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Science and Technology and American Diplomacy [3]
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Science and Technology and American Diplomacy [3]
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Records pertain to the Office of Science and Technology Policy.
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03780-003
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Records of the White House Office of Cabinet Affairs (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Paul Korfonta Subject Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
2005-0336-F
2005-0336-F
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Cabinet Affairs, White House Office of
Series:
Korfonta, Paul, Files
Subseries:
OA/ID Number:
03780
Folder ID Number:
03780-003
Folder Title:
Science and Technology and American Diplomacy [3]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
10
9
5
1
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
and fish and wildlife conservation.
SAUDI ARABIA
These research priorities are sub-
ject to periodic review and
Oil still dominates U.S.-Saudi relations,
revision by the commission.
but as Saudi Arabia diversifies its
Among the projects approved for fund-
economy, cooperative science and tech-
ing in 1989 were:
nology efforts have increased in sig-
1. A three year grant of $66,000 and
nificance. While most S&T cooperation
56,610,000 zlotys awarded to the Central
continues to be conducted through the
Laboratory for Radiological Protection
U.S.-Saudi Joint Economic Commission
(Warsaw) for a joint research project en-
(JECOR) and the U.S. Geological Sur-
titled "long-lived post-Chernobyl
vey (USGS), there are new areas of ac-
radioactivity and radiation protection
tivity. Saudi intellectual property
criteria for risk reduction".
protection appears to be strengthening
2. A three year grant in amount of
as a result of U.S. pressure and a fledgling
$43,000 and 22,900,000 zlotys to the In-
Saudi intellectual property rights related
stitute for Soil Science and Slant Cultiva-
to industries.
tion (Pulawy) to conduct joint research
Exploratory bilateral alternative energy
project entitled "wheat rhizosphere
discussions took place in the U.S. and
microflora and its effect on plant nutri-
Saudi Arabia during 1989. The U.S.
tion and some pathogenis fungi."
recently participated in a visible and suc-
3. A three year grant to Jagiellonian
cessful regional conference on ozone
University in amount of $48,000 and
depletion in Saudi Arabia. The Saudis
24,000,000 zlotys to conduct joint re-
have been active in global climate change
search project entitled "ion, electron and
activities. The U.S.-Saudi scientific/tech-
photon stimulated desorption of ionic
nological relationship is an extremely im-
crystals." The fund also supported a
portant, if low key, element in our overall
workshop on wetlands protection which
relationship. S&T cooperation is fun-
took place in Gdansk and Mazurian Lake
damentally apolitical and continues at a
district in September, 1989, in collabora-
steady pace despite the vagaries of
tion with U.S. EPA, as well as a workshop
regional political developments. This al-
on cultural landscapes preservation,
lows the U.S. to maintain an American
jointly arranged by the Board of Histori-
presence inside some Saudi ministries,
cal Gardens and Palaces Conservation
helping keep open channels of com-
and the U.S. National Park Service.
munications and underscoring our con-
tinuing commitment to enhance Saudi
SAUDI ARABIA, P. 138
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Arabia's security in a quiet but per-
gram is between the U.S. Geological Sur-
suasive manner.
vey (USGS) and the Saudi Ministry of
Petroleum and Minerals. The USGS
Bilateral S&T Activities
program has made geological surveys of
The U.S. and Saudi Arabia cooperate
much of western Saudi Arabia, identified
widely in science and technology fields.
non-petroleum mineral and water
Since the mid-seventies, bilateral S&T
resources, drawn Landsat image and
activities have been largely coordinated
other maps of the country and trained
through the U.S. Embassy and the office
many Saudi geologists.
of the U.S./Saudi Joint Economic Com-
mission (JECOR). Significant JECOR
Environmental Topics
projects include agriculture and water
The Saudi Arabian Government was ac-
resources, support for the King Abdul
tive in the Intergovernmental Panel on
Aziz City for Science and Technology
Climate Change (IPCC) during 1989. Dr.
(KACST), manpower training and
Abdulbar Al-gain, president of the Saudi
development, desalination research and
Meteorology and Environmental Protec-
training, solar energy research and
tion agency (MEPA), and other MEPA
development, cooperation with King
officials have regularly participated in
Faisal, King Saud and King Abdul Aziz
IPCC response strategy working group
Universities, emergency medical ser-
meetings. Prince Fahd bin Abdullah,
vices, space research and technology,
deputy to the Minister of Defense and
landsat earth sensing and meteorological
Aviation, represented Saudi Arabia at
systems development. The present
the November 6-7 Ministerial Con-
JECOR agreement expires in February
ference on Atmospheric Pollution and
1990, but both governments have agreed
Climate Change in the Hague. In his
that this will be renewed for another five
speech, Prince Fahd applauded global
years. Two other major bilateral S&T
efforts to combat global warning, which
projects are not administered through
he characterized as "a life or death issue"
JECOR. One involves the CAAG (Civil
for much of the earth. He proclaimed
Aviation Advisory Group) program of
Saudi Arabia's total commitment to
the U.S. Federal Aviation Administra-
strengthening international legal instru-
tion (FAA) which has provided airmen
ments connected with climate change
certification and aircraft ratings for
and said that the Saudi Arabian Govern-
Saudia Airlines since 1982 under a
ment would participate in negotiations
bilateral agreement. The second pro-
on a framework convention on climate.
SAUDI ARABIA, P. 139
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
The prince concluded that the world
cial from the Ministry of Information at-
must move toward non-greenhouse
tended a copyright training seminar at
emission energy production and con-
the Library of Congress in Washington.
sumption systems that are safe, affor-
We anticipate that Saudi responsiveness
dable and efficient.
on IPR issues will grow as Saudi Arabian
Intellectual Property
Government efforts to diversify the
economy away from oil lead the Saudis
Saudi Arabia is one of 25 countries the
into greater intellectual property
U.S. administration is monitoring be-
production.
cause of inadequate protection of intel-
In January 1989, Saudi Arabia took a
lectual property rights (IPR),
major step forward in IPR protection
particularly videotape, cassette tape, and
when King Fahd approved Saudi
computer software copyrights. At
Arabia's first patent law. The new legis-
present, these intellectual property
lation, which went into effect in May, is
media have effectively no legal protec-
tion in Saudi Arabia.
generally comparable in scope and
operation to patent laws in the U.S. and
Until recently the Saudis were inactive
other developed nations.
in protecting IPR, but they are beginning
to realize that such protection safeguards
Atomic Energy
their artists, software designers, and in-
On October 3, 1988, Saudi Arabia ac-
ventors as much as those of other
ceded to the Nuclear Non-proliferation
countries. Saudis trying to compete in
Treaty (NPT), thus making it eligible to
these markets, including Saudi sound
purchase a nuclear research reactor from
recordings companies with authorized
the U.S. or other NPT signatories.
license arrangements with foreign
Several western firms, subsequently ap-
producers, are lobbying the Saudi
proached the King Abdul Aziz City for
Arabian Government for a tougher
Science and Technology (KACST) about
copyright regime. Saudi software writers
the possible purchase of a low-powered
complain that widespread software
research reactor for the study of medical
piracy makes their efforts fruitless.
isotopes and other basic research. This
Through contacts between U.S. and
issue remains under study.
Saudi IPR experts, we have been working
to educate Saudi officials about the grow-
Alternative Energy Sources
ing importance of IPR protection. In
At first glance, Saudi Arabia has no con-
September, 1989, a Saudi copyright offi-
ceivable interest in alternative energy
SAUDI ARABIA, P. 140
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
sources: it has 250 billion barrels of
and (3) solar building technology re-
proven oil reserves. Still, there is growing
search and development.
Saudi interest in alternative energy for at
Participants discussed possible future
least two reasons. First, the Saudis wish
cooperation, including parallel research
to stay abreast of new technologies to
activities, technical resources exchange,
help them forecast future world demand
solar energy systems modelling, and wind
for petroleum.
and geothermal research. While both the
Moreover, the Saudis are concerned
U.S. and Saudi Arabia agree that
about supplying power to remote areas of
cooperative efforts would be mutually
their country. One third the size of the
beneficial, funding uncertainties limit
continental U.S., Saudi Arabia has
the commitments of either side, at least
roughly ten million people concentrated
for now. The DOE team concluded that,
in three major metropolitan areas. Con-
given such constraints, a realistic target
sequently the per capita cost of deliver-
date for establishing a cooperative
ing power to outlying areas, "rural
project devoted to alternative energy re-
electrification," is much higher than in
search would be mid-1990 at the earliest.
the U.S. This has prompted a desire to
make remote villages energy self-suffi-
UNITED KINGDOM
cient. In late October 1989, a team of
alternative energy experts from the U.S.
General S&T relations between the
Department of Energy, the Solar Energy
U.S. and the U.K. Remain extensive and
Research Institute (SERI), and Sandia
close at all levels: governmental, institu-
National Laboratories, visited KACST
tional and individual. Interaction be-
under the auspices of JECOR. KACST
tween scientific societies of both
(and MEPA) oversee government-spon-
countries, frequent exchanges between
sored scientific research. The meetings
governmental institutions, and fruitful
were a continuation of DOE-KACST
industrial relationships are continual.
talks begun in March at SERI in
While a number of topical or project-re-
Colorado to explore areas of mutual in-
lated memoranda of understanding have
terest: (1) assessment of renewable ener-
been concluded over the years between
gy resources in the kingdom; (2)
counterpart agencies of the govern-
application of renewable energy
ments, there has been no perceived need
resource technologies in remote areas;
for an umbrella science and technology
agreement.
UNITED KINGDOM, P. 141
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
During Fiscal Year 1989, both nations
sultations on these issues, which include
have continued to focus on competitive-
sharing information on sensitive transac-
ness as national objectives. For its part,
tions, are reinforced by almost daily in-
the U.K. has increased its efforts to foster
teractions by our respective embassies
cooperation among government institu-
on a wide range of nuclear and missile
tions, universities and industry on tech-
topics. The U.K. has embarked on a pro-
nologies which are commercially
gram to construct a number of pres-
promising. The Advisory Committee on
surized water reactors based on U.S.
Science and Technology (ACOST),
design. This will strengthen the ties be-
chaired by the chairman of Rolls Royce,
tween the nuclear industries of both
Sir Francis Tombs, continues to advise
countries.
the government on S&T priorities, as-
Health
sisted by the Center for Exploitation of
Science and Technology (CEST). To
In health matters, the U.K. continues to
date, Her Majesty's Government has es-
regard cooperation with the U.S. as es-
tablished seventeen interdisciplinary re-
sential in the international fight against
search centers for specific technologies,
AIDS. U.K. health officials welcome op-
most of which are housed at various
portunities to coordinate research and
universities. The goal is to establish some
public education programs with the U.S.,
40 such centers over the next few years.
and several joint projects are underway
The U.K. has also established a series of
involving government and private funds.
so-called "link" programs. The link initia-
tive provides a mechanism by which the
Environment
public sector in the form of research
Prime Minister Thatcher's speech
councils and government departments
before the Royal Society late in 1988
join with private-sector companies to
signalled a heightened U.K. concern
pursue agreed research programs. While
about environmental issues. As a conse-
the majority of future fields are likely to
quence, international collaboration in
be in engineering, a significant number
environmental research has taken on
will be in areas of science.
growing importance, hence, the
Nuclear and missile technology
government's decision to spend an extra
cooperation and coordination on nuclear
million British Pounds Sterling (BPS) on
and missile nonproliferation continue to
environmental research, much of which
be extremely close. Annual bilateral con-
will be devoted to international projects.
UNITED KINGDOM, P. 142
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Particular mention should be made of
increased its emphasis on biotechnology
the key role the U.K. is playing in the
research during the past few years. Fund-
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
ing for such research in universities is
Change. With respect to deforestation.
mainly by allocation from the research
The major development over the past
councils. The major expenditure is from
year was the conclusion of a U.K.-Brazil
the Medical Research council (MRC).
agreement to cooperate on rain forest
The Science and Engineering Research
conservation. The two nations will work
Council (SERC) has its own biotechnol-
together on projects concerned with the
ogy directorate which has a separate
management and steady renewal of
budget. The SERC biotechnology direc-
tropical rain forests.
torate was set up in 1981 to develop and
Biotechnology
implement a policy for the support of
While the U.K. government and public
research and training in biotechnology in
U.K. universities and polytechnics. The
were relative latecomers to develop-
directorate maintains close association
ments in biotechnology, industry and
universities were not; indeed the U.K.'s
with the biotechnology unit of the
relative strength in biotechnology stems
Department of Trade and Industry
(DTI). The DTI uses its funds for
from these two sectors. The U.K.'s intel-
biotechnology mainly, but not exclusive-
lectual achievements in the disciplines
most closely allied to biotechnology are
ly, as a pump-primer for specific projects
formidable. Of all the European
within industry itself to the point where
countries, the intellectual climate in the
revenues can be generated and the
U.K. approaches most closely that of the
process becomes self-financing. The DTI
U.S., with the main emphasis of
also has a significant program of R&D
support for public sector laboratories.
academic research being at the high-
technology end of genetic engineering.
The aim is to encourage precompetitive
research in collaboration with com-
In the past, relatively less attention was
panies.
paid to fermentation technology,
bioreactors, and chemical engineering.
U.S. MISSION TO THE
However, these important areas of
EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
biotechnology research have recently
Two major evolutions have led to an
been given priority status by new govern-
intensified U.S.-EC science and environ-
ment directives. Following the explosion
ment relationship. The first is the EC's
of interest in biotechnology, the U.K. has
U.S. MISSION TO THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, P. 143
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
accelerated push towards a unified
dividual issues. In a relationship histori-
market by the end of 1992 and the sig-
cally marked by public disputes over
nificant legislative and psychological ef-
trade issues, science and environment of-
fect of that effort within the EC. The
fers an opportunity to foster and broaden
second is the recognition of the state of
the cooperative aspects of the relation-
the global environment and the common
ship. And, with a changing Europe, it is
desire of the EC and the U.S. Govern-
vital that the united states be well-in-
ment to face the challenge of improving
formed and ready to take advantage of
and protecting that environment.
strengthened European competitive-
The intensified relationship has
ness.
fostered greater dialogue and debate. In
Environment
environment, the U.S. and the EC
cooperate in various multilateral forums,
Global Climate Change: The U.S. and
notably in the Intergovernmental Panel
the EC have held various communica-
on Climate Change (IPCC) and in the
tions on global climate change and the
G-24 regarding initiatives with eastern
related issue of tropical forests. U.S.
Europe. Bilaterally, we worked together
Government and EC officials have met
very closely on the African elephant
and exchanged ideas at various interna-
problem, the shipment and treatment of
tional conferences over the past year, in-
hazardous waste, and other issues. In
cluding those held in London, the Hague,
R&D, bilateral discussions and coopera-
and Noordvik. Both are very active
tion continue in the High-Tech Working
within the Intergovernmental Panel on
Group and other fora, and through the
Climate Change (IPCC).
ten bilateral S&T agreements. The issues
Montreal Protocol: The EC and the
of biotechnology and intellectual proper-
U.S. Government worked together to en-
ty rights have been prominent and ad-
sure that the Montreal Protocol on the
dressed extensively, due to significant
Ozone Layer was ratified and regulations
developments in the state of the art and
for implementation developed. Both the
the need for harmonized regulation of
U.S. Government and the EC called for
the former and the importance of ensur-
a total phase-out of harmful CFCs by the
ing equity in the latter.
end of the century. The U.S. Govern-
However, the importance of the
ment and the Commission of the
bilateral U.S.-EC science and environ-
European Communities continue to dis-
ment relationship goes beyond in-
cuss ways to involve further the less-
developed countries in the protocol.
U.S. MISSION TO THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, P. 144
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Both also are very active in the sub-
ministrator William Reilly joined
groups working on the scientific and
Secretary Baker, who chaired the meet-
other aspects of the protocol.
ing, and three other cabinet officials in
Eastern Europe: Environment issues in
discussions with Commission President
eastern Europe have gained prominence
Delors and other EC commissioners.
during the last year. Major events, in
US-EC Environment Bilaterals: The
which the U.S. and the EC worked
annual US-EC environment bilaterals
together, include the Sofia CSCE Con-
were held in July. Agenda items included
ference and the environment group of
a full range of environment issues. Of
the G-24 initiative with Poland and Hun-
note, both sides agreed to expand the
gary.
discussions to include two ad hoc work-
OECD: The U.S. and the EC continue
ing groups, on precious metal waste and
to work together in the Environment
chemicals, which met in the fall of 1989.
Committee of the OECD. Although a
High-Tech Working Group: One of the
number of issues are included in the
agenda items discussed in 1989 included
committee's work, U.S.-EC collabora-
clean technologies. Specific issues dis-
tion on chemicals issues has been par-
cussed included CFC substitutes and
ticularly beneficial.
waste policies.
Basel Convention: Both the U.S. and
the EC attended the meetings leading to
Research And Development
the Basel Convention on the Transship-
(R&D)
ment and Treatment of Hazardous
High-Tech Working Group: The U.S.-
Waste.
EC High Technology Group met twice
African Elephants: The USG and the
during Fiscal Year 1989. The discussions,
Commission worked together closely in
in which a number of USG agencies par-
a successful effort to press the Govern-
ticipate, are in-depth exchanges of views
ment of Japan to halt trade in ivory and
and information. The agenda included
to add the African elephant to appendix
access to publicly-funded research and
I of the Convention on International
development, clean technologies, and
Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).
biotechnology. The group has held ex-
US-EC ministerial environment issues
tensive discussions on specific issues re-
were included for the first time in the
lated to biotechnology, including
agenda of the annual U.S.-EC Mini-
longer-term perspectives for biotechnol-
sterial Consultations. EPA Ad-
U.S. MISSION TO THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, P. 145
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
ogy, intellectual property rights in
Possible Cooperation with NSF:
biotechnology.
Preliminary discussions on possible
Food And Pharmaceutical Regulation:
cooperation in biotechnology issues be-
The first of a new series of twice-yearly
tween the National Science Foundation
meetings to discuss possible S&T
(NSF) and the EC Commission's Direc-
cooperation between the U.S. Food and
torate-general for Science, Research and
Drug Administration and the Commis-
Development were held this fall. Semi-
sion was initiated. Specific topics in-
nars and/or workshops may be organized
cluded food, human and veterinary
during the next year.
medicines, human biologics, and medical
devices.
Intellectual Property Rights
Bilateral S&T Agreements: The U.S.
(IPR)
and the EC continue to adhere to and
GATT: The U.S. And the EC hold
foster approximately ten major bilateral
similar interests in bringing intellectual
S&T cooperation agreements or exchan-
property rights within the general agree-
ges of letters. These cover the following
ment on tariffs and trade (GATT). Dis-
areas: a) peaceful uses of atomic energy;
cussions continue as part of the Uruguay
b) management of radioactive wastes; c)
Round.
nuclear safety; d) nuclear safeguards; e)
High Tech Group: (noted above) Fact-
renewable energy sources; f) health and
finding discussions on access to publicly-
environmental effects of radiation; g) en-
funded r&d were included in this year's
vironmental matters; h) mineral technol-
agenda. The exchange of information
ogy; i) controlled thermonuclear fusion;
concentrated on participation by in-
and j) remote sensing biotechnology.
dividual researchers in U.S. and EC re-
U.S.-EC Environment Bilateral Con-
search programs, contract terms for
sultations: This past year, the general
participation, and selection criteria and
consultations were preceded by a one-
procedures.
day technical working session on
biotechnology; various issues were dis-
UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST
cussed, including procedures for evaluat-
REPUBLICS
ing field trials of genetically-modified
Interaction and cooperation between
organisms, methods of exchanging and
Soviets and Americans, in both official
evaluating data, risk evaluation, and the
and unofficial forms, has expanded
state of knowledge on genetic transfers.
rapidly over the past year. The impetus
for this growth comes form both the top
UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS, P. 146
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
political levels (i.e., the Malta scientific,
agreements are described below. The
technical and environmental initiatives)
implications for these expansions go
and from those involved in the exchanges
beyond the direct value of the specific
on the working level, particularly on the
cooperation programs into key informa-
Soviet side. These exchanges are mutual-
tion on directions and priorities of the
ly beneficial and have the potential to be
Soviet reform efforts in crucial areas of
even more so, particularly in terms of
Soviet development.
opening doors for long-term cooperation
The principal U.S.-Soviet bilateral
across the broad range of scientific, tech-
science and technology cooperation is
nological, ecological, and techno-in-
covered within the framework of nine
dustrial interests and needs in this nation
cooperation agreements. The Soviets
attempting to transmogrify into a more
perceive them as very useful, a con-
efficient productive system.
venient umbrella under which a variety
Just as the overall U.S.-Soviet bilateral
of exchanges can take place. Currently,
relationship has grown not only in depth
the environmental area is very active,
in old areas, but has spread to new arenas
with the Soviets interested in almost any-
and created new forms, the science and
thing the U.S. can provide in terms of
technology relationship has maintained a
information and expertise. Joint projects
position at the "leading edge" of such
under the U.S.-USSR Environmental
rapid evolution.
Cooperation Agreement are expanding
In the new or renewed areas of science
accordingly. In the multilateral area, the
and technology cooperation, the Soviets,
Soviets have cooperated with the U.S. in
confronted with very real problems in
the U.N. and elsewhere on questions of
their efforts at total system reform, are
climate change in the Intergovernmental
increasing their efforts to establish real
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and
"joint work" programs and eschewing the
other environmental and ecological con-
traditional "information exchange" for-
cerns. The following are areas of
mats of cooperation which have
cooperation which were active in Fiscal
predominated to date.
Year 1989:
Areas now undergoing expansion or
Cooperation in the Field of
under active consideration for major ex-
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy:
pansion include environment, space re-
The agreement was extended in
search, oceanography, basic sciences,
June 1989 to permit time to com-
energy and atomic energy. Details of
plete review of a new agreement,
UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS, P. 147
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
including an annex for protection
Cooperation in the Field of
of intellectual property rights, in
Transportation: The Department
time for signature at the summit in
of Transportation is considering
the summer of 1990. Activities
various possibilities for rail and
under the five-year Memorandum
road cooperation. The Federal
of Cooperation in Civilian
Aviation Administration is now
Nuclear Reactor Safety continued.
implementing programs agreed to
A meeting of the Joint Commis-
at a Joint Commission Meeting
sion on Nuclear Reactor Safety
last May, and is pursuing coopera-
was held in May, 1989.
tion on a joint space-based
Cooperation in the Field of En-
geolocation system.
vironmental Protection: Ongoing
Cooperation in the Field of
cooperation in eleven topical
Studies of the World Ocean: The
areas, involving six working
fifth meeting of the U.S.-USSR
groups and 32 active projects, char-
Joint Committee on Cooperation
acterized activities in Fiscal Year
in World Oceans Studies was held
1989. Preparations were made for
in Washington on October 3 to 5,
the 12th Joint Committee Meet-
1988. The World Oceans Agree-
ing to be held in Washington in
ment was extended on December
1990.
15, 1988 and again in March and
Cooperation in the Field of Hous-
June, 1989, to allow time to review
ing and Other Construction: The
and negotiate a new agreement.
agreement is currently under
Public Health and Medical
review.
Science: Cooperation in cancer re-
Cooperation in the Field of Basic
search intensified. Cooperative re-
Scientific Research: The agree-
search programs in AIDS and al-
ment was negotiated during Fiscal
cohol and drug abuse are well un-
Year 1989 for signature in 1989. It
derway.
consists of eight broad areas of
YUGOSLAVIA
cooperation, to be implemented
through a memorandum of under-
The program of scientific and tech-
standing by the U.S. Geological
nological cooperation between the
Survey (USGS) and the National
United States and Yugoslavia, con-
Science Foundation (NSF).
ducted under the terms of a five-year
bilateral agreement covering the period
YUGOSLAVIA, P. 148
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
1988-1993, constitutes a productive and
Agriculture, such as dryland farming and
flexible resource which can be brought to
biological engineering.
bear on some of the highest research
Initial discussions conducted in the
priorities of the United States. Par-
second half of 1989 with representatives
ticipating U.S. government agencies are
of the National Institute for Drug Abuse
able to tap a reservoir of highly qualified
and the National Oceanic and Atmos-
and cost-effective research skills in sup-
pheric Administration are expected to
port of their most important S&T objec-
result in new joint research projects of
tives. During a period of rapid and
interest to those two agencies. The most
significant changes in eastern Europe
recent example relates to the National
and Yugoslavia, the bilateral coopera-
Drug Strategy, in support of which one or
tion in science and technology with the
more joint U.S.-Yugoslav teams are
United States is regarded by the Govern-
being formed to conduct basic research
ment of Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav
in the neurophysiology of addiction with
scientific community as an important and
special attention to the chemical and
well-established component of the over-
biological interface between the drugs
all relationship. Policymakers, ad-
and neural receptors.
ministrators and scientists in both
Mapping and Sequencing the Human
countries have traditionally been flexible
Genome: Both the Joint Fund and the
in developing and funding project ac-
Department of Energy, operating with its
tivities which meet emerging and newly
own funds under the general umbrella of
identified needs. Mapping the human
the 1988-1993 bilateral agreement, have
genome and global environmental issues
entered into cooperative research arran-
are already being addressed by a far-
gements with the Genetic Engineering
reaching and constantly expanding net-
Center in Belgrade to identify and
work of highly competent U.S. and
develop cost effective methods for map-
Yugoslav scientists, drawing on the
ping and sequencing the human genome.
resources of the Joint Fund established
to implement this bilateral cooperation.
U.S.-Yugoslav Environmental
Projects supported by the Joint Fund also
Management Workshop: One of the spe-
include research in robotics and flexible
cial initiatives in 1989 was a favorably
manufacturing, superconductivity, and
received proposal by the Environmental
many outstanding studies in fields of
Protection Agency to organize a joint
great interest to the U.S. Department of
workshop on innovations in environmen-
YUGOSLAVIA, P. 149
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
tal management. Approved by the Joint
September 1989, immediately following
Board in May 1989, the workshop was
the announcement of the strategy by
successfully held in Zagreb in December
President Bush. A Yugoslav delegation
-- soon enough for a well-balanced and
visited the National Institute of Drug
carefully selected team of U.S. environ-
Abuse in October and returned to
mental protection experts from federal
Yugoslavia to begin the process of iden-
and state governments, non-governmen-
tifying appropriate research centers and
tal organizations and the private sector to
scientists possessing the necessary spe-
bring the U.S. experience and U.S. con-
cial expertise for cooperating with U.S.
cerns to bear on drafting of a long-term
scientists on projects related to drug
environmental strategy for Yugoslavia,
abuse prevention and treatment.
due for completion in 1990, by a team of
Yugoslav experts, most of whom par-
Intellectual Property Rights
ticipated in the workshop.
Protection
Global Climate Change: Responding to
With respect to intellectual property
a 1989 initiative from the National
rights (IPR) and the requirements of the
Oceanic and Atmospheric
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness
Administration's Great Lakes Environ-
Act of 1988, most joint projects are car-
mental Research Laboratory (GLERL),
ried out in Yugoslav laboratories under
Yugoslav scientists are developing a re-
the direct supervision of Yugoslav prin-
search proposal in direct support of
cipal investigators who give American
NOAA's work on global climate change.
scientists equitable and reciprocal access
The body of water in question, Lake
to their research activities and facilities.
Skadar, has unique features of interest to
As a matter of official policy, Yugoslavia
paleoclimatologists and GLERL scien-
encourages professional exchanges of re-
tists already possess a significant data
search data and findings among scien-
base on Lake Skadar from work they did
tists, and practices are largely consistent
there in the early seventies.
with this policy. The current bilateral
Drug Abuse Prevention and Treat-
Agreement on Scientific and Tech-
ment: Discussions leading toward future
nological Cooperation between the
cooperative research in support of the
United States and Yugoslavia, covering
National Drug Strategy of the United
the period 1988-1993, contains protec-
States were launched with Yugoslav
tion for intellectual property rights. Such
scientists and science administrators in
provisions are not contained however, in
YUGOSLAVIA, P. 150
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
an older arrangement concerning ex-
ber of administrative and managerial
changes of nuclear safety information,
changes made during Fiscal Year 1989,
coming up for renewal in September
for example in the processing of U.S.
1990, between the United States Nuclear
scientists' travel to Yugoslavia and other
Regulatory Commission (NRC) and
dollar-denominated items.
Yugoslavia's Federal Secretariat for
Adequacy of Funding: Contributions to
Energy and Industry. The need to incor-
the Joint Fund by the United States (in
porate intellectual property rights
dollars) are fully matched by Yugoslavia
protection in the successor agreement is
(in dinar equivalents), and all joint re-
recognized and being addressed by the
search projects are jointly funded. Ac-
Department of State and NRC in the
cording to Article III of the bilateral
context of preparations for negotiations
Agreement on Scientific and Tech-
leading toward renewal of the nuclear
nological Cooperation of June 27, 1988,
safety information exchange arrange-
which entered into force on October 25,
ment.
1989, the United States made the follow-
Achieving Greater Cost Effectiveness:
ing commitment:
The Department of State and the other
"The Government of the United States
U.S. government agencies participating
shall, subject to the availability of funds,
in bilateral S&T cooperation with
deposit in the Joint Fund dollars or
Yugoslavia have devoted considerable
dinars, provided that the United States
time and effort during 1989 to revising
contribution may be deposited annually
Joint Fund procedures in order to sustain
over the five-year period of the agree-
a high quality, cost-effective research
ment, up to a total of ten million dollars."
program in the face of budgetary con-
straints in both countries and a growing
Due to the matching feature built into
rate of inflation in Yugoslavia. While
the joint program, this means the total of
some further modifications may have to
all dollars and dinars available to the
be undertaken in 1990 to protect dinar
participating U.S. Government agencies
disbursements to researchers against the
and their Yugoslav research partners in
adverse impact of inflation, the U.S. dol-
a normal year for joint research projects
lars being invested in the cooperative
would be in the order of magnitude of
S&T program by the United States are
approximately four million dollars. To
fully protected. Jointly funded research
continue receiving scientific and tech-
projects are now benefiting from a num-
nological benefits from this cost-effec-
YUGOSLAVIA, P. 151
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
tive program and to meet the total U.S.
commitment of ten million dollars by the
end of Fiscal Year 1993, which coincides
with the fifth year of the agreement, the
United States will have to contribute a
little over two million dollars in each of
the next three fiscal years (Fiscal Year
1991, Fiscal Year 1992 and Fiscal Year
1993) in order to make up for a shortfall
in Fiscal Year 1989, the first year of the
agreement, when the United States con-
tributed only $1.4 million research fund-
ing decisions taken by the joint board in
November 1988 and May 1989 reflect the
budget shortfall and indicate that the
Joint Board and the participating U.S.
government agencies may be losing some
of their traditional flexibility to enter into
new research projects in fields of priority
interest to the United States, unless the
funding levels envisaged in the five-year
agreement are honored. In May 1989 the
board had sufficient discretionary funds
for only 27 new projects in addition to
second- and third-year payments for 109
ongoing projects. This contrasts with
funding for 58 new projects approved in
November 1988, in addition to follow-on
funding for 61 ongoing projects.
YUGOSLAVIA, P. 152
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Chapter 4: International S&T Activities of
U.S. Agencies
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
12591 which requires the Secretary of
State to develop a recruitment policy that
Title V of the Foreign Relations
encourages scientists and engineers from
Authorization Act states that the
other Federal agencies, academic in-
Secretary of State shall have primary
stitutions, and industry to apply for as-
responsibility for coordination and over-
signments at our embassies as Science
sight with respect to all international
Attaches or Science Counselors. Cur-
scientific and technological activities of
rently, there are personnel from the
the U.S. government involving foreign
public and private sector on limited
countries, international organizations
Foreign Service appointments serving in
and international commissions. Within
Korea, Paris, Vienna, Mexico, Tokyo,
the Department of State, this respon-
and New Delhi under this program.
sibility is discharged primarily by the
The Department of State is working
Bureau of Oceans and International En-
with Congress and the Office of Manage-
vironmental and Scientific Affairs
ment and Budget to develop a Science
(OES).
and Environment Resources Package
Personnel
which is intended to project all
During Fiscal Year 1989, the Depart-
Departmental resource requirements,
ment of State employed 154 full-time
both in Washington and in overseas
Civil Service and Foreign Service
posts, for the conduct of scientific, tech-
employees in the areas of science, tech-
nological and environmental affairs.
nology and environment, including 34
Continuing educational and technical
full-time science and technology officers
training activities for science and tech-
and fisheries attaches 25 missions
nology officers are ongoing areas of em-
worldwide.
phasis. The third consecutive annual
The Department of State made sig-
course entitled "Science, Technology and
nificant progress in support of the objec-
American Diplomacy" was sponsored by
tives of Section 4(b) of Executive Order
FSI in July 1989. The course provided
DEPARTMENT OF STATE, P. 153
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
perspectives on current key issues in
Energy and other agencies to develop a
science and technology and their im-
plan for involving other countries in the
plications for U.S. foreign policy.
SSC initiative.
In September, 1989, the Department of
In Fiscal Year 1989, the United States
State held its annual Science and Tech-
was engaged in nearly 600 bilateral
nology Officers Conference designed to
science and technology agreements in-
review with current science and technol-
volving more than 20 U.S. agencies and
ogy officers contemporary issues in
120 foreign countries.
science and technology and implications
In compliance with the Case-Zablocki
for U.S. policy.
Act of 1972, as amended, the Secretary of
Highlights Of Science And
State reported to Congress the successful
negotiation of roughly 25 international
Technology Activities
science and technology agreements
The U.S. was instrumental in estab-
during Fiscal Year 1989.
lishing the Intergovernmental Panel on
The U.S. Government negotiated a
Climate Change (IPCC) and the Depart-
Science And Technology Umbrella
ment of State (DOS) chaired interagency
Agreement with Hungary. The U.S.
delegations to plenary sessions in 1989.
Government reactivated the Umbrella
In addition, the U.S. accepted chairman-
Science And Technology Agreement
ship of the IPCC Response Strategies
with Poland. The Department of State
Working Group and DOS chaired Fiscal
led a series of negotiations aimed at
Year 1989 meetings of this body.
renewing S&T agreements with China
DOS joined representatives of the
and Spain. These discussions continue
United States, nine members of the
under DOS coordination. Similarly,
European Space Agency, Japan, and
DOS led negotiations in Moscow aimed
Canada in a meeting in Washington of
at renewing the U.S./USSR World
the first government level review of
Oceans Agreement and negotiations
Space Station cooperation.
with India concerning provisions for IPR
In the last decade, there has been a
in S&T cooperation. These discussions
rapid growth in the use of high seas
also continue.
driftnets in the Pacific Ocean. In 1989,
DOS representatives chaired the Joint
DOS was instrumental in completion of
Working-Level Committee of the U.S.-
agreements between the U.S. and Japan,
Japan Agreement on Cooperation in
Korea, and Taiwan on restrictions,
R&D in Science and Technology. DOS
licensing, and reporting.
also served on the Boards of Governors
During 1989 the Department of State
of the U.S./Israel Binational Industrial
worked closely with the Department of
DEPARTMENT OF STATE, P. 154
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
R&D Foundation and the Binational
Committee provides expert counsel on
Science Foundation.
all issues for which the OES Bureau is
responsible. In Fiscal Year 1989, the Ad-
Coordination And Oversight
visory Committee examined such issues
National Security Directive Document
as global climate change, the state of re-
10 established a Policy Coordinating
search into chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)
Committee (PCC) of the National
and their substitutes, and other current
Security Council, chaired by the Depart-
issues.
ment of State, with oversight respon-
In addition, the Department of State
sibility for issues related to science,
organized, in 1989, its annual strategic
technology and environment. The thrust
trade officers' conference, alerting the
of this committee's responsibilities is to
U.S. Government international technol-
ensure that the international dimension
ogy and trade community to the implica-
of these issues are considered in a coor-
tions for export control policy. Joint S&T
dinated interagency process and that in-
activities were reviewed.
teragency differences are resolved on a
Project STRIDE (Science and Technol-
timely basis.
ogy Reporting Information Dissemina-
Recognizing that the improving climate
tion Enhancement) was developed in
in East/West relations would result in
response to the portion of Executive
increased interest in science and technol-
Order 12591 which directed the Depart-
ogy cooperation, the Department of
ments of State, Commerce, and the Na-
State developed written procedures for
tional Science Foundation to develop a
interagency review of science and tech-
central mechanism to ensure that infor-
nology agreements and activities with
mation on foreign research is made avail-
Warsaw Pact countries. These proce-
able to users in Federal laboratories,
dures provide a structured approach to
academic institutions, and the private
assessing the benefits of science and
sector. During Fiscal Year 1989,
technological cooperation with careful
STRIDE expanded its list of reporters
consideration of national security con-
and recipients.
cerns.
Oversight of the Department of State's
AGENCY FOR INTERNATION-
scientific, technological, and environ-
AL DEVELOPMENT
mental activities is achieved, in part
through semi-annual meetings of the
Agriculture
Bureau of Oceans and International En-
Biotechnology for Fish Production
vironmental and Scientific Affairs (OES)
Marine fish farming offers developing
Advisory Committee. The Advisory
countries low-cost animal protein for im-
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 155
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
proved nutrition. However, an important
IBSNAT is a global network of crop, soil,
constraint on the potential development
and computer systems experts who col-
of fish farming enterprises is the lack of
laborate to develop predictive models
a stable supply of young fish (fish fry),
for major food crops. Mandated by the
particularly of species such as milkfish
1987 Global Climate Protection Act, the
where maturation and spawning of young
research study on climate change effects
adults in captivity and survival of larvae
and policy response (begun on Septem-
during culture are major challenges.
ber 1, 1989) will be completed in three
A.I.D.'s cooperative research agreement
years.
with the Oceanic Institute in Honolulu,
Biological Nitrogen Fixation Technol-
Hawaii has resulted in some significant
ogy Helps Small Farmers
breakthroughs in fish culturing technol-
A consortium of Private Voluntary Or-
ogy. Techniques were developed that
ganizations (PVOs) and the Peace Corps
successfully enhanced and controlled the
is helping to extend the results of the
reproductive processes of milkfish and
A.I.D. project on biological nitrogen
mullet. These technologies for reproduc-
fixation (BNF) to small farmers in four
tion and larval rearing will be tested in
developing countries. BNF research at
developing countries such as Egypt,
the University of Hawaii has developed
which has shown strong interest in adapt-
improved nitrogen fixing techniques as
ing them for local fish production. Inter-
an environmentally sound approach to
Agency Collaboration on Global
providing low-cost nitrogen in support of
Climate Change. A.I.D. and E.P.A. are
sustainable agriculture in the developing
collaborating on a study to assess the
world. The use of legumes with improved
impact of possible climate change on
BNF capabilities reduces the need for
agricultural production and trade of
industrial chemical nitrogen fertilizers in
major food crops wheat, maize, rice and
cropping systems. The collaborative pilot
soybeans - throughout the world, in both
project is providing improved legumes to
food-exporting and food-deficit regions.
small-scale farmers in Uganda, Senegal,
Yield changes will be estimated in 20
Haiti and Nepal. It is expected to in-
countries (including 10 A.I.D.-assisted
crease the production and use of im-
countries) using predictive crop growth
proved nitrogen-fixing legumes, develop
models and climate change scenarios.
enterprises in legume crop management
Scientists working with A.I.D.'s Interna-
and, over time, increase the incomes of
tional Benchmark Sites Network for
farmers using the improved legumes.
