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Science and Technology and American Diplomacy [2]
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2005-0336-F
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Science and Technology and American Diplomacy [2]
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121584SS
Document No.
WHITE HOUSE STAFFING MEMORANDUM
3/12/90
DATE:
ACTION/CONCURRENCE/COMMENT DUE BY:
3/20/90 COB
TITLE V REPORT
SUBJECT:
ACTION FYI
ACTION FYI
VICE PRESIDENT
MCCLURE
SUNUNU
NEWMAN
SCOWCROFT
PORTER
DARMAN
ROGICH
BATES
UNTERMEYER
CARD
BROMLEY
CICCONI
DEMAREST
FITZWATER
GRAY
HAGIN
REMARKS:
Please forward any comments directly to my office no later than
COB, Tuesday, March 20. Thank you.
RESPONSE:
Due to the length of the report, p'm only
founding the attached toyou. to you would
like a complete copy of it, please James let W. Cicconi me
Assistant to the President
know. Thanks sodd,
and Deputy to the Chief of Staff
Ext. 2702
Holy
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20506
1990 MAR 12 Pig to 16
March 8, 1990
MEMORANDUM FOR JAMES W. CICCONI
FROM:
D. ALLAN BROMLEY
An
SUBJECT:
TRANSMITTAL OF TITLE V REPORT FROM PRESIDENT
BUSH TO THE CONGRESS
The Administration is required to provide an annual report to the
Congress on the international science and technology activities
of the U.S. Government, under Title V of the Foreign Relations
Authorization Act for FY 1979 (Public Law 95-426). The attached
report entitled Science, Technology and American Diplomacy,
covers fiscal year 1989.
As in the past, this report was prepared by the Department of
State with assistance from technical agencies and our embassies
overseas, with oversight from the Office of Science and
Technology Policy. It has been thoroughly reviewed by the Office
of Management and Budget and the National Security Council, and
we find it to be consistent with Administration policy. It is
now ready for the President's signature and subsequent
transmittal to the Congress. I appreciate your assistance in
this matter.
I would be happy to provide your office with additional copies of
the report as needed.
Attachment
- DRAFT-
Dear Mr. Chairman: (Dear Mr. Chairman:) (Dear Mr. Speaker:)
In accordance with Title V of the Foreign Relations
Authorization Act of Fiscal 1979, as amended (Public Law 95-426;
22 U.S.C. 2656c(b)), I am pleased to transmit the annual report
on international activities in science and technology (S&T) for
fiscal year 1989.
A characteristic feature of our age is the unprecedented
rate of change in science and technology. In 1989, however, the
rate of change in foreign affairs, particularly in Eastern
Europe, has surpassed even that of science and technology. These
remarkable changes in Eastern Europe have provided expanded
opportunities for S&T cooperation with countries of the Eastern
Bloc.
For example, on July 13, 1989, during my visit to Budapest,
Hungary, I committed the United States to work with Hungary to
expand bilateral research exchanges between our two peoples.
Subsequent negotiations resulted in the signing of an umbrella
S&T agreement less than 3 months later. In addition, because of
growing concern about the environmental problems that plague the
countries of Eastern Europe, I announced the creation of a new,
independent Eastern European Environment Center in Budapest,
along with initiatives to improve the environmental quality of
the historic city of Krakow, Poland. We will continue to look
DRAFT
THIS DRAFT INCLUDES THE Ex. CLERKS EDITS.
DRAFT
2
for opportunities to integrate mutually beneficial science and
technology cooperation with our broad foreign policy goals that
are aimed at encouraging independence, democratization, and
economic growth in emerging market economies of Eastern Europe.
My desire to preserve and improve humanity's common heritage
and to address issues of the environment and global change found
expression in a number of other activities. During the Paris
Economic Summit, I joined other heads of state in calling for
decisive action to understand and protect the earth's ecological
balance. The United States was instrumental in establishing the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as the primary
international forum on this topic. These and other efforts
highlighted in this report emphasize the need for nations to work
together to understand the interconnected earth system and the
ways in which human activity is influencing that system.
Because science and technology are truly international
activities, it is frequently the case that scientists and
technologists collaborate more closely with colleagues on the
other side of the globe than with those at the other end of the
hall. This international dimension of science is built on the
person-to-person and institution-to-institution bonds that are
formed through shared education, collaboration in research and
development, and communications.
DRAFT
DRAFT
3
We in the United States pride ourselves on open access to
our educational institutions, not only for students of this
country but for students around the globe. Many foreign students
have been eager to take advantage of this access, because it
remains a fact that the United States has the best system of
graduate education anywhere in the world.
The free flow of students finds a parallel in the free flow
of ideas around the world today, particularly in the area of
basic scientific knowledge. Much of the international character
of science derives from its universality. The United States is
firmly committed to the free and open international flow of basic
scientific knowledge.
This philosophy also underlies the U.S. approach to a very
important subset of our scientific efforts today -- namely, the
megaprojects in science, such as the Superconducting Super
Collider, the human genome project, and Space Station Freedom.
The results of these projects are a global resource adding to the
knowledge base of all countries. We are moving toward a day when
the responsibility for supporting large basic science projects
will be distributed around the world, reflecting the truly
international character of modern scientific research and the
shared financial and intellectual underpinnings of that research.
DRAFT
DRAFI
4
Perhaps the most important element of federally funded
international cooperation in S&T is the over 600 bilateral
science and technology agreements involving more than 20 U.S.
agencies, 120 foreign countries, and numerous multilateral
organizations. These agreements -- many of which are highlighted
in this report -- differ from one country to another, reflecting
the state of that country's development and its past relations
with the scientific community in the United States. However,
there are several broad principles that apply in all our
international science and technology agreements: comparable
access, shared responsibilities for both basic and applied
research, adequate protection and fair disposition of
intellectual property rights, and effective protection of
sensitive knowledge.
These agreements provide exciting opportunities for
cooperation between the United States and the rest of the world,
but we must remain cognizant of the fact that the global
marketplace is becoming increasingly competitive. The United
States still has the strongest science and technology enterprise
that the world has ever seen, but we no longer are in a leading
position in all fields. By concentrating resources and focusing
efforts, other nations have succeeded in equaling and in some
cases surpassing us in specific areas of research and technology.
This is part of the orderly development of nations and is
due, at least in part, to the help that we provided to other
DRAFT
DRAFT
5
countries since the end of World War II. But the inter-
nationalization of the marketplace emphasizes that we can no
longer take our leadership for granted. In an increasingly
competitive world, only a continuing effort to remain at the
forefront of science and technology will ensure our economic and
military security.
It has become increasingly clear that science and
technology, the economy, and foreign relations are inextricably
intertwined. Policy decisions must be made with a clear
appreciation of the scientific and technological issues
surrounding those decisions. We must find more creative and
effective ways to ensure that science and technology are an
integral and important part of our foreign policy around the
globe. We have begun that process in 1989, and I look forward to
continuing that effort in 1990 and beyond.
Sincerely,
The Honorable Thomas S. Foley
Speaker of the
House of Representatives
Washington, D.C. 20515
The Honorable Claiborne Pell
Chairman
Committee on Foreign Relations
United States Senate
Washington, D.C. 20510
The Honorable John Glenn
Chairman
Committee on Governmental Affairs
United States Senate
Washington, D.C. 20510
DRAFT
Document No.
CA
OFFICE OF CABINET AFFAIRS STAFFING MEMORANDUM
3-20-90
----
Date:
Due by:
Subject:
Comments on Title V -- Science, Tech., and American Diplomacy
From:
Yale/Danzansky
ACTION
CONCUR
FYI
ACTION
CONCUR
FYI
BATES
JACKSON
DANZANSKY
A
MCBEE
ADAIR
SCHALL
BUCHHOLZ
WETHINGTON
D'ANDREA
WILLIAMSON
DEWITT
YALE
DUGGAN
EVANS
FARRAR
HEIMBACH
Comments:
The attached changes were agreed upon by Steve D. and Ken
for the Title V report. This was delivered to Cicconi at
7:30 pm. Thanks.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
March 20, 1990
MEMORANDUM FOR JAMES CICCONI
FROM:
KENNETH P. YALE
Ky
SUBJECT:
Comments on Science, Technology and American
Diplomacy
Following are some changes suggested by Cabinet Affairs and
the Domestic Policy Council. I must admit that I am not fully
aware of the appropriate tone for this document, and therefore
found it somewhat difficult to determine appropriate changes.
Nevertheless, I have reviewed the document and believe that the
following changes would have the approval of OSTP. I would be
happy to further discuss these suggested changes with anyone,
should there be any questions.
On page 2 or 3, add the following under the environmental
section:
The President also announced an international meeting at the
White House in 1990, for top scientific, environmental, and
economic officials to discuss global change issues. In
addition, he signaled the interest of the United States to
host a conference to begin the steps towards a framework
convention on global climate change, after completion of the
reports by the working groups of the United Nations
sponsored Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
On page 7, add, after the sentence "
with oversight
responsibility for issues related to oceans, science, technology,
and environment." the following:
In response to the increasing importance of the domestic
ramifications of the global change issues, a Global Change
Working Group was formed under the Domestic Policy Council
in October. This group has the lead responsibility to
review, formulate, coordinate, and implement all global
change policy issues that might have an impact on the United
States. The working group has Cabinet and sub-Cabinet level
representation and is chaired by the Assistant to the
President for Science and Technology Affairs.
On page 25, elaborate on the section inserted in page 2 and 3
(noted, supra) on the activities to host a negotiating session
and to convene an international meeting on the science and
economics research related to global change.
on page 39, after a reference to the PCC in the left column, add
the following:
The Global Change Working Group under the Domestic Policy
Council was formed in October to review, formulate,
coordinate, and implement all global change policy issues
that might have an impact on the United States. The working
group has developed policy responses to several
international initiatives that could impact the United
States.
On page 50, under Recommendations, Environment, please add
another recommendation, as follows:
Further our research and understanding of the science and
economics related to global change.
On page 58, at the top of the second column, please delete
"formulation" from the phrase: "U.S. policy formulation, for the
IPCC in general ", add the following before that phrase:
Overall U.S. policy formulation and implementation is
coordinated for the President by the Domestic Policy Council
Global Change Working Group. This is a Cabinet and sub-
Cabinet level group that receives materials from the
National Security Council PCC on issues having a domestic
impact.
On page 62, at the bottom of the first column, after " and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and UNEP." Please add the
following:
The CES also provides technical expertise, advice and
information to the Global Change Working Group in the
Domestic Policy Council.
Document No.
CA
OFFICE OF CABINET AFFAIRS STAFFING MEMORANDUM
Date:
3-12-90
Due by: 3-19-90
Subject:
Transmittal of Title V Report (entitled Science, Technology and American
Diplomacy)
From:
Holly Williamson
ACTION
CONCUR
FYI
ACTION
CONCUR
FYI
BATES
JACKSON
DANZANSKY
MCBEE
ADAIR
SCHALL
BUCHHOLZ
WETHINGTON
D'ANDREA
WILLIAMSON
DEWITT
YALE
DUGGAN
EVANS
FARRAR
HEIMBACH
Comments:
Due to the length of this report, I am merely staffing the attached. If
it looks like something you would like to review and comment on, please
come by my office. Thanks.
Holly,
No comments
Thanks. my
Document No.
CA
OFFICE OF CABINET AFFAIRS STAFFING MEMORANDUM
Date: 3-12-90
Due by: 3-19-90
Subject:
Transmittal of Title V Report (entitled Science, Technology and American
Diplomacy)
From:
Holly Williamson
ACTION CONCUR FYI
ACTION CONCUR FYI
BATES
JACKSON N/C
DANZANSKY
MCBEE N/C
ADAIR
SCHALL
BUCHHOLZ
WETHINGTON
D'ANDREA
WILLIAMSON
DEWITT
YALE
DUGGAN
EVANS
FARRAR
HEIMBACH
Comments:
Due to the length of this report, I am merely staffing the attached. If
it looks like something you would like to review and comment on, please
come by my office. Thanks.
121584SS
Document No.
WHITE HOUSE STAFFING MEMORANDUM
3/12/90
DATE:
ACTION/CONCURRENCE/COMMENT DUE BY:
3/20/90 COB
TITLE V REPORT
SUBJECT:
ACTION FYI
ACTION FYI
VICE PRESIDENT
MCCLURE
SUNUNU
NEWMAN
SCOWCROFT
PORTER
DARMAN
ROGICH
BATES
UNTERMEYER
CARD
BROMLEY
CICCONI
DEMAREST
FITZWATER
GRAY
HAGIN
REMARKS:
Please forward any comments directly to my office no later than
COB, Tuesday, March 20. Thank you.
RESPONSE:
James W. Cicconi
Assistant to the President
and Deputy to the Chief of Staff
Ext. 2702
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20506
1990 MR 12 PM to 16
March 8, 1990
MEMORANDUM FOR JAMES W. CICCONI
FROM:
D. ALLAN BROMLEY
An
SUBJECT:
TRANSMITTAL OF TITLE V REPORT FROM PRESIDENT
BUSH TO THE CONGRESS
The Administration is required to provide an annual report to the
Congress on the international science and technology activities
of the U.S. Government, under Title V of the Foreign Relations
Authorization Act for FY 1979 (Public Law 95-426). The attached
report entitled Science, Technology and American Diplomacy,
covers fiscal year 1989.
As in the past, this report was prepared by the Department of
State with assistance from technical agencies and our embassies
overseas, with oversight from the Office of Science and
Technology Policy. It has been thoroughly reviewed by the Office
of Management and Budget and the National Security Council, and
we find it to be consistent with Administration policy. It is
now ready for the President's signature and subsequent
transmittal to the Congress. I appreciate your assistance in
this matter.
I would be happy to provide your office with additional copies of
the report as needed.
Attachment
- DRAFT-
Dear Mr. Chairman: (Dear Mr. Chairman:) (Dear Mr. Speaker:)
In accordance with Title V of the Foreign Relations
Authorization Act of Fiscal 1979, as amended (Public Law 95-426;
22 U.S.C. 2656c(b)) I am pleased to transmit the annual report
on international activities in science and technology (S&T) for
fiscal year 1989.
A characteristic feature of our age is the unprecedented
rate of change in science and technology. In 1989, however, the
rate of change in foreign affairs, particularly in Eastern
Europe, has surpassed even that of science and technology. These
remarkable changes in Eastern Europe have provided expanded
opportunities for S&T cooperation with countries of the Eastern
Bloc.
For example, on July 13, 1989, during my visit to Budapest,
Hungary, I committed the United States to work with Hungary to
expand bilateral research exchanges between our two peoples.
Subsequent negotiations resulted in the signing of an umbrella
S&T agreement less than 3 months later. In addition, because of
growing concern about the environmental problems that plague the
countries of Eastern Europe, I announced the creation of a new,
independent Eastern European Environment Center in Budapest,
along with initiatives to improve the environmental quality of
the historic city of Krakow, Poland. We will continue to look
DRAFT
THIS DRAFT INCLUDES THE Ex. CLERKS EDITS.
DRAFT
2
for opportunities to integrate mutually beneficial science and
technology cooperation with our broad foreign policy goals that
are aimed at encouraging independence, democratization, and
economic growth in emerging market economies of Eastern Europe.
My desire to preserve and improve humanity's common heritage
and to address issues of the environment and global change found
expression in a number of other activities. During the Paris
Economic Summit, I joined other heads of state in calling for
decisive action to understand and protect the earth's ecological
balance. The United States was instrumental in establishing the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as the primary
international forum on this topic. These and other efforts
highlighted in this report emphasize the need for nations to work
together to understand the interconnected earth system and the
ways in which human activity is influencing that system.
Because science and technology are truly international
activities, it is frequently the case that scientists and
technologists collaborate more closely with colleagues on the
other side of the globe than with those at the other end of the
hall. This international dimension of science is built on the
person-to-person and institution-to-institution bonds that are
formed through shared education, collaboration in research and
development, and communications.
DRAFT
DRAFT
3
We in the United States pride ourselves on open access to
our educational institutions, not only for students of this
country but for students around the globe. Many foreign students
have been eager to take advantage of this access, because it
remains a fact that the United States has the best system of
graduate education anywhere in the world.
The free flow of students finds a parallel in the free flow
of ideas around the world today, particularly in the area of
basic scientific knowledge. Much of the international character
of science derives from its universality. The United States is
firmly committed to the free and open international flow of basic
scientific knowledge.
This philosophy also underlies the U.S. approach to a very
important subset of our scientific efforts today -- namely, the
megaprojects in science, such as the Superconducting Super
Collider, the human genome project, and Space Station Freedom.
The results of these projects are a global resource adding to the
knowledge base of all countries. We are moving toward a day when
the responsibility for supporting large basic science projects
will be distributed around the world, reflecting the truly
international character of modern scientific research and the
shared financial and intellectual underpinnings of that research.
DRAFT
DRAFI
4
Perhaps the most important element of federally funded
international cooperation in S&T is the over 600 bilateral
science and technology agreements involving more than 20 U.S.
agencies, 120 foreign countries, and numerous multilateral
organizations. These agreements -- many of which are highlighted
in this report -- differ from one country to another, reflecting
the state of that country's development and its past relations
with the scientific community in the United States. However,
there are several broad principles that apply in all our
international science and technology agreements: comparable
access, shared responsibilities for both basic and applied
research, adequate protection and fair disposition of
intellectual property rights, and effective protection of
sensitive knowledge.
These agreements provide exciting opportunities for
cooperation between the United States and the rest of the world,
but we must remain cognizant of the fact that the global
marketplace is becoming increasingly competitive. The United
States still has the strongest science and technology enterprise
that the world has ever seen, but we no longer are in a leading
position in all fields. By concentrating resources and focusing
efforts, other nations have succeeded in equaling and in some
cases surpassing us in specific areas of research and technology.
This is part of the orderly development of nations and is
due, at least in part, to the help that we provided to other
DRAFT
DRAFT
5
countries since the end of World War II. But the inter-
nationalization of the marketplace emphasizes that we can no
longer take our leadership for granted. In an increasingly
competitive world, only a continuing effort to remain at the
forefront of science and technology will ensure our economic and
military security.
It has become increasingly clear that science and
technology, the economy, and foreign relations are inextricably
intertwined. Policy decisions must be made with a clear
appreciation of the scientific and technological issues
surrounding those decisions. We must find more creative and
effective ways to ensure that science and technology are an
integral and important part of our foreign policy around the
globe. We have begun that process in 1989, and I look forward to
continuing that effort in 1990 and beyond.
Sincerely,
The Honorable Thomas S. Foley
Speaker of the
House of Representatives
Washington, D.C. 20515
The Honorable Claiborne Pell
Chairman
Committee on Foreign Relations
United States Senate
Washington, D.C. 20510
The Honorable John Glenn
Chairman
Committee on Governmental Affairs
United States Senate
Washington, D.C. 20510
DRAFT
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON, DC
Date:
3/12
TO:
Holly Williamson
FROM:
BARRY Milfur
ACTION CONCUR FYI
ACTION CONCUR FYI
Bates
Jackson
Danzansky
McBee
Adair
Schall
Buchholz
Wethington
D'Andrea
Williamson
X
DeWitt
Yale
Duggan
Evans
Farrar
Heimbach
URGENT
BY NOON
C.O.B.
Comments:
Document No.
CA
OFFICE OF CABINET AFFAIRS STAFFING MEMORANDUM
Date: 3-12-90
Due by: 3-19-90
Subject:
Transmittal of Title V Report (entitled Science, Technology and American
Diplomacy)
From:
Holly Williamson
ACTION
CONCUR
FYI
ACTION CONCUR FYI
BATES
JACKSON
DANZANSKY
MCBEE
ADAIR
SCHALL
BUCHHOLZ
WETHINGTON
D'ANDREA
WILLIAMSON
DEWITT
YALE
DUGGAN
EVANS
FARRAR
HEIMBACH
Comments:
Due to the length of this report, I am merely staffing the attached. If
it looks like something you would like to review and comment on, please
come by my office. Thanks.
Hrey.
Mo DMWEHTS
BARRY
121584SS
Document No.
WHITE HOUSE STAFFING MEMORANDUM
3/12/90
DATE:
ACTION/CONCURRENCE/COMMENT DUE BY:
3/20/90 COB
TITLE V REPORT
SUBJECT:
ACTION FYI
ACTION FYI
VICE PRESIDENT
MCCLURE
SUNUNU
NEWMAN
SCOWCROFT
PORTER
DARMAN
ROGICH
BATES
UNTERMEYER
CARD
BROMLEY
CICCONI
DEMAREST
FITZWATER
GRAY
HAGIN
REMARKS:
Please forward any comments directly to my office no later than
COB, Tuesday, March 20. Thank you.
RESPONSE:
James W. Cicconi
Assistant to the President
and Deputy to the Chief of Staff
Ext. 2702
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20506
1990 MAR 12 PM to 16
March 8, 1990
MEMORANDUM FOR JAMES W. CICCONI
FROM:
D. ALLAN BROMLEY
An
SUBJECT:
TRANSMITTAL OF TITLE V REPORT FROM PRESIDENT
BUSH TO THE CONGRESS
The Administration is required to provide an annual report to the
Congress on the international science and technology activities
of the U.S. Government, under Title V of the Foreign Relations
Authorization Act for FY 1979 (Public Law 95-426). The attached
report entitled Science, Technology and American Diplomacy,
covers fiscal year 1989.
As in the past, this report was prepared by the Department of
State with assistance from technical agencies and our embassies
overseas, with oversight from the Office of Science and
Technology Policy. It has been thoroughly reviewed by the Office
of Management and Budget and the National Security Council, and
we find it to be consistent with Administration policy. It is
now ready for the President's signature and subsequent
transmittal to the Congress. I appreciate your assistance in
this matter.
I would be happy to provide your office with additional copies of
the report as needed.
Attachment
DRAFT-
Dear Mr. Chairman: (Dear Mr. Chairman:) (Dear Mr. Speaker:)
In accordance with Title V of the Foreign Relations
Authorization Act of Fiscal 1979, as amended (Public Law 95-426;
22 U.S.C. 2656c(b)), I am pleased to transmit the annual report
on international activities in science and technology (S&T) for
fiscal year 1989.
A characteristic feature of our age is the unprecedented
rate of change in science and technology. In 1989, however, the
rate of change in foreign affairs, particularly in Eastern
Europe, has surpassed even that of science and technology. These
remarkable changes in Eastern Europe have provided expanded
opportunities for S&T cooperation with countries of the Eastern
Bloc.
For example, on July 13, 1989, during my visit to Budapest,
Hungary, I committed the United States to work with Hungary to
expand bilateral research exchanges between our two peoples.
Subsequent negotiations resulted in the signing of an umbrella
S&T agreement less than 3 months later. In addition, because of
growing concern about the environmental problems that plague the
countries of Eastern Europe, I announced the creation of a new,
independent Eastern European Environment Center in Budapest,
along with initiatives to improve the environmental quality of
the historic city of Krakow, Poland. We will continue to look
DRAFT
THIS DRAFT INCLUDES THE Ex. CLERKS EDITS.
DRAFT
2
for opportunities to integrate mutually beneficial science and
technology cooperation with our broad foreign policy goals that
are aimed at encouraging independence, democratization, and
economic growth in emerging market economies of Eastern Europe.
My desire to preserve and improve humanity's common heritage
and to address issues of the environment and global change found
expression in a number of other activities. During the Paris
Economic Summit, I joined other heads of state in calling for
decisive action to understand and protect the earth's ecological
balance. The United States was instrumental in establishing the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as the primary
international forum on this topic. These and other efforts
highlighted in this report emphasize the need for nations to work
together to understand the interconnected earth system and the
ways in which human activity is influencing that system.
Because science and technology are truly international
activities, it is frequently the case that scientists and
technologists collaborate more closely with colleagues on the
other side of the globe than with those at the other end of the
hall. This international dimension of science is built on the
person-to-person and institution-to-institution bonds that are
formed through shared education, collaboration in research and
development, and communications.
DRAFT
DRAFT
3
We in the United States pride ourselves on open access to
our educational institutions, not only for students of this
country but for students around the globe. Many foreign students
have been eager to take advantage of this access, because it
remains a fact that the United States has the best system of
graduate education anywhere in the world.
The free flow of students finds a parallel in the free flow
of ideas around the world today, particularly in the area of
basic scientific knowledge. Much of the international character
of science derives from its universality. The United States is
firmly committed to the free and open international flow of basic
scientific knowledge.
This philosophy also underlies the U.S. approach to a very
important subset of our scientific efforts today -- namely, the
megaprojects in science, such as the Superconducting Super
Collider, the human genome project, and Space Station Freedom.
The results of these projects are a global resource adding to the
knowledge base of all countries. We are moving toward a day when
the responsibility for supporting large basic science projects
will be distributed around the world, reflecting the truly
international character of modern scientific research and the
shared financial and intellectual underpinnings of that research.
DRAFT
DRAFI
4
Perhaps the most important element of federally funded
international cooperation in S&T is the over 600 bilateral
science and technology agreements involving more than 20 U.S.
agencies, 120 foreign countries, and numerous multilateral
organizations. These agreements -- many of which are highlighted
in this report -- differ from one country to another, reflecting
the state of that country's development and its past relations
with the scientific community in the United States. However,
there are several broad principles that apply in all our
international science and technology agreements: comparable
access, shared responsibilities for both basic and applied
research, adequate protection and fair disposition of
intellectual property rights, and effective protection of
sensitive knowledge.
These agreements provide exciting opportunities for
cooperation between the United States and the rest of the world,
but we must remain cognizant of the fact that the global
marketplace is becoming increasingly competitive. The United
States still has the strongest science and technology enterprise
that the world has ever seen, but we no longer are in a leading
position in all fields. By concentrating resources and focusing
efforts, other nations have succeeded in equaling and in some
cases surpassing us in specific areas of research and technology.
This is part of the orderly development of nations and is
due, at least in part, to the help that we provided to other
DRAFT
DRAFI
5
countries since the end of World War II. But the inter-
nationalization of the marketplace emphasizes that we can no
longer take our leadership for granted. In an increasingly
competitive world, only a continuing effort to remain at the
forefront of science and technology will ensure our economic and
military security.
It has become increasingly clear that science and
technology, the economy, and foreign relations are inextricably
intertwined. Policy decisions must be made with a clear
appreciation of the scientific and technological issues
surrounding those decisions. We must find more creative and
effective ways to ensure that science and technology are an
integral and important part of our foreign policy around the
globe. We have begun that process in 1989, and I look forward to
continuing that effort in 1990 and beyond.
Sincerely,
The Honorable Thomas S. Foley
Speaker of the
House of Representatives
Washington, D.C. 20515
The Honorable Claiborne Pell
Chairman
Committee on Foreign Relations
United States Senate
Washington, D.C. 20510
The Honorable John Glenn
Chairman
Committee on Governmental Affairs
United States Senate
Washington, D.C. 20510
DRAFT
Science, Technology and American
Diplomacy
Eleventh Annual Report Submitted to the Congress by the President Pursuant to
Section 503(b) of Title V of Public Law 95-426
1990
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
"Scientific and technological achieve-
ment have always been at the very heart of
our nation's pioneer spirit, pushing the
boundaries of our knowledge, creating
economic opportunity, and increasing our
standard of living."
President George Bush before the Joint
"We need to develop a longer-range
Session of the United States Congress,
strategic vision of science and technology
February 1989
and of their present and potential con-
tributions to our economic well-being, our
national security, and to the health and
quality of life of our citizens..'
"We need a comprehensive approach to
international scientific cooperation that
can become an integral part of our foreign
relations activities. Further, we should im-
prove our ability, as a government, to util-
ize science and technology as a tool in
attaining the goals of U.S. foreign policy."
Dr. D. Allan Bromley, Assistant to the
President for Science and Technology,
before the Committee on Commerce,
Science and Transportation, United
"Science - the pursuit of knowledge - is
States Senate, July 1989
inherently international and it thrives on
cooperation science and technology
agreements have also become indispen-
sable tools of U.S. foreign policy and, oc-
casionally, the diplomatic instrument
which allows us to maintain linkages with
countries during the most turbulent
periods of our relations."
Dr. Frederick M. Bernthal, Assistant
Secretary for the Bureau of Oceans, and
International Environmental and Scien-
tific Affairs, Department of State, before
the Committee on Science, Space and
Technology, United States House of
Representatives, September 1989
Table of Contents
Science, Technology And American Diplomacy
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1
Personnel
1
Significant Cooperative Science and Technology Developments:
2
Environment
2
Energy
3
Nuclear Energy, Nuclear and Chemical Weapon Non-Proliferation
4
4
Space
Oceans and Fisheries
4
Polar Affairs and Marine Mammals
4
Health and Quality of Life
5
Selected Large-Scale Basic Science Initiatives:
5
Other S&T Activities
5
Foreign Policy Implications
6
General Foreign Policy
6
Economic Benefits
6
National Security
6
Funding of Science and Technology Cooperation
7
Coordination and Oversight
7
Management of Large-Scale Science Initiatives
7
U.S Initiatives in Response to Additional Legislation and Directives: Executive
Order 12591 Reference, Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, Sec-
tion 5171, Competitiveness Concerns:
8
Access
8
Strategic Technology
9
Dissemination of S&T Information
9
RECOMMENDATIONS
10
INTRODUCTION
11
Chapter 1: Highlights of Activities
TITLE V LEGISLATION
14
PERSONNEL, TRAINING AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT
14
SCIENCE COUNSELORS, OFFICERS & FISHERIES ATTACHES
15
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES
19
Environment
20
Energy
25
Nuclear Energy, Nuclear and Chemical Weapon Non-proliferation
25
Space
26
Oceans and Fisheries
27
Polar Affairs and Marine Mammals
28
Health And Quality Of Life
28
Basic Science
29
Other Multilateral Activities
30
IMPLICATIONS OF S&T ACTIVITIES
31
Foreign Policy Implications
31
Economic Benefits
32
National Security
36
FUNDING OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION
37
COORDINATION AND OVERSIGHT
39
MANAGEMENT OF LARGE-SCALE SCIENCE INITIATIVES
40
INITIATIVES IN RESPONSE TO LEGISLATION & DIRECTIVES
42
Executive Order 12591
42
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, Section 5171
42
Competitiveness Commitment
43
Access
43
Intellectual Property Rights
45
Strategic Technology
47
Dissemination of S&T Information
48
RECOMMENDATIONS
50
Environment
50
Space
51
Science and Technology
51
Nuclear
52
Oceans, Polar and Fisheries
52
Resources
52
Chapter 2: Selected Topics
INTRODUCTION
54
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
54
Global Climate Change
54
Biological Diversity
64
Tropical Forests
65
Acid Rain
67
Protection of the Ozone Layer
70
OCEANS, POLAR AND FISHERIES ISSUES
71
U.S. - USSR Comprehensive Fisheries Agreement
71
High Seas Driftnet Agreements with Japan, Korea, and Taiwan
72
Antarctic Treaty
72
The Convention on the Regulation of Antarctica Mineral
73
Resource Activities
73
The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
(CAMLR)
73
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (CCAS)
74
The Arctic
74
Marine Mammals
74
NUCLEAR ISSUES
75
Nuclear Non-Proliferation
75
Nuclear Safety - Post Chernobyl
75
Global Warming and Nuclear Power
78
Current Safety
78
Public Acceptance
79
New Reactor Technologies
79
HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE ISSUES
79
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
80
Population
81
SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES
83
Cooperation On Large-scale S&T Projects:
83
Space Station
83
Superconducting Super Collider
84
Human Genome Research
84
Advanced Technologies
86
U.N. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)
86
NATO Science Committee
87
OTHER SIGNIFICANT MULTILATERAL ACTIVITIES
88
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
88
U.N. Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
89
Other U.N.-Related Activities
89
ECOSOC Standing Committees and Subsidiary Bodies
90
Organs and Programs Related to ECOSOC
90
U.N. S&T-Related Bodies reporting to UNDP:
91
Specialized Agencies and Other Autonomous Bodies
91
Other U.N. Bodies
92
Chapter 3: Bilateral S&T Activities
ARGENTINA
93
Environment
93
Nuclear Energy
94
Other Technologies
94
Competition and Intellectual Property Rights
95
BRAZIL
95
Environment
96
Space
97
Nuclear Energy
97
USGS
98
Competitiveness
98
CANADA
98
Intellectual Property Rights
99
CHILE
100
NASA - University of Chile
100
AAAS - Chilean Academy of Sciences
101
AID's Advanced Developing Country Program (ADCP) Office in Chile
101
National Science Foundation
101
U.S. Geological Service (USGS)
102
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) and Other Related
Marine and Geological Research Agencies
102
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
102
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
102
CHINA
103
The Aftermath of the Summer of 1989
103
Negotiations on Renewal of the Science and Technology Agreement
103
Intellectual Property Rights and Competitiveness
104
Environmental Issues
104
Advances in Basic Science and New Technology
105
EGYPT
106
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
107
U.S. Interests:
109
FINLAND
109
FRANCE
110
HUNGARY
112
INDIA
113
Scientific Collaborations
113
Competitiveness and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
114
Environment and Ecology
114
INDONESIA
115
Aerospace and Aviation
116
Sensitive Technology Controls
116
Intellectual Property Rights
116
Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation
117
Geosciences
117
Disaster Warning and Emergency Preparedness
117
118
118
Medical Research and Health Services
118
Joint Ocean Survey Program
118
Environment
118
Research on Climate Change
118
U.S.A.I.D.
118
The U.S. Private Sector
119
Conclusion
119
ISRAEL
119
Industrial R and D Cooperation
121
Cooperation in Agricultural Research
121
Energy Research
121
The Environment, Water Resources and Marine Sciences
122
Foreign Policy Perspective
122
ITALY
123
JAPAN
124
Competitiveness and Intellectual Property Rights Concerns
126
KOREA
127
MALAYSIA
128
MEXICO
129
Nuclear
131
Marine Research
132
Fisheries Trade Promotion
132
Protection of Endangered and Threatened Species and Ecosystems
132
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Meteorological Monitoring and Research
132
PAKISTAN
133
Competitiveness and Intellectual Property Rights
134
POLAND
135
Environmental Issues at the Round Table
135
Presidential Initiatives
136
Maria Sklodowska-Curie Joint Fund
137
SAUDI ARABIA
138
Bilateral S&T Activities
139
Environmental Topics
139
Intellectual Property
140
Atomic Energy
140
Alternative Energy Sources
140
UNITED KINGDOM
141
Health
142
Environment
142
Biotechnology
143
U.S. MISSION TO THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
143
Environment
144
Research And Development (R&D)
145
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
146
UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
146
YUGOSLAVIA
148
Intellectual Property Rights Protection
150
Chapter 4: International S&T Activities of U.S. Agencies
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
153
Personnel
153
Highlights Of Science And Technology Activities
154
Coordination And Oversight
155
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
155
Agriculture
155
Biotechnology for Fish Production
155
Biological Nitrogen Fixation Technology Helps Small Farmers
156
Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP)
156
Rinderpest Vaccine
157
Anaplasmosis/Babesiosis Vaccines
158
Sorghum/Millet CRSP
158
Bean/Cowpea Collaborative Special Research Program
159
Peanut CRSP
159
Plant Tissue Culture
159
International Agricultural Research Centers
160
Energy and Natural Resources
162
Energy Inefficiency in the Asia/Near East Region and its Environmental Im-
plications
163
Forestry, Environment, and Natural Resources
163
Natural Resource Policy and Training Project
164
Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development
164
Forestry Resources Management
164
Coastal Resources Management
165
Environmental Planning and Management
166
Biological Diversity
167
Health
167
168
Nutrition
168
Infant Nutrition and Child Survival
168
Population
169
Biomedical Research
169
Improved Vasectomy Technique
169
Family Planning Business Analysis
169
Research and University Relations
169
Historically Black Colleges and Universities
170
Israel Cooperative Development Research (CDR) Program
170
Research on Policy Options
170
Science Advisor
170
Program in Science and Technology Cooperation (PSTC)
170
Bilateral Science and Technology Cooperation
171
Philippines
172
Costa Rica
172
Thailand
173
Dominican Republic
173
Malawi
173
Education and Communications Technologies
173
Teaching Technologies.
173
Management Information Systems for Educational Improvement
174
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
174
New International Projects - 1989
174
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
175
Export Administration
175
International Trade Administration
176
National Institute of Standards and Technology
177
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
178
Global Environmental Change
178
Earth Observation Satellites
180
Living Marine Resources
180
Emergency Services
181
National Technical Information Service
182
National Telecommunications and Information Agency
183
Technology Administration
184
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Technology Policy (OTP)
184
The United States Patent and Trademark Office
186
U.S. Bureau of the Census
187
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
188
Strategic Defense Initiative
189
Armaments Cooperation and Defense Trade
190
Organizations for International Technology Transfer
191
Information Exchange Agreements
191
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
192
Cooperation with the USSR
193
New Initiatives with Poland and Hungary
193
Incorporation of Standard Intellectual Property Rights Provisions
194
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)
194
Energy Technologies for Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
195
Superconducting Supercollider
195
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, U.S.
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
195
Bilateral Agreement Highlights
197
Brazil
197
Eastern Europe
197
Egypt
198
France
198
India
198
Israel
199
Italy
199
Japan
199
Pakistan
199
Spain
199
Soviet Union
200
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
200
National Park Service
200
U.S. Geological Survey
201
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
205
Bilateral Programs
206
Canada
206
China
207
Federal Republic of Germany
207
Mexico
207
The Netherlands
207
Poland
208
Soviet Union
208
Yugoslavia
209
Western Europe
209
International Organizations
210
Transport Policy and Trade
210
Maritime
211
Aviation
212
Highway Construction and Highway/Traffic Safety
213
The International Road Federation (IRF)
213
Pan American Highway Congress (PAHC)
213
Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (PIARC)
213
International Commission on Illumination (CIE)
213
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
214
Rail
215
Dangerous Goods Transport
215
Special Multilateral Programs
215
Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP)
215
Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV)
216
Technical Assistance
216
Training of Foreign Nationals
218
Foreign Visitors
218
Budget and Resources
219
U.S.- Canada Environmental Cooperation
219
U.S.-Mexico City Cooperation
220
Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste
220
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
221
World Health Organization (WHO)
221
Federal Republic of Germany
222
The Netherlands
222
Brazil
223
Japan
223
Korea
223
Soviet Union
223
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
224
International Cooperation on Space Station Freedom
224
Galileo
225
Cooperation with the Soviet Union
225
International Cooperation in Global Change Studies
226
International Space Year
227
New International Agreement
227
German Spacelab Missions
227
Geotail Scientific Satellite
227
Inter-Agency Consultative Group for Space Science (IACG)
228
Orbital Debris
228
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
228
NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION
234
Highlights of NRC Fiscal Year 1989
235
Further Discussion of Key International Cooperation Activities
236
Participation in International Organizations and Conferences
240
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Science, Technology And American
Diplomacy
technology cooperation for 25 selected
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
countries. Chapter 4 addresses interna-
This is the eleventh annual report on
tional science and technology activities
Science, Technology and American
of 22 U.S. Government agencies, includ-
Diplomacy, in response to Title V of the
ing a detailed summary of S&T activities
Foreign Relations Authorization Act of
of U.S.A.I.D.
