germany has marched into Hungary.
If this statement could not only come
from the President but from Mr. Churchill
and Mr. Stalin, it would have quite an
effect.
STE
The Secretary also called re
John Pehle being made a full Director
permanently. He brought it up at the
War Refugee Board yesterday and says
both Mr. Hull and Mr. Stimson are
agreeable.
ajb
JOHN W. PEHLE
PSF Refugee folder 4-44
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
March 23, 1944.
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT:
The Secretary of the Treasury
called re his conversation with you
about the necessity of sending someone
to Spain on the refugee situation. He
suggested Tommy Corcoran to you and
you said you liked the idea and wanted
to handle it yourself.
The Secretary wanted to know if
you had handled it or if you wished him
to do it.
ajb
FILE MEMO:
I telephoned to tell the Secretary
that the President has been sick and asks
him to handle it.
ajb
file
PSF Refuge freder 4-44
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
May 22, 1944.
MEMORANDUM FOR
THE PRESIDENT
Basil O'Connor telephoned to
read me the following telegram which
he has just received from Alfred E.
Smith. He wonders if you know any-
thing about this and asks for advice
in replying:
"Will you join prominent American
Christians in statement addressed to
President Roosevelt urging our Govern-
ment and Allied Governments to use all
available facilities to save nearly
one million Jews facing extermination
in Hitler occupied Hungary and endorsing
the idea of establishing refugee havens
in this country and allied countries
as means of encouraging marked victims
to escape from Nazi ridden countries
and as evidence of our good faith and
moral leadership.
ALFRED E. SMITH"
G. G. T.
I telephoned him to say that
the President thought it was a fine
thing to do but the President thought
the word "temporary" should be
inserted in front of "Refugee havens".
LAGO DE NICARAGUA
PROVISIONAL EDITION N. C-16
2°
93°
94°
95°
9
8°
V
VI
87°
VII
MANAGUA VIII)
86°
IX
X
85°
XI
xm)BLUBFIBLDS8
isia Grandey
lala Redended
Cranada
into Nuertal
0.N.T
I
Rays
Punta Mayalad
Q
L
Grandel
San
Membecho
See Uteld
LAGO
-
Punta Podergab
CARA 20
isla Zapatere
islue de Rendita
isles Jobs
Punta
Sente
3
Rigueral
Punta Cyste
Alia Orade
(Morrite)
DE
Punta Muchecha
dillars
ISLA DE OMETEPE
Members)
into San Baraadito
Isla San Bernese
Grande
:
Punta Fadernal
5.
Purta Gonda
Purte
Virgan
NICARAGUA
lafe
lefse
Boquets
Punta Tule
-
OF
into Sonate
Islas de Solantiname
1
less
Inlus Sonatitos
Seguifie
Fernando
lale Mancarencita
Mancaron
also
lale Pizarro3
Crede
of
1
Zapota
fire
Punte Zacate
Date
Punta Describes
Punte
Blance
-
(Quesede)
-
Puthida
Cabq Sente Elena 6
JC
Islas
Department
late
Now
Punta
Upble
Les
lales
Galfo
Punta Carbonal
del
Punta Cabuyal
or
Islas Huevos
Cultains
Papagayo
Punts
Male
AJUEL
Purita
Islas
Later
-
Julge
Cayal
I
Date
Valies
Moring
NACASTI
Compate (Peting
Cabo
the
frendisco
AREB
Puota Caballones
I
a
-
Erijales
Galfa
Chira
Berrögste
a
late Bejuce
Phone
have
Venado
Colders
Byloned
Cafders
PENTARENAS
Wells
Bunta Musimiliame
sie
Punta Ballens
pts
Leona
de
4
Bonita
Parte
VI
87°
VII
VIII
86°
X
X
85°
XI
XII
8
Copyright 537 by the American Geographical Society of New York
1937
PRONUNCIATION AND TRANSCRIPTION.
Scale (Escala) 1:1000 000
Meters
Spanish (in America)
Kilometers
so
.
e
10
20
an
$
so
asi
TO
no
00
100
no
120 Kilémetros
Vowels as all
Remance Languages.