Agrotechnology Transfer (IBSNAT)
Small Ruminant Collaborative Re-
project at the University of Hawaii will
search Support Program (CRSP)
participate in and guide this study.
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 156
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
This collaborative research program,
newborns to infectious diseases because
which involves researchers from both
specific antibodies were not being trans-
U.S. universities and developing
ferred from their mothers. To improve
countries, is continuing to improve
the methods for diagnosis and preven-
breeds, feed and feeding practices, and
tion of the neonatal infections, an
diagnosis and treatment of the diseases
enterotoxin produced by the bacterium
of goats, sheep and other small
was purified using monoclonal an-
ruminants. In Indonesia, mineral sup-
tibodies and an ELISA assay was
plementation of tropical grasses was
developed to detect its presence.
demonstrated to improve the growth and
In Indonesia, a successful pilot outreach
reproduction of Japanese Thin Tail
program involved 100 smallholder
sheep and the growth of Kacang goats.
farmers in following recommended
The supplementation consisted of a com-
methods for improved hair sheep
plete mineral mixture plus a low-fiber
production. The demand by farmers for
feed that village farmers could supply at
improved hair sheep has already out-
low cost. Adoption of improved practices
paced the CRSP's ability to produce
for the use of green legume foliage led to
them.
weight-gain increases of 120 percent and
Rinderpest Vaccine
to feed efficiency increases of 80 percent.
USAID-funded researchers at the
University of California, Davis (UCD)
In Sumatra, a scheme developed for
have developed a new recombinant vac-
grazing sheep under rubber trees has
cine against rinderpest, a deadly viral dis-
decreased weed infestation and reduced
ease that kills an estimated two million
both the use and cost of herbicides by 50
cattle and buffalo annually. The research
percent. Research is underway to test the
team developed the recombinant vac-
possible uses of processed rubber seeds
cine by splicing two genes from the
as a potential supplementary source of
rinderpest virus into a derivative of the
energy for sheep.
vaccinia virus (the virus used for
Identification of a virus-specific antigen
smallpox vaccinations). Results of
for lung cancer in sheep in Peru will be
preliminary tests -- performed in
useful in developing a serological test for
cooperation with California Biotechnol-
carrier animals and, eventually, a vac-
ogy, Inc. at the U.S. Department of
cine. This disease is responsible for
Agriculture's Plum Island facility and
severe losses of adult sheep in Peru. The
reported in Science -- indicate that vac-
high incidence of neonatal mortality in
cinated cattle survived exposure to lethal
alpaca in Peru was demonstrated to be
doses of rinderpest virus. Eradication of
related to an increased susceptibility of
rinderpest has long been a goal of many
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 157
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
developing countries that rely on live-
are being developed so that
stock as an important part of their
epidemiological surveys can be con-
economies. Loss of livestock potentially
ducted in developing countries such as
creates economic hardship and hunger.
Thailand, Kenya and Mexico before the
Previous eradication attempts have met
testing begins. The Anaplasmosis
with mixed success, in part because the
Babesiosis Network (ABN) includes
vaccine developed for use in developed
over 125 member institutions from 63
countries requires refrigeration and ex-
developed and developing countries.
tensive veterinary services. The new
Sorghum/Millet CRSP
recombinant vaccine requires no
Pearl millet (common in parts of the
refrigeration. Following approval from
developing world) is a new alternative
the Animal and Plant Health Inspection
crop for U.S. farmers, particularly since
Service for export of the vaccine and host
the development of plant types that are
government approval, further small-
appropriate for machine harvesting.
scale trials will be done in Africa to test
Pearl millet grain yields have been raised
the vaccine under field conditions.
close to those of sorghum, but much bet-
Anaplasmosis/Babesiosis Vaccines
ter yields should be possible. The A.I.D.-
A.I.D.-funded research at three
funded Sorghum/Millet CRSP
cooperating U.S. universities is using
(INTSORMIL) releases of improved
genetic engineering techniques to
pearl millet germplasm in 1989 and
develop vaccines for anaplasmosis and
during the next five years will enable the
babesiosis, two parasitic diseases affect-
U.S. private sector to produce commer-
ing livestock. Researchers at the Univer-
cial hybrids for potential markets in the
sity of Florida, Gainesville, the
United States, as well as in other in-
University of Missouri, Columbia, and
dustrialized and developing countries.
Washington State University, Pullman
Other INTSORMIL research showed
are identifying the parasites surface
that in stressful environments, rotation
proteins which elicit a protective im-
of grain sorghum with a legume crop led
mune response and are inserting the
to a 120 percent increase in sorghum
genes encoding these protein antigens
yield compared to continuous growth of
into a derivative of the vaccinia virus. The
sorghum. In a less stressful environment,
recombinant vaccines will be tested in
the improvement was 39 percent.
the laboratory and in the field through
Preliminary results suggest that the rota-
the vaccine research network established
tional benefits of legumes on grain sor-
during the first phase of this biotechnol-
ghum yield and soil nitrogen levels are
ogy research and development project.
still present at least two years after the
High sensitivity, specific diagnostic tests
legume crop was grown.
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 158
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Bean/Cowpea Collaborative Special
Strains of microbes that destroy cowpea
Research Program
insects have been isolated and made
Diverse bean and cowpea germplasm
available to the scientific community for
has been collected and is serving as a
testing in biological insect control
source of material in plant improvement
programs. Preliminary tests in Illinois
programs in both developing countries
and New York show that several species
and the United States. Drought and heat
of insects can be controlled by this
tolerant lines have been identified and
method, thus reducing the need for toxic
are being used to strengthen production
insecticides. Additionally, a wild species
in semi-arid areas of developing
of cowpea has shown resistance to
countries. These selections also are
storage insects, and genetic selections
being used by U.S. bean producers who
have been made for development and
have been adversely affected by several
testing. A simple double-bagging tech-
hot, dry summers.
nology is also dramatically reducing cow-
Bean cultivars with natural resistance to
pea storage losses to insects, thus further
the bean fly have been identified.
lowering dependency on insecticides.
Breeders are using cultivars with this
Peanut CRSP
genetic resistance to reduce pest damage
A highly absorbant clay identified to
in those areas of Africa and Asia where
bind and remove aflatoxin from village-
bean fly is a major problem. New multi-
processed peanut oil and peanut meal
ple-disease-resistant bean varieties have
fed to animals has incalculable potential
been developed and released to farmers
benefits in controlling this carcinogenic
and breeding programs. These varieties
compound. A new peanut line scheduled
reduce the need for farmers to use en-
for 1990 release in Texas has resistance
vironmentally hazardous pesticides.
to aflatoxin accumulation in the seed and
Genetic resistance to bean rust has been
results in 15 percent lower aflatoxin
identified and is being used by U.S. and
levels. The improved quality of the new
developing country breeders to develop
line could increase gross returns by
cultivars with reduced need for fungicide
$1,000,000 per year for Texas farmers
to control this major disease. Use of
alone -- this as the result of A.I.D. fund-
newly developed sero-detection
ing of less than $50,000 over a five-year
protocols for bean common mosaic virus,
period, an impressive rate of return on
followed by administration of virus an-
investment. Extension of the technology
tisera, reduces the risk of transmitting
to peanut farmers in Georgia, North
viral diseases in imported beans and, at
Carolina and developing countries will
the same time, enables farmers to plant
reap greater benefits.
disease-free seed.
Plant Tissue Culture
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 159
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Colorado State University, under a
International Agricultural Research
cooperative agreement with A.I.D. has
Centers
developed plant tissue culture and cell
In 1989, A.I.D. contributed ap-
methodologies to select cell lines
proximately 18% of the core funding to
tolerant to salinity, drought or
the international agricultural research
acid/aluminum soil conditions and then
centers sponsored by the Consultative
regenerate the cells into whole plants for
Group on International Agricultural Re-
the improvement of crops important to
search (CGIAR). The CGIAR is an in-
developing countries, i.e. legumes and
formal group of some 35 donors
cereal grains. Project scientists have
(national development assistance agen-
been able to regenerate plants from
cies from Europe, North America, Japan
stress-tolerant lines of rice, wheat, sor-
and elsewhere, multilateral banks, U.N.
ghum, and millet, and regeneration tech-
agencies, and foundations) who coor-
niques have been developed for tepary
dinate their funding decisions (no
beans and pigeon peas. Field tests to con-
monies are pooled) to support the inter-
firm tolerance are being conducted on
national centers' scientific research to
regenerates of sorghum, wheat and rice.
solve the food and agricultural problems
When validated, tissue culture methods
of developing countries. CGIAR
and germplasm are being transferred to
programs emphasize alleviation of
collaborating labs in developing
hunger, sustainable use of natural
countries and to selected Consultative
resources, and improvement of
Group on International Agricultural Re-
livelihood and nutrition of both the rural
search (CGIAR) centers. Technology
and urban poor.
transfer has been facilitated through the
Special emphasis has been given to sub-
International Plant Biotechnology Net-
Saharan Africa, where productivity of the
work (IPBnet) which includes over 500
agricultural sector has not kept pace with
plant scientists from 74 countries. IPBnet
burgeoning population growth. These
provides cell and tissue culture informa-
pressures have placed additional
tion through its newsletter; supports par-
demands on land subject to traditional
ticipants on six month training courses;
systems of shifting cultivation, which
organizes state-of-the-art conferences;
have led to rapid degradation of soils and
promotes collaborative research with
declining productivity. The International
visiting scientists from developing
Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA),
countries; and publishes an international
located in Nigeria, is working with
directory of collaborating plant scien-
several other international centers and
tists.
national programs to test a promising
new system of cultivation known as alley
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 160
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
cropping. Alley cropping uses rows of
sigatoka disease of plantains. This has
small legume trees which provide addi-
been done by crossing resistant cooking
tional nitrogen to the soil, mulch to hold
bananas from East Africa with West
moisture and forage for small ruminants.
African plantains, which have no resis-
In between the rows, crops such as maize,
tance to the devastating disease. Bananas
cassava, and beans can be raised on a
and plantains are the second most impor-
continual basis; intercropping or rotation
tant crop in sub-Saharan Africa, and play
of beans with the other crops provides
an important role in sustainable produc-
additional nitrogen. Alley cropping in-
tion systems for the tropics. Further
creases production from lands already
progress has been made on cassava, the
under cultivation, reduces the pressure
most important crop in Africa and in
on more marginal lands, preserves water-
many areas the staple food of poorer
sheds and wildlife and, at the same time,
farmers and consumers. IITA's success in
lessens deforestation.
the biological control of serious cassava
New data from IITA indicate that maize
pests, reported last year, is now benefit-
can be grown continuously in alley crop-
ing other countries in Africa's cassava
ping systems, with or without fertilizer,
belt. With the cassava mealy bug control-
and give stable, sustainable yields. In the
led, IITA's high-yielding cassava
traditional slash and burn system, a farm
germplasm offers the promise of both
family could expect 2-3 crops at most,
higher yields and better disease resis-
before having to clear more land. Even
tance throughout Africa.
with chemical fertilization, yields
The above examples involve just two of
declined precipitously as soils became
the international research centers lo-
more vulnerable to erosion. Alley crop-
cated in Africa; but many other centers
ping and other types of agroforestry also
located elsewhere are making key con-
permit integration of livestock into the
tributions in joint activities with develop-
farming system, further enhancing
ing countries' national programs.
economic opportunities for farm
Increasingly, networks are allowing each
families. The International Livestock
program to focus on a particular problem
Center for Africa (ILCA) in Ethiopia
for which it is well suited, and then share
works jointly with IITA to manage the
results with neighboring countries where
Alley Cropping Network. More than 100
similar problems exist. In this way,
on-farm trials are now underway, and 23
CGIAR centers are strengthening the
countries are participating in the net-
developing countries own capacity for
work.
agricultural research, a key factor in
IITA research also identified and
developing productive agricultural sec-
developed sources of resistance to black
tors. Two centers -- the International
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 161
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI),
A.I.D. sponsors research and develop-
located in Washington, D. C., and the
ment on the use of indigenous energy
International Service for National
resources and on technologies that are
Agricultural Research (ISNAR) in the
environmentally protective. Efforts are
Netherlands -- work with national
also being made to facilitate private sec-
programs and governments to provide a
tor investment in projects that capitalize
better policy framework and research or-
on successful R&D in these areas and to
ganization for agriculture. Both centers
improve power sector investment
are deeply involved in Africa, where
decision-making as part of A.I.D. assis-
policy and institutional problems have
tance to alleviate electric power
been key constraints in the overall poor
shortages that hamper economic growth
performance of agriculture.
in developing countries. Complementary
Few other multilateral efforts have
programs in energy efficiency and con-
been as effective and non-political as the
servation are also being aggressively pur-
CGIAR. U.S. support has been key to the
sued to overcome these electricity
system's success, and the proven produc-
shortfalls and reduce environmental im-
tivity and effectiveness of the centers has
pacts.
attracted many new donors over the 18
Renewable Energy. To expand the use
years since its founding. The donor group
of indigenous fuels, A.I.D. is promoting
is currently responding to critical en-
the use of agricultural wastes (primarily
vironmental issues, and will shortly in-
sugar cane and rice residues) as an ener-
corporate and sponsor additional
gy source in rural areas. Through adapta-
activities in forestry and natural resource
tion of commercially proven energy
management. Center programs recog-
conversion technologies, these wastes
nize the need to develop sustainable sys-
can contribute to rural electrification.
tems and sound environmental practices,
In related work, Princeton University is
and promote attention to those concerns
evaluating the potential of steam-in-
in the more than 100 countries in which
jected gas turbines to greatly increase
the centers actively work. The 35 CGIAR
electricity output at biomass-fueled
donors and the nearly 20 centers (count-
power plants. Initial indications are that
ing international centers funded inside
these new turbines can double or triple
and outside the CGIAR mechanism)
the power produced from the same
remain committed to the alleviation of
amount of mill bagasse (vegetative
hunger, to economic development and to
waste) and/or greatly increase the total
the reduction of poverty.
power output from a given biomass
resource.
Energy and Natural Resources
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 162
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
A.I.D. is also promoting the transfer
poor system reliability, inefficient
and development of cost-effective and
management, tremendous capital re-
technically competitive renewable ener-
quirements for new capacity, and
gy technologies including small hydro,
shortfalls in available capital, a large
geothermal, wind, and photovoltaic tech-
share of this assistance is being targeted
nologies and, to some extent, improved
toward improving efficiency in the power
cookstoves and briquetting techniques.
sector. Specific technical and policy
In India's Punjab, the USAID Mission is
measures under way in several countries
funding a 4-megawatt demonstration
involve increasing the efficiency of
plant utilizing rice straw for cogeneration
power generation, transmission and dis-
that could become a prototype for
tribution; better managing of power
replication throughout that province.
loads, and improving end-use efficiency.
Other Indigenous Fuels. Efforts to aug-
These efforts are being conducted with
ment indigenous fuel use include
increased emphasis on the linkages be-
developing and utilizing domestic
tween energy efficiency/conservation
natural gas, as well as coal mine-as-
and environmental impact, including
sociated methane, in developing
global warming.
countries. These activities are designed
Energy Inefficiency in the Asia/Near
to reduce reliance on imported oil while
East Region and its Environmental Im-
helping to protect the environment.
plications
A.I.D. is supporting the application of
A.I.D. is developing an Environment
"clean coal" and other innovative tech-
and Natural Resources Strategy for the
nologies. For example, fluidized-bed
Asia/Near East (ANE) region in the
combustion is being tested to convert
1990s. As part of this effort, A.I.D. has
low-grade fuels such as oil shale for
prepared a study on energy inefficiency
central power generation in Jordan. To
in the ANE region and its environmental
assist developing country decision-
implications. The study examines the
makers manage their energy resources,
current and projected energy situation in
A.I.D. is also supporting the introduction
the ANE countries, donor activities in
of information systems, as well as com-
energy efficiency lessons learned, and
puterized technology screening and
options for improving energy efficiency
planning tools.
in the region; and recommends priority
A.I.D. is also assisting developing
activities for A.I.D. funding of energy
countries to bolster their energy efficien-
efficiency activities for the 1990s.
cy and conservation efforts. In light of
growing concern about rapidly increas-
Forestry, Environment, and
ing power demand, power shortages,
Natural Resources
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 163
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Natural Resource Policy and Training
establishment of an MPTS network for
Project
sharing information, and the introduc-
A.I.D. planned new natural resources
tion of several species of genetically im-
policy and training project is being
proved multipurpose trees into
designed to encourage policy actions that
agroforestry systems. Thailand, the
conserve critical but threatened natural
Philippines, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka,
resource systems. Long-term resource
and Indonesia are members of the MPTS
conservation is a recognized need in
network. Papua New Guinea recently
most developing countries, but must also
joined the MPTS network. Malaysia for-
be justified on economic grounds in the
mally created a National MPTS Network
face of competing short-term needs. Re-
and CIDA and IDRC (Canada) have
search by the World Resources Institute
agreed to formalize ties between the
and the Harvard Institute of Internation-
Canadian-supported rattan and bamboo
al Development, with A.I.D. funding, has
networks in Asia and the MPTS network.
demonstrated the potential for natural
A new forest policy research grants pro-
resources acccounding in developing
gram initiated by A.I.D., will be funded
countries. The project cooperator will
through the MPTS network by the Rock-
develop and test economic analysis
efeller Foundation. A.I.D. guidelines for
methodologies that express the true
natural resources development in the
economic value of natural resources.
humid tropics have been prepared and a
These analyses are needed to persuade
plan is under way to involve host-country
developing country governments that en-
policy makers and scientists in marshall-
vironmental policy reform is worthwhile.
ing evidence on undervaluation of
The projects will be measured by the
natural resources, particularly tropical
ability of A.I.D.-assisted countries to
forests. Based on analysis of the nature of
manage and protect their own resources.
the deforestation problem in other
Forestry/Fuelwood Research and
humid tropics, A.I.D. is developing a
Development
strategy aimed at policy change, research
A unique dimension of A.I.D.'s
and technology transfer, and institutional
forestry/fuelwood research and develop-
strengthening in developing countries
ment initiative is the effort to harness the
with the largest humid tropical forests,
resources of biological and social scien-
the most rapid deforestation rates, and
tists to the common objective of develop-
the highest potential for A.I.D. program
ing improved multipurpose tree species
impact.
(MPTS), which are adapted to local con-
Forestry Resources Management
ditions and will be adopted by small-scale
A.I.D.'s forestry private enterprise in-
growers. Results to date have included
itiative (FPEI) spearheads efforts to in-
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 164
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
crease income and employment in
and livestock production and windbreaks
developing countries by mobilizing the
and shelterbelts. One of the first major
funds and talents of public and private
activities undertaken was publication of
partners to manage the harvesting of
an agroforestry manual entitled Sistemas
forest products for local markets and ex-
Agroforestales. Major field activities
port. In Ecuador, demonstration ac-
over the past three years included: closer
tivities under the new project ranged
coordination of agroforestry training;
from sustainable harvesting of timber to
data collection on cocoa agroforestry sys-
final sale as furniture, lumber, or other
tems in Latin America; development of
wood products to consumers; from local
a conservation strategy for an en-
markets, where wood is sold virtually un-
dangered species of palm in Haiti; and
processed, to export markets for in-
participation in the South Pacific
dustrialized products like furniture and
Coconut By-Products feasibility study in
plywood with buyers from small and
American Samoa. A U.S./Philippines
microenterprises to large industrial
agroforestry exchange was established to
wood products firms. Stimulated by the
identify agroforestry training oppor-
A.I.D. project's demonstration activities,
tunities and establish a framework for
two new non-profit institutions were
the exchange of agroforestry research
created:
and extension information between the
the Development Corporation for
Philippines and tropical Pacific Islands.
Technical Assistance to Wood In-
Coastal Resources Management
dustries (CORMADERA), which
As a result of A.I.D.'s coastal resources
promotes forest conservation and
management (CRM) initiative, pilot
provides technical support to the
programs are under way in three
forest industry;
countries. Under Ecuador's national
and the Fundacion Ecuatoriana de
CRM program, a coastal water quality
Promocion Turistica
assessment was completed, shoreline
(FEPROTUR) which promotes
construction standards were formulated,
tourism.
and Ecuador's training and public educa-
A.I.D.'s forest resources management
tion programs were expanded to train
program was amended so that it could
officials in improving enforcement of
deal more effectively with the inter-
regulations as well as in educating the
relationships between forestry and
public. Information on shrimp maricul-
agriculture within a wide range of topics,
ture, one of Ecuador's chief sources of
such as multi-purpose tree crops, tree
foreign exchange and the major
crop site quality and soil nutrient issues,
economic activity on the coast, has been
soil and water conservation, fodder trees
synthesized in a major publication en-
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 165
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
titled" Sustainable Shrimp Mariculture
cal Advisory Committee recommended
for Ecuador."
that the CGIAR expand its mandate to
In Sri Lanka, a national CRM program
include research on the utilization of
was designed and is being implemented.
renewable resources related to agricul-
Efforts to decentralize the program have
ture and specifically to forestry. Donors
begun and a major policy study of Sri
will be asked to pledge funds for this new
Lanka will be initiated to plan a program
initiative.
extending to the Year 2000.
Environmental Planning and Manage-
An A.I.D.-funded national manage-
ment.
ment strategy for coral protection is
A.I.D. seeks to identify approaches that
nearing completion in Thailand, and the
can make natural resource management
nation's first management plan for a
an environmental protection an integral
marine park has been prepared and is
part of the development planning and
being implemented. From these pilot
policy-making process of less-developed
programs, lessons and training materials
countries. The interest in and demand for
have been formulated for use in in-
country environmental profiles, national
tegrated natural resources management
conservation strategies, and resource as-
programs in all A.I.D.-assisted nations.
sessments has grown. A computerized
"An Integrated Management Strategy
directory of environment and natural
for Coastal Environments in the ANE
resource studies and assessments is being
Region," prepared as part of the A.I.D.'s
undertaken to make this information
Asia and Near East natural resources
more readily available.
planning effort, sets forth both country-
In Jamaica, Thailand, Central America,
specific and regional priorities for CRM
India, and Nepal, environmental profiles
in the ANE region.
have been followed by detailed resource
CGIAR Forestry Research. Following
assessments. The management and im-
through on donors' discussions at the
plementation of a multi-donor environ-
Bellagio II meeting in July 1987 on im-
mental action plan and a national
plementing the research aspects of the
environmental strategy is under way in
Tropical Forestry Action Plan, a
Rwanda. Morocco, with A.I.D. assis-
proposal was submitted to the Consult-
tance, is initiating a country environmen-
ative Group on International Agricul-
tal profile. In anticipation of Chile's
tural Research (CGIAR) to consider
return to democracy, a strategy for im-
incorporation of forestry research into
proved environmental and natural
the CG system. At the Consultative
resources management is being formu-
Group Meeting held in Canberra,
lated. Bangladesh is getting ready to em-
Australia in May-June 1989, the Techni-
bark on a national conservation strategy
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 166
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
and a forest sector master plan. A new
achieve this goal puts special emphasis
Ministry of the Environment and
on child survival and includes interven-
Forestry was created and the President of
tions in oral rehydration therapy (ORT),
Bangladesh recently proclaimed 1990 to
the control of diarrheal disease and ac-
be the Year of the Environment and the
quired immune deficiency syndrome
1990's to be the Decade of the Environ-
(AIDS), maternal and neonatal health,
ment.
and research and development of new
Biological Diversity
and improved vaccines and other health
A ten-year cooperative agreement,
technologies needed by developing
designed to conserve biological diversity
countries.
and preserve the environment while en-
Current dividends generated by this
couraging economic development in
multifaceted R&D program include new
developing countries, represents the
and improved vaccines and immuniza-
largest A.I.D. effort, to date, directed at
tion technologies and the identification
conservation of biological diversity. It
and testing of biological insecticides. The
will provide technical assistance, re-
most significant are:
search, training, information and evalua-
non-reusable syringe, which is
tion networking, and pilot
now undergoing field testing and
demonstrations of innovative conserva-
is intended to preclude transmis-
tion projects.
sion of AIDS and other diseases
The A.I.D. Video, "To Coexist: Diver-
when used in immunization
sity and Development," has been viewed
programs;
widely both within and outside A.I.D.
.a measles vaccine that can be
and has been distributed to all U.S.
given to infants as young as six
A.I.D. missions. This video highlights ex-
months. The new vaccine has been
amples of interventions that increase the
deployed in areas of Africa where
economic benefits of biological diversity
measles is endemic and the World
conservation.
Health Organization intends to in-
corporate it in the Expanded Pro-
Health
gram on Immunization;
The goal of A.I.D.'s health assistance
an oral cholera vaccine that in-
program is to improve health status as
duces longer protective im-
reflected in increased life expectancy in
munity;
assisted countries, thereby removing the
prototype sporozoite vaccines for
effects of poor health as principal bar-
two species of malaria; both have
riers to economic and social develop-
been tested for safety and efficacy
ment. The health portfolio designed to
in monkeys and have undergone
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 167
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
human clinical trials. (Further re-
and Africa have validated the linkage be-
search is underway on ways to en-
tween adequate Vitamin A intake and
hance the protective immunity of
dramatic reductions in death rates
these and other malaria vaccine
among young children, first observed in
candidates.)
A.I.D.-funded studies by Johns Hopkins
successful field testing of the
University in Indonesia. A reductions of
microbial agent Bacillus thurin-
60 percent in mortality rates among
giensis israelensis (BTi) for the
children in a controlled study in India was
control of malaria transmitting
reported at the November, 1989, interna-
mosquitoes.
tional Vitamin A conference in Nepal.
Other studies show that vitamin A cuts
the risk of death from serious childhood
Nutrition
respiratory illness and measles. For in-
Combatting Dietary Iron Deficiency.
stance, inexpensive and easy-to-manage
A.I.D.-funded research on food fortifica-
Vitamin A supplementation reduced the
tion has been conducted to develop new
risk of respiratory disease in Thailand by
ways of delivering bioavailable iron to
over 50 percent.
people. Results include a novel iron for-
Infant Nutrition and Child Survival
tificant for use with selected food staples
Proper infant and young child nutrition
such as whole wheat flour. Furthermore,
provides the groundwork for successful
a new sustained release dietary iron sup-
outcomes of other child survival inter-
plementation capsule has been
ventions such as vaccinations and oral
developed which slowly releases iron in
rehydration therapy. A.I.D. has been ac-
a way that may improve the effectiveness
tive in providing U.S.-based education
of the product as well as stimulate user
and training in lactation management
compliance. Both the iron fortificant for
(proper breast feeding techniques)
staple foods and the slow release iron
education for teams of doctors and nur-
supplementation capsule are ready for
ses from developing countries who then
demonstration under field conditions.
return to their home countries and, in
Vitamin A and Child Survival. In addi-
turn, provide such training for thousands
tion to preventing "night blindness,"
of health workers. This improves the
Vitamin A has now demonstrated a
postnatal care of women and the nutri-
beneficial impact on child survival, espe-
tion of their newborns. A.I.D. has also
cially in regions where intake is marginal-
fostered development of programs to as-
to-low. Major studies commissioned by
sess and improve infant feeding practices
A.I.D. and others, and conducted in Asia
such as (1) the promotion of breast feed-
ing (2) the timely introduction of locally
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 168
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
available nutritious complementary
ing of latex condoms; (b) development of
foods, and (3) the dietary management of
a less expensive, better condom made of
diarrhea.
materials other than latex; and (c) pilot
Population
testing and limited acceptability testing
of a female condom. More testing of the
Voluntary family planning continues to
female condom is planned for late 1989
play a vital role in U.S. development as-
or early 1990.
sistance. Expanding the number of con-
Improved Vasectomy Technique
traceptive methods available is a critical
With A.I.D. support, the Population
component of The A.I.D. approach to
Council is developing an improved
family planning. Advances made for
vasectomy technique, which involves the
developing countries also increase con-
use of a device that applies clips to oc-
traceptive options for American women.
clude the vas. This technique offers the
Biomedical Research
advantages of less trauma to the vas and
A number of advances in contraceptive
elimination of the need for an incision,
research and development have been
thus potentially lowering the incidence
made in Fiscal Year 1989 with A.I.D.
of post-operative complications. These
funding. The Food and Drug
advantages suggest this technique may
Administration's advisory committee u-
prove useful in both developing and
nanimously recommended that the
developed country settings.
NORPLANTR six capsule contraceptive
Family Planning Business Analysis
implant system be approved for market-
Over the past three years, A.I.D. has
ing in the United States. Formal approval
supported the development of an
could come in early 1990. New sper-
economic projection methodology that
micidal compounds under development
estimates the costs and benefits as-
show greater germicidal activity as well.
sociated with introducing family plan-
One such compound, propanolol, has un-
ning into employee health benefits
dergone extensive laboratory testing.
packages. Employer benefits are real-
Clinical testing is anticipated in the near
ized through savings related to averted
future.
pregnancies. On the basis of this analysis,
Improved Barrier Contraception. Many
numerous companies and health insurers
activities focused on improved barrier
have chosen to institute family planning
contraceptive research have been given
programs for their employees or
high priority for A.I.D. funding, reflect-
beneficiaries.
ing the increasing concern about AIDS
and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Research and University Rela-
These include: (a) quality assurance test-
tions
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 169
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Historically Black Colleges and
after PSTC, but involves Israeli and
Universities
developing country research collabora-
Since 1984, A.I.D. has provided ap-
tion. This year, 45 new proposals have
proximately $2 million per year to his-
been reviewed, and 16 grants were
torically Black Colleges and Universities
funded for $2.5 million. Projects draw on
(HBCUs) for research activities in health
areas of Israeli technical leadership One
and agriculture. In fiscal year 1989,
project has resulted in a long series of
projects in health were funded on: the
papers on statistical methods used to
biology of the parasites that cause the
analyze underground aquifers. Newly
diseases schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis,
funded projects range from biological
and South American trypanosomiasis
methods for the control of the Varroa
(Chagas disease); vitamin A deficiency in
Bee Mite (which is a serious threat to the
children; and a biological method of
world's honey bee industry) to studies of
removing coliform bacteria from sewage
vaccines for American Cutaneous Leish-
water. In agriculture, the HBCUs were
maniasis.
funded to undertake research on: the use
Research on Policy Options
of sheep and goats in the farming systems
Policy reforms in education can be en-
of developing countries; agriculture
riched by a working knowledge of the
production on sloping lands; and
vast body of relevant research on effec-
development of sweet potato varieties
tive schooling in the third world. Until
that are more suitable for developing
now, that research has been known only
countries. Through careful selection of
by experts who may have little impact on
proposals (with the help of the National
policy. A major A.I.D. project is compil-
Academy of Sciences) and monitoring of
ing the most important research findings
funded activities, this program is produc-
and making them accessible on com-
ing very useful research results and is
puterized data bases and, through
strengthening the HBCUs capability for
simulations, showing the probable im-
international work. The program is seen
pact of policy change on educational out-
as an effective response to the Gray
comes. This work is being combined with
Amendment to the Foreign Assistance
country-specific research and pilot
Act and to Executive Order 12677.
projects to enable LDC educational
Israel Cooperative Development Re-
decision-making on a more scientific
search (CDR) Program
base.
At the request of the Congress, A.I.D.
has reactivated the U.S.-Israel Coopera-
Science Advisor
tive Development Research (CDR) pro-
Program in Science and Technology
gram. The CDR Program is modeled
Cooperation (PSTC)
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 170
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
The program seeks to take advantage of
Sudanese scientist has developed a new
breakthroughs on the cutting edge of
low-cost meat processing method which
science and to explore the potential uses
maintains freshness for several weeks;
of innovative technologies. It is imple-
this might improve nutrition in develop-
mented primarily through a research
ing countries and could have important
grants program that has become highly
U.S. applications. An Equadorian scien-
competitive. This year 611 pre-proposals
tist is developing tissue culture techni-
were screened, 145 full proposals
ques to allow plantation culture of
evaluated, and 51 grants funded.
babaco, a promising tropical crop that
The PSTC program also provides a
can produce 50 tons or more of fruit per
grant to the National Academy of Scien-
acre. The high overall quality of the
ces to bring U.S. scientific capacity more
PSTC program was confirmed by two
effectively into support of the PSTC
evaluation studies--one in Thailand, and
grant research program. The NAS has
one in Nepal, Costa Rica and Ecuador--
also published several important reports
that were completed during the year.
during the year. Lost Crops of the Incas,
for example, details 31 crops including
Bilateral Science and Technol-
several tubers which might be grown
ogy Cooperation
more widely as alternative to potatoes,
A.I.D. is helping the Government of
three very promising grains, and a num-
Pakistan (GOP) establish the National
ber of potentially valuable tropical fruits.
Energy Conservation Center (ENER-
Triticale documents the potential of that
CON) to meet the goals of saving energy,
grain (a cross between wheat and rye) to
improving productivity and profitability,
become a major staple crop. Under the
reducing load shedding, and minimizing
program, a Thai scientist successfully
dependence on imported oil. The
developed a novel system for producing
ENERCON project includes energy
virus-free potato stock that is already
analyses of selected industries, buildings,
being used to increase production in
and other energy consuming facilities to
Thailand. Thailand's scientist of the year
identify energy saving recommendations.
is a PSTC grantee, as have been the
Benefits obtained to date include
majority of all recipients of that award. A
average efficiency improvements of 10
Philippine scientist has demonstrated
percent per combuster in a boiler tune-
the potential for biotechnology to mass
up program and average fuel savings of
produce hybrid rice seed, important be-
11 percent from tune-ups of 260
cause hybrid rice gives higher yields than
automobiles. In addition, savings of $10.5
existing varieties but seed is too expen-
million from energy audits have been
sive to produce by traditional methods. A
identified and $4 million achieved in the
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 171
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
industrial and buildings sectors. A.I.D.
to plan the procurement of a major
and the Government of Pakistan signed
second project (300 MW) on BOT terms.
an agreement for a major USAID/Is-
To further stimulate and facilitate
lamabad activity, Institutional Excel-
private power in the Philippines, USAID
lence Project (IEP), in June 1989. The
is assisting San Miguel Corporation, a
IEP funds the strengthening of S&T in-
diversified private company that con-
stitutions and also supports a research
tributes significantly to the rural
grants program. The IEP project is to be
economy, to plan and implement two
funded by A.I.D. at a level of $80 million
private power plants. The use of agricul-
over a ten-year period.
tural biomass wastes as a fuel is being
Philippines
investigated.
A.I.D. sponsored a team of U.S. private
Costa Rica
power practitioners to assist the Govern-
During Fiscal Year 1989, A.I.D.
ment of the Philippines (GOP) in estab-
launched the Costa Rican Load Manage-
lishing a new set of legislative guidelines
ment Demonstration Project, which in-
to encourage private investment in the
volved the installation of loan
power sector. Estimates indicate that the
management technologies to reduce
country will need over $11 billion for
peak electricity demand by 10 percent.
additional power plants to meet power
Final results indicated that the 24 com-
demand that is growing at an annual rate
panies participating in the analyses
of 8 percent. The U.S. team presented a
reduced their demand by 14 percent. The
seminar focusing on the innovative
project made use of local consultants to
Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) private
identify loan management options, to
sector project financing approach, and
identify the equipment needed by par-
worked closely with principal GOP agen-
ticipating companies, and to help install
cies and legislators, as well as the Philip-
energy management systems.
pine private sector. This and follow-on
Following an A.I.D. analysis of the
technical assistance to GOP has resulted
potential of the Costa Rican sugar in-
in the promulgation of a comprehensive
dustry to produce grid power, the
set of rules and regulations by GOP on
Government completed enabling legis-
private power, and has stimulated an up-
lation and implementation procedures to
surge in the private sector to invest in and
encourage independent power produc-
construct power plants. It also has
tion. The first Costa Rican mill to test the
enabled the National Power Corporation
concept, El Viejo, sold excess power to
to initiate construction of the first BOT
the grid during spring 1989. Since then,
power plant in any A.I.D.-assisted
El Viejo has received a commercial bank
country (adding 200 MW to the grid), and
loan of $1 million for upgrading and for
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 172
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
new equipment to permit the mill con-
implement the A.I.D. recommendations.
stant power output of 5 MW during the
milling season.
Thailand
Education and Communica-
USAID/Bangkok, through its Agricul-
tions Technologies
ture Technology Transfer project (ATT),
The "Education For All" (EFA) initia-
supports over forty applied research ac-
tive has begun to mobilize both develop-
tivities on subjects such as livestock dis-
ing countries and donors toward a goal of
ease, prawn production, and post harvest
quality primary schooling for at least 80
problems. Both the A.I.D. mission and
percent of their children by the year
the U.S. Department of Reclamation
2000. The United States has endorsed
participate in the ATT project.
the convening of an international EFA
Dominican Republic
conference in 1990 and, during 1989, par-
With technical assistance from A.I.D.,
ticipated in both the North American
including help in preparing private
regional conference and the steering
power legislation and funds for estab-
group for planning the world conference.
lishing a private sector loan program, the
The EFA goal for developing countries
Government of the Dominican Republic
may be achievable. That goal may be
introduced policies encouraging private
achievable, and the downward spiral in
sector development of electric generat-
educational quality reversed through the
ing facilities. These initiatives come at a
use of new scientific and technological
time when power shortages and funding
inputs for both teaching and manage-
constraints threaten continued economic
ment that are coming into practical use
growth in that country.
in educational systems worldwide.