1979, as Amended.
Chapter 1 of this year's report responds
to the legislation with a highlight sum-
Personnel
mary of science and technology person-
During Fiscal Year 1989, the Depart-
nel issues, significant cooperative
ment of State employed 154 full-time
science and technology developments,
Civil Service and Foreign Service
economics, statistics and other foreign
employees in the areas of science, tech-
policy implications of Fiscal Year 1989
nology and environment, including 34
activities, adequacy of funding, and
full-time science and technology officers
responses to associated directives.
and fisheries attaches at 25 missions
Chapter 2 examines in greater detail
worldwide. Additional U.S. agencies
selected significant topics in internation-
have stationed roughly 15 employees in
al science and technology. Chapter 3
U.S. embassies to support their respec-
provides details of bilateral science and
tive interests. In order to address the
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY P. 1
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
increasing impact of science and technol-
course entitled "Science, Technology and
ogy in foreign affairs, the Department of
American Diplomacy" was sponsored by
State established within the Foreign Ser-
the State Department's Foreign Service
vice a separate occupational category for
Institute (FSI) in June, 1989. In Septem-
Science and Technology officers. The
ber, 1989, the Department of State held
Department of State also is working with
its annual Science and Technology Of-
Congress to develop a Science and En-
ficers Conference designed to review
vironment Resources Package which is
with current science and technology of-
intended to project all Departmental
ficers contemporary issues in science
resource requirements, both in
and technology and implications for U.S.
Washington and in overseas posts, for the
policy. Science and technology officers
conduct of scientific, technological and
also have the opportunity to expand their
environmental affairs.
expertise by serving in exchange assign-
In Fiscal Year 1989, the Department of
ments outside of the Department of
State made significant progress in sup-
State.
port of the objectives of Section 4(b) of
Executive Order 12591, entitled
Significant Cooperative
"Facilitating Access to Science and Tech-
Science and Technology
nology." Currently, there are personnel
Developments:
from the public and private sector on
In Fiscal Year 1989, the United States
limited Foreign Service appointments
was engaged in nearly 600 bilateral
serving in Korea, Paris, Vienna, Mexico,
science and technology agreements in-
Tokyo, and New Delhi.
volving more than 20 U.S. agencies and
Experts from the public and private sec-
120 foreign countries. The U.S. con-
tor are also given short-term assignments
tributed its support to multilateral or-
at embassies overseas to study and report
ganizations across a full range of
on selected S&T topics, particularly
scientific disciplines. Selected ac-
emerging technologies.
complishments include:
Continuing educational and technical
Environment
training activities for science and tech-
nology officers are ongoing areas of em-
In the past year, the United States has
phasis. The third consecutive annual
responded to growing international con-
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY P. 2
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
cern about our global environment. At
The U.S. and Poland initiated dis-
the Paris Economic Summit, President
cussion of a plan for air and water
Bush joined with other heads of state in
pollution abatement in the his-
calling for urgent, decisive action to un-
toric city of Krakow.
derstand and protect the earth's ecologi-
The U.S. took steps to establish
cal balance. The U.S. was instrumental
an organizing committee for an in-
in establishing the Intergovernmental
dependent regional environmen-
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and
tal center in Budapest.
accepted chairmanship of its Response
On October 25, 1988, President
Strategies Working Group. The U.S.
Reagan signed a resolution
was one of the first countries to announce
designed to exert US leadership in
that it would seek a world-wide phase-
negotiating an international con-
out of chlorofluorocarbon production
vention to conserve the earth's
and consumption by the year 2000,
biological diversity. Environment
provided that safe substitutes are avail-
issues were included for the first
able, and we take pride as well, in
time in the agenda of the annual
progress in dealing with problems of
US-EC Ministerial consultations.
transboundary pollution and hazardous
waste. President Bush proposed legisla-
Energy
As with environmental research, sig-
tion designed to reduce significantly
emissions of sulfur dioxide and other
nificant energy research is performed in
acid rain precursors. The President also
cooperation with other nations. The
announced that he will seek legislation to
Department of Energy currently has 58
ban exports of hazardous wastes from
bilateral cooperation research and
this country, except where we have an
development agreements with 27 na-
agreement with the receiving country to
tions, most significantly with Japan, U.K.,
FRG, France, Israel and Canada. In Fis-
provide environmentally sound manage-
ment of such wastes. As part of the
cal Year 1989, an energy research and
President's Eastern European initia-
development memorandum of under-
tives, he introduced an environmental
standing was established, for example,
thrust in July, 1989, consisting of two
between the Department of Energy and
major activities:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY P. 3
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
the Canadian Department of Energy,
Space
Mines and Resources.
In Fiscal Year 1989, President Bush
Nuclear Energy, Nuclear and
asked Vice President Quayle to chair a
Chemical Weapon
Non-
new Space Council, which is to review
Proliferation
and develop U.S. policy. The Space Sta-
Since the Chernobyl accident, the U.S.
tion Intergovernmental Agreement
has been working through the Interna-
(signed on September 29, 1988) was im-
tional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
plemented in Fiscal Year 1989. Several
and the Nuclear Energy Agency, as well
bilateral programs linked to the Space
as bilaterally, to improve nuclear safety
Shuttle Program provide the framework
practices worldwide. The U.S., USSR,
for payload specialists to fly aboard fu-
ture shuttle flights. Twenty-nine U.S. ex-
Japan, and the European Community
periments also were conducted in
achieved significant progress on a con-
connection with the Soviet Cosmos 2044
ceptual design for the thermonuclear ex-
biosatellite mission.
perimental reactor (ITER). In Fiscal
Year 1989, the U.S. and Japan continued
Oceans and Fisheries
activities under a broad program of
In the last decade, there has been a
cooperation in nuclear research. Several
rapid growth in the use of high seas
countries joined the U.S. in cooperation
driftnets in the Pacific Ocean. In 1989,
on fusion energy, radioactive waste
the U.S. completed agreements with
management, and nuclear fuel develop-
Japan, Korea, and Taiwan to control use
ment. In his speech to the U.N. General
of driftnets. A US-USSR Inter-
Assembly in September, 1989, President
governmental Consultative Committee
Bush announced a U.S. initiative to give
on fisheries (ICC) was established pur-
additional impetus to concluding a
suant to the 1988 bilateral Comprehen-
worldwide chemical weapons (CW) ban
sive Fisheries Agreement.
by declaring that in the first eight years of
a CW treaty, the U.S. is prepared to
Polar Affairs and Marine Mam-
destroy nearly all -- 98 percent -- of its
mals
CW stockpile, provided the Soviets join
In November, 1988, the U.S. Govern-
the ban.
ment signed the Convention for the
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY P. 4
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Regulation of Antarctic Mineral
policies, the critical role that a market-
Resource Activities and oversaw
oriented economy can play in develop-
progress toward the creation of a non-
ment and in the demographic transition,
governmental organization to coor-
and the prohibition of U.S. support for
dinate Arctic scientific research and
coercion or abortion in family planning
environmental protection. In 1989, the
programs.
U.S. hosted the 41st annual meeting of
the International Whaling Commission
Selected Large-Scale Basic
(IWC), at which resolutions critical of
Science Initiatives:
the scientific whaling of Japan, Iceland
Superconducting Super Collider:
and Norway were passed.
The Department of State worked
Health and Quality of Life
closely with the Department of
Energy and other agencies to
Bilateral research on AIDS (Acquired
develop a plan for involving other
Immune Deficiency Syndrome) con-
countries in the SSC initiative.
tinued between the U.S. and France, In-
The Human Genome Initiative is
donesia and Japan. The U.S.
being managed by the National
Government completed phase I of the
Center for Human Genome Re-
development of a model whose purpose
search of NIH, in close collabora-
is making projections of the internation-
tion with the Department of Ener-
al impact of AIDS. The Department of
gy. The importance, complexity,
State began a study of existing and poten-
and cost of the effort to map and
tial areas for international drug research
sequence the human genome
collaboration. In Fiscal Year 1989, the
makes international cooperation
U.S. also worked with specific countries
essential.
on medical problems unique to certain
regions of the world. With regard to
Other S&T Activities
population issues, United States policy
The US-EC High-Technology Group
continued to emphasize strong support
met twice during Fiscal Year 1989. The
for voluntary international family plan-
53-member U.N. Committee on the
ning programs, the integration of popula-
Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
tion and economic development
(COPOUS) continued to be active
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY P. 5
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
during Fiscal Year 1989. NATO's "Third
their individual scientific and technologi-
Dimension," continues to sponsor the
cal merits, and the technological or scien-
Science Fellowships, Collaborative Re-
tific benefit to the funding program.
search Grants, Advanced Study In-
Economic Benefits
stitute, and Advanced Research
The Department of State surveyed U.S.
Workshop Programs. The OECD
agencies to obtain examples of specific
focused on cooperative activities to en-
benefits to the U.S. taxpayer of col-
sure the more effective development
laboration in science and technology ac-
and utilization of technology in the
tivities. The benefits may be
promotion of economic growth, energy
characterized in four general ways: 1)
security, protection of the environment,
cost containment, 2) elimination of
and international trade. The Interna-
duplication of efforts, 3) increased pace
tional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
of scientific advance, and 4) oppor-
sponsored an international conference
tunities for increased trade.
on the role of nuclear power in response
National Security
strategies to global warming.
U.S. national security and that of its
allies can be enhanced through interna-
Foreign Policy Implications
tional cooperation on defense science
General Foreign Policy
and technology. Cooperative activities
International science and technology
improve the effectiveness of U.S. defen-
agreements often open channels of com-
ses, improve compatibility of military
munication with important elements of
forces (internationally), strengthen al-
society in countries where contact might
liances, and efficiently utilize scarce re-
otherwise be difficult. Moreover, the
search and development resources. The
talents and resources of U.S. agencies
U.S. engaged in a wide variety of
may be applied to resolve crises. Joint
cooperative research and development
science and technology cooperation may
programs funded under the Nunn
also be politically important. Underlying
Amendment. In addition, the U.S.
all of our S&T cooperation is the prin-
entered into a number of new initiatives
cipal that international science and tech-
with NATO allies for defense science
nology agreements are justified and
and technology cooperation.
funded by U.S. agencies on the basis of
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY P. 6
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Secretary of State reported to Congress
Funding of Science and Tech-
the successful negotiation of roughly 25
nology Cooperation
international science and technology
Most of the U.S. federally-supported
agreements during Fiscal Year 1989.
international science and technology ac-
Oversight of the Department of State's
tivities are managed and funded by the
scientific, technological, and environ-
individual technical agencies. In Fiscal
mental activities is achieved, in part
Year 1989, the Department of State was
through semi-annual meetings of the
appropriated specific funding for science
Bureau of Oceans and International En-
and technology cooperation with Poland
vironmental and Scientific Affairs (OES)
and Yugoslavia.
Advisory Committee. In Fiscal Year
1989, the Advisory Committee examined
Coordination and Oversight
such issues as global climate change, the
Soon after assuming his position as As-
state of research into chlorofluorocar-
sistant to the President for Science and
bons (CFC's) and their substitutes, and
Technology Policy, Dr. D. Allan Bromley
other current issues.
endorsed the work of the interagency
Committee on International Science,
Management of Large-Scale
Engineering and Technology (CISET) of
Science Initiatives
the Federal Coordinating Council on
The Bush Administration, like its
Science, Engineering and Technology
predecessors, recognizes that interna-
(FCCSET), and established a new Work-
tional cooperation is necessary in many
ing Group on EC92 S&T issues. In addi-
areas of research. The U.S. plan to col-
tion, a National Security Directive in
laborate with other countries to build a
early May established a Policy Coor-
superconducting super collider is an out-
dinating Committee (PCC) of the Na-
standing example. The critically impor-
tional Security Council, chaired by the
tant effort to understand the processes
Department of State, with oversight
involved in global climate change and the
responsibility for issues related to
need to better understand the existing
oceans, science, technology and en-
biological diversity of the earth and con-
vironment. In compliance with the Case-
ditions for survival of species further em-
Zablocki Act of 1972, as amended, the
phasize this need. The Space Station
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY P. 7
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
program, on which we have agreements
technology information is practicable,
with Europe, Japan, and Canada is clear-
equitable, and reciprocal, as expressed in
ly such a project. Cooperation is built on
Section 502 of the Foreign Relations
extensive communication; successful
Authorization Act, as amended.
cooperation requires careful prioritizing
Cooperative science and technology
before commitments are made. The goal
agreements negotiated by the Depart-
of detailing and understanding the
ment of State now generally include text
human genome (and perhaps that of
stating that the contracting parties shall
other species) will require this approach.
encourage and facilitate cooperation be-
tween government agencies, universities,
U.S Initiatives in Response to
organizations, institutions and other en-
Additional Legislation and
tities of both countries. The Assistant to
Directives: Executive Order
the President for Science and Technol-
12591 Reference, Omnibus
ogy Policy established a Task Force on
Trade and Competitiveness Act
Comparable Access to R&D under the
of 1988, Section 5171, Competi-
U.S./Japan Science and Technology
Agreement.
tiveness Concerns:
Intellectual Property Rights
The U.S. continues its commitment to
In Fiscal Year 1989, the U.S. intensified
ensuring that access to government-
efforts to negotiate provisions in science
sponsored or government-supported
and technology agreements that ade-
programs, facilities, and science and
quately protect and allocate rights to in-
technology information is equitable and
tellectual property furnished or
reciprocal, and that proper consideration
produced in the course of science and
is given to protecting U.S. intellectual
technology cooperation. These IPR
property generated by cooperative
provisions were included in negotiations
science and technology relationships.
for renewal of science and technology
Access
agreements with Argentina, India,
The Department of State is committed
Korea, Spain, Italy, the Federal Republic
to ensuring that access to government-
of Germany, Israel, Turkey, China,
sponsored or government-supported
Thailand, USSR, Hungary and Poland;
programs, facilities, and science and
and in proposed agreements with the
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY P. 8
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Philippines, New Zealand and In-
its annual strategic trade officers' con-
donesia. Details are provided in Chap-
ference, alerting the U.S. Government
ters 1 and 3, and in Chapter 4 under
international technology and trade com-
activities of specific agencies.
munity to the implications for collabora-
Strategic Technology
tion.
Recognizing that the improving climate
Dissemination of S&T Information
in East/West relations would result in
With the successful completion of the
increased interest in science and technol-
Science and Technology Reporting In-
ogy cooperation, the Department of
formation Dissemination Enhancement
State developed written procedures for
(STRIDE) pilot project early in Fiscal
interagency review of science and tech-
Year 1989, it was decided to expand the
nology agreements and activities with
project to include all Department of
Warsaw Pact countries. In addition, the
State science reporting officers.
Department of State organized, in 1989,
P.9
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
decisions and the negotiation and im-
RECOMMENDATIONS
plementation of agreements for peaceful
(detailed in Chapter 1):
nuclear cooperation meeting the re-
Environment: Seek collaboration in ad-
quirements of the Nuclear Non-
vancing an agenda to address interna-
Proliferation Act; attempt to restrain
tional environmental issues of concern to
proliferation- sensitive countries from
the U.S.
crossing the nuclear threshold and seek
Space: Working with the National
international cooperation to this end.
Space Council, NASA, other govern-
Oceans, Polar and Fisheries: Advance
ment agencies and private groups,
U.S. interests in management of interna-
promote international cooperation
tional fisheries; promote the further
where appropriate to further U.S. na-
study and appropriate control of high
tional interests in space.
seas driftnet fishing; establish new North
Science and Technology: Promote U.S.
Pacific Salmon Organization and further
science and technology interests in mul-
to implement the U.S.-USSR Com-
tilateral and bilateral fora to maintain
prehensive Fisheries Agreement. Sup-
U.S. access to foreign research and
port and strengthen the U.S. worldwide
development programs; to promote the
navigation and general maritime posi-
openness of research results; and to
tion as outlined in former President
secure international support for large
Reagan's Ocean Policy Statement of
scale U.S. science projects, consistent
March 10, 1983.
with national security, economic, and
Resources: Continue efforts to incor-
other foreign policy interests.
porate science and technology expertise
Nuclear Energy: Reinforce the U.S.
more effectively into the process of for-
position as a reliable nuclear supplier
mulating and implementing U.S. foreign
through timely nuclear export licensing
policy.
RECOMMENDATIONS P. 10
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
ing in the Paris Economic Summit in
INTRODUCTION
1989 endorsed an urgent need to com-
In recent decades, the world has seen
prehend and respond to threats to our
extraordinary advances in science and
planet in these critical areas. At the same
technology -- advances of pervasive im-
time, collaborative efforts during 1989
portance to every aspect of our lives.
continued to address efficient use of the
Today, leadership in science and tech-
world's energy resources, including safe
nology can have a profound effect on
management of nuclear energy.
national destinies.
Improving global standards of human
In many areas, the pace of scientific
health are also universal aspirations and
advancement exceeds our ability to grasp
achievable only through international
its full implications. It is clear, however,
collaboration. The United States joins
that this progress thrives on international
other nations in continued efforts to
cooperation. Free exchange of informa-
combat AIDS, as well as to address the
tion and ideas serves not only the inter-
range of health concerns endemic to
ests of the scientific community; it also
developing regions of the world.
reinforces basic principles upon which
Most nations now recognize that
our nation was founded. Today, the
science and technology are also two cru-
breadth of scientific inquiry worldwide
cial elements of economic competitive-
and the cost of these activities further
ness -- that scientific and technological
exemplify the need for international col-
competence offers an edge in an increas-
laboration.
ingly competitive global market.
Science and technology cannot solve all
Given the significance of science and
of our problems, but the potential cer-
technology in the world today, America's
tainly exists to alleviate wide areas of
international science and technology
human suffering and make a better life
policy embraces the following principal
possible for people around the world. It
themes and objectives:
is, therefore, in our national interest to
A. To strengthen America's science and
help developing countries achieve the
technology capability
level of technological progress that will
1. Advance U.S. research and development
hold promise for improving the quality of
objectives
life for all of the world's people.
2. Improve U.S. access to areas of research in-
Science and technology are intimately
terest and capability worldwide by the most effi-
cient means
related to the health of our global en-
B. To advance foreign policy goals
vironment and preservation of our
1. Improve international relations; bridge
ecological heritage. With strong support
political, ideological and cultural differences
of the United States, nations participat-
INTRODUCTION, P. 11
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
2. Advance U.S. economic competitiveness
countries, international organizations
and standard of living
and international commissions."
3. Contribute to national security
The Congress acknowledged that the
4. Help developing countries use S&T benefi-
cially
Secretary of State is responsible for coor-
C. Cooperate to understand and deal
dination of foreign activities of the
with global problems; coordinate in the
United States while the Director of the
application of technology to issues of
Office of Science and Technology Policy
global concern
is responsible for coordination of scien-
1. Current particular emphasis on global en-
tific and technological policy, plans and
vironmental issues
programs of the U.S. Government under
2. Other global and regional concerns --
Section 205 of Public Law 94-282. Ac-
natural hazard reduction, nuclear safety, health,
cordingly, it is the intent of Congress that
etc.
these officials work in close association
To ensure the benefits of international
science and technology policy in
in carrying out their respective statutory
American foreign policy, the U.S. Con-
responsibilities.
gress reflected these themes and objec-
Appropriate general knowledge of
tives in Title V of the Foreign Relations
science and technology and under-
Authorization Act of 1979. It was the
standing of current issues is critical to the
conduct of effective international
finding of the Congress that "many op-
portunities in diplomacy lie in scientific
science and technology diplomacy. Con-
and technological fields," and that "the
gress noted, therefore, that "employees
and officers of the United States should
mutually beneficial applications of
science and technology evidenced by
be trained in the application of science
U.S. participation in international agree-
and technology to foreign policy and in
ments should be supported as important
international implications of science and
elements of U.S. foreign policy."
technology developments." Further-
In order to assure effective implemen-
more, "individuals and organizations
tation and review of international
concerned with science and technology
should be consulted in the formulation,
science and technology policy, the Con-
gress established that "the Secretary of
implementation and evaluation of
State shall have primary responsibility
foreign policy."
for coordination and oversight with
Therefore, Congress authorized the ad-
dition of a small number of skilled
respect to all international scientific and
technological activities of the U.S.
professionals and improvement of the
government involving foreign
technological sophistication of the
Foreign Service through education and
training activities, and improvement in
INTRODUCTION, P. 12
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
long-range planning for the application
propriate and timely application of
of science and technology to foreign
science and technology to foreign policy.
policy problems.
This eleventh Annual Report to the
Finally, Congress proposed that tech-
Congress on Science, Technology and
nological developments should be an-
American Diplomacy serves that goal by
ticipated and assessed and appropriate
reviewing the relationship in Fiscal Year
measures implemented in ways benefi-
1989 between major issues of science and
cial to the United States and other na-
technology and U.S. foreign policy objec-
tions. Effective application of science and
tives.
technology to problems of international
relations requires careful planning. U.S.
foreign policy should, therefore, be
reviewed continually to ensure ap-
INTRODUCTION, P. 13
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Chapter 1: Highlights of Activities
activities and agreements on a
TITLE V LEGISLATION
routine basis."
Title V of the Foreign Relations
The Fiscal Year 1989 Title V report,
Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1979 (PL
entitled Science, Technology and
95-426) reads, in part, "The President
American Diplomacy, is the eleventh an-
shall study and shall transmit to the Con-
nual report submitted by the President to
gress a report containing recommenda-
the Congress.
tions with respect to:
(1) personnel requirements, and
PERSONNEL, TRAINING AND
standards and training for service
CAREER DEVELOPMENT
of officers and employees of the
The Department of State, in conjunc-
United States Government, with
tion with the White House Office of
respect to assignments in any
Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)
Federal agency which involve
and other Federal agencies, works to in-
foreign relations and science or
corporate S&T expertise more effective-
technology; and
ly into the process of formulating and
(2) the continuation of existing
implementing U.S. foreign policy objec-
bilateral and multilateral activities
tives.
and agreements involving science
During Fiscal Year 1989, the Depart-
and technology, including (A) an
ment of State employed 154 full-time
analysis of the foreign policy im-
Civil Service and Foreign Service
plications and the scientific and
employees in the areas of science, tech-
technological benefits of such ac-
nology and environment, including 34
tivities or agreements for which
full-time science and technology officers
the United States and other par-
and fisheries attaches in 25 missions
ties, (B) the adequacy of funding
worldwide.
for administration of such ac-
Officers in many other embassies
tivities and agreements, and (C)
devote a significant percent of their
plans for future evaluation of such
responsibilities to science and technol-
ogy and environment issues.
TITLE V LEGISLATION, P. 14
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
SCIENCE COUNSELORS, OFFICERS & FISHERIES ATTACHES
POST
NAME
TITLE
DOS*
BEIJING
WILLIAM THOMAS
SCIENCE COUNSELOR
Y
BEIJING
DARRELL JENKS
SCIENCE OFFICER
Y
BEIJING
SHEREE WILLIS
SCIENCE OFFICER
Y
BELGRADE
ROBERT DAY, JR.
SCIENCE ATTACHE
Y
BONN
EDWARD MALLOY
SCIENCE COUNSELOR
Y
BRASILIA
BARBARA TOBIAS
SCIENCE COUNSELOR
Y
BUDAPEST
THOMAS SCHLENKER
SCIENCE ATTACHE
Y
BUENOS AIRES
ROBERT MORRIS
SCIENCE COUNSELOR
Y
JAKARTA
JEFFREY LUTZ
SCIENCE ATTACHE
Y
LONDON
JAMES DEVINE
SCIENCE COUNSELOR
Y
MADRID
ISHMAEL LARA
SCIENCE ATTACHE
Y
MEXICO
LEROY SIMPKINS
SCIENCE COUNSELOR
Y
MEXICO
ALYCE TIDBALL
SCIENCE OFFICER
Y
MEXICO
HOWARD NESS
FISHERIES ATTACHE
N
MOSCOW
JACK GOSNELL
SCIENCE ATTACHE
Y
MOSCOW
EDWARD SALAZAR
SCIENCE OFFICER
Y
NEW DELHI
PETER HEYDEMANN
SCIENCE COUNSELOR
N
NEW DELHI
KAREN LEVINE
SCIENCE OFFICER
Y
OECD
DANIEL DOLAN
SCIENCE COUNSELOR
Y
OTTAWA
VICTOR COMRAS
SCIENCE COUNSELOR
Y
PARIS
MICHAEL MICHAUD
SCIENCE COUNSELOR
Y
PARIS
GEORGE JOHNSON
SCIENCE ATTACHE
N
PARIS
WILLEM BRAKEL
SCIENCE OFFICER
Y
ROME
RENO HARNISH
SCIENCE COUNSELOR
Y
SEOUL
KENETH W. COHEN
SCIENCE COUNSELOR
Y
TEL AVIV
CHARLES LAWSON
SCIENCE ATTACHE
N
TOKYO
RICHARD GETZINGER
SCIENCE COUNSELOR
Y
TOKYO
MICHAEL MCCABE
SCIENCE OFFICER
Y
TOKYO
JAMES SALISBURY
FISHERIES ATTACHE
N
USEC
PATRICIA HAIGH
SCIENCE OFFICER
Y
VIENNA
FRED MCGOLDRICK
SCIENCE COUNSELOR
Y
VIENNA
MAURICE KATZ
SCIENCE COUNSELOR
N
VIENNA
THEODORE SHERR
SCIENCE COUNSELOR
N
*In the preceding table, "Y" indicates
ment of State and "N" indicates that an
that an officer is a member of the Depart-
officer is from another agency.
TITLE V LEGISLATION, P. 15
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Senior science officers are now assigned
Analyzing and reporting sig-
to U.S. embassies in countries that meet
nificant scientific and environmen-
the following general criteria:
tal developments in their
Substantial national commit-
countries of assignment.
ments to science, technology and
Their host country contacts are
environment;
numerous and diverse, including, for ex-
Significant political or economic
ample, agencies responsible for nuclear
issues associated with science and
energy, environment, scientific and tech-
technology and environment;
nological research and development,
Science and technology and en-
health, agriculture, fisheries, space and
vironmental activities of vital inter-
foreign affairs.
est to the United States, often in-
For many science officers, supervising
cluding a significant number of
the implementation of cooperative
cooperative bilateral programs;
programs is a central element of their
Concerns for the United States in
duties. In countries such as Brazil,
the areas of nuclear non-prolifera-
China, India, Israel, Japan, Poland,
tion, technology transfer, or
Spain, and Yugoslavia, the negotiation of
economic competitiveness.
agreements, management of project
Responsibilities for science, technology
funds, and assisting visiting U.S. officials
and environment are included in the
accounts for a major portion of time and
major goals and objectives of many U.S.
resources.
missions. Within host countries, the
Through regular interaction with the
science officers serve as the chief repre-
governmental, academic, and industrial
sentatives for the United States on
leadership, science officers obtain infor-
science, technology and environment
mation regarding policy and program
matters. Their responsibilities include:
development in science, technology and
Advising the Ambassador and his
environment affairs. Major scientific
country team on issues related to
developments and new programs to
science and environment;
promote specific technologies or scien-
Representing the U.S.
tific disciplines can have significant im-
Government's interests to the host
plications for U.S. interests. In analyzing
government;
and reporting these developments,
Assisting in the negotiation of
science officers play a key role in alerting
cooperative agreements and im-
the U.S. Government to potential
plementation of cooperative
cooperative opportunities or
programs between U.S. agencies
economic/national security challenges in
and host country organizations;
fields as diverse as space science,
TITLE V LEGISLATION, P. 16
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Senior science officers are now assigned
Analyzing and reporting sig-
to U.S. embassies in countries that meet
nificant scientific and environmen-
the following general criteria:
tal developments in their
Substantial national commit-
countries of assignment.
ments to science, technology and
Their host country contacts are
environment;
numerous and diverse, including, for ex-
Significant political or economic
ample, agencies responsible for nuclear
issues associated with science and
energy, environment, scientific and tech-
technology and environment;
nological research and development,
Science and technology and en-
health, agriculture, fisheries, space and
vironmental activities of vital inter-
foreign affairs.
est to the United States, often in-
For many science officers, supervising
cluding a significant number of
the implementation of cooperative
cooperative bilateral programs;
programs is a central element of their
Concerns for the United States in
duties. In countries such as Brazil,
the areas of nuclear non-prolifera-
China, India, Israel, Japan, Poland,
tion, technology transfer, or
Spain, and Yugoslavia, the negotiation of
economic competitiveness.
agreements, management of project
Responsibilities for science, technology
funds, and assisting visiting U.S. officials
and environment are included in the
accounts for a major portion of time and
major goals and objectives of many U.S.
resources.
missions. Within host countries, the
Through regular interaction with the
science officers serve as the chief repre-
governmental, academic, and industrial
sentatives for the United States on
leadership, science officers obtain infor-
science, technology and environment
mation regarding policy and program
matters. Their responsibilities include:
development in science, technology and
Advising the Ambassador and his
environment affairs. Major scientific
country team on issues related to
developments and new programs to
science and environment;
promote specific technologies or scien-
Representing the U.S.
tific disciplines can have significant im-
Government's interests to the host
plications for U.S. interests. In analyzing
government;
and reporting these developments,
Assisting in the negotiation of
science officers play a key role in alerting
cooperative agreements and im-
the U.S. Government to potential
plementation of cooperative
cooperative opportunities or
programs between U.S. agencies
economic/national security challenges in
and host country organizations;
fields as diverse as space science,
TITLE V LEGISLATION, P. 16
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
biotechnology, advanced materials and
State conducted a review of the work
processes, etc.
required of officers serving in S&T func-
In order to address the increasing im-
tions overseas. The conclusions of ob-
pact of science and technology in foreign
servers in the government and in the
affairs, the Department of State estab-
science community, including academia,
lished within the Foreign Service a
professional organizations, and private
separate occupational category for
industry, is that individuals who serve in
Science and Technology officers. This
science and technology assignments
category, a subfunction of the economic
must possess a balanced competence in
area, combines traditional diplomacy
scientific disciplines and international
with an understanding in specialized
relations.
scientific fields and issues.
In Fiscal Year 1989, the Department of
The Department of State is working
State made significant progress in sup-
with Congress to develop a Science and
port of the objectives of Section 4(b) of
Environment Resources Package which
Executive Order 12591, entitled
is intended to project all Departmental
"Facilitating Access to Science and Tech-
resource requirements, both in
nology," which requires the Secretary of
Washington and in overseas posts, for the
State to develop a recruitment policy that
conduct of scientific, technological and
encourages scientists and engineers from
environmental affairs. The initiative is
other Federal agencies, academic in-
directed toward expanding the
stitutions, and industry to apply for as-
Department's capabilities in these areas
signments at our embassies as Science
in support of U.S. foreign policy objec-
Attaches or Science Counselors.
tives. It includes consideration of estab-
Accepted candidates receive a Limited
lishing new senior science positions in
Foreign Service appointment for the
additional U.S. embassies, and it is close-
duration of the assignment and are
ly tied to Departmental plans for ex-
granted all rights, protection of Foreign
panded training and career development
Service Officers and diplomats, as estab-
opportunities in scientific and environ-
lished under the Foreign Service Act of
mental affairs for the Foreign Service
1980.
Officers corps.
Currently, there are personnel from the
The Department of State considers
public and private sector on limited
foreign policy expertise as well as scien-
Foreign Service appointments serving in
tific and technical expertise in creden-
Korea, Paris, Vienna, Mexico, Tokyo,
tials of candidates for science positions in
and New Delhi under this program. All
U.S. embassies. In response to Execu-
positions of each upcoming assignments
tive Order 12591, the Department of
cycle are reviewed to determine ap-
TITLE V LEGISLATION, P. 17
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
propriate vacancies for the program.
through interagency meetings, the exper-
Potential candidates are actively
tise of scientists in other agencies of the
recruited from other agencies and from
government.
the private sector.
The State Department, the Agency for
Experts from the public and private sec-
International Development (AID) and
tor are also given short-term assignments
the Arms Control and Disarmament
at embassies overseas to study and report
Agency (ACDA) also participate in the
on selected S&T topics, particularly
Science, Engineering and Diplomacy,
emerging technologies. During Fiscal
and the Science, Arms Control and Na-
Year 1989, for example, specialists from
tional Security Fellows Programs of the
National Science Foundation and the
American Association for the Advance-
National Technical Information Service
ment of Science, employing 33 fellows in
were stationed in Tokyo. In addition,
a number of offices related to science,
U.S. agencies such as the National
technology, health, environmental and
Aeronautics and Space Administration
national security issues.
(NASA), the National Science Founda-
Continuing educational and technical
tion (NSF), the National Institute of
training activities for science and tech-
Standards and Technology (NIST), and
nology officers are ongoing areas of em-
the Department of Energy (DOE) have
phasis. Personnel are encouraged to
stationed roughly 15 employees in U.S.
attend or participate in local, national
embassies to support the interests of
and international conferences relevant
their respective agencies.
to development of international science
The Office of Naval Research (ONR)
and technology policies, and to take ad-
maintains branches in Tokyo and Lon-
vantage of technology review oppor-
don analyzing significant S&T develop-
tunities. These informal educational and
ments in their respective regions. These
training opportunities include activities
offices work closely with the science of-
such as visits to public and private sector
ficers based in U.S. embassies
laboratories and attendance at trade
throughout their regions.
shows, seminars, conferences, and ap-
In Washington, a significant number of
propriate professional organizational
officers in the Department of State's
meetings. In addition, several formal ac-
Bureau of Oceans and International En-
tivities and programs have been designed
vironmental and Scientific Affairs (OES)
to assist science and technology officers
have formal training in scientific dis-
in updating and improving their science
ciplines. In addition, the OES Bureau
and technology expertise as well as ex-
draws on the expertise of scientists to
panding their overall viewpoint of inter-
serve on its advisory committee and,
national science and technology.
TITLE V LEGISLATION, P. 18
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Foreign Service Institute (FSI) Train-
science and technology funding
ing course in Science, Technology and
priorities. Science and technology of-
American Diplomacy - The third con-
ficers also met in one-on-one discussions
secutive annual course entitled "Science,
with agency personnel relative to
Technology and American Diplomacy"
bilateral cooperative science and tech-
was sponsored by FSI in June 1989. The
nology issues with their host countries.
course provided perspectives on current
This annual conference assisted the
key issues in science and technology and
science and technology officers to per-
their implications for U.S. foreign policy.
form their duties more efficiently at their
The one-week course covered issues
missions.
such as environmental management and
Long-term University Training - This
global climate change, information tech-
training program emphasizes the
nology, the U.S. role in "big" science
relationship between contemporary
projects such as mapping the human
scientific achievements and American
genome, the superconducting super col-
foreign policy. Graduate programs are
lider, and the relationship between
well established at a number of univer-
science and technology and economic
sities including Princeton, MIT and
competitiveness. The course had a
George Washington Universities. Fol-
limited enrollment of 26 people from the
lowing training, officers are expected to
Department of State and other Federal
serve at least two tours in science and
agencies engaged in international
technology or non-proliferation related
science and technology activities.
assignments beginning with one in the
Annual S&T Officers Conference - In
Bureau of Oceans and International En-
September, 1989, the Department of
vironmental and Scientific Affairs
State held its annual Science and Tech-
(OES).
nology Officers Conference designed to
Outside assignments - science and tech-
review with current science and technol-
nology officers also have the opportunity
ogy officers contemporary issues in
to expand their expertise by serving in
science and technology and implications
exchange assignments outside of the
for U.S. policy. Science and technology
Department of State. There have been
officers from 20 missions worldwide at-
several details of personnel between the
tended the three-day conference.
Department of State and the National
Senior-level administrators from U.S.
Science Foundation.
Government agencies addressed the
In Fiscal Year 1989, an exchange agree-
conference on a range of subjects includ-
ment between OES and the Los Alamos
ing the environment, health, space, ener-
National Laboratories enables a Civil
gy, economic competitiveness, and U.S.
Service or Foreign Service Officer who
TITLE V LEGISLATION, P. 19
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
has a strong scientific and technological
serve in a science and technology or non-
background to be assigned to a National
proliferation related assignment.
Laboratory. The tour of duty generally is
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL &
for two years. An officer assigned to Los
Alamos functions in a senior-level
MULTILATERAL S&T AC-
capacity that emphasizes the officer's
TIVITIES
background and training needs. Possible
In Fiscal Year 1989, the United States
areas of emphasis include 1) analysis of
was engaged in nearly 600 bilateral
interaction between technological
science and technology agreements in-
development and national security
volving more than 20 U.S. agencies and
policy; 2) Nuclear non-proliferation and
120 foreign countries. In the following
material accounting technology;3) Tech-
tables are summarized Science and
nology transfer, national security, and
Technology Agreements by Region,
economic competitiveness. Following
Subject, and Agency.
assignment, the officer is expected to
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 20
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
S&T AGREEMENTS BY AGENCY
120
NUMBER
HHS
100
80
DOT
NRC
USGS
60
DOE
40
NOAA
NSF
NASA
USDA
20
EPA
NIST
0
Key to Agencies: DOT = Department
and Technology; NOAA = National
of Transportation; DOE = Department
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-
of Energy ; EPA = Environmental
tion; NRC = Nuclear Regulatory Com-
Protection Agency; HHS = Health and
mission; NSF = National Science
Human Services; NASA = National
Foundation; USDA = U.S. Department
Aeronautical and Space Administration;
of Agriculture; USGS = U.S. Geological
NIST = National Institutes of Standards
Survey.
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 21
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
S&T AGREEMENTS BY SUBJECT
70
BIO EAR
NUMBER
60
ENR
50
NAT
40
BAS
FDR
30
S&T
ENV
20
AGR
FISH
10
MAR
0
Key to Subjects: AGR = Agriculture;
Drug Regulation; FISH = Fisheries;
BAS = Basic Sciences; BIO = Biomedi-
NAT = Natural Resources; NUC =
cal Sciences; EAR = Earth Sciences;
Nuclear Safety; S&T = Science and
ENR = Energy; ENV = Environment;
Technology (Umbrella) Agreements.