English
2400
I Millimeter Kilometer
bandy
identical non explosive, almost the English W.
....
©
before and soft; before a. o, of or another consonant, hand
(R
as is 'chunch.
Nautical miles "
.
e
10
an
30
d
i
so
so Millan maritimas
like th "that".
isso
E
before and like espirated N: before a. 6. FL hard.
I Mile 1852 Meters
h
slways silent
1000
I Average value of one minute of am of meridian)
-
like escirated h.
TO#
#
the as brilliant
English miles
-
.
a
MI
20
#
E
⑉
40
to
60
to Millas inglesse
the my n 'Yenyon',
au
the
1 Mile 1609 Meters
"
strongly tritted
200
.
always sharp.
100
#
like sharp 1.
Scale I Inch to 15.78 Miles or L014 Inches to 16 Miles
See Level a
Accent fails on the penut of names ending in . vowel, or n or scon the last syllable of other words
NO
SYNOPTICAL INDEX
Names verying from this rule carry . written accent to indicate the to be stressed
200
RELATIVE RELIABILITY
C-16
ADJOINING SHEETS
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS.
see
MICARAGUA
Lega de
F
Get fulleys
CIUDAD
AND.
summit
Lame,
-
1000
TEGUCIGALPA
CARIBBEAN SEA
Injury cortraled
DE GUATEMALA
0-16
D-IF
Book,
river mouth.
Mis.
monte,
mount.
sere
white
-
c. Ca.
seos
cerro, cerros
COSTA
NEE N/A
Peninsula,
peninsula.
PACIFIC
Approvate traverses and
#002
RICA
status
Caño,
creek.
BPW
Pto.
puerto,
port
Joné
Cordilers,
Adjusted from compled -
PACIFIC OCEAN
mountain chain.
d.
PANAMA
quebrada,
revine
-
DO
Goite,
OCEAN
gult.
Rie.
regido, récidos.
reald recide
Recepted postions Fined -
Hds,
Latitate ent Lang/tuile
haciands,
rench
Salto,
fall.
3,
leguna
pond
V.
voicin,
volceno.
PACIFIC OCEAN
PACIFIC OCEAN
,
11
PACIFIC OCEAN
IS
N
HI
110,000,000
F10,000,000
1.30.000,000
CENTRAL AMERICA 1:1,000,000
PANAMA
84
Bluefields
n
83°
III
12
IV
82°
V
Despeñadores - de Blood
VI
81
VII
friend
1
if
Isla de la Ciervo
Scale (Escala) 1:1000 000
Cays del Guara
Kilumeters
a
$
"
"
A
A
-
so
DD
to
-
-
TRUE
Cookre
MMI
Rece Rama
Verdo
Cays de la Palome
I Millimeter Kilmeter
Gayes Hermanes
a
Nautical miles #)
a
#
Cayse Francéses
as
2M
5
⑉
si
1 Mile IRS2 Meters
"
I Average value of minute of are of meridian
English miles
10
.
e
-
20
is
Cayo de Herte Seda
40
-
Punta del Mono
Rio
Cayo Palmets
I Mile 1600 Meters
NM
Punta Cards
Munquibel
lala del Bayara Bove
Scale I Inch to 15.78 Miles @ 1614 where to 16 Miles
San Jacinte
S I 0 U b A
Punta Gords
-
SYNOPTICAL INDEX
ADJOINING SHEETS
NICARAGUA
Areas 1 and 2 are in dispute between Costa
Rica and Panama but occupied by Costa Rica.
BAHIA
To the five mile strip on each side of the
DE
canal originally defined as the Canal Zone
certain variants have new been added
TEGUCIGALPA
CARINHEAN
SEA
SAN JUAN
the boundary ndw follows the 100 n. contour
DEL
¿COSTA
0.18
D-17
around Gatum Lake and mainly the 260 n.