Malawi
A.I.D., for some time, has placed a
At the request of the Government of
priority on the development of such new
Malawi, A.I.D. evaluated the economics
technologies and on their integration
of expanding the Malawian ethanol in-
into developing countries' school sys-
dustry. Given Malawi's position as a
tems.
land-locked country, excess molasses
Teaching Technologies.
from the sugar industry cannot be ex-
A.I.D. research has been developed
ported at a profit; at the same time im-
low-cost ways to help teachers deliver
portation of liquid fuels is also very
well-designed instruction under difficult
expensive. The analysis delineated a
conditions. One example is the "interac-
scale at which expansion would be
tive radio" curriculum for teaching basic
economically sound. The Government
math, language and science, now in use
and private industry are proceeding to
in classrooms in seven developing
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, P. 173
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
countries, and being considered by
in developing countries, which typically
others. Evaluations of interactive radio
are a nation's largest governmental
projects have shown dramatic gains in
department, reaching every region
student learning in countries on every
within a nation. A.I.D. has been working
continent, at operational costs as little as
with a number of LDC's in developing
$1 per student year. Those results have
such systems to serve a variety of pur-
been achievable only because A.I.D.'s
poses, from fiscal and manpower ac-
major front-end investments in research
counting to mapping of school locations
on effective teaching practices for
and policy analysis.
children have then been embodied in the
radio curricula.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL-
Looking to the future, A.I.D. is making
TURE
preliminary assessments of the impact of
computerized instruction, including the
New International Projects -
1989
use of low-cost hand-held teaching
devices which can cost as little as $1 per
USDA continued to support numerous
student per year. As technology prices
international programs which have con-
decline and processing power increases,
tinued for many years. The screw worm
the microprocessor's potential for spe-
eradication program in Mexico is a good
cialized teaching and training needs
example of this work.
should begin to be realized in the 1990's.
Several programs which have been in
Two-way communication also has a role
existence, but are based on year to year
in upgrading education. To provide in-
need were very active in 1989. Desert
service professional training while
locust control is a prime example of this
teachers stay on the job, A.I.D. has
work. The program of generalized
helped three regions set up "distance
agriculture assistance to Venezuela
teaching" networks using audio tele-con-
which originated at the Cancun Con-
ferencing. The economy of reaching
ference was increased in size and scope.
professionals on site, rather than
Poland was added to the list of countries
transporting them to central sites for in-
participating in the Cochran Fellows
service training, gives this method spe-
Program.
cial promise.
During President Bush's visit to Hun-
Management Information Systems for
gary a new and extended memorandum
Educational Improvement
on agriculture scientific cooperation was
Computerized management informa-
signed. New memorandum of under-
tion systems can have a dramatic impact
standing have been presented to Ireland
on the operation of educational systems
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, P. 174
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
and Bulgaria and both nations are active-
modities. Simultaneously, Export Ad-
ly considering them.
ministration has the responsibility to en-
USDA sponsored an agro-industrial in-
sure the long-term viability of the
vestment visit to Ireland which is only the
defense industrial base to meet national
first of several programs with that
security requirements, both in peacetime
country.
and in times of crisis.
A million dollar Japanese Beetle Sup-
EA, with input from U.S. industry and
pression project it underway on Terceira
concerned U.S. agencies, shapes the
Island in the Azores and a regional
technical proposals that the U.S. makes
workshop on fruit fly suppression took
for the multilaterally based export con-
place in Mazatlan, Mexico.
trol policies of the Coordinating Com-
USDA is working with Guatemala to
mittee (COCOM). COCOM's focus is
develop a phytosanitary inspection, pes-
controlling the export of strategic goods
ticide residue and marketing program;
and technology to the Soviet Bloc
and to research med fly treatment for
countries. EA also is very active is for-
mangoes and papayas.
mulating bilateral export control agree-
ments with Western countries outside
DEPARTMENT OF COM-
COCOM.
MERCE
The Office of the Assistant Secretary
Export Administration
for Export Enforcement (EE) is respon-
The Bureau of Export Administration's
sible for enforcing the export policies
(BXA) Office of the Assistant Secretary
administered by EA. EE has statutory
for Export Administration (EA) has the
law enforcement powers which enable it
lead role within the U.S. Government
to search, detain and seize shipments of
and the Commerce Department for
goods which are destined for export in
developing and administering export
violation of the law and regulations, as
control policies for strategic dual-use
well as to arrest and refer for prosecution
commodities. EA's goal is to administer
parties which have allegedly violated the
a comprehensive and consistent dual-use
law. Administratively, violators may also
export control program that will protect,
be subject to civil fines and the denial of
and where possible enhance, the U.S.
export privileges.
national security. EA works closely with
EE is also active in promoting com-
other agencies, particularly the Defense
pliance with U.S. export controls, par-
Department and the State Department
ticularly through outreach visits to the
to develop policies that focus U.S. export
regulated industries. Such visits are
controls on truly strategic dual-use com-
directed at high tech manufacturers and
distributors as well as industry groups,
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, P. 175
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
e.g., the American Electronics Associa-
protection and equitable allocation of in-
tion and the Chemical Manufacturers
tellectual property rights is balanced with
Association. Educating the developers
trade policy considerations. In Fiscal
and manufacturers of controlled goods
Year 1989, we participated in interagen-
and technologies about their export con-
cy negotiations on the U.S.-USSR Basic
trol responsibilities is of major impor-
Science agreement, the U.S.-PRC
tance in preventing the loss of items that
Umbrella agreement, the U.S.-Korea
could damage U.S. national security.
Umbrella agreement, the U.S.-Spain
International Trade Administra-
Umbrella agreement, and the U.S.-India
IPR Accord for S&T.
tion
ITA also is involved in international en-
The International Trade Administra-
vironmental agreements and issues
tion (ITA) coordinates the Commerce
which have significant impacts on
Department's review of international
domestic and international business. The
science and technology (S&T) agree-
recently signed Montreal Protocol on
ments. Per Executive Order 12591 and
Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Section 5171 of the Omnibus Trade and
Layer is an example of the melding of
Competitiveness Act of 1988, ITA works
science policy and trade issues which
closely with other Commerce units as
have become an integral part of interna-
well as agencies such as the State Depart-
tional trade policy. ITA provided sub-
ment, the U.S. Trade Representative and
stantial assistance to the development of
the Office of Science and Technology
the final U.S. position and participated in
Policy to ensure that the negotiation and
international negotiations to limit ozone
renewal of such agreements takes into
depleting substances. The final protocol
account the level of protection for U.S.
reflects the orderly removal of these
intellectual property rights offered by the
compounds without significant trade dis-
country in question and the equitable
tortion. ITA also participated in an
allocation of such rights. Adequate
agreement to limit nitrogen oxides emis-
protection for intellectual property will
sions which was approved by the Presi-
greatly aid U.S. businesses that currently
dent in August.
incur enormous economic losses due to
ITA takes part in many interagency and
widespread intellectual property viola-
international environmental fora such as
tions. Equitable allocation of intellectual
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic
property rights will help commercialize
Change (IPCC) and provides input on
the results of federally-funded or spon-
environmental issues under considera-
sored R&D. In particular, ITA works to
tion in the G-7 Summit and OECD Min-
ensure that our interest in the effective
isterial processes. We are working on
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, P. 176
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
issues relating to future domestic and
ards, optical spectroscopy, ther-
international action on continued reduc-
modynamics, physical properties, con-
tion in chlorofluorcarbon compounds
struction technology, and much more.
production to reduce further their effect
Serving the objective of strengthening
on stratospheric ozone. Global warming
the competitiveness of American in-
issues are being examined in light of
dustry, NIST represents the U.S. in such
potential strategies to reduce carbon
organizations as the International
dioxide derived from the burning of fossil
Bureau of Weights and Measures and the
fuels.
Organization for International Legal
ITA is also an active participant in the
Metrology. NIST scientists are members
review of banned and restricted chemi-
of numerous technical committees in the
cals and pesticides. ITA monitors
International Standards Organization,
European Community directives relat-
and the Institute provides policy and
ing to the creation of the single internal
technical support to U.S. negotiators
market in Europe to ensure conformity
participating in the GATT. During 1989,
of standards and certification with U.S.
NIST scientists continued to be active in
environmental and business standards.
setting, testing and interpreting the inter-
In these latter issues particularly, ITA
connection standards required for data
contributes its expertise to help develop
transmission among international net-
environmental policies which are effi-
works.
cient and effect desired scientific objec-
NIST also is active in joint S&T
tives, but minimize trade distortions.
programs with research institutions in
National Institute of Standards
several nations, for example supervising
over 40 collaborative projects in Yugos-
and Technology
lavia funded by the Joint Board for Scien-
In carrying out its traditional mission,
tific and Technological Cooperation.
NIST strives to ensure international
NIST participates in similar joint
compatibility of uniform measurements
programs established in 1988 with
and international acceptance of U.S.
Poland and in Fiscal Year 89 with Hun-
standards, practices and technology.
gary. Together with the Office of Naval
NIST's international collaboration invol-
Research, NIST and the Government of
ves both formal agreements and also in-
India agreed during Fiscal Year 1989 to
formal sharing of scientific data by
initiate new collaboration in materials
groups of scientists. International col-
and physical sciences research to be
laboration in technical subjects covers
funded by the U.S.-Indo Joint Commis-
the entire range of the Institutes's pro-
sion. In addition to the direct benefits
gram measurement methods and stand-
this research provides NIST, collabora-
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, P. 177
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
tion with foreign researchers and institu-
Global Environmental Change
tions establishes continuing linkages that
NOAA's role in the Federal Global
benefit U.S. foreign policy.
Change Research Program includes a
Exchange of foreign visiting scientists in
balanced program of observations,
NIST laboratories has grown steadily,
analytical studies, climate prediction and
and in Fiscal Year 89 involved more than
information management. This national
380 scientists from 44 countries. In addi-
program cannot be implemented without
tion to performing valuable research, this
international coordination through such
activity contributes to improved long-
organizations as the Intergovernmental
term relations with foreign nations at
Oceanographic Commission (IOC),
both the institutional and individual
World Meteorological Organization
levels. Indirect results of NIST's interna-
(WMO), United Nations Environment
tional involvements also include in-
Program (UNEP), and Intergovernmen-
creased purchases of U.S. manufactured
tal Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), co-
instruments and other equipment.
convened by WMO and UNEP.
NOAA's leadership in the past year has
National Oceanic and Atmos-
helped to launch WMO's World Climate
pheric Administration (NOAA)
Reference Network and IOC's initiative
The National Oceanic and Atmos-
to create an integrated global ocean ob-
pheric Administration (NOAA)
serving system. NOAA contributes
measures, studies and predicts ocean and
broadly to IPCC's work, and in par-
atmospheric processes and manages the
ticular, NOAA is leading international
U.S.'s marine living resources. These ac-
efforts to assess response strategies for
tivities are conducted so as to advance
sea level rise and other impacts of global
economic development, protect national
climate change.
interests and maintain the quality of life
One of the major areas limiting our
in the U.S. This mission, based on re-
ability to ultimately predict global
search and data requirements about the
change is our lack of understanding of the
participation in international organiza-
role of the ocean in the exchange of heat,
tions and bilateral agreements. The
water and trace gases with the atmos-
NOAA programs for earth environmen-
phere. Eight U.S.-PRC joint cruises
tal research, monitoring, modeling and
aboard Chinese vessels, seven of which
data archiving contribute to internation-
have been completed, will significantly
al understanding of global environmen-
enhance our understanding of the pivotal
tal change, environmental quality,
role the Pacific plays in shaping weather
ecosystem dynamics and marine living
and climate worldwide. The cruises
and non-living resource management.
would have cost the U.S. approximately
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, P. 178
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
$500,000 per cruise in operating expen-
variations in the inter-tropical conver-
ses if conducted aboard the U.S. vessels.
gence zone, relationship between Indian
Data collected through NOAA's par-
Ocean and Pacific Ocean anomalies, and
ticipation in the international TOGA
preparation and management of large
program (tropical ocean/global atmos-
ocean-atmosphere data sets.
phere) has been successfully used in Peru
NOAA and the Canadian Climate Pro-
and Ethiopia to mitigate interannual
gram Office continued their studies of
climate variations. Peruvian changes in
the potential effects of climate change on
agricultural land use and crop mixes,
the Great Lakes and, in addition, have
based on estimated precipitation varia-
commenced planning for a similar joint
tions, have helped to increase total
climate impact assessment on the high
agricultural income.
plains region of North America.
Since 1986, the Ethiopian Meteorologi-
Increasing international attention has
cal Service, using TOGA data, has made
focused on the Arctic's role in the global
accurate forecasts of the rain seasons. By
climate system. U.S./NOAA, Canadian,
altering land use patterns during the 1988
Norwegian and Danish agencies par-
drought, the government was able to
ticipated in a March 1989 study to inves-
prevent human death and mitigate the
tigate processes affecting Arctic
effect on agriculture.
temperatures. Some experts believe that
Much of the benefit of NOAA's multi-
any climate warming caused by green-
lateral and bilateral activities results
house gases will be observed first in the
from its producing cost effective research
Arctic.
and ensuring access to information from
NOAA and NASA led a cooperative
specific geographic locations essential to
investigation designed to better under-
global change studies. In this connection,
stand the fluctuations in stratospheric
efforts are underway to promote interna-
ozone observed over the Arctic and the
tional sharing of relevant satellite and in
possible influence of the observed
situ data from U.S. and foreign sources.
decrease in Arctic ozone on concentra-
India and the U.S. approved the first six
tions of stratospheric ozone over heavily
projects in a new climate research pro-
populated northern mid- latitudes.
gram under the Indo-U.S. Science and
During the first six weeks of 1989, NOAA
Technology Subcommission. The pro-
participated in NASA's Airborne Arctic
gram will formally begin in November
Stratospheric Expedition which was con-
1989. The six projects will deal with inter-
ducted to investigate Arctic stratospheric
annual variability of the Indian monsoon
ozone depletion. This study involved
and its connection to global circulation,
over 200 scientists, technicians and pilots
break cycles in the monsoon, modeling of
from U.S. and other countries.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, P. 179
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Under the U.S.-Soviet Environmental
The President affirmed the U.S. com-
Agreement, NOAA arranged joint
mitment to ensuring the continuity of
cooperation at the Soviet Heiss Island
LANDSAT-type remote sensing data.
station to obtain measurements of
NOAA's 20 year-old LANDSAT pro-
stratospheric ozone changes in the Arctic
gram provides land remote sensing satel-
during the winter/spring season.
lite imagery and data important for such
Earth Observation Satellites
applications as global change research,
Members of the International Polar Or-
environmental monitoring, law enforce-
biting Meteorological Satellite Group
ment, natural resource estimates, nation-
(IPOMS) are considering provision of
al security and a variety of private sector
instruments for the next series of polar-
uses. Funding has been approved by the
orbiters. Notable is the European plan to
White House for continued operations of
provide the spacecraft, launch and in-
Landsat satellites 4 and 5 as well as fund-
struments for morning polar orbit ser-
ing for the Landsat 6 to be launched in
vice, and as well as future instruments on
summer 1991. Eleven countries and one
the series of afternoon polar orbiters.
intergovernmental agency receive these
This should provide a major cost saving
data.
to the United States.
Living Marine Resources
Following the failure of one of two U.S.
NOAA works with other countries on a
GOES (geostationary satellite) in
bilateral and multilateral basis to im-
January 1989, the European
prove knowledge about living resources
meteorological satellite organization,
and apply that information to manage
EUMETSAT, and the European Space
commercially valuable resources and
Agency have proposed to reposition
protect endangered and threatened
their METEOSAT3 geostationary satel-
species.
lite to provide the full coverage of
At the 4 1st Session of the International
weather patterns over the eastern Atlan-
Whaling Commission (IWC) in June
tic for users on both sides of the Atlantic.
1989, the U.S. continued to support a
Data from METEROSAT 3 will be
strengthening of the IWC moratorium on
received and processed in Europe and
commercial whaling and closer scrutiny
then transmitted to meteorological agen-
of whaling programs ostensibly under-
cies and users on both sides of the Atlan-
taken for scientific purposes. Separate
tic. NOAA repositioned its GOES-4
resolutions were adopted concerning the
spacecraft from 1985 through 1988 in
scientific programs of Iceland, Japan,
order to fill a gap over Europe created by
and Norway. A resolution invited Iceland
the partial loss of service from a previous
to reconsider its proposed take of 80 fin
METEOSAT satellite.
whales (Iceland subsequently reduced its
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, P. 180
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
proposed take to 68). The resolutions
talks held biannually since 1984, have
concerning Japan and Norway recorded
contributed greatly to the improved
the IWC's conclusion that these
fisheries relationship between the
programs had not satisfied the applicable
United States and Mexico. Items regular-
criteria for research involving the taking
ly discussed include cooperative re-
of whales.
search programs in the Gulf of Mexico
NOAA, in cooperation with U.S. in-
and the Pacific, remote sensing, a marine
dustry, developed fishing techniques that
mammal stranding network, protective
enable the release of 99.5 percent of por-
measures for dolphins and turtles, and
poises encircled by nets set to catch yel-
various other cooperative projects.
lowfin tuna in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
NOAA, operating from the NOAA
In October 1988, the U.S. encouraged
Corps vessel SURVEYOR, conducted
similar protective fishing practices by re-
observations of krill, fish, marine birds
quiring that nations exporting tuna to the
and mammals in the Scotia Sea region of
U.S., whose vessels fish with purse seines
Antarctica and South Georgia. Post-
for tuna in the eastern tropical Pacific,
cruise analyses of these observations
have a marine mammal protection pro-
helps form the basis for advice given to
gram and fleet porpoise safety perfor-
the U.S. delegation to the Commission of
mance comparable to that of the United
the Conservation of Antarctic marine
States.
Living Resources (CCAMLR).
In 1989, NOAA, through the Depart-
CCAMLR, acting on the advice of its
ment of State, successfully concluded
Scientific Committee, has adopted con-
negotiations with Japan, Taiwan, and the
servation management and other
Republic of Korea (ROK) pursuant to
measures designed to protect several
the Driftnet Impact Monitoring, Assess-
species of seriously overfished Antarctic
ment, and Control Act of 1987. Coopera-
fish stocks. At its 1988 meeting, the Com-
tive agreements were reached with
mission adopted a system of Observation
Japan, ROK and Taiwan for increased
and Inspection, the proposals for which
enforcement measures to minimize the
were a U.S. initiative.
take of U.S. origin salmon on the high
Emergency Services
seas and for observer programs to assess
NOAA and the Federal Aviation Ad-
the long-term impacts of driftnet opera-
ministration have established a volcano
tions on salmonids, marine mammals,
watch service which alerts airline and
sea birds and other forms of marine life.
other pilots when eruptions cause
NOAA continued regular bilateral
dangerous ash clouds along domestic and
fisheries cooperation talks with Mexico's
international flight routes. While
Secretariat of Fisheries. The series of
NOAA's satellite imagery is the prime
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, P. 181
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
source of information, the volcano watch
United States Patent and Trademark
will enlist pilots as volunteer lookouts,
Office Submission for President's
expertise of the U.S. Geological Survey
Report on Science, Technology and
and reports from the Smithsonian
American Diplomacy.
Institution's worldwide Scientific Event
Alert Network.
National Technical Information
NOAA assisted the Soviet Union in ob-
Service
taining Landsat images of Armenia taken
The primary mission of NTIS is to col-
before and after the December 7
lect and store scientific and technical in-
earthquake to facilitate recovery from
formation (STI) prepared by or for the
the disaster.
U.S. and foreign governments, and dis-
NOAA is responsible for preparing
seminate it to U.S. business, industry and
marine tropical-cyclone forecasts, ad-
academia. In more than 60 countries,
visories and warnings for the Caribbean
NTIS has cooperative arrangements with
Sea, Gulf of Mexico and the North Atlan-
organizations which actively acquire
tic and Eastern Pacific Ocean. In
technical information for its collection
cooperation with the World
and disseminate NTIS reports in their
Meteorological Organization, NOAA is
countries. To date, acquisition agree-
attempting to develop a tropical cyclone
ments have been signed with more than
warning system for the nations of the
160 foreign organizations, and more than
Caribbean. This system includes a com-
21,000 foreign research reports were
puter system to facilitate the com-
added to the NTIS collection during Fis-
munication of Meteorological data
cal Year 1989. Approximately 32 percent
throughout the region and the dissemi-
of NTIS' collection comes from foreign
nation of tropical cyclone advisories. In
sources, and 25 percent of NTIS sales are
addition, NOAA disseminates advisories
made overseas. Specialized activities
to the International Civil Aviation Or-
were focussed on Japan in 1989. National
ganization.
interest in Japanese technical informa-
U.S./NOAA and Soviet satellites con-
tion continues to increase, but there is no
tinue to provide satellite-aided search
central source in Japan for obtaining
and rescue information under the
such information. In Fiscal Year 1988, an
COSPAS- SARSAT Agreement which
NTIS sponsored research team visit to
includes the U.S., U.S.S.R., Canada and
Japan suggested ways of obtaining
France. This joint program has saved
Japanese reports. A follow up visit was
more than 1200 lives since its inception
made in Fiscal Year 1988 to test the
in 1982.
recommendations, which resulted in in-
creased access to Japanese S&T data. A
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, P. 182
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Fiscal Year 1989 study on site in Japan
The goals of NTIA cooperation with
on availability of technical information
developing countries are to increase U.S.
on HDTV revealed that specific
understanding of their telecommunica-
Japanese high-tech information is still
tions policies and infrastructures, and to
very difficult for foreigners to obtain.
identify projects that will help improve
"Proper connections" are essential for
U.S. access to market opportunities in
success.
those countries. In Fiscal Year 1989,
The Department of Commerce
NTIA moved forward with the China
prepares and disseminates a directory
Protocol, an infrastructure study in
listing all U.S. programs and services that
Thailand, and government/industry ef-
collect, abstract, translate and distribute
fort to increase U.S. understanding of
Japanese STI. In 1989, NTIS published
policies and market opportunities in the
the second edition of this "Directory of
Southeast Asia region. NTIA also served
Japanese Technical Resources". NTIS
on the Joint Telecommunications Board
also published the "Directory of
which negotiated with the Federated
Japanese Technical Reports 1987-1988"
States of Micronesia and Republic of the
which lists all Japanese STI obtained by
Marshall Islands to ensure spectrum
NTIS. As of the end of Fiscal Year 1988,
management requirements are met
acquisition agreements have been signed
within the context of U.S. security inter-
with more than 45 Japanese organiza-
ests.
tions.
NTIA's infrastructure development
National Telecommunications
projects in Asia, Latin America and the
Caribbean enhance the visibility of
and Information Agency
telecommunications issues. Carried out
NTIA is responsible for developing
in cooperation with the International
federal telecommunications technology
Trade Administration, Export-Import
policies, and serves as the principal ex-
Bank, Agency for International Develop-
ecutive branch adviser to the President
ment, and U.S. Trade and Development
on domestic and international com-
Program, these projects have enabled
munications and information policies.
linking telecommunications and trade
NTIA is also responsible for managing
policy issues with the marketing require-
the radio spectrum assigned for Federal
ments of U.S. firms. Lack of an adequate
use, providing technical support to inter-
telecommunications infrastructure is an
national telecommunications con-
impediment to economic growth,
ference activities, and technical
productivity and employment oppor-
assistance on telecommunications mat-
tunities in developing countries. NTIA
ters to other Federal agencies.
technical needs assessments include in-
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, P. 183
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
formation on the economic climate and
positions and facilitating cooperative
describe planned telecommunications
agreements and programs.
projects. These reports are widely dis-
tributed to U.S. industry which in turn
Technology Administration
can develop commercial proposals to fill
The Technology Administration was es-
the outlined needs.
tablished to provide a focal point within
An example of NTIA development
the Department for technology-based in-
projects was the Southeast Asian
dustry, and an advocate for government
Telecommunications Conference held in
policies and actions to remove barriers to
Bali, Indonesia in November 1988. NTIA
commercialization of technology. The
also has been preparing for a six month
new organization works with business,
study of the Thai telecommunications in-
academia, other Federal and State agen-
frastructure which will begin in Septem-
cies, and governments of other nations to
ber 1989. The study will be funded by
ensure the technological competitive-
AID and carried out by a joint
ness of U.S. industry. The Omnibus
public/private sector team. NTIA and the
Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988
Government of Indonesia cosponsored a
assigns a variety of domestic and interna-
regional conference in November 1988
tional civilian technology responsibilities
for senior telecommunications officials
to the TA, including in the areas of metric
of the ASEAN nations. In early Fiscal
conversion, advanced technology
Year 1989, NTIA completed spectrum
programs, federal technology manage-
management study for the Government
ment, and symmetrical access.
of Saudi Arabia and is considering
The Technology Administration con-
similar activity requested by other
sists of the Office of the Assistant
governments.
Secretary for Technology Policy, Nation-
As part of the U.S. Telecommunica-
al Technical Information Service, Na-
tions Training Institute, in Fiscal Year
tional Institute of Standards and
1989 NTIA cosponsored a six week
Technology, and National Telecom-
course in "Radio Spectrum Management
munications and Information Agency.
and Computer-Aided Techniques" for
Office of the Assistant Secretary for
foreign telecommunications managers
Technology Policy (OTP)
and engineers from developing
OTP works with industry and other
countries. Contacts established through
government agencies to develop consen-
USTTI courses have proven valuable to
sus on technology opportunities and
U.S. representatives in international
foreign competitive challenges, includ-
telecommunications fora by helping
ing identifying barriers to U.S. commer-
promote better understanding of U.S.
cial innovation, quality, productivity, and
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, P. 184
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
manufacturing. It provides assistance to
cooperative research arrangements with
U.S. business by coordinating informa-
private firms. The objective of these
tion activities in areas such as Japanese
policies is to ensure the technology
science and technology and metric con-
remains under the control of those who
version.
invented it, understand it best, and have
In Fiscal Year 1989, OTP was involved
the incentives to exploit its commercial
in bilateral agreements to foster
possibilities.
cooperation between U.S. and foreign
Section 5171 ("Symmetrical Access to
small and medium-sized companies for
Technological Research") of the Om-
technology development. ("BIRD-F" in
nibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of
Israel, "PACT" with India, and "FACET"
1988 requires that S&T agreements pro-
with the French.) The National Institute
vide equitable and reciprocal access to
of Standards and Technology hosted the
foreign R&D facilities and to the flow of
BIRD-F Board of Directors meeting in
scientific and technological information.
Washington, at which the decision was
These agreements are reviewed by the
made to fund nineteen new joint venture
TA to ensure that there is a fair allocation
projects. The OTP advises both the U.S.
of resulting property rights between U.S.
and Indian program management offices
and foreign participants, and that ap-
for PACT. PACT's mid-term evaluation
propriate consideration has been given
will occur in late Fiscal Year 1989, which
to whether the laws of the foreign partner
TA will take part in to assess the
nation adequately protect technology
program's benefits to U.S. business. Six-
that may result from such cooperation.
teen agreements had been signed by U.S.
Provisions for allocation of intellectual
and French technology-based companies
property rights were added to bilateral
as of the end of Fiscal Year 1989 as part
S&T agreements in Fiscal Year 1989 as
of FACET.
they came up for renewal. TA continued
OTP also ensures that U.S. industry's
to work with the U.S. Trade Repre-
interests are reflected in bilateral S&T
sentative, Department of State, and
agreements. The Office of Technology
other concerned federal agencies to en-
Commercialization under the Assistant
sure that bilateral S&T agreements are
Secretary promotes commercialization
consistent with domestic science and
of technology created with federal finan-
technology policies.
cial support. It accomplishes this mission
The Japanese Technical Literature Pro-
through policies that permit federal con-
gram (JTLP) was created to improve the
tractors who have developed inventions
availability of Japanese scientific and en-
to retain ownership and encourage
gineering literature in the United States.
federal laboratories to enter into
Although the Program has no direct
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, P. 185
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
bilateral agreements, it works closely
tellectual property protection worldwide
with National Technical Information
and provides assistance on intellectual
Service in implementing agreements
property issues to the agencies respon-
with the Japanese Information Center
sible for foreign affairs and trade mat-
for S&T and Mitsubishi Research In-
ters, including the Office of the United
stitute, to review and monitor the quan-
States Trade Representative (USTR),
tity and quality of technical and scientific
the Department of State, and the Inter-
literature obtained through these agree-
national Trade Administration (ITA) of
ments.
the Department of Commerce.
Based on inquiries from U.S. com-
The USPTO gives advice on intellectual
panies, universities and government
property issues in international science
agencies, the program makes recom-
and technology agreements as requested.
mendations to the National Technical In-
Executive Order 12591, "Facilitating Ac-
formation Service for new acquisitions
cess to Science and Technology", directs
and improved databases. During Fiscal
federal agencies, when considering inter-
Year 1989, 300 Japanese technical
national agreements on science and tech-
reports (both industrial and governmen-
nology or when providing bilateral
tal) were reviewed, and JTLP assisted in
assistance, to take into account whether
the preparation of English abstracts for
countries adequately protect U.S. intel-
the NTIS database, identifying important
lectual property rights. Working through
Japanese reports for translation.
the Department of Commerce S&T
JTLP also participated in implementa-
Coordinating Committee, the USPTO
tion of the U.S.-Japan S&T agreement
provides technical advice to the Depart-
through the U.S.-Japan Task Force on
ment of State, USTR, the Office of
Access to S&T Information, negotiating
Science and Technology Policy (OSTP),
with Japanese counterparts on issues re-
and other agencies on the adequacy of
lated to copyright clearance, enhanced
protection available in specific countries,
dissemination of gray literature, and joint
and recommends appropriate terms for
R&D on machine assisted translation
science problems. On request and as
systems.
resources permit, the USPTO also
The United States Patent and
provides knowledgeable personnel to
participate in negotiation of intellectual
Trademark Office
property terms of bilateral agreements.
The United States Patent and
The USPTO also works to strengthen
Trademark Office (USPTO) administers
U.S. competitiveness by improving the
the nation's patent and trademark laws.
intellectual property protection avail-
The Office also works to strengthen in-
able in other countries. The USPTO has
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, P. 186
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
worked closely with USTR, the Depart-
Under a trilateral agreement, the
ment of State and the ITA on intellectual
USPTO cooperates with the European
property issues in multilateral fora such
Patent Office and the Japanese Patent
as the GATT, as well as on bilateral con-
Office to build a file of U.S. and foreign
sultations. The USPTO recently has par-
patents from which information can be
ticipated in consultations on the
readily exchanged among the three of-
adequacy of intellectual property protec-
fices. This agreement also helps coor-
tion in Argentina, Chile, People's
dinate views on harmonizing and
Republic of China, Colombia, Egypt,
strengthening national patent laws.
India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of
U.S. Bureau of the Census
Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines,
Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Taiwan, and
The mission of the Bureau of the Cen-
Thailand. The USPTO works extensively
sus in the international arena is to main-
with the World Intellectual Property Or-
tain communication with sister agencies
ganization (WIPO) on efforts to revise
around the world and to provide statisti-
the Paris Convention and to harmonize
cal support for the U.S. Government's
patent laws.
foreign policy. In Fiscal Year 1989, a
The USPTO is responsible for ad-
number of activities were undertaken in
ministering Section 914 of the "Semicon-
support of this mission. The Internation-
ductor Chip Protection Act of 1984".
al Statistical Programs Center (ISPC)
Interim protection is available under the
conducted a publications exchange with
act to foreign mask work owners as an
more than 150 statistical agencies and
incentive for other countries to pass
international organizations in the world.
similar laws protecting mask works.
It also hosted approximately 450 foreign
The USPTO also offers advice and as-
visitors.
sistance to help developing countries
In addition, the ISPC provided techni-
provide and improve intellectual proper-
cal assistance, primarily through the
ty protection. The USPTO, in coopera-
Agency for International Development
tion with WIPO and unilaterally,
(AID). The Census Bureau maintained
provides training programs and technical
resident advisers is Saudi Arabia,
experts and enters into agreements for
Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Egypt. Short-
the exchange of information. Recently,
term technical assistance was provided to
the USPTO has trained nationals from
approximately 38 countries. The ISPC
People's Republic of China, Egypt,
has offered a comprehensive statistical
Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan,
training program to participants around
Saudi Arabia, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand,
the world since 1947 and in 1986 began a
Yugoslavia, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe.
parallel program in Spanish. In Fiscal
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, P. 187
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Year 1989, these two programs together
funding is USAID, although the U.N.
trained more than 180 participants form
and other governments directly fund
47 countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin
many students in the Washington-based
America.
training programs.
The ISPC continues to develop general-
The Census Bureau continued activities
ized computer software for processing
under bilateral agreements for statistical
censuses and surveys. The Integrated
cooperation with Canada, China, and
Microcomputer Processing System
Mexico. In Fiscal Year 1989, the Census
(IMPS) consists of modules for editing
Bureau jointly hosted (with the Office of
and tabulation of census and survey data.
Management and Budget and the
Recently, a data capture module,
Bureau of Economic Analysis) a delega-
CENTRY, was added. IMPS and similar
tion from GOSKOMSTAT, the Soviet
mainframe computer software are in use
Union's central statistical agency. A
in more than 100 statistical offices
return delegation is scheduled to visit the
throughout the world. A census manage-
USSR in September or October of this
ment and reporting system and a fre-
year.
quency table system are currently under
The Census Bureau's international ac-
development.
tivities do not have major direct foreign
The ISPC has also developed case study
policy implications, but they offer the
materials for censuses and surveys.
opportunity for quiet cooperation in
These serve as the basis for workshops
number of areas where it is in the long-
and are used as resource materials in
term interest of the United States to im-
developing countries on three con-
prove relations. The international
tinents.
program of the Census Bureau con-
This year, the Bureau's Center for In-
tributes to the improvement of data col-
ternational Research continued
lection and to more effective use of
development of a database on the in-
statistical data around the world.
cidence of AIDS around the world. This
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
database is being funded by a consortium
of U.S. Government agencies.
The U.S. seeks to enhance the security
The Census Bureau's technical assis-
of the free world through promoting in-
tance activities are provided on a cost-
ternational defense science and technol-
reimbursable basis. The largest single
ogy cooperation among allies and other
source of funding is the Kingdom of
friendly nations while at the same time
Saudi Arabia, which underwrites a large
protecting military critical technology
program of technical assistance in
from diversion to potential adversaries.
Riyadh. The other primary source of
Ongoing objectives include the integra-
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, P. 188
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
tion of scientific and technological ad-
expertise. In addition to scientific and
vances into U.S. military capabilities.
technical contributions, the allies also
Through sustained cooperation in tech-
provide special insights into concepts for
nology and development, the U.S. im-
regional missile defense. Thus, allied
proves the effectiveness of its own
capabilities can reduce both the schedule
defenses, increases mutual compatibility
and cost of the SDI research program and
of military forces, and strengthens allian-
increase its overall effectiveness.
ces. The U.S. also continues to encourage
The U.S. has signed Memoranda of Un-
allied countries to field advanced
derstanding (MOU) with the govern-
military capabilities or strengthen tech-
ments of the United Kingdom, The
nology security programs in order to
Federal Republic of Germany, Israel,
deter the uncontrolled flow of free world
Italy, and Japan. These overarching
technology to the Soviet bloc, hostile
MOUs are not related to specific
countries and terrorist organizations.
projects, but are designed to facilitate
allied participation and cooperation in
Strategic Defense Initiative
SDI research insofar as permitted under
When former President Reagan an-
U.S. laws, regulations, and international
nounced the Strategic Defense Initiative
obligations (including the Anti-Ballistic
(SDI) in a March 1983 speech, he em-
Missile Treaty).
phasized that the program would be
Although an MOU is helpful, it is not
designed to enhance allied as well as U.S.
mandatory for participation. Allied
security. In accordance with that man-
countries that have not signed an MOU
date, as well as a subsequent national
have successfully competed for con-
security decision directive, Congres-
tracts. Approximately 60 to 70 allied
sional direction, and DOD policy, the
firms and research institutions, in both
SDI Organization (SDIO) is examining
MOU and non-MOU countries, are per-
technologies and concepts for defense
forming, or have performed, SDI re-
against all ballistic missiles, irrespective
search.
of their range or armament.
The SDIO has signed several cost-shar-
In March 1985, the U.S. invited the
ing, project-specific cooperative re-
NATO allies, Australia, Israel, Japan,
search agreements with allies. For
and the Republic of Korea to participate
example, the SDIO concluded project-
directly in SDI research. This invitation
specific Memoranda of Agreement
reflected the view that allied participa-
(MOA) with the Netherlands Organiza-
tion and cooperation could result in ac-
tion for Applied Scientific Research in
cess to existing facilities not available in
July 1987 and the Israeli Ministry of
the U.S. and to researchers with special
Defense in June 1988 on cooperative re-
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, P. 189
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
search on electromagnetic launcher
Total*
215 362.86
technologies and the Arrow anti-tactical
* Includes $31.6 million contributed by
ballistic missile experiment, respectively.
Israel and $7.0 million contributed by
The SDIO has also concluded other types
The Netherlands
of cost-share, project-specific agree-
ments with the allies. The U.S. has under-
Armaments Cooperation and
taken jointly with the United Kingdom
Defense Trade
the development of an Extended Air
The goal of this science program is to
Defense Test Bed and a study to apply
achieve maximum return on each re-
artificial intelligence to aid discrimina-
search and development dollar spent by
tion of missile re-entry vehicles from
coordinating research, development,
decoys and debris. Additionally, the
production, and logistic support. The
SDIO signed a cost-share contract with
U.S. and its allies can accomplish this by
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan for
equitably sharing and protecting mutual-
analysis of a theater missile defense ar-
ly developed technology to avoid un-
chitecture for the Western Pacific
necessary expenditures and duplication
theater. While specific provisions of
of effort. Cooperative joint research,
these agreements are classified, they ad-
development, production and acquisi-
dress such areas as intellectual property
tion programs are explored thoroughly.
rights, technology transfer, and security.
This includes establishing common
The following list is a compilation of
operation and design requirements,
cumulative prime contracts and major
maintaining mission effectiveness,
subcontracts awarded to allies since
bilaterally sharing technology with near-
U.S.-allied cooperative SDI research
ly equal benefits, using economies of
begin.
scale, avoiding duplicative costs, and
Country
Number
$Value
standardizing forces and equipment to
of Contracts (in millions)
enhance interoperability.
United Kingdom 100 68.71
Title 10 of USC 931 provides guidance
West Germany
33
65.93
for the U.S. Government to engage in a
Israel
16 184.50
wide variety of cooperative research and
Italy
25.
14.15
development programs with NATO al-
Japan
11
2.20
lies. Over 100 multilateral and bilateral
France
10
2.70
programs are in various stages of
Canada
16
2.51
negotiation, with more being planned for
Belgium
1
0.09
each year. Similar efforts are underway
Denmark
1
0.03
with non-NATO allies including Japan,
The Netherlands
2 12.04
Israel, Egypt, Korea and Australia.
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, P. 190
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
This cooperation and trade is carried
received. Mutually desired information
out through a framework of coordinated
exchanges in individual subject areas are
measures to maintain technology
subsequently and separately agreed to in
security. The Department of Defense has
annexes to the master agreements. It is,
made technology security an integral ele-
therefore, possible to establish a number
ment of agreements with NATO and
of separate DEAs with one country
other allies on cooperative defense
covering a spectrum of technologies and
programs in technology, such as SDI, and
applications and also to establish, with a
an important part of other collaborative
number of countries, specific DEAs in a
efforts.
single technology or application areas.