FISH = Fisheries; FDR = Food and
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 22
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
S&T AGREEMENTS BY REGION
50
PERCENT
EUR
40
30
20
EAP
10
NEA
ARA
AF
0
Key to Regions: EUR = Europe, EAP = American Republics; NEA = Near
= East Asia and the Pacific; ARA
East and South Asia; AF = Africa
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 23
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
U.S. sensitivity to global concerns and
Other nations, such as India, Japan and
collaborative achievements were par-
the United Kingdom, have assumed
ticularly noteworthy in the following
leadership roles in support of this initia-
areas.
tive. The Organization of Economic
Cooperation and Development
Environment
(OECD), too, in the context of its work
In the past year, the United States has
on integrating environment and
responded to growing U.S. and interna-
economic decision-making, is examin-
tional concern about our global environ-
ing, at the Summit leaders' request, how
ment. In this area, the opportunities for
selected environmental indicators can be
science and technology to contribute to
developed.
human welfare have never been more
A major cooperative interagency effort
clear.
has resulted in a prioritized and or-
Of the environment, President Bush has
ganized U.S. government-wide GCRP
noted that "We face the prospect of being
(global change research program) which
trapped on a boat which we have ir-
is the basis for extensive international
reparably damaged, not by the cataclysm
cooperation and coordination on this
of war, but by the slow neglect of a vessel
critical subject. The U.S. was one of the
we believed to be impervious to our
first countries to commit to seek
abuse."
worldwide elimination of
During Fiscal Year 1989, a number of
chlorofluorocarbon emissions by the
U.S. government initiatives and interna-
year 2000, provided that safe substitutes
tional activities have enhanced interna-
are available, and we take pride as well
tional cooperation on environmental
in progress in dealing with the problems
research. In the Paris Economic Sum-
of transboundary pollution and hazard-
mit, President Bush joined with other
ous waste. President Bush proposed
heads of state in calling for urgent,
legislation designed to reduce sig-
decisive action to understand and protect
nificantly emissions of sulfur dioxide and
the earth's ecological balance.
other acid rain precursors. The Presi-
The U.S. was instrumental in estab-
dent also announced that he will seek
lishing the Intergovernmental Panel on
legislation to ban exports of hazardous
Climate Change (IPCC) and accepted
wastes from this country, except where
chairmanship of its Response Strategies
we have an agreement with the receiving
Working Group to assess the state of
country to provide environmentally
scientific knowledge about global
sound management of such wastes.
climate change and to develop and
During Fiscal Year 1989, special em-
evaluate possible policy responses.
phasis on environmental cooperation
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 24
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
was included in activities under bilateral
International Union for the Conserva-
agreements with a number of countries,
tion of Nature made public its draft of a
among them Japan, Canada, and the
proposed biological diversity conven-
United Kingdom. Also, the U.S. in-
tion.
itiated new agreements for environmen-
U.S. bilateral efforts continue to make
tal research cooperation with the
major contributions in this area, such as
Republic of Korea and with Mexico, the
tropical forest conservation and restora-
latter focusing on transboundary pollu-
tion of ecological damage in Argentina.
tion involving border cities, and coopera-
The U.S. joined other nations in in-
tive research on pollution in Mexico City.
creasing support for multilateral or-
As part of the President's Eastern
ganizations addressing issues such as
European Initiatives, he introduced an
ozone depletion, climate change, and en-
environmental thrust in July, 1989, con-
vironmental preservation. Senior en-
sisting of two major activities:
vironmental leaders, such as the director
The U.S. and Poland initiated dis-
of the Japanese Environment Agency,
cussion of a plan for air and water
also visited the U.S. to discuss with the
pollution abatement in the his-
Environmental Protection Agency Ad-
toric city of Krakow.
ministrator areas of potential coopera-
The U.S. took steps to establish
tion.
an organizing committee for an in-
Environment issues were included for
dependent regional environmen-
the first time in the agenda of the annual
tal center in Budapest.
US-EC Ministerial consultations. En-
On October 25, 1988, President Reagan
vironmental Protection Agency Ad-
signed a resolution designed to exert US
ministrator William Reilly joined
leadership in negotiating an internation-
Secretary of State Baker, who chaired the
al convention to conserve the earth's
meeting, and three other cabinet offi-
biological diversity. The Department of
cials, in discussions with Commission
State organized a symposium in March,
President Delors and other EC commis-
1989 to solicit views on this topic from a
sioners.
broad range of business, government,
The message that the U.S. delivers
and conservation organizations. The
abroad is that all nations must join in
15th session of the United Nations En-
making such commitments if we are to
vironment Programme Governing
solve these complex environmental
Council adopted a U.S. resolution calling
problems.
upon the UNEP Executive Director to
initiate work to negotiate a biological
diversity convention. In July, 1989, the
Energy
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 25
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Closely associated with cooperation in
ing with Japanese and Chinese counter-
environmental research and manage-
part agencies in the fields of clean-coal
ment are joint efforts to understand and
technology and solar energy.
utilize efficiently our energy resources.
Nuclear Energy, Nuclear and Chemical
As with environmental research, sig-
Weapon Non-proliferation
nificant energy research is performed at
On the nuclear front, the U.S. con-
the bilateral level. Results of these areas
tinued efforts to strengthen the interna-
of research can bear directly on con-
tional non-proliferation regime, to gain
sideration of response strategies for
new adherents to the non-proliferation
climate change policy.
treaty, and to prevent potential
In Fiscal Year 1989, an energy research
proliferant countries from crossing the
and development memorandum of un-
nuclear explosives threshold. At the
derstanding was established between the
same time, it is our goal to reinforce the
Department of Energy and the Canadian
U.S. reputation as a reliable partner in
Department of Energy, Mines and
nuclear cooperation.
Resources. Areas of cooperative effort
In Fiscal Year 1989, the U.S. and Japan
include gas hydrates, coal heavy oil co-
continued activities under a broad pro-
processing high power lasers, alternative
gram of cooperation in nuclear research,
transportation fuels, solar technologies,
including research on safeguards
and other fields.
methods and technologies to permit
Israel is a world leader in solar energy
remote monitoring of the fuel cycle.
development. In Fiscal Year 1989,
Nuclear cooperation between Korea and
under the DOE/Ministry of Science and
the U.S. assists in enhancing public safety
Technology cooperative agreement in
and in advancing the development of
basic energy sciences, planning began for
nuclear technology. Excellent coopera-
two workshops on photoconversion,
tion between the U.S. Nuclear
photocatalysis, and energy-related
Regulatory Commission (NRC) and its
biological sciences. In addition, the
Korean counterpart continues to en-
American-Israeli LUZ Corp. installed a
hance Korea's capabilities in regulation,
194 MW solar electric generating system
inspection, emergency response, and
in southern California which supplies
nuclear safety. Joint research has en-
electricity to some 70,000 homes, the
tailed extensive changes of information
result of past support from the U.S.-Is-
mutually beneficial to both countries.
raeli Binational Industrial Research and
Exchange programs with DOE have
Development Foundation (BIRD).
provided training in spent fuel manage-
Through a series of memoranda of un-
ment, fuel fabrication technology and
derstanding and contracts, DOE is work-
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 26
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
other areas supporting broad U.S.
twentieth anniversary of the Apollo
nuclear policy objectives.
Moon Landing, President Bush asked
Over the past decade, the world has
Vice-President Quayle to lead the Na-
witnessed an erosion of respect for the
tional Space Council in determining
international norms against the illegal
what is needed to chart a new and con-
use of chemical weapons (CW). The
tinuing course of space exploration to the
U.S. seeks to reverse this trend by con-
Moon and Mars.
cluding a CW ban, working to stem the
The Space Station Intergovernmental
dangerous proliferation of CW and striv-
Agreement (signed on September 29,
ing to restore respect for and strengthen
1988) began implementation in Fiscal
the norms against illegal CW use. In his
Year 1989. Japan ratified the Space Sta-
speech to the U.N. General Assembly in
tion Intergovernmental Agreement in
September, 1989, President Bush an-
June, 1989 and will cooperate with the
nounced a U.S. initiative to give addi-
U.S., Europe and Canada to develop an
tional impetus to concluding a worldwide
experimental module for the space sta-
ban by declaring that in the first eight
tion and support the U.S.-developed in-
years of a CW treaty, the U.S. is prepared
frastructure.
to destroy nearly all - 98 percent - of its
On September 5, 1989, representatives
CW stockpile, provided the Soviets join
of the United States, nine members of
the ban.
the European Space Agency, Japan, and
To prevent the production and use of
Canada met in Washington for the first
chemical and biological weapons, we will
government-level review of Space Sta-
need a strong scientific and technological
tion cooperation. At the conclusion of
base for policy decisions. Technological-
the meeting, the partners issued a joint
ly advanced methods will be required to
statement emphasizing their commit-
verify compliance with any international
ment "to continue to consult and to work
agreements in this frightening new arena.
together to preserve the international
International cooperation in research
character of the project and the balance
and enforcement will be critical.
of mutual benefits and responsibilities
Space
reflecting the genuine partnership set
In Fiscal Year 1989, President Bush
forth in the agreements."
asked Vice President Quayle to chair a
Several bilateral programs linked to the
new National Space Council, which is to
Space Shuttle Program provide the
review and develop U.S. policy. National
framework for payload specialists to fly
areas of review included commercial
aboard future shuttle flights. In Fiscal
space activities and remote sensing. In
Year 1989, three Japanese payload
his July 20 speech on the occasion of the
specialists trained with NASA and agree-
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 27
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
ment was reached to train an Indonesian
In the last decade, there has been a
payload specialist in 1990. NASA and
rapid growth in the use of high seas
the Federal Republic of Germany also
driftnets in the Pacific Ocean. This fish-
signed an agreement to launch a German
ing method has been criticized as need-
Spacelab on the Space Shuttle.
lessly harmful to seabirds, marine
Italy is our most active European
mammals and other ocean resources not
partner in space cooperation, dedicating
intended to be taken. Congress passed
about half of its $800 million space
the Driftnet Impact Monitoring Assess-
budget to national projects involving the
ment and Control Act in 1987 which
U.S. and Italian scientists and engineers
mandated that the executive branch
are working on cooperative projects for
negotiate monitoring and enforcement
the space station, remote sensing, and
agreements with every country with a
space launch vehicles and facilities.
high seas driftnet fishery in the North
Twenty-nine U.S. experiments also were
Pacific.
conducted in connection with the Soviet
In 1989, the U.S. completed agreements
Cosmos 2044 biosatellite mission. In
with Japan, Korea, and Taiwan which
August, 1989, the Israeli Space Agency
include time and area fishing restrictions,
chairman met the Vice President to dis-
licensing requirements, marking of nets
cuss possible Israeli cooperation in the
and vessels, mandatory reporting of fish-
U.S. Space program.
ing vessel location, use of locating
The Committee on Space Policy of the
transponders, reporting of fishing proce-
National Academies of Science and En-
dures. The agreements also establish
gineering prepared recommendations
cooperative scientific observer programs
for the new Administration concerning
or non-target species. The resulting
the strengthening of our nations' civil
analysis will allow us to establish future
aviation program. These recommenda-
policy towards high seas driftnetting and
tions emphasized the need for a core
set the stage for later cooperative ac-
program, balanced and stable enough to
tivities.
ensure U.S. competence in essential
A US-USSR Intergovernmental Con-
space activities. This competence should
sultative Committee on fisheries (ICC)
provide the foundation for special initia-
was established pursuant to the 1988
tives that meet U.S. scientific, cultural
bilateral Comprehensive Fisheries
and foreign policy objectives, and for
Agreement. Issues such as unregulated
which international partnerships with
fisheries in the Bering Sea, and the illegal
other spacefaring nations is essential.
harvest by third parties of salmon in the
Oceans and Fisheries
high seas areas of the North Pacific were
discussed. On the former matter, the
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 28
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
ICC established the Bering Sea Fisheries
The U.S. firmly supports the conserva-
Advisory Body (BSFAB) to advise the
tion of whales, based on the conservation
Committee on the rational management
program determined by the Internation-
of fisheries in the Bering Sea including
al Whaling Commission (IWC). In 1989,
the area beyond the 200 mile limits (the
the U.S. hosted the 4 1st annual meeting
"donut") and on actions which may be
of the IWC, at which resolutions critical
taken to reach agreements to control the
of the scientific whaling of Japan, Iceland
unregulated fisheries in this "donut" area.
and Norway were passed. In addition,
Polar Affairs and Marine Mammals
U.S. scientists and officials met with rep-
In Fiscal Year 1989, the U.S. engaged in
resentatives of each country in an effort
a number of significant initiatives con-
to help bring the scientific whaling
cerning the polar regions. In November,
programs into compliance with criteria
1988, the U.S. Government signed the
established by the IWC.
Convention for the Regulation of An-
Health And Quality Of Life
tarctic Mineral Resource Activities, a
Health and improved quality of life are
framework regime designed to deter-
universal aspirations. Fiscal Year 1989
mine the acceptability of possible mining
saw a continuation of significant interna-
activities, while protecting the unique
tional biomedical research cooperation.
Antarctic environment. Additionally, at
Bilateral research on AIDS (Acquired
the 15th Annual Antarctic Treaty Con-
Immune Deficiency Syndrome) con-
sultative Meeting, the U.S. Government
tinued between the U.S. and France, In-
proposed new measures concerning
donesia and Japan. These programs
marine pollution, waste management,
offer not only significant exchange of re-
protected areas, and environmental
search results, but also critical
monitoring, which were endorsed by the
epidemiological data on populations
Consultative Parties. In the Arctic, the
outside of the United States. The impact
Interagency Arctic Policy Working
of AIDS continues as the number of
Group, chaired by the Department of
cases increases in virtually all areas of the
State, oversaw progress toward the crea-
world. Estimating the demographic,
tion of a non-governmental organization
economic, social and political impacts of
to coordinate Arctic scientific research,
the International Arctic Scientific Com-
the AIDS epidemic is hampered by in-
mittee. The Interagency Arctic Policy
sufficient data and forecasting techni-
Working Group also oversaw U.S. par-
ques. In Fiscal Year 1989, the U.S.
ticipation in discussions with other Arctic
Government completed phase I of the
countries over issues related to Arctic
development of a model whose purpose
environmental protection.
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 29
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
is making projections of the international
tinued to emphasize strong support for
impact of AIDS.
voluntary international family planning
Of similar global concern is the increas-
programs, the integration of population
ingly widespread problem of drug abuse.
and economic development policies, the
The President has indicated that reduc-
critical role that a market-oriented
ing the demand for drugs must be at the
economy can play in development and in
center of our anti-drug policy. Indeed,
the demographic transition, and the
one clearly delineated research priority
prohibition of U.S. support for coercion
in President Bush's National Drug
or abortion in family planning programs.
Strategy is "Increased basic and clinical
research on drug use and addiction." The
Basic Science
National Drug Strategy also stresses in-
Details of basic science cooperation are
ternational cooperation in combatting
included in subsequent chapters review-
this problem. In support of these objec-
ing S&T by themes, countries, and
tives, the Department of State began a
relevant agencies. The following are
study of existing and potential areas for
some examples of significant basic
international drug research collabora-
science projects initiated or enhanced
tion.
during Fiscal Year 1989:
In Fiscal Year 1989, the U.S. also
Superconducting Super Collider: A
worked with specific countries on medi-
major science and technology project in
cal problems unique to certain regions of
which international cooperation may
the world. For example, the United
have important benefits for the United
States and Argentina conducted
States is the Superconducting Supercol-
cooperative research on hemorrhagic
lider (SSC). During 1989 the Depart-
fever. The United States and Japan
ment of State worked closely with the
cooperated in the study of a number of
Department of Energy and other agen-
tropical disease research programs (e.g.
cies to develop a plan for involving other
malaria, schistosomiasis), assisting
countries in the SSC initiative.
developing nations to reduce the health
Human Genome Research: The
as well as economic impact of these dis-
Human Genome Initiative is an interna-
eases.
tional research effort with the goal of
With regard to population issues, the
analyzing the structure of human DNA
Department of State's Office of the
and determining the location of all
Coordinator for Population Affairs has
human genes, as well as those of addi-
responsibility for coordinating U.S. in-
tional organisms. The Human Genome
ternational population policy. In Fiscal
Initiative is being managed by the Na-
Year 1989, United States policy con-
tional Center for Human Genome Re-
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 30
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
search of NIH, in close collaboration
fort, involving several joint committees.
with the Department of Energy. The im-
These groups have been established and
portance, complexity, and cost of the ef-
have started their work. In October,
fort to map and sequence the human
1988, the President's Science Advisor
genome makes international coopera-
chaired a ministerial-level meeting for
tion essential. Most developed countries
the full agreement.
are already formulating strategies to un-
In Fiscal Year 1989, minister-level offi-
dertake aspects of this international ef-
cials from countries such as Indonesia,
fort, and some developing countries have
Israel, the Philippines, France and the
expressed interest in participating in the
Federal Republic of Germany also
research as well. Cooperation has al-
visited the U.S. to discuss basic science
ready begun between the United States
cooperation. Subsequent chapters of
and the European Community as well as
this document expand on Fiscal Year
with the United Kingdom. In addition,
1989 developments under bilateral S&T
in order to strengthen the collaborative
cooperation agreements.
effort among nations, an international
Other Multilateral Activities
body of prominent molecular biologists
President Bush and other Summit
and human geneticists has formed the
leaders devoted unprecedented atten-
"Human Genome Organizations"
tion to the environment, dedicating a sig-
(HUGO).
nificant portion of their Paris
Bilateral S&T Cooperation (High-
Declaration to consideration of environ-
lights): A new basic science agreement
mental issues. Calling for "decisive ac-
with the USSR was jointly signed in
tion," they proposed greater
January, 1989, providing for cooperation
international cooperation on environ-
in a broad range of common science in-
mental problems ranging from the
terests. Similar agreements were in-
stratosphere to the oceans.
itiated or renewed with countries such as
The US-EC High Technology Group
Hungary and Poland. (See below -
met twice during Fiscal Year 1989. The
Foreign Policy Implications - for further
discussions, in which a number of U.S.
details.)
Government agencies participate, are in-
This Fiscal Year, the U.S. and Brazil
depth exchanges of views and informa-
obligated $2 million each to launch
tion. This year's agenda included access
cooperation in six areas of cooperative
to publicly funded research and develop-
research under the Presidential initia-
ment, clean coal processing tech-
tive. The U.S.-Japan Science and Tech-
nologies, and biotechnology.
nology Agreement, signed in 1988,
The 53-member U.N. Committee on
includes an extensive implementation ef-
the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 31
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
(COPOUS) continued to be active
power in response strategies to global
during Fiscal Year 1989. Member states
warming. The IAEA also reaffirmed the
focused on the use of space technology
importance of maintaining high levels of
for combatting environmental problems.
activity in the fields of nuclear safety and
Members decided to emphasize the use
waste management. The IAEA con-
of space technology in terrestrial search
tinues to provide an international forum
and rescue in disaster relief activities.
for scientists to exchange ideas and ex-
NATO's "Third Dimension," its civil
perience.
service Science Programme, com-
plementing the military and the political-
IMPLICATIONS OF S&T AC-
economic dimensions, continues to
TIVITIES
sponsor the Science Fellowships, Col-
Foreign Policy Implications
laborative Research Grants, Advanced
The Department of State has coordina-
Study Institute, and Advanced Research
tion and oversight responsibility for
Workshop Programs.
more than 600 science and technology
During Fiscal Year 1989, the OECD
agreements involving more than 20 U.S.
focused on cooperative activities to en-
agencies and 120 countries.
sure the more effective development and
These agreements often open channels
utilization of technology in the promo-
of communication with important ele-
tion of economic growth, energy security,
ments of society in countries where con-
protection of the environment, and inter-
tact might otherwise be difficult.
national trade.
We have demonstrated our responsive-
Efforts to develop a broad international
ness to the very positive signs of "glas-
consensus on climate change issues are
nost" in the Soviet Union with
focused on Intergovernmental Panel on
invigorated cooperation in basic scien-
Climate Change (IPCC), established in
tific research, transportation and en-
Fiscal Year 1989. IPCC's main tasks are
vironment. U.S. science and technology
to assess scientific information related to
cooperation in countries such as Argen-
the various components of climate
tina can play a vital role in support of
change, to review and study evaluate the
democracy and democratic institutions.
environmental and socio-economic con-
Chinese students and other intellec-
sequences of climate change and to
tuals have been exposed to our culture
develop and evaluate possible response
and values through cooperative science
strategies.
and technology initiatives. Our science
The International Atomic Energy
and technology program with China
Agency (IAEA) sponsored an interna-
celebrates its Tenth Anniversary this
tional conference on the role of nuclear
year. It is the most extensive joint
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 32
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
science and technology effort between
fisheries and earth sciences. The
the U.S. and any foreign government,
U.S./Yugoslavia umbrella science and
covering the environment, space,
technology agreement added bilateral
medicine, terrestrial and marine science,
activities in areas such as mapping and
industrial science and technology, and
sequencing the human genome, drug
educational exchange. Preparations for
abuse prevention and treatment. Yugos-
the Tenth Anniversary ministerial meet-
lav scientists are active in U.S. research
ing were interrupted by the events in
on climate change.
Tianenmen Square in June, 1989.
Underlying all of our S&T cooperation
Moreover, the talents and resources of
is the principal that international science
U.S. agencies may be applied to resolve
and technology agreements are justified
crises. Joint science and technology
and funded by U.S. agencies on the basis
cooperation may also be politically im-
of their individual scientific and tech-
portant, and Presidential science and
nological merits, and take into account
technology initiatives such as those with
the benefits of each party. While not an
Brazil and India deepen our bilateral
underlying objective, federal agencies
relationships with such countries.
are also paying closer attention to
On July 13, 1989, President Bush in his
economic and commercial merit of
Budapest address announced that the
cooperative agreements.
U.S. would initiate science and technol-
Economic Benefits
ogy cooperation with Hungary. During
The pace of scientific and technological
Fiscal Year 1989, the U.S. government
advance is dependent upon the com-
negotiated a science and technology
munication of ideas. The exchange
umbrella agreement with Hungary in-
which occurs under science and technol-
cluding projected cooperation in en-
ogy agreements allows the U.S. science
vironment, medical science, energy,
and technology establishment to focus on
natural resources, and science and tech-
the most promising avenues of endeavor.
nology management. Separate agency-
Indeed, this intellectual exchange can
to-agency activities with Hungary
provide a creative stimulus to the U.S.
include the areas of biomedical sciences,
science and technology establishment,
metrology, basic sciences and earth
and a more efficient allocation of scarce
sciences.
and valuable resources.
The U.S. Government reactivated the
Past Title V reports have devoted less
umbrella science and technology agree-
attention to detailed economic benefits
ment with Poland and agency-to-agency
of science and technology cooperation.
activities in areas of environment,
Therefore, in Fiscal Year 1989, the
biomedical sciences, basic sciences,
Department of State surveyed U.S. agen-
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 33
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
cies to obtain examples of specific
number of metabolites that can be
benefits to the U.S. taxpayer of col-
tested.
laboration in science and technology ac-
The French currently provide real
tivities. The benefits may be
time data to the U.S. from 2000 ex-
characterized in four general ways: 1)
pendable bathythermographs
cost containment, 2) elimination of
deployed each year in the Atlan-
duplication of efforts, 3) increased pace
tic, Pacific and Indian Oceans.
of scientific advance, and 4) oppor-
French deep-water simulators
tunities for increased trade.
were used in diving physiology
Cost containment reduces the cost of
studies, saving NOAA substantial
research by sharing the cost between the
costs. Results from a French sam-
U.S. and its collaborating partner. Cost
pling cruise along the Mid-Atlan-
containment can be achieved by shared
tic Ridge allowed NOAA to maxi-
equipment and personnel, without
mize the cost-effectiveness of a
diminishing the overall quality of the re-
subsequent sampling cruise.
search. Some examples of this type of
The Poles have a facility for study-
benefit include:
ing models of grain dust ex-
Cooperation between Canada
plosions which is used by U.S.
and the Environmental Protection
Department of Agriculture
Agency on pollution control and
(USDA) researchers.
management of the Great Lakes
The National Institute of Stand-
has significantly reduced U.S. ex-
ards and Technology (NIST) and
penses in this area.
researchers in Sweden col-
Cooperation between China and
laborated on research in high-
NOAA (National Oceanic and At-
temperature superconductors and
mospheric Administration) has
used a fusion particle accelerator
led to Chinese research vessels
that is not available in the U.S.
being scheduled for use in two
Operational cost savings have
major oceanographic cruises at a
been significant.
savings to the U.S. of approximate-
The Department of Transporta-
ly $500,000 per cruise.
tion is using the Mercedes-Benz
National Institute of Cancer scien-
driving simulator in Berlin in
tists are working with Finnish col-
cooperative studies to determine
leagues to screen plant metabo-
the effects of certain drugs on driv-
lites for anti-cancer and anti-viral
ing performance.
activity. The collaboration allows
Assistance to the United Arab
cost sharing and increases the
Emirates on fresh water manage-
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 34
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
ment allowed the U.S. Geological
on emerging technologies that con-
Survey (USGS) to test, at no cost,
trol environmental pollution.
techniques and models in an en-
These technologies include fusion
vironment similar to the south-
furnaces for waste disposal, and
western U.S.
fine pore aeration methodology
International collaboration can also
for sewage.
eliminate duplication of effort which
Japan spends approximately three
results in indirect economic benefit for
times as much as the U.S. annually
the United States. Via international col-
on earthquake disaster prepara-
laboration, information is made known
tion. Cooperative studies have
to U.S. researchers, thereby eliminating
provided the U.S. valuable infor-
the need for U.S. researchers to repeat
mation about earthquake resistant
this work. Indeed, this information shar-
building materials.
ing allows the U.S. science and technol-
The Polish winter triticale breed-
ogy community to take a "leap-frog"
ing program currently is con-
approach to research and development.
sidered the best in the world. In-
Some examples:
formation from the program is
A cooperative research visit to
provided to USDA researchers.
NIST by an Australian scientist
A cooperative study allows U.S.
has led to information important
agricultural scientists to study
to the development of fracture-
Thai techniques of aeration and
resistant ceramics.
pond-bottom treatment. U.S. cat-
A Brazilian researcher visited
fish farmers spend $10 million a
NIST and provided methodologic
year on aeration alone, and im-
and technical contributions to im-
provement of techniques may save
proving the strength of ceramics.
considerable sums of money.
The U.S. Department of
Soviet scientists developed the
Transportation benefits from in-
pulse laser, and Department of
formation and technical details on
Health and Human Services
the sophisticated French high-
(HHS) scientists perfected and
speed passenger rail service.
tested it for treating glaucoma.
Indian groundwater studies
This treatment is now widely used
provided USGS with data that is
to prevent progression of
applicable to similar situations in
glaucoma, the second-leading
the U.S.
cause of blindness in the U.S.
From Japan, the United States
Yugoslavia has leading experts in
has gained information and data
earthquake prediction and re-
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 35
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
search, providing many oppor-
U.S. and Japanese researchers
tunities for cooperative projects
have developed techniques that
that benefit the U.S.
have significantly decreased the in-
International collaboration provides a
cidence of post-transfusion
creative stimulus which increases the
hepatitis B in the U.S. and Japan.
pace of scientific advance. New ideas and
Korean scientists have worked
approaches to scientific experimentation
with NIST researchers in develop-
expand the paradigm within which re-
ing "maps" of wear characteristics
searchers work. The resulting environ-
of ceramic materials. This work
ment is conducive to the full exploitation
has definitive application to the in-
of new science and technology. Ex-
dustrial development of new
amples:
ceramic materials.
USDA and Chinese scientists
A New Zealand researcher col-
cooperate in biotechnology to
laborating with NIST scientists
develop biologic pest control
developed a PC software program
agents against agricultural insect
that determines the corrosiveness
pests common to both countries.
of oil and gas well environments
Collaboration between French
and guides the user in choosing
and HHS researchers has led to
the most suitable materials for use
development of a device that will
in the well environment. The sys-
prevent the loss of healthy limbs
tem currently is being field-tested
of patients undergoing extensive
and it has the potential for sig-
radiation therapy for cancer.
nificant savings in the petroleum
Cooperative studies between
industry.
Irish and NIST researchers have
New Zealand and USDA
led to development of a new
cooperative research has led to
method for analyzing the atomic
progress in embryo transfer for
and electronic band properties of
the purpose of international move-
high temperature superconductors.
ment of disease-free animals. Suc-
Neuroscientists from the U.S. and
cess in this area will lead to sub-
Italy have located a narrow region
stantial economic benefits in
of chromosome 21 that appears to
terms of international sales of
be responsible for the familial
U.S. livestock and in the importa-
form of Alzheimer's disease. This
tion of strains to improve U.S.
is a critical first step in developing
stock.
a treatment for this form of
Joint U.S.-Spain epidemiological
debilitating disease.
studies have been conducted that
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 36
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
have implicated soybean dust as
ogy and equipment, as well as
the cause of recurrent epidemic
providing potential new sources of
asthma attacks, and related adul-
strategic minerals.
terated rapeseed oil to human
USGS assistance in assessing and
poisoning. These studies provide
developing Pakistan's coal reser-
important health information of
ves provides excellent training op-
benefit to the American public.
portunities that, for the most part,
Scientific and technological coopera-
no longer exist in the substantially
tion can benefit U.S. exporters and other
developed U.S. coal industry. The
U.S. firms. In some cases, the exchanges
cooperation also provides trade
promote the sale of U.S. research in-
opportunities for U.S. industry.
strumentation, medical equipment and
USGS is assisting Qatar in the
data processing facilities. In addition, as
development of a remote sensing
science and technology collaboration
center that will lead to the sale of
leads a less-developed country to more
several million dollars of U.S.-
fully utilize its own resources, this can
manufactured equipment.
increase sales of U.S. manufacturing
technology and goods. For example:
National Security
Department of Transportation
U.S. national security and that of its
(DOT) cooperation in the
allies can be enhanced through interna-
development of China's highway,
tional cooperation on defense science
rail and aviation systems provided
and technology. Cooperative activities
trade opportunities for related
can improve the effectiveness of U.S.
U.S. industries.
defenses, improve compatibility of
DOT cooperation with Canada
military forces (internationally),
results in safer, more efficient
strengthen alliances, and efficiently util-
transportation systems that
ize scarce research and development
promote trade.
resources. Section 1103 of Public Law
USGS assistance to Hungary in
99-145 (Nunn Amendment to the Fiscal
petroleum exploration provides an
Year 1986 Defense Authorization Act)
opportunity for U.S. based com-
provides funding for the U.S. Govern-
panies to expand trade.
ment to engage in a wide variety of
USGS assistance and training
cooperative research and development
programs for Indonesia in assess-
programs with NATO allies.
ing marine geologic resources and
During Fiscal Year 1989, the U.S.
platinum-containing minerals
engaged in a wide variety of cooperative
provides markets for U.S. technol-
research and development programs
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 37
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
funded under the Nunn Amendment.
The U.S. Army in conjunction with
FUNDING OF SCIENCE AND
NATO allies shares responsibility for
TECHNOLOGY COOPERA-
such projects as: the Airborne Radar
TION
Demonstration System, Combat Vehicle
By far, the majority of the U.S. federal-
Command and Control System, and the
ly-supported international science and
Hawk Mobility Enhancement. U.S.
technology activities are managed and
Navy Nunn Programs include: The
funded by the individual technical agen-
Maritime Patrol Aircraft for the 1990's -
cies. Funding is generally allocated from
Harmonization Phase (MPA-90), the
the overall agency research and develop-
NATO Frigate Replacement of the
ment budget with stipulation that any in-
1990's, and the Remotely Piloted
ternational work must support or
Vehicle Enhancement Multimission
complement domestic efforts.
Optronic Stabilized Payload (with Is-
The National Science Foundation, for
rael). The Air Force also has a number
example, was allocated $1.45 billion for
of projects which include: Advanced
research in Fiscal Year 1989, of which
Avionics Architecture (with France),
$11.7 million was allocated to the Inter-
SOSTAS Interoperability Data Link, and
national Programs Division. Many
Over-the Horizon Radar Technology
cooperative activities were also under-
(with Australia).
taken within other grants. Similar arran-
In addition, the U.S. entered into a
gements exist within other technical
number of new initiatives with NATO
agencies.
allies for defense science and technology
In Fiscal Year 1989, the Department of
cooperation. Examples include
State was appropriated funding was
cooperative research and development
provided for science and technology
on 1) non-acoustic anti-submarine war-
cooperation with Poland and Yugoslavia.
fare with the U.K., 2) maritime patrol
Each program received approximately
aircraft systems standardization with
$1 million. Both programs have been ex-
Canada, 3) Joint Stars with France and
tremely fruitful. The current Yugos-
Italy, and 4) underwater acoustics with
lavia-U.S. agreement has a five-year
the Federal Republic of Germany. Joint
term ending in September, 1993. To
defense-related research and develop-
date, over 750 projects have been ad-
ment activities did continue in Fiscal
ministered by 11 U.S. technical agencies
Year 1989 with over 80 countries, includ-
under the auspices of this agreement.
ing, for example, Egypt, Israel, Korea
The Polish program got off to a quick
and Australia.
start with over 15 projects in the second
half of Fiscal Year 1989.
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 38
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
The EC High Technology Working
COORDINATION AND OVER-
Group, chaired by the U.S. Trade Repre-
SIGHT
sentative, considers some science and
Soon after assuming his position as As-
technology areas.
sistant to the President for Science and
In compliance with the Case-Zablocki
Technology Affairs, Dr. D. Allan Brom-
Act of 1972, as amended, the Secretary of
ley endorsed the work of the interagency
State reported to Congress the successful
Committee on International Science,
negotiation of roughly 25 international
Engineering and Technology (CISET) of
science and technology agreements
the Federal Coordinating Council on
during Fiscal Year 1989. Interagency
Science, Engineering and Technology
review of the negotiation of multilateral
(FCCSET).
science and technology agreements is
In addition, a National Security Direc-
coordinated by the Department of State
tive in early May established a Policy
through the "Circular 175" Procedure.
Coordinating Committee (PCC) of the
This procedure establishes that views of
National Security Council, chaired by the
appropriate agencies are taken into ac-
Department of State, with oversight
count in cooperative agreements. The
responsibility for issues related to
basic guidelines include:
oceans, science, technology and environ-
making of treaties and other inter-
ment. Its interagency subcommittees in-
national agreements for the
United States is carried out within
clude the Group on Eastern European
Science and Technology (GEESAT) and
constitutional and other ap-
the Group on Soviet Science and Tech-
propriate limits;
nology (GOSSAT). Nuclear non-
the objectives to be sought in
proliferation issues are addressed in a
negotiation of particular treaties
separate PCC. The thrust of this
and other international agree-
committee's responsibilities is to ensure
ments are approved by the
that the international dimension of these
Secretary or an officer specifically
issues are considered in a coordinated
authorized by him for that pur-
interagency process and that interagency
pose;
differences are resolved on a timely
timely and appropriate consult-
basis.
ation is had with Congressional
leaders and committees on
Additional interagency groups exist to
treaties and other international
provide coordination of significant
programmatic or regional concerns. The
agreements;
National Space Council, for example, is
where, in the opinion of the
chaired by the Vice President.
Secretary of State or his designee,
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 39
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
took place within the U.S. high-energy
retrievably lost due to man-made chan-
physics community, with openness to and
ges in the environment.
participation from scientists of other
Yet other areas of science, while per-
countries), and 2) leadership and
haps composed of results of small-scale
decision-making by the nation's leaders.
science, will increasingly require data
Following informal initial discussions
collection and organization efforts of
with other countries, and our own
such a magnitude as to require a large-
budgetary decisions, we will be engaging
scale science approach. The goal of
in detailed discussions of collaboration
detailing and understanding the human
on this exciting project.
genome (and perhaps that of other
Some areas of science inherently re-
species) is such a project. Enormous
quire research activity in many
data systems will be required in other
worldwide geographical areas, and,
areas, such as compiling information on
therefore, must involve extensive inter-
the characteristics (e.g. toxicity) of
national cooperation. The critically im-
chemicals.
portant effort to understand the
There are also projects which combine
processes involved in global climate
pure scientific interest, technological op-
change is a leading example. The mag-
portunities, and factors such as the
nitude, diversity, and duration of the ef-
leadership, the benefit of cooperative ef-
fort are truly daunting. Success will
fort, and inspiration of younger people to
require major resource commitments,
engage in science and technology. The
detailed collaboration at many levels,
Space Station program, on which we have
perseverance, and continuity on this
major agreements with Europe, Japan,
common project. The Executive branch
and Canada is clearly such a project. A
has made an unprecedented effort to or-
permanent outpost on the moon and
ganize and prioritize global change re-
manned missions to Mars are examples
search components, including the
for the future.
expensive and critical remote sensing
Multinational cooperation can be fruit-
program. The U.S. is determined to
ful, as it has been in many cases such as
work actively with other countries on this
the International Geophysical Year, the
program. A second example is the need
Ocean Drilling Program, and in several
to better understand the existing biologi-
European projects (i.e. CERN, the Joint
cal diversity of the earth and conditions
European Torus fusion experiment, and
for survival of species. This program may
facilities for high magnetic fields,
be particularly time-sensitive, since we
neutron sources, and synchrotron radia-
do not know how much of the earth's
tion).
invaluable genetic diversity is being ir-
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 41
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
the circumstances permit, the
memos and sends cables on program
public be given an opportunity to
areas.
comment on treaties and other in-
Oversight of the Department of State's
ternational agreements;
scientific, technological, and environ-
firm positions departing from
mental activities is achieved, in part
authorized positions are not un-
through semi-annual meetings of the
dertaken without the approval of
Bureau of Oceans and International En-
the Legal Adviser and interested
vironmental and Scientific Affairs (OES)
assistant secretaries or their
Advisory Committee. The Advisory
deputies;
Committee provides expert counsel on
the final texts developed are ap-
all issues for which the OES Bureau is
proved by the Legal Adviser and
responsible. In Fiscal Year 1989, the Ad-
the interested assistant secretaries
visory Committee examined such issues
or their deputies and, when re-
as global climate change, the state of re-
quired, brought a reasonable time
search into chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)
before signature to the attention
and their substitutes, and other current
of the Secretary or an officer
issues.
specifically designated by him for
that purpose;
MANAGEMENT OF LARGE-
authorization to sign the final text
SCALE SCIENCE INITIATIVES
is obtained and appropriate arran-
This Administration, like its predeces-
gements for signature are made;
sors, recognizes that international
there is compliance with the re-
cooperation is necessary in many areas of
quirements of Public Law 92-403
research. Large-scale science coopera-
on the transmission of the texts of
tion can be used to share the expense of
international agreements other
large efforts, since the opportunities for
than treaties to the Congress; the
research far outweigh the resources of
law on publication of treaties and
any one country. Some examples for
other international agreements;
areas benefitting from shared research
and treaty provisions on registra-
are elementary particle physics,
tion.
astronomy, and planetary exploration.