INS
contour around Alhajasle Basin
NORTE
CA
R / #
#
E
N
5
E
A
Nie
-
LAGO NICARAGUA
si'w
CANALZONE
BARRANQUILLA
RIOF
M
C-18
N° 9"30"N
C-18
4
are
PURAME
P
A
N
11
in
A
OCEAN
BOGOTA
8-16
I-IT
9-18
San Juandel Norte
Greytown)
an
1 30 000 000
Duice
P
A
CIFIC
o
c
E
A
N
SAN JU
N
DEL
NORT
111000000
Agua District
-
Maters
Feet
C
1500
1-483
DEFINITIONS AND
1000
Personal
1142
11.
bahis
the
8701
2000
6542
c.
carre
LLANOS DE TORTUGUER
Tertuguero,
1
1000
4021
Cord
corditora
Exquires
1000
3281
Ena
ensenada
POO
int
are
1640
400
did
Eat
estación
300
È
Sign:
-
su
1
nie
LLANDS DE SANTA CLARA
-
328
Sea Level ,
Fathoms
None
pta
Reports
100
54
punts
di
200
-
-
Puerto
Products
see
$
CORRELLER
V.
voición
rece
see
Barmauth
0000
FORM
Ave Mation
o
FORM
quebrada
HAD
10
Limón
Unio
Limin
SAN JOSE e
Aminan
Swina
total
love
/
Negra
M
A
R
C
Claments
Chirripd
Carlos
Estrella
Number Carry
Runta Cahulta
Punts Paster
-
Punta Mona o Carreta
Boot
del
de
Claments
-
de
PANAMA
PROVISIONAL EDITION N. C-17
VI
81°
VII
VIII
80°
IX
X
79°
XI
XII
78
12
Scale (Escala) 1:1000 000
CONVENTIONAL SIGNS
NO
#
as
20
-
40
to
(4)
a
au
so
KK)
⑉
120 Kilometrea
Rellways, single track
Ferrocariles, via single
I Millimeter Kilemeter
Railways, narrow gruge or light
Ferrocarriles.de via engosts
Railways, banana plantation
Ferrocarries de plantaciones de bananos
#
à
"
Motor roads
Caminos por automobiles
»
20
A
⑉
-
on Millan maritimas
Wegon roads
Caminos carreteros
a
Mile
1852
Meters
Pack roads. trails and pethe
Caminos de herradure senderos
I Average value of nur minute of am of meridian
fivers
Ríos
III
=
#
#
20
M
##
to
no
Rivers, unsurveyed
Rios no demarcados con percision
30 Millas ingless
Canala
Canales
I Mile News
Marsh
Pantano
Scale I Inch In 15.78 Miles 00 1444 Inclies to = Miles
Mud
Fango
Telegraph, along roads and trails
Telégrafo - caminos y senderos
Submarine cable
Cable submarino
INDEX
Public telegraph office
Oficina pública de telégrafo
ADJOINING SHEETS
RELATIVE RELIABILITY
Wireless telegraph station
®
Estación de instámbrico
: in e dispute between Casta
International boundary, not demartated
Límite internacional, no demarcado
ma but decupied by Costa Nita
controlled Languaphe wheys
international boundary, under dispute
Límite internacional, discutido
revie strip on each 1.00 of the
Topographe surveys less issurately controlled
Boundary of Canal Zone.
Limite de la Zone del Canal
defices as the Canal Zone
Cont surveys
to Page now been udded
TEGUCIGALPA
CARIBBEAN
SEA
Rehable traverios
Provincial boundary
Limite de provincias
- follows the 00 m contact
Drid
0-17
D-18
Approximate traverses and compais signatures
District boundary
Limite de distritos
Lake and mainly the 260 n
Adjusted from complet maps
Alhajuria Best
Contours in meters:
Curves de nivel
Accepted poutions fixed let and Long
b
Contours, approximate
Curves de nivel, aproximadas
E
N
E
LAGO NICARAGUA
are
Heights in meters
1837
Altitudes
ZONE
BARRANQUILLA
M
C116
9'M"N
Faiti
C-18
Sea-bed concours in maters
Curvas de nivel del fondo del mar
4
See bed contours, approximate
Curvas de nivel.dell fondo del mais aproximadas
main
See bed depths (in meters
7144
Profundidades del mar
Important mines
Mines importantes
PACIFIC
OCEAN
ROGOTA
Lighthouses
f.