Information Exchange Projects (IEPs).
Organizations for International
Similar to DEAs, IEPs provide for for-
Technology Transfer
malized information exchange and
NATO Defense Research Group
cooperation between the Armed Ser-
(DRG). DRG, the highest NATO forum
vices of the U.S. and other participating
for the discussion of its scientific and
nations. The agreements cover opera-
technical research needs, conducts re-
tional, tactical and follow-on support of
search through which cooperative efforts
specific equipment as well as the ex-
might lead to increasing military
change of research, development and
capabilities or in cases technological ad-
test and evaluation information.
vances are needed for current programs.
Exchange Scientist Program (ESP).
The U.S. participates in seven panels,
The Department of Defense participates
two special subgroups, and 42 research
in several scientist and engineer ex-
study groups.
change programs. For example, several
Information Exchange Agree-
foreign engineers and scientists are
hosted by the U.S. military services each
ments
year. The Services, likewise, can par-
Data Exchange Annexes (DEAs).
ticipate in the program by nominating
Master Mutual Weapons Development
U.S. scientists and engineers for place-
and Data Exchange Agreements are
ment in foreign research and develop-
negotiated with each nation in which a
ment facilities. ESPs exist with Australia,
program of data exchange is to be under-
Brazil, Egypt, France, The Federal
taken. They specify the general scope of
Republic of Germany, Israel, Korea,
the exchanges, classification limits and
Norway and Pakistan. Exchanges also
channels of correspondence, and provide
occur under the Technical Cooperation
assurances and procedures concerning
Program with the U.K., Australia,
the safeguarding of information
Canada and New Zealand.
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, P. 191
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
The ESP program involves a broad
are in the public domain, thus reducing
spectrum of research and development
world-wide demand for energy.
topics, and is valuable in terms of provid-
The majority of DOE's bilateral
ing hands-on experience with foreign
cooperation is with Japan, the Federal
technology and managerial processes.
Republic of Germany, France, the
Information obtained is very broad and
United Kingdom, Israel and Canada.
is generally of a classified nature. The
In nuclear fission, cooperative work in
U.S. Army and the U.S. Air Force serve
fast breeder technologies is continuing
as the executive agents for the Defense
primarily with Japan and to a lesser ex-
Department.
tent with the United Kingdom, the
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Federal Republic of Germany, France
and Switzerland. In radioactive waste
The Department of Energy currently
management, cooperation continued
has 158 bilateral cooperative research
with Belgium, Canada, the European
and development programs with 27 na-
Communities, the Federal Republic of
tions and the European Community in all
Germany, France the United Kingdom,
phases of energy R&D, including basic
Switzerland, Sweden and Japan. Joint
research areas such as high energy
work in nuclear fuel development con-
physics, CO2 climate research and bios-
tinued with France, Japan, Switzerland
cience. DOE also carries out both
bilateral and multilateral research
and the United Kingdom. Cooperation
in safeguards and physical security of
projects under the auspices of various
nuclear materials continued with the
international organizations, including
European Communities, the Federal
the international Energy Agency, the In-
Republic of Germany and France.
ternational Atomic Energy Agency, and
In fossil energy research, cooperation
the Nuclear Energy Agency. The
continued with Canada, the People's
majority of DOE's cooperation is under-
Republic of China, Italy, Japan, Mexico,
taken to meet domestic programmatic
South Korea, the United Kingdom,
needs and is funded directly through the
Venezuela, France and India. Coopera-
affected program. The rationale for the
tion in renewable energy and energy con-
DOE's cooperation with other nations in
servation continued with Israel, Italy,
energy research has always been to both
Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and
take advantage of the opportunity to
Australia.
share tasks with other nations, allowing
In fusion energy, work continued
the DOE to economize the dissemina-
primarily with Canada, China, the
tion of energy saving technologies which
European Communities, Japan and the
USSR. In high energy physics, coopera-
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, P. 192
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
tion with Japan, China, the USSR and
gy research. In 1986, the US - USSR Joint
various Western European countries
Committee which manages the bilateral
continued. Program to exchange techni-
relationship was reactivated after a
cal information, bibliographic data, and
hiatus of eight years and has since ap-
abstracts of energy related information
proved the expansion of the bilateral
continued with the Netherlands, the
cooperation through a Memorandum of
United Kingdom, Israel, France, the
Cooperation in Civilian Reactor Safety
Nordic Countries, the Federal Republic
signed in April of 1988. This MOC has
of Germany, Italy and Sweden. The DOE
led to a wide range of joint activities in
also continued to cooperate with the
civilian nuclear reactor safety, comple-
other member countries of the IEA in
mented by numerous commercial and
various areas of energy technology, in-
scientific activities by non-government
cluding the Centre for the Analysis and
organizations. The World Association of
Dissemination of Demonstrated Energy
Nuclear Operators, inaugurated on May
Technologies (CADDET), which was
15, 1989 in Moscow is one example of
created to share the results of advances
such activities. At the 8th US-USSR
in specific energy saving technologies in
Joint Committee Meeting, held in Mos-
the building, industrial and commercial
cow on May 22-27, 1989, new joint work
sectors.
programs were approved which en-
Major new initiatives which the DOE
couraged greater cooperation in high
has undertaken in the last
energy physics and fusion research, and
year include:
Ad Referendum agreement was reached
Cooperation with the USSR
on language for a new PUAE which in-
corporates Intellectual Property Rights
The US/USSR Agreement for
language reflective of current USG
Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of
policy and changes the focus of the new
Atomic Energy (PUAE) was signed in
dormant cooperation in breeder reactors
June of 1973 and extended in June of
to one of safety R&D and operations. We
1983 and again in May of 1988 at the
expect that the Agreement will be signed
Moscow Summit. This agreement has
at the June 1990 Summit in Moscow.
provided the framework for DOE's
cooperation in research, development
New Initiatives with Poland and
and the utilization of nuclear energy for
Hungary
civilian applications. In recent years the
The Support for East European
primary activity under the PUAE was in
Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989
research into the fundamental properties
authorizes the DOE to carry out
of matter and cooperation in fusion ener-
cooperative programs with Poland and
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, P. 193
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Hungary. The bill provides $30 million
France and the Federal Republic of Ger-
over three years to retrofit a coal-fired
many, which are now in negotiation.
power plant in Poland with a proven
clean coal technology and to help Poland
International Thermonuclear
develop the capability to manufacture
Experimental Reactor (ITER)
the equipment which will enable in-
The ITER project is a joint activity un-
dustrial facilities to use fossil fuels clean-
dertaken by Japan, the USSR, the EC
ly. Negotiations to implement the Act are
and the United States to define the tech-
currently underway between DOE and
nical characteristics, the research and
the Polish government. DOE is also
development needs, and the site require-
cooperating with Poland and Hungary in
ments of an experimental fusion reactor,
the priority areas of nuclear safety and
and to carry out validating research sup-
clean coal technology under pre-existing
portive of the design activity. The goals
government-to-government science and
of such a reactor would be to
technology agreements.
demonstrate controlled ignition and ex-
tended burn in a deuterium plasma, to
Incorporation of Standard Intel-
demonstrate the technologies essential
lectual Property Rights
to a fusion reactor and to perform in-
Provisions
tegrated testing of the high heat flux and
In order to incorporate the policy
nuclear components required in the
frameworks established by the Office of
practical utilization of fusion power. In
Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)
April of 1988, the four parties began the
into DOE's research and development
joint conduct of a conceptual design in
relationships with other nations, the
implementation of the multinational
DOE has been renegotiating agreements
fusion initiative of the 1985 Reagan -
as they expire to include the intellectual
Gorbachev Geneva Summit. Done
property rights provision and other lan-
under the Auspices of the IAEA, this
guage endorsed by the OSTP, as ap-
involves the joint work of 40 to 60 profes-
propriate. Most notable has been the
sionals drawn from all of the participants
renegotiation of the Agreement for
at a technical site at the Max Planck In-
Cooperation in Energy and Related
stitute for Plasma Physics in Garching,
Fields between the U.S. and Japan,
Germany for several months each year.
which DOE hopes to successfully con-
In November of 1988, the ITER group
cluded in early 1990. In addition to this,
presented proposed design charac-
the DOE has proposed new umbrella
teristics and a plan for supporting R&D
agreements in energy research with
activities which are now in progress. A
final ITER Conceptual Design Report
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, P. 194
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
will be submitted at the end of 1990.
portant building blocks which eventually
There is no commitment to any construc-
can lead to a larger discovery. Com-
tion activities.
munications and exchange of experts,
biologicals, data, and research findings
Energy Technologies for
promote scientific achievement and
Reducing Emissions of Green-
reduce duplication of effort as well as
house Gases
conserving scarce resources.
The DOE is investigating the role of
PHS bilateral programs have, histori-
various energy technologies in the reduc-
cally, focused on mutually beneficial ob-
tion of greenhouse gases, and is working
jectives, while at the same time
through the IEA to identify energy tech-
responding to diplomatic initiatives, such
nology options and technology strategies
as those with India, China, the Soviet
to achieve this goal.
Union, and Eastern Europe. The
Superconducting Supercol-
spectrum of interests and responsibilities
of the PHS ranges from, inter alia, the
lider
fulfillment of regulatory requirements,
During Fiscal Year 1989, the DOE
such as those of the Food and Drug Ad-
worked through the interagency process
ministration (FDA); to biomedical re-
to develop a plan for international
search of the National Institutes of
cooperation in the construction of the
Health (NIH); and to prevention and
SSC.
control of infectious disease by the
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Centers for Disease Control (CDC).
AND HUMAN SERVICES, U.S.
Bilateral cooperative projects are
selected according to the interest and
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
priority of the agencies involved in each
Involvement of the Public Health Ser-
agreement.
vice (PHS) in international activities en-
Bilateral activities conducted in-
hances its mission of protecting and
tramurally are reviewed for acceptability
promoting the health of the American
and technical merit in the same way that
people. PHS bilateral agreements are
other intramural projects are decided
aimed at fulfilling that goal and at provid-
upon. Activities that will be conducted
ing mutual benefit to partner countries as
through extramural sources are selected
well.
by peer review in the same manner as
Important advances in the biomedical
domestic grant proposals or by a similar
sciences frequently have been based on
process, depending upon the funding
the work of individual scientists from
source. Monitoring and evaluation is a
many countries, who each contribute im-
continuous process, sometimes through
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, P. 195
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
a joint committee that meets annually or
Republic, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Lesotho,
biennially, or during agreement renewal
Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal,
reviews. A significant proportion of PHS
Sudan, Swaziland, Togo, Uganda, Zaire).
bilateral agreements involve FDA
Activities and achievements on a
regulatory and inspectional matters, in
country-by-country basis are extensive.
which the FDA and appropriate repre-
In general, immunization activities in-
sentatives of a foreign government agree
cluded strengthening the vaccine
to adhere to certain manufacturing and
storage, distribution and delivery sys-
inspection standards, so that drugs,
tems in all countries. Sterilizing
foods, and medical devices do not have
materials and techniques were im-
to be rigorously inspected at U.S. port-
proved. Vaccination coverage was in-
of-entry. These agreements are a benefit
creased in many of these countries for
to both the United States and the import-
which data were available, and a marked
ing country. Another routine type of
reduction in measles cases was reported
agreement involves a quid pro quo shar-
in Lesotho and Rwanda.
ing of biomedical literature and indexing
Access to immunization for infants and
tasks for the NIH National Library of
women of child bearing age continued to
Medicine and the MEDLINE system.
increase. Diarrheal disease control ef-
The remaining agreements largely in-
forts were directed toward expanding ef-
volve cooperation in various aspects of
fective case management techniques in a
biomedical research and health science
number of countries and toward closely
and technology. Over half of these agree-
monitoring the functioning oral rehydra-
ments involve the participation of one or
tion therapy (ORT) practices in existing
more of the Institutes of the NIH. Other
ORT units. Activities dealing with
agreements, largely involving CDC, pro-
malaria involved continued surveillance
vide technical assistance, usually on a
for chloroquine resistance, developing
reimbursable basis, for such matters as
simplified treatment schedules for non-
field epidemiology training and monitor-
literate populations, and developing and
ing and control of infectious diseases in
implementing appropriate control
less developed countries. There also are
strategies.
two regional or "multilateral" agree-
CDC established and/or institutional-
ments to provide this assistance.
ized seven Field Epidemiology Training
The CDC provided technical coopera-
Programs (FETPs) in collaboration with
tion to about 20 countries in Southeast
the governments of: Indonesia, Mexico,
Asia (Indonesia), Latin America
Peru, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan,
(Bolivia, Ecuador, Honduras, Peru), and
and Thailand. The FETP graduated 87
Africa (Burundi, Central African
trained field epidemiologists, 98 percent
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, P. 196
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
of whom continue to work for their
Abuse and Mental Health Administra-
respective governments. Cumulatively,
tion are involved in the cooperative ac-
during their two training years, graduates
tivities. In 1989, the program finally
and current trainees now have conducted
overcame various political difficulties
over 500 disease outbreak investigations;
and the PHS and CNPq agreed on a pro-
also, more than 250 field projects (ap-
gram of work and funding has been made
plied research) have been completed,
available.
addressing relevant public health
China. The Health Agreement signed in
problems in their countries. Trainees and
1979, was renewed for five years during a
graduates of the program continue to
visit to China of the HHS Secretary in
publish papers in peer-reviewed jour-
April 1988.
nals, documenting their work and dis-
Important areas of cooperation include
seminating the results to the public
cancer, cardiovascular disease, health
health community. The FETP also has
services research, and infectious dis-
helped to establish an international field
eases. A letter of understanding also has
epidemiology network that is now a
been developed between the CDC In-
resource pool for the World Health Or-
fluenza Branch and the Institute of Virol-
ganization (WHO) and foreign govern-
ogy of the Chinese Academy of
ments, with demonstrated capability in
Preventive Medicine to conduct a joint
providing qualified field epidemiologists
program in the area of influenza viruses.
for various short-term consultancies.
This collaboration has led to the estab-
lishment of a national surveillance sys-
Bilateral Agreement Highlights
tem in the People's Republic of China
The following are selected agree-
(PRC) encompassing five to ten cities
ments/programs which are of particular
and all regions of the country. As a result
importance at this time, either because of
of this system, CDC has received this
the scale of the program or the political
year over 40 viral strains within four to
visibility or sensitivity of the U.S.
eight weeks of their isolation in the PRC-
relationship with the country:
- a marked increase in efficiency. This is
Brazil
particularly important because novel
The U.S.-Brazil S&T Initiative signed
strains of influenza virus that travel
by Presidents Reagan and Sarney in
around the globe frequently have arisen
1983, includes biomedical research in
in the PRC.
cardiovascular diseases, neurosciences
Eastern Europe
and infections and parasitic diseases.
Recent high-level interest has
NIH, CDC, and the National Institute of
generated a new S&T agreement with
Mental Health of the Alcohol, Drug
Hungary and renewed interest in U.S.-
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, P. 197
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Poland collaboration. It is expected that
developed collaboratively by NIH and
in both countries the PHS will become
INSERM may spare cancer patients' loss
involved in additional biomedical re-
of healthy limbs resulting from hyper-
search projects which require collabora-
thermia treatment to prevent tumor
tion between the NIH and Eastern
spread. The device will permit on-
European institutions.
cologists to apply heat to a precise loca-
Egypt
tion on a limb, avoiding damage to
This program is over 20 years old; a
healthy tissues.
health agreement was signed in 1975 and
India
renewed for successive five-year periods.
This program is more than 20 years old.
A new agreement, updated to better
The PHS currently receives an allocation
reflect the level of cooperation and a
of about $2 million in rupees per year
change in funding away from P.L. 480,
under the new U.S.-India Fund for
was signed by the HHS Secretary and the
Educational, Cultural and Scientific
Egyptian Minister of Health in May
Cooperation. These funds support a
1989. Cooperation includes infectious
broad-based program of research and re-
disease prevention and control, cancer
lated activities in such areas as infectious
research, maternal and child health, vac-
diseases, nutrition, vision research,
cine development for acute respiratory
reproductive physiology, and others. An
illness, and other areas. Currently there
important new activity is the Indo-U.S.
are 20 project areas carried out through
Vaccine Action Program, which is being
support of the Agency for International
implemented in partnership with A.I.D.
Development (A.I.D.). These projects
Implementation of the Indo-U.S. Vac-
are building important infrastructure in
cine Program (VAP) has proceeded well,
both manpower and information systems
with full agreement being reached on
which enhances A.I.D. broader program
program procedures and with the desig-
interests in Egypt.
nation of priorities for the program--
France
hepatitis viruses, polio, canine rabies,
Scientists from NIH and the French In-
Haemophilus influenza, pneumococcal
stitut Nationale de la Sante et de la
pneumonia, respiratory syncytial virus,
Recherche Medicale (INSERM) have
pertussis, typhoid, Escherichia coli,
developed an important new prenatal
shigellosis, and cholera. The program
diagnostic test for Niemann-Pick Dis-
was announced in mid-1988 to over 500
ease Type C, a fatal genetic lipid storage
institutions in India and nearly 200 in the
disorder. The new method can detect the
United States. In October 1988, the first
disease between the eighth and tenth
four research projects, including re-
week of pregnancy. Also, a device being
search related to cholera, polio,
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, P. 198
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
hepatitis, and typhoid, were approved by
The most active collaboration in the
the Joint Working Group.
biomedical sciences area is with Japan.
This program is expected to result in
Scientists from the United States and
new or improved vaccines and im-
Japan are continuing their investigations
munodiagnostics. Funding for the pro-
on the presence of mutagens in a wide
gram is from the A.I.D., PHS, and the
range of foods. Japanese researchers
Department of Biotechnology of India.
found that several of these mutagens
An Indo-U.S. Science and Technology
evoked a positive response in a short-
Subcommission project has
term assay for stomach carcinogens. U.S.
demonstrated clearing of microfilaremia
researchers reported the formation of
in patients with Bancroftian filariasis
mutagens during the frying of ground
(elephantiasis) with single oral doses of
beef. A preliminary U.S. study on the
ivermectin. A second trial of ivermectin
carcinogenicity of one such mutagen
and diethylcarbamazine (DEC) indi-
showed that it produced liver carcinomas
cated that the efficacy of ivermectin and
in monkeys. These studies promise to
DEC were equivalent for 3 months, but
provide knowledge that may help
by 6 months the recurrence rate of
prevent cancer and genetic diseases in
microfilaria in the ivermectin-treated
which diet is a contributing factor.
patients was 30 percent while the was
Pakistan
only 15 percent in DEC group.
Cooperation with Pakistan continued in
Israel
Fiscal Year 1989, including research on
This bilateral program is also over 20
senile cataract, filariasis, pregnancy out-
years old, and a health agreement was
come and perinatal mortality, and can-
signed in 1980. Cooperation focuses
cer. Additionally, the CDC continued its
primarily on health policy issues with
participation, along with Global 2000, in
biennial joint symposia serving as the
the effort to eliminate guinea worm in
principal medium of interaction.
Pakistan.
Italy
Spain
U.S.-Italy studies suggest that there is
The CDC Center for Environmental
an increased risk of aging-related
Health and Injury Control has continued
cataract from specific social, environ-
providing assistance to the Spanish
mental, and dietary factors. Comparisons
government in investigation of the Toxic
between study data obtained in each
Oil Syndrome (TOS). Studies to date
country may determine why the onset of
confirm linkage of the disease to adul-
cataract occurs at earlier ages among
terated rapeseed oil. The Spanish Minis-
some communities.
try of Health is continuing its search for
Japan
data relevant to the occurrence of TOS
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, P. 199
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
in France. These activities are being
National Park Service
coordinated with those of the World
Health Organization.
In Fiscal Year 1989, the National Park
Soviet Union
Service (NPS) was involved in a broad
Agreement for health cooperation was
range of international activities. 117 new
signed in 1972 and renewed at five-year
separate projects with twenty-nine na-
intervals. Major areas of cooperation in-
tions were executed in collaboration with
clude cardiovascular research, eye dis-
other United States Government agen-
eases, cancer, viral infections,
cies, foreign counterpart agencies, inter-
environmental health, and research in
national institutions, and national and
artificial hearts. Since the November
international non-governmental or-
1985 Summit Meeting between Presi-
ganizations. Bilateral collaboration has
dent Reagan and General Secretary
emphasized shared resources, both
Gorbachev, there has been a revitaliza-
natural and cultural. Our activities have
tion of this program. Joint Health Com-
assisted in furthering Congressional in-
mittee meetings were held in the United
terest in global environmental legisla-
States in 1986 and in the Soviet Union in
tion.
1988 with new areas of collaboration
NPS projects fell into the following
added in primatology, HIV infection,
broad categories:
and alcohol-drug abuse research. U.S.
1. Technical assistance in the design,
and Soviet scientists are continuing col-
planning, development monitoring,
laboration on a study of Lyme disease
management and evaluation of national
that compares the course of the disease
parks and protected areas overseas.
and its clinical manifestations in U.S. and
2. Training provided to foreign parks
Soviet patients. Serologic testing has
related officials in the conservation of
revealed elevated IgM and IgG antibody
natural and cultural resources. In Fiscal
titers to the bacterium that causes Lyme
Year 1989 575 training and orientation
disease among some Soviet patients with
programs were provided to repre-
clinical manifestations suggestive of this
sentatives of 63 countries. A total of
disease. A manuscript describing these
11,862 training days were provided.
studies was published in the October
3. Information exchange. General park
1988 issue of the Journal of Infectious
information and specialized research
Diseases.
findings on parks and park related mat-
ters regularly exchanged with other na-
tions. Guides, planning manuals,
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTE-
scientific papers, books, etc., are ex-
RIOR
changed and then adapted to individual
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, P. 200
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
countries' needs. Approximately 1,512
serving their national heritage. Both
requests for technical information were
sides of the exchanges are developing
received during the fiscal year.
greater mutual understanding about
4. Conferences and workshops. The
common global resource conservation
NPS participates in conferences and
concerns.
workshop/seminars on a professional
basis as well as by legal mandate under
U.S. Geological Survey
Public Laws and bilateral agreements
A highlight of the U.S. Geological Sur-
with other nations.
vey (USGS) international activities in
5. International cooperation and ex-
Fiscal Year 1989 was the co-hosting, with
change. The NPS has cooperative agree-
the U.S. National Academy of Sciences,
ments with 23 universities, 3
of the 28th International Geological
international conservation organiza-
Congress, July 9 through 19, in
tions, 7 government agencies and 13
Washington, D.C. Just over 6,000 earth
foreign governments.
scientists, exhibitors, and guests repre-
The United States and the nations with
senting 104 countries attended, and near-
which it cooperates derive substantial
ly 150 sponsors, including scientific
benefits from NPS international ac-
societies, governmental bodies, univer-
tivities and programs. The U.S. gains ac-
sities, industrial organizations, and in-
cess to the latest state-of-the-art
dividuals, cooperated in the endeavor.
technology and source material and is in
More than 3,000 scientific and technical
a position to monitor, assess, and adapt
presentations were made on research in
to U.S. use the latest professional advan-
geology and related disciplines, many of
ces in park, protected area, and wildlife
these were by USGS personnel. Also fea-
planning and management.
tured were nearly 50 pre - and post -
Communication with other participants
Congress field trips, many led by USGS
in the World heritage Convention and
personnel, to geologically significant
Biosphere Reserve program, as well as
areas of the United States, including
cross-border shared resources coopera-
Alaska and Hawaii. The Congress ad-
tion with Canada, Mexico, Soviet Union
dressed problems facing the geological
and the Caribbean, has been enhanced.
sciences and, as usually results during
Developing countries are made aware of
these conventions (held every 4 years in
natural resource concerns and are en-
differing countries unified the worldwide
couraged to plan for sustainable
geologic communities.
economic growth, and the U.S. is seen as
The USGS conducts international ac-
visibly responsive to requesting govern-
tivities in science and technology, as ad-
ments in identifying priorities for con-
juncts to domestic programs, under
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, P. 201
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
authorization provided in the Organic
contacts beneficial to U.S. foreign and
Act, as revised, and the Foreign Assis-
domestic policy interests.
tance Act and related legislation in which
Remote sensing from AVHRR,
such studies have been deemed by the
LANDSAT, AND SPOT imagery supply
Departments of State and Interior to be
data to three multinational cooperative
in the interests of the U.S. Government.
programs in Africa -- i.e., the Famine
Programs which foreign governments
Early Warning Systems (FEWS);
are operated under bilateral or multi-
AGRHYMET, a program to improve
lateral agreements sanctioned by the
collection of agricultural, hydrological,
aforementioned Departments. In addi-
and meteorological data; and Grasshop-
tion to providing opportunities for com-
per and locust Habitat Identification and
parative studies of scientific phenomena
Monitoring. Remote sensing imagery is
both domestically and abroad, acquisi-
utilized also in the bilateral cooperative
tion of data on existing and potential
programs of map preparation in Argen-
foreign resources, broadening the
tina, map revision in Bolivia, applications
knowledge, expertise, and international
and development of geographic informa-
reputation of the Survey's staff, and
tion systems and geographic-names data
developing and maintaining relations
bases in China, image-map processing in
with foreign counterpart institutions, the
Jordan, and image maps of the U.S.-
activities support programs of other U.S.
Mexico border prepared for U.S. Cus-
Government agencies, particularly the
toms Service and International
political, economic, and strategic inter-
Boundary and Water Commission.
ests of the U.S. Department of State.
Surveying and Mapping in Antarctica
Some USGS activities in science and
provided geodetic and gravity data, aerial
technology serve as contributions to
photography, and satellite imagery to
foreign policy decisions.
prepare base maps and other car-
Technical assistance is commonly an
tographic products. These maps were
important aspect of foreign investiga-
prepared to support geologic and
tions by the USGS benefits by gaining
glaciologic investigations in cooperation
knowledge and experience in the
with France, New Zealand, United
countries studied, which then may be ap-
Kingdom, and West Germany. Doppler-
plied to domestic studies and investiga-
satellite and experimental seismologic
tions elsewhere. Institution building,
and gravity data are collected and trans-
training programs, and participation and
mitted daily to CONUS from the year-
representation in international earth-
round manned South Pole Station. The
science organizations, commissions, and
scientific Committee on Antarctic Re-
congresses by USGS scientists establish
search (SCAR) Library for Cartography
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, P. 202
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
is maintained for the National Science
geology of South America and a similar
Foundation, U.S.-produced maps and
study for Antarctica were completed as
charts of Antarctica are distributed to
preludes to estimating those oil and gas
other SCAR-nation libraries, and
resources. USGS issued a map showing
foreign-produced materials are dis-
the geologic framework, petroleum
tributed to NSF-designated university
potential, and field locations of sedimen-
libraries.
tary basins in China. Soon to be released
The International Strategic Minerals
are a USGS Bulletin on the petroleum
Inventory, a program by the USGS and
assessment of West Siberia and a report
the U.S. Bureau of Mines in cooperation
on depositional controls, distribution,
with Australia, Canada, West Germany,
and effectiveness of the world's source
South Africa, and the United Kingdom,
rocks for oil and gas. Other USGS energy
continues to develop a global assessment
studies included the ongoing resources
of deposits, resources, and supply-
assessments and/or scientific research on
demand relations for a number of critical
coal in Costa Rica, Pakistan, and Yugos-
commodities. During Fiscal Year 1989,
lavia, peat in Indonesia, petroleum in
studies on tin were emphasized and in-
Germany, Hungary, and the southwest
vestigations on cobalt, nickel, platinum,
Pacific region, sedimentary basin
and titanium continued. Mineral
analysis in Korea, and bore-hole
resource assessments or research and
geophysics in Canada. These studies aid
modeling of mineral deposits under
foreign countries in the identification,
bilateral agreements continued with
development, and utilization of in-
China, France, Japan, Mexico, Portugal,
digenous energy resources, thus reduc-
Saudi Arabia, Spain, Venezuela, and
ing the needs to import expensive
Yugoslavia. The assessment programs
petroleum products and to rely on
provide knowledge of worldwide
economic assistance programs from
availability of minerals, especially those
without. Technical assistance in ground-
critical to supplies in the United States,
water modeling began in Fiscal Year
and assist foreign nations to explore, ex-
1989 in the Senegal River basin, Senegal
ploit, and utilize their own deposits,
and Mauritania. The assessment of water
some of which might be plentiful enough
resources in Abu Dhabi, UAE, con-
for export.
tinued for the 2nd year. Other continuing
USGS continues to assess worldwide
water-resources research activities in-
resources of oil and gas under The World
cluded studies of biogeochemistry of
Energy Resources Program, an exten-
lakes in Antarctica, humid-regions
sion of the domestic program. A country-
hydrology in Panama, debris-flow
by-country study of the petroleum
hazards in Japan, sea-ice characteristics
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, P. 203
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
in the Arctic, ground-water data base
Global Telemetered Seismic network
development assistance in India, and
and to monitor worldwide seismic data
various projects with Canada. Short-term
for earthquake prediction, the USGS
(less than 1-year duration) water resour-
carried on bilateral geophysical, seismic,
ces assessments and research on model-
and/or earthquake studies with various
ing also were conducted by USGS in
countries including Canada, Chile,
Antarctica, Australia, China, Costa Rica,
China, West Germany, Italy, Jordan,
Dominican Republic, Greenland, India,
Panama, Saudi Arabia, Soviet Union,
Korea, Senegal, Suriname, and
and Yugoslavia.
Venezuela. The many cooperative
The USGS coordinated the dispatch of
programs serve to substantiate the uni-
research teams to the Soviet area devas-
que character of the USGS as a world-
tated by the Armenian earthquake of
renowned organization having highly
December 1988, and supplied equip-
qualified personnel with knowledge and
ment and personnel to monitor seis-
expertise in the water resources field.
micity for sometime thereafter. The
Activities to mitigate geologic and
continuing stress to expand hazard
hydrologic hazards, the predictive inves-
studies hopefully will lead to worldwide
tigations and monitoring for volcanic
capabilities to predict hazardous events
eruptions, and the global research on
and mitigate resulting destruction, thus
geophysics, seismicity, and earthquakes
saving countless lives and untold suffer-
continued to be major USGS interna-
ing and losses, a benefit not only to the
tional cooperative programs during Fis-
United States, but also to all mankind.
cal Year 1989. Activities continued
Cooperative marine geology investiga-
under the Interagency Volcano Early
tions in 1989 included processing digital
Warning Disaster Assistance Program;
sonar data with Norway, development of
volcano monitoring and early warning
methods for seafloor sonar imaging sur-
prediction capabilities for eruptions
veys with the United Kingdom, and in-
were assessed for several Latin
stitution building with Indonesia.
American countries; monitoring con-
Mapping, resource assessment, and
tinued in Indonesia and Italy.
other activities related to marine ex-
Geologic hazard assessment programs
ploration and seafloor imagery derive in-
continued with El Salvador and in the
formation for long-term planning
southwestern Pacific coastal areas;
strategies to reduce U.S. dependence on
cooperative research on hydrologic and
foreign supplies of critical minerals.
volcanic hazards was done with Japan.
Climate change and atmospheric
In addition to its continuing multilateral
deposition programs are receiving in-
programs to establish and coordinate the
creased attention internationally. USGS
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, P. 204
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
expertise in environmental protection
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPOR-
research, a long-term effort in the
domestic program, is being applied to
TATION
cooperative preliminary studies with the
The economic welfare, quality of life
Soviet Union to monitor climate changes
and political stability of all countries
and with Canada on standardization of
depend upon the nature of the design,
monitoring equipment and procedures
construction and maintenance of effi-
to determine atmospheric contents of
cient, safe, secure, and viable transport
substances that might produce acid rain.
systems. Nationally, the role of the
During Fiscal Year 1989, 79 foreign na-
Department of Transportation (DOT) is
tions from 16 countries received training
to work closely with states, local
and 57 visiting scientists from 16
authorities, and private industry to build,
countries research in the U.S. Countless
maintain and improve these lifeline sys-
individuals were trained on the job
tems to meet the ever-increasing
during the activities in foreign countries.
socioeconomic demands of moving
Institution building was the major ac-
people, goods, and services.
tivity in Bangladesh and integral parts of
In many respects, U.S. national
the programs in Africa, Pakistan, and
transport goals cannot be accomplished
Saudi Arabia. Workshops were held in
without close and continuous liaisons
Turkey on marine geology, and a 5 week
with other countries and regions, par-
training course in hydrologic and
ticularly in the development, improve-
landslide hazards was conducted in Italy.
ment and interfacing of air and sea
The U.S. and U.S.S.R. have agreed to a
operations worldwide. For example, the
geoscientific research-personnel ex-
safety of both American and foreign car-
change program beginning next fiscal
rier operations is greatly enhanced by
year. The organization and upgrading of
bilateral cooperation and the provision
the earth-science institutions along with
of technical assistance and support to
the development of libraries, informa-
other countries. Further, many national
tion centers, and publication facilities as
and international transportation regula-
well as the training programs, allow
tions and policies (e.g., in areas of safety,
USGS to access earth-science and
security, and trade) are established on
resource-assessment information that
the basis of accepted scientific findings.
can be utilized in domestic studies and
Recognizing, therefore, that coopera-
will form the bases for recommendations
tion between and among a myriad of na-
on foreign policy decisions.
tional and international entities is
inherent in accomplishing many
departmental missions and that no
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 205
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
country has a monopoly on new ideas or
(c) provided aviation, highway,
technology (basic or advanced), DOT
maritime, and merchant marine
has continued to encourage and support
training to 424 foreign students.
science and technology (S&T) coopera-
As the level of activity varies from year
tion, which is carried out in accordance
to year in many of these programs, only
with the following objectives:
major activities for FISCAL YEAR 1989
to access and share transport tech-
are summarized below as these represent
nology and experience to reduce
progress in achieving one or more of the
costs and avoid duplication of
DOT international program objectives.
parallel national efforts;
oto find innovative solutions to
Bilateral Programs
common technical and operation-
Canada
al problems, particularly in the
At the October DOT-Transport
areas of safety and security;
Canada (TC) Program Review meeting,
to participate in multilateral re-
intensive discussions were held concern-
search and other discussions and
ing a wide-range of extant and/or
to coordinate national positions in
planned cooperative work in all modal
international organizations;
areas: marine/maritime; aviation; rail;
to promote sales of U.S. transpor-
highway traffic safety;highway construc-
tation equipment and technology,
tion, maintenance and operations; urban
and
and suburban systems; research on ac-
to support U.S. foreign policy.
cessibility for the handicapped; and
Currently, DOT has bilateral S&T
studies dealing with the driving habits of
cooperative arrangements with 24
senior citizens. It was agreed that greater
countries, actively participates in 15 in-
emphasis would be placed on a better
ternational organizations and is involved
understanding of the role of human fac-
from time to time in the work of other
tors in transport design, particularly in
multilateral groups. In addition, during
regard to emerging technologies.
Fiscal Year 1989, DOT
Projects to cooperate in these areas are
(a) provided cost-reimbursable
to be developed by a select group of
aviation and highway technical as-
specialists at the DOT Transportation
sistance to 88 countries;
Systems Center and TC's Transportation
(b) conducted a large foreign
Development Centre who have pointed
visitor program for technical orien-
out the crucial need for statistics and
tation, general fact-finding, and/or
demographic data.
discussions on policy issues; and
U.S. Deputy Secretary of Transporta-
tion, Elaine L. Chao, led a DOT delega-
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 206
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
tion for meetings with a Transport
Agreements were negotiated for cost-
Canada delegation, headed by Deputy
reimbursable assistance to the Chinese
Minister Shortliffe, in Chicago in June.
Civil Aviation Administration for air
Discussions were held on policy matters,
traffic and airworthiness training, nation-
including aviation security, airport con-
al airspace system planning, supply sup-
gestion in the United States and Europe,
port services, and flight simulator
marine/maritime national and interna-
qualifications.
tional operations, safety, rail operational
Federal Republic of Germany
changes and improvements, truck and
New programs of cooperation in high-
highway operations and changes in cross-
way, traffic safety, and rail areas were
border transport resulting from the Free
begun during the year which will be of
Trade Act.
considerable benefit to the United
The active technology sharing and col-
States. Information gained by DOT high-
laboration on policy issues between
way specialist on design of automated
DOT and TC specialists and senior-level
highway technology will aid in planning
management contributes significantly to
U.S. highways of the future. Cooperative
the improvement of transport systems in
work on gathering data regarding the in-
both countries, facilitates and promotes
fluence of selected drugs on driver per-
trade, enhances safety and security, and
formance and a program to determine
expedites the solution to many transport
relationships between engineering
problems and issues.
parameters of a crash and the occurrence
China
and severity of injuries will support the
DOT proceeded in implementing
adoption of measures to improve traffic
agreements with Chinese counterparts in
safety.
the highway, maritime search and rescue,
Mexico
and rail areas. Earlier in the year the U.S.
Following three years of negotiations, a
construction of a demonstration highway
maritime search and rescue (SAR)
in a major industrial corridor of China
agreement with the Government of
was of high interest in both countries.
Mexico was concluded. Cooperation, in-
Technical information was forwarded to
cluding exchanges on SAR training tech-
Chinese entities in areas of highway and
niques, has considerably facilitated
construction; rail research and develop-
communications between and among
ment; design, calculations and in-
ships and shore stations which has helped
strumentation on port/waterway
prevent accidents and effect rescues -
construction; and the groundwork was
thus saving lives, time, cargoes, and
laid for cooperation on maritime search
equipment.
and rescue cooperation.
The Netherlands
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 207
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
An agreement to sponsor research in
Soviet Union
the Netherlands to determine the effects
DOT hosted the First Session of the
of marijuana use actual driving perfor-
US-USSR Joint Committee on
mance was negotiated between traffic
Transportation in early May 1989. Plans
safety entities in both countries. Results
for cooperation during Working Group
should provide data on isolated effects of
Sessions on Civil Aviation, Rail Safety,
marijuana use which will enable DOT to
Highway Bridge Construction, and High-
determine for the first time the extent of
way/Traffic Safety were approved by the
its impact on traffic safety.
Joint Committee. Arrangements were
Poland
made for the highway delegates to visit
In advance of formal approval and fund-
the 3M Company facilities in Min-
ing in October by the U.S.-Polish Joint
neapolis/St. Paul and the GM Proving
Commission of two parallel rail safety
Grounds in Detroit and for the aviation
projects, involving real-time and
delegates to the FAA facilities in Atlan-
theoretical rail stress measurements,
tic City and Oklahoma.