Coordination of these activities means
The U.S. plan to collaborate with other
that the Department of State acts as a
countries to build a superconducting
central point through which communica-
super collider is an outstanding example.
tion and action flow. The Department of
This project illustrates the need for 1)
State convenes agency meetings, clears
extensive scientific community effort at
consensus-building and prioritizing (as
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 40
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
The diverse international efforts men-
policy. In summary, it indicates that
tioned above provide illustrations of
agreements shall insure reciprocal ac-
some of the key considerations in ap-
cess, intellectual property rights, and na-
propriately choosing, implementing, and
tional security controls; mandates that
benefiting from large-scale science
U.S. scientists and engineers be assigned
cooperation:
to embassies; mandates that science and
Cooperation is built on extensive
technology information be circulated
communication, taking into ac-
widely.
count the resources and desired
benefits of all partners. We have
Omnibus Trade and Competi-
much to learn and gain from our
tiveness Act of 1988, Section
cooperating partners.
5171
Successful cooperation requires
Section 5171 of the Omnibus Trade and
careful prioritizing before commit-
Competitiveness Act of 1988 on sym-
ments are made, and continuity of
metrical access to technological research
commitment, particularly funding,
amends Section 502 of the Foreign Rela-
once joint decisions are made.
tions Authorization Act, Fiscal Year
This in turn will require a very
1979 (22U.S.C. 2656B) to add a new
close and positive relationship be-
paragraph five. With this paragraph,
tween the Executive and Legisla-
Congress declares it to be the policy of
tive branches to provide funding
the United States that "(5) Federally sup-
continuity over periods of many
ported international science and tech-
years.
nology agreements should be negotiated
The Administration is determined to
to ensure that (a) intellectual property
ensure that the extensive benefits of
rights are protected; and (b) access to
scientific cooperation be realized, and to
research and development opportunities
work with the Congress and with
and facilities, and the flow of scientific
cooperating countries to that end.
and technological information are, to the
maximum extent practicable, equitable
U.S INITIATIVES IN RESPONSE
and reciprocal."
TO LEGISLATION AND DIREC-
The act also amends Section 503(B) of
TIVES
the 1979 Foreign Relations Authoriza-
tion Act (22 U.S.C. 2656C(B)) by adding
Executive Order 12591
a new paragraph three requiring that the
Section 4 of Executive Order 12591 per-
President's annual report to the Con-
tains most directly to the conduct of U.S.
gress on science, technology and
international science and technology
American diplomacy (the Title V report)
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 42
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
contain information and recommenda-
nonparticipants. A concern in this con-
tions with respect to "(3) equity of access
nection is that the U.S. sustain its
by United States public and private en-
cooperative relations with European
tities to public (and publicly supported
partners in this time of rapidly increasing
private) research and development op-
intra-European cooperation. In other
portunities and facilities in each country
areas such as Asia, the U.S. continues to
which is a major trading partner of the
pursue intellectual property rights
United States.
protection in parallel with expanding
science and technology cooperation.
Competitiveness Commitment
Wherever possible, the U.S. seeks
The U.S. continues its commitment to
scientific and technological cooperation
ensuring that access to government-
that supports the economic interests
sponsored or government-supported
both of the U.S. and its partners. U.S.
programs, facilities, and science and
scientific and technological cooperation
technology information is equitable and
with Mexico in Fiscal Year 1989 repre-
reciprocal, and that proper consideration
sents the importance assigned to science
is given to protecting U.S. intellectual
and technology by Mexican President
property generated by cooperative
Carlos Salinas de Gortari for Mexico's
science and technology relationships.
economic development.
In testimony before the House Com-
mittee on Science, Space and Technol-
Access
ogy during Fiscal Year 1989, U.S.
In fulfilling the Secretary of State's
agencies addressed the competitiveness
mandate of primary responsibility for
concerns associated with the formation
coordination and oversight of interna-
of a single market in the European Com-
tional science and technology agree-
munities (EC) in the early 1990's as well
ments, the Department of State is
as the trend towards pan-European
committed to ensuring that access to
cooperation in high technology. This
government-sponsored or government-
issue is particularly important in com-
supported programs, facilities, and
mercially competitive areas, such as in-
science and technology information is
formation technology and
practicable, equitable, and reciprocal, as
technology-based industrial develop-
expressed in Section 502 of the Foreign
ment.
Relations Authorization Act, as
In general, as illustrated by examples
amended.
earlier in this report, all partners benefit
The critical issue of access to science
from appropriately chosen cooperation.
and technology in the international arena
This may convey advantages relative to
bears on the potential for scientific
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 43
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
benefit and utility of international
Health (NIH) conduct many biomedical
cooperation for our federal research and
studies, such as tropical disease research
development agencies, the U.S. business
and epidemiological studies of AIDS
community, and academia. It bears on
among heterosexual populations, in
the ability of the United States to derive
foreign environments. U.S. Department
maximum benefit from commercially
of Agriculture (USDA) researchers have
promising results of federally-funded
made significant advances in studying
science and technology. Many govern-
citrus disease and African swine fever
ments believe, as we do, that some tech-
without risking bringing the diseases to
nological developments have the
the United States. Similar concerns exist
potential to advance national competi-
with studies of hoof-and-mouth disease
tiveness and should be protected. How-
and gypsy moths, for example.
ever, it is also evident that most foreign
Cooperative science and technology
governments share our views that scien-
agreements negotiated by the Depart-
tific inquiry thrives best on cooperation
ment of State now generally include text
and open access. It is this spirit that
stating that the contracting parties shall
forms the basis for most cooperative
encourage and facilitate cooperation be-
agreements between U.S. federal agen-
tween government agencies, universities,
cies and their foreign counterparts. This
organizations, institutions and other en-
administration has maintained a long-
tities of both countries. Such provisions
standing policy of support for the
appear in active agreements with, for ex-
Nation's basic research infrastructure
ample, the Soviet Union, Japan and Italy,
while encouraging private sector
and in draft agreements currently under
development of commercially viable new
negotiation with India, Korea, Indonesia,
technologies.
the PRC, Brazil and Thailand.
Cooperative science and technology
The U.S.-Japan Science and Technol-
agreements may be concluded for the
ogy Agreement commits both govern-
purpose of affording U.S. investigators
ments to strive for balanced access to
access to foreign research facilities or to
government-owned or government-
environments that are critical to their
sponsored laboratories and scientific in-
research efforts. The missions of agen-
formation. The two governments have
cies such as NOAA (National Oceanic
established task forces to monitor and
and Atmospheric Administration), the
improve access. In Fiscal Year 1989, the
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and
Japanese Government took a number of
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space
steps to permit non-Japanese re-
Administration) require research
searchers to work in laboratories sup-
worldwide. The National Institutes of
ported all, or in part, by Government of
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 44
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Japan funding. National research in-
cess to European Community research
stitutes and university laboratories are
and development framework programs,
now open to non-Japanese scientists (as
and we are developing a dialogue with
well as to private sector Japanese re-
the EC along these lines.
searchers.) Under these rules, for ex-
Significant numbers of foreign re-
ample, the Japanese government's
searchers annually work in our national
National Research Institute of Metals
laboratories, contributing to the
has opened its laboratory to U.S. par-
laboratories' domestic program objec-
ticipation in research on superconduc-
tives. The federal laboratories support
tivity.
open exchanges in the areas of basic
In India, the 42 institutes of the govern-
scientific research. The federal
ment-funded Council of Scientific and
laboratories generally conclude that the
Industrial Research (CSIR) were estab-
United States benefits more by having
lished to develop commercial technology
foreign researchers collaborating in U.S.
for and with Indian industry. All of these
facilities than do the sending nations. At
institutions are now open to U.S. re-
the same time, laboratory directors are
searchers and many participate in the
acutely aware of their legislated respon-
Indo-U.S. collaborative research pro-
sibilities for transfer of new technology
gram.
to the U.S. private sector, as expressed in
Under bilateral science and technology
the Federal Technology Transfer Act.
agreements with Europe, U.S. federal
These laboratories are acting with in-
agencies have to date identified no im-
creased sensitivity to competitive and na-
pediments to access in the conduct of
tional security concerns as they consider
their joint studies. Between the United
receiving foreign collaborators.
States and Italy, for example, reciprocity
of access to science and technology re-
Intellectual Property Rights
search organizations is well entrenched
In Fiscal Year 1989, the U.S. intensified
and encouraged by U.S.-Italy science and
efforts to negotiate provisions in science
technology cooperation. The United
and technology agreements that ade-
States and the U.K. share extensive ac-
quately protect and allocate rights to in-
cess to science and technology facilities
tellectual property furnished or
and information in both countries. In
produced in the course of science and
major science and technology institutes
technology cooperation. These IPR
in the Federal Republic of Germany,
provisions were included in negotiations
U.S. scientists form the single largest
for renewal of science and technology
contingent of foreign researchers. The
agreements with Argentina, India,
U.S. would like to have even better ac-
Korea, Spain, Italy, the Federal Republic
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 45
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
of Germany, China, Thailand, USSR,
Philippines on an intellectual property
Hungary and Poland; and in proposed
rights watch list by the United States.
agreements with the Philippines, New
In Fiscal Year 1989, the Department of
Zealand and Indonesia.
State prepared for negotiations to renew
Resistance to these provisions by some
the U.S.-Thai umbrella science and tech-
countries, e.g. India, Korea and China,
nology agreement and its amendment
has resulted in significant reductions or
with an intellectual property rights and a
cessation of science and technology
security obligations annex. U.S.-Thai
cooperation under these agreements.
disagreements on provisions for intellec-
In Fiscal Year 1989, the Department of
tual property protection made the
State led the U.S. delegation for the
preparations particularly complex. We
second round of negotiations with the
anticipate extensive and complex
Republic of Korea. The U.S.-ROK
negotiations with the Thais on an IPR
agreement expired in October, 1988
annex to the agreement in Fiscal Year
after the United States refused Korean
1990.
requests for a further extension in the
During a Fiscal Year 1989 visit, the
absence of progress on negotiations for
Malaysian Minister of Science and Tech-
mutually satisfactory IPR provisions.
nology recommended that we begin
This effort continues and negotiations
negotiations for an umbrella science and
proceed as well for a new agreement be-
technology cooperation agreement. IPR
tween the U.S. Geological Survey
provisions are expected to be an early
(USGS) and the Korea Ocean Research
topic for these discussion.
and Development Institute. This will be
In Fiscal Year 1989, the U.S. worked to
the first agreement to be negotiated in
establish a mechanism for science and
the absence of an umbrella science and
technology cooperation with Indonesia
technology agreement, and therefore
in the absence of an Indonesian patent
will require negotiation of both an IPR
law. The Government of Indonesia
and a security obligations annex.
presented a patent bill to its Parliament
In Fiscal Year 1989, the Department of
in February 1989 and followed with a
State supported two visits by the Philip-
request to the U.S. to renew negotiations
pine Assistant Secretary for Internation-
of the umbrella agreement which expired
al Science and Technology Cooperation
in October 1989. This effort continues
of the Department of Foreign Affairs.
with extensive interagency consultation
His request for negotiation of an umbrel-
in the U.S. Renewal of the umbrella
la science and technology agreement is
agreement will pave the way to conclude
complicated by the inclusion of the
agreements involving NSF and USGS
which have been pending for over a year.
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 46
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Other subsidiary agency-to-agency
made further dialogue on the subject dif-
agreements are likely to be developed
ficult.
once the umbrella agreement is in place.
Our umbrella science and technology
Work began in Fiscal Year 1989 to
agreement with Spain expired in May
renew the U.S.-New Zealand umbrella
1989, but active research projects con-
agreement and amend it with IPR and
tinued to completion and administrative
security obligations annexes. In order to
support was maintained until the end of
allow more time for negotiations., the
calendar year 1989. A proposal for a new
current agreement was extended and
agreement containing detailed
negotiations are proceeding.
provisions for the protection and alloca-
With India, the lack of an agreement
tion of intellectual property rights was
covering IPR in science and technology
delivered to the Government of Spain in
cooperation has led to the imposition by
September 1988. Negotiations are ex-
the U.S. Government of severe restric-
pected in Fiscal Year 1990 but will
tions on cooperative work. Absent a
probably be impacted by Spain's position
waiver of those restrictions, no new or
with regard to its relationship to the
expanded project may be undertaken. A
European Communities.
review process to examine waiver re-
The U.S.-Turkey umbrella science and
quests has been instituted under the
technology agreement expired in mid-
Policy Coordinating Committee for In-
October 1988, concurrently with a
ternational Oceans, Environment and
memorandum of understanding between
Science, carried out by that body's India
the National Science Foundation and its
Working Group. Negotiations toward
Turkish counterpart organization. A
an agreement on intellectual property
proposal for a new umbrella agreement
rights in science and technology stalled
containing detailed provisions was
after the second round in March 1989.
delivered to the Government of Turkey
The draft agreement presented by India
prior to the expiration date.
at that time failed to address any of the
U.S. concerns which had been raised in
the December 1988 round. In May 1989
Strategic Technology
the U.S. Trade Representative named
Strategic technology and information
India to its priority watch list under the
transfers are a particular consideration in
Special 301 provisions of the Omnibus
cooperative science and technology
Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988.
agreements with the USSR and East
This, combined with India's unhelpful
Bloc countries.
stance in the GATT Uruguay Round, has
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 47
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
The export of strategically significant
art or establishes a new art in an area of
technology to Warsaw Pact and certain
significant military applicability in the
other countries is controlled in order to
United States."
deny them access to technology that
The Export Administration Act of 1979
would increase the effectiveness of their
(amended 1985) restricts the export of
military establishments. Because
goods and services. This includes any
modern weapons depend on many ad-
technical information and technology
vanced supporting technologies that
that can be used or adapted for use in the
have both civilian and military applica-
"design, production, manufacture,
tions ("dual use"), some commercial
utilization, or reconstruction" of any item
technology transfers could undermine
on the Commodity Control List.
U.S. national security.
At the initiative of the Office of Science
The value of effective strategic export
and Technology Policy, the Department
controls is highlighted by conclusive
of State developed written procedures
documentation of the USSR's past and
for interagency review of science and
continuing reliance on advanced
technology agreements and activities
Western technological know-how to
with Warsaw Pact countries. These pro-
modernize its military and strengthen the
cedures provide a structured approach to
industrial base that supports Soviet war-
assessing the benefits of science and
making capacity. Consequently, the U.S.
technological cooperation with careful
has implemented various statutes per-
consideration to U.S. policy and national
taining to the transfer of militarily sensi-
security concerns.
tive technology and information. These
In addition, the Department of State
statues require export licensing of
organized, in 1989, its annual strategic
military significant goods and tech-
trade officers' conference, alerting the
nologies to ensure that they are destined
U.S. Government international technol-
for appropriate civil applications. The
ogy and trade community to the implica-
Atomic Energy Act of 1954 also treats all
tions for export control policy. Joint
information relating to atomic energy as
S&T activities were reviewed.
restricted data. The International Traf-
fic in Arms Regulation Act of 1980
Dissemination of S&T Informa-
defines restrictions on technical infor-
tion
mation pertaining to "unclassified infor-
Project STRIDE (Science and Technol-
mation used in the maintenance of"
ogy Reporting Information Dissemina-
any item on the munitions list. This
tion Enhancement) was developed in
regulation also encompasses "any tech-
response to the portion of Executive
nology which advances the state-of-the-
Order 12591 which directed the Depart-
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 48
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
ments of State, Commerce, and the Na-
ing on more than fifty subjects of their
tional Science Foundation to develop a
primary interests.
central mechanism to ensure that infor-
The science officers responded ad-
mation on foreign research is made avail-
mirably with over 100 reports which were
able in a prompt and efficient manner to
disseminated electronically and in hard
users in Federal laboratories, academic
copy to over 80 Federal Government ad-
institutions, and the private sector on a
dressees, including the Federal
fee-for-service basis. During Fiscal Year
laboratories. The private sector is
1989 STRIDE moved into Phase Two,
reached through the Department of
with an expanded list of reporters and
Commerce's National Technical Infor-
recipients. The Department of State
mation Service (NTIS), which uses these
worked closely with the Department of
reports extensively in their weekly sub-
Commerce National Technical Informa-
scription publication, Foreign Technol-
tion Service (NTIS), and National
ogy Abstract Newsletter (FTAN). In
Science Foundation responded fully to
contrast to the other 25 categories of
the intent of the Executive Order. With
Abstract Newsletters that NTIS publish-
the successful completion of the
es (whose subscriptions have decreased
STRIDE pilot project, early in Fiscal
by 8 percent), FTAN subscriptions have
Year 1989, it was decided to expand the
increased from 173 in January 1989 to
project to include all Department of
273 by the end of September and are
State science reporting officers. A list of
projected to virtually double by the end
technical areas of interest was furnished
of calendar year 1989. The STRIDE ar-
to all Foreign Service posts with full-time
ticles in FTAN are generating requests
science reporting officers. The
for additional information primarily
guidelines included requests for report-
from specialized journals and newslet-
ing on: advanced technologies, visits to
ters, thus multiplying the audience for
research facilities, scientific and tech-
the material. NTIS has received many
nological developments, biological and
congratulations from their subscribers
medical sciences, energy technology,
about the high quality of the new FTAN.
physical sciences, space activities, host
The editor of one of the MIT Press Jour-
government research and development
nals recently said that the material was
activities and budgets, scientific and
excellent and that she recommends the
technological infrastructure, scientific,
FTAN to all the scientists she meets.
technical and engineering education and
The National Science Foundation often
scientific and technical conferences. In
uses STRIDE reports as the basis for
addition, NASA, USGS, HHS, AID,
original analytical articles in its peri-
DOD, DOA and NSF requested report-
odical publication for NSF staff, Interna-
HIGHLIGHTS OF BILATERAL & MULTILATERAL S&T ACTIVITIES, P. 49
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
tional S&T Insight. The STRIDE
areas of priority concern and proposed
reports are also included in the NSF on-
future actions include:
line system which is available to NSF
Environment
staff. As with Insight, plans call for the
Recommendation: seek collaboration
system, with its reports of foreign science
in advancing U.S. interests in interna-
and technology trends, developments,
tional environmental issues, including:
budgets, and policies, to be made more
Continue to work internationally
widely available (via electronic network)
to have the Intergovernmental
to the U.S. scientific and engineering
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
community. NSF has found the science
viewed as the primary internation-
officers to be an invaluable resource, not
al forum for developing a
only for their excellent reporting, but as
response to climate change and,
vital links to foreign scientific, engineer-
through IPCC meetings on LDC
ing and technological communities.
participation and other means,
In addition to STRIDE reports, most
seek the active participation of
U.S. Embassies abroad report regularly
developing countries in the IPCC
on environmental, medical, energy,
process.
space and other issues. While these
Strive for the development of an
reports usually concern specific policy
international consensus on climate
areas, they are highly useful to the offices
change, working through the
and agencies targeted. The Department
IPCC to ensure the completion of
of State is working with science officers
a consensus report on the science
to ensure that the reports are made avail-
and impacts of climate change and
able on the widest possible basis com-
on possible response options.
mensurate with policy needs.
Encourage international ratifica-
RECOMMENDATIONS
tion of the Vienna Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer
During Fiscal Year 1989, the United
and the Montreal Protocol on Sub-
States achieved significant progress in in-
stances that Deplete the Ozone
ternational cooperation in science, tech-
Layer.
nology and environment, including
Further international coordina-
initiation of several new activities.
tion of research on the environ-
Review of these cooperative activities of
mental risks of internationally
the past year suggests that continued
traded substances.
progress in many of these areas will
Participate in the negotiation of
depend on sustained U.S. commitment.
an agreement on acid rain with
For the new term, some recommended
Canada, including specific targets
RECOMMENDATIONS, P. 50
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
and timetables for emissions
Science and Technology
reductions as provided for by the
Recommendation: Promote U.S.
legislated amendments of the
science and technology interests in mul-
Clean Air Act.
tilateral and bilateral fora to maintain
Work toward conclusion of a
U.S. access to foreign research and
Protocol to the Long-Range
development programs; to promote the
Transboundary Air Pollution
openness of research results; and to
agreement to control the emis-
secure international support for large
sions of volatile organic com-
U.S. science projects, consistent with na-
pounds.
tional security, economic, and other
Formulate a U.S. position on the
foreign policy interests.
desirability of an international con-
Working with the technical agen-
vention to preserve biological
cies and the field, assess foreign
diversity.
technology development programs
Space
and their impact on U.S. competi-
Recommendation: Working with
tiveness; seek U.S. participation in
private groups, promote international
these programs where appropriate.
cooperation where appropriate to fur-
Seek to derive mutual benefit
ther U.S. national and scientific interests
from greater openness, on the part
in space.
of the Soviet Union and eastern
Strive for sustained international
European countries, toward scien-
commitment to development of
tific and technological exchanges,
the Space Station Freedom initia-
particularly regarding access to
tive.
scientists and scientific data, and
Ensure that U.S. decisions con-
support expanded science and
cerning possible foreign govern-
technology activity, consistent
ment participation in the
with national security concerns
Moon/Mars initiative, strengthen
and foreign policy objectives.
this human space exploration in-
Seek to maintain, and strengthen
itiative and our overall relations
where possible, cooperative
with key allies and the Space Sta-
science and technology relations
tion partnership.
with Europe as nations move
Strengthen U.S. cooperation with
toward a unified European
other countries in the use of earth
market; review the implications of
observing systems to understand
this tend for U.S. science and tech-
the physical processes and biologi-
nology developments and competi-
cal diversity of our planet.
tiveness concerns.
RECOMMENDATIONS, P. 51
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Nuclear
tion and general maritime position as
Recommendation: Reinforce the U.S.
outlined in former President Reagan's
position as a reliable nuclear supplier
Ocean Policy Statement of March 10,
through timely nuclear export licensing
1983.
decisions and the negotiation and im-
Recommendation: Develop and imple-
plementation of agreements for peaceful
ment U.S. oceans and polar policy, in-
nuclear cooperation meeting the re-
cluding
quirements of the Nuclear Non-
Protecting the marine environ-
Proliferation Act; continue efforts to
ment and marine mammals;
restrain proliferation-sensitive countries
Implementing U.S. ocean policy
from crossing the nuclear threshold and
objectives as they apply to ocean
seek international cooperation to this
resources, e.g. minerals, oil and
end.
gas exploration;
Develop, negotiate, and imple-
Coordinating U.S. activities and
ment mutually beneficial
developing and implementing
programs of bilateral peaceful
policy relating to marine science
nuclear cooperation with other
and technology, and exploration of
countries, utilizing the resources
the seas;
of DOE, NRC and other agencies
Working toward ratification of
as appropriate.
the Antarctic Minerals Conven-
Work to strengthen the interna-
tion;
tional nuclear export control
Continuing U.S. commitment to
regime and U.S. efforts to prevent
protection and conservation of
illegal or questionable nuclear or
whales internationally.
dual-use exports, both from the
Resources
U.S. and other countries.
Recommendation: Continue efforts to
Oceans, Polar and Fisheries
incorporate science and technology ex-
Recommendation: Advance U.S. inter-
pertise more effectively into the process
ests in management of international
of formulating and implementing U.S.
fisheries; promote the further study and
foreign policy:
appropriate control of high seas driftnet
Develop the Science and Environ-
fishing; establish new North Pacific Sal-
ment Resources Package which is
mon Organization and further im-
intended to project Department of
plementation of the U.S.-USSR
State resource requirements, both
Comprehensive Fisheries Agreement.
in Washington and overseas, for
Recommendation: Support and
the conduct of scientific, tech-
strengthen the U.S. worldwide naviga-
RECOMMENDATIONS, P. 52
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
nological, and environmental af-
fairs.
Continue efforts as required by
Executive Order 12591 to identify
qualified candidates as needed to
apply for assignments at U.S. em-
bassies as science attaches and
counselors.
RECOMMENDATIONS, P. 53
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Chapter 2: Selected Topics
ganizations. The IPCC is an ad hoc
INTRODUCTION
mechanism created jointly by the World
The realm of science and technology is
Meteorological Organization (WMO)
not limited solely to the advance of
and the United Nations Environment
knowledge. In addition, the application
Program (UNEP) in response to the
of scientific and technological
need for an orderly process to ensure that
knowledge is an integral element in solv-
research, monitoring, and impact assess-
ing many of the world's problems. En-
ment studies proceed in a rational man-
vironmental, health, space, nuclear, and
ner, and that international agreement on
economic issues are just a few of the
the results of these assessments exists
broad areas where the utilization of
before legal or regulatory activities are
science and technology is an important
undertaken.
tool in developing effective solutions to
At the first meeting of the IPCC, in
international problems. A review of Fis-
Geneva in November of 1988, the Panel
cal Year 1989 international S&T ac-
agreed that its main tasks were to assess
tivities highlights areas of importance
scientific information related to the
and the efficacy of this approach.
various components of the climate
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
change issue, review progress and con-
duct studies of environmental and socio-
Global Climate Change
economic consequences of climate
Efforts to develop a broad international
change and to develop and evaluate pos-
consensus on climate change issues are
sible realistic response strategies. The
focused on the Intergovernmental Panel
Panel set up three Working Groups to
on Climate Change. This organization is
accomplish this task. To facilitate coor-
truly international in scope, involving
dination among the Working Groups,
over 50 nations, hundreds of scientists
the IPCC established a Bureau consisting
and policymakers, and many non-
of the three Officers of the Panel (the
governmental and international or-
Chairman, the Vice-Chairman and the
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 54
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Rapporteur) and the Chairs and Vice-
Working Group II (impacts),
Chairs of the Working Groups. The work
chaired by the USSR with
of the IPCC has progressed rapidly.
Australia and Japan as Vice-
Forty-three nations attended the second
Chairs, is focusing its efforts on
meeting of the IPCC in June of 1989. The
the social and economic impacts
working groups are scheduled to com-
of global climate change. The
plete draft reports for integration into a
Working Group has held two plen-
single report by early June, 1990, and the
ary meetings and a number of
IPCC expects to complete the first as-
workshops since the IPCC began
sessment report in early fall of 1990.
its work, and a report is now being
Working Group I (science),
prepared that covers impacts on
chaired by the UK with Brazil and
permafrost, ecological processes,
Senegal as the Vice-Chairs, is
human settlements, water resour-
reviewing the state of knowledge
ces, natural terrestrial ecosystems,
of the science of climate change.
world oceans and coastal zones,
Special emphasis areas are: recent
forests, and agriculture and land
measurements, chemistry, and at-
use.
mospheric lifetimes of greenhouse
Working Group III (response
gases; a critical review of available
strategies, RSWG), chaired by the
climate data; evaluations of exist-
US with Canada, China, Malta,
ing disagreements on regional
the Netherlands and Zimbabwe as
climate change; new evaluations
the Vice-Chairs, was asked to
of sea level rise; and future re-
develop and evaluate response
quirements for climate research.
strategies to global climate
Thirty international scientists are
change. The working group is con-
serving as lead authors of the as-
centrating on two classes of broad
sessment, aided by the participa-
strategies: limitation and adapta-
tion of over 200 scientists from
tion. To address limitation
nearly 30 developed and develop-
strategies, two subgroups have
ing countries. The final report
been formed. The first, focusing
will summarize the major knowns
on energy and industry sectors (in-
and unknowns of the science, with
cluding transportation), is co-
policy-relevant scientific con-
chaired by Japan and China and
clusions highlighted.
the second, focusing on agricul-
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 55
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
ture and forestry, is co-chaired by
ranged four workshops in late 1989 and
the Federal Republic of Germany
early 1990. Workshops on problems of
and Zimbabwe. To address adap-
temperate forests and boreal forests
tation strategies, two more sub-
were held in October, 1989 in Bonn and
groups have been formed. One of
Finland, respectively. One organized by
these, co-chaired by the Nether-
the US Forest Service on tropical forests
lands and New Zealand, is inves-
has been scheduled for January, 1990, in
tigating coastal zone management
Brazil. A fourth workshop on agricul-
and the other, co-chaired by
tural problems was held in the United
Canada, France, and India, is
States in December, 1989. The Coastal
focusing on resource use and
Zone Management Subgroup (CZM) is
management.
preparing six papers on: the extent and
The Energy and Industry Subgroup
timing of sea level rise and associated
(EIS) is preparing papers that describe
climate change effects; the impact of sea
both country-specific solutions and a
level rise and climate change; problem
global response strategy. In pursuing this
identification; available adaptive options
objective, it has held several meetings
and costs for coastal areas at risk; social,
since May of 1989 to elaborate on
economic, legislative, institutional, and
methodologies for country-specific and
environmental implications of adaptive
global or integrated scenarios on energy
options; and possible funding
demand and supply and greenhouse gas
mechanisms for adaptive options. It is
implications. A number of country-
also preparing an inventory of informa-
specific studies were presented, includ-
tion on technologies and practices for
ing Australia, Canada, France, the
adapting to sea level rise and a regional
Federal Republic of Germany, Japan,
inventory of existing laws and policies
the Netherlands, the United Kingdom,
concerning management of develop-
the United States, the Soviet Union and
ment in coastal areas. In addition to
Eastern Europe. This group is also ex-
these studies, two major workshops were
pected to lead investigations into emis-
conducted or are planned, one in
sion reduction targets, but the nature of
December, 1989, that concerned coastal
this investigation has not yet been deter-
zone issues in North and South America,
mined.
Western Africa, Europe, the Baltic
The Agriculture, Forestry, and Other
States, and the Nordic Countries, and the
Human Activities Subgroup (AFOS) ar-
other in February, 1990, that will focus on
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 56
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
island and tropical countries. The mem-
industrial value. The RSWG also ex-
ber countries of the Resource Use and
amined implementation mechanisms
Management Subgroup (RUMS) have
that could be incorporated into the
been drafting papers that address the
separate RSWG subgroup reports. As
management of water resources,
part of this examination, the RSWG sub-
salinization, desertification, forestry,
group held a workshop in October, 1989,
agriculture, fisheries, animal husbandry,
in Geneva to examine: legal and institu-
unmanaged ecosystems, and land use in
tion measures, including elements of a
general. "Theme" papers on biodiversity,
framework convention; technology
food security and water resources have
development and transfer measures;
also been prepared by UNEP, FAO and
financial measures; public education and
the American Association for the Advan-
information; and economic and market
cement of Science Panel on Climate
mechanisms. The elements contained in
Change and Water Resources, respec-
the topic papers that were developed are
tively. A workshop to discuss these
expected to be incorporated into the im-
papers and solicit additional ideas about
plementation strategies prepared by the
the management of these resources took
sub-groups. The IPCC Bureau set up a
place in November of 1989 in Geneva.
small ad hoc subgroup, chaired by Saudi
Apart from the activities of the in-
Arabia, to investigate means to promote
dividual subgroups, the Working Group
the participation of the developing world
undertook the development of base
in the activities of the IPCC. A report
emissions scenarios to create a basis for
was submitted to the IPCC at its June
the response strategies and the work
1989 meeting, which lead to the creation
being undertaken in groups I and II.
of the IPCC Special Committee on the
These scenarios anticipate the condi-
Participation of the Developing
tions necessary for the radiative
Countries, chaired by France. The work
equivalent of a doubling of the atmos-
of this Special Committee is ongoing.
pheric concentration of carbon dioxide
The United States is by far the largest
from its pre-industrial value to occur by
contributor to research efforts on global
the years 2030, 2060, and 2090 and
change, and these efforts are a key to the
stabilizing thereafter. Another scenario
success of the IPCC process. U.S. scien-
is being developed that will consider the
tists and experts are providing substantial
radiation equivalent to a carbon dioxide
support in virtually every aspect of the
concentration of less than twice the pre-
work of the science and impacts working
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 57
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
groups. Specific contributions in the
workshops to consider measures to limit
science working group are in: the inves-
or adapt to climate change.
tigation of climate forcing trends (with
U.S. policy formulation, for the IPCC in
Sweden), climate forcing responses (with
general and the RSWG in particular, is
France), climate trends (with the UK and
coordinated by the Department of State
the USSR), climate processes (with the
through the National Security Council's
FRG and the USSR), model simulations
Policy Coordinating Committee (PCC)
(with Canada, the UK, and the PRC),
on Oceans, Environment, and Science.
and model predictions (with the UK and
All interested agencies are represented
Japan). The primary U.S. contact point
on the PCC, which has established a
for the science working group is the ex-
Working Group on Climate Change that
ecutive secretary of the Committee on
has the responsibility of preparing draft
Earth Science. This is an interagency
reports and documents for consideration
committee which is planning and coor-
by the PCC. To facilitate this coordina-
dinating the United States global change
tion, the State Department's Bureau of
research program, a major focused effort
Oceans and International Environmen-
by U.S. agencies to provide a sound
tal and Scientific Affairs (OES) has es-
scientific basis for addressing national
tablished, pending final approval, an
and international policy on global
Office of Global Change (EGC). This
change.
office is responsible for formulating and
With the Impacts Working Group, the
coordinating the implementation of U.S.
US is investigating water resources (with
global change policy in the international
Algeria) and oceans and sea level rise.
arena. Since the OES Assistant
The primary contact for this group is the
Secretary chairs the PCC and the RSWG,
National Climate Program Policy Board,
EGC helps staff both of these and coor-
an interagency group that is evaluating
dinates with U.S. agencies to prepare
the impacts of climate change. As the
U.S. delegations for participation in
chair of the Response Strategies Work-
RSWG meetings and other international
ing Group, the U.S., through the State
fora. The United States, through EPA,
Department, plays the primary coor-
DOE and USAID, is participating in the
dinating role. As with the other working
Organization for Economic Cooperation
groups, US experts are involved in all
and Development (OECD)'s Environ-
aspects of the work of the subgroups, and
ment Committee's to evaluate the socio-
the US has agreed to host a number of
economic implications for OECD
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 58
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
countries of potential global climate
The first of the major international re-
change caused by the continuing build-
search programs is the World Climate
up of carbon dioxide and other green-
Program (WCP), administered by P with
house gases and policy options for
active participation by UNEP, ICSU, and
mitigating any effects. This will involve
the Intergovernmental Oceanographic
cooperation with the International Ener-
Commission. Initiated in 1979, the pro-
gy Agency (IEA) in order to evaluate the
gram was formed to coordinate interna-
implications of climate change for energy
tional climate-related activities. The
policy and a comparative analysis of
program consists of four components:
methodologies to analyze socio-
the World Climate Data Programme
economic impacts of climate change. In
(WCDP), the World Climate Applica-
addition to the joint IEA/OECD report,
tions Programme (WCAP), the World
the United States is conducting with the
Climate Impact Studies Programme
IEA several other analyses of energy is-
(WCIP), and the World Climate Re-
sues as they pertain to climate change.
search Programme (WCRP). WCP has
These include an analysis of emission
placed increasing emphasis on the
controls in electricity generation and in-
decades-to-centuries time scale in its ef-
dustry, published in 1988, and a policy
fort to narrow the range of uncertainties
overview of the relationships between
regarding climate change and to refine
energy and the environment, to be pub-
prediction capabilities. ARP is respon-
lished in January of 1990. The IEA and
sible for the data and applications com-
the OECD also conducted an expert
ponents as well as the overall
seminar on energy technologies for
coordination of the program, while
reducing greenhouse gas emissions in
UNEP coordinates the impacts com-
April, 1989, with the proceedings pub-
ponent. The WCRP is managed jointly
lished in 1989. To investigate the many
by ICSU and LP. U.S. involvement in the
uncertainties of global climate change,
WCRP is coordinated by the National
the primary multilateral scientific re-
Weather Service. Major international
search programs in which the United
research efforts in which the U.S. is par-
States is participating are the World
ticipating that are part of the World
Climate Program, the International
Climate Research Programme are the
Geosphere/Biosphere Programme, and
World Ocean Circulation Experiment
the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study.
(WOCE) and the Tropical Ocean and
Global Atmosphere (TOGA). These
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 59
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
are international investigations into
This committee in turn created several
ocean phenomena and their interactions
coordinating panels to be responsible for
with atmospheric phenomena. Intensive
developing specific programs in the areas
planning has been taking place on
of terrestrial biosphere-atmosphere
various aspects of the WOCE program,
chemistry interactions, marine bio-
and some research efforts have been in-
sphere-atmosphere interactions, bios-
itiated. One significant aspect on which
pheric aspects of the hydrological cycle,
planning is still underway is modeling
and effects of climate change on ter-
and predicting the circulation of the
restrial ecosystems. Because of its all-en-
ocean and its role in climate change. The
compassing focus, the IGBP is designed
U.S. has completed an implementation
to interact with other, ongoing interna-
Plan for WOCE; following final review
tional programs of research in each of the
and revision, implementation of the 10-
areas described above. These programs
year WOCE plan is expected to com-
include:
mence in 1990, with some aspects
components of the World Climate
continuing into the next century. A more
Research Program (WCRP), par-
recent international climate-change re-
ticularly the International Satellite
search effort is the International Geo-
Land Surface Climatology Project
sphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP).
(ISLSCP), the International Satel-
Launched in September of 1986 by the
lite Cloud Climatology Project
International Council of Scientific
(ISCCP), the Global Energy and
Unions (ICSU) and scheduled to begin
Water Balance Experiment
in 1992 and to last for at least a decade,
(GEWEX), the Tropical
the IGBP is an ambitious, long-range ef-
Ocean/Global Atmosphere Pro-
fort to describe and understand the inter-
gram (TOGA), and the World
active physical, chemical, and biological
Ocean Circulation Experiment
processes that regulate the total Earth
(WOCE);
system, the unique environment it
UNEP programs such as the
provides for life, the changes occurring in
Global Environment Monitoring
this system, and the manner in which they
System (GEMS) and the Global
are influenced by human actions.
Resources Information Database
A Special Committee to oversee the
(GRID);
definition and implementation of the
the Global Tropospheric
IGBP was formed in February of 1988.
Chemistry Program (GTCP), joint-
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 60
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
ly coordinated by ICSU and the In-
about 20 nations are providing financial
ternational Association of
support to the IGBP secretariat.