Faros
8.16
0.17
8.18
Towns of more than 50,000 inhabitants
PANAMA
Centros de Población de mes de 50,000 habitantes
11°
Towns of 10.000 50,000 inhabitants
Colón
Centros de Publación de 10,000-50,000 habitantes
1 30 000 000
C
C
E
A
N
Towns of 5,000 10.000 inhabitants
David
Centros de Población 5.000-10.000 habitantes
000
Towns of 2.000 5,000 inhabitants
Chitre
10 000 000
Centros de Población de 2.000- 5,000 habitantes
Towns of 500 2,000 inhabitants
Antón
Centros de Población 500 2,000 habitantes
Towns of less than 500 inhabitants
Chama
Centros de Población de menos de 500 habitantes
Feet
HARD
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Capital of Country
4
Capital Nacional
1842
Capital of Province
.
Capital de Provincia
C
Capital of canton in Costs nica) District in Panama)
Cabecera de Cantón Costa Rice) Distrito (en Panama)
8.
bahia
bay
Capital of District (in Costs Rice)
Cabecera de Distrito (enCosta Rica)
Other villages and harmlets
Diros pueblos aldees
6582
c.
cerro
hill
4421
Cord
cordillera
mountain chain
128
Ena
ensenada
small bay
2707
PRONUNCIATION AND, TRANSCRIPTION
1640
are
Est
estación
Spanish (in America)
station
Vowels as in all
English
Indian
144
Romance Languages
658
and
identical, non explor ive, almost the English
Isla
island
As far " possible
520
C
before and soft; before a, 0. u. or another consonant, hard.
Indian names are
Fathoma
ch
as in 'church',
transcribed according
pts
punta
di
like in in that
to Spanish usage
L#
point
.
before and like a-perated N. before a. 0. M. hard.
Gue is identical with
"
h
always sient
hus, being pro
per
Puerto
port
like esperated h.
nounced tike wa in
and
"
like is in 'brilliant'. In Chile pronounced
English.
d
n
like my in canyon'.
V.
voicin
volcano
qu
like k.
145
"
strongly trilled
IM
always sharp.
or
quebrada
1880
small stream
like sharp $
Accent falls on the penult of names ending in # vorei, or A or #. on the last syliable of other words. Names varying from the
rule carry a written accent to indicate the syllable to be stressed.
10
-
-
2176
sur -
12/78
area
-
-
R
C
A
are
R
-
B
room
-
E
INF
fees
ON
NUMB
I
AMI
-
477
see
1728
147
SAN OJOSE S
M
A
R
C
Chemis
Runta Cahulta
Pester
**
Punts Mona Carreta
Any
-
BOCAS
DEL TORQ
#
Almirante
ngre
f
Dominical
Canad
Chursel
Punta Deminical
Punts Puerto Muevo
Punta
Card Robele
Punts Uvits
lumber
-
Punta Platar
telm
/
8
(scude de
Punta Mala
Veraguas
I
Company
PM
Clay
agro
Parido
francise Laguna de Chiriqui
9°
GOLFO DE LOS MOSQUITOS
RAHIA
DE
I
Punta Rinese
Ave
P-U
N
N
S
\
Darril - Plassive
/
CORONADA
Patient's
/
Buhie Guarumal
N
Volcanide Chiriston
Punta Viglin
des
g
-
Punta Drake
I
Bahia Drain
Lianos
was
Punts Joed,
Drate
CHorrite
R
to
Cerrecte Santa
Datalina
Punta San Padre
Punta Lierena
Golfo
A
Serro Santlag
of
Consents
2
Dulce
/
Suvibors
San
Pable
Tuta
Punta Saleipuedes
Puring
Ciglesia
Crime,
Cabo Matapalo 1
del lanco
David
Alange
Burger
TAMPY
CASAIN
/
1
for
vegales
Name Program
his
Done
ClaPleta
h
is
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