DOT and Polish rail engineers have
Interagency coordination mechanisms
proceeded with planned cooperative
have been established to coordinate
work utilizing approximately $54,000 of
aspects of the US-USSR aviation
FRA/ TSC funds. Pretesting of rail sec-
cooperations. Meetings of the U.S.-
tions to determine optimum measure-
USSR Aviation Accident Investigation
ment methods and trial runs of the
Subgroup were held in Moscow during
computational mathematical model
which preliminary plans were made to
were undertaken, and findings were
facilitate/expedite investigation of na-
reviewed during seminars that led to
tionally manufactured plane accidents
revisions to various aspects of the re-
on foreign soil. Information gained
search plans thus considerably refining
during discussions concerning the com-
and advancing the actual research. Rail
position of aircraft engine parts and in-
engineers and management personnel
spection/replacement of these were very
are confident that significant safety
helpful to U.S. participants in avoiding
benefits will result from the data
future accidents. Meetings of the US-
developed from this research: reduction
USSR Air Traffic Control System Re-
in rail fracture and derailments, im-
quirements Working Group and the
proved rail manufacturing processes,
Satellite Navigation/Spectrum En-
possibly allowing for greater weight loads
gineering Subgroup are planned for late
to be hauled, and the applicability of the
fall in Moscow.
mathematical model in other metallurgy
A U.S. Rail Delegation, headed by
investigations.
Federal Railroad Administrator Gilbert
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 208
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Carmichael, visited the Soviet Union in
training cruise. The U.S. Coast Guard
October to view rail facilities and hold
Band performed in Leningrad at a joint
discussions on rail management im-
concert with the Leningrad Military Dis-
provements and make plans to begin ex-
trict Band at a ceremony marking the first
changes on the rail safety topics under
anniversary of the signing of the Inter-
the Agreement. The delegation visited
mediate Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty.
rail institutions in Moscow, Krasnyi
Yugoslavia
Liman, and Kiev and was well-received.
Under the US-Yugoslav Science and
A wealth of information was provided on
Technology program, Professor Dr. Lujo
various aspects of the Soviet rail system.
Suklje of the University of Ljubljana
Discussions were held on the current
completed his 6-year study of design
state of high speed rail technology in
criteria and predictive techniques for
each country and the possibilities of
embankments in soft soils which has
cooperating on this topic. Plans were
made a significant contribution to scien-
made to begin exchanges of information
tific understandings in this field. He and
on rail safety and economics: selecting
his colleagues developed a finite element
and training locomotive engineers,
computer model program which has
human factors affecting crew and perfor-
been compared with actual field meas-
mance, continuous welded rail, railway
urements. The program can also be ap-
bridges, rail defect detection, high speed
plied to the plane-strain consolidation
rail, nonoperational sources of revenue
analysis of multilayer drained soils.
and managerial training.
Western Europe
A U.S.-USSR agreement concerning
Deputy Secretary Chao and Federal
cooperation in combatting pollution in
Railroad Administrator Carmichael led
the Bering and Chukchi Seas in emer-
a DOT delegation to Italy, France, and
gency situations was signed. A joint con-
Germany in the fall of 1989 to evaluate
tingency plan was agreed between the
the applicability of high speed rail tech-
U.S. Coast Guard and the Soviet Minis-
nology developments for U.S. projects,
try of Merchant Marine which will im-
particularly in California, Florida and
prove cooperation in dealing with
Ohio. The delegation was briefed on and
pollution incidents in the waters between
rode the Pendolino tilt-rail train from
Alaska and Siberia.
Rome to Bologna, the Train a Grande
Consistent with improving relations be-
Vitesse (TGV) from LeMans to Paris,
tween our countries, the U.S. Coast
the Inter- City Express (ICE) from
Guard training barque EAGLE, with 130
Wurzburg to Fulda, the Mag/Lev ex-
cadets aboard, made a port call in
perimental train from near Lathen, and
Leningrad in June as part of its summer
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 209
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
the Spanish TALGO tilt rail train from
founded in 1953 and its membership cur-
Madrid to Avila.
rently comprises nineteen Western
Other Countries. Rail specialists met on
European countries with Australia,
several occasions for technology sharing
Canada, Japan, and the United States as
sessions with TGV and French Transpor-
Associate Members, and the Kingdom of
tation Department officials on high
Morocco, Hungary, and Poland as As-
speed rail, safety, intermodal operations,
sociate Members with observer status. It
hazardous materials transport,
occupies a special position both in terms
electrification, signals and telecom-
of its membership and its interests which
munications in freight and passenger ser-
are broadly defined as technical,
vice.
economic, social, and political. The
Rail specialists continued mutually
ECMT is concerned with the economic
beneficial technical exchanges and brief-
and commercial operation of transport
ings on Japan Railways privatization
services, routes, investment, and such
progress, high speed rail activities, and
technical aspects of transport as road
development progress on magnetic
traffic rules, high speed rail transport,
levitation operation.
safety, and signs and signals. While not
A Federal Railroad Administration
primarily concerned with science and
staff member accompanied a Transpor-
technology, the ECMT commands the
tation Research Board (TRB) delegation
attention of high-level policy makers
to Utrecht, the Netherlands, to meet with
within transport ministries when policy
the Secretary General of the Internation-
decisions based on technical findings are
al Union of Railways (UIC) and selected
tabled for consideration.
representatives of several European rail-
The ECMT Council of Ministers' 1989
roads to discuss the derivation of the UIC
spring session, attended by Deputy
railroad codes developed for high speed
Secretary Chao, considered reports on
rail; viz., railway operations, rolling
the use of new technologies to improve
stock, track standards, signalling,
information for passengers, combined
electrification, and communications. A
transport, the dimensions of transport
report, "Safety Factors Related to High
equipment, various aspects of transport
Speed Rail Passenger Systems" is being
for people with handicaps, high speed
published by the TRB.
rail passenger transport, combined
International Organizations
transport links, the introduction of lead
Transport Policy and Trade
free gas in Europe, and the preparations
European Conference of Ministers of
for a ministerial level conference on
Transport (ECMT). The ECMT was
transport and the environment.
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 210
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
During the meeting, Ms. Chao
Safety, Perishable Foodstuffs,
described the Secretary's new initiatives
Dangerous Goods, Construction of
for the improvement of civil aviation
Vehicles, Customs Questions, Com-
security, including the required deploy-
bined (intermodal) Transport, and
ment at international airports of ex-
Transport Statistics. The goal of each
plosives detection systems, such as the
Group has been to promote policy har-
Thermal Neutron Analysis device, for
monization through the exchange of in-
the screening of checked baggage.
formation and technical expertise to
United Nations Economic Commission
foster improved transport systems.
for Europe - Inland Transport Commit-
United Nations Economic Commission
tee (UN/ECE/ITC). Science and tech-
for Europe (ECE) Working Party on the
nology considerations are an integral
Facilitation of International Trade Pro-
part of the work of many ITC groups
cedures (WP4). The WP4 is a major ele-
during deliberations on problems of
ment of the ECE Committee on the
economics, safety and policy formula-
Development of Trade which has been
tion. The international harmonization of
working on electronic data interchange
requirements for the construction of
(EDI) for a number of years. EDI sub-
motor vehicles, for example, requires
stitutes electronic messages for paper
discussions among technical experts and
documents and is now used almost ex-
the exchange of test results. The har-
clusively by the private sector, saving mil-
monization process ensures that stand-
lions of dollars each year with potential
ards exist for safety reasons and not as
for further savings. International stand-
non-tariff trade barriers which would in-
ards need to be established for EDI to
hibit trade in motor vehicles, equipment
function effectively. DOT, with assis-
and parts.
tance of U.S. private industry, has been
The ITC also discusses diverse
leading the U.S. effort to develop those
problems of technology such as the con-
standards.
struction, maintenance and handling of
Maritime
transport equipment; the development
of multimodal transport; and the effect
International Maritime Organization
of developments in microelectronics
(IMO). The U.S. Coast Guard continued
upon transport systems.
its active participation in IMO, repre-
Delegates from the DOT, the Depart-
senting the United States at meetings of
ment of Agriculture, U.S. Customs Ser-
the Assembly, the Council, and on Com-
vice, and the Environmental Protection
mittees to discuss maritime safety,
Agency actively participate in the work of
marine environment protection, legal is-
the Groups of Experts on Road Traffic
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 211
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
sues, technical cooperation, and other
tion on Salvage was adopted. The
topics. Major U.S. achievements were:
U.S. played a major role in the
The agreement by IMO to sponsor
development of this convention
a convention to implement the in-
which provides added incentive to
itiative announced by President
assist vessels in distress prior to a
Bush at the Paris Summit for im-
major maritime casualty.
proved international coordination
Aviation
and cooperation in response to
major maritime pollution inci-
International Civil Aviation Organiza-
dents. This initiative is a direct out-
tion (ICAO). The Federal Aviation Ad-
growth of the oil spill resulting
ministration (FAA) continued its active
from the grounding of the M/V
representation in ICAO at Annual As-
EXXON VALDEZ in Prince Wil-
sembly meetings, Regional Groups and
liam Sound, Alaska, in March
other committees and panels set up to
1989. The plan calls for the
study specific problems and issues on in-
development of a draft document
ternational aviation development and
by an international working group,
operations.
followed by an international con-
Following the downing of PAN AM
ference for its review and adop-
Flight 103 by an explosion, Secretary of
tion. The U.S. Government, repre-
Transportation Samuel K. Skinner rep-
sented by the USCG, will actively
resented the United States at a special
participate in all phases of the
ICAO Ministerial Meeting in February
work.
1989. The Call for the Ministerial was a
An international conference on
joint effort by the United States and the
the Global Maritime Distress and
United Kingdom. During the Mini-
Safety System was held in October
sterial, the ICAO Council adopted a
1989. The U.S. took an active role
comprehensive program of actions to
in the conference, the results of
meet the terrorist threat.
which will markedly improve the
The United States also participated in
capability of mariners to communi-
meetings of the Aviation Security Panel
cate via satellite with each other
and a group formed to explore marking
and, more importantly, with shore-
of explosive material. FAA repre-
based rescue facilities in case of
sentatives actively participated in the
emergencies.
major Caribbean/South American
The International Conference on
Regional Air Navigation meeting in San-
Salvage was held in April 1989 in
tiago, Chile, and in technical meetings of
which the International Conven-
important ICAO bodies, including those
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 212
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
charged with developing international
autonomous, self-sustaining, inde-
standards for future worldwide com-
pendently financed, and viable institu-
munication, navigation/surveillance, and
tion to provide training and technology
airborne collision systems.
transfer services to PAHC members.
Highway Construction and
Substantial progress has been made in
establishing the PIH. The Institute is ar-
Highway/Traffic Safety
ranging technology transfer activities
The International Road Federation
and has published a quarterly newspaper
(IRF)
to be distributed to over 1,000 highway
The Federal Highway Administration
engineers and technicians throughout
(FHWA), in cooperation with the private
the hemisphere.
sector, was a major participant at the 11th
Permanent International Association
IRF World Meeting in Seoul, Korea, in
of Road Congresses (PIARC)
April 1989. The purpose of the meeting
The PIARC is the principal internation-
was to promote international coopera-
al road policy/technical organization
tion and exchange of technical
benefiting public sector road authorities.
knowledge and management informa-
FHWA expanded its participation in
tion of highway technology. Over 2,000
PIARC in 1987 to improve domestic
delegates from 80 countries, including 15
highway practices in developed countries
Ministers of Roads from IRF member
and promote the exports of U.S. sup-
countries, attended. The U.S. presence,
pliers of road equipment and services. In
demonstrated by exhibit and presenta-
1989, FHWA representatives attended
tion of technical papers, conveyed to the
technical committee meetings on Roads
delegates the variety of technical exper-
in Urban Areas, Flexible Pavements, and
tise, highway engineering experience,
Concrete Pavements and planning meet-
and information on materials and equip-
ings for the next World Road Congress
ment available from the United States.
to be held in Morocco. Technical
Several U.S. companies have successful-
benefits have been gained in increased
ly negotiated contracts for new projects
international awareness of American in-
as a result of this effort.
novations and strengthened cooperation
Pan American Highway Congress
with Transportation Research Board and
(PAHC)
the American Association of State High-
FHWA has agreed to develop the
way and Transportation Officials on
framework for a Pan American Institute
PIARC matters.
of Highways (PIH) at the request of the
International Commission on Il-
PAHC Permanent Executive Commit-
lumination (CIE)
tee. Its objective is to establish an
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 213
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
The CIE is a private international or-
tation (IRRD) Program - a com-
ganization founded in 1900 to provide an
puterized scheme for the systematic ex-
international forum for discussions and
change of scientific and technical
exchange of information on all matters
literature.
relating to the science and art of il-
The RTRP is the major forum for the
lumination. The membership is com-
exchange of information on policies and
posed of 29 affiliated national
technology among the industrialized
illumination committees, including one
countries of Western Europe, North
which develops reports and guidelines on
America, and the Pacific region. The pro-
highway and vehicle lighting and visual
gram also takes into account other modes
signaling. Division 4, Lighting and Sig-
of transport and broader socioeconomic
nalling for Transport, is focussed on re-
concerns. Each research group is led by
quirements, including road and vehicular
a pilot country that has the greatest ex-
lighting, signing, marking and traffic sig-
pertise in the selected subject and is
nalling, and to develop international
charged with providing a background
technical reports, guidelines, and/or
paper, guidance and leadership
standards. Participation provides U.S.
throughout the cycle of work. Maximum
representatives the ability to reconcile
research results at the lowest possible
the differences between specifications
cost are therefore realized.
used in the United States and those used
The results of the last triennial program
in international trade and to keep current
produced excellent collaborative re-
on developments in the field which
search reports on international full-scale
would be useful in designing future aids
pavement testing, traffic control and
for driver safety.
safety improvements in highway work
Organization for Economic Coopera-
zones, bridge management, truck routes
tion and Development
and networks, road technology transfer,
Road Transport Research Program -
expert systems applied to roads and road
(OECD/RTRP). The RTRP was created
traffic, road safety in developing
in 1967 to provide scientific and technical
countries, just-in-time transport (innova-
support to member governments to assist
tions in logistics), road user capacities
them in making decisions on roads and
and behavioral adaptations in adjusting
road transport and to promote coopera-
to changing traffic tasks and accident
tion through the consolidation and ex-
risks, and promoting the use of traffic
change of information. These purposes
safety information. The scientific and
are accomplished through a triennial
technical activities of the triennial pro-
program of multilateral research and the
gram for 1989-1991 cover a wide range of
International Road Research Documen-
topics within the general categories of
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 214
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
infrastructure research, road safety, road
harmonization of regulations and recom-
traffic management and control, road
mendations for the safe and efficient in-
transport analysis, and transfer of tech-
ternational transport of dangerous goods
nology to developing countries.
other than radioactive materials. The
Rail
Committee considers highly technical
subjects such as proper classification/
International Union of Railways (UIC).
packaging, hazard evaluation, testing
The Federal Railroad Administration
methods, and the use of multimodal tank
(FRA) continued participation in the ac-
and intermediate bulk containers for the
tivities of the UIC, particularly in the
transport of explosives and other
work of its Office for Research and Ex-
dangerous goods. A number of 1989
periments (ORE). Through its specialist
amendments to the DOT Hazardous
committee structure, the ORE studies
Materials Regulations incorporate
questions of mutual concern to UIC
member railway entities. In exchange for
transport standards developed through
participation in the work of this Commit-
results of U.S. rail research, FRA
tee and other international organiza-
received reports on foreign research on
tions. Such action is consistent with
such topics as track design and main-
national law which requires agencies to
tenance, railcar and component designs
and load factors, rail track buckling (e.g.,
base regulations on internationally
developed performance standards. As
and longitudinal rail stress phenomenon
involved in the use of Continuous
the United States currently enjoys a
Welded Rail), and rail track fatigue
multi-billion dollar positive trade
balance in chemicals, our commercial in-
which were highly complementary to
U.S. priorities. FRA specialists con-
terests are well-served by adopting ac-
cepted standards.
tinued participation in the work of an
ORE Committee established to research
Special Multilateral Programs
rolling contact fatigue, a problem of criti-
Strategic Highway Research Program
cal concern to the international rail com-
(SHRP)
munity.
The SHRP is an international program
Dangerous Goods Transport
to improve highway infrastructures of
United Nations Economic and Social
participating countries. Funded under
the auspices of the National Research
Council (ECOSOC) - Committee of Ex-
Council in cooperation with
perts on the Transport of Dangerous
Goods. This U.S.-chaired Committee is
FHWA/DOT and other U.S. transport
concerned with the development and
entities, technical problems regarding
both materials and processes are being
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 215
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
researched and procedures for continu-
in costs due to cooperative efforts; early
ing international cooperation have been
introduction of research results into
established. Twenty-two countries have
production vehicles; worldwide har-
appointed international coordinators to
monization of safety regulations; and
foster technology transfer. Several
close working relationships with govern-
countries are actively participating in the
ment and industry specialists.
pavement performance area by monitor-
Technical Assistance
ing pavement composition in their
countries and sharing this data through
Cost-reimbursable aviation technical
the SHRP. Detailed technical informa-
assistance in all areas which affect safety
tion and data gained has been shared
(i.e., air traffic control and air navigation
through other international highway or-
facilities, airmen licensing, airport
ganizations.
operation, security, and airworthiness) is
Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV)
provided by the FAA through formal
Initiated in 1970 under the NATO
agreements with foreign government
Committee on the Challenges of Modern
aviation entities. During 1989, FAA car-
Society, the ESV program involves nine
ried out the program under 194 Agree-
countries. Current emphasis is being
ments with 68 countries and
placed on the broader issues of motor
organizations throughout the world. As
vehicle safety rather than on the original
stated in the preamble to this chapter, the
thrust of developing state-of-the-art
safety of both American and foreign car-
safety design and engineering.
rier operations is greatly enhanced by
The U.S. sponsored the 12th ESV Con-
this program.
ference held in May 1989 in Gothenburg,
During 1989, U.S. Coast Guard officers
Sweden. Over 600 delegates repre-
wee assigned as consultants and support
senting industry and governments of 17
staff to many countries and international
countries attended. The U.S. Delegation,
organizations, e.g., U.S. Mission to the
headed by National Highway Traffic
United Nations; and IMO; the Panama
Safety Administrator Jerry Curry,
Canal Commission; in Antigua to assist
presented over 20 percent of the techni-
in the development of Coast Guards in
cal papers on a variety of safety engineer-
the Eastern Caribbean; and to U.S.
ing subjects. Benefits include worldwide
Security Assistance Offices in Barbados
development of advanced state-of-the-
and Costa Rica to provide technical as-
art improvements in vehicle safety per-
sistance in the areas of maritime safety,
formance; valuable information from
maritime law enforcement procedures,
technical conferences on research
and disaster preparedness with emphasis
progress, problems and issues; reduction
on port safety, search and rescue, oil spill
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 216
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
contingency plans, and cruise ship dis-
A DOT economist assisted the
aster contingency plans. Other technical
Government of Jamaica during
assistance involved assignments aboard
1989 in implementing plans for
U.S. Navy ships during training exercises.
the construction and maintenance
The FHWA carried out cost-reimbur-
of a 450-mile farm-to-market road
sable technical assistance programs with
program. As part of a continuing
Barbados, China, Costa Rica, Kuwait,
DOT-AID effort, strategies for
and Turkey, and the Pan American High-
development of transport in
ways Conference. Work ranged from
Southern Africa were prepared to
planning a modern transport system to
make freight transport of the
specific assistance on highway construc-
landlocked countries less depend-
tion, traffic planning, and conducting
ent on South Africa by rehabilitat-
workshops on value engineering. Ex-
ing portions of the traditional
posure to American industrial
regional transport corridors and
capabilities enhances possibilities for ex-
by improving the efficiency of
ports of highway technology and equip-
transport in the region.
ment.
During the fall of 1988, an OST
Specialists in the Office of the Secretary
transport economist spent two
(OST) continued to manage the large
weeks in, Zimbabwe, assisting
cost-reimbursable technical assistance
AID personnel in preparing the
program to Saudi Arabia (about $3.3M
transport sector report for the
in FISCAL YEAR 1989) to carry out the
Southern Africa Regional
goals established in 1978 with the Minis-
Development Strategy Statement.
try of Communications. These goals in-
Two OST transport economists
clude the development of a modern
spent a month in Malawi prepar-
transport system, training of profes-
ing the transport sector analysis
sionals in transport technology, transfer
for AID's Country Development
and tailor state-of-the-art technology to
Strategy Statement.
Saudi's needs, enhance the overall ad-
DOT staff provided assistance in
ministration of transport, and provide
the AID-sponsored World Bank
staff and equipment support in critical
and donor nations' study of the
areas such as data processing.
long-term operational viability of
OST also provided cost-reimbursable
railroads in southern African
experts to the Agency for International
countries. An FRA and an OST
Development (AID) for various assign-
staff member spent five weeks in
ments in developing countries as follows:
Africa with a team composed of
World Bank railroad staff and rail
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 217
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
experts from Canada, the United
The U.S. Coast Guard Academy
Kingdom and the Netherlands.
now has a total foreign student en-
The study covered railroads in An-
rollment of 12 cadets from the
gola, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
Central and South America and
Tanzania, Mozambique,
Pacific regions. As space is avail-
Botswana, and Swaziland. Team
able, foreign students can attend
members met with transport minis-
Coast Guard schools on a reimbur-
try officials and railroad personnel
sable basis or when sponsored by
to gather information. The team's
another federal agency. During
findings are being incorporated
Fiscal Year 1989, approximately
into a World Bank report focusing
100 international students at-
on strategies to enhance the finan-
tended Coast Guard schools
cial viability of the rail system in
under the U.S. Security Assistance
southern Africa. In December
Program. Another 50 attended
1989, an OST transport economist
under various U.S. foreign aid
will begin a two-year assignment
programs, international organiza-
in Zimbabwe to assist AID with
tion sponsorship or through direct
the formulation, planning, and im-
reimbursement from the sending
plementation of transport
country. The Coast Guard also dis-
programs in southern Africa.
patches Mobile Training Teams to
foreign countries to provide train-
Training of Foreign Nationals
ing in USCG related missions;
DOT provided aviation and maritime
e.g., drug law enforcement,
training to foreign nationals primarily on
fisheries law enforcement, port
a cost-reimbursable basis as follows:
safety/security, and search and res-
FAA programmed training at U.S.
cue.
facilities for 412 international stu-
dents in Fiscal Year 1989. Several
Foreign Visitors
classes, including subjects such as
In addition to discussions with visiting
air traffic control, flight standards
foreign counterparts on bilateral
and instructor training were con-
cooperation and other matters, DOT
ducted exclusively at the FAA
hosted approximately 1,460 visitors from
Academy in Oklahoma City.
all over the world during Fiscal Year
Other training for various special-
1989 for discussions on U.S. transport
ties is arranged at U.S. schools
technology, transport system planning,
and businesses.
institutional arrangements, regulation
and deregulation, safety, and security.
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 218
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Aviation and maritime were the modal
In other areas of cooperation, through
areas of greatest interest, with ap-
the leads of the Environmental Protec-
proximately 350 in the highway area.
tion Agency and Environment Canada,
Budget and Resources
the two countries continued priority ef-
forts to reduce pollution under auspices
During Fiscal Year 1989, costs for car-
of the U.S. Canada Great Lakes Water
rying out DOT international activities
Quality Agreement; made substantial
are estimated at $13 million. Costs must
be estimated as many international func-
progress in further developing bilateral
tions also serve to fulfill national mis-
toxic management strategies for the
Niagara River and Lake Ontario; con-
sions of the Department or cover
tinued to control many transboundary
expenditures for a variety of purposes
shipments of hazardous wastes between
including promotion of international
cooperation. The Department does not
the two countries; and carried out joint
have a separate appropriation for carry-
scientific and technological project work
ing out international science and tech-
on air, water and waste pollution control.
nology programs. All costs are absorbed
Technical activities included cosponsor-
ship by the Environmental Protection
in budgets of the various Departmental
Agency and Environment Canada of a
entities. @12 = ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY
major international symposium on
municipal waste incineration in April
U.S.- Canada Environmental
1989. Within the International Joint
Cooperation
Commission, the two countries con-
During Fiscal Year 1989, the U.S. and
tinued their cooperation on the Great
Canada established a new understanding
Lakes and other transboundary pollution
on the process by which the two countries
issues. Of particular interest to the U.S.
would work toward resolution of the
was the issuance in 1989 of an important
transboundary acid deposition issue that
IJC recommendation on the need to
was of major concern during the 1980's.
protect the Watertown-Glacier Interna-
During Fiscal Year 1989, the U.S. and
tional Peace Park and the pristine
Canada had a bilateral consultation on a
Flathead River watershed from a
proposed bilateral air pollution accord
proposed coal mine in British Columbia.
that would emphasize acid deposition.
The many policy and technical activities
This process, while in its early stages,
on environmental protection that oc-
helped to establish a more positive
curred between the U.S. and Canada
relationship on transboundary pollution
during Fiscal Year 1989 included sub-
control.
stantial participation by state and provin-
cial governments.
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 219
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
U.S.-Mexico City Cooperation
Transboundary Movement of
In 1989, the Environmental Protection
Hazardous Waste
Agency became National Coordinator
The issue of hazardous waste manage-
for a new bilateral agreement between
ment has continued to receive
the U.S. and Mexico on Cooperation for
widespread public attention as a major
the Protection and Improvement of the
environmental and health issue both for
Environment in the Metropolitan Area
the American public and for the interna-
of Mexico City. The new agreement com-
tional community. Considerable atten-
mits the U.S. and Mexico to work
tion also has been given to the issue of the
together to address the air and other pol-
transboundary movement of hazardous
lution problems of one of the world's
waste, and many countries have joined
largest cities.
with the U.S. by participating in several
Forms of cooperation envisioned under
ongoing projects in international or-
this framework agreement include tech-
ganizations such as the OECD and the
nology transfers, scientific and technical
U.N. Environment Program (UNEP).
advice, environmental monitoring and
The U.S. has also played an active and
environmental impact assessments by
constructive role in the hazardous waste
Mexican authorities, joint meetings and
activities of the OECD and UNEP.
reviews, exchange of relevant personnel
Under U.S. hazardous waste export
and exchanges of environmental infor-
regulations of the Resource Conserva-
mation and data, coordination on nation-
tion and Recovery Act (RCRA), EPA
al programs, and cooperation in
requires prior notice of proposed export,
developing appropriate environmental
including information on quantity, type
funding mechanisms. Annexes to the
of waste, frequency of shipment and a
agreement may be concluded to establish
description of how the waste is going to
specific programs.
be treated. Upon receipt of a notice, the
At the August 1989 Binational Com-
U.S. transmits the information to the
mission meeting it was agreed that
receiving country with the understanding
negotiations for a new annex to the 1983
that EPA must have the country's prior
Border Agreement would begin. There-
written consent in order for the ship-
after, Annex V was signed by EPA Ad-
ments to take place, which gives the U.S.
ministrator William K. Reilly and
the capability of enforcing the export
SEDUE Secretary Patricio Chirinos on
regulations.
October 3, 1989.
In addition to the RCRA regulations,
there also is a provision in U.S. law allow-
ing for bilateral agreements which may
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 220
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
streamline the notification and consent
role in the field of environment, and ex-
procedures. This ensures that the regula-
plored ways to strengthen environmental
tions do not hamper the legitimate trade
cooperation over the next decade. In
in hazardous waste across national fron-
view of the interrelatedness between en-
tiers. The U.S. already conclude bilateral
vironment and other components of the
agreements with Canada and Mexico.
OECD, ministers agreed to emphasize a
Additional initiatives are now under con-
cross-sectoral or "horizontal" approach
sideration in the U.S. to further
to environmental cooperation in the fu-
strengthen the hazardous waste export
ture, encompassing the organization as a
system.
whole.
In line with this objective, member
Organization of Economic
governments have agreed that the
Cooperation and Development
OECD's environmental program be
(OECD)
defined in terms of "five pillars" of work:
The OECD is an instrument for inter-
1) Environmental Health and Safety, 2)
governmental cooperation among 24 in-
Environmental Support for non-OECD
dustrialized countries on matters
Countries, 3) Energy and Environment
relating to economic, environmental and
Relationships, 4) Technology and the
social policy. Joined by a community of
Environment, 5) Integration of
interests, member governments address
Economic and Environmental Policy.
issues of common concern. This includes
The U.S. will support programs in these
sharing information and experience, ex-
five areas.
amining different ways to solve
problems, and when appropriate prepar-
World Health Organization
ing recommendations to guide national
(WHO)
policies.
During the past year, WHO's Division
Until recently, virtually all environmen-
of Environmental Health continued to
tal work undertaken by the OECD was
coordinate multi-year project work
led by the Environment Directorate, es-
under several important U.N. programs
tablished in 1970. The Directorate over-
in which the U.S. participates. These ef-
sees the work of the Environment
forts included: WHO and UNEP Global
Committee, which consists of three
Environmental Monitoring System
divisions: Economics, Pollution Control
(GEMS) program work on worldwide air
and Chemicals. However, at the Spring
pollution monitoring and reporting,
1989 meeting of the OECD Council at
worldwide fresh water pollution
the ministerial level, governments gave
monitoring, and developing newer
unprecedented attention to the OECD's
GEMS efforts on human exposure to
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 221
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
pollution. WHO, UNEP and ILO in
ecologic approaches, source controls for
liaison with FAO carried out the U.N.
air pollution, radiation protection,
International Program on Chemical
ground water protection, and other
Safety project work on assessing the
topics. Specialists from both sides visit
health and environmental effects of in-
each other's laboratories and field sites
dustrial chemicals and pesticides, im-
to continue cooperative research on
proving methods for evaluating the
forest damage, a major concern in the
toxicity of chemicals, development of a
FRG and of growing interest to U.S.
U.N. chemical safety cards project for
scientists. At their meetings in August
eventual use of the cards worldwide for
1989 and November 1989, Administrator
emergency preparedness and response;
Reilly and German Environment Mini-
preparation of a WHO, World Bank and
ster Toepfer endorsed ongoing work and
U.N. technical manual on treatment and
discussed net topics for inclusion in he
disposal of hazardous waste in develop-
programs.
ment countries; and other pollution con-
In addition to an active bilateral pro-
trol and health protection projects. The
gram, the U.S. has significant exchanges
EPA-WHO Collaborating Center for
with the FRG through multilateral fora
Environmental Pollution Control con-
such as the OECD, the Economic Com-
tributed to the above efforts, as well as
mission of Europe, and the NATO Com-
supporting the work of the WHO Inter-
mittee on the Challenges of Modern
national Agency for Research on Cancer,
Society (CCMS). Within CCMS, the U.S.
the Pan American Health Organization,
and the FRG led a major effort on con-
and other WHO-related activities.
trol of dioxins. The German Marshall
Federal Republic of Germany
Fund of the U.S. has promoted and as-
sisted in the exchange of specialists and
Bilateral cooperation with environmen-
meetings on development of innovative
tal authorities and scientists in the FRG
economic instruments to encourage
provides significant benefit to the EPA
voluntary compliance with pollution
domestic programs. The two countries
standards.
share common concerns and commit-
ments, and benefit through exchange of
The Netherlands
information and experience on their ap-
Cooperation between the U.S. and the
proaches to the solution of major en-
Netherlands takes place under a
vironmental problems.
Memorandum of Understanding
Current work under the U.S.-FRG
(MOU) between EPA and the Dutch
Agreement on Environmental Coopera-
Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning,
tion focuses on acid deposition and its
and Environment. Major activities
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 222
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
during Fiscal Year 1989 were symposia
was signed in 1975 and extended for five
on environmental policy and enforce-
years in 1980 and 1985. EPA and the
ment.
Japanese Environment Agency exercise
The U.S. Government participated in
general oversight of the agreement and
the Dutch-sponsored international
16 projects which successfully promote
meeting on climate change which was
the exchange of new technology, practi-
held at Noordvijk in November, 1989.
cal experience, and data on a broad array
Ongoing cooperation in other areas is
of priority environmental issues.
focused on innovative cross-media,
Benefits derived by both sides from these
results-oriented environmental manage-
exchanges are evaluated at the Joint
ment, hazardous waste management and
Planning and coordinating Committee
emergency preparedness, water quality
Meeting (JCCM) which is normally held
protection, health effects, acid deposi-
every 12 to 18 months, alternately in the
tion, and other priority topics. A number
U.S. and Japan. Waste water treatment,
of Dutch specialists have worked in EPA
air pollution control, solid and hazardous
laboratories under the EPA program for
waste management, toxic substances, en-
visiting researchers.
vironmental impact assessment, drinking
Brazil
water, and food chemistry are the sub-
EPA has provided training for technical
jects of current projects.
and professional staff of the Sao Paulo
Korea
State Pollution Control Agency
The MOU signed by EPA and the
(CETSB) under an MOU. The training
Korea Environment Agency (KEA) on
program has covered most areas of
November 2, 1987 does not take effect
modern environmental protection
until the U.S.-Korea umbrella science
programs, and has involved visits and
and technology agreement is renewed
work assignments in EPA laboratories.
with an IPR amendment. Seven possible
Senior administrative personnel had
projects were discussed at the 1987 EPA-
working discussions with EPA regulatory
KEA meeting including environmental
officials at the federal and regional
administration, health effects of air pol-
levels. EPA also has arranged for U.S.
lution, risk assessment, transport of air
private-sector consultants to conduct
pollutants, waste water management,
training programs in Brazil.
eutrophication, and sanitary landfill
facilities.
Japan
The U.S.-Japan Agreement on
Soviet Union
Cooperation in the Field of Environment
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, P. 223
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Activity under the U.S.-USSR Environ-
and to avoid unwarranted technology
mental Protection Agreement ac-
transfer.
celerated measurably in Fiscal Year
The benefits derived from thirty years
1989, with approximately 250 scientists
of international cooperation, both tan-
being exchanged. Mutual attention to
gible and intangible, have validated this
macro-environmental issues, especially
approach. Cooperation offers access to
the question of global climate change,
increasingly significant foreign expertise,
has drawn the U.S. and the USSR toward
to geographic locations necessary for
greater cooperation in addressing global
study of unique scientific phenomena
environmental problems. In addition,
and for research and operational
the USSR has taken a major step in or-
programs which are global in scale. Pool-
ganizing its environmental efforts
ing resources offers the opportunity to
around a new State Committee for En-
undertake programs which either could
vironmental Protection.
not be carried out along or would be
developed more slowly as a unilateral
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS
effort. Successful international space
AND SPACE ADMINISTRA-
cooperation promotes positive interna-
TION
tional perceptions of this nation.
International cooperation has been an
Through international cooperation,
important dimension of the NASA space
NASA seeks to advance U.S. foreign and
program from its formation by the Na-
space policy goals.
tional Aeronautics and Space Act of
1958. NASA has entered into well over
International Cooperation on
1000 agreements with more than 135
Space Station Freedom
countries and international organiza-
On September 29, 1988, in Washington,
tions. These relationships have covered a
the United States and its partners signed
broad spectrum of collaborative en-
the multilateral "Agreement Among the
deavors, ranging from the development
Government of the United States of
of major space hardware to the sharing of
America, Governments of Member
space data among scientists around the
States of the European Space Agency,
globe.
the Government of Japan and the
NASA's guidelines for international
Government of Canada on Cooperation
space cooperation are straightforward;
in the Detailed Design, Development,
they are designed to gain substantive
Operation and Utilization of the Per-
benefit for NASA programs, to assure
manently Manned Civil Space Station:
fair and equitable terms for participants,
(IGA)." At the time of the signing, the
participating countries of the Space Sta-
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION, P. 224
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
tion Freedom program were Japan,
tween the Federal Minister for Research
Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France,
and Technology of the Federal Republic
Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Nor-
of Germany and the National
way, Spain, and Ireland. The IGA
Aeronautics and Space Administration.
provides the intergovernmental policy
The agreement covered participation of
direction for conduct of the international
the Federal Ministry of Research and
aspects of the Space Station Freedom
Technology (BMFT) in the NASA
program. On the same date, NASA
Jupiter Orbiter and Probe Project, later
signed bilateral Memorandum of Under-
renamed Galileo. The BMFT provided
standing with its cooperating partners in
the Retropropulsion Module which will
Canada and Europe (the Ministry of
perform all mission maneuvers. in addi-
State for Science and Technology, and
tion, there are two German experiments
the European Space Agency, respective-
in the payload as well as German par-
ly). A comparable MOU with the
ticipation in five additional U.S. experi-
Government of Japan was signed on
ments. Galileo will reach Jupiter in
March 14, 1989. The MOU's provide the
December 1995.
technical and programmatic details of
the international aspects of the Space
Cooperation with the Soviet
Station Freedom program.
Union
NASA and its international partners
The Agreement between the United
have entered into the detailed design and
States of America and the Union of
development phase of the cooperation.
Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning
Space Station Freedom will offer un-
Cooperation in the Exploration and Use
paralleled opportunities for scientific
of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes
and commercial research on its manned
was signed in 1987. It created five joint
base and through the resources of the
working groups (JWGs) in five scientific
related polar orbiting platforms over the
disciplines: Space Biology and Medicine,
planned three decade lifetime of the sys-
Solar System Exploration, Solar-Ter-
tem.
restrial Physics, Astronomy and
Astrophysics, and Earth Sciences. The
Galileo
annex to the Agreement specified six-
On October 18, 1989, a major milestone
teen cooperative projects; the Agree-
in international cooperation was reached
ment was amended in May, 1988 to
with the launch of Galileo on the Space
include two new annex items providing
Shuttle Atlantis. The Galileo project was
for scientific instruments to fly on each
initiated in October 1977 with the signing
other's spacecraft and the exchange of
of a Memorandum of Understanding be-
results of independent national studies of
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION, P. 225
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
future unmanned solar system coopera-
gamma-ray burst detection instrument
tion. All of the JWGs have met at least
on the U.S. Wind spacecraft in 1992.
twice to date.