Meteorology and Atmospheric
The U.S. responded to the call for the
Physics (IAMAP); and
IGBP by forming, through the National
the Joint Ocean Global Flux Study
Academy of Sciences/National Research
(JOGFS) and the Man and the
Council (NAS/NRC), a national commit-
Biosphere Program (MGP), coor-
tee, the Committee for Global Change,
dinated by ICSU.
for the IGBP. This U.S. committee is
The IGBP is specifically intended to
being funded by agencies in the CES, and
emphasize the study of interactive Earth
provides advice to the Government and
processes that are not addressed by these
scientific community about national ac-
programs. Thus far, four areas have been
tivities related to global change. The
targeted for study:
U.S. research effort that interacts with
the role of oceanic organisms in
the IGBP is the Global Change Research
the global CO2 cycle;
Project, created by the Committee on
the role of biota in the cycles of
Earth Sciences (CES). To increase the
chemicals in the atmosphere
overall effectiveness and productivity of
which give rise to the greenhouse
Federal research and development ef-
gas effect;
forts directed toward an understanding
the role of plants in the exchange
of the Earth as a global system, the Assis-
of energy and moisture between
tant to the President for Science and
land and atmosphere; and,
Technology Policy has established CES
coordinated effort to recover in-
under the Federal Coordinating Council
formation from natural archives
for Science, Engineering and Technol-
that will illuminate connections
ogy (FCCSET). CES is charged with
among
atmospheric composi-
reviewing and coordinating Federal
tion, global temperature, ice ex-
programs and plans dealing with both
tent, solar history, and the distribu-
national and international activities in
tion of land and oceanic organisms.
earth sciences, earth sciences being
National programs form the foundation
broadly defined to include the physical,
of this effort, to be linked by various
geological, chemical, and biological
bilateral and multilateral activities.
processes associated with the atmos-
Some 30 nations have established na-
phere, oceans, and the land. In Fiscal
tional committees for the IGBP, and
Year 1990, the CES distributed "Our
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 61
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Changing Planet: The FY 1990 Research
Another international program in
Plan, which reported in detail the science
which the U.S. participates is the decade-
aspects of global change research
long Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
programs. Another report, "Our Chang-
(JGOFS). The main goal of the JGOFS
ing Planet: the FY 1991 U.S. global
is to determine and understand on a
Change Research Program," accom-
global scale the processes controlling the
panied the President's 1991 budget and
movement of carbon and associated ele-
describes the budget aspects of the re-
ments in the ocean, and to evaluate the
search plan.
related exchanges with the atmosphere,
The particular research activities that
sea floor and continental boundaries.
comprise the Global Change Research
JGOFS grew out of similar national
Program are grouped into the following
studies in the U.S., U.K., France, FRG
seven interdisciplinary scientific ele-
and Japan, and is planned to interact with
ments:
several global geoscience and other
climate and hydrologic systems;
major oceanographic programs, includ-
biogeochemical dynamics;
ing the World Ocean Circulation Experi-
ecological systems and dynamics;
ment (WOCE), the Tropical Ocean and
earth system history;
Global Atmosphere (TOGA) study, the
human interactions;
Global Tropospheric Chemistry
solid earth processes; and,
Programme, the International Geo-
solar influences.
sphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP),
A topic that crosses all seven science
the Global Investigation of Pollution in
elements is data management.
the Marine Environment (GIPME), and
CES is committed to coordinating this
the ocean aspects of the World Climate
program with the many groups currently
Research Programme (WCRP). The
undertaking global change research.
first fully international effort under
These include the national and interna-
JGOFS will concentrate in the North At-
tional scientific community (both infor-
lantic with extensions into the Arctic
mally and through such groups as NAS
Ocean. The participants will include the
and ICSU), government agencies, and
U.K., FRG, Canada and the U.S., with
intergovernmental science bodies such
U.S. efforts also underway in the Pacific.
and the BS, the United Nations Educa-
tional, Scientific, and Cultural Organiza-
The United States actively participated
tion (UNESCO), and UNEP.
in several international conferences on
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 62
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
global climate change during 1989 that
standing on all sources and causes of
have lead to an international consensus
climate change." The UN called upon
on a process for addressing global
"governments and international or-
climate change. The most important of
ganizations to collaborate in making
these are the U.N. General Assembly,
every effort to prevent detrimental ef-
which passed Resolution 43/53 on the
fects on climate and activities which af-
Protection of the Global Climate for
fect the ecological balance".
Present and Future Generations of
At the July 1989 Economic Summit in
Mankind, the G-7 Economic Summit,
Paris, the seven most industrialized na-
which issued a communique that em-
tions recognized the problem of climate
phasized the importance of environmen-
change and the IPCC process to address
tal problems, and the Noordwijk
it. The member nations advocated com-
Conference on Atmospheric Pollution
mon efforts to limit emissions of carbon
and Climate Change, which issued a con-
dioxide and other greenhouse gases
sensus document that represents the
which threaten to induce climate change
most recent contributions to the
and strongly supported the work under-
development of a consensus among
taken by the Intergovernmental Panel on
policy makers with respect to global
Climate Change on this issue. The mem-
climate change.
ber nations also stated that the con-
In January of 1989, the United Nations
clusion of a framework or umbrella
General Assembly, in adopting Resolu-
convention on climate change to set out
tion 43/53 on the Protection of the
general principles or guidelines "is ur-
Global Climate for Present and Future
gently required" to mobilize and ration-
Generations of Mankind, formally
alize the efforts made by the
recognized the common problem of
international community, with specific
climate change and gave its support to
protocols containing concrete commit-
the emerging process to address it. It
ments to be fitted into the framework as
also urges governments, inter-
scientific evidence requires and permits.
governmental and non-governmental or-
Specific support was given to the work of
ganizations and scientific institutions "to
the United Nations Environment Pro-
treat climate change as a priority issue, to
gram, the BS and the IPCC.
undertake and promote specific,
The Noordwijk Declaration on Atmos-
cooperative action oriented programmes
pheric Pollution and Climatic Change
and research so as to increase under-
was endorsed by 70 Environment Mini-
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 63
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
sters, including the Administrator of the
what should its principle elements be;
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
and (b) how can the international com-
in a conference in November of 1989 in
munity ensure that existing international
Noordwijk, the Netherlands. This Dec-
agreements in the field of biological
laration, which is the most current state-
diversity are melded into a comprehen-
ment of the international consensus on
sive, coordinated network?
climate change, urges all countries to
There was broad agreement, however,
take steps individually and collectively to
as to the measures and obligations which
promote better energy conservation and
a convention should include, e.g.: net-
efficiency, recognizes the need to protect
works of protected areas; inventory and
forest resources, and urges all countries
classification of species; training of scien-
to become Parties to the Vienna Conven-
tific and management personnel; land-
tion for the Protection of the Ozone
use planning and species protection
Layer and to the Montreal Protocol. It
measures that safeguard biological diver-
relates a number of specific items to the
sity; and a halt to unsustainable exploita-
IPCC for investigation and considera-
tion and pollution of the biosphere.
tion. The Declaration is also significant
On the question of melding together the
in that it represents an endorsement of
administration of the existing interna-
and a commitment to the IPCC process
tional agreements affecting biological
by many nations that had not previously
diversity, the group recommended that
been active in the IPCC process.
an umbrella convention not be con-
sidered. Instead, they urged that par-
Biological Diversity
ticipation in the existing agreements be
H.J.Resolution 648, signed on October
broadened and strengthened, and that
25, 1988, calls upon the President to exert
the secretariats of the agreements work
U.S. leadership in negotiating an interna-
more closely together.
tional convention to conserve the Earth's
In the winter of 1988-1989, the Depart-
biological diversity.
ment of State reviewed a provisional
A senior-level U.S. delegation led by
draft of the IUCN convention. While
the Department of State attended the
sections of the IUCN document will
November 1988 meeting of experts of the
probably be incorporated into any even-
U.N. Environment Programme
tual official draft convention, the IUCN
(UNEP). The group of experts con-
draft raised several areas of concern
sidered: (a) was a new convention on
among U.S. government agencies; in par-
biological diversity necessary and, if so,
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 64
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
ticular, the mechanism proposed to raise
In July, 1989, IUCN made its latest draft
funds for conservation.
of a proposed biological diversity con-
The Department of State, recognizing
vention available to the international
that a biological diversity convention will
community for consideration. This long
affect many economic interests, or-
and complex draft contains a controver-
ganized a symposium in the spring to
sial funding mechanism which allocates
solicit views from a broad range of busi-
fees and royalties arising from commer-
ness, government, and conservation or-
cial use of biomaterial to a world conser-
ganizations. Held in Washington, D.C.,
vation fund administered by the parties
March 13, 1989, the symposium served to
to the convention.
raise the possibility of a convention with
The relevant agencies of the Executive
the private sector for the first time. U.S.
Branch, coordinated by the Department
Representative Claudine Schneider (R-
of State, will be studying this draft with
RI) participated in the panel discussion
care. In the coming months we will wish
which followed presentations by Assis-
to obtain the views of the Congress and
tant Secretary of State Frederick M.
Congressional staff, the business com-
Bernthal and IUCN Director General
munity, and the non-governmental or-
Martin Holdgate.
ganizations concerned with the
Congressional staff members were
conservation of biological diversity.
among the audience of the symposium.
Though no specific conclusions were
Tropical Forests
reached, the private sector repre-
In Fiscal Year 1989 the US continued
sentatives did not indicate opposition to
its efforts to promote conservation and
the concept of a biological diversity con-
sustainable use of tropical forests. The
vention. Future consultations of this na-
high level attention given to this issue was
ture will be required in the future.
evidenced by the focus given to tropical
The 15th Session of the UNEP Govern-
forests in the communique issued at the
ing Council, was held in Nairobi May
end of the Paris G-7 Economic Summit
15-26, 1989. The U.S. delegation intro-
in July. The US joined the G-7 in recog-
duced a resolution calling upon the
nizing the link between deforestation
UNEP Executive Director to initiate
and global warming, and stated our
work to negotiate a biological diversity
readiness to assist nations with tropical
convention. This resolution was adopted
forests through financial and technical
unanimously.
cooperation, and in international or-
ganizations. The FAO Tropical Forestry
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 65
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Action Plan and the International Tropi-
requested assistance in drawing up na-
cal Timber Organization (ITTO) were
tional forestry management plans from
specifically mentioned as deserving of G-
the TFAP office. This is the most impor-
7 support.
tant kind of assistance given under the
The US sent strong delegations to the
TFAP. To give impetus to the prepara-
fifth and sixth meetings of the ITTO, in
tion of these management plans, the Ad-
Yokohama and Abidjan, in November
ministration intends to request funds in
1988 and May 1989, respectively, where
Fiscal Year 1991 for the first US con-
we played an active role in the consult-
tribution to the TFAP Trust Fund. The
ations between members of the organiza-
US realizes that the faster these manage-
tion. US views were given considerable
ment plans can be prepared, the sooner
weight in decisions on proposed projects
we will have a firm foundation for
designed to identify and promote the use
preserving the world's tropical forests.
of sustainable management of tropical
The task force on tropical forestry re-
forest resources. It is the
search sponsored by UNDP, the World
Administration's intention to request
Bank, FAO and WRI following the July
funds for Fiscal Year 1991 for the first
198 Bellagio Conference on Tropical
US contribution to the ITTO Project Ac-
Forests, presented its recommendations
count, used to fund such management
at "Bellagio II" which convened in Wis-
projects. We remain optimistic that this
ton, England in December 1988. The
international commodity agreement, the
U.S. participated in both the task force
first to contain environmental
and at Bellagio II, and joined in the con-
provisions, which serves as the principal
ference decision to expand the Consult-
forum for dialogue among producers and
ative Group on International
consumers of tropical timber, will play an
Agricultural Research (CGIAR) to in-
increasingly significant role in helping to
clude a forestry research component.
improve global forestry management.
The Technical Advisory Committee of
In regard to the Tropical Forestry Ac-
the CGIAR is exploring ways of includ-
tion Plan (TFAP), the US attended the
ing forestry research within the CGIAR
ninth session of the FAO Committee on
system.
Forest Development in the Tropics in
To facilitate a full exchange of views
Rome Sept. 11-15, 1989, to discuss
between agencies of the Executive
progress made on implementing the
branch, the U.S. Department of State
TFAP. Sixty-three countries have now
co-chaired with the U.S. Forest Service a
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 66
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
meeting in August of the Interagency
vention on Long-Range Transboundary
Task Force on Tropical Forests. These
Air Pollution (LRTAP) was signed in
meetings promote discussion of common
1979 by 35 countries, including the U.S.,
problems and objectives.
Canada and the European Community.
The Department of State continues to
Parties to the Convention agreed to "en-
support the concept of debt-for-nature
deavor to limit and, as far as possible,
swaps, and has worked closely with the
gradually reduce and prevent air pollu-
Treasury Department in encouraging the
tion including long-range transboundary
World Bank and the private banking sec-
air pollution". The Convention entered
tor to direct more resources toward these
into force in 1983.
ends.
A protocol to the Convention control-
In view of the suspension of our
ling sulfur dioxide emissions was signed
diplomatic relations with Panama, there
by 21 countries, including Canada, in
were no activities of the U.S.-Panama
1985 and entered into force in 1987. The
Joint Commission on the Environment
sulfur dioxide protocol binds signatory
to report during this period.
governments to reduce their 1980 sulfur
dioxide emissions levels by 30 percent by
Acid Rain
1993. The U.S., the U.K. and Poland
Acid rain continues to be a significant
were among a number of parties to
environmental concern. Emissions
LRTAP that did not sign the protocol.
which contribute to its formulation cross
The U.S. did not sign because the
borders, and measures to reduce such
protocol did not take into account U.S.
emissions could have considerable
leadership in instituting extensive con-
economic impacts. This has made it an
trol programs in the U.S. U.S. sulfur
important international issue -- par-
dioxide emissions declined by 29 percent
ticularly among European countries and
between the peak year of 1973 and 1983
between the U.S. and Canada.
and by 10 per cent between 1980 and
Diplomatic problems related to
1983.
cross-boundary air pollution, including
Discussions on a protocol under
acid rain, first surfaced in Europe in the
LRTAP to control emissions of nitrogen
1950s when the Scandinavian countries
oxides were begun in 1985 and formal
became concerned about industrial
negotiations began in 1987. The
emissions traveling across the North Sea.
nitrogen oxide protocol was signed by the
Since then, acid rain has become a major
U.S. and other countries in October 1988
concern in much of Europe. The Con-
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 67
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
at Sofia, Bulgaria. The main provisions
of the United States and Canada". This
of the protocol include:
led to the Joint Statement on Transboun-
(1) a freeze on nitrogen oxides
dary Air Quality of July 16, 1979, and the
emissions at 1987 levels by Decem-
Memorandum of Intent of August 5,
ber 31, 1994;
1980 in which the two governments ex-
(2) the use of best available tech-
plicitly recognized the seriousness of
nologies on new sources when
acid rain and accepted a mutual commit-
economically feasible;
ment to work toward a bilateral agree-
(3) a commitment to endeavor to
ment as soon as possible. However, no
develop a follow-on protocol for
bilateral air quality agreement resulted
nitrogen oxides to meet environ-
from the Memorandum of Intent due to
mental effects control standards,
differences the two sides held concerning
instead of emissions control stand-
our scientific understanding of the na-
ards in the present protocol, for
ture and effects of acid rain. Negotia-
implementation in 1996;
tions ended in 1983.
(4) the exchange of information
In March 1985, then President Reagan
on control technologies; and
and Canadian Prime Minister Mulroney
(5) increased availability of un-
met at Quebec City to discuss a wide
leaded gasoline in Europe.
range of bilateral issues, including the
Acid rain has been a major item on the
environment. Acid rain was acknow-
U.S./Canadian agenda for more than a
ledged publicly as a serious concern im-
decade. Among recent issues between
pacting bilateral relations and each
the two countries, it has been one of the
leader appointed a Special Envoy to
most resistant to resolution. The first
review the issues. The Envoys issued a
joint U.S.-Canada effort to deal specifi-
joint report which was endorsed by the
cally with this issue was the Bilateral Re-
President and Prime Minister in March
search Consultation Group established
1986.
in 1978 to report on the extent and sig-
The report contained three sets of
nificance of long-range air pollution.
recommendations to enable the two
Additionally, in 1978 the U.S. Congress
countries to resume a fruitful dialogue
called upon the President to "make every
and take constructive actions to reduce
effort to negotiate a cooperative agree-
the stress this issue had created without
ment with the Government of Canada
immediately abandoning major policy
aimed at preserving the mutual airshed
positions.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 68
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
First, it recommended that the
innovative control technologies pro-
U.S. government "implement a
gram, the Administration has requested
five-year, five-billion dollar con-
the full $2.5 billion in federal funding
trol technology commercial
recommended by the Envoys. It has im-
demonstration program, with the
plemented the first phase of the Clean
federal government providing half
Coal Technology Program and initiated
the funding for projects which in-
the second phase. Also, the Secretary of
dustry recommends, and for which
DOE has established an advisory panel,
industry is prepared to contribute
with Canadian and U.S. public participa-
the other half of the funding." The
tion, to advise on the Department's fund-
primary purpose of the program is
ing and selection of innovative control
to establish cheaper and more effi-
technology demonstration projects.
cient technologies that might sup-
Acid rain remains our major unresolved
port future sulfur dioxide and
bilateral issue with Canada. In his
nitrogen oxides emissions control
budget address to the Congress on
programs. The Envoys also stated
February 9, 1989 and in conversations
that the program should result in
the next day with Prime Minister Mul-
some near-term reductions in U.S.
roney, President Bush announced that he
air-borne emissions affecting
would submit a comprehensive proposal
Canadian ecosystems.
to improve air quality which would in-
Second, the report recommended
clude acid rain reduction targets and
measures to enhance bilateral
timetables. The President also indicated
cooperation and consultation, in-
that, subsequently, discussions on a
cluding establishment of a
bilateral accord could begin with
bilateral advisory and consultative
Canada. In July, the President submitted
group on transboundary air pollu-
to Congress his proposed amendments to
tion. Third, they recommended a
the Clean Air Act with provisions for
cooperative program of research
curbing emissions of acid rain precur-
in areas of special value to
sors.
decision makers in guiding the
The U.S. has indicated to Canada that it
development of environmental
will be prepared to begin formal negotia-
policies.
tions on a U.S./Canada Air Quality Ac-
The U.S. has actively implemented
cord when our clean air legislation has
these recommendations. Regarding the
made sufficient progress in the Congres-
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 69
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
sional process. Since the President sub-
Vienna Convention on the Protection of
mitted his proposal to the Congress in
the Ozone Layer, was held in Helsinki,
July, we have been holding a series of
April 26 - 28, 1989. The Parties:
meetings with the Canadians for discus-
adopted rules of procedure;
sions to prepare the ground for such
arbitration procedures;
negotiations. The Canadians have al-
financial rules and a budget;
ready reduced their sulfur emissions by
and designated UNEP as the
40% and expect to reach their 50% target
secretariat for both the Conven-
of 2.3 million tons by 1995.
tion and the Montreal Protocol.
The Parties also agreed on measures to
Protection of the Ozone Layer
implement the research, monitoring and
During 1989, substantial progress was
information exchange provisions of the
made in worldwide cooperation to
Convention.
protect the stratospheric ozone layer.
The first meeting of the Parties to the
The U.S. government continued to be a
Montreal Protocol was in Helsinki, May
leader; both on advancing scientific un-
2- - 5, 1989. A precedent-setting aspect of
derstanding of ozone depletion and its
the Protocol is its provision for periodic
possible effects; and in promoting
review of new scientific, environmental,
worldwide phase-out of chlorofluorocar-
technical and economic developments.
bons (CFCs) by the year 2000, provided
The Parties endorsed the establishment
that safe substitutes are available.
of four panels under Article 6 of the
The Montreal Protocol on Substances
Protocol to assess the control measures
that Deplete the Ozone Layer, which
on the basis of scientific, environmental,
provides for reductions in production
technical, and economic information.
and consumption of the principal ozone-
They also established an open-ended
depleting chemicals, entered into force
working group to make recommenda-
on January 1, 1989, having been ratified
tions regarding further control measures,
by the requisite eleven nations repre-
based on the panels' conclusions, for con-
senting at least two-thirds of the global
sideration by the Parties at their second
consumption of the controlled chemi-
meeting in June, 1990. At this time, the
cals. As of December 1, 1989, 49
working group will also make recom-
countries (including 18 developing
mendations relative to financial and
countries) had ratified the protocol.
other mechanisms to implement the
The first meeting of the Parties to the
Protocol's provisions concerning infor-
Protocol's framework agreement, the
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 70
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
mation exchange and technical assis-
a large number of chemical manufac-
tance to developing countries. Recog-
turers worldwide are conducting joint
nizing the limited information available,
toxicity and environmental acceptability
the working group has agreed on the in-
studies for substitute chemicals. Pend-
itiation of a series of representative
ing the results of these and other environ-
developing countries, to serve as the
mental acceptability studies, industry is
basis for estimating overall developing
now working under an accelerated
country needs.
schedule to bring new chemical sub-
The U.S. Environmental Protection
stitutes to the market within the next
Agency (EPA) is assisting Egypt,
three to five years.
Mexico, and Brazil in carrying out
Cooperative international action to
studies. Other studies are either under-
protect stratospheric ozone is a foreign
way or planned for India, China,
policy priority because unilateral U.S. ac-
Venezuela, Kenya, Malaysia and Sin-
tion would not be effective in protecting
gapore. In addition, UNEP has commis-
a global resource which is essential to the
sioned a series of studies on
health and welfare of the citizens of the
methodologies for estimating overall
U.S. In addition, cooperative action
developing country needs, and an evalua-
minimizes trade distortions which would
tion of new and existing financing
result from uneven application of con-
mechanisms.
trols on the production and use of ozone-
In October 1989, nine major electronics
depleting chemicals.
firms in the United States announced the
formation of an "Industry Cooperative
OCEANS, POLAR AND
for Ozone Layer Protection" to work with
FISHERIES ISSUES
the EPA in eliminating the worldwide
use of CFCs. The members of the
U.S. - USSR Comprehensive
cooperative will work through their
Fisheries Agreement
foreign operations, suppliers, and cus-
A US-USSR Intergovernmental
tomers to encourage the use of substitute
Consultative Committee on fisheries
chemicals, products and technologies in
(ICC) was established pursuant to the
developing countries. In addition, under
1988 bilateral Comprehensive Fisheries
the Program for Alternative Toxicity
Agreement. The ICC met twice during
Testing and the Alternative Fluorocar-
1989 to discuss a broad range of fisheries
bon Environmental Acceptability Study,
issues, including unregulated fisheries in
the Bering Sea and the illegal harvest by
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 71
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
third parties of salmon in the high seas
ing effort and catch, and tighter at sea and
areas of the North Pacific. On the former
in port enforcement procedures. The
matter, the ICC established the Bering
agreements also establish cooperative
Sea Fisheries advisory Body (BSFAB) to
scientific observer programs for non-tar-
advise the Committee on the rational
get species. The resulting analysis will
management of fisheries in the Bering
allow us to establish future policy
Sea including the area beyond the 200
towards high seas driftnetting and sets
mile limits (the "donut") and on actions
the stage for later cooperative activities.
which may be taken to reach agreements
to control the unregulated fisheries in the
"donut" area.
Antarctic Treaty
The Antarctic Treaty, which grew out
High Seas Driftnet Agreements
of the International Geophysical Year of
with Japan, Korea, and Taiwan
1957-58, is the cornerstone of the An-
In the last decade, there has been a
tarctic Treaty system. It establishes the
rapid growth in the use of high seas
basis for international cooperation in
driftnets in the Pacific Ocean. This fish-
Antarctica; reserves use of the continent
ing method has been criticized as need-
solely for peaceful purposes, prohibits
lessly harmful to seabirds, marine
military activities and nuclear weapons
mammals and other ocean resources not
and wastes, and guarantees freedom of
intended to be taken. Congress passed
scientific research. The U.S. Antarctic
the Driftnet Impact Monitoring, Assess-
Program of The National Science Foun-
ment and Control Act in 1987 which
dation supports national goals to main-
mandated that the executive branch
tain the Antarctic Treaty, including
negotiate monitoring and enforcement
ensuring the continent will continue to
agreements with every country with a
be used for peaceful purposes, to foster
high seas driftnet fishery in the North
cooperative research in the region, to
Pacific. In 1989, we completed agree-
protect the environment, and to ensure
ments with Japan, Korea, and Taiwan
equitable and wise use of living and non-
which include time and area fishing
living resources. The number of
restrictions, licensing requirements,
countries party to the treaty continues to
marking of nets and vessels, mandatory
grow. During the past year Colombia
reporting of fishing vessel location, use of
acceded to the treaty, bringing the num-
locating transponders, reporting of fish-
ber of treaty parties up to 39. In 1988 and
1989, five signatories: Finland, The
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 72
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Republic of Korea, Peru, Spain and
Zealand. To date, seventeen Consult-
Sweden, became Antarctic Treaty Con-
ative Parties have signed the agreement.
sultative Parties, bringing that total num-
The convention establishes the necessary
ber to 25.
legal and institutional framework for
The treaty provides for regular consult-
determination of the acceptability of
ative meetings, now held biennially. The
mineral resource activities in Antarctica,
Fifteenth Consultative Meeting was held
should interest in them emerge in the
at Paris in October 1989. At that meet-
future, and for regulating any activities
ing, a number of specific US proposals
determined to be acceptable.
were approved by the Treaty parties.
It sets forth strict environmental stand-
These included a new Code of Conduct
ards and requires that no activity be per-
on waste disposal, marine pollution
mitted unless there is adequate
measures, new types of protected areas,
information to assess possible environ-
stronger action on environmental impact
mental impacts. The impact assessment
assessments, and agreement to develop
must be undertaken in light of these en-
coordinate environmental monitoring
vironmental standards. The convention
and data systems. It was also decided to
provides the framework necessary to
hold a Special Consultative Meeting in
foster the major investment which would
1990 on comprehensive environmental
be required for any Antarctic mineral
measures, as well as one on the liability
exploration and development meeting
protocol called for by the Convention on
these environmental standards.
the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral
The convention is designed to ensure
Resources Activities. Special Consult-
that issues relating to mineral resources
ative Meetings were held in 1988 and
do not become a source of discord or
1989.
conflict in Antarctica. Its conclusion
thus represents an extension and reinfor-
The Convention on the Regula-
cement of the Antarctic Treaty system
tion of Antarctica Mineral
which has maintained Antarctica as a
Resource Activities
zone of peace, free of military activity or
On November 30, 1989, the United
conflict, for the past quarter century.
States signed the Convention on the
Regulation of Antarctic Mineral
The Convention on the Conser-
Resource Activities (The Wellington
vation of Antarctic Marine
Convention) in Wellington, New
Living Resources (CAMLR)
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 73
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Another element of the Antarctic
other viruses into the Antarctic environ-
Treaty System is the Convention on the
ment.
Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
The Arctic
Resources. It held its eighth annual
During the past year scientists and
meeting in Hobart, Tasmania, and
government officials from the US,
passed stricter conservation measures
Canada, Scandinavian countries and the
for fish populations, including area and
Soviet Union have explored the possible
seasonal closures, and timely reporting
formation of a non-governmental Inter-
requirements. A system of inspection
national Arctic Science Committee. The
was implemented, which will allow
goal of the committee, would be the
countries to board and inspect fishery
promotion and coordination of interna-
vessels of CAMLR countries, which are
tional scientific cooperation in the
operating in Antarctic waters. There are
Arctic.
presently 24 signatories to the Conven-
The United States also participated in
tion.
consultations with other Arctic countries
Convention for the Conservation of An-
on Arctic environmental protection. At
tarctic Seals (CCAS)
Finland's initiative, countries met in
The Convention for the Conservation
Rovaniemi, Finland, in September 1989,
of Antarctic Seals held its first meeting
and agreed to meet again in April 1990,
since the Convention came into force in
in Yellowknife, Canada.
1978 in London September 12-16, 1988,
Marine Mammals
to review its operations to date. The
The U.S. firmly supports the conserva-
meeting featured country reports on
tion of whales, based on the program
sealing and research. The Soviet Union
determined by the International Whal-
described its experimental 1985-86 seal-
ing Commission (IWC). In 1989, the
ing expedition, which took 4800 seals
U.S. hosted the 41st annual meeting of
(mostly crabeater seals). It was agreed
the IWC in San Diego, at which resolu-
that commercial sealing was unlikely for
tions critical of the scientific whaling of
the foreseeable future. Highlights of the
Japan, Iceland, and Norway were passed.
meeting included: 1) agreement to new
In addition, U.S. scientists and officials
requirements for scientific reporting, 2)
met with representatives of each country
prohibition of the taking of Weddell seal
in an effort to help bring the scientific
pups, 3) new steps to protect against the
whaling programs into compliance with
introduction of canine distemper and
criteria established by the IWC.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 74
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
ducted to nations which accept
NUCLEAR ISSUES
such safeguards over their entire
nuclear programs.
Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Third, we cooperate closely with
A fundamental policy underlying all
other nuclear suppliers in im-
United States nuclear cooperation with
plementing a system of nuclear ex-
other nations is that such cooperation
port controls, to prevent countries
may take place only under arrangements
of proliferation risk from obtain-
which assure that it does not, in any way,
ing commodities and technology
assist the spread of nuclear explosives
which could assist a nuclear
capabilities. A detailed report of United
weapons program.
States actions to implement this policy is
These basic elements represent only the
submitted by the President annually to
framework for a very complex and active
the Congress pursuant to Section 601 of
program of non-proliferation. The
the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of
President's 601 Report should be con-
1978 (Public Law 95-242, 92 Stat. 120).
sulted for further details on the im-
In summary, United States non-
plementation of United States
proliferation is grounded in three basic
non-proliferation during the past year.
elements:
First, cooperating parties must
Nuclear Safety - Post Cher-
make firm and legally binding non-
nobyl
proliferation commitments. The
Since the April 1986 accident at the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the U.S
and the Treaty for the Prohibition
has been working through the Interna-
of Nuclear Weapons in Latin
tional Atomic Energy Agency and the
America (Tlatelolco) represent
Nuclear Energy Agency, as well as
the best way for other nations to
bilaterally with other countries, to im-
make such peaceful use pledges.
prove nuclear safety practices
Second, we rely for verification of
worldwide. Highlights of the 1989 ac-
these commitments on the interna-
tivities include (1) commencement of
tional safeguards system imple-
substantive cooperation with the USSR
mented by the International
on a wide range of nuclear safety topics;
Atomic Energy Agency. Under
(2) initiation of nuclear safety coopera-
United States law, significant
tion with Czechoslovakia; (3) a visit by a
nuclear exports may only be con-
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 75
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
U.S. team to the Juragua nuclear power
to the USSR research in these areas. The
plant in Cuba at the invitation of the
second meeting of the Joint Coordinat-
Cubans to discuss nuclear safety, (4)
ing Committee for Civilian Nuclear
progress on the development of a con-
Reactor Safety (JCCCNRS) was held on
ceptual design for the international ther-
October 30-31 in Washington. Both
monuclear experimental reactor (ITER)
sides agreed that cooperation had
by the four parties of the ITER project,
progressed well during the year. In Sep-
the U.S., USSR, Japan, and the
tember, DOE proposed a new item for
European Community; and (5) formal
cooperation on improving operational
establishment of the World Association
safety practices which is designed to in-
of Nuclear Power Plant Operators
crease contacts between the U.S. nuclear
(WANO) with full support of the USG.
industry and the Soviet nuclear industry.
Cooperation under the U.S.-USSR
On April 14, 1989, the U.S. Nuclear
Memorandum of Cooperation in the
Regulatory Commission and the
Field of Civilian Nuclear Reactor Safety
Czechoslovakian Atomic Energy Com-
(MOC) was successfully initiated during
mission signed an Agreement for the Ex-
1989. All ten working groups met; the
change of Technical Information and
meetings alternating between the U.S.
Cooperation in Nuclear Safety Matters.
and the USSR. These included an ex-
The first NRC delegation visited
change in July of U.S. and USSR nuclear
Czechoslovakia in October. Discussions
power plant safety inspectors for seven
focussed on nuclear safety inspections
weeks at the Zaporozhe and the Catawba
activities and materials performance is-
nuclear power plants, respectively, to ob-
sues such as pipe and vessel fracture.
serve each others safety inspection
Further exchanges are scheduled for
programs. Also, in September 1989, a
1990.
large team of U.S. officials and scientists
A U.S. team, including a NRC official,
visited the USSR to initiate cooperation
visited Havana, at Cuban invitation, for
on the topic of the health and environ-
nuclear safety discussions and a site visit
mental effects of the Chernobyl accident.
to the Juragua nuclear power plant which
This is a topic of utmost import to the
is under construction in Cienfuegos.
USG, as we hope to advance our under-
Cuban commitment to nuclear safety was
standing of the effects of exposure to
noted. Follow-on discussions are an-
prolonged, low level radiation on both
ticipated.
man and the environment through access
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 76
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Several nuclear safety Information Ex-
one of the regional centers of WANO in
change Agreements were renewed or
Atlanta. All U.S. utilities are members
consummated by the NRC and its
of WANO. The USG endorses the mis-
counterparts in other countries in 1989.
sion of WANO and facilitates its ac-
Successes included conclusion of a new
tivities as appropriate.
agreement with the Canadians after
Fiscal Year 1989 witnessed continued
several years of negotiation; agreement
US participation in the nuclear safety
renewals with Brazil, Sweden, and Spain;
activities of the IAEA. State, DOE,
and substantial information exchange
ACDA, and NRC officials participated
and research cooperation activities with
extensively in IAEA meetings, symposia,
the U.K., France, the FRG, Japan,
and technical assistance activities
Korea, Taiwan, and Mexico.
devised to improve nuclear safety.
The U.S., USSR, Japan and the
The U.S. participated in several IAEA
European Community achieved sig-
sponsored Operational Safety Review
nificant progress on a conceptual design
Team (OSART) visits to review safety
for the thermonuclear experimental
practices at specific nuclear power plant
reactor (ITER) in 1989. A final report on
facilities at the request of their govern-
this phase is anticipated in 1990. If the
ments. Indeed, the US requested an
parties agree and the results of the con-
OSART review of the Byron Nuclear
ceptual design effort warrant, their work
plant in Illinois which yielded positive
would commence on a detailed engineer-
review results. Subsequently, the NRC
ing design for the reactor.
sponsored a meeting in April for U.S.
Although not an official USG activity,
OSART participants to evaluate their ex-
we note the formal establishment of the
perience(s). The NRC then provided
World Association of Nuclear Power
recommendations to the IAEA on pos-
Plant Operators (WANO) at a meeting
sible improvements for OSART.
in Moscow in February 1990. WANO's
U.S. participants also assisted in the
mission is to maximize the safety and
IAEA response to a nuclear incident in
reliability of the operation of nuclear
El Salvador in February, involving the
power plants by exchanging information,
exposure of three workers to a cobalt-60
encouraging comparison, emulation and
source while conducting maintenance
communication among the power plant
activities at a pool irradiator. The US
operators on their operational safety
Radiation Emergency Assistance Team
practices and problems. The U.S. hosts
(REACTS) from Oak Ridge National
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 77
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Lab was sent to El Salvador and later to
originally built by the U.S. Atomic Ener-
Mexico City to treat the victims. As a
gy Commission that otherwise would
follow-on, with IAEA assistance, the
have been retired prematurely due to
U.S. sponsored an interregional training
lack of funding. The last test series run,
course at Argonne National Laboratory
which involved substantial meltdown of
on Safety and Regulation of Sealed Sour-
the core test bundle, provided informa-
ces of Radioactive Material in April.
tion essential to U.S. understanding of
The Nuclear Energy Agency of the
the Three Mile Island nuclear accident.
OECD carried out a number of safety
A final two-day international con-
activities, focussing especially on the
ference on LOFT will be held in May
human factor in nuclear plant opera-
1990.
tions. NEA revamped its Incident
Reporting System Data Bank, intended
Global Warming and Nuclear
to collect for wide dissemination,
Power
detailed information on safety-related
As concerns about climate change in-
plant incidents. The U.S. Nuclear
creased, the international nuclear com-
Regulatory Commission, through Oak
munity accelerated efforts to examine
Ridge National Laboratories, took over
the potential role of nuclear power in
administration of the Data Bank late in
alleviating the greenhouse effect.
1989 as an in-kind NEA contribution.
Nuclear energy produces little of the
NEA published a report on "The Role of
greenhouse gases believed likely to cause
Human Intervention in the Prevention
climate change, and thus might continue
and Mitigation of Severe Accidents"; and
to serve as an effective energy source in
held two international meetings that
the 21st century. However, problems
drew wide attendance: a conference on
such as waste management and public
Man-Machine Interface in the Nuclear
acceptance must continue to be ad-
Industry, and a symposium on Feedback
dressed and resolved. U.S. foreign policy
of Operational Safety Experience from
efforts this past year have focussed in
Nuclear Power Plants.
three areas:
Fiscal Year 1989 also saw the termina-
Current Safety
tion of the LOFT project, a highly suc-
In order for nuclear power to remain
cessful 10-year experimental program in
and expand as an alternative energy
which NEA supported continued opera-
source, the current generation of reac-
tion of an Idaho research reactor
tors must establish a safe operating
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 78
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
record, and progress on waste manage-
Hans Blix in particular has become a
ment must be demonstrated. The U.S.
strong advocate for nuclear power as an
has become one of the leading advocates
important energy source with distinct en-
of this approach to help preserve the im-
vironmental advantages, speaking to this
portant contributions of this technology
issue at both the United Nations and in
to international energy security and
response to the Brundtland report on
more environmentally benign energy
sustainable development. In August
production in the future.
1989, the IAEA sponsored an interna-
Public Acceptance
tional conference in Chicago to examine
What fears occur in the general public
the general role of nuclear power in
regarding nuclear power? How might
response to global warming. The NEA is
these fears of the technology be over-
working closely with the Environmental
come? What must national regulatory
Directorate of the OECD and the Inter-
bodies do in order to gain the public
national Energy Agency in a common
trust?
effort to identify the best, most environ-
New Reactor Technologies
mentally benign energy technologies for
Smaller, "modular" reactors such as ad-
both the short and long terms.
vanced pressurized-water reactors
In response to the challenges presented
(APWR's) and high-temperature gas-
by global climate change, both the IAEA
cooled reactors (HGTR's) with passive
and the NEA recently held high-level
safety features eventually may prove
brainstorming sessions to revise the long-
more cost effective, efficient and publicly
term orientations of their respective
acceptable than the light-water or
work programs. Both agencies reaf-
graphite-moderated reactors currently
firmed the importance of maintaining
favored by most nations. Although
high levels of activity in the fields of
promising, these new designs will require
nuclear safety and waste management.
additional development and demonstra-
Both agencies also regularly bring re-
tion on a commercial scale. Multilateral
search scientists together to exchange
efforts to review the role of nuclear
ideas and experience from work with in-
power in the energy mix have focussed in
novative reactor technologies such as
two international agencies, the Interna-
those described above.
tional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
and the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)
HEALTH AND QUALITY OF
of the OECD. IAEA Director General
LIFE ISSUES
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 79
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
demonstrated the usefulness of several
Acquired Immune Deficiency
medications. Fifty-four other com-
Syndrome (AIDS)
pounds are under study and may prove
HIV/AIDS impact continues to ac-
useful as therapeutic agents in years to
celerate in virtually all areas of the world.
come. Recent primate trials of killed
To date approximately 520,000 people
virus vaccines offer encouragement for
have become clinically ill with the dis-
vaccine development but further
ease, while five million persons are es-
breakthroughs are necessary before can-
timated to be infected worldwide. Time
didate vaccines will be ready for human
from infection to illness averages 9-10
efficiency trials.
years. Essentially all who are infected
The U.S. continues to support the
will develop AIDS. There remains,
World Health Organization's Global
therefore, an extremely large inevitable
Programme on AIDS (GPA). The U.S.,
impact of disease from those already in-
through the Agency for International
fected. Treatment remains only
Development (USAID), contributed
moderately effective, at best only slowing
$25.5 million to the GPA in Fiscal Year
the inevitable fatal course of the illness.