Several activities highlight recent U.S.-
International Cooperation in
Soviet civil space cooperation. Twenty-
Global Change Studies
nine U.S. experiments were conducted in
NASA's program in Earth Science and
connection with the Soviet Cosmos 2044
Applications continues to contribute sig-
biosatellite mission launched on Sep-
nificantly to the international efforts to
tember 15, 1989. A "Telemedicine
understand and address global environ-
Spacebridge" linked U.S. and Soviet
mental change. In January and February
hospitals for three months to permit
1989, NASA conducted an aircraft cam-
medical consultation via satellite to assist
paign over the Arctic region from a base
with the longer-term consequences of
of operations in Norway to measure at-
the Armenian earthquake and injuries
mospheric variables and to conduct re-
from the train explosion in Ufa.
search on ozone depletion. In 1989,
Activities have also been initiated in the
NASA also completed its initial selection
area of exchanges of flight opportunities
of scientific investigations for the Earth
for scientific instruments. NASA is pur-
Observing System (EOS) which consists
suing the opportunity to fly a Total
of a series of polar-orbiting platforms to
Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)
make long-term consistent measure-
on a Soviet Meteor-3 spacecraft in 1990-
ments of the Earth's environment from
91, in order to continue the availability of
space. The EOS program is being
global ozone data to assess important
planned in close coordination with the
environmental phenomena such as the
global change research efforts of Europe,
Antarctic ozone hole. NASA also has
Japan, and Canada. Over 500 scientists
accepted in principle a Soviet proposal to
from 13 countries have been identified to
fly a Soviet or French transponder on
participate in the EOS research program.
Mars Observer to enable the U.S. mis-
Throughout the summer and fall, NASA
sion to serve as a communications relay
conducted field experiments in Europe
for the planned 1994 Soviet Mars balloon
and Brazil to support global change
mission. NASA is exploring the
studies. Under a bilateral agreement
feasibility of flying an x-ray All Sky
with the USSR, scientists and equipment
Monitor and an x-ray Polarimeter on the
from the Soviet Union were brought to
Soviet Spectrum-X-Gamma high energy
the U.S. in 1989 to participate in an inter-
astrophysics mission in 1993/94. Finally,
national campaign to explore land sur-
the USSR plans to fly a Soviet "Konus"
face-atmosphere interactions.
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION, P. 226
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
International Space Year
and a major international conference in
1992. The conference will focus on
In the fall of 1988, NASA arranged for
the establishment of the ISY Earth
remote sensing applications for resour-
ces management and environmental as-
Science and Technology Panel of Ex-
sessment with emphasis on the needs of
perts. The panel met for the first time in
developing countries.
February/March 1989 in Abingdon,
England, hosted by the British National
New International Agreement
Space Centre, to generate specific
German Spacelab Missions
projects in support of the primary ISY
A Memorandum of Understanding Be-
theme of Mission to Planet Earth. The
tween the National Aeronautics and
projects were formally adopted by the
Space Administration of the United
Space Agency Forum on International
States of America and the Federal Min-
Space Year (SAFISY), of which NASA
istry for Research and Technology of the
is a founding member, at its second meet-
Federal Republic of Germany concern-
ing in Frascati, Italy, in May 1989. NASA
ing Space Shuttle Flight Activities was
has worked throughout the year with
signed July 10, 1989 by the Federal Min-
other national space agencies and or-
ister of Research and Technology of the
ganizations to begin implementing these
Federal Republic of Germany and the
projects. SAFISY has also commissioned
NASA Administrator. The second Ger-
a Panel of Experts on Education and Ap-
man Spacelab mission, D-2, is currently
plications and a panel of Experts on
planned to be launched on the Space
Space Science to consider specific ISY
Shuttle in May 1992. A D-3 mission is
projects in these areas. During 1989,
also on the launch manifest.
NASA has worked with other U.S. agen-
Geotail Scientific Satellite
cies to forward a U.S. proposal to the
The Geotail spacecraft is part of an in-
United Nations Committee on Peaceful
ternational fleet of spacecraft taking
Uses of Outer Space for a UN role in
solar-terrestrial physics measurements
ISY. The U.S. proposal seeks to combine
in the first half of the 1990s. Japan's In-
the training and educational capabilities
stitute of Space and Astronautical
of the UN Space Applications
Science is building the spacecraft and
Programme with the unique resources
NASA will
available through the United Nations
provide a launch in 1992 aboard a U.S.
Environmental Programme's (UNEP)
expendable launch vehicle. Science in-
Global Resources Information Database
struments from the United States, Japan
(GRID). The proposal includes U.S. sup-
and other countries will fly abroad the
ports for training courses, a workshop,
spacecraft in order to better our under-
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION, P. 227
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
standing of the processes linking the
the field of solar-terrestrial physics over
solar interior to the solar corona and the
the next decade. The IACG held its ninth
solar wind, as well as the effects of the
annual meeting in Prague, Czechos-
flow of plasma and energy from the Sun
lovakia from September 18 to 23, 1989.
through space to the magnetosphere,
ESA will host the next meeting in late
ionosphere, and the atmosphere of
1990.
Earth.
Orbital Debris
On September 25, 1989, the Govern-
ments of the United States and Japan
Following release by the National
exchanged diplomatic notes supporting
Security Council of an interagency
this cooperative activity. The Vice Presi-
Report on Orbital Debris, NASA con-
dent of the United States and the Prime
ducted a series of briefings to foreign
Minister of Japan witnessed the signing
space agencies about the Interagency
of the notes by U.S. Ambassador Ar-
Report, describing NASA's debris pro-
macost and Mrs. Moriyama of the
gram and exploring with our allies poten-
Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
tial cooperative activities in this area. A
NASA and ISAS plan to sign the im-
NASA orbital debris delegation has
plementing Memorandum of Under-
briefed officials from West Germany,
standing for this project before the end
France, Japan, Australia, India, the
of 1989.
European Space Agency, Canada and
the Soviet Union. A cooperative agree-
Inter-Agency Consultative
ment to conduct joint debris imaging has
Group for Space Science
been signed with the German Ministry of
(IACG)
Research and Technology (BMFT), and
The IACG is a multi-agency interna-
further activities are being discussed.
tional forum where the member agencies
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDA-
coordinate their space physics activities
TION
by consensus. The member agencies are
The National Science Foundation
NASA, the European Space Agency
(NSF) is an independent Federal agency
(ESA), the Institute of Space and
established by the National Science
Astronautical Science (ISAS) of Japan,
Foundation Act of 1950 to promote the
and the Intercosmos Council of the
progress of science and engineering in
USSR Academy of Sciences. The goal of
the United States. The Act assigns to the
the forum is to increase the science
NSF broad authority to encourage and
benefits to all members by coordinating
the more than a dozen individual mis-
support participation in international ac-
tivities, consistent with the foreign policy
sions planned by the member agencies in
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, P. 228
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
of the United States and the interests of
to intellectual property rights." Addition-
U.S. science and engineering. During
ally, greater efforts should be made to
Fiscal Year 1989, approximately 20 per-
facilitate the flow of foreign scientific
cent of the 12,000 research grants
information into the United States by
awarded by the NSF has an international
encouraging long-term visits abroad by
component. These ranged from support
U.S. scientists and engineers and by
of participation by U.S. scientists and en-
facilitating access to foreign scientific
gineers in international meetings to in-
literature.
volvement in large multinational
The NSB report entitled "Foreign In-
collaborative research projects.
volvement in U.S. Universities" (June
During Fiscal Year 1989 the National
1989), prepared by an NSB committee
Science Board (NSB), the NSF policy
chaired by John Hancock, former Execu-
making body, issued three reports with
tive Vice President of United Telecom-
significant implications for the relation-
munications, Inc., described the impacts
ships in science and engineering between
of foreign personnel and financial invol-
U.S. and foreign countries. The report
vement on U.S. universities. The report
entitled "Openness of Scientific Com-
noted that such involvements are likely
munication" (December 1988), prepared
to increase as a natural consequence of
by an NSB committee chaired by Frank
the globalization of science, and con-
Rhodes, President of Cornell University,
cluded that these involvements have a
explored conflicts between the ideal of
net positive impact on the U.S. national
open scientific communication and the
research system. The report recom-
constraints imposed as a result of issues
mended, however, that the feasibility of
such as the maintenance of national
monitoring foreign financial involve-
security and international economic
ment in U.S. university programs be ex-
competitiveness. The report stressed
plored, including financial support for
that restrictions on open communication
research, facilities construction, and ac-
in basic research areas that are the
quisition of expensive equipment. The
primary concern of NSF should be ap-
report also suggested that applications by
proached as exceptions rather than as
foreign companies to become industrial
norms. It recommended, however, that
sponsors of NSF-funded University and
in all bilateral S&T agreements, the
Engineering Research Centers provide
Government should require that U.S.
useful leverage for negotiating the
scientists and engineers enjoy reciprocal
reciprocity of information transfer from,
access to foreign facilities, and that all
and access to, critical foreign facilities.
such agreements should provide for
The report entitled "Loss of Biological
"symmetry and consistency with respect
Diversity: A Global Crisis Requiring In-
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, P. 229
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
ternational Solutions" (August 1989),
three components: (1) to investigate and
prepared by an NSB committee chaired
evaluate the growth and changing pat-
by Craig Black, Director of the Los An-
terns of cooperation in research and
geles County Museum of Natural His-
technological applications, reflective of
tory, noted that we are presently at a
the integrative movement in Europe, and
critical juncture in understanding and
its effects on science and technology; (2)
maintaining global biological diversity
to assess the potential impact of a
that is the key to humanity's continued
changed European environment on the
prosperous and stable existence on
U.S. research base and traditional pat-
Earth".
terns of U.S.-European cooperation; and
International cooperation is necessary
(3) to evaluate the responsiveness of the
to develop both scientific knowledge and
U.S. science and engineering community
successful mitigation and management
to this situation. The committee will
strategies with respect to biological
publish a number of interim reports with
diversity. In particular, the report
recommendations for policy directions
recommended that NSF, in concern with
and activities intended to maximize op-
bilateral and multilateral development
portunities for U.S. scientific coopera-
assistance agencies, devise new
tion with Europe. Its work will be
mechanisms to support the work of scien-
coordinated closely with that of the
tists and scientific institutions in
newly-established CISET Working
developing countries that are engaged in
Group on European Science and Tech-
problems related to biodiversity. Al-
nology.
though these activities will involve U.S.
During Fiscal Year 1989, the NSF con-
scientific collaboration, the report
tinued its active involvement in the U.S.
recommended that their
Global Change Research Program which
primary focus should be directed to im-
is intended to monitor, understand and
proving institutional infrastructure,
ultimately predict global change. NSF
educational opportunities, and employ-
participation includes or will include
ment of systematists, ecologists, and en-
sponsorship of basic research and related
vironmental management specialists in
activities in six of the seven interdiscipli-
developing countries.
nary scientific elements of the program.
During 1989, the NSB established a
These elements are:
Committee of Europe in 1992: Implica-
1. Climate and hydrological sys-
tions for U.S. Science and Technology.
tems studies of the tropical
The committee is chaired by John
ocean and global atmosphere
Holderman, President of the University
(TOGA); the World Ocean Cir-
of South Carolina. Its charge involves
culation Experiment (WOCE);
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, P. 230
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
and Arctic Systems Science
Change. The NSF also contributes to
(ARCSS).
U.S. global change-related long-term ob-
2. Biogeochemical dynamics -- the
servation and data management
Global Tropospheric Chemistry
programs through the CES Working
Program (GTCP); Global Ocean
Group.
Flux Studies (GOFS); and a Na-
In view of the growing impact of foreign
tional Ozone Expedition to the
research on the progress of science and
Antarctic (NOZE).
engineering in the United States, an in-
3. Ecological Systems and
creasing number of issues dealt with by
Dynamics -- studies of Global
the NSF senior management have ap-
Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics
preciable international components.
(GLOBEC); and Land Margin
In May 1989, the NSF Director and
Ecosystem Research (LMER).
Deputy Director met at Oxford England,
A. Earth System History -- Arctic
with the heads of counterpart research
systems Science (ARCSS).
agencies in Japan, Canada, and several
5. Solid Earth processes --
Western European countries. This was
monitoring and measurement of
the seventh in a series of periodic meet-
landmass movement; global seis-
ings designed to provide opportunities to
mic research; field experiments in
exchange information and perspectives
active tectonics; and the Ridge
on problems of common concern and to
Inter-Disciplinary Global Experi-
harmonize where possible, national re-
ment (RIDGE).
search programs. Issues discussed at Ox-
6. Solar Influences -- studies of the
ford included support for university and
Coupled Energetics and Dynamics
interdisciplinary research, international
of Atmospheric Regions
collaboration in ground-based
(CEDAR); and a National Ozone
astronomy. The principals also approved
Expedition to the Antarctic
a demonstrator-level computer-based
(NOZE).
system designed to provide on-line ac-
In addition, NSF is involved in a broad
cess to pertinent information on research
range of other research programs which
projects supported by participating
will contribute to all seven program
countries; they also directed that ap-
areas, including human interactions. All
propriate steps be taken to move toward
of the NSF programs are coordinated
an operational system.
closely with those of other Federal agen-
During Fiscal Year 1989, the NSF was
cies through the interagency Committee
instrumental in helping devise interagen-
on Earth Sciences (CES), especially
cy coordination on implementation of
through its Working Group on Global
the U.S.-Japan Science and Technology
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, P. 231
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Agreement, signed by President Reagan
engineers per year for long-term re-
and Prime Minister Takeshita in June
search visits to AIST laboratories. This
1988. The NSF Deputy Director, at the
new agreement supplements previous
request of the President's Science Ad-
agreements concluded with the Japan
visor, initiated the process through a
Society for the Promotion of Science, the
Task Force on Comparable Access to
Ministry of Education, Science, and Cul-
R&D established under the Committee
ture (MONBUSHO), and the Japanese
on International Science, Engineering,
Science and Technology Agency which
and Technology (CISET/FCCSET). The
are intended to increase opportunities
process subsequently was taken over by
for U.S. participation in the activities of
the U.S. side of the joint U.S.-Japan Task
Japanese research academic, industrial,
Force on Access to Research and
and government institutions.
Development which is chaired by the
Opportunities for U.S. scientists and
Deputy Director, and which was estab-
engineers to collaborate with their
lished under the auspices of the Agree-
counterparts in the Soviet Union were
ment as an adjunct to the Joint Working
enhanced on May 6, 1989 when the NSF
Level Committee to deal with issues of
Director signed a Memorandum of Un-
access. Interagency agreement took the
derstanding (MOU) creating a coopera-
form of a U.S. Government position
tive program in basic sciences between
paper, submitted to the Japanese side,
the NSF and the Academy of Sciences of
which delineated U.S. interpretation of
the USSR. This MOU, along with
access provisions of the agreement and
another executed the same day between
outlined mechanisms for addressing and
the U.S. Geological Survey and the Min-
implementation. Substantial progress
istry of Geology of the USSR, were the
has been made in clarifying areas of
first two programs established under an
mutual understanding and agreement
umbrella agreement on cooperation in
with the Japanese. This progress is
the field of basic scientific research
reflected in the deliberations and joint
signed by the Secretary of State and the
statement of the Joint Working Level
Soviet Foreign Minister in January 1989.
Committee during its meeting in April
The NSF-Soviet Academy agreement is
1989.
intended to foster scientific exchange ac-
The NSF also concluded an agreement
tivities in the areas of mathematics,
with the Agency of Industrial Science and
theoretical physics, arctic research,
Technology of Japan's Ministry of Inter-
chemistry, life sciences, basic engineer-
national Trade and Industry
ing research geosciences, and science
(AIST/MITI) through which that agency
policy.
will support up to 30 U.S. scientists and
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, P. 232
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
The U.S.-India Science and Technology
The U.S.-Brazil Science and Technol-
initiative (STI), launched in 1982 during
ogy Initiative (STI) was mandated by
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's visit to
Presidents Reagan and Sarney in 1986 to
the United States, was extended for a
increase bilateral cooperation in science
second three-year period on October 5,
and technology between the two
1988. This government-wide initiative
countries. In 1987, a joint panel of lead-
for which the NSF serves as Executive
ing scientists and officials co-chaired by
Agent exemplifies scientific and tech-
Dr. D. Allan Bromley, currently Assis-
nological collaboration between equal
tant to President Bush for Science and
partners. The renewal document was
Technology, identified six broad areas to
signed by K.R. Narayanan, India's Mini-
be included under the agreement:
ster of State for Science and Technology,
biomedical research, oceanography and
and William Graham, Science Advisor to
meteorology, engineering and materials
President Reagan. The past five years
science, alternative energy sources, basic
have seen important advances in many
sciences, and agricultural and environ-
aspects of the STI program areas of
mental sciences, with lead agencies iden-
health, agriculture, biomass conversion,
tified for each of these areas. The NSF
monsoon studies, mineral engineering,
became lead agency for basic sciences
and photovoltaics. Research will con-
and engineering, elected to participate in
tinue in these areas while new STI col-
several other areas, and was assigned the
laborations will be initiated on the
role as operational coordinator for the
superconducting super collider (SSC),
STI. A total of $2 million was allocated
1987 monsoon drought acquired im-
as seed money for the initiative, with the
mune deficiency syndrome (AIDS),
participating agencies expected to as-
tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, and
sume funding after these monies are ex-
neurologically-induced disorders. India
pended.
has agreed to contribute $50 million in
Trade issues and the Brazilian focus on
kind to the $7 billion SSC project. An-
adopting a new constitution (ratified in
ticipating potential achievements from
September 1988) resulted in a slower
such joint research, India and the United
start for the STI than had been an-
States have agreed to consider the ques-
ticipated. During Fiscal Year 1989, joint
tion of protecting and allocating of any
plans in four areas under the basis scien-
intellectual property rights arising out of
ces component (mathematics, chemistry,
the STI program. To this end, the two
geology, and physics) were developed
governments have undertaken bilateral
and approved by the two sides; program
discussions with appropriate repre-
development workshops and a short-
sentatives.
term visitors program for young re-
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, P. 233
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
searcher were initiated. Most of these
ified information on foreign science and
workshops and the short-term visitors
technology trends, developments,
program will be more fully developed
policies, and resources. The Section has
during the coming year.
been disseminating this information to
A second important set of initiatives
the staff of NSF through two principal
involving Latin America involves com-
media; an on-line report system, avail-
puter networking. In January 1989, the
able through internal electronic mail,
National Center for Atmosphere Re-
and a periodical publication containing
search (NCAR) at Boulder, Colorado,
original analytical reports. During Fiscal
with support from the NSF and NASA,
Year 1990, both the on-line information
established a
and the periodical reports will be made
remote satellite link with the national
more widely available to the U.S. science
Autonomous University of Mexico
and engineering community.
(UNAM) and the Institute for Higher
Technical Studies of Monterrey
NUCLEAR REGULATORY
(ISTEM). This link provides the two
COMMISSION
Mexican institutions with access to a
The NRC's international program in
computerized network linking U.S. re-
nuclear safety has traditionally included
search universities through the NCAR
bilateral regulatory and research
node. The Mexican institutions will serve
cooperation and participation in multi-
in turn as nodes for a network that will
lateral research and other safety
eventually link all major academic re-
cooperation through the International
search institutions in Mexico and provide
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the
them with access to the U.S. academic
Organization of Economic Cooperation
network. At a June 1989 meeting in
and Development/Nuclear Energy
Costa Rica jointly sponsored by the NSF
Agency (OECD/NEA). While power
and the Organization of American States
reactor safety is the primary focus of
(OAS), discussions were initiated with
NRC cooperative efforts, increased at-
the aim to develop a Latin America-wide
tention is also being given to broader
computer network. A follow-up meeting
radiation protection matters, waste
on this topic, sponsored by the Pan
management activities, and other areas
American Health Organization (PAHO)
of materials safety, including source and
was held in the fall of 1989.
byproduct material fuel handling and in-
Since Fiscal Year 1987, the Division of
ternational transport of radioactive
International Programs' Information,
waste.
Analysis and Japan Programs Section has
Continued worldwide interest in the
been collecting and analyzing unclass-
Chernobyl accident has increased the
NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION, P. 234
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
role of nuclear safety in U.S. foreign
for an in-depth look at Japanese
policy and expanded Commission invol-
maintenance techniques.
vement in international nuclear safety
NRC initiated a review of policy
cooperation. International programs
on export and import of radioac-
continue to foster U.S.-Soviet bilateral
tive wastes.
activities, among others, and to work with
NRC formalized nuclear ties with
the IAEA in promoting international
Canada's Atomic Energy Control
cooperation on nuclear safety and
Board (AECB) by signing a five-
regulatory matters. Some of these efforts
year renewable information ex-
are outlined in greater detail in the dis-
change and nuclear safety coopera-
cussion that follows.
tion arrangement.
The U.S. Government hosted a
Highlights of NRC Fiscal Year
visit by an FRG delegation led by
1989
Environment and Nuclear Mini-
NRC hosted meetings with Chair-
ster Toepfer, in the U.S. for discus-
man Vadim Malyshef of the
sions with EPA, NRC and DOE
USSR State Committee for the Su-
on waste management and nuclear
pervision of Nuclear Power Safety.
safety issues, and to visit Three
NRC organized and held meetings
Mile Island and Yucca Mountain.
of seven of the ten working groups
NRC coordinated Commissioner
under the Protocol of the U.S.-
Roger's visit to the FRG and the
USSR Joint Coordinating Com-
U.K. for detailed discussions in
mittee for Civilian Nuclear Reac-
both bilaterals and in a multi-
tor Safety (JCCCNRS).
lateral symposium on Regulatory
NRC conducted a seven-week
Practices and Safety Standards.
reactor inspector exchange with
NRC concluded an arrangement
the Soviet Union, sending a U.S.
for cooperation in nuclear safety
team to the Zaporosche nuclear
and exchange of information with
power plant in the USSR and
Czechoslovakia, NRC's first such
receiving a USSR team at the
arrangement with an Eastern
Catawba nuclear power plant in
European country.
South Carolina.
The U.S. Government renewed
NRC hosted the fifth annual
NRC's bilateral information ex-
regulatory meeting with Japan's
change and nuclear safety coopera-
The Ministry of International
tion arrangements with Brazil,
Trade and Industry (MITI), and
Spain, Sweden, and Mexico.
sent a nine-member team to Japan
NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION, P. 235
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
NRC worked closely with the Ex-
Brazil also observed the two week
ecutive Branch and the IAEA in
review.
strengthening international
NRC hosted an informal OSART
safeguards and physical security.
review meeting with U.S. experts
NRC sent experts to Japan,
who were participants in OSART
France, the FRG, U.K., European
missions during the past three
Community, Belgium, Switzer-
years, discussion the effectiveness
land, Greece, Romania, Yugos-
of U.S. involvement in the pro-
lavia, and Austria for discussions
gram. Suggestions for improving
and site visits.
the program, which was con-
NRC participated in an IAEA-
sidered successful by the meeting
sponsored Technical Committee
participants, were provided to the
Meeting to review IAEA's
IAEA.
Guidelines on physical protection
NRC sent fourteen U.S. experts to
of nuclear materials against theft
participate in eleven IAEA
or sabotage.
OSART missions to Japan,
NRC participated in the 1989
France, Hungary, the USSR (two
IAEA General Conference held
missions), Brazil, China, the U.K.,
in Vienna from September 25
Korea, Czechoslovakia, and
through 29 and presented papers
Poland.
and chaired sessions at the Scien-
NRC participated in IAEA's
tific Program for Nuclear Safety
Nuclear Safety Advisory Group
held during the conference.
(NUSSAG) meeting in April in
NRC sponsored an IAEA Opera-
Vienna to review reactor safety
tional Safety Review Team
standards-related activities and to
(OSART) mission to the U.S.
set priorities in IAEA's nuclear
Byron nuclear power plant form
safety program.
May 15 to June 2. Team members
NRC sent an expert on Radiation
came to the Commonwealth
Protection Advisory Team mission
Edison plant from the FRG,
to Ghana and Zimbabwe.
Sweden, the USSR, Belgium, Fin-
land, the GDR, Argentina, Japan
Further Discussion of Key Inter-
and Canada, as well as four mem-
national Cooperation Activities
bers from the IAEA Secretariat.
U.S.-Soviet Civilian Nuclear Safety
Nuclear safety personnel from
Cooperation. The Soviet Union and the
Mexico, Czechoslovakia and
United States continued to develop
potentially fruitful cooperation in
NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION, P. 236
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
nuclear reactor safety through meetings
Intergovernmental and interagency
of working groups of the Joint Coor-
cooperation activities are now being
dinating Committee on Civilian nuclear
developed. The NRC is also encouraging
Reactor Safety (JCCCNRS) and con-
private industry to join in these activities
tinuing interactions, meetings and ex-
in order to broaden their scope and to
changes. Cooperative activities included
accommodate the large flow of informa-
a visit to the United States in May by
tion and attendant activity.
Vadim Malyshev, Chairman of the USSR
Canada. The NRC and the Atomic
State Committee for the Supervision of
Energy Control Board of Canada formal-
Nuclear Power Safety.
ized their nuclear ties by signing a five-
The largest bilateral technical meeting
year renewable information exchange
ever hosted by NRC was held June 5
agreement at the Canadian Embassy in
through 9 when thirty-two Soviet scien-
Washington, DC in June 1989. Under the
tists came to Rockville for discussions in
arrangement, both parties will exchange
seven of the ten working groups set up
safety-related information about the
under JCCCNRS. Discussion topics in-
regulation of nuclear facilities for which
cluded Safety Approaches and
each agency is responsible, including
Regulatory Practices, Analysis of the
siting, construction, commissioning,
Safety of Nuclear Power Plants in the
operation and decommissioning. The
USSR and U.S., Radiation Embrittle-
agreement covers a broad range of
ment and Annealing, Fire Safety, Severe
topics, including regulatory standards
Accidents, Exchange of Operational Ex-
and procedures for nuclear facilities;
perience, and Erosion/Corrosion of
technical reports and safety assessments;
Piping and Components.
safety research programs; possible ex-
A successful seven-week inspector ex-
changes of personnel; and reports of
change occurred during the summer at
radiological events, accidents or emer-
reactor sites in the United States and in
gencies.
the Soviet Union. The U.S. team was
The Federal Republic of Germany. In
assigned to the Zaporozhe plant in the
November the FRG sponsored and co-
USSR and the Soviet team to the Cataw-
hosted with the IAEA and the NEA an
ba plant in South Carolina.
"International Symposium on
The NRC participated in working group
Regulatory Practices and Safety Stand-
meetings in Moscow and Kiev in Septem-
ards for Nuclear Power Plants," in
ber dealing with the environmental and
Munich, Germany. Commissioner Ken-
health effects of the Chernobyl accident.
neth Rogers and several senior NRC
The potential for joint work in this area
managers participated and presented
is far greater than previously thought.
papers or chaired panels. An IAEA sur-
NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION, P. 237
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
vey of individual country practices
programs and institutions in the U.K. He
revealed wide differences among
visited the URENCO enrichment plant,
countries and their practices with respect
the Haysham 1 and 2 Nuclear Power
to IAEA codes, principles and standards.
Plants, the THORP reprocessing facility
Most supported further meetings to ex-
at Sellafield, and a low-level waste dis-
plore the implications of existing dif-
posal site. Earlier, in March, officials of
ferences and ways to minimize them.
the U.K. Nuclear Installations visited the
In August, FRG Minister of Environ-
NRC for discussions of emergency plan-
mental Affairs and BMU Director Klaus
ning, including studies they had spon-
Toepfer led a delegation to the U.S. for
sored comparing U.S. and U.K.
discussions at NRC, EPA an DOE. He
requirements. The NRC is developing an
met with Commissioners Rogers and
exchange of inspection practices with
Curtiss, and his delegation exchanged in-
UKNII, which may include an NII repre-
formation with NRC divisions on a num-
sentative on an NRC inspection of a U.S.
ber of subjects including high-level waste
commercial nuclear power plant.
disposal, regulatory approaches to spent
In July, the U.K. Health and Safety
fuel management, accident manage-
Executive's Director General, John
ment, and risk assessment. Minister
Rimmington, and his deputy met in
Toepfer also visited Three Mile Island,
Washington with Commissioners Rogers
and members of his delegation visited
and Curtiss to discuss recent revised
the Yucca Mountain Test Site, the Waste
licensing rules for standardized plants in
Isolation Pilot Project storage facility,
the U.S. as well as the new role that the
and the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power
Health and Safety Executive now as-
Plant.
sumes in the area of safety research. Mr.
A direct line of communication was
Rimmington reported on progress in the
opened between senior NRC and BMU
U.K.'s transition from government to
technical officials on time-sensitive mat-
private ownership of electric power
ters such as unusual occurrences at
production, and indicated that privatiza-
operating nuclear power plants. The first
tion is proceeding without significant im-
visit of a technical team to the FRG took
pact on electric energy supplies.
place in November of 1989.
Japan. It was an active year of coopera-
The United Kingdom. Commissioner
tion between Japan's nuclear safety pro-
Rogers visited the U.K. in May to learn
gram and the NRC. Senior officials and
more about ongoing nuclear safety
technical personnel from Japan and the
programs and regulatory practices, and
U.S. visited each other's facilities and
to gain a better understanding of the
held meetings on current issues and joint
process of privatization on nuclear
programs. The continuous sharing of
NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION, P. 238
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
useful information included relevant
American Affairs (CCNAA) Joint
data on Japan's experience with thermal
Standing Committee Meeting on Civil
stress in piping and weld cracking. NRC
Nuclear Cooperation, which was held in
also received, on a regular basis, MITI's
Taipei. Presentations were made by both
press announcements of operational
sides on the status of their nuclear ac-
events at Japan's 37 power reactors.
tivities, followed by a discussion of cur-
The NRC hosted the fifth regular NRC-
rent and future cooperative items.
MITI meeting on nuclear regulatory
Proposed cooperation includes visits to
matters October 2-3 in Washington. A
NRC by Taiwan's nuclear specialists,
20-member MITI delegation of govern-
short-term assignments of Taiwan
ment and utility representatives met with
nuclear safety experts at NRC, visits to
NRC to discuss technical topics that in-
Taiwan by NRC experts to present infor-
cluded severe accident issues, reactor
mation on current safety topics, and joint
plant life extension, and advanced light
cooperation on safety research projects.
water reactors. Following the discus-
Korea. The NRC has a long history of
sions, several members of the MITI
close cooperation with Korea in nuclear
delegation visited the Three Mile Island
safety and regulation, both bilaterally
and Limerick nuclear power stations and
and through the IAEA. The U.S.-Korea
the Brookhaven National Laboratory
Joint Standing Committee on Nuclear
where NRC safety research is conducted.
and Other Energy Technologies
Also in October, a nine-member team of
(JSCNOET) met at the Department of
regional and resident inspectors, led by
State in Early October 1989. In these
one headquarters representative from
discussions, Korea's Ministry of Science
the Office of Nuclear Reactor Regula-
and Technology (MOST) identified
tion, visited Japan for 10 days to take an
operational safety, radiation protection,
in-depth look at Japan's approach to sur-
public acceptance, and confirmatory re-
veillance testing and maintenance proce-
search as areas in which Korea hopes to
dures. In addition to discussions with
work closely with NRC in the future.
government representatives, the team,
Czechoslovakia. In April, former Chair-
divided into a boiling-water reactor sub-
man Zech and Dr. Stanislav Havel,
group and a pressurized-water reactor
Chairman of the Czechoslovak Atomic
subgroup, and spent a week with utility
Energy Commission, signed an agree-
management and plant personnel.
ment to exchange nuclear safety-related
Taiwan. In May, several members from
technical information and to cooperate
NRC participated as delegates to the
in civilian nuclear safety matters. This is
American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) and
the first NRC nuclear safety agreement
Coordination Council for North
with an East European country.
NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION, P. 239
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Hungary. On July 12 during a visit to
curred in by the NRC, involving transfers
Hungary, President Bush announced
of commodities to the PRC for nuclear-
that the U.S. had proposed a U.S.-Hun-
related uses and controlled for nuclear
gary agreement on scientific and techni-
nonproliferation reasons.
cal cooperation in various areas,
Foreign Assignees to the NRC Staff.
including nuclear safety. Following the
The NRC work/training assignee pro-
President's initiative, a delegation of rep-
gram continues to be of strong interest to
resentatives form involved U.S. agencies
foreign regulatory organizations and the
met with Hungarian counterparts in
Commission. Six countries sent 12 staff
Budapest form July 31 through August 2.
members to participate in the program.
International Programs represented
Although licensing activities related to
NRC in the delegation to assess Hun-
engineering and system technology have
garian interests and expectations in the
continued to attract a number of par-
nuclear safety area.
ticipants, an increasing number of for-
The People's Republic of China. For
eigners have been accommodated in
most of Fiscal Year 1989, NRC carried
activities related to the analysis and
out an active program of bilateral
evaluation of operational data, safety
cooperation with its counterpart, the
programs and waste management.
Chinese National Nuclear Safety Ad-
ministration (NNSA), to assist China in
Participation in International
building a nuclear safety program in
Organizations and Conferen-
preparation for commissioning their first
ces
nuclear power reactor at Qinshan.
Several NRC staff visited China to pro-
Meeting of the IAEA Board of Gover-
vide technical assistance, and several
nors and General Conference. The NRC
Chinese assignees worked at NRC for
was represented at both the February
on-the-job training. following the
and June Board of Governors meetings
Chinese government's suppression of the
where IAEA policy decisions on pro-
pro-Democracy movement in June, the
gram, budget and staffing are taken.
NRC and other U.S. government agen-
NRC Chairman Kenneth Carr par-
cies placed cooperation programs with
ticipated in the 1989 IAEA General Con-
China on hold while assessing the impact
ference, held in Vienna from September
of Chinese actions on our policies toward
25 through 29. As in the past two years,
China. As part of this, the Department of
special scientific meetings took place
State also decided to withhold action on
during the conference. NRC's Individual
all export applications licensed by the
Plant Safety Examination program was
Department of Commerce, and con-
described in a session chaired by Chair-
NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION, P. 240
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
man Carr during the Scientific Program
The NRC participated on the key stand-
for Nuclear Safety.
ing committees of the NEA as well as the
OSARTs and Other IAEA Activities.
governing body, the Steering Committee
Four NRC staff members participated in
for Nuclear Energy. Under the sponsor-
separate IAEA Operational Safety
ship of the Committee on Safety of
Review Team (OSART) missions to the
Nuclear Installations, an NRC-proposed
PAKS Nuclear Power Plant in Hungry,
multinational research program to study
the Rovno Plant in the USSR, the Qin-
the TMI-2 vessel lower head is being
shan Plant in China, and the Dukovany
implemented. Substantial funds are
Nuclear Power Plant in Czechoslovakia.
being provided by other member
NRC arranged to have U.S. utility ex-
countries to conduct the research. A
perts take part in OSARTs in Japan,
major development during the year was
France, Brazil, the U.K., Korea, Poland,
the restructuring of the standing commit-
and again in the USSR. The NRC was
tee organization, which splits off the
also represented on a Radiation Protec-
functions of the Committee on Safety of
tion Advisory Team mission in Ghana
Nuclear Installations Subcommittee on
and Zimbabwe in June to assess the in-
Licensing to create a new committee to
frastructure and training of personnel for
deal with regulatory issues. The mandate
control of radiation sources in those
of the new Committee on Nuclear
countries. NRC also participate in
Regulatory Activities (CNRA) was ap-
several IAEA meetings, some of which
proved by the Steering Committee in
were joint NEA/IAEA sessions, to dis-
early October for an interim term. The
cuss potential benefits and experience in
first meeting of the Committee will take
the use of severity scales to rank the sig-
place in early November. The Director of
nificance of events at nuclear power
NRC's Office of Nuclear Reactor
plants. The NRC continued its practice
Regulation is the U.S. delegate to the
of providing nuclear safety advice and
Committee.
assistance through the IAEA's technical
During the year, steps were taken to
assistance program and through its
transfer the NEA Incident Reporting
bilateral contacts with countries
System data bank operations to the Oak
developing their own nuclear power
Ridge National Laboratory as part of the
programs.
U.S. contribution to the NEA program
Activities in the OECD/NEA. The
and budget. An Agreement between the
NRC continued its involvement in the
OECD and the U.S. Government for-
reactor safety, radiation protection and
malizing this transfer was sighed at the
waste management programs of the
end of the year.
Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) in Paris.
NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION, P. 241
Appendix
Database
Summary of U.S. International S&T Agreements
Explanation of Database and Footnotes:
The information in the following database is intended to provide an overview of international cooperative activities in science and
technology between government agencies of the United States and their counterparts in other countries. For the most part, the
items listed in the database are at the Memorandum of Understanding level or higher; however, information for some additional
activities was included, based on their scope.
Country designates the cooperating foreign nation. "Multilateral" and "regional" are designations assigned to activities con-
ducted with more than one country.
Agency refers to the United States government agency which serves as the lead agency to the agreement.
Entry Into Force (EIF) and Termination (Term) Date indicate start and end times of agreements. Agreements renewed with no
significant alterations usually retain the original EIF date. Agreements with no termination date have an indefinite term.
Funding provides Fiscal Year 1989 information where known. Amountsare in thousands of dollars. The following notes are
used in this column:
cr = cost reimbursable option
nb = no specific budget amount
rmk = see Remarks column
NA = Not Available
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Algeria
USDA
Agricultural
02/02/84
02/02/89
Science
Argentina
NOAA
Space Tech-
09/24/84
NA
NA
nologies
Argentina
NSF
Basic Sciences
08/01/72
08/01/92
19
Argentina
NSF
Environment
06/19/89
06/19/91
Ozone in upper atmosphere study.
Argentina
US Gov
S&T Coopera-
08/11/72
08/11/92
tion
Argentina
USDA
Agricultural
05/20/81
11/17/92
Science
Argentina
USGS
Earth Sciences
12/29/87
12/29/92
Pilot project investigating the use of satellite images for mapping; funding of $15,000 in
FY 88 provided by the Pan American Institute of Geography and History. Project com-
pleted Dec. 1988. Image map of Viedma area printed
Australia
DOE
Energy
04/11/88
04/11/98
Establishing wider cooperation in the area of research and development
Australia
DOT
Transportation
10/1/68
10/16/90
nb
Projects and technical exchanges carried out under the U.S.-Australia S&T Agreement.
All modes of transport and policy issues. Each side pays costs of its participation.
Australia
HHS
Biomedical
08/01/76
Sciences
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 1
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Australia
HHS
Food & Drug
01/28/81
Reg.
Australia
HHS
Food & Drug
09/12/86
Reg.
Australia
NASA
Space &
07/21/81
02/26/90
rmk
Funding is NASA programmatic.
Aeronautics
Australia
NASA
Atmospheric
01/13/85
07/24/90
rmk
Funding is NASA programmatic.
Science
Australia
NASA
Atmospheric
07/24/85
07/24/90
rmk
Funding is NASA programmatic.
Science
Australia
NASA
Space
09/01/87
09/01/97
rmk
Funding is NASA programmatic.
Australia
USDA
Agricultural
02/22/82
48
Agricultural R&D; soil and water conservation industrial utilization.
Science
Austria
HHS
Biomedical
04/14/87
04/14/92
10
Agreement between NIH and Austrian Science Foundation for the support of biomedical
Sciences
scientist exchanges.