1989. An additional $14.5 million was
Prevention of infection remains the only
allocated with congressional mandate for
effective approach to controlling this
HIV/AIDS program activities. An addi-
epidemic. Prevention means education
tional $16 million of general develop-
and motivation of behavioral changes
ment funds were also committed by
among those at risk for transmitting or
USAID for HIV/AIDS related assis-
acquiring the infection.
tance.
The virus responsible for Acquired Im-
munology Deficiency Syndrome is in-
USAID has compiled a data base for
cluded in a group of viruses referred to
tracking international AIDS activities.
as Human Immunodeficiency Viruses.
The United States Government is the
Their unique ability to infect and destroy
single largest contributor to internation-
the immune system is now under intense
al efforts to control the HIV/AIDS
study.
epidemic. In Fiscal Year 1989 the over-
Within the past year, medications and
all budget for all agencies was $69 mil-
vaccines have begun to look more
lion. The largest share (38%) of the
promising. Research sponsored by the
international AIDS budget was for the
National Institutes of Health has
WHO/GPA. Of the remaining funds,
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 80
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
there are six agencies which engage in
sembly strongly opposes travel restric-
international AIDS activities. Four of
tions on the basis of HIV/AIDS status.
these agencies are within the Depart-
During Fiscal Year 1989, the U.S.
ment of Health and Human Services and
Government spent almost as much on
account for 63% of the Fiscal Year 1989
international aspects of AIDS as it has
international AIDS budget. USAID rep-
spent in the previous three years com-
resents 34% and the Department of
bined. These efforts include agencies
Defense represents 3%. Expressed
with a domestic focus as well as those
geographically, roughly 40% of the ac-
with a foreign policy focus.
tivities have a worldwide or regional
focus and the remainder are distributed
Population
between Africa (32%), Asia and the
The Department of State's Office of the
Near East (9%) and Latin America
Coordinator of Population Affairs has
(19%). Prevention and prevention-re-
responsibility for coordinating U.S. in-
lated research account for 35% of the
ternational population policy, thereby
Fiscal Year 1989 budget; epidemiology
enhancing the effectiveness of U.S.
and surveillance represent another 34%.
programs, the programs of other nations
The remaining funds were divided
and the activities of international or-
among vaccine development, clinical re-
ganizations. U.S. international popula-
search and therapeutic development.
tion assistance programs are
In addition, the U.S. Government is
implemented by USAID. Cooperation
developing a model to facilitate and Γa-
between the Department of State and
tionalize the process of developing
USAID is close and continuous. The
demographic projections of the interna-
primary U.S. objective is to encourage
tional impacts of AIDS. The Defense
developing countries to adopt sound
Department maintains a continuous
economic and population policies con-
sero-surveillance of all military person-
sistent with respect for human dignity
nel. Those testing positive for HIV are
and family. Population assistance is an
not assigned overseas. The U.S. Govern-
ingredient of a comprehensive program
ment does test those visa applicants seek-
that focuses on treating the root causes
ing permanent residence (e.g.,
of development failures.
immigrants and refugees). Current
United States policy emphasizes con-
policy does not require testing of short-
tinued strong support for voluntary inter-
term visitors. The World Health As-
national family planning programs, the
integration of population and economic
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 81
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
development policies, the critical role a
There have been some successful ex-
market-oriented economy can play in
amples of international cooperation in
achieving population goals, and the
population programs. High rates of fer-
prohibiting of any U.S. support for coer-
tility have dropped significantly in some
cion or abortion in family planning
countries, but very little in other
programs. The implementation of this
countries. The number of people seek-
policy has resulted in a cut-off of U.S.
ing voluntary family planning services is
funding of the International Planned
growing, both in absolute numbers and as
Parenthood Federation (IPPF) and of
a percentage of total population. How-
the United Nations Population Fund
ever, reductions in the birth rate in recent
(UNFPA). Funds programmed annually
years have been matched by reductions
for UNFPA continue to be
in the death rate, and the rate of increase
reprogrammed to other USAID-sup-
of the world's population has remained
ported population activities.
unchanged during the past decade at 1.8
In Fiscal Year 1989, the U.S. provided
percent per year. (The rate of growth has
$252 million for population assistance
remained at 0.6 percent annually in in-
programs, which includes $38 million
dustrialized countries, and at about 2.4
from the Africa Development Fund and
percent annually in all LDC's, excepting
$12.5 million from the Economic Sup-
China.) With this rate of growth, the
port Fund. The U.S. contribution ac-
population of the earth will continue to
counts for over 40 percent of the total
double every 40 years. Last year 106 mil-
amount of direct or bilateral assistance
lion people were added to the world's
provided by developed countries. Other
population. With no reduction in the
donors have pledged to increase the level
rate of population growth, global popula-
of their assistance in coming years.
tion can be expected to increase from
About 40 percent of total resources allo-
today's 5.2 billion to 6.3 billion by the
cated to population programs each year
year 2000, and to some 10.5 billion
worldwide come from developed
people by the year 2030. The political,
countries, while developing countries
economic, social and environmental im-
spend another 40 percent of total resour-
plications of rapidly expanding human
ces, and international organizations and
populations in the coming century
non-governmental organizations con-
remain largely unexplored.
tribute 20 percent.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 82
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
character of the project and the balance
SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGI-
of mutual benefits and responsibilities
CAL ISSUES
reflecting the genuine partnership set
forth in the agreements."
Cooperation On Large-scale
Successful cooperation on Space Sta-
S&T Projects:
tion Freedom will be a durable and high-
Space Station
ly visible symbol of the determination of
On September 5, 1989, representatives
the U.S. and its friends to work together
of the United States, nine members of
for mutual benefit. The level and scope
the European Space Agency, Japan, and
of international cooperation involved
Canada met in Washington for the first
are in many respects unprecedented.
government-level review of Space Sta-
Europe, Japan, and Canada are con-
tion cooperation. The Intergovernmen-
tributing laboratory modules and other
tal Agreement on Space Station
hardware valued at more than $7 billion.
Cooperation, which was signed by par-
(The total initial U.S. investment in
ticipating governments in 1988 together
Space Station Freedom is expected to
with implementing memoranda of un-
total $16 billion.) Each partner will be
derstanding, calls for such a meeting to
allocated a proportion of the Space
be held every three years to deal with
Station's physical space and resources
matters involved in their cooperation
roughly commensurate with its invest-
and to review and promote Space Station
ment. Each partner will also provide
cooperation. The principal topic of dis-
crew members, participate in managing
cussion was the impact of an anticipated
the facility, and share operational costs.
cut in the Administration's Fiscal Year
Space Station cooperation could also
1990 budget request for NASA's Space
lay the groundwork for working together
Station activities. The European,
with our friends and allies in the next
Japanese, and Canadian delegations ex-
century to expand human presence
pressed deep concern that the budget cut
beyond the near-Earth orbit. In his July
might force NASA to change the pro-
20 speech commemorating the twentieth
gram in ways that would adversely affect
anniversary of the Apollo Moon Land-
their interests. At the conclusion of the
ing, President Bush asked Vice President
meeting, the partners agreed on a joint
Quayle to lead the National Space Coun-
statement emphasizing their commit-
cil in determining what is needed to
ment "to continue to consult and to work
chart a new and continuing course of
together to preserve the international
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 83
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
space exploration. One important ques-
cooperation. Sharing the costs and
tion being examined in the Space Coun-
benefits of such projects with other inter-
cil-led review process is the feasibility of
ested countries could enable the United
international cooperation in carrying out
States to pursue a more ambitious
manned missions to the Moon and Mars.
science and technology agenda over the
next decade.
Superconducting Super Col-
lider
Human Genome Research
Another major science and technology
At the National Institutes of Health,
project in which international coopera-
(NIH), the Human Genome Initiative is
tion may have important benefits for the
being managed by the National Center
United States is the Superconducting
for Human Genome Research. The pro-
Super Collider (SSC). Congress has ap-
gram is managed in close collaboration
propriated funding for the beginning of
with a similar program at the Depart-
construction of the SSC (the world's
ment of Energy. The Human Genome
largest particle accelerator) in Fiscal
Initiative is an international research ef-
Year 1990, at a site in Texas. The SSC
fort with the goal of analyzing the struc-
will collide two beams of protons
ture of human DNA and determining the
together by accelerating them through
location of all human genes. The Initia-
10,000 superconducting magnets in a
tive will encompass examination of
tunnel 53 miles in circumference. It will
genomes of a number of animal and plant
give scientists unprecedented capability
model systems in order to gain insight
to study the basic building blocks of mat-
into evolutionary processes such as the
ter. During 1989 the State Department
conservation of key generic elements.
worked closely with the Department of
Gene mapping and analysis will be key
Energy and other agencies to develop a
biological research tools in the 21st cen-
plan for involving other countries in the
tury. The ability to determine the loca-
SSC.
tion and structure of specific genes on the
A number of other attractive large-scale
23 pairs of human chromosomes is a
science and technology projects--includ-
major step toward discovering new
ing Mission to Planet Earth and Human
methods to prevent or treat the 4,000
Genome Mapping--are on the drawing
inherited diseases that are caused by
board for the 1990s and may be ap-
single-gene defects, or the many more
propriate candidates for international
genetic defects that involve an inherited
susceptibility to disease. The technology
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 84
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
and data produced by the Human
from the National Center for Human
Genome Initiative will be of great
Genome Research have attended meet-
benefit to the biotechnology industry and
ings of the European Community's
will be used in the development of many
Human Genome Initiative Working
applications in fields as diverse as
Group. In the past year, Dr. James Wat-
agriculture, waste management, and en-
son, Director of the National Center for
vironmental studies.
Human Genome Research, has travelled
The importance, complexity, and cost of
to England, Italy, France and the Soviet
the effort to map and sequence the
Union to confer with scientists working
human genome makes international
on human genome research. In addition
cooperation essential. Most developed
to representatives of these countries of-
countries are already formulating
ficials from Japan, Belgium, Denmark,
strategies to undertake aspects of this
Norway, and the Federal Republic of
international effort, and some develop-
Germany have visited the National Cen-
ing countries are interested in participat-
ter for Human Genome Research, to ob-
ing in the research as well. The Human
tain information about its programs.
Genome Project will require a number of
These interactions illustrate the depth
years, substantial resources, and the
and breadth of interest in this program
development of increasingly sophisti-
across the world.
cated technology. Storage, comparison
Open communication, information ex-
and retrieval of the information
change, and collaborative efforts are
produced will require a high level of in-
probably the most effective methods for
ternational cooperation to ensure that
preventing duplication of research ef-
basic scientific information is freely ac-
forts and costly international competi-
cessible to all.
tion. NIH has been active in promoting
Cooperation already exists between the
international scientific collaboration for
United States and the Commission of the
projects with similar objectives and has
European Community and the U.S. and
sponsored a number of workshops to
the United Kingdom. Representatives
facilitate this. In order to provide a more
of the Commission of the European
formal forum for international col-
Community, the United Kingdom and
laborations, a number of prominent in-
Canada have participated in meetings of
ternational molecular biologists and
the NIH Program Advisory Committee
human geneticists have banded together
on the Human Genome. Similarly, staff
to form the "Human Genome Organiza-
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 85
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
tion" (HUGO). This organization has
U.N. Committee on the Peaceful Uses
been incorporated in Switzerland and in
of Outer Space (COPUOS)
the United States. The National Center
The 53-member COPUOS, its Scien-
for Human Genome Research, supports
tific and Technical Subcommittee, and
the role of HUGO as the principal inter-
its Legal Subcommittee all met during
national coordinating group for human
1989. For several decades after its incep-
genome research and for the internation-
tion in 1958, the Committee worked suc-
al exchange of data.
cessfully in the exchange of scientific
information and negotiated four widely
Advanced Technologies
accepted conventions that form the basis
The State Department's Office of Ad-
of international space law. However, the
vanced Technology is charged with fol-
scientific and legal work of the Commit-
lowing advanced technology
tee has suffered in recent years as
developments abroad, including super-
debates became increasingly political.
computers, nuclear physics, advanced
There has been a tendency to seek to
materials, hypersonic flight technology,
involve the Committee in disarmament
robotics, advanced manufacturing tech-
and other matters that the U.S. and other
nology, remote sensing, and others.
Western nations believe are fundamen-
Receipt of cables from science officers
tally at odds with the Committee's man-
overseas keeps the office up-to-date con-
date and with the consensus procedure
cerning foreign advances in these fields.
that governs its work.
In Fiscal Year 1989, the office started a
At the February 1989 Scientific and
series of "reverse reporting" cables.
Technical Subcommittee, member states
These cables go from Washington to
focused on the use of space technology
field officers to inform them of current
for combating environmental problems.
developments and interests in the U.S.
The Subcommittee decided to pay par-
This information enables officers to con-
ticular attention in 1990 to the use of
centrate reporting on subjects of topical
space technology in terrestrial search
interest. Subjects covered in this series
and rescue and in disaster relief ac-
of cables have included: hypersonic
tivities. The Legal Subcommittee met in
flight, supercomputers, robotics and in-
March 1989, to consider questions relat-
dustry, superconductivity, and the for-
ing to the use of nuclear power sources in
warding of the Department of Defense's
space, utilization of the geostationary
list of 22 Critical Technologies.
orbit and the delimitation of outer space.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 86
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
The subcommittee considered for the
since its inception in 1958. The Science
first time the new agenda item on dealing
Programme emerged in recognition of
with the application of the principle that
the importance of strong capabilities in
space exploration should be carried out
Science and Technology in all member
for the benefit of all countries, taking
countries and of the need for broad co-
particular account of the needs of
operation to
developing countries. The U.S., with the
achieve such capabilities. The Science
support of other Western countries, in
Committee has implemented the
1988 continued efforts to make the work
programme by focussing on scientific and
of COPUOS and the Subcommittees
technological exchanges, emphasizing
more relevant to the present state of
the international mobility of scientists
space exploration. To this end, at its
throughout the Alliance. In 1980 this
June 1989 meeting, member states ex-
scientific cooperation was supplemented
changed views on an item concerning the
by a special programme, Science for
secondary applications of space technol-
Stability (SFS), to assist Greece, Por-
ogy for addressing problems on Earth.
tugal and Turkey in enhancing their in-
This topic was first proposed by the U.S.
dividual scientific and technological
at the 1988 session of COPUOS. On the
capabilities and their management ex-
basis of a joint resolution of Congress in
perience in these areas.
1986, which was endorsed by President
A key feature of the administration of
Reagan, International Scientific or-
the Science Programme, is the heavy,
ganizations and national space agencies
voluntary involvement of the interna-
will celebrate 1992 as the International
tional scientific community in the peer
Space Year. COPUOS agreed it could
review process accompanying each grant
play a meaningful role in ISY without any
recommendation. At any time, more
impact on the regular budget of the U.N.
than 100 individual scientists from the
through the training and education
Alliance nations, chosen on the basis of
capabilities of the U.N. Programme on
their scientific qualifications, serve
Space Applications.
without recompense on the several ad-
visory and selection bodies established
NATO Science Committee
by the Committee. In addition they were
NATO's "Third Dimension", its civil
assisted by well over 2,000 written
Science Programme, complementing the
reviews prepared by eminent specialists
military and the political-economic
on individual grant applications.
dimensions, has developed substantially
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 87
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
The original main sub-programmes
developed to achieve the Science
Organization for Economic
Committee's objectives have continued
Cooperation and Development
to demonstrate their validity and still
(OECD)
form the framework for the NATO
Economic growth in the OECD mem-
Science Programme. They are:
ber countries is strongly dependent upon
The Science Fellowships
technological change and the conse-
Programme which increases the
quent generation of new products and
quality and quantity of trained
processes. Far-sighted government
scientists by stimulating the ex-
policies can stimulate innovation and
change of post-graduate and post-
entrepreneurial activities, improve
doctoral students between mem-
structural conditions, and generate
ber countries.
market-led economic development. The
The Collaborative Research
Committee for Scientific and Technol-
Grants Programme which in-
ogy Policy (CSTP) of the OECD engages
creases the effectiveness of nation-
in a variety of activities which reflect this
al scientific efforts by promoting
fact - ranging from promoting common
the sharing of expertise and scien-
safety standards in biotechnology among
tific facilities;
OECD countries to pioneering the
The Advanced Study Institute
development of analytic frameworks for
Programme which fosters high-
evaluating trade in high technology. The
level education in space and tech-
CSTP continues to focus on technology
nology and encourages interna-
and its impact on economic growth by
tional linkages; and
identifying opportunities that can assist
The Advanced Research
member countries to better utilize tech-
Workshop Programme which
nology to stimulate their industry and
brings together small groups of ad-
economy. The OECD affords a recep-
vanced researchers for exchange
tive multilateral forum for the U.S. to
of information and planning pur-
discuss broad policy issues with our
poses.
major free world trading partners.
The U.S. is also actively involved in the
OTHER SIGNIFICANT MULTI-
work of the OECD's Committee on In-
LATERAL ACTIVITIES
formation, Computers and Communica-
tions Policy, Environment Committee,
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 88
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Chemicals Group, Nuclear Energy
outlived their usefulness, are of only
Agency, and the International Energy
marginal value, or never were useful.
Agency's R&D Committee. In 1989, the
The member states of the European
work of all of these bodies focused on
Community (EC) strongly support these
cooperative activities to ensure more ef-
efforts. In contrast, the East European
fective development and utilization of
delegations have sought to justifying
technology in the promotion of
maintaining virtually every area of the
economic growth, energy security,
work program, and to expand it in high
protection of the environment, and inter-
technology areas.
national trade.
In 1989, the Senior Advisers held a
debate on the policy aspects of the tran-
U.N. Economic Commission for
sition from an industrial based society to
Europe (ECE)
an information society and agreed to
The Senior Advisers on Science and
have an exchange of views at its next
Technology (SAST), formed in 1972, is a
session on the economic and social im-
principal subsidiary body of the ECE. It
pacts of biotechnology, taking into par-
is designed to promote East-West
ticular account government policies to
cooperation and exchange in S&T. The
facilitate public involvement.
work of the SAST has been of limited
value to the U.S., however, we remain
Other U.N.-Related Activities
interested in the potential role the Senior
In Fiscal Year 1989, the United States
Advisers could play as an effective mul-
monitored, and in many instances, par-
tilateral forum in Europe for coopera-
ticipated substantially in the scientific,
tion in S&T.
technological and environmental ac-
The U.S. and other Western countries
tivities of a range of U.N.-related or-
initiated an effort several years ago to
ganizations. They are: - United Nations
make SAST more effective, and to re-
Environment Program (UNEP):
store a sense of balance to its work pro-
Focuses on international coordination of
gram. The U.S. has made a number of
S&T in the field of the human environ-
proposals that have been developed fur-
ment - assessment, management and
ther. Above, all the U.S. has urged the
support - Global Environmental
Senior Advisers to undertake a critical
Monitoring System (GEMS); Regional
examination of the work in order to
Seas Program, International Convention
purge the program of projects that have
on Protection of the Ozone Layer; Traf-
fic in Toxic Waste. - Intergovernmental
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 89
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Committee for S&T for Development:
U.N. Population Commission: ad-
Provides policy guidance for organizing
vises ECOSOC on issues which af-
the activities of the U.N. system in the
fect population change, including
areas of science and technology for
migration; responsible for review
development; established in response to
and update of population statistics
the U.N. Conference on S&T for
relevant to the activities of other
Development, held in Vienna in 1979;
U.N. organizations.
receives guidance from the Advisory
ECOSOC Regional Economic
Committee on Science and Technology
Commissions - Economic Com-
for Development; Center for S&T for
mission for Europe (see above);
Development - Established to assist the
Economic and Social Commission
Director-General to translate recom-
for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP):
mendations of the intergovernmental
Committees and subsidiary bodies
committee into specific national and
address energy and natural resour-
regional programs. - U.N. Scientific
ces, technology and human settle-
Committee on Effects of Atomic Radia-
ment, agriculture, transport and
tion (UNSCEAR): Assesses radiation
communication, environment, and
levels and radiation effects on man and
industry.
the environment, report on exposure ef-
Organs and Programs Related to
fects from explosions, nuclear power and
ECOSOC
occupational or medical sources,
UNICEF: Focuses on "Child Sur-
hereditary effects, and biological effects
vival and Development Revolu-
in combination with other physical,
tion," maternal and child health
chemical or biological agents; prepares
care; water supply and sanitation,
comprehensive report on the effects of
child nutrition, and education
the Chernobyl nuclear accident.
United Nations Development Pro-
ECOSOC Standing Committees and
gram (UNDP): Focuses on techni-
Subsidiary Bodies
cal assistance in formulation of na-
ECOSOC Committee on Natural
tional development plans, with em-
Resources: Planning, implementa-
phasis on agriculture and in-
tion, and coordination of activities
dustrial products, health, power,
in the U.N. system for develop-
transportation, natural resource
ment of natural resources.
exploration, communications, etc.;
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 90
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
recent projects emphases in Latin
International Fund for Agricul-
America and Caribbean.
tural Development (IFAD): Mobi-
U.N. S&T-Related Bodies reporting to
lizes financial resources for food
UNDP:
development and nutrition in the
U.N. Capital Development Fund:
poorest regions of the world.
industrial development using light-
International Atomic Energy
capital technologies. - U.N. Fund
Agency (IAEA): Focuses on the
for Population Activities: since
contribution of atomic energy to
1985, U.S.A.I.D. has withheld Con-
peace, health and world
gressionally-earmarked funds
prosperity; supports research and
from UNFPA on the basis of the
development, and safeguards.
U.S. determination that the fund
International Civil Aviation Or-
supports China's policy of control-
ganization (ICAO): Plans and
led abortion and involuntary
develops international aviation
sterilization. U.S.A.I.D. is
navigation and transport systems.
responding to the Kemp-Inouye
International Maritime Organiza-
Amendment which forbids
tion (IMO): Supports maritime
U.S.A.I.D. support under these cir-
safety and protection of the
cumstances.
marine environment through
U.N. Revolving Fund for Natural
prevention of marine pollution by
Resources Exploration
sea-going vessels.
U.N. Fund for S&T for Develop-
U.N. International Development
ment
Organization (UNIDO): Ac-
UNDP Energy Account
celerates industrialization and
Specialized Agencies and Other
fisheries in developing countries
Autonomous Bodies
through joint venture oppor-
Food and Agricultural Organiza-
tunities.
tion (FAO): Focuses on sustained
International Telecommunica-
global improvement in food
tions Union (ITU): Focuses on
security, nutrition and rural
improvement and national use of
productivity. FAO is the leading
worldwide telecommunications
international organization in
equipment and networks, includ-
agriculture, fisheries and forestry.
ing technical assistance to LDC's.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 91
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
U.N. Educational, Scientific and
World Meteorological Organiza-
Cultural Organization (UNES-
tion (WMO): Coordinates, stand-
CO): The U.S. continues to hold
ardizes, and improves world
observer status with UNESCO;
meteorological activities, and en-
the U.S. does still participate in
courages efficient information ex-
several UNESCO bodies which
change; global network of stations
conduct scientific activities includ-
for meteorological, hydrological
ing the Intergovernmental
and geophysical data; application
Oceanographic Commission
to aviation, shipping, water
(IOC), the International Geologi-
resource management, agriculture
cal Correlation Program (IGCP)
and tourism. Major program ac-
and the Man and the Biosphere
tivities include the World
Program (MAB). The IOC in-
Weather Watch, the World
cludes global and regional re-
Climate Program (with UNEP),
search and information exchange
the Hydro and Water Resources
in marine science, with programs
Program, the Commission on At-
such as the World Ocean Circula-
mospheric Sciences, and the
tion Experiment (WOCE), the
Voluntary Cooperation Program.
Tropical Oceans and Global At-
Other U.N. Bodies
mosphere (TOGA) Experiment,
The Office of the U.N. Disaster
and the International
Relief Coordinator is the focal
Oceanographic Data Exchange
point in the U.N. system for dis-
(IODE).
aster relief, preparedness, and
World Health Organization
prevention. Some specific ac-
(WHO): Coordinating authority
tivities receive U.S. support in the
on international public health - en-
form of contribution from
demic diseases, nutrition, environ-
U.S.A.I.D. programs.
mental sanitation, maternal and
U.N. Institute for Training and Re-
child care, international standards
search offers courses and seminars
in food, biologics, and phar-
for diplomats and staff members
maceuticals, mental health, geron-
of U.N. missions on topics of cur-
tology, population, smoking, and
rent concern, including resources
health care financing.
and the environment.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, P. 92
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Chapter 3: Bilateral S&T Activities
some of Argentina's recent problems,
ARGENTINA
this democracy appears to have made its
In Fiscal Year 89, a deteriorating
first successful transition from one
economy, a change of administration, the
elected civilian president to another in
May 1989 election and a hastily-ad-
more than 50 years.
vanced transition of power all over-
shadowed science and technology (S&T)
Environment
progress and planning in Argentina.
Public awareness, of environmental
US-Argentine nuclear cooperation
problems however is increasing; 150 or-
remains restricted by US law because
ganizations have begun to monitor the
Argentina is not a party to a non-
environment since 1983. Water pollution
proliferation treaty. Some allowed
is the key national problem. Recent
cooperation goes on, while a search for
cooperation with USG agencies has led
other areas continues: besides nuclear
to progress in some areas. Under the
safety these might include medicine,
umbrella S and T agreement, NSF in-
agriculture, waste management and
stalled an ultraviolet radiation measure-
physical security of facilities. Efforts to
ment station in Tierra del Fuego to
continue and bolster this cooperation
measure changes in transmission
directly support US nonproliferation
through the ozone layer. Argentine
goals by keeping our nuclear dialogue
scientists participate in the station's
open and objective, with regular ex-
operation and, with the US team are as-
amination of both countries' nuclear and
sessing the ecological impact of the
proliferation policies.
January 1989 sinking of the Bahia
US-Argentine S and T cooperation at
Paraiso near US palmer research station
all levels, formal and informal, continues
in Antarctica.
playing a vital role in US support for
Extinction threatens tropical forests in
democracy and democratic institutions
the North; their area has decreased be-
in Argentina. Despite the severity of
cause of logging and clearing from 87
ARGENTINA, P. 93
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
percent of the Province of Misiones to 35
percent since 1920. US bilateral efforts
Other Technologies
have, however, made a contribution to
A proposed US-Argentine solar satel-
forest conservation through fire suppres-
lite project was not selected in an inter-
sion in southern forests. An intensive US
national competition sponsored by
Forest Service/AID course in California
NASA, but further joint studies on a
was attended by 16 Argentines. Another
satellite to measure gamma and
US team with NSF and US Forest Ser-
ultraviolet radiation are underway. In the
vice support is working in the South on
industrial field, IBM and the National
the ecological damage (mainly to trees)
Institute of Industrial Technology (INTI)
caused by introduced animal species.
signed an accord to cooperate on re-
Legislative efforts to tighten technology
search and development in manufactur-
transfer laws to "protect" national tech-
ing engineering; the results will be
nology development are stalled. A new
available for transfer to Argentine in-
intellectual property rights appendix is
dustry.
under negotiation in conjunction with
Interchange, studies and consideration
Memorandum Of Understanding be-
of possible civilian space research and
tween the National Atomic Energy Com-
development cooperation emphasize the
mission and the US Nuclear Regulatory
advantages and fruits of such an Argen-
Commission.
tine national program consistent with US
government policy toward unwarranted
Nuclear Energy
spread of missile technology.
A low-power nuclear reactor dubbed
Well-developed Argentine seismic
CAREM is in the design stage and has
capabilities have led to increased
received a lot of publicity as a safe,
cooperation with the US Geological Sur-
modular power unit for small, isolated
vey. Joint work both in the US and Ar-
applications requiring up to 50
gentina produced a vaccine against
megawatts. Argentina opened its un-
hemorrhagic fever undergoing extensive
safeguarded spent-uranium-fuel
clinical tests with the population of the
reprocessing facility at Ezeiza to interna-
Argentine district where the disease is
tional visitors for the first time. Much
endemic.
progress was evident. Argentines claim it
Several Argentine laboratories imme-
is 80 percent complete, but also say it will
diately entered the international cold
not be fully operational until 1995.
fusion contest. After initial confused
reports, the consensus now tracks that in
ARGENTINA, P. 94
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
other countries some unexplained
promoting South American integration
phenomenon is occurring, but not the
in economic and other areas, including
fusion originally claimed.
science and technology. It has the largest
number of trained scientists and tech-
Competition and Intellectual
nicians in the region, over 500 research
Property Rights
institutes and over 100 organizations in-
Legislative efforts to tighten technology
volved in S&T policy-related activities.
transfer laws to
Most of the S&T talent and facilities are
'protect' national technology develop-
in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Sao
ment are stalled. A new intellectual
Paulo, but other states are beginning to
property rights appendix is under
carve out their own niches.
negotiation in conjunction with a
The basic problems in the relationship
Memorandum of Understanding be-
include 1) Brazil's failure to sign the
tween the National Atomic Energy Com-
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), thus
mission and the US Nuclear Regulatory
precluding most cooperation in the
Commission. Access to certain nuclear
nuclear energy sector, and causing great
facilities is limited, partly on proprietary
difficulty in allowing any technology
grounds but mainly for political reasons;
covered by the Missile Technology Con-
the US controls access to its facilities by
trol Regime (MTCR) to be passed to
nationals of countries not participating in
Brazil; and 2) Brazil has been the object
international nonproliferation regimes.
of retaliations under Section 301 of the
Argentina may also reason that improved
Omnibus Trade Act, focussing on the
access could be the first step to interna-
pharmaceutical sector and long disputes
tional inspection. Strict reciprocal access
under the same provisions for the infor-
on oceanographic voyages in national
matics sector. Intellectual property rights
waters is also an Argentine concern,
practices are of particular concern in that
again probably more politically
context. The four areas which gave rise to
motivated than technologically.
this listing are inadequate patent protec-
BRAZIL
tion of pharmaceuticals and fine chemi-
Brazil is larger than the continental
cals, lack of enforcement of anti-piracy
United States and the fifth largest
laws (particularly the videocassettes), re-
country in the world. It is, by far, the
quirement that theatrical and television
largest country in South America and
films be printed locally, and the lack of
currently is the acknowledged leader in
responsiveness in multilateral fora such
BRAZIL, P. 95
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
as the Uruguay Round on intellectual
dangered and threatened species than
property rights negotiations. Brazil and
any other country. The high birthrate of
the U.S. have now set up a formal work-
the 1960's and 1970's means 1.7 million
ing group to discuss these IPR problems.
new jobs must be created each year, a
There is also formal periodic com-
burden the urban centers such as Rio de
munication between the Secretary
Janeiro and Sao Paulo cannot sustain.
General of the Ministry of External
One response has been to provide fiscal
Relations and Deputy Secretary
incentives for people to move onto un-
Eagleburger on them.
settled land, especially into that 58 per-
The Government of Brazil spent 0.7
cent of the country designated as the
percent of GNP on S&T this past year,
legal Amazon. Deforestation followed
and supports about 70 percent of R&D
by low agricultural yield on cleared lands
done in the country. Some 70 percent of
has now brought the policy into question
3000 foreign scholarships awarded by the
and the incentives have been stopped
National Science Council (CNPQ) this
while a reassessment of potential
year were for study in the U.S. CNPQ
economic use of the area is made.
also awarded 13,000 scholarships for
It has also long had a comprehensive
local study. The NSF maintains a
body of domestic law, including the
bilateral program with Brazil through an
forestry code, the protection of fauna
MOU with CNPQ. The two agencies are
law, the fish code, and the national plan
executors of the bilateral S&T initiative,
of coastal management. Critics pointed
a broad bilateral cooperative research
out, however, that environmental law
program.
was poorly enforced, and the subject
Environment
received no attention at the highest
levels of government. Private environ-
Brazil contains 30 percent of the world's
mental groups were small and largely in-
tropical forests and the world's largest
effective. International press attention
wetland. The Amazon River basin has 18
and pressure brought to bear by the mul-
percent of the world's fresh water supply.
tinational banks in 1988 changed this in
Brazil has more species of primates,
a dramatically short period of time. The
spiders, amphibians, flowering plants,
president launched a program entitled
and psittacine birds (such as parrots and
"our nature," combined four separate
macaws) than any other country. In num-
federal agencies concerned with the en-
bers, it has more terrestrial vertebrate
vironment into one, and backed a cam-
animals. Brazil also has more en-
BRAZIL, P. 96
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
paign of public education on environ-
with INPE, including climate change and
mental issues conducted by that or-
atmospheric testing over the Amazon.
ganization. This attention and support
INPE maintains ground facilities for
spawned broader public interest,
receiving and processing images from
brought tougher national and state laws
LANDSAT, NOAA satellites and SPOT.
and more rigorous enforcement, and
Brazil is the second largest user of such
doubled the number of environmental
images in the world and sells some 10,000
organizations in a period of eight
images annually. INPE also maintains a
months.
highly sophisticated meteorological cen-
U.S. Brazil environmental cooperation
ter involved in both research and opera-
includes a small exchange program be-
tions. It has a cooperative program with
tween EPA and CETESB (the Environ-
NOAA and with the University of
mental Protection Agency in Sao Paulo),
Maryland.
meteorology projects between NOAA
NASA and NOAA have a long relation-
and the National Institute of Space Re-
ship with INPE, which became practical-
search (INPE), atmospheric testing
ly moribund after the Challenger
studies between NASA and INPE, and
accident and implementation by missile-
use of LANDSAT and NOAA satellites
producing countries of the MTCR, which
in detecting burning and deforestation.
has prevented cooperation on the air
NOAA and NASA are both expanding
force's launch vehicle and affected other
their cooperative programs with INPE,
projects involving potentially sensitive
including climate change and atmos-
equipment. The NASA relationship
pheric testing over the Amazon.
revived this year with agreement on five
specific projects in atmospheric testing.
Space
Atmospheric testing studies between
Nuclear Energy
NASA and INPE, and use of LANDSAT
Although Brazil's constitution states
and NOAA satellites in detecting burn-
that nuclear energy can be used only for
ing and deforestation. EPA is now dis-
peaceful purposes, the country is not a
cussing a memorandum of
signatory of the NPT nor has it put
understanding with IBAMA, the newly-
Tlatelolco into effect. This has prevented
created National Institute of Environ-
cooperation between our countries in
ment. NOAA and NASA are both
several sensitive technology areas, and
expanding their cooperative programs
has precluded nuclear cooperation ex-
cept for information exchange on safety
BRAZIL, P. 97
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
between the NRC and the national
Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN).
Competitiveness
Brazil has the fifth largest reserve of
The agricultural applications area of
uranium in the world. It has mastered the
biotechnology is moving toward a critical
entire fuel cycle, although some technol-
mass, in terms of Brazilian interest in
ogy has been carried out only at the re-
patent protection. The lack of such
search level. It has also mastered much
protection has been the basis of USG
of the engineering needed in the nuclear
retaliations under Section 301 of the
field and several applications to
Trade Act in the pharmaceutical sector.
medicine and agriculture. CNEN and the
The U.S. Department of Agriculture is
Navy inaugurated a locally-developed
presently increasing its cooperation with
critical unit research reactor in Decem-
EMBRAPA under the STI.
ber 1988 which will be used for research
Brazil has a highly protected infor-
on a nuclear propulsion unit.
matics industry, both for hardware and
software. Within this context it has
USGS
developed the capability to produce per-
In Fiscal Year 1989, GOB coordinated
sonal and medium-size computers which
with USGS in developing a global
are somewhat less than state-of-art
telemetered seismic network to
products. It is working with parallel
strengthen real-time seismic recording in
processing, applying technology inciden-
the southern hemisphere.
tally gained in a project in high energy
Brazil's most outstanding tropical
physics with Fermilab of Chicago, and
medicine research has been done at the
also developing it indigenously. There
Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ)
are unclassified nascent research
in Rio de Janeiro, established at the turn
projects in artificial intelligence and
of the century. NIH has a cooperative
some work in robotics, particularly as it
arrangement with FIOCRUZ which in-
is applied to the petroleum industry.
cludes collaboration through Cornell on
CANADA
leishmaniasis and chagas disease,
through PAHO on HIV and related
The Government of Canada has estab-
retrovirus infections, consultation on a
lished a national S&T policy designed to
demonstration project for a cataract-free
promote applied science and technology
zone, and collaboration with Johns Hop-
research and to foster technology trans-
kins on a study of antibodies against en-
fer. A key strategy in this program is the
demic pemphigus.
creation of "centers of excellence" to in-
CANADA, P. 98
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
tegrate government, university and
Canadian law provides general protec-
private sector research activities into
tion for intellectual property rights.
project specific research networks.
Legislation was enacted in November
Recently approved projects include ap-
1987 fully protecting pharmaceutical re-
plied research in advanced electronics
search discoveries, and encouraging such
and communications, biotechnology, ad-
activities in Canada. The U.S. has also
vanced industrial materials, advanced
encouraged Canada to put into place
ceramics, and fusion materials develop-
legislation to improve the protection of
ment.
topography software used in the design
Canada and the United States enjoy a
of semiconductors. New MOU'S and
very active science and technology
other accords between U.S. And
relationship. Broad cooperation exists
Canadian government research or-
between various Canadian and
ganizations also provide additional
American governmental and academic
protection for intellectual property
institutions and between industrial R&D
rights flowing from cooperative research.
programs. U.S. Public and private re-
The Canadian government is paying
search institutes as well as individual re-
considerable attention to various global
searchers enjoy equitable access to
climate and environmental issues. These
public research facilities and private
include, inter alia, air and water quality
facilities receiving public support. Ener-
issues, global warming and hazardous
gy-related R&D has received particular
waste management. Recent new
attention. A new energy R&D MOU has
programs have included a $150 million
been established between DOE and
Great Lakes clean-up and related health
Canada's Department of Energy, Mines,
program, a $225 million hazardous waste
and Resources. Cooperative projects
clean-up program, and enactment of
have included gas hydrates, coal heavy oil
stringent anti-pollution regulations.
co-processing, high power lasers, alter-
These include reducing acid rain forming
native transportation fuels, solar tech-
pollutants by 50 percent by 1994, and
nologies and other fields. DOE is also
establishing California-like restrictions
working closely with the atomic energy of
on automobile emissions by 1995. The
Canada LTD (AECL) on fusion energy
GOC has complied fully with the
research and high energy nuclear waste
Montreal Ozone Protocol. They are also
management.
undertaking an active reforestation pro-
gram to help compensate for expected
Intellectual Property Rights
CANADA, P. 99
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
increases in CO2 and other greenhouse
lite known as radarsat, and design and
gas emissions. The Canadians are active
construction of a new mobile telecom-
participants in the IPCC process and
munications satellite (MSAT).
other international environmental con-
ferences.