Austria
NSF
Basic Sciences
02/28/82
02/28/89
80
Joint research; joint S&T education projects; visits; exchange of personnel & informa-
tion; meeting seminar and workshop support.
Bangladesh
USGS
Earth Sciences
05/01/82
01/01/95
rmk
Seven- year $1.5 million program funded by Asian Development Bank for institution
building of Geological Survey of Bangladesh including 98 man-months of USGS consult-
ants and $900,000 for on-the-job training of GSB personnel in the U.S.; about 17 man-
months in FY 19891 funded at $387,000
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 2
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Belgium
DOE
Energy
01/19/81
01/19/94
Establish a reasonably balanced exchange of technology in the field of radioactive
(Nuclear)
waste management to include terminal storage in geological formations; technology of
retrievable storage; waste processing technology and environmental effects.
Belgium
HHS
Food & Drug
11/06/74
MOU; FDA recognizes certificate of analysis from government authorities of dry milk
Reg.
products.
Belgium
HHS
Biomedical
02/06/84
02/06/89
NIH agreement with the Belgian National Fund for Support of Research (FNRS) to obtain
Sciences
funding for Belgian scientists to work in U.S. laboratories.
Belgium
NRC
Nuclear Safety
02/01/83
Severe accident research.
Belgium
NRC
Nuclear Safety
05/02/88
05/02/93
Information exchange.
Belgium
NRC
Nuclear Safety
07/26/88
07/26/90
Thermal hydraulic research.
Belgium
NSF
Basic Sciences
06/02/85
06/01/90
40
Activities include scientific exchanges and fellowships joint seminars and workshops
joint research and staff exchanges.
Bolivia
USGS
Earth Sciences
08/17/84
Bolivia
USGS
Earth Sciences
05/29/85
05/28/90
Evaluation of SPOT/Landsat images for exchange, detection and map revision at
1:50,000 scale; funding of $14,000 in FY 88 provided by DMA Inter- American Geodetic
Survey in support of PAIGH Commission on cartography project
Botswana
USGS
Earth Sciences
08/13/86
MOU to establish facilities to be incorporated into the reference network.
Brazil
NASA
Atmospheric
09/01/89
Global Tropospheric Experiment.
Science
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 3
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Brazil
BReclam
Natural Resour-
11/01/86
06/01/90
120
Land and water resources institution building; advisory assistance to Ministry of Irriga-
ces
tion on expanding irrigated agriculture in northern Brazil; World Bank funding.
Brazil
DOE
Energy (Fossil)
05/26/84
Feasibility of a suitable site with a 4 meter seam of 55% ash coal near Porto Allegre Rio
Grande do Sul.
Brazil
DOT
Transportation
03/29/84
nb
Identified areas for cooperation: civil aviation; urban mass transit; vehicle fuel conserva-
tion and alternative fuel technology; and highway transportation.
Brazil
EPA
Environment
10/01/86
12/01/90
Agreement to provide technical assistance to CETESB Sao Paulo state pollution control
agency.
Brazil
HHS
Biomedical
01/01/77
NIH/National Library of Medical MEDLARS Agreement with Centro Latino-Americano de
Sciences
Informaciao em Cienceas de Salude (BIREME); quid-pro-quo interlibrary exchange.
Brazil
NOAA
Space Tech-
05/05/84
NA
MOU for direct reception and distribution of Landsat data at Landsat ground station; ex-
nologies
tends through the life of Landsat-4 and Landsat-5.
Brazil
NRC
Nuclear Safety
05/18/89
05/18/94
Information exchange; renewal being negotiated.
Brazil
NSF
Basic Sciences
04/13/84
05/01/91
330
Project under S&T umbrella agreement; information and personnel exchanges; join re-
search; seminars workshops and meetings.
Brazil
NSF
Basic Sciences
03/06/84
05/01/91
330
S&T initiative signed by Presidents Sarney and Reagan; NSF has a lead role in basic
sciences and engineering. Approximately $600,000 has been designated for NSF
$300,000 for basic sciences; the reset for engineering.
Brazil
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
12/01/71
04/01/90
200
The agreement is awaiting reorganization by an experts' panel formed under the
Presidential S&T Initiative of 9/86. NSF is the designated lead agency.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 4
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Bulgaria
HHS
Biomedical
11/04/86
11/04/89
Agreement between NIH and Bulgarian Medical Academy for support of biomedical
Sciences
scientist exchanges under the umbrella U.S.-Bulgaria Exchanges Agreement.
Bulgaria
NSF
Basic Sciences
02/09/78
02/09/93
40
Joint research seminars & workshops; and short-term project development visits.
Bulgaria
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
03/23/78
No current copy.
Bulgaria
USDA
Agricultural
A previous Joint Statement between the USDA and Bulgaria expired at the end of 1984.
Science
The only substantive changes in the new Joint Statement are Article IV on the protection
of intellectual property rights and an annex covering this issue in detail.
Burma
NPS
Natural Resour-
09/30/87
301
Technical assistance in conservation resource management and protected areas
ces
management; other funding of $23,000. Agreement initially involves only Burma but
may be expanded to include Pakistan India and Poland as well.
Cameroon
USGS
Earth Sciences
11/09/88
11/09/93
Canada
DOE
Energy (Fossil)
06/04/79
12/04/89
Establish a framework for cooperation with R&D activities in tar sands and heavy oil ex-
traction processing and related technologies. Being extended through 12/4/94.
Canada
DOE
Energy
08/25/82
08/29/92
Study of mutually agreed topics associated with the management of radioactive waste.
(Nuclear)
Canada
DOE
Energy
12/04/86
12/04/96
Establishing wider cooperation in the areas of research and development. and related
activities of the nuclear cycle i.e. preparation and packaging decontamination and
decommissioning; surface and subsurface storage.
Canada
DOE
Energy (Fusion)
11/19/87
11/19/92
Finding solutions to mutually agreed upon problems associated with the development
of magnetic fusion as a source of energy.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 5
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Canada
DOT
Transportation
06/18/70
nb
Urban systems; rail research; marine transportation technology and systems research;
aeronautics; passenger origin-destination survey exchange data; traffic and vehicle
safety; highway research; systems for disabled; hazardous materials transport (infor-
mal); R&D on broad aspects of transport systems; drug interdiction; human factors; and
exchanges on emerging technologies. IPR under negotiation.
Canada
EPA
Environment
10/17/85
nb
A second MOU outlines a plan of cooperative measures for dealing with accidental
releases of pollutants which cause damage along the border and constitute threat to
public health property or welfare; a Joint Contingency Plan is being developed.
Canada
EPA
Environment
10/17/85
10/17/90
nb
Activities include pollution measurement and control R&D and improved technologies
Canada
EPA
Environment
10/28/86
10/28/91
nb
A third MOU provides for export Import and transit of hazardous wastes across the
boundary for treatment storage or disposal.
Canada
FWS
Nature Conser-
04/17/85
04/16/90
Documents operational management arrangements for management and research of
vation
the Whooping Crane.
Canada
FWS
Nature Conser-
07/17/87
100
To conserve through joint cooperation and coordination of users and management
vation
authorities the migrating Porcupine Caribou Herd.
Canada
FWS
Natural Resour-
03/16/88
75
Tripartite (with Mexico) cooperation on waterfowl and wetlands cooperation.
ces
Canada
HHS
Food & Drug
04/30/48
FDA MOU with National Health and Welfare on sanitary practices prevailing in the
Reg.
shellfish industry of Canada and the U.S.
Canada
HHS
Food & Drug
12/16/74
FDA MOU with Health Protection Branch National Health and Welfare; radiation transmis-
Reg.
sion and human exposure from electronic products; control of radiation emission and
human exposure from electronic products.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 6
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Canada
HHS
Food & Drug
10/01/73
FDA MOU with Health Protection Branch National Health and Welfare; drug GMPs phar-
Reg.
maceutical inspection; mutual cooperation and exchange of drug plant inspection infor-
mation.
Canada
HHS
Food & Drug
05/10/79
FDA MOU with Health Protection Branch Department of National Health and Welfare;
Reg.
covers standards for good laboratory practices for non-clinical laboratories and estab-
lishes inspection standards.
Canada
HHS
Biomedical
07/30/74
NIH/National Library of Medicine MEDLARS Agreement with Canada Institute for Scien-
Sciences
tific and Technical Information (CISTI); quid pro quo interlibrary exchange.
Canada
HHS
Health Statistics
01/01/87
12/31/89
Cooperation between the PHS National Center for Health Statistics and Vital Statistics
Council for Canada; Statistics Canada Advisory Commission on health statistics.
Canada
HHS
Food & Drug
07/26/88
07/26/98
FDA MOU with Medical Service Branch Department of National Health & Welfare;
Reg
monitor food beverages and sanitary services provided on common carriers between
Canada and the U.S.
Canada
NASA
Space &
07/09/76
Cooperative participation in the development and procurement of a Space Shuttle At-
Aeronautics
tached Remote Manipulator System.
Canada
NASA
Space &
09/29/88
rmk
Entering Phase C/D of Space Station Program; Detailed design and development; total
Aeronautics
funding for International partners in excess of $7 billion with Canadian hardware ac-
counting for over $1 billion.
Canada
NIST
Basic Sciences
09/20/88
09/20/93
nb
Action is in support of NIST statutory mission to collect evaluate and publish standard ref-
erence data. Reference IPR Agreement states NIST owns database and specifies royal-
ties for use to be paid to NIST.
Canada
NOAA
Space Tech-
07/26/84
NA
MOU for direct reception and distribution of Landsat data at Landsat ground station; ex-
nologies
tends through the life of Landsat-4 and Landsat-5.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 7
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Canada
NOAA
Atmospheric
06/28/85
06/27/90
30
MOU to improve climate cooperation and coordination; current projects include develop-
Science
ment of programs to address climate change and impact on the Great Lakes region of
North America and on the High Plains region of North America
Canada
NPS
Natural Resour-
Policy coordination; U.S.- Canada Joint Commission on National Parks; joint World
ces
Heritage nomination; Cabin Creek Coal Mine policy coordination; supplemental funding
from other sources of $30,000.
Canada
NRC
Nuclear Safety
05/20/87
Piping integrity research.
Canada
NRC
Nuclear Safety
02/10/84
01/10/87
Severe accident research; new agreement signed by NRC; awaiting signature by Canada.
Canada
USGS
Earth Sciences
04/02/81
04/01/91
200
Joint marine geophysical and water resources research; ore deposit modeling; platinum
group element projects; Great Lakes seismic studies; Arctic research; mapping data ex-
change; international strategic minerals inventory. Canadians provide funding for their
participation.
Canada
USGS
Earth Sciences
01/31/96
04/01/91
10
Atmospheric deposition: standardization of monitoring equipment and procedures;
Canada provides an estimated $20,000 in funding.
Chile
USGS
Earth Sciences
09/16/87
08/02/92
The IPR clause contains the sentence: "Unless the Parties mutually agree to the contrary
no information and data shall be subject to copyright protection in the United States of
America.
China
Army/COE
Water Resour-
04/09/86
04/04/91
Protocol under the umbrella S&T agreement on water resources and related subjects;
ces
agreement between the U.S. Department of the Army and the Ministry of Water Resour-
ces & Electric Power; annexes for specific studies involving the Corps of Engineers cur-
rently being negotiated follow-up to Hydropower Protocol which expired in 1984.
China
Census
Statistics
07/24/84
07/24/89
None
Cooperation and exchange in the field of statistics. Annexes: exchange of statistical in-
formation; exchange of professional delegations; university statistical instruction; and
applied statistical training.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 8
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
China
DOE
Energy
01/31/79
01/31/89
Establish a framework for cooperation in high energy physics to include theoretical and
experimental research accelerator design and construction techniques otherparticipat-
ing agencies: NSF; CAS of China.
China
DOE
Energy (Fusion)
05/11/83
05/11/89
Cooperation inpromoting each others' program in nuclear physics and controlled mag-
netic fusion. Agreement technically expired.
China
DOE
Energy (Fossil)
04/16/85
04/16/90
Cooperation in fossil energy R&D with emphasis on atmospheric & pressurized fluid bed
combustion; surface coal gasification; coal liquefaction and enhanced oil recovery other
participating agencies: NASA; NOAA; NCAR; CAS Institutes of atmospheric physics and
geography.
China
DOT
Transportation
01/20/87
nb
Covers all areas of search and rescue cooperation. IPR provision in Governing Agree-
ment.
China
DOT
Transportation
05/06/87
05/11/88
nb
Port engineering and waterborne transport. Army Corp of Engineers also participates.
Funding decided on a case-by-case basis. IPR contained in Governing Agreement.
China
DOT
Transportation
05/11/83
05/11/88
nb
Protocol with the Ministry of Communications (MOC) under the umbrella S&T agree-
ment; urban systems; transport research planning; highway construction and safety;
civil aviation technical assistance.
China
DOT
Transportation
10/10/86
05/11/88
nb
Covers all areas of highway transportation research and development. IPR contained in
Governing Agreement.
China
DOT
Transportation
12/15/86
12/15/91
nb*
Covers all areas of rail transportation research and operations. Administered by the
Federal Railroad Administration.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P.9
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
China
EPA
Environment
02/05/80
02/05/90
nb
U.S.-PRC Protocol on Environmental Cooperation (5-year renewals) involves five ongoing
projects under two annexes on aquatic effects of environmental pollution; health re-
search (lung cancer); modeling of air pollution transport and transformation; water pollu-
tion transport; pollution of soil and groundwater. A sixth project environmental manage-
ment under the newly signed fourth Annex is in planning.
China
FWS
Natural Resour-
11/19/86
20
Exchange of scientists to work on activities relating to conservation of wildlife and their
ces
habitats.
China
HHS
Food and Drug
02/26/88
Agreement to regulate ceramicware intended for use in the preparation serving or
Reg.
storage of food or drink and offered for export to the U.S.
China
HHS
Biomedical
05/11/83
05/11/88
2
Agreement between NIH and the Chinese National Academy of Sciences on basic
Sciences
biomedical sciences.
China
HHS
Biomedical
06/28/83
06.28.89
2
Agreement between National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders
Sciences
and Stroke; NIH; and the Shanghai Brain research Institute Academy of Sciences.
China
HHS
Biomedical
08/01/87
08/01/92
Agreement between the National Eye Institute NIH and the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Cen-
Sciences
ter Chinese Academic Medical Sciences.
China
HHS
Biomedical
06/22/79
06/22/93
239
Cooperation under Health Protocol on cancer cardiovascular diseases infectious dis-
Sciences
eases environmental health human genetics reproductive physiology immunology
biomedical information science food and drugs mental health; public health; and health
services.
China
NIST
Metrology
01/01/79
05/01/89
nb
NIST now in the process of renewal. Joint studies in metrology standards (including en-
gineering standards) and related applied sciences; temperature electrical optical etc.
standards. NIST has agreed on five-year renewal pending negotiation of S&T agree-
ment.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 10
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
China
NIST
S&T Information
04/30/84
04/30/89
25
Reciprocal exchange of S&T report literature and facilities in the use of available informa-
tion systems and databases.
China
NOAA
Marine Science
05/08/79
05/09/94
NA
Under protocol on Marine and Fisheries S&T information exchange; cooperative re-
search training and supply of equipment.
China
NOAA
Atmospheric
05/08/79
05/08/94
40
Protocol on Atmospheric S&T; joint meteorologic studies and training; participating
Science
agencies include NSF; NASA and USDA.
China
NOAA
Space Tech-
07/08/85
NA
Direct reception and distribution of Landsat data at Landsat ground station; extends
nologies
through the life of Landsat-4 and Landsat-5. China
China
NPS
Natural Resour-
11/19/86
11/19/91
Protocol designed to promote cooperation and exchanges in the field of wildlife conser-
ces
vation and protected natural areas.
China
NRC
Nuclear Safety
10/17/81
10/16/91
Information exchange.
China
NSF
Earth Sciences
01/24/80
01/23/90
750
Protocol under S&T agreement; joint program with USGS.
China
NSF
Basic Sciences
12/10/80
12/09/90
857
Protocol under S&T umbrella agreement; basic applied and social sciences.
China
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
01/31/79
01/12/89
Original umbrella agreement left IPR considerations to the individual MOU's under the
umbrella. Currently operating under extension.
China
USDA
Agricultural
01/31/79
01/12/89
100
Agricultural R&D under umbrella S&T agreement; exchange of soybean germplasm;
Science
comparison of import/export. Negotiations for livestock; corn disease research; water-
shed management.
China
USGS
Earth Sciences
07/17/84
01/23/90
103
Earthquake Studies Protocol; PRC provides $264,000 funding; studies on deep crustal
structures in fault zones; premonitory phenomena; crustal stress measurements; seis-
mic networks; rock mechanics; intraplate active fault studies.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 11
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
China
USGS
Earth Sciences
01/24/85
01/24/90
130
Earth Science Protocol; PRC provides $23,000 funding; joint research on pyrophylite
deposits; geochemical anomalies in Xinjiang and southwestern U.S.; genetic and
descriptive model of Bayan Obo iron-niobium-rare earth deposit; NSF also participates.
China
USGS
Earth Sciences
04/16/85
04/15/90
50
Survey & Mapping Protocol; joint projects in cartographic application of remote sensing
and in the development of geographic information systems in cooperation with the
Defense Mapping Agency and National Geodetic Survey.
China
USGS
Earth Sciences
10/16/86
10/17/91
50
Surface Water Hydrology Protocol; joint research in sediment transport hydrologic ex-
tremes hydrologic measurement procedures instruments and equipment; exchange of
hydrologic data and analysis techniques; PRC provides funding estimated at $50,000
other agencies: DOC; NOAA National Weather Service.
Colombia
HHS
Biomedical
03/12/81
National Library of Medicine MEDLARS Agreement with the Pan American Federation of
Sciences
Associations of Medical Schools; interlibrary exchanges.
Colombia
USGS
Earth Sciences
06/22/84
06/22/89
Provides for exchanges of scientific and technical information and exchange visits by
scientists.
Cote D'Ivoire
USGS
Earth Sciences
03/21/86
Establishes a station for the reference network.
Czechoslovakia
NSF
Basic Sciences
06/27/88
06/27/91
66
Basic framework of cooperation; activities to include cooperative research projects; joint
seminars and workshops; and individual scientific visits.
Denmark
HHS
Food & Drug
10/30/75
MOU; FDA recognizes certificate of analysis from government authorities on dry milk
Reg.
products. Denmark Denmark/Faroe Island to fishery resources within the U.S. EEZ.
Egypt
BReclam
Energy
09/01/82
09/05/92
730
Hydro-power and electrical systems rehabilitation; advisory assistance on turbine- run-
ner replacement and rehabilitation of electrical generating equipment at the Aswan
High Dam; funding by USAID.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 12
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Egypt
BReclam
Natural Resour-
03/01/87
07/01/91
100
Development of computer models for the Nile River and various canals; funding by
ces
USAID.
Egypt
FWS
Natural Resour-
04/01/77
12/01/89
100
Training and research; technical assistance in natural areas management. This is a Spe-
ces
cial Foreign Currency program of FWS in which excess foreign currency is held by the
FWS for use in conservation programs.
Egypt
HHS
Biomedical
01/01/82
11/01/91
8m
AID-funded NIH program under Congressionally-mandated Middle East Cooperative Pro-
Sciences
gram established following the Camp David Accord; epidemiologic and immunologic
studies on vector-borne diseases.
Egypt
HHS
Biomedical
05/01/84
05/01/89
2.1m
U.S.- Egypt agreement on Health Cooperation to develop projects on environmental
Sciences
health; epidemiology of respiratory infections; eye diseases; genetic studies of congeni-
tal anomalies; lymphoma/leukemia research; biomedical instrumentation; drugs;
biologics; health statistics; and emergency medical services.A.I.D. funded.
Egypt
NRC
Nuclear Safety
06/08/81
Information exchange; renewal under negotiation.
Egypt
NSF
Basic Sciences
03/15/83
03/15/88
1983 MOU provides for activities carried out under the expiring umbrella S&T agree-
ment; including information exchange and joint research. Currently under negotiations.
Egypt
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
11/09/86
11/09/91
Agreement relating to cooperation in the areas of science and technology.
Finland
HHS
Biomedical
10/29/82
Interagency agreement between the PHS and the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health of
Sciences
Finland on occupational safety and health; food and drugs; alcohol abuse; and health
services; vaccine development.
Finland
HHS
Biomedical
11/16/82
Activities provided for include exchange of information and publications; exchange of in-
Sciences
formation on research progress; visits by scientific staff personnel; and organization of
scientific symposia and conventions.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 13
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Finland
HHS
Food & Drug
03/08/84
MOU; FDA recognizes certificate of analysis from government authorities on food
Reg
products.
Finland
NRC
Nuclear Safety
02/28/85
02/28/88
Thermal hydraulics and materials research. Extension under review.
Finland
NRC
Nuclear Safety
09/29/85
09/29/90
Information exchange.
Finland
NRC
Nuclear Energy
07/06/89
07/06/93
Participation in Severe Accident Research Program.
Finland
NSF
Basic Sciences
04/07/86
04/07/91
99
Projects under the umbrella S&T agreement; prior MOU existed from 8/80 to 8/85; visits;
personnel and staff exchanges; fellowships; joint research; seminars; governed by
umbrella agreement. Finland cooperation in science and technology; agreement con-
tains an Intellectual Property Annex for protection of copyrights; patents; other intellec-
tual property; individual cooperating agencies negotiate funding with counterpart agen-
cies.
France
DOC
Technical Com-
02/25/86
02/25/91
Through Office of Productivity; Technology and Innovation; Economic Affairs; Depart-
mercial
ment of Commerce. Modeled after the Israel BIRD and India PACT agreements. Seven
joint ventures concluded in 1988. Progressing satisfactorily despite severe USG
resource limitations. More than 20 joint ventures as of 12-15-89.
France
DOE
Energy
01/18/77
12/31/90
Establish for mutual benefit a balanced exchange of LMFBR technology; i.e.; safety to in-
(Nuclear)
clude experimental out-of-pile and in-pile research and theoretical analyses; and
physics including nuclear data; calculation methods; etc.
France
DOE
Energy
04/22/83
04/22/93
Cooperation on research; development; test and evaluation to improve physical protec-
(Nuclear)
tion of nuclear materials and facilities.
France
DOE
Energy
07/26/83
07/26/93
Cooperation in all phases of radioactive waste management.
(Nuclear)
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 14
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
France
DOE
Energy
05/31/85
05/31/90
Cooperation on research; development; test and evaluation of technology and proce-
(Nuclear)
dures to improve national nuclear material accounting and control measures.
France
DOE
Energy
09/13/85
09/13/90
Establish a basis for cooperation in the field of remote systems technology; i.e.; applica-
(Nuclear)
tions feasibility; remote work efficiency; optimization and refinement.
France
DOE
Energy
06/20/86
06/20/91
Exchange and sharing of nuclear criticality data.
(Nuclear)
France
DOE
Energy (Fossil)
02/16/88
02/16/91
Establish a balanced exchange of energy information on enhanced oil recovery techni-
ques.
France
DOE
Energy
12/19/88
12/19/90
Establish and cover a program of scientific cooperation to engage in and be specifically
(Nuclear)
limited to the unclassified utilization of high-power lasers in laser-matter interaction
physics; diagnostics; and associated technological developments. NOTE: specifically
excluded is the physics of indirectly driven inertial fusion target implosion and their
design.
France
DOT
Transportation
10/07/71
rmk
Program implemented with U.S.; France; Germany; Italy; Japan and the U.K. under the
auspices of NATO CCMS. Funding: each side pools funds subject to availability.
France
DOT
Transportation
02/14/72
nb
Exchanges on automated guideway transit assessment; numerous project agreements
including work in the areas of automated guideway transit; marine traffic systems and
pollution; tunneling technology; urban rail and traffic systems; aviation; waste and
byproduct utilization; experimental safety vehicle research; and electromagnetic inter-
ference research. Cooperative activities on high-speed rail; safety; intermodal opera-
tions; hazardous materials; electrification; signals and telecommunications.
France
EPA
Environment
06/21/84
06/21/89
nb
Five-year renewable MOU between EPA and the Ministry of Environment; exchanges on
drinking water; wastewater treatment and sludge management are current focal points.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 15
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
France
HHS
Biomedical
12/20/74
National Library of Medicine MEDLARS Agreement with the French Institute of Health
Sciences
and Medical Research; quid pro quo interlibrary exchanges.
France
HHS
Biomedical
10/26/84
10/26/89
132
Agreement between NIH and the French Institute of Health and Medical Research on
Sciences
cancer; cardiovascular; pulmonary; immunology and infectious diseases; instrumenta-
tion; biomedical engineering and neurosciences; instrumentation; technology and AIDS
research.
France
HHS
Food & Drug
03/18/86
MOU; mutually recognized good laboratory practices inspections.
Reg.
France
HHS
Food & Drug
01/15/87
Assures products meet import standards.
Reg.
France
NASA
Space &
03/23/87
19
Cooperative participation in TOPEX/POSEIDON oceanography mission.
Aeronautics
France
NIST
Materials
10/01/84
09/30/89
nb
NIST is installing a cold neutron source; guide system and instrumentation; the Institute
Science
has operated a cold source since 1972 and installed a second source in 1986 for use in
developing new instruments; research involves studies in nuclear and fundamental
physics.
France
NIST
Engineering
12/31/86
12/31/91
nb
This is the fourth five-year joint program of research in building technology under an un-
derstanding signed in 1969 by the Science Advisor to the President. Cooperation in
building technology; joint research and exchanges; extensive collaboration in environ-
mental engineering materials durability; fire research; acoustics; evaluation of building
systems; plumbing; and building economics.
France
NOAA
Marine Science
111/01/69
U.S.-France cooperation in oceanography; joint multidisciplinary oceanographic re-
search; information and data exchanges.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 16
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
France
NOAA
Space Tech-
03/20/86
NA
France provides onboard data collection system flown on NOAA polar-orbiting satellite;
nologies
France also provides the data processing system for ARGOS.
France
NRC
Nuclear Safety
01/10/84
01/10/89
Safety of radioactive waste management.
France
NRC
Nuclear Energy
09/17/84
09/17/89
Establishes exchange of technical information and cooperation in the regulation of
nuclear safety.
France
NRC
Nuclear Safety
09/16/86
09/16/91
None
Thermal hydraulic research.
France
NRC
Nuclear Safety
12/31/86
12/31/91
LWR safety R&D; light water reactor safety. Previous agreement signed 12/03/84 be-
tween the NRC and the Commissariat A L'Energie Atomique regarding the behavior of
polymer base materials subjected to beta radiation.
France
NRC
Nuclear Safety
05/05/87
Piping integrity research.
France
NRC
Nuclear Safety
Pressure tests to failure of a concrete containment model.
France
NSF
Basic Sciences
01/01/70
05/02/88
420
MOU for joint research and workshops.
France
USDA
Agricultural
03/15/87
03/15/92
70
Agricultural S&T; forestry; comparison of remote sensing data for agricultural use; plant
Science
science; bioprocessing; economics; etc.
France
USGS
Earth Sciences
07/23/88
07/23/91
50
Joint studies in water resources research; radioactive waste; oceanographic research;
geochemistry research; mineral deposits; geophysics; and sea-ice research and remote
sensing in polar regions. $15,000 govt. of France and other funding.
Germany (GDR)
NOAA
Fisheries
03/01/77
08/01./90
NA
Governing International Fishery Agreements established on a bilateral basis; conditions
under which foreign fishing vessels are granted access to fishery resources within the
U.S. EEZ.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 17
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Germany; Fed Rep
DOE
Energy
12/20/74
12/31/89
Cooperation in radioactive waste management regarding the disposal of separated
(Nuclear)
waste products and disposal of spent fuel.
Germany; Fed Rep
DOE
Energy
06/08/76
12/31/90
Finding solutions to mutually agreed upon problems connected with the design;
(Nuclear)
development; construction; and operation of nuclear power systems utilizing LMFBRs
and to exchange information developed during the resolution of these problems.
Germany; Fed Rep
DOE
Energy
02/11/77
02/11/92
Development of gas-cooled reactors; possible use as high- temperature gas-cooled
(Nuclear)
reactors for steam cycle direct cycle or process heat or as gas-cooled fast breeder.
Germany Fed Rep
DOE
Energy
09/29/77
R&D to Improve nuclear material safeguards and physical security.
(Nuclear)
Germany Fed Rep
DOE
Energy
04/24/87
04/24/92
Establish basis for cooperation in the field of remote systems technology in areas such
as remote connector evaluations low-flow ventilation system off-gas technology; robotic
process samples and advanced semimanipulator hardware.
Germany Fed Rep
DOT
Transportation
Vessel traffic systems transport economics and planning highway construction and en-
gineering traffic safety and railway construction and operation.
Germany Fed Rep
EPA
Environment
05/09/74
Governmental agreement five-year automatic renewal with EPA and the Ministry of En-
vironment; Nature Protection and Reactor Safety as the lead agencies; broad range of
cooperation on auto emissions acid deposition economic incentives improved
regulatory approaches hazardous waste management and enforcement chemical sub-
stances pesticides radiation water pollution control technologies for control of air pollu-
tion from stationary sources protection of drinking water; soil; etc.
Germany Fed Rep
HHS
Biomedical
10/08/74
NIH/National Library of Medicine MEDLARS Agreement with the FRG Institute of Medical
Sciences
Documentation and Information; quid-pro-quo interlibrary exchanges.
Germany Fed Rep
NASA
Space &
10/05/77
71
Cooperative participation in Galileo mission to Jupiter. Spacecraft launched 10/89.
Aeronautics
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 18
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Germany Fed Rep
NASA
Space &
10/15/81
Cooperative participation in the Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers.
Aeronautics
Germany Fed Rep
NASA
Space &
08/08/82
2700
Cooperative participation in Rosat x-ray survey satellite.
Aeronautics
Germany Fed Rep
NASA
Space &
10/06/87
German X- band Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-SAR) to fly with SIR-C on STS.
Aeronautics
Germany Fed Rep
NASA
Space
07/10/89
12/31/99
Space shuttle flight activities.
Germany Fed Rep
NRC
Nuclear Safety
04/01/81
04/01/91
Reactor safety research program.
Germany Fed Rep
NRC
Nuclear Safety
04/25/84
04/25/94
SIMMER- II computer code transition phase phenomena.
Germany Fed Rep
NRC
Nuclear Safety
09/06/84
09/06/89
Nuclear safety research program at a high-temperature demonstration reactor facility.
Germany Fed Rep
NRC
Nuclear Safety
02/01/85
06/30/87
Gundremmingen KRB-A reactor pressure vessel. Extension under negotiation.
Germany Fed Rep
NRC
Nuclear Safety
02/06/85
02/06/91
Thermal hydraulic research.
Germany Fed Rep
NRC
Nuclear Safety
01/01/86
09/01/88
Joint development of a prototype AFDM.
Germany Fed Rep
NRC
Nuclear Safety
07/17/86
07/17/91
Information exchange.
Germany Fed Rep
NRC
Nuclear Safety
06/08/88
12/31/90
Severe accident research; extension under review; new agreement under negotiation.
Germany Fed Rep
USDA
Agricultural
01/06/81
70
Agricultural S&T; plant biotechnology integrated pest management; reproductive biol-
Science
ogy of swine etc.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 19
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Germany Fed Rep
USGS
Earth Sciences
07/01/75
07/16/91
30
Joint research in marine seismology radioactive wastes petroleum resource assess-
ment and Antarctic studies; sea-ice studies marine minerals; international strategic
minerals inventory.
Germany Fed Rep
DOT
Transportation
11/05/70
nb
Program carried out by the U.S. France Germany Italy Japan and the United Kingdom.
Begun under auspices of NATO CCMS.
Greece
NRC
Nuclear Safety
07/15/88
07/15/93
Information exchange.
Greece
USDA
Agricultural
06/27/81
Germplasm exchange. Currently in abeyance no activities planned.
Science
Guatemala
HHS
Biomedical
01/01/79
235
Ministry of Health Universidad del Valle and the U.S. Centers of Disease Control col-
Sciences
laborate in vector-borne parasitic disease research and training.
Hungary
DOT
Transportation
10/11/78
nb
Highway and bridge construction; high traffic control and safety railway transport and
operation; urban transport; human factors; computer techniques (applications); and
conservation of energy.
Hungary
HHS
Biomedical
04/01/77
12/31/87
43
NIH projects under the U.S.-Hungary Cultural Education and Science agreement; car-
Sciences
diovascular pulmonary and blood diseases; individual health sciences exchanges.
Hungary
HHS
Biomedical
02/23/81
17
Agreement between the National Cancer Institute and the Hungarian National Institute
Sciences
of Oncology for cancer research.
Hungary
NIST
Metrology
04/01/77
nb
Implementing arrangement under Articles II and III of the Agreement on Cooperation in
Culture Education and Science and Technology. Provides for short- term exchange of
scientists extended visits in cooperating laboratories joint research intercomparison of
national standards and information exchanges.
Hungary
NIST
Metrology
11/22/84
nb
Same as previous item.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 20
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Hungary
NSF
Basic Sciences
Cooperation in natural and engineering sciences social sciences and math. An earlier
agreement predated the umbrella agreement.
Hungary
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
07/01/77
07/01/92
S&T is a subset of overall agreement for cooperation in culture education science and
technology.
Hungary
USGS
Earth Sciences
02/09/88
12/31/92
Hungary
USGS
Earth Sciences
07/01/88
07/01/89
Assessment of petroleum resource potential in the Pannonian Basin of Hungary; funded
by the World Bank at $360,000.
Iceland
HHS
Food & Drug
12/28/78
MOU for establishing procedures for assuring the safety of imported shellfish.
Reg.
Iceland
NOAA
Fisheries
11/01/84
07/31/91
NA
Governing International Fishery Agreements established on a bilateral basis conditions
under which foreign fishing vessels are granted access to fishery resources in the U.S.
EEZ.
Iceland
USGS
Earth Sciences
04/09/82
04/08/90
80
Agreement in cooperation with the National Research Council; information and person-
nel exchanges; joint research in geophysical geological and hydrological phenomena.
India
BReclam
Natural Resour-
06/01/87
06/01/90
200
Training in dam safety and instrumentation of dams; UNDP funding.
ces
India
DOE
Energy (Fossil)
08/31/87
08/31/92
Cooperation in R&D activities pertaining to enhanced oil recovery underground coal
gasification and related technologies.
India
EPA
Environment
11/01/86
nb
EPA works with GOI environmental authorities under the U.S.-India Fund; principal
project is the Ganges River cleanup; two joint toxicology research projects are being for-
mulated with initiation expected in FY 89. EPA is reviewing two project proposals by
NEERI.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 21
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
India
FWS
Natural Resour-
01/01/78
500
Research projects in endangered species; training in wildlife management; public educa-
ces
tion efforts including development of the Indian Wildlife Institute. This is one of the
three Special Foreign Programs run by the FWS in which excess foreign currency is held
by the FWS for use in conservation projects.
India
HHS
Biomedical
01/01/62
334
Indo-U.S. Subcommission on S&T; areas include infectious diseases blindness preven-
Sciences
tion reproductive physiology molecular biology pharmacology child health and develop-
ment mental health substance abuse longitudinal demographic and health trends iron
deficiency anemia health services research occupational health cancer neurology and in-
formation exchanges.
India
HHS
Biomedical
01/01/82
12/31/88
68
Projects under the Reagan-Gandhi S&T Initiative; NIH conducts projects in immunology
Sciences
and reproduction blindness prevention leprosy filariasis tuberculosis malaria.
India
HHS
Biomedical
11/01/83
11/01/89
300
MOU for cooperation between ADAMHA and the Indian National Institute of Mental
Sciences
Health and Neuro Sciences; projects in alcoholism drub abuse and mental health.
India
HHS
Biomedical
07/01/84
07/01/89
MOU formalized long-standing relationship between NIH laboratories and selected In-
Sciences
dian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research laboratories basic research in cellular
molecular biology and biophysics.
India
HHS
Biomedical
06/01/87
06/01/92
6000
Vaccine and immunodiagnostics development; vaccine quality control; immunization
Sciences
programs development; the Vaccine Action Program is a joint effort by PHS and USAID;
nodal Indian agency is the Department of Biotechnology with MOHFW and Council of
Medical Research involvement.
India
NIST
Basic Sciences
10/28/74
Projects approved after 10/89 will be subject to IPR requirements presently being
negotiated. Includes 11 projects in materials and physical sciences in cooperation with
20 Indian institutions; expansion of the program.
India
NOAA
Earth Sciences
10/01/74
Six joint research projects in the climate research program were approved under the
Indo-U.S. Subcommission on S&T.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 22
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
India
NOAA
Space Tech-
10/26/84
NA
MOU for direct reception and distribution of Landsat data at Landsat ground station; ex-
nologies
tends through the life of Landsat-4 and Landsat-5.
India
NSF
Basic Scl. &
10/01/83
10/01/91
25
S&T Initiative sighed by President Reagan and Prime Minister Gandhi; NSF serves as
Tech.
Executive Agent; FY 1988 extension will continue studies in health agriculture biomass
solid state sciences and engineering and monsoon research also initiate studies in infec-
tious and tropical diseases (AIDS tuberculosis hershamaniasis neurological disorders)
Monsoon Drought of 1987 and collaboration on the SSC.
India
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
01/31/83
Agreement by President Reagan and Prime Minister Gandhi to launch the Science and
Technology Initiative; covers the fields of health agriculture monsoons.
India
USGS
Earth Sciences
01/01/75
10
U.S.-India fund provides about $39,000; multidisciplinary workshops and identification
of other mutually beneficial joint research projects. No agreement; administered by the
State Department.
Indonesia
BReclam
Natural Resour-
06/01/87
06/01/89
490
Dam safety evaluation of existing structure; training in dam safety inspection; funding
ces
by Indonesia.
Indonesia
HHS
Biomedical
10/01/79
09/30/88
144
Centers for Disease Control/AID technical assistance program with MOH aimed at
Sciences
reducing morbidity and mortality due to vaccine- preventable and diarrheal diseases.
Indonesia
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
10/01/79
10/05/89
Agreement on cooperation in scientific research and technological development; in-
dividual cooperating agencies negotiate funding with counterpart agencies.
Indonesia
USGS
Earth Sciences
02/03/86
06/30/90
Five year marine geology program funded by the Asian Development Bank at $1 million;
project provides for a resident team leader and 10 TDYs for 2.5 man months each.
Funded at $130,00 in FY 89.
Indonesia
USGS
Earth Sciences
01/01/87
23
Cooperative research project on peat studies as modern analogs to U.S. coal fields; field
visit to Kalimantan. Extension of U.S. domestic research project.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 23
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Indonesia
USGS
Earth Sciences
01/02/89
01/02/90
rmk
Assistance to Directorate of Mineral Resources in selecting areas having possibilities for
platinum group mineralization. Funded by the ADB at $58,000 in FY 1989.