CHILE
Acid rain remains the number one air
NASA - University of Chile
quality issue in Canada. They look to the
The most relevant bilateral cooperative
United States to act quickly on a package
event between the U.S. and Chile was the
of amendments to the U.S. Clean Air Act
which would reduce U.S. sulfur dioxide
transfer of NASA's oldest earth tracking
station--31 years of operation--to the
emissions by 10 million tons by 2000. For
University of Chile's center of space
their part, the Canadians have already
studies (CEE) in September 1989. The
reduced their own sulfur dioxide emis-
"Peldehue" tracking station-sited near
sions by 40 per cent and expect to meet
Santiago--became unnecessary and rela-
their 50 per cent target of 2.3 million tons
tively too expensive for NASA to main-
by 1994. Formal negotiations on a
tain once NASA put in place the last of a
Canada - U.S. acid rain accord are ex-
series of three space tracking satellites
pected to begin shortly.
(TDRS) that could do the same job.
The Canadian government is beginning
NASA transferred all of its Peldehue
to focus on Arctic issues, including en-
tracking station assets, worth some 15
vironment pollution and the effects of
climate change. The GOC has sponsored
million dollars in machinery and equip-
ment to the CEE (a branch of the En-
a series of international conferences on
gineering Faculty of the University of
the Arctic seeking to foster cooperation
Chile). CEE will continue operating the
to address Arctic pollution questions in-
satellite tracking facility, offering ser-
cluding depletion of atmospheric ozone,
vices both to NASA--who still needs its
acidification and the impact of radioac-
tive substances.
services for satellites using bands that the
TDRS system does not handle--and
The Canadian space program encom-
other countries. NASA has already con-
passes three key areas of activities:
tracted CEE's services to track some
development of a mobile servicing sys-
satellites and permitted CEE to continue
tem (MSS) for the Space Station
pulling down signal information
Freedom program, design and construc-
generated by remote sensors installed
tion of an advanced remote sensing satel-
on-board of NASA, NOAA and other
CHILE, P. 100
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
U.S. satellites. This information, which
joint research ideas and pre-proposals.
ranges from the fishing industry to water
Further activities are expected as a result
management for hydroelectric genera-
of the improvement of the bilateral ties
tion, is put to effective use by Chilean
under a more democratic political en-
industry. NASA helped Chile's academic
vironment.
community gain access to the U.S. Bitnet
computer network by offering the use of
AID's Advanced Developing
its telephone link from Santiago to the
Country Program (ADCP) Of-
Goddard Space Center (and then to
fice in Chile
University of Maryland) during off-
The opening of an AID ADCP office in
hours. More than 2000 academic users
Chile--with 5 people in total--has
from all over Chile have joined the net-
brought new resources to the Chilean S
work.
& T community. Currently, AID is dis-
AAAS - Chilean Academy of
seminating information about its Pro-
gram on Science and Technology
Sciences
Cooperation (PSTC). PSTC has granted
In 1987, responding to an initiative of
funds--close to one million dollars over a
the U.S. Embassy in Santiago, a group of
four year period--to eight research
distinguished U.S. scientists traveled to
projects ranging from biotechnology, to
Chile under the umbrella of the
food sciences and engineering. The AID
American Association for the Advance-
ADCP office also has financially sup-
ment of Sciences (AAAS), to meet their
ported other areas such as environmen-
Chilean colleagues of the Chilean
tal and health research issues.
academy of sciences (CAS). The purpose
of this first meeting was to identify ways
National Science Foundation
of improving and strengthening scientific
In August of 1988 an NSF team of three
bilateral ties. Since then, this informal
professionals from the International
working group, AAAS and CAS, have
Relations Office visited Brazil, Argen-
met on a number of occasions in Chile
tina and Chile. Their findings, published
and in the U.S. In 1988, the MacArthur
this year, concluded that in spite of the
foundation (U.S.) granted AAAS with
resource shortage endemic to Chilean
funds to allow the AAAS-CAS working
scientists, there are many potential re-
group to promote encounters between
search areas for future bilateral coopera-
U.S. and Chilean scientists to develop
tion through NSF's current programs.
NSF's division of polar programs
CHILE, P. 101
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
(NSF/DPP) continues to maintain close
ties with the Chilean antarctic research
National Institutes of Health
community and agencies. The ozone hole
(NIH)
phenomena and the ultraviolet radiation
Chilean biomedical and medical re-
problem--resulting from the thinning of
searchers have strong and long lasting
the ozone layer--are topics being dis-
ties with NIH, directly through U.S. sup-
cussed with Chilean scientists for future
port or through the World or Pan-
bilateral cooperation.
American Health Organizations. Chile is
tied to U.S. and world scientists through
U.S. Geological Service
the academic Bitnet computer network.
(USGS)
Most of the spectacular growth ex-
The USGS continued its involvement
perienced in the usage of Bitnet (from
with Chilean seismologists and
500 to 2000 users in one year) is ex-
geologists through its cooperation with
plained by the interconnection, through
the Geophysics Department of the
Bitnet, with Medline--the NIH on-line
University of Chile.
medical library. Currently, any
authorized user can access the NIH
National Oceanic and Atmos-
library from almost any medical facility
pheric Agency (NOAA) and
in Chile. This research resource
Other Related Marine and
provides, on a continuing basis, a highly
Geological Research Agencies
valuable information source for M.D.'s
U.S. research vessels are continuing re-
and other bioscientists.
search to support the U.S. S & T needs,
whether operated by NOAA or other re-
Intellectual Property Rights
search agencies. They provide an active
(IPR)
source for bilateral cooperation. While
Chilean authorities in consultation with
doing research in Chilean waters, U.S.
U.S. trade officials have agreed to pass
research cruises often carry Chilean
legislation ensuring protection of intel-
scientists providing them with an oppor-
lectual property rights (IPR) for goods
tunity to learn from U.S. scientific find-
currently without full protection. Al-
ings. up to two Chilean researchers are
ready Chile has promulgated new laws to
present on each cruise.
acknowledge proprietary rights on
software produced abroad, mostly in the
U.S. Along the same lines, IPR protec-
tion have been adequately given to
CHILE, P. 102
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
protect other areas such as video and
ogy delegations to China, some of which
audio production. current conversations
have yet to be rescheduled. Communica-
are centered around protecting phar-
tions between U.S. and Chinese counter-
maceutical products.
part organizations in some cases fell off
CHINA
after the summer events. Despite these
hindrances, however, working-level
Advancement in science and technol-
cooperation continues. The aftermath of
ogy continues to be a top priority in
the summer events does not seem to have
China's thrust to modernize. It is clearly
displaced or otherwise significantly af-
in the U.S. interest to be a part of this
fected the majority of Chinese par-
modernization, both in terms of our com-
ticipants in our bilateral cooperation.
mercial priorities and our geopolitical
Chinese counterparts continue to ex-
requirements. Notwithstanding shifts in
press support for ongoing cooperation.
our political relationship, China has con-
sistently looked to the U.S. for both ad-
Negotiations on Renewal of the
vanced technology and top-quality basic
Science and Technology
research. During the past ten years, a
Agreement
network of relationships among U.S. and
Fiscal Year 1989 marked the end of the
Chinese scientists has grown which sup-
first decade of cooperation under the
ports this tilt toward the U.S. in science.
bilateral science and technology agree-
This network now expands far beyond
ment. Preparations were begun for a fifth
the intergovernmental program and in-
Joint Commission Meeting, originally
cludes many forms of scientific coopera-
scheduled for October 1989 (and later
tion.
postponed). The dominant issue in
The Aftermath of the Summer of
bilateral cooperation during Fiscal Year
1989
1989 was the U.S. requirement for an
The Beijing events of June, 1989, have
intellectual property rights annex to the
had a serious impact on the bilateral
agreement, as stipulated by the Omnibus
cooperation. The U.S. Government
Trade Act of 1988. Negotiations on this
annex were held in the fall of 1988 and in
decision regarding high-level exchanges
was a factor in the decision to postpone
January 1989. Because the intellectual
the Joint Commission meeting. Travel
property rights negotiations were not
restrictions during the summer also
completed by the expiration date of the
delayed several U.S. science and technol-
umbrella agreement in January 1989, the
CHINA, P. 103
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
agreement was not formally renewed at
the PRC and the U.S. signed a Memoran-
that time, but temporarily extended to
dum of Understanding on intellectual
October 1989, and again to April 1990.
property rights. The PRC agreed to draft
Negotiations on the intellectual property
a new copyright law and make revisions
rights annex are still in process. The
to the 1984 patent law. Consistent with
Chinese made a counter-proposal in May
the commitments in the MOU, a draft
1989, and both sides hope to schedule a
copyright law, including copyright
third round of negotiations in early 1990.
protection for computer software, was
Several of the approximately 30 science
submitted to the National People's Con-
and technology protocols have been af-
gress in December 1989. Revisions to the
fected by the slow negotiations on intel-
patent law are also being drafted. In Oc-
lectual property rights. Many of the
tober 1989, the PRC joined the Madrid
protocols have or will soon reach expira-
Agreement on the International
tion dates. In general, the U.S. has only
Registration of Marks. The U.S.-PRC
agreed to extend protocols for a period
Joint Commission on Commerce and
coterminous with the temporary exten-
Trade Working Group on Intellectual
sion of the umbrella agreement. This has
Property Rights is working to resolve
adversely affected scientific cooperation
specific U.S.-PRC intellectual property
in that participating Chinese organiza-
rights conflicts in the commercial arena.
tions have been hesitant to plan and
Environmental Issues
budget for new projects during a short
temporary extension. After the U.S.
Another major science theme in China
determined that no intellectual property
during Fiscal Year 1989 was the environ-
rights concerns were involved, the
ment. China has started a new thrust to
Marine and Fisheries Protocol and the
gain control over a severe pollution prob-
Atmospheric Sciences Protocol were ex-
lem created by many years of lax super-
tended for five years, and both continue
vision. For example, Shanghai is
to yield definite benefits for the U.S.
currently preparing to construct a large
waste-water treatment plant to help
Intellectual Property Rights
clean up Suzhou Creek. The National
and Competitiveness
People's Congress recently passed a new
Protection of intellectual property
law on environmental protection.
rights has been a prominent theme in
Several hundred small factories, mainly
China during the past year. In May 1989,
in paper-making and metallurgy, were
closed this year for environmental
CHINA, P. 104
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
reasons. However, enforcement of
Development Program to study means
regulations needs further strengthening.
for China to meet the goals of the
China is paying increasing attention to
Montreal Protocol.
the problems of deforestation. China
China is fully engaged in the worldwide
claims to have replanted trees destroyed
movement to understand global climate
by the devastating forest fires in
change. During 1989, China participated
Heilongjiang two years ago, and thirty-
actively in the Intergovernmental Panel
one million hectares of trees have been
on Climate Change (IPCC) and other
planted since 1981, but excessive cutting,
international organizations related to
pests, poor management, and fires con-
global change. The Chinese government
tinue to threaten China's forest resour-
has established a committee on climate
ces. China also passed a new law on
change and is funding a number of re-
wildlife protection in November 1988,
search projects related to climate
and established a number of new wildlife
change. Several U.S.-PRC protocols, in-
preserves. However, habitat encroach-
cluding fossil energy, environmental
ment, pollution and poaching remain
protection, atmospheric sciences,
serious problems for endangered species
marine and fishery sciences, and basic
in China. The U.S.-PRC Protocol on Na-
sciences include collaborative research
ture Conservation includes research on
projects related to climate change.
endangered species in China and the
U.S.
On the international front, China par-
Advances in Basic Science and
ticipated in (but. did not join) the Basel
Convention on the Transport of Hazard-
New Technology
ous Waste in March 1989. China joined
One major milestone in scientific re-
the Vienna Convention on the Protec-
search during Fiscal Year 1989 was the
tion of the Ozone Layer. China has not
inauguration of an electron-positron col-
yet acceded to the Montreal Protocol on
lider at the Beijing Institute of High-
Substances Hazardous to the Ozone
Energy Physics in the fall of 1988. The
Layer but has begun working with the
collider was built partly on the basis of
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
cooperative research with the U.S. under
on collaborative research on substitutes
the protocol on high-energy physics. A
for ozone-depleting chemicals, and is
breakthrough in superconductivity was
working with the United Nations
announced recently by Chinese re-
searchers in Shanghai who claimed to
CHINA, P. 105
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
have developed a yttrium compound su-
petroleum exploration, renewable ener-
perconductive membrane with near zero
gy, industrial/commercial energy conser-
resistance and a maximum supercon-
vation, energy planning, and manpower
ducting temperature of 90.5 Kelvin.
development in energy agencies. While
In the realm of new technology, the
the energy projects do not have an ex-
Chinese continue to emphasize applica-
plicit environmental component, their
tions to current problems. For example,
objective of more efficient utilization of
in the area of information technology,
energy resources will have positive en-
several Chinese institutions are building
vironmental consequences. The schis-
large databases, in many cases using U.S.
tosomiasis research project ($40 million)
equipment, to address such problems as
focuses on vaccine development and in-
mapping, disaster control and the 1990
cludes collaboration of Egyptian scien-
census.
tists with NAMRU. The S&T
cooperation project's ($36 million) ob-
EGYPT
jective is to focus Egyptian scientific ex-
U.S.-Egyptian S&T cooperation is con-
pertise on predefined, high priority
ducted under a bilateral agreement
development problem areas, which in-
signed in 1981 and renewed in 1986. On-
clude
biotechnology
and
going activities include bilateral,
microelectronics.
USAID-funded projects, archeological
In addition, in the multilateral arena,
research, and the programs of the U.S.
the regional cooperation program was
Naval Medical Research Unit
authorized by the U.S. Congress in Fiscal
(NAMRU) in Cairo.
Year 1979 to promote cooperation be-
The seven currently active USAID-
tween Israel and its Arab neighbors, with
funded S&T projects, begun in 1981,
particular attention to the development
cover a range of scientific fields. USAID
of the technological and scientific needs
is planning to obligate almost $500 mil-
of those countries. Thus far, the only
lion for these projects. The largest
Arab country to participate has been
project is the National Agricultural Re-
Egypt. Five million U.S. Dollars of ESF
search Project (NARP), with planned
has been earmarked annually for this
funding of $300 million. NARP includes
program for the past several years. Egypt
research, technology transfer, seed tech-
currently participates in six approved
nology, and policy analysis. Five projects
sub-projects--four in agriculture, one in
($120 million) focus on transfer of
marine technology, and one in health--in
modern energy technologies related to
EGYPT, P. 106
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
a trilateral arrangement involving Egypt,
plement existing energy resources, and
Israel and the United States.
mitigate global warming impacts.
The U.S. leadership position in infor-
A.I.D. and the Government of Egypt
mation systems software and hardware
are sponsoring a project to improve the
and its special know-how in petroleum
energy efficiency of Egyptian industrial
exploration and production technology
plants and commercial buildings in the
will be brought to bear on Egypt's crucial
public and private sectors. The project
needs. The management information
provides grants to companies to finance
tools and experience developed at the
the importation of equipment for ap-
U.S. Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve
plication in projects demonstrating ener-
in California are serving as a wellspring
gy conservation technology and
for a USAID effort to transfer ap-
promotes technology investments. The
propriate technology and training to the
project also expands Egyptian institu-
Egyptian General Petroleum Company
tional capabilities to identify, evaluate,
of the GOE. This technical assistance
finance, procure, install, operate,
reflects the increasing need in develop-
monitor, and maintain efficient tech-
ing country energy sectors for informa-
nologies in industrial and commercial
tion systems and services that use proven
facilities.
techniques, are practical for the local en-
The A.I.D.-sponsored Regional
vironment, and offer potential near-term
Cooperative Initiative funds joint re-
improvements in productivity and ef-
search among Egypt, Israel, and the
ficiency.
United States. The program supports
Petroleum production in high gas-oil
joint collaborative research in agricul-
ratio fields in Egypt is currently leading
ture, marine sciences, and vector-borne
to substantial flaring. This wasting of an
diseases.
important and limited energy resource
exacerbates air pollution and deprives
the country of a needed energy resource
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GER-
as the country's energy requirements
MANY
grow. USAID is assisting the GOE in
In the 1980's, Germany has been the
conducting a natural gas utilization study
predominant European power in science
that will find ways to economically store
and industrial technology, a situation
and utilize the gas, help the country sup-
likely to prevail well beyond the
proposed advent of the integrated
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, P. 107
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
market in the European Community
the major western countries, only Japan
after 1992. There is no magic to this
invests a larger share of its GNP in R and
preeminence. Building on strong tradi-
D. Moreover, both these countries direct
tions, Germany spends over one-third
their R and D funds almost entirely at
more on research and development (R
non-defense programs. For example,
and D) than either the U.K. or France.
Germany spends about 60 percent more
While lagging in the glamour areas of
of its GNP on non-defense R and D than
aerospace and computers, Germany has
does the U.S. (2.7 versus 1.7 percent). A
scored by integrating old and new tech-
major reason for this is the willingness of
nologies to modernize the means of
German industry to invest in R and D. In
production and to produce a wide range
Germany, industry is expected to account
of top quality goods.
for 64 percent of all R and D expendi-
The technological prowess of Germany
tures in 1989, versus 80 percent in Japan
is demonstrated in its success in becom-
and less than half in the U.S., the U.K.,
ing the world's largest trader. Exports of
and France.
research-intensive products account for
State and federal governments play an
over half (54 percent) of Germany's ex-
important role in directly and indirectly
ports, a share that is rising rapidly. Rela-
supporting industrial R and D. The
tive to other European countries,
federal government spends about $2 bil-
Germany exports 90 percent more high
lion a year in project support, personnel
technology products than France and 60
development, and tax write-offs for in-
percent more than the United Kingdom.
dustrial R and D. Furthermore, the tech-
Another indicator of technological com-
nological capabilities of German
petitiveness is the number of patents
industry are grounded in a superb basic
received in the U.S., the most important
research system, largely government
testing ground. German inventors were
supported, which provides new scientific
granted 30 percent more U.S. patents
knowledge for industrial application.
that were received by all French and
Germany devotes an unusually large
British inventors together.
share (20 percent) of its R and D budget
Even if the U.S. and Japan are included
to basic research. As a result of strong
in the comparison, Germany's invest-
and stable funding from federal and state
ment in R and D, particularly in non-
governments, Germany probably ranks
defense R and D, ranks high in
second only to the United States in basic
proportion to the size of its economy. Of
research. Finally, state and federal
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, P. 108
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
governments provide cost-free higher
U.S.-origin classified scientific informa-
education and technical training. Ger-
tion and on the inclusion of language on
many has probably the best trained tech-
protection of intellectual property in two
nicians in the world. By most accounts
draft agreements for cooperation, one in
the university system produces a large
geosciences, the other in clean coal tech-
and steady stream of well-trained and
nology. The two sides are working to
highly motivated scientists and en-
resolve these issues.
gineers, able to find jobs in industry.
FINLAND
U.S. Interests:
In 1989, Finland and the U.S. conducted
It is obviously in the interest of the
a review of our bilateral S and T Agree-
United States to maintain the high level
ment during a one-day official meeting in
of bilateral scientific cooperation that we
Helsinki. This was the first formal review
enjoy with Germany. An estimated 5000
since our countries signed the umbrella,
to 6000 American scientists go to Ger-
government-to-government agreement
many each year, with a similar number of
in 1985. In addition there are eight inter-
German scientists coming to the United
agency agreements which have been
States. Germany is our best science and
signed in this decade. One which has
technology partner in space. Our two
received international notice is the joint
countries have also long cooperated in
cancer research conducted by the Na-
energy technologies, in nuclear safety
tional Institutes of Health and the Fin-
and in environmental protection.
nish National Public Health Institute.
Moreover, with our shared concern over
The USGS and the Finnish geological
the affects of man's activities on atmos-
survey intend to sign a cooperation
pheric ozone and on global warming,
agreement during the October meeting.
there is enormous potential for increas-
Already, the Finnish survey has agree-
ing cooperation in research and technol-
ments with a few individual U.S. in-
ogy, both to better understand the nature
stitutes and universities.
of these global atmospheric problems
Finns and Americans also engage in
and to develop alternate technologies
joint research projects on a less formal
that would not contribute to worsening
basis. This past year, the Ministry of
them.
Trade and Industry and the State of
However, U.S.-German cooperation
Colorado signed a co-operation agree-
has met some difficulties recently over
ment, "Colorado Partnership," to assist
access of German scientists to certain
Finnish companies in entering the US
FINLAND, P. 109
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
market. Also this year, the Lappeenran-
A new area of interest and activity is
ta University of Technology concluded
Finland's cooperation with nearby East
an agreement with the Michigan Univer-
Bloc countries in environmental control.
sity of Technology on student and re-
searcher exchanges. Last year, the
FRANCE
University of Wisconsin-Madison and
The U.S. and France regard S&T
the Helsinki Technical University signed
cooperation and competition as integral
an agreement for S and T cooperation.
to their economic, political and security
Overall, the degree of S and T coopera-
relations. These relations are typified by
tion is modest, but at an acceptable level
major negotiations such as those for the
for both sides. The main thrust of Finnish
international space station; such current
technology cooperation is directed to the
projects as fusion energy; health issues
EC.
such as aids and environmental issues
As a small country, Finland has con-
such as ozone depletion and global
centrated its technological efforts into a
climate change. Discussions about the
few, specific and highly sophisticated
strategic defense initiative and the
areas, such as electronics and advanced
EUREKA program are of continuing
communications.
mutual interest. Benefits accrue to both
The level of concern for the environ-
countries because of the advanced na-
ment is very high in Finland and is
ture of the work done by their scientific
reflected in Finland's leading role in in-
and technological establishments.
ternational environmental activities.
Joint S&T activities in areas of French
Over the past few years, the GOF has
strength include space, high-energy
paid particular attention to the control of
physics, biomedicine, nuclear energy and
long range transboundary air pollution.
environmental science.
Last May, Finland hosted the first meet-
A large number of U.S. agencies
ings of the Vienna and the Montreal
cooperate directly and indirectly with
Protocols on protection of the ozone, and
French scientists through interagency
in the latter, promoted an accelerated
and program agreements: NSF conducts
deadline for the termination of
joint research, staff exchanges and semi-
chlorofluorocarbon use. Finland has also
nars. NASA and NOAA cooperate in
used its considerable experience and ex-
large scale activities that yield complex,
pertise in forest management in assis-
essential data from space-based atmos-
tance to efforts to combat deforestation.
pheric, terrestrial and oceanographic re-
search.
FRANCE, P. 110
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
There is particular interest in France in
vironmental problems, particularly
environmental issues. France has be-
global warming, reinforces their commit-
come a strong advocate of global en-
ment to nuclear power generation.
vironmental protection measures.
Having noted that breeder reactors will
France organized and sponsored a mini-
not contribute significantly to electricity
sterial-level meeting on global climate
generation until well into the next cen-
change earlier this year. France, along
tury, the French civilian nuclear R&D is
with the U.S., is a major player in multi-
concentrating on the increased safety of,
lateral environmental fora such as the
and improved designs for, its light water
UNEP and IPCC. A much closer working
reactors. This preoccupation with safety
relationship is developing between the
of the French nuclear community has
U.S. and French environmental com-
resulted in a regularized exchange of in-
munities which is leading to shared data,
formation between U.S. and French
technologies and the development of a
nuclear safety experts.
common approach to this highly complex
While there is a strong bilateral
issue.
relationship in space, much of the space
There continues to be extensive
cooperation between the U.S. and
cooperation in research on AIDS. Joint
France is channeled through the
projects have been sponsored through
European Space Agency. The focus of
the U.S./French AIDS Foundation with
this cooperation, and one in which
particular emphasis on the problems
France plays a critical role is the Space
faced by developing countries. France
Station Freedom. A major milestone
hosted a meeting of the International
towards achieving this goal was reached
Committee on Ethics in AIDS earlier
in September 1988 with the signing, by all
this year. Exchanges of data between the
the partners, of the intergovernmental
Pasteur Institute and the National In-
agreement which sets the terms for this
stitute of Health as well as other U.S. and
cooperative effort. France, for its part,
French experts continue to evolve.
will lead the efforts in developing, build-
France remains confident in its ability
ing and deploying the European ele-
to safely generate electricity from
ments of the station which include the
nuclear energy. Light water reactors will
attached pressurized module for the sta-
remain the major components of French
tion and the polar platform for earth ob-
electricity generation well into the next
servation. The successful conclusion of
century. France's concerns about en-
the Space Station Agreement will not
FRANCE, P. 111
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
only increase U.S./French but
basic science, environment protection,
U.S./European space cooperation and
medical science and health, agriculture,
provide both the U.S. and its partners
engineering research, energy, natural
with a fully capable, manned space sta-
resources, transportation, science and
tion.
technology policy and management.
here is an awareness in France that the
The standard intellectual property
nation's economic, political and social
clauses were negotiated in the new S&T
future depends upon France's being
agreement. It is a concern that Hun-
technologically competitive. France's
garian patent laws afford greater protec-
priority S&T projects include telecom-
tion to indirect product processes,
munications, computers and electronics,
particularly in the pharmaceutical field.
space and aviation systems, biotechnol-
Hungarian officials have indicated that
ogy and nuclear energy. Each of these
such legal changes are already being con-
contributes significantly to France's
sidered.
economic prosperity.
The independently constituted, eastern
European Environment Center an-
nounced by President Bush is being for-
HUNGARY
mulated. It is foreseen as an information
The science and technology initiatives
and research center that would con-
announced during President Bush's July
centrate on regional environment con-
13 Budapest address have set the stage
cerns, as well as build contacts with
for a substantial expansion of bilateral
environment groups worldwide and help
research exchanges between the Hun-
disseminate information.
garian People's Republic and the United
During the past year separate environ-
States. In addition, the President also an-
mental exchange programs with EPA
nounced the creation of a new, inde-
and a non-governmental organization
pendent eastern European Environment
have been discussed. The expansion of
Center in Budapest with funding of five
S&T cooperation between the United
million dollars.
States and Hungary is increasing in tan-
The new bilateral S&T agreement was
dem with the remarkable movement
successfully negotiated in August, 1989
toward a more open, western-oriented
and will provide joint government
society in Hungary. Expansion and
budget financing of one million dollars
deepening of western ties in this area of
by each party. It will expand research in
, P. 112
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
the world is a basic tenet of U.S. foreign
and organize scientific collaborations be-
policy.
tween the two countries. In 1987 the
United States India Fund (USIF) was
INDIA
established with the remaining U.S.
India is a democracy with an economy
owned rupees. The USIF currently
slowly moving from state capitalism to a
provides the rupee equivalent of 10 mil-
more liberal market oriented economy.
lion dollars per year to support col-
Its growing, educated middle class shares
laborations in science and technology.
western values with U.S. This is par-
Today there are about 250 collaborative
ticularly true for the professionals con-
projects between Indian and U.S. Scien-
nected with the large Indian science and
tists organized under the auspices of the
technology establishment. Many of the
Indo - U.S. Subcommission for Science
leaders of the Indian science and tech-
and Technology, 50 under the Gandhi
nology establishment were educated in
Reagan Science and Technology Initia-
the West. Since independence in 1947
tive (STI), about 100 under the Indo -
they have tried to catch up with the scien-
U.S. Subcommission for Agriculture,
tific establishments and with progress in
and 12 sponsored by USAID. In addition
the rest of the world. They naturally
there is a large number of quite informal
turned to the United States, but also to
collaborations between scientists from
Great Britain, France, Germany and
both sides. On the U.S. Side about 20
other western countries, as well as the
federal agencies and many universities
USSR, for access to first class science and
participate. Their main purpose is to sup-
scientists, and for collaboration and tech-
port agency objectives by making use of
nical assistance. Out of these beginnings
the large number of highly trained scien-
has developed the largest set of scientific
tific professionals, special environment,
collaborations between any two
experience and facilities.
countries and this trend is continuing.
The large number of collaborations that
Scientific Collaborations
have taken place over the past 25 years
Since the 1960's, collaborations were
have certainly led to closer contacts be-
supported with U.S. owned non-convert-
tween the two countries. Many
ible rupee funds generated from grain
prominent Indian scientists have col-
sales under PL 480. In the mid-1970s the
laborated under one or the other of our
Subcommission for Science and Tech-
programs, e.g. the chairman of the Prime
nology was established to promote, guide
Minister's Advisory Board and the mem-
INDIA, P. 113
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
ber (science) of the Planning Commis-
but it is increasing through the purchase
sion, were and still are closely connected
by Indian industry of obsolete U.S. And
with the programs of collaboration. The
European plants. However, the Indian
wide range of contacts makes access
government, but not industry, is inter-
easier in both directions.
ested in developing the scientific and
Competitiveness and Intellec-
technical skills to deal with the produc-
tion and use of replacement CFC's. In
tual Property Rights (IPR)
November 1986 India enacted the En-
Due to U.S. concerns about India's
vironment Act, but norms and standards
failure to provide adequate and effective
are still being formulated and an
protection of IPR, U.S. S&T negotiators
authority akin to EPA is still to be set up.
held IPR discussions with India in
December, 1988, and in March, 1989.
One of the major tasks will be the clean
Environment and Ecology
up of the Ganges. But problems of
Environmental pollution and abuse of
similar magnitude are faced almost
natural resources are serious problems in
everywhere in the country. Tens of
India. The government and the technical
thousands of villages are still without safe
community are aware of the threats of
drinking water. Air pollution is a prob-
global climate change, lack of drinking
lem in most industrial areas. Delhi is
water, pollution of the environment,
among the most polluted cities in the
rapid deforestation etc. Increasing
world. Forest cover in India was reduced
population pressure makes counter-
by 23 percent in seven years. The aware-
measures extremely difficult to enact.
ness of these problems and their conse-
India actively participates in the Inter-
quences is slowly rising, and a great deal
of collaboration with U.S. scientists will
governmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) and co-chairs, with the U.S., the
be needed to develop the scientific base
Response Strategies Working Group.
from which to develop sound, technical
solutions.
India has not yet signed the Montreal
Protocol for the Protection of the Ozone
A.I.D. recently completed a prelimi-
Layer, seeking specific assurances in the
nary study that indicates there would be
protocol of available new CFC tech-
significant environmental benefits in
nologies at reasonable cost. Indian CFC
using integrated gasification combined
manufacturing capacity is still well below
cycle (IGCC) technology in India to
the maximum permitted in the protocol,
generate power from its low-quality,
INDIA, P. 114
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
high-ash indigenous coal. The GOI has
sary to move new technology from re-
been seriously following the research,
search and development to the Indian
development, and demonstration of
marketplace. The program offers finan-
IGCC technologies worldwide since the
cial and organizational assistance to a
early 1980s. GOI has recently shown an
qualifying consortium working on
interest in designing and constructing a
specific market-driven technology
100 MW (megawatt) IGCC power plant
development problems. The consortium
as an alternative to conventional coal
must have a significant financial stake in
burning technologies. As a world leader
the venture.
in clean coal IGCC technologies, the
Currently funded consortium projects
United States is in a position to provide
under PACER involving conventional
India with important environmental ex-
energy resources include developing an
pertise and IGCC operating experience.
optimization operation, continuous
The results of this technical assistance
fluidized-bed furnaces for heat treat-
will be used as inputs to GOI's Eighth
ment, a low-cost combustion control sys-
5-year Plan.
tem based on oxygen sensing, and an
To foster partnerships with the private
energy-efficient regenerative burner.
sector in developing biomass energy sys-
The PACER program is also funding a
tems, A.I.D. supports the creation of in-
number of renewable energy technology
country joint ventures. In India, an
development projects, including
Arkansas-based rice- residue energy sys-
cogeneration using rice residues, the
tem company has joined with the Punjab
development of commercially viable
Agro Industrial Corporation to produce
gasification technology, and electric
3-5 MW power systems throughout the
power generation from solar and wind
Punjab. Available rice straw can support
sources.
a total of 1000 MW of electricity which
the joint venture will sell to the State
Electricity Board.
INDONESIA
A new A.I.D. initiative is the Program
As a developing industrializing country,
for the Acceleration of Commercial
Indonesia depends on science and tech-
Energy Research (PACER), which
nology across the board for its industrial
promotes the development of energy
and economic development. In addition
technology and demonstrates how
to the numerous U.S. Government col-
private enterprise participation is neces-
laborative projects with Indonesia (in-
cluding the U.S.A.I.D. program), the
INDONESIA, P. 115
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
U.S. private sector has been very active
in a wide range of science and technology
Sensitive Technology Controls
developments. In particular, the U.S.
private sector has ongoing ventures in
The U.S. works closely with officials at
aerospace and avionics, telecommunica-
the Indonesian aircraft industry (IPTN)
tions, energy and natural resources
in Bandung to assure that safeguards are
development, computers, electronics,
properly implemented for the first super-
and other fields. The companies have
computer in southeast Asia and the
established close relations with the In-
developing world. The ongoing discus-
donesian private sector and have suc-
sions on strategic trade controls took
cessfully retained or expanded market
place in Washington in October 1988 and
shares in several key areas. The com-
Jakarta in March 1989. U.S.A.I.D. has
panies have also provided technology
identified and allocated funds for a two-
transfer and training for significant num-
pronged training program for Indonesian
ber of Indonesian technicians and
officials involved in strategic trade con-
specialists.
trols.
Aerospace and Aviation
Intellectual Property Rights
Aerospace is a key element of our
The effective protection of intellectual
bilateral S&T cooperation with In-
property rights will be important to In-
donesia and continues to have a major
donesia as it seeks to encourage foreign
impact on overall U.S.-Indonesian rela-
investment in key sectors where higher
tions. The future participation of an In-
technology is employed, such as biotech-
donesian space flight participant on a
nology in agriculture and computer
U.S. shuttle flight is an extremely impor-
software design.
tant source of pride to many Indonesians.
On September 8, 1987, the parliament
The United States continues to work
passed Indonesia's new copyright law. In
closely with Indonesia in the field of avia-
March 1989, the Government of In-
tion. The U.S. trade and Development
donesia signed a bilateral copyright
program offered a grant to the Govern-
agreement with the United States which
ment of Indonesian to fund a National
became effective on August 1, 1989.
Airspace plan, with a focus on traffic
The effective enforcement of these laws
routes, air traffic control and navigation
will be important to Indonesia's national
equipment.
economic development and, if success-
fully carried out over the next decade,
INDONESIA, P. 116
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
will undoubtedly increase Indonesia's at-
both of these fields. Under the auspices
tractiveness to foreign and U.S. investors
of the International Atomic Energy
in high technology industries.
Agency, a U.S. scientist was assigned to
For Indonesia, adequate patent protec-
work with BATAN officials regarding
tion should encourage wider dissemina-
the underground disposal of radioactive
tion of technology, particularly in
waste materials.
pharmaceuticals and agriculture;
promote research and development; in-
Geosciences
crease the skilled labor force and
Geoscience cooperation is a significant
employment opportunities; and, most
element in the bilateral science and tech-
importantly, provide a viable basis for
nology relations between the United
further technology transfer from abroad,
States and Indonesia, with extensive
which is of great interest to Indonesia.
programs between the U.S. Geological
With copyrights, for example, adequate
Survey (USGS) and the Indonesian
protection of computer software could
Directorate General of Geology and
help Indonesia in the coming decade to
Mineral Resources (DGGMR).
become a regional center for computer
Disaster Warning and Emer-
software design.
gency Preparedness
Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation
Scientists from Scripps Institution of
Indonesia-U.S. peaceful nuclear
Oceanography and Rensselaer Polytech-
cooperation is highlighted by the suc-
nic Institute are working with the Nation-
cessful Nuclear Joint Steering Commit-
al Coordinating Agency for Surveys and
tee (JSC) arrangement which was
Mapping (BAKUSURTANAL) in an
created for the purpose of enhancing
NSF-funded project on "Geodetic inves-
cooperation in several key nuclear fields,
tigations of oblique plate convergence in
including radioisotope production and
Sumatra." Scientists from NASA's God-
application, instrumentation, nuclear
dard Space Flight Center and Louisiana
safety, and nuclear training.
State University (LSU) have worked
Nuclear safety and regulatory issues are
closely with representatives of the Agen-
paramount concerns for the Govern-
cy for the Assessment and Application of
ment of Indonesia, and the Indonesian
Technology (BPPT) in developing a joint
National Atomic Energy agency
proposal titled "Program to Develop an
(BATAN) is interested in continuing to
Integrated Disaster Warning and Emer-
strengthen ties with the United States in
INDONESIA, P. 117
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
gency Preparedness System in In-
Deplete the Ozone Layer and par-
donesia."
ticipates in the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change. Cooperation with
agencies of the U.S. Government has
played a prominent role in efforts to im-
prove environmental management in the
Medical Research and Health
country, and this continues to be an area
Services
of major interest and concern. This
The U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit
cooperation focuses on the following
No. 2 Detachment (NAMRU-2-DET) is
topics: pollution and hazardous wastes
located in Jakarta to conduct medical
management, biological diversity con-
research in the Indonesian archipelago
servation, tropical forest management,
on diseases of military relevance which
sustainable agriculture, energy, coastal
are of mutual interest to the host country
and marine resources, water resources
and the U.S. Department of Defense.
management, natural disasters and en-
Major programs include tropical
vironmental management.
medicine (e.g. oral typhoid, oral rehydra-
tion, severe diarrhea), entomology (e.g.
Research on Climate Change
malaria), virology, microbiology, im-
In March, 1989, representatives of the
munology and parasitology.
U.S. National Oceanographic and At-
mospheric Administration (NOAA) par-
Joint Ocean Survey Program
ticipated in an International Symposium
The waters of the Indonesian ar-
on Indonesia and Global Weather
chipelago are among the most important
(climate). As a result of the symposium,
areas of required accessibility for the
NOAA scientists prepared a proposal for
U.S. in the Pacific Ocean region. An ex-
collaborative work with Indonesia in two
tensive joint ocean survey programs ser-
general areas: (1) study of interannual
ves the interests of both countries.
climate variables and (2) study of inter-
decadal climate change.
Environment
Indonesia has been a leader of the
U.S.A.I.D.
region in recognizing the importance of
A.I.D. provides a range of support relat-
wise management of environmental and
ing to science and technology focusing on
natural resources. Indonesia signed the
environment and natural resources
Montreal Protocol on Substances that
management. Current activities amount
INDONESIA, P. 118
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
to approximately 80 million dollars in
Transfer (BOT) power plant. Additional
project support. See Chapter 4 for fur-
assistance is also being offered in prepar-
ther details of A.I.D. programs in In-
ing a policy framework for implementing
donesia.
the private power law.
The U.S. Private Sector
USAID/Jakarta's science and technol-
The U.S. private sector, which is well
ogy program funds medical research,
represented by the American Chamber
health sciences, and agriculture. Projects
of Commerce (AMCHAM), has been ac-
include the Expanded Program on Im-
tive in a wide range of science and tech-
munization, the Health Training and Re-
nology developments in aerospace and
search Development Project, and the
avionics, telecommunications, energy
Applied Agricultural Research Project.
and natural resources development,
Conclusion
computers, electronics, and other fields.
Science and technology is likely to play
The companies have established close
an increasingly important role in In-
relations with the Government of In-
donesian economic development. As
donesia and the private sector, and have
stated by Minister Habibie, "The ability
successfully retained or expanded
of a country to make use of and develop
market shares in several key areas. The
science and technology is the key to a
companies have also provided technol-
country's economic success, today and in
ogy transfer and training for significant
the future." As Indonesia looks to science
numbers of Indonesian technicians and
and technology to provide solutions for
specialists.
many national development problems,
Following A.I.D.-organized workshops
prospects are enhanced for mutually
to examine private sector views and key
beneficial science and technology
financial, institutional, legal, operation-
cooperation with the United States.
al, and technical issues for development
of an Indonesian energy and power pro-
ISRAEL
gram, the Government of Indonesia
The U.S. and Israel have a long history
passed legislation to encourage private
of cooperation in science and technol-
power generation. A.I.D. is providing
ogy. This bilateral cooperation spans the
technical assistance in evaluating private
entire range of scientific and technologi-
power proposals to use state-of-the-art
cal disciplines, and benefits to the U.S.
combined cycle gas turbine technology
accrue in all the fields in which coopera-
for a 900 megawatt Build-Operate-
tive activities take place.
ISRAEL, P. 119
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Direct scientific benefits - Israeli
ternational bilateral agreements for
scientists and engineers are recog-
cooperation with counterpart Israeli
nized leaders in R and D in many
agencies.
fields. As a result of cooperative
Activities performed within the context
activities, U.S. scientists get direct
of these agreements are funded by the
access to Israeli expertise, thus ex-
cooperating U.S. and Israeli agencies.
panding the base of scientific
The percent of Israel's GOP denoted in
knowledge available to the U.S.
civilian research and development
Direct social and economic
(roughly 3%) is competitive with other
benefits - many cooperative ac-
industrialized nations in terms of per-
tivities generate results that have
centage but small in terms of absolute
direct social and economic
amount of dollars invested. The break-
benefits to the U.S. Social benefits
down of civilian R and D spending (also
include improvement of the
for 1985-86) by sector is:
quality of life and improvement of
industrial, 50.4 percent; universities,
the environment. Economic
35.1 percent; and government
benefits include increased produc-
laboratories and private institutions, 14.5
tion of crops and sales of products
percent.
developed as a result of coopera-
Israel continues to depend heavily on
tive activities.
cooperative S and T agreements with the
Normal S and T cooperative activities
U.S. To support its basic research ac-
between the U.S. and Israel take place
tivities. In Fiscal Year 1989, the Bina-
within several different contexts. There
tional Science Foundation (BSF)
are three U.S.-Israel binational founda-
awarded 154 new grants for cooperative
tions - the Binational Science Founda-
research projects between Israeli and
tion (BSF), the Binational Industrial
U.S. Scientists, with first year funding for
Research and Development Foundation
those grants totalling 4.9 million dollars.
(BIRD), and the Binational Agricultural
This brings the total number of active
Research and Development Fund
BSF projects to over 400. Almost all
(BARD). Each foundation has an en-
fields of science are supported by BSF,
dowment contributed by both govern-
with life and health sciences, physics,
ments, the interest from which is used to
chemistry and mathematics being the
fund cooperative projects. A number of
most active areas of cooperation. BSF
USG technical agencies have formal in-
sponsored three joint workshops this
ISRAEL, P. 120
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
year in the fields of biochemistry, math-
Agriculture is one of the most highly
ematics, and number theory. The BSF
planned sectors of the Israeli economy.
board of governors in 1989 recom-
In Fiscal Year 1989, the Binational
mended that the foundation encourage
Agricultural Research and Development
Israeli and U.S. Scientists to submit
Fund (BARD) awarded 41 new grants
proposals in the field of global climate
having a total funding of 7.45 million dol-
research.
lars for joint projects between U.S. And
Industrial R and D Cooperation
Israeli agricultural scientists. In its first
Technology development in Israel is
ten years of operation, BARD has sup-
heavily export-oriented. In Fiscal Year
ported over 450 projects involving 72
U.S. and 21 Israeli research institutions.
1989, industrial exports exceeded 9 bil-
lion dollars, out of a total 15.2 billion
In addition, exchange visits between U.S.
Soil Conservation Service scientists and
dollars of exports in goods and services.
Industrial exports continue to grow (and
their counterpart in the Israeli Ministry
have been for the last decade) by over 14
of Agriculture continued this year.
percent. More than 650 local firms are
Energy Research
engaged in some 1500 R and D projects.
Israel imports approximately 97 per-
Joint industrial research activities with
cent of its energy needs. It has under-
the United States are an important com-
taken a major effort to lessen its
ponent of the industrial R and D effort.
dependence on imports by diversifying
In Fiscal Year 1989, the Binational In-
energy sources and emphasizing energy
dustrial Research and Development
conservation. Israel is a world leader in
Foundation (BIRD) approved 40 full
the use of solar energy. In Fiscal Year
scale projects for cooperative R and D
1989, the Institute for the Energies and
projects between U.S and Israeli com-
Applied Research opened at the Weiz-
panies. To date, BIRD has supported 235
mann Institute of Science, including a 64
projects, involving 192 U.S. Companies.
heliostat solar research tower capable of
The distribution of intellectual property
producing 3 megawatts of power.
arising from bird projects is agreed to by
In Fiscal Year 1989, planning began for
the participating U.S. And Israeli com-
two workshops that will be held under
panies prior to initiation of a project.
the auspices of the DOE/Ministry of
Cooperation in Agricultural Re-
Science and Technology Cooperative
search
Agreement in Basic Energy Sciences.
The workshops will be in the areas of
ISRAEL, P. 121
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
photoconversion and photocatalysis, and
of solar energy as a power source in
energy-related biological sciences.
space.
The Environment, Water
Foreign Policy Perspective
Resources and Marine Scien-
The U.S. has a long-standing interest in
ces
the viability of Israel as an independent
Over 50 percent of Israeli environmen-
state. One factor that helps Israel to
tal expenses are devoted to pollution
maintain its viability is the strength of the
prevention, with another 30 percent to
R and D efforts of its science and tech-
nature protection. Israeli's water supply
nology community.
is seriously threatened by overuse, pollu-
The U.S. assist Israel in its attempts to
tion, and saline infiltration. Joint U.S.-Is-
normalize relations with neighboring
raeli activities, through formal
countries and The rest of the world com-
agreements and informal exchanges, are
munity. Several USAID-funded
helping to address many of these
programs are designed to provide Israeli
problems.
scientists with the opportunity to work
After the November 1988 elections, the
with scientists from Arab countries (in
government established a new Ministry
the Middle East Regional Cooperation
of the Environment. Minister of the En-
program - MERC) and less developed
vironment Ronni Milo and EPA ad-
countries (the Cooperative Develop-
ministrator William Reilly met in May
ment Research Program - CDR). The
1989, at which time they agreed to estab-
MERC program has received 5 million
lish a formal agreement between EPA
dollars per year from A.I.D. For the last
and the Ministry for Scientific and Tech-
several years. In Fiscal Year 1989, one
nological Cooperation on environmental
new MERC health program was in-
matters of mutual interest.
itiated, bringing the total number of
In August 1989, Israel Space Agency
programs to 7 (4 programs in agriculture,
Chairman Yuval Ne'eman met with Vice
2 in health, and 1 in marine sciences). In
President Dan Quayle, Chairman of the
Fiscal Year 1989, after a lapse of almost
National Space Council, to discuss pos-
two years, the CDR program restarted
sible U.S.-Israel cooperation in the U.S.
with a budget of 2.5 million dollars. Ap-
Space program. Dr. Ne'eman presented
proximately 12 projects will be initiated
Vice-President Quayle with a proposal
in Fiscal Year 1989, bringing the total
for an R and d project for the exploitation
number of active projects to ap-
proximately 100.
ISRAEL, P. 122
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
ITALY
With serious pollution problems in the
The United States and Italy have had a
Adriatic and the Po river, a growing pile
of industrial and toxic wastes, and in-
close cooperative relationship in science
and technology since the end of World
creasing public concern about air quality,
War II. Italy sees that relationship as an
the Italians are proposing joint projects
with EPA in automobile emissions con-
essential element to continued economic
trol, advanced environmental monitor-
growth. From the U.S. perspective, S and
T cooperation contributes to our politi-
ing systems, and the development of new
cal and defense relationships, as well as
technologies for the management of
urban wastes.
to a continued strong U.S. commercial
presence as the European Community
Italy is active in global climate change
issues, initiating studies on sea level rise
moves toward a single market.
Under the joint umbrella accord for
in the Adriatic and projects in the An-
scientific and technological cooperation,
tarctic and in space to measure the
there are over twenty agreements in
decrease in the ozone layer. The Italians
force between U.S. and Italian technical
are among the leaders in Europe in
agencies. They
voluntarily restricting CFC production
provide, inter alia, for research and
and in developing cfc substitutes. The
development activities in space, the en-
Italian parliament has already ratified
the Vienna Convention on the Ozone
vironment, high energy physics, health,
nuclear safety, agriculture and energy.
Layer and the Montreal Protocol govern-
Italy is a close partner in space coopera-
ing CFC production.
The U.S. - Italian umbrella S and T
tion, dedicating about half of its 800 mil-
lion dollar space budget to national
agreement contains provisions for the
projects involving the United States. U.S.
protection of intellectual property rights.
and Italian scientists and engineers are
IPR provisions are also being incor-
porated into the new memorandum of
working in cooperative projects for space
station, remote sensing, and space launch
understanding currently being
vehicles and facilities.
negotiated by the National Science
Foundation and the Italian National Re-
Cooperation in the environment is con-
ducted under a 1987 Memorandum of
search Council (CNR).
Understanding between the Italian Min-
In the new technologies, Italian industry
istry of Environment and the U.S. En-
and laboratories excel in the develop-
vironmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ment of numerically controlled machine
ITALY, P. 123
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
tools and robotics, this year surpassing
billion. In Japan, the private sector
the United States in both production and
provides the largest component of total
exports. Under CNR's "strategic
R and D funding, approximately 69 per-
projects" program, there are R and D
cent. While in the U.S. the private sector
efforts in telecommunications, robotics,
and the government each provide ap-
superconductive and cryogenic tech-
proximately 50 percent of the funding.
nologies, advanced materials, electro-
The umbrella U.S.-Japan Science and
optics, and biotechnologies.
Technology (UJST) Agreement, signed
JAPAN
by the two heads of government in June,
1988, commits both governments to
Science and technology cooperation
strive for a more equal balance in access
between the U.S. and Japan was formally
to each other's laboratories and scientific
initiated in the early 1960's and has been
information. In addition, the agreement
actively pursued for over 25 years. At the
targets priority areas for future joint re-
present time, over a dozen bilateral S and
search efforts, and provides for protec-
T agreements are in force, covering such
tion of both intellectual property rights
diverse fields as space, medical research,
and national security-related informa-
the environment, energy, basic sciences,
tion. Under the agreement, within the
transportation, and natural resources.
past year: a ministerial-level meeting was
Regular bilateral interactions held in
held in October, 1988; a Joint-High-
connection with these agreements have
Level Advisory panel meeting was held
resulted in numerous mutually-benefi-
in January, 1989; and a Joint Working-
cial technology exchanges and the crea-
Level Committee Meeting was held in
tion of lasting friendships between
April, 1989. Thus far, significant initia-
researchers and science administrators
tives have been undertaken (details fol-
in both countries.
low below) in the areas of research
During this same period, the level of
fellowships and cooperation in fields
Japan's science and technology has risen
such as superconductivity, computer
steadily, and now equals or exceeds
science, biotechnology and the environ-
world-class standards in many fields.
ment. In addition, the two governments
Japan now spends 2.8 percent of its GNP,
have established task forces to monitor
or about $62 billion in Japanese fiscal
access to each other's laboratories and
year (JFY) 1987, on research and
scientific information.
development. Comparable figures for
the U.S. are 2.7 percent of GNP and $119
JAPAN, P. 124
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
This year has been a particularly oppor-
the two premier MITI R and D projects,
tune time for American scientists and
Large-scale Projects and Next-genera-
engineers desiring to conduct research in
tion Projects. In addition, the Interna-
Japanese laboratories. In response to
tional Superconductivity Center
negotiations that led to the new UJST
(ISTEC) now hosts foreign researchers.
agreement, both the Japanese Ministry
An STA program, ERATO (Exploratory
of Education, Science and Culture
Research in Advanced Technologies),
(Monbusho) and the Science and Tech-
also hosts foreign researchers.
nology Agency (STA) have created new
In addition to these programs for in-
fellowship programs which yearly are
creasing foreign researchers' access to
able to support fifty postdoctoral level
Japanese science and technology in
U.S. investigators. The STA program
Japanese laboratories, the GOJ is ex-
also provides funding for ten additional
panding the availability of Japanese
fellowships for researchers coming from
science and technology literature, again
U.S. Government agency laboratories.
in response to U.S. requests during
To date participants in this category have
negotiation of the new UJST agreement.
come from USDA, FDA, NIST, NOAA,
A particularly significant development in
NASA and NIH. The Japanese Ministry
this respect has been the translation and
of Foreign Affairs has provided funding
expansion of the JICST (Japan Informa-
to NSF which in the past year has resulted
tion Center for Science and Technology)
in tripling the number of senior U.S. in-
database to make it accessible in the U.S.
vestigators able to conduct collaborative
in English. Japan has also begun to col-
research in Japan for periods of from six
late information on science and technol-
months to two years.
ogy at university libraries to make it
In another significant and related
available online.
development, the Japanese government
Other important areas of U.S.-Japan
has also taken steps to open its coopera-
science and technology cooperation are
tive government-industry research
in space, nuclear, and energy fields.
programs to non-Japanese scientists.
Japan ratified the Space Station Inter-
Specific examples of such programs are
governmental Agreement in 1989. Japan
MITI "NEDO" (New Energy and In-
will cooperate with the U.S., Europe and
dustrial Technology Development Or-
Canada to develop an experimental
ganization) programs in support of
module for the space station and support
private research. "NEDO" now includes
the U.S.-developed infrastructure. In
JAPAN, P. 125
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
July, 1988, the U.S.-Japan Agreement on
measures described in the EPA report on
Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy went
global climate.
into effect. Under this agreement
Japan chairs the Energy and Industry
Japanese use of U.S.-origin nuclear fuel
Subgroup of the International Panel on
is controlled to comply with U.S. laws
Climate Change's (IPCC's) Response
and international safeguards through
Strategies Working Group. Three meet-
cooperative administrative arrange-
ings have been held by this working
ments.
group during 1989. Japan hosted a major
Energy cooperation between the
international meeting of experts on
United States and Japan continued
climate change in September, 1989.
across a wide spectrum, ranging from
The Japanese Diet has ratified the
studying the human response to radia-
Montreal Protocol restricting the
tion at the Radiation Effects Research
production of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
Foundation at Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
compounds. MITI in June, 1989, began
to high-energy physics and fusion re-
to restrict production and use so as to
search. Negotiations have been initiated
totally phase out CFCs in Japan by the
on the renewal of the "umbrella" energy
year 2000.
research agreement, an important
United States/Japan cooperation docu-
Competitiveness and Intellec-
ment under which most energy-related
tual Property Rights Concerns
research is conducted.
Inclusion of detailed provisions relating
The meeting of former Japanese En-
to intellectual property rights in the 1988
vironment Agency Director General
UJST agreement marked a significant
Aoki with EPA Administrator Reilly in
step forward in recognizing the need for
Washington, May 3 and 4, 1989, was an
a new relationship between S and T
effort to direct existing cooperation
cooperation and competitiveness. Fol-
under the U.S.-Japan Environmental
low-up UJST-related meetings
Agreement toward research on the
described above have carried forward
global environment. Aoki proposed that
the process of assuring that intellectual
the U.S. and Japan explore cooperation
property rights considerations will be a
in the field of global atmospheric protec-
key factor in all future U.S.-Japan S and
tion, exchange information on the effects
T cooperation. U.S. proposals for a
of acid rain, and exchange information
revision of the U.S.-Japan Energy Agree-
and views on the economic aspects of
JAPAN, P. 126
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
ment (see above) included similar intel-
provided the policy framework for this
lectual property rights language.
cooperation until its expiration in late
Cooperation between the U.S. and
1988. The agreement was originally
Japan in information technology centers
developed in the mid-1970s when Korea
on two programs initiated in April, 1989,
had very little technological capacity. In
by the Joint Working Level Committee
view of the rapid development of Korea
under UJST:
and, importantly, looking ahead to ex-
The task force on access to
pected progress over the next 10 years,
science and technology informa-
the U.S. initiated negotiations to amend
tion has agreed to improve access
that agreement so that it would properly
through use of surveys and study
represent the technological level of the
teams, sharing findings, observing
anticipated cooperation. Policy aspects
progress in machine-aided transla-
of the ever-growing industrial linkages,
tion, encouraging establishment of
invention rights from shared research,
a Japanese reproduction right or-
and defense-industrial cooperation are
ganization, the flow of grey litera-
to be included in the new agreement.
ture.
While some important issues, mainly
Also in April, 1989, the Joint
dealing with intellectual property rights,
Working Level Committee under
remain to be resolved, both sides are
UJST agreed to cooperate on
working to achieve renewal before a sig-
development of a high field mag-
nificant effect on S and T cooperative
net for characterization of super-
activities develops.
conductors; discussion continues
During Fiscal Year 1989, Korea made
on ceramics and electronic
significant progress in establishing an ex-
materials.
port control system to protect advanced
KOREA
strategic technology and assure mutual
security. Korea's National Assembly ap-
Cooperation in science and technology
proved the government-to-government
between the U.S. And Korea continues
agreement that was concluded in Sep-
to reflect the close ties that exist with this
tember 1987 and close cooperation be-
important ally. Based on mutual benefit,
tween Korean and U.S. officials to
science and technology activities spread
develop implementation measures has
across the entire spectrum of our
been under way since the agreement was
bilateral relations. A government-to-
signed. Nuclear cooperation between the
government umbrella agreement
KOREA, P. 127
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
two countries assists in enhancing public
cooperative mechanism will facilitate
safety and in advancing the development
discussions of broad environmental is-
of nuclear technology. With over 50 per-
sues, including proper environmental
cent of its electrical power coming from
standards to be applied to U.S. industrial
nuclear plants, Korea continues to sup-
investments in Korea. Very importantly,
port its commitment to nuclear power.
the environmental cooperation presents
The majority of its nuclear infrastructure
a vehicle for soliciting Korean support of
is of U.S. origin. Excellent, well-estab-
U.S. positions on such crucial issues as
lished cooperation between the U.S.
the problem of stratospheric ozone.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
The Korean government also recently
and its Korean counterpart continues to
announced a war on pollution and has
enhance Korea's capabilities in regula-
focused high level attention on environ-
tion, inspection, emergency response,
mental issues. It is expected that this will
nuclear safety and joint research, and has
be an important area of cooperation in
entailed extensive exchanges of informa-
the future once the US-Korea S&T
tion mutually beneficial to both
Umbrella Agreement is concluded.
countries. Exchange programs with the
Department of Energy (DOE) have
MALAYSIA
provided training in spent fuel manage-
Malaysia is putting greater resources
ment, fuel fabrication technology and
into the enhancement of its science and
other areas supporting broad U.S.
technology capabilities. Research and
nuclear policy objectives. Regular
development traditionally has supported
bilateral discussions on peaceful applica-
growth in the commodities sector.
tions of nuclear energy offer a forum for
Malaysian science and technology policy,
consideration of nuclear policy matters,
however, is increasingly focusing on sup-
including issues arising in the Interna-
port for its growing industrialization
tional Atomic Energy Agency.
through a mix of research and develop-
The Foundation for Cooperation in En-
ment on the one hand and technology
vironmental Matters was enhanced with
transfer on the other.
the signing of a Memorandum for
U.S. agencies which were involved in
Cooperation between the U.S. Environ-
limited cooperative activities in Malaysia
mental Protection Agency and its
in Fiscal Year 1989 included AID's
Korean counterpart. In addition to joint
ASEAN Mission, the National Science
studies of mutual benefit, the formal
Foundation, UADA's Office of Interna-
tional Cooperation and Development,
MALAYSIA, P. 128
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
the Smithsonian Institution, and the
Japan, the U.K., Australia and Canada. A
Bureau of Reclamation. U.S. multina-
great deal of U.S.-Malaysian coopera-
tionals such as IBM and Intel support
tion to date has been fully or partially
science and technology in Malaysia by
funded by the Malaysian government. A
donating equipment and through train-
large Malaysian student presence in the
ing activities. Other private sector
United States during the 1980's has in-
cooperation includes technology licens-
creased mutual awareness in the scien-
ing agreements and efforts by U.S.
tific community and could lead to
professional organizations, such as the
increased cooperation.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
MEXICO
Engineers, to form linkages with their
Malaysian counterparts.
U.S.-Mexican scientific cooperation is
Malaysia is a key country on the issues
overseen by a Joint Mixed Commission
of biodiversity and deforestation of
which is chaired on the U.S. side by the
tropical rainforests. The government
Department of State's Bureau for
strongly asserts its right to make use of its
Oceans and International Environmen-
forest resources for economic develop-
tal and Scientific Affairs (OES) and on
ment while expressing a commitment to
the Mexican side by the Mexican
sustainable forestry practices. Various
Secretariat of Foreign Relations (SRE)
forestry projects have received support
and includes approximately 24
from the world bank and the asian
memoranda of understanding (MOUs)
development bank. Malaysia has stated
between U.S. and Mexican agencies
its intention to sign the Vienna Conven-
under the Joint Mixed Commission's
tion and Montreal Protocol on ozone
auspices.
depletion and has formed a working
One of the best examples of the close
group to look into global climate change.
cooperation between the U.S. And
Mexico has been in the area of environ-
Malaysia sees the United States as
mental affairs. The 1983 U.S.-Mexico
dominant or among the leaders in most
Border Environment Agreement is the
technologies and gives the United States
mechanism by which the two work
high marks for its openness in scientific
together in resolving a wide range of
collaboration. Scientific collaboration
transboundary pollution issues. Fiscal
remains very limited, however, in com-
Year 89 saw the successful negotiation of
parison to Malaysia's activities with
a Fifth Annex dealing with transboun-
dary air pollution in border cities. In the
MEXICO, P. 129
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
fall of 1989, the governments of the U.S.
example of the outstanding work being
and Mexico concluded an agreement to
done jointly by the U.S. and Mexico
work together on protecting and improv-
under the direction of the International
ing the environment of the Mexico City
Boundary and Water Commission
metropolitan area.
(IBWC). In fact, at the IBWC's centen-
Throughout the year the U.S. Environ-
nial anniversary celebrations in 1989,
mental Protection Agency (EPA)
both U.S. and Mexican officials lauded
provided Mexican technical experts with
the organization as being one of the most
training in several areas of air pollution
successful bilateral organizations be-
management. In the spring of 1989, the
tween any two countries in the world.
Department of the Federal District
The successful negotiation of the
(DDF) sent a 7-member team to Denver,
Laredo/Nuevo Laredo Minute is giving
Los Angeles, Ann Arbor, and
impetus to a similar resolution for the
Washington, D.C. to study alternative
San Diego/Tijuana border sanitation
fuels programs in those U.S. cities. Fol-
issue. Joint U.S.-Mexico programs in
low-up plans are underway for 20 en-
conservation and ecology are also
vironmental technicians from the
progressing extremely well. Senior
Secretariat for Urban Development and
SEDUE officials have expressed a strong
Ecology (SEDUE), DDF, the state of
interest in working more closely with
Mexico, and several universities to travel
public and private U.S. organizations in
in 1990 on AID and local parent agency
managing and preserving Mexico's
funds to EPA's North Carolina facilities
natural resources.
in Research Triangle Park for an ozone
Other noteworthy Fiscal Year 89
control training course.
achievements in U.S.-Mexican S & T
U.S.-Mexican cooperation in environ-
cooperative efforts include the follow-
mental issues is not limited to air quality
ing; 1) MOU between the U.S. Food and
matters, however. In August, 1989, the
Drug Administration (FDA) and the
two countries came closer to resolving
Mexican Secretariat of Health (SSA) for
the Laredo/Nuevo Laredo border sanita-
cooperation in ensuring the safety and
tion problem with the signing of a Minute
wholesomeness of Mexican shellfish ex-
for a joint international sewage treat-
ports to the U.S.; 2) MOU between FDA
ment plant and outfall.
and the Mexican Secretariat of Agricul-
The signing of the Laredo/Nuevo
ture and Hydraulic Resources (SARH)
Laredo Minute was but another excellent
for cooperation in the regulation of raw
MEXICO, P. 130
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
agricultural products involved in U.S.-
shares with the U.S. Makes it only natural
Mexico commerce; 3) MOU between the
for the U.S. to have the greatest number
U.S. National Park Service and SEDUE
of requests for permits to conduct re-
for cooperative projects and U.S. Train-
search on Mexican territory.
ing for SEDUE personnel; 4) MOU be-
In the last few years, American re-
tween the U.S.
searchers have encountered some dif-
Geological Survey (USGS) and the
ficulties with the lengthy permit
Mexican Institute for Geological Re-
application process required for all
search (IIE) for cooperation in geother-
foreign scientists wishing to conduct re-
mal and related volcanic research (April
search in Mexico. Nevertheless, U.S.
1989); and 5) MOU between the U.S.
scientists and researchers have generally
National Aeronautic and Space Ad-
enjoyed open access to Mexican
ministration (NASA) and SSA for
facilities. Furthermore, Mexico has
malaria research.
taken steps toward implementing a per-
Mexican officials are well aware of the
mit system that will simplify the issuance
importance which the U.S. Government
of all land, sea, and air scientific research
places on intellectual property rights at
permits.
all levels of S & T agreements. To date,
Other fields in which bilateral coopera-
the USG has not had any problems with
tive programs have played an important
the GOM over intellectual property
role are nuclear safety; marine research;
rights in S & T cooperative projects.
fisheries promotion; protection of en-
Moreover, senior Foreign Ministry offi-
dangered and threatened species and
cials have even suggested the formation
ecosystems; atmospheric, oceanic and
of intellectual property rights and
meteorological monitoring and research.
nuclear subgroups under the guidance of
Nuclear
the MQQD Commission.
While a substantial amount of U.S.-
The one and only nuclear plant in
Mexico S & T cooperation is conducted
Mexico is operational. Testing has been
through official agency-to-agency chan-
going on for almost six months and full
nels, more cooperation is carried out in-
power operation should start in early
formally between researchers and
1990. U.S. Government cooperation to
scientists in industries, universities, and
improve safety at the plant has been on-
private institutions. Mexico's geographic
going for many years. Technical assis-
proximity and the 2,000 mile border it
tance and cooperation between the
Mexican Nuclear Research Institute
MEXICO, P. 131
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
(ININ) and Los Alamos National
Laboratory has also been conducted for
Protection of Endangered and
a number of years.
Threatened Species and
Ecosystems
Marine Research
For more than ten years, the U.S. Fish
The three current memorandums of un-
and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has spon-
derstanding between the National
sored bilateral projects in Mexico, under
Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and
the umbrella agreement of the Joint
the Secretariat of Fisheries (SEPESCA)
Committee Meeting on Wildlife.
to conduct marine research in the Gulf
Projects and funding have increased in
and Pacific coast and exchange of
recent years. Cooperation between the
fisheries information are now being
Secretariat of Urban Development and
reviewed by SEPESCAS' newly-arrived
Ecology (SEDUE) and USFWS has also
officials. It is expected that early next
increased. Law enforcement information
year the three bilateral agreements will
exchange between Mexico and the U.S.
be renewed once improvements and cor-
To limit and reduce illegal trade of
rections to the agreements are fully com-
wildlife across the 2000 mile border has
pleted.
information exchange, research, and
Fisheries Trade Promotion
bilateral cooperation are expected to
Technical assistance and cooperation
grow this year as a result of better en-
projects with the private sector were
vironmental bilateral understanding.
developed in 1987 under the auspices of
Atmospheric, Oceanic and
USAID-Mexico. These projects have en-
couraged joint ventures between private
Meteorological Monitoring and
sector entities in Mexico and the U.S.
Research
Projects this year have focused on
The office of the representative of the
aquaculture development in Mexico.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-
This coming year, the cooperative agree-
ministration (NOAA), working through
ment between USAID and the Chamber
the Science and Technology Office, as-
of the National Fishing Industry
sists the Mexican government with infor-
(Canainpes) will probably be renewed
mation, satellite imagery and other
and expanded.
weather services. NOAA weather sta-
tions are kept and maintained in Mexico.
NOAA conducts hurricane observation
MEXICO, P. 132
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
flights in Mexican air space with par-
by the national science foundation and
ticipating Mexican meteorologists and
USAID's manpower development pro-
technicians.
gram have supported this effort. Next
PAKISTAN
year USAID is due to begin a $80 million
institutional excellence program which
Our collaborative and productive S
will support research and institutional
and T relationship with Pakistan con-
development at Pakistan's nine centers
tinues to contribute to our efforts to cre-
of excellence in S and T.
ate a more stable and secure ally able to
Although our bilateral S and T
seek peaceful and cooperative relations
programs are winding down with the end
with its neighbors. It also helps us
of our special foreign currency funds, col-
promote a Pakistan more able and will-
laborative efforts in several areas will
ing to play a helpful role in matters of
continue through 1992. The Fish and
bilateral concern such as suppression of
Wildlife Service is working with the
narcotics production and trafficking, and
Smithsonian on plans for a national zoo.
the furtherance of our nuclear non-
The National Park Service, in collabora-
proliferation policies.
tion with the National Council for the
Pakistan has a sizeable trained body of
Conservation of Wildlife, recently com-
scientists and researchers covering near-
pleted a workshop designed to assist the
ly every field of science and technology.
GOP with expanding and developing one
However, many of these people are
of Pakistan's greatest natural resources,
engaged in teaching and/or basic re-
the Khunjerab National Park. The Office
search with little practical relevance to
of Naval Research is finalizing plans for
the solution of critical national develop-
joint research in marine science and
ment problems. Many of the obstacles to
oceanography. The Public Health Ser-
a more direct application of science and
vice is assisting the Pakistan Medical Re-
technology are deeply rooted in institu-
search Council with the first
tional and attitudinal factors and cannot
comprehensive health examination sur-
be easily overcome. The GOP is en-
vey project in the country. The Smith-
couraging the Pakistani S and T com-
sonian and USIS are planning training
munity to address development
for Pakistani museum specialists in con-
problems by emphasizing applied re-
servation techniques and exhibit design.
search and by encouraging private sector
In addition, USAID is funding extensive
involvement in S and T. Our collabora-
tive programs, especially commitments
PAKISTAN, P. 133
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
research in agriculture, energy and en-
tive intellectual property rights protec-
vironmental matters.
tion are increasingly self-evident. The
The Memorandum of Understanding
U.S. will seek consultations with Pakis-
between NSF and Pakistan's Ministry of
tan on intellectual property rights and
Science and Technology, originally
hopes to see improvements in the course
signed in 1981, was allowed to lapse on
of the year.
May 31, 1989. Without additional fund-
Our S and T programs contribute to
ing from either side, NSF could find no
some extent to creating opportunities for
justification to renew the existing agree-
U.S. goods and services in Pakistan.
ment. However, the GOP and Pakistan's
Scientists trained in the U.S., and col-
scientific community and U.S. scientific
laborating with U.S. counterparts,
organizations have expressed interest in
naturally look first to U.S. equipment
continued collaboration. Areas of par-
and materials. Finally, our S and T
ticular interest to both sides include
programs with their emphasis on the
medical research, renewable energy,
sharing of scientific and technical advan-
geology, oceanography, environmental
ces relevant to the solution of develop-
research, and natural resource manage-
ment related problems enhance U.S.
ment. The institutional excellence
influence and prestige with Pakistan's
program's $20 million small grants will
leaders and people.
go a long way toward bolstering our
A.I.D. is helping the Government of
bilateral S and T relationship as the spe-
Pakistan establish the National Energy
cial foreign currency program ends.
Conservation Center (ENERCON) to
Competitiveness and Intellec-
meet the goals of saving energy, improv-
ing productivity and profitability, reduc-
tual Property Rights
ing load shedding, and minimizing
Pakistan is working to enact new legis-
dependence on imported oil. The
lation for copyrights, trademarks and
ENERCON project includes energy
patent protection, and the embassy is
analyses of selected industries, buildings,
making efforts satisfy U.S. concerns. In
and other energy consuming facilities to
addition, Pakistan's evolving investment
identify energy saving recommendations.
policy seeks to encourage foreign private
Benefits obtained to date include
investment in many industrial and trade
average efficiency improvements of 10
sectors. The foreign investment benefits
percent per combuster in a boiler tune-
to be derived from adequate and effec-
up program and average fuel savings of
PAKISTAN, P. 134
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
11 percent from tune-ups of 260
Only ten percent of total water resources
automobiles. In addition, savings of $10.5
met the standard for drinking water. The
million from energy audits have been
human health implications of the
identified and $4 million achieved in the
progressive contamination of the
industrial and buildings sectors. A.I.D.
country's natural environment are dis-
and the Government of Pakistan signed
turbing. In some areas of Poland, which
an agreement for a major USAID/Is-
combined contain approximately 12 mil-
lamabad activity, Institutional Excel-
lion people or about one third of the total
lence Project (IEP), in June 1989. The
population of the country, the level of
IEP funds the strengthening of S&T in-
toxic substances exceed permissible
stitutions and also supports a research
levels and present an immediate health
grants program. The IEP project is to be
threat. In the workplace, twenty percent
funded by A.I.D. at a level of $80 million
of all employed, work in conditions of an
over a ten-year period.
immediate health hazard. In most in-
dustrial areas, there is increased in-
POLAND
cidence of respiratory diseases among
In 1989, Poland continued to suffer
children. This gloomy picture not-
severe environmental degradation. For
withstanding, there were a number of
example, total sulfur dioxide emissions
positive developments in 1989. The
rose by more than 10 percent over the
dramatically changed political atmos-
previous year. As a statistical average, 14
phere in Poland allowed a genuine
metric tons of sulfur dioxide are
dialogue on the country's environmental
deposited in each square kilometer of
condition to flourish, and an ecological
Polish soil per year. This is more than
program emerged from the round table
double the average for all of Europe, and
negotiations. Initiatives tabled by Presi-
six times greater than for the U.S.
dent Bush with regard to Krakow offered
Krakow alone receives 80-100 tons of
hope that its deterioration could be
sulfur dioxide per square kilometer year-
reversed. Finally, during the year the
ly. (the threshold beyond which sulfur
Maria Sklodowska-Curie Joint Fund II
dioxide concentrations are harmful to
became operational.
human health is estimated at 20 tons per
square kilometer). The deterioration of
Environmental Issues at the
water quality also continued unabated
Round Table
with hundreds of miles of Poland's main
rivers unfit for any use, even industrial.
POLAND, P. 135
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
The deepening ecological crisis in
legal action to stop environmental
Poland led to a Sub-commission on ecol-
damage.
ogy being formed within the framework
The prohibition of imports of
of the round table discussions. Following
waste materials into Poland.
weeks of negotiations, in March 1989 the
The closing of specific industrial
participants came to agreement on a 28
plants considered to be dangerous
point comprehensive program for chang-
(for example, the Siechnice Steel-
ing the environmental direction of the
works, by the end of 1989, and the
country. Among the most urgent tasks
zinc and lead works in Miasteczko
foreseen by the Sub-commission: the
Slaskie, by the end of 1990).
lowering of sulfur dioxide and nitrous
Protest of the construction of
oxide emissions by at least 50 per cent;
power plants in Czechoslovakia
the improvement of water quality of the
and east Germany near the Polish
rivers of Poland, particularly the Vistula;
border.
and the systematic integration of en-
The only major area on which consensus
vironmental considerations into the
was not reached in the Sub-commission
economic planning. The 28 postulates
was on the role of nuclear energy in
agreed to by the Sub-commission for im-
Poland's future.
plementation in 1989-90 included:
The opposition-solidarity side insisted
Development by June, 1990, of a
the development of nuclear power be
comprehensive environmental
halted forthwith, while the government
protection program which will in-
took the position that there was no ra-
corporate environmental
tional basis for eliminating a role for
safeguards in economic policies,
nuclear power in view of the need to limit
require environmental impact
the burning of coal because of the threat
studies on all major projects, and
which CO2 poses to the biosphere.
begin a gradual shift toward
production technologies safe for
Presidential Initiatives
the environment.
In his historic visit to eastern Europe in
Ensuring access by citizens and
July 1989, President Bush stressed the
private organizations to informa-
importance of East and West working
tion about the state of the environ-
together to preserve and improve the en-
ment, and their rights to initiate
vironment, humanity's common
heritage. Following up on his Mainz
speech in which he said the U.S. could
POLAND, P. 136
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
offer the east new technologies in pursu-
Maria Sklodowska-Curie Joint
ing this goal, the President proposed
three environmental initiatives for
Fund
Poland totalling $15 million. The initia-
In April 1989, the Maria Sklodowska-
tives are concentrated on Krakow, the
Curie Joint Fund (MSC II) became
magnificent medieval city, designated by
operational when its first eight projects
UNESCO as a world monument but suf-
were approved for funding by the second
fering from severe pollution. Initiatives
meeting of the U.S.-Polish Joint Com-
include:
mission. This followed the deposit by the
Retrofit an existing coal-fired
United States of $600,000 to the MSC II
plant, a $10 million initiative to
joint fund and counterpart contribution
retrofit an existing coal-fired plant
by Poland. The Joint Fund, established as
in the Krakow area with advanced
a result of an agreement signed by Presi-
clean coal technology. This
dent Bush in September, 1987, presents
retrofit will reduce sulphur
opportunities for Polish scientists to col-
dioxide emissions from a 100 MW
laborate with U.S. scientists in a broad
plant by 60-65 percent. Nitrogen
range of research activities. In its second
oxide emissions will also be
session the Commission endorsed a
reduced.
three-tiered approach to research
Air quality monitoring network, a
priorities and funding allocations for
$1 million project for an air
MSC II cooperative activities as follows:
quality monitoring network in the
High priority areas: agriculture,
Krakow metropolitan area as part
environmental protection, medical
of Poland's national air monitor-
science and health protection, and
ing network.
basic research.
Water quality and availability, a
Mid-level areas: geoscience re-
$4 million initiative to improve
search and exploitation of mineral
water quality and availability in
resources, energy research, and en-
Krakow, emphasizing recycling,
gineering research.
pollution prevention, and low-cost
Third level areas: transportation,
approaches such as land treatment
construction research, oceans and
of effluents.
atmospheric sciences and lim-
nological research, park manage-
ment and historical preservation,
POLAND, P. 137