Ireland
HHS
Food & Drug
01/22/88
01/28/93
FDA agreement covering caseins caseinates and mixtures thereof exported to the U.S.
Reg.
Ireland
USDA
Agricultural
80
Agricultural S&T forage/livestock management extension food technology agribusiness
Science
promotion. IPR considerations current impasse.
Israel
BReclam
Natural Resour-
06/01/84
05/22/94
20
S&T exchange program in water resources; joint funding.
ces
Israel
BReclam
Natural Resour-
06/01/84
05/01/89
30
Technical assistance in water resources development; funding by Israel.
ces
Israel
DOE
Energy
06/03/84
06/03/90
General bilateral agreement for the purpose of establishing wider cooperation in the
field of energy research and development.
Israel
DOE
Energy
05/27/87
05/27/92
Cooperation in high-energy physics applied mathematical sciences and other basic ener-
(Physics)
gy sciences.
Israel
DOT
Transportation
11/01/74
nb
Memorandum of Understanding with the Ministry of Transportation of the State of Israel;
general areas of transport planning and technology; currently inactive.
Israel
DOT
Transportation
11/12/74
nb
Transportation planning and information systems; and urban transport including traffic
control systems.
Israel
HHS
Biomedical
03/01/83
03/01/90
Activities are under a Plan for Mutual Cooperation with the Ministry of Labor and Social
Sciences
Affairs in the areas of alcohol abuse and alcoholism; covers mutually beneficial exchan-
ges work study programs and joint studies.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 24
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Israel
HHS
Biomedical
05/06/85
05/06/90
Agreement with the Israeli Ministry of Health; covers areas of biomedical sciences of
Sciences
mutual interest and health statistics.
Israel
NOAA
Marine Science
06/05/89
06/05/94
MOU for marine and freshwater cooperation.
Israel
NRC
Nuclear Safety
07/11/88
07/11/93
Information exchange. Israel
Israel
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
10/25/77
Agreement to establish the Binational Industrial Research and Development Foundation
(BIRDF); U.S. and Israel contributed equally to a $110 million endowment; interest earn-
ings are used to fund joint venture projects between U.s. andsraeli companies. Agree-
ment also establishes the Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund
(BARD). U.S. and Israel contributed equally to a $110 million endowment. Interest earn-
ings are used to fund joint agricultural research projects.
Israel
USGS
Earth Sciences
05/01/85
Global Digital Seismic Network.
Italy
BReclam
Natural Resour-
10/16/86
10/16/91
100
Technical cooperation in dam safety engineering; joint funding.
ces
Italy
DOE
Energy (Renew-
06/03/75
06/03/90
Collaboration in geothermal R&D to include hot dry rock brine utilization and deep drill-
able)
ing methods.
Italy
DOE
Energy
12/05/85
12/05/90
General bilateral agreement for the purpose of establishing wider cooperation in the
field of energy research and development. This MOU replaces the MOU between the
same parties which expired in 1979. A separate MOU for information exchange was
signed for this MOU on 9/17/86. This MOU was for a 2 year period.
Italy
DOT
Transportation
19710511
nb
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 25
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Italy
DOT
Transportation
04/12/85
04/12/90
nb
Initial areas of mutual interest: a) containerization b) major infrastructure construction
technology c) emergency transportation d) transportation safety and e) intermodal
foreign transportation. Replaces MOU of 10/3/69.
Italy
EPA
Environment
03/01/87
At Italian request EPA concluded a formal MOU with the newly-established Ministry of
Environment; subsequent governmental reorganization has precluded implementation;
ongoing contacts exist in the fields of dioxin control wastewater management and solid
waste management and recycling.
Italy
HHS
Biomedical
08/02/68
Exchange of information. Interlibrary exchange.
Science
Italy
HHS
Biomedical
11/21/77
190
Agreement under the umbrella S&T agreement with the Italian Ministry of Health.
Sciences
Italy
HHS
Food & Drug
12/19/88
Good laboratory practices MOU.
Reg.
Italy
NASA
Space &
03/13/86
Undertake joint development of a Tethered Satellite System (TSS) for use with the
Aeronautics
Space Shuttle.
Italy
NASA
Space &
02/13/89
Cooperative development of the Lageos-2 satellite system.
Aeronautics
Italy
NRC
Nuclear Safety
05/29/75
04/01/81
Information exchange; renewal text is awaiting signature.
Italy
NRC
Nuclear Safety
01/23/86
01/23/91
Thermal hydraulic research.
Italy
NRC
Nuclear Safety
06/05/87
06/05/91
Severe accident research.
Italy
NRC
Nuclear Energy
04/03/89
04/03/94
International piping research group.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 26
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Italy
NSF
Basic Sciences
06/19/67
04/01/93
240
Projects under S&T umbrella agreement (NSF was Executive Agency through June
1986); provides for joint research seminars and workshops; information and personnel
exchanges; installation utilization; training. NSF counterpart is the Italian National Re-
search Council.
Italy
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
04/01/88
04/01/93
Agreement for scientific and technological cooperation; agreement contains intellectual
property provisions; individual cooperating agencies negotiate funding with counterpart
agencies.
Italy
USGS
Earth Sciences
06/07/84
06/07/89
Installation of digital real-time seismography
Italy
USGS
Earth Sciences
11/06/85
11/05/90
24
Program under the S&T umbrella agreement; development and installation of digital real-
time seismographs; hydrological hazards workshop; development of new technology.
$97,000 GOI and other funding.
Ivory Coast
HHS
Disease Control
05/01/871
Centers for Disease Control and Ministry of Health collaboration in HIV-1 and HIV-2
epidemiology laboratory surveillance and research.
Japan
DOE
Energy
01/31/79
01/31/90
Cooperation in the design development construction and operation of liquid metal fast
(Nuclear)
breeder reactors.
Japan
DOE
Energy
12/03/86
12/03/96
Study topics and develop cooperatively and jointly technology and techniques neces-
(Nuclear)
sary for the safe management of radioactive wastes.
Japan
DOT
Transportation
07/31/69
nb
Major areas are urban systems traffic management high-speed rail including magnetic
levitation; aviation R&D; environment control strategies.
Japan
DOT
Transportation
11/18/70
nb
Program implemented by U.S. France Germany Italy Japan and U.K. Begun under
auspices of NATO CCMS.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 27
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Japan
EPA
Environment
08/05/75
nb
Self-renewing governmental agreement on environmental protection; 15 projects cover a
wide range of issues including mobile and stationary source control hazardous waste
management wastewater treatment drinking water protection management of con-
taminated bottom sediments etc.
Japan
HHS
Food & Drug
10/24/62
MOU with FDA on sanitation of shellfish for export;inactive since 1984 since there have
Reg.
been no shellfish exports.
Japan
HHS
Biomedical
04/01/65
185
U.S.-Japan Cooperative Medical Sciences Program; projects have been divided into
Sciences
nine agreed upon categories: cholera and cholera-like diarrheas; immunology; leprosy
or Hansen's Disease malnutrition; parasitic diseases; tuberculosis; viral diseases; environ-
mental mutagenesis; and carcinogenesis and viral hepatitis.
Japan
HHS
Biomedical
01/01/74
NIH/National Library of Medicine MEDLARS Agreement; interlibrary exchanges.
Sciences
Japan
HHS
Biomedical
09/01/84
09/01/88
14
Gerontology research; agreement between the National Institute on Aging and Tokyo
Sciences
Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology.
Japan
HHS
Biomedical
01/01/80
06/01/88
23
Projects under the non-energy umbrella S&T agreement; exchanges work-study.
Sciences
Japan
HHS
Food & Drug
04/01/83
Mutual acceptance of inspectional data concerning good laboratory practice with Phar-
Reg.
maceutical Affairs Bureau MOH.
Japan
HHS
Biomedical
09/01/84
05/01/89
95
Nakasone Cancer Program.
Sciences
Japan
NASA
Space &
09/05/89
Entering Phase C/D of Space Station Program; Detailed Design and Development; total
Aeronautics
funding with international partners in excess of $7 billion; Japanese hardware account-
ing for $2 billion.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 28
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Japan
NASA
Space &
01/28/88
Direct reception of data from Japan's JERS-1 spacecraft at a NASA receiving station.
Aeronautics
Japan
NASA
Space &
01/24/85
01/01/90
Use of Japanese airport for Shuttle emergency landing.
Aeronautics
Japan
NIST
Telecom-
09/14/89
09/13/94
nb
Agreement with the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation which is a private cor-
munications
poration; joint research on semiconductors telecommunications computers and com-
puter networking time and frequency measurements and related fields. Second genera-
tion of agreement originally signed in 1984.
Japan
NOAA
Marine Science
01/01/64
NA
U.S.-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources; joint multidisciplinary research
projects; information and data exchange.
Japan
NOAA
Space Tech-
08/11/83
NA
MOU for direct reception and distribution of Landsat data at Landsat ground station; ex-
nologies
tends through the life of the Landsat-45 AND LANDSAT-5.
Japan
NOAA
Fisheries
12/31/87
12/31/89
NA
Governing International Fishery Agreements established on a bilateral basis conditions
under which foreign fishing vessels are granted access to fishery resources within the
U.S. EEZ.
Japan
NPS
Natural Resour-
11/01/86
11/01/91
10
Exchange; U.S.-Japan agreement on development and utilization of natural resources;
ces
U.S.-Japan panels: national parks and other natural areas conservation recreation and
parks and city parks and urban affairs.
Japan
NRC
Nuclear Safety
02/11/84
01/31/92
Japan
NRC
Nuclear Safety
11/07/84
11/06/89
Radioactive waste management.
Japan
NRC
Nuclear Safety
12/01/84
09/01/88
Contain 1.0 computer code for LMFBR containment analysis.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 29
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Japan
NRC
Nuclear Safety
06/30/86
06/30/89
AFDM prototype and Contain computer code; one year extension under negotiation.
Japan
NRC
Nuclear Safety
09/30/86
High-level vibration test of nuclear power plant piping.
Japan
NRC
Nuclear Safety
05/27/87
12/31/90
Information exchange.
Japan
NRC
Nuclear Safety
10/09/87
10/08/92
Severe fuel damage and fission product source term research. Japan
Japan
NSF
Computer
04/01/87
rmk
Establishes exchange program. Funding is variable $70,000 to date.
Science
Japan
NSF
Basic Sciences
06/01/88
06/01/93
Japan
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
06/20/88
06/20/93
Agreement on cooperation and in research and development in science and technol-
ogy; joint R&D in all areas of S&T except energy and cooperation in developing S&T
policies of the two countries; individual cooperating agencies negotiate funding with
counterpart agencies.
Japan
USGS
Earth Sciences
10/28/88
10/28/91
49.5
Debris flow research; experimental studies of bedform alignment related to sediment
transport studies on continental shelves and in estuaries. Japan provides approximately
$37,800.
Jordan
USGS
Earth Sciences
09/01/82
03/31/90
Seismic network program remote sensing; funded by USAID at $523,800. Jordan
framework for cooperation. Referenced IPR clause unlike most actually stating that "un-
less the parties mutually agree to the contrary
Kenya
HHS
Biomedical
01/01/79
200
Malaria research by the Centers for Disease Control and collaborating Kenyan agencies.
Sciences
Korea
DOE
Energy
11/06/81
11/06/91
Cooperation in the broad area of energy conservation.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 30
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Korea
DOE
Energy (Renew-
11/06/81
11/06/91
Cooperation in all phases of solar energy research.
able)
Korea
DOE
Energy (Fossil)
11/06/81
11/06/91
Exchange of coal related information; personnel exchange and consultation in coal tech-
nology.
Korea
EPA
Environment
nb
An MOU between EPA and Korea Environment Agency was signed on Nov. 2 1987 but
does not enter into effect until the umbrella S&T agreement is signed.
Korea
HHS
Biomedical
05/01/76
10/01/88
Genetic engineering under the U.S.-Korea S&T agreement.
Sciences
Korea
HHS
Biomedical
04/01/86
04/01/91
Toxicological data information exchange and training. Korean Institute of Chemical
Sciences
Technology.
Korea
NIST
Metrology
06/01/86
06/01/89
Agreement with the Korea Standards Research Institute to improve knowledge and en-
gineering practices in measuring mechanical properties of materials at low tempera-
tures; low pressure measurement techniques; methodology development for secondary
ion mass spectrometric analysis. Awaiting completion of a new IPR package.
Korea
NIST
Metrology
10/22/86
10/21/89
nb
Metals; Investigation of electrodeposited amorphous alloys for application in small scale
industrial processes with emphasis on wear corrosion and magnetic performance.
Korea
NOAA
Fisheries
03/01/77
07/31/91
NA
Governing International Fishery Agreements established on a bilateral basis conditions
under which foreign fishing vessels are granted access to fishery resources within the
U.S. EEZ.
Korea
NRC
Nuclear Safety
05/01/86
Thermal hydraulic research.
Korea
NRC
Nuclear Safety
11/01/81
11/01/86
Information exchange; renewal under negotiation.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 31
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Korea
NRC
Nuclear Safety
12/28/87
12/28/90
Severe accident research.
Korea
NSF
Basic Sciences
05/24/87
05/24/92
370
NSF-KOSEF MOU under S&T umbrella agreement; joint research seminars and
workshops; long-term joint research visits; short-term project development visits; an-
nual seminars identify joint priorities. IPR under negotiation.
Korea
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
11/22/76
10/01/88
Agreement relating to scientific and technical cooperation; negotiations currently under-
way on renewal of agreement; individual cooperating agencies negotiate funding with
counterpart agencies.
Korea
USGS
Earth Sciences
10/16/78
12/31/89
All activities determined by project annexes. There are seven such annexes to date.
Kuwait
USGS
Earth Sciences
12/04/88
12/31/93
Amended and extended a 1983 MOU. Now includes intellectual property rights stipula-
tions.
Liberia
USGS
Earth Sciences
03/24/86
03/24/91
General framework for cooperation. IPR contains the sentence: "Unless the parties
mutually agree to the contrary; no information and data shall be subject to copyright
protection in the United States of America.
Malaysia
BReclam
Natural Resour-
07/01/83
35
Technical assistance during initial filling of Batu Dam for water conservation and flood
ces
control; funding by Malaysia.
Mauritania
USGS
Earth Sciences
01/11/18
01/11/92
Mexico
Census
Statistics
03/27/86
03/27/91
None
This cooperation agreement provides for the exchange of methodologies; documents;
information; and training and the development and execution of joint statistical projects.
Mexico
DOE
Energy (Fossil)
06/20/83
06/20/89
Exchange information and develop basic and applied research programs in petroleum
technology.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 32
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Mexico
DOE
Energy (Renew-
04/07/86
04/07/94
Develop and understanding of geothermal reservoirs in sedimentary and fractured ig-
able)
neous rocks.
Mexico
DOT
Transportation
11/16/72
nb
Highway; rail; maritime search and rescue; oil pollution control; joint border transport
planning.
Mexico
DOT
Transportation
06/01/89
nb
Agreement between the United States Coast Guard and the Government of Mexico for
cooperation in maritime search and rescue.
Mexico
EPA
Environment
08/14/88
nb
U.S.-Mexico governmental agreement for cooperation in the protection; improvement
and conservation of the border environment; specific programs are outlined in the an-
nexes to the agreement: 1. solution of the border sanitation problem at San Diego and
Tijuana; 2. cooperation on discharges of hazardous wastes along the border; 3. coopera-
tion on transboundary shipment of hazardous substances; 4. cooperation on transboun-
dary air pollution from copper smelters.
Mexico
FWS
Natural Resour-
05/12/84
05/11/94
50
Cooperative projects on endangered species; migratory birds; law enforcement; training;
ces
and other wildlife matters.
Mexico
FWS
Natural Resour-
03/16/88
75
Tripartite cooperation on waterfowl and wetlands cooperation.
ces
Mexico
HHS
Biomedical
06/30/76
NIH/National Library of Medicine MEDLARS Agreement with Centro Nacional de Infor-
Sciences
macion y Documentacion en Salud (CENIDS); interlibrary exchange.
Mexico
HHS
Food and Drug
10/15/81
General umbrella agreement between the FDA and the Mexican SSA to cooperate in the
Reg.
scientific and regulatory fields of health.
Mexico
HHS
Biomedical
03/01/82
12/31/88
National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism agreement for scientific cooperation
Sciences
with the Mexican Institute of Psychiatry includes exchanges; work-study programs and
the conduct of joint collaborative alcohol research studies.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 33
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Mexico
HHS
Biomedical
12/01/83
12/01/88
24
Joint Working Group on Health; U.S.-Mexico Mixed Commission on Science and Tech-
Sciences
nology; covers diarrheal diseases; maternal and child health (nutrition and breast feed-
ing); diabetes and pregnancy biomedical instrumentation and repair.
Mexico
HHS
Biomedical
01/01/84;
11/01/88
5
Plan for scientific cooperation between NIH and the Center for Research regulation
Sciences
transport systems.
Mexico
HHS
Biomedical
01/01/84
12/31/90
100
Field epidemiology training by the Centers for Disease Control with the Secretaria de
Sciences
Salud.
Mexico
HHS
Food & Drug
02/22/88
02/22/98
FDA MOU with Secretara de Salud on sanitary practices prevailing in the shellfish in-
Reg.
dustries of Mexico and the U.S.
Mexico
NOAA
Fisheries (Gulf)
11/19/86
11/30/89
NA
a MOU for cooperative research on shared resources in the Gulf of Mexico for the ex-
change of scientific information and cooperative research on the fisheries sector.
Mexico
NOAA
Fisheries
11/19/86
11/30/89
NA
A MOU for cooperative research on shared resources in the Pacific and for the ex-
(Pacific)
change of scientific information and cooperative research on the fisheries sector.
Mexico
NOAA
Fisheries
06/24/88
11/30/89
NA
A MOU for the exchange of scientific and economic data and information on the
fisheries sector.
Mexico
NPS
National Parks
11/30/88
11/30/93
Noting the mutual objectives and interest of the parties declared in the Convention on
Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere of 1940.
Mexico
NRC
Nuclear Safety
04/01/81
04/01/96
Information exchange; extension under review.
Mexico
NRC
Nuclear Safety
05/27/87
05/27/92
Nuclear safety research.
Mexico
NSF
Basic Sciences
06/15/72
138
Projects under the S&T umbrella agreement; information and personnel exchanges;
joint research; seminars; workshops and meetings.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 34
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Mexico
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
06/15/72
Agreement for scientific and technical cooperation; individual cooperating agencies
negotiate funding with counterpart agencies; restructuring of bilateral mixed commis-
sion in 1988 to deal with policy and coordination issues only.
Mexico
USDA
Agricultural
12/06/83
10/01/87
16
Agricultural R&D; plant genetic research; screwworm research; pine beetles seminar;
Science
nutrition seminar; distributed watershed modeling.
Mexico
USGS
Earth Sciences
03/31/89
03/31/94
Goal is to establish an active continuing program of scientific cooperation in geothermal
and related volcanic investigations and to improve the technical capabilities of both par-
ties.
Morocco
BReclam
Natural Resour-
05/01/84
09/30/89
700
Development assistance in weather modification programs to increase natural water
ces
supplies; funding by USAID.
Mozambique
USGS
Earth Sciences
04/10/86
04/09/91
All activities governed by project annexes. IPR clause not standard; includes the follow-
ing: "Unless the parties mutually agree to the contrary; no information and data shall be
subject to copyright protection in the United States of America."
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
01/01/70
nb
EUROCONTROL group: Civil aviation; management information exchanges on air
navigation.
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
Commission International de L'Eclairage Division 4 - - Lighting and Signaling for
Transport; development of technical reports; guidelines; and/or standards.
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
United States International Telecommunications Union (ITU): World Administrative
Radio Conference for Mobile Services.
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
Permanent International Association of Navigational Congresses (PAINC); technology
and policy sharing.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 35
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
United Nations International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO); annual Assembly Meet-
ings; 9 regional groups; 3 special committees; 13 panels which have established various
ad hoc study groups. Multilateral
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (PIARC).
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
European Conference of Ministers of Transport; various technical subjects; high-level
policy discussions in Council sessions.
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
Pan American Railway Congress Association (PARCA).
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
United Nations International Maritime Organization (IMO); annual Assembly; Council;
Committees on Maritime Safety; Marine Environment Protection; Legal; Facilitation;
and Technical Cooperation.
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); DOT represented on
Road Transport Research Program Steering Committee and active in selected research
studies.
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Standing Advisory Group on
Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials.
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
International Organization for Standardization (ISO); transport vehicle hardware stand-
ardization.
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
Maritime: special groups: International Association of Lighthouse Authorities; Internation-
al Working Group on LORAN C; International Ship Structures Congress; International
Radio Consultative Committee; Panama Canal Seminar on Tonnage System Changes;
Seminars on Marine Pollution and Chemical Tankers and Gas; International Symposium
on Remote Sensing of the Environment; Venezuela Air Safety Congress; Search and
Rescue Satellite-aided Tracking Demonstration Project; UNEP Monitoring Committee on
the Action Plan for the Caribbean Environment Program.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 36
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
Pan American Highway Congress Pan American Institute of Highways; training and
technology transfer for highway construction to member countries.
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
International Road Federation: highway projects and technical database coordination.
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
Organization of American States (OAS): Inter-American Port and Harbor Conferences.
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
United Nations Economic and Social Commission of Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP).
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE); Inland Transport Committee
Groups of Experts on Construction of Vehicles; Road Safety; Combined Transport;
Transport of Dangerous Goods; Committee on Development of Trade; Facilitation.
Multilateral
DOT
Transportation
nb
United Nations Economic and Social Council; Committee of Experts on Transport of
Dangerous Goods.
Multilateral
FWS
Natural Resour-
04/30/42
499
Institution building and training in Western Hemisphere Countries; grants and projects
ces
in support of regional capabilities for managing wildlife; environmental education;
graduate program development; technical information data centers.
Multilateral
FWS
Natural Resour-
01/01/87
30
Training and research in 8 Asian countries; 8 grants in support of biological diversity;
ces
USAID funding at $260,000.
Multilateral
FWS
Natural Resour-
01/01/87
40
Training and research in 13 Near East countries; 12 grants in support of biological diver-
ces
sity; USAID funding at $186,000.
Multilateral
HHS
Biomedical
03/01/79
09/01/91
5610
Child survival and combatting childhood communicable diseases; Centers for Disease
Sciences
Control program of training and logistics planning for advancement of childhood im-
munization programs; malaria prophylaxis and diarrheal disease control; covers 12
African countries: Burundi; Central African Republic; Guinea; Ivory Coast; Lesotho;
Liberia; Malawi; Nigeria; Rwanda; Swaziland; Togo and Zaire (USAID funded).
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 37
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Multilateral
HHS
Biomedical
01/01/84
12/31/89
31
International Collaborative effort on Perinatal and Infant Mortality with Denmark; FRG; Is-
Sciences
rael; Japan; Norway; Sweden and the UK by the National Center for Health and Statis-
tics.
Multilateral
NIST
Materials
05/01/87
04/30/90
nb
International accord with France; UK; Italy; Canada; Japan; FRG and Commission of
Science
European Communities; participation in the Versailles Project on Advanced Materials
(VAMAS); which now operates independently of the economic heads; VAMAS aims to in-
troduce advanced materials into high-tech products and engineering structures and to
encourage trade through agreement on codes of performance; NIST represents the U.S.
and chairs the steering committee.
Multilateral
NOAA
Space Tech-
09/01/88
NA
Search and Rescue Satellite System.
nologies
Multilateral
NPS
Natural Resour-
09/23/81
10
Technical assistance; Western Hemisphere Convention and Caribbean Basin Initiative
ces
park development; participants include Argentina; Barbados; Bermuda; Brazil; British Vir-
gin Islands; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; Grenada; Jamaica; Mexico; Panama; Peru; St.
Vincent and the Grenadines.
Multilateral
NPS
Natural Resour-
03/09/84
03/09/90
13
Technical assistance and Information exchange; Man and the Biosphere Program;
ces
biological surveys and monitoring; reference text development; biosphere reserves; par-
ticipants include Canada; Mexico; Rwanda; FRG and all MAB countries; other U.S.
Government funding of $30,500.
Multilateral
NPS
Natural Resour-
06/21/84
53
Policy coordination; World Heritage Site nomination; cultural resource cooperation with
ces
ICOMOS; participants include World Heritage Convention countries.
Multilateral
NPS
Natural Resour-
09/2286
09/22/91
Training; Peace Corps Volunteer training in national parks and conservation; participants
ces
include Malawi; Morocco and Sierra Leone; other U.S. government funding of $18,000.
Multilateral
NPS
Natural Resour-
07/31/89
17
Training and information exchange; training for foreign park professionals in U.S. Nation-
ces
al Parks; provision of technical information on parks and protected areas to USAID mis-
sions and foreign governments.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 38
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Multilateral
NRC
Nuclear Safety
09/20/84
09/20/89
EURATOM; nuclear safety research.
Multilateral
NRC
Nuclear Safety
01/01/85
12/31/90
OECD Halden Reactor project.
Multilateral
NRC
Nuclear Safety
09/01/86
09/30/89
OECD project on LOFT experimental program.
Multilateral
USGS
Earth Sciences
01/01/66
Acquisition of geodetic and gravity data; aerial photography; satellite imagery and
production of maps; Operation of the Scientific Committee on maps; Operation of the
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Library for Geodesy and Geographic
Information. Funding at $300,000 provided by the National Science Foundation.
Multilateral
USGS
Earth Sciences
01/01/72
rmk
Antarctic ice cap motion studies; seismology Investigations and data telecommunica-
tions at the South Pole. Funding of $160,000 by DMA.
Multilateral
USGS
Earth Sciences
01/01/74
68.7
Advisory coordination and training in the southwest and western Pacific; coastal geologi-
cal hazards and resources; one USGS employee in residence in Fiji; CCOC/SOPAC
provides approximately $13,000 and Government of France $2400.
Multilateral
USGS
Earth Sciences
01/01/74
240
Circum-Pacific Map Project.
Multilateral
USGS
Earth Sciences
01/01/86
40
Advisory consultations to intergovernmental geoscience bodies in eastern Asia; par-
ticularly in resource assessment methodologies; about $5000 in travel funds from the
U.S. Department of State and $5000 from the International Union of Geological Sciences.
Multilateral
USGS
Earth Sciences
08/01/86
07/31/91
22
Interagency Volcano Early Warning Disaster Assistance Program funded by USAID/IFTA
and AID/Guatemala at $200,000; provides for emergency response to volcano crises.
Multilateral
USGS
Earth Sciences
03/01/87
09/01/91
Famine Early Warning System (FEWS) Program; application of Geographic Information
System (GIS) to target populations at risk of famines in 8 sub-Sahara countries and 6
Horn countries. AID funding $497,000.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 39
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Multilateral
USGS
Earth Sciences
04/01/
09/01/
Multilateral
USGS
Earth Sciences
10/01/87
12/01/89
13
Low frequency ice radar experiments in Antarctica. NSF funding at $6,000.
Multilateral
USGS
Earth Sciences
11/01/87
02/01/89
26
Field research at lakes in dry valleys related to global carbon cycle in Antarctica. NSF
funding at $18,000; 6.5 man-months TDY's in 1989.
Multilateral
USGS
Earth Sciences
01/01/88
60
International Strategic Minerals Inventory: Global Inventory of Strategic Commodities in-
cluding cobalt; nickel; platinum; and titanium. Participants are from Australia; Canada;
South Africa
Multilateral
USGS
Earth Sciences
04/01/88
04/30/91
Identify remote sensing data requirements for AGRHYMET agricultural assessments in 9
west African countries. AID funding of $1.2 million.
Multilateral (EC)
DOE
Energy
01/28/82
06/30/90
Nuclear material safeguards research and development.
(Nuclear)
Multilateral (EC)
DOE
Energy
10/06/82
10/06/92
Exchange of information on the management of radioactive waste; i.e. characterization
(Nuclear)
of waste forms and disposal in geologic formations.
Multilateral (EC)
DOE
Energy
07/07/86
07/07/91
Cooperation on a range of R&D aspects of radiation protection in areas such as source
(Nuclear)
and dose determination; environmental processes and effects; somatic health effects;
genetic health effects.
Multilateral (EC)
DOE
Energy (Fusion)
12/15/86
12/15/96
Maintain and intensify cooperation between EURATOM and DOE in the areas covered by
their respective magnet fusion programs in order to develop the scientific and technologi-
cal understanding underlying a magnetic fusion power system.
Multilateral (EC)
NOAA
Fisheries
06/01/77
07/31/91
NA
Governing International Fishery Agreements established on a bilateral basis; conditions
under which foreign fishing vessels are granted access to fishery resources within the
U.S. EEZ.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 40
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Multilateral (EC)
US Gov
Environment
06/04/74
Letters establishing the framework for cooperative environmental activity. Initial areas of
interest: exchange of information on methods of analysis and measurement of certain air
and water pollutants and on the state of knowledge of their harmful effects including the
harmful effects of noise; exchange of information in establishment of criteria and quality
objectives; exchange of information on pollution problems posed by certain industries;
exchange of information on possible US-EC trade problems resulting from environmen-
tal matters; exchange of information on the effects of energy production on the environ-
ment; study of the possibility of conducting jointly epidemiological investigations; ex-
change of information on procedures for testing the toxicity of certain pollutants; ex-
change of information about toxic wastes; exchange of information concerning the im-
pact of certain agricultural activities on the environment; exchange of information on
programs for public awareness and education; joint organization of conferences and
symposia.
Multilateral (EC)
USDA
Remote Sens-
Remote sensing applications to agriculture and forestry. Currently delayed because of
ing
IPR impasse.
Multilateral (ESA)
NASA
Space
03/21/74
Memorandum of Understanding between the European Space Research Organization
and the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Multilateral (ESA)
NASA
Space
03/17/75
International Sun/Earth Explorer program.
Multilateral (ESA)
NASA
Space &
03/29/79
10
Ulysses; cooperative mission to study the poles of the sun.
Aeronautics
Multilateral (ESA)
NASA
Space &
01/14/86
Agreement for tracking and data reception for the ESA Earth Remote Sensing Satellite
Aeronautics
(ERS-1).
Multilateral (ESA)
NASA
Space &
09/29/88
Entering Phase C/D of the Space Station Program; Detailed Design and Development;
Aeronautics
total funding with all international partners in excess of $7 billion; ESA hardware account-
ing for $4 billion. Agreement also includes Canada and Japan.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 41
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Multilateral (ESA)
NASA
Space
Procurement and use of a space laboratory in conjunction with the space shuttle system.
Currently delayed because of IPR impasse.
Multilateral (ESA)
NOAA
Space Tech-
02/23/84
NA
MOU foro direct reception and distribution of Landsat data at Landsat ground station; ex-
nologies
tends through the life of Landsat-4 and Landsat- 5.
Netherlands
DOT
Transportation
09/28/77
nb
Transportation economics studies; highway traffic safety; civil aviation; urban systems;
drug testing studies.
Netherlands
EPA
Environment
11/17/85
nb
Self-renewing MOU between EPA and the Ministry of Housing: Physical Planning; and
Environment. Covers the same broad range of topics as the U.S.-FRG agreement. EPA
and the Ministry co-sponsored a major symposium on ozone; the third in a series of trien-
nial symposia on major air- related issues.
Netherlands
HHS
Food Sciences
10/18/88
Dry milk products; FDA MOU recognizes certificate of analysis from government
authorities.
Netherlands
NRC
Nuclear Safety
09/23/87
09/23/92
Information exchange.
Netherlands
USDA
Agricultural
11/20/85
11/20/90
50
Agricultural S&T; plant physiology; economic research; soil and water science; in-
Science
tegrated pest management.
New Zealand
HHS
Food & Drug
11/11/75
FDA MOU covering dry milk products certification for export to the U.S.
Reg
New Zealand
HHS
Food & Drug
10/30/80
MOU; shellfish sanitation and certification for export to U.S.; annual inspection of grow-
Reg
ing areas and processing facilities.
New Zealand
NSF
Basic Sciences
07/01/88
06/30/92
108
Projects under S&T umbrella agreement; joint research; Information and personnel ex-
changes; utilization of installations.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 42
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
New Zealand
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
02/27/74
08/27/89
Agreement for scientific and technological cooperation; individual cooperating agencies
negotiate funding with counterpart agencies.
New Zealand
USDA
Agricultural
11/29/83
11/29/88
2
Agricultural R&D; tree improvement; animal diseases surveillance systems.
Science
New Zealand
USGS
Earth Sciences
06/23/86
50
Joint USGS-New Zealand project to map regions of high scientific interest in McMurdo
Sound area of Antarctica; funded by NSF; USGS completed its work on the first 5 sheets
which were sent to New Zealand for compilation.
Norway
DOE
Energy (Fossil)
04/22/87
04/22/92
Establish an exchange of scientific and technical information regarding fossil energy
R&D and conduct joint basic and/or applied fossil energy research projects. Norway
Norway
NASA
Space &
07/17/75
Agreement for sounding rocket launches from Andoya.
Aeronautics
Norway
USGS
Earth Sciences
02/04/88
02/04/93
All MOU activities are set forth in project annexes which include referenced IPR arrange-
ments. One project for developing methods for digital sonar image data active in 1989.
Norway
USGS
Earth Sciences
10/12/89
10/12/94
Pakistan
BReclam
Natural Resour-
04/18/84
04/18/89
500
Technical assistance in the design and construction of irrigation drainage systems;
ces
reclamation of saline and waterlogged agricultural lands; funding by the World Bank.
Pakistan
FWS
Natural Resour-
01/01/78
12/01/92
500
Research in endangered species; training in wildlife management; conservation educa-
ces
tion. One of three Special Foreign Currency programs run by the FWS in which excess
foreign currency is held by the FWS for use in conservation projects.
Pakistan
NOAA
Space Tech-
11/26/84
NA
MOU for direct reception and distribution of Landsat data at Landsat ground station; ex-
nologies
tends through the life of Landsat-4 and Landsat-5.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 43
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Pakistan
NPS
Natural Resour-
12/06/82
Technical assistance and training; national/cultural heritage conservation and manage-
ces
ment technical assistance; wildlife conservation training; operations are conducted
under the auspices of the referenced agreement; there is no separate NPS agreement.
Pakistan
NSF
Basic Sciences
03/02/81
05/31/89
Cooperative Science MOU with the Pakistan Ministry of S&T; joint research and seminars
and workshops; visits; supports attendance at international meetings; information and
data exchanges; translation services. Now expired; was funded through SFC appropria-
tions of about $1 million annually; No funds allocated to support the MOU since 10/87.
Pakistan Ministry of S&T has recently asked the NSF to renew it; NSF plans to review
new requirements for IPR before responding.
Pakistan
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
12/06/82
Agreement to establish a Joint Commission on economic; commercial; scientific; tech-
nological; educational and cultural cooperation.
Pakistan
USGS
Energy
08/07/85
07/31/89
2m
Four-year $5 million program for coal resources exploration and assessment; national
coal exploration plan; coal analytical laboratory system; geodata center; and institutional
modernization of the Geological Survey of Pakistan. Funded by USAID.
Philippines
HHS
Biomedical
06/01/87
12/31/89
265
Centers for Disease Control and Department of Health program in field epidemiology
Sciences
training (USAID funded).
Philippines
NRC
Nuclear Safety
06/01/85
06/01/90
Information exchange.
Philippines
NRC
Nuclear Safety
08/01/85
08/01/90
Thermal hydraulic research.
Philippines
USDA
Agricultural
02/10/88
02/10/93
3
Agricultural S&T; cocoa production technology.
Science
Poland
DOT
Transportation
11/03/71
rmk
Transportation agreement carried out; and projects funded under the 1988 U.S.- Poland
S&T agreement. Special interests are rail safety and highway basic science R&D. Fund-
ing for Fy 1989 from MSC-II fund of $24,000 and dollar equivalent; supplemented by
$54,000 of DOT funds; for two parallel rail safety projects.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 44
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Poland
EPA
Environment
09/10/87
09/10/92
Agreement between EPA and the Ministry of Environment which may cover air and water
pollution; hazardous waste management; effects of pollutants on flora and fauna; radia-
tion; health effects of pollutants and environmental management and planning. EPA
also participates in the U.S.-Poland agreement on S&T cooperation and is developing
projects on health effects; radiation; and hazardous waste management.
Poland
HHS
Biomedical
10/01/84
294
Agreement between HHS and the Polish Ministry of Health and Social Welfare; coopera-
Sciences
tion on mental health problems; cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases; individual
health scientist exchanges; cancer research and mental health.
Poland
HHS
Biomedical
10/08/87
10/08/92
Epidemiological; basic; and clinical investigations in the field of cancer.
Science
Poland
NIST
Basic & Applied
09/29/87
09/28/92
35
NIST is one of several U.S. technical agencies cooperating under the U.S.- Polish agree-
Sci.
ment for scientific and technological cooperation. The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Fund is
established as the funding vehicle.
Poland
NOAA
Fisheries
02/01/87
07/01/91
NA
Governing International Fishery Agreements established on a bilateral basis; conditions
under which foreign fishing vessels are granted access to fishery resources within the
U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone.
Poland
NPS
Natural Resour-
09/01/87
09/01/92
Cooperation and exchange; natural and cultural heritage conservation and manage-
ces
ment; personnel; information exchange.
Poland
NSF
Basic Sciences
06/13/88
06/13/93
153
MOU under the 1987 S&T umbrella agreement provides for joint research projects; semi-
nars and workshops; and short-term project development visits.
Poland
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
09/28/87
09/28/92
Agreement established a joint commission and a joint fund with contributions from both
sides after lapse of an earlier agreement signed in 1972; extensive language on protec-
tion of intellectual property.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 45
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Poland
USGS
Earth Sciences
08/25/88
08/25/92
rmk
Establishes a framework for cooperation. Scope of cooperation determined by Article 1
of the Agreement on Cooperation in Science and Technology. $36,000 joint Commis-
sion in FY 1989.
Portugal
USGS
Earth Sciences
05/18/87
05/17/92
Funded by the LUSO-American Foundation for $43,000; massive sulfide deposit studies
in the Iberian Pyrite Belt during 1986-1989.
Regional
HHS
Biomedical
10/26/77
NIH/National Library of Medicine MEDLARS Agreement for interlibrary exchanges.
Science
Regional (Africa)
DOT
Transportation
cr
Civil aviation technical assistance in Cape Verde; Egypt; Liberia and Morocco.
Regional (Africa)
DOT
Transportation
cr
Regional highway technical assistance; transport planning and development in coopera-
tion with USAID.
Regional (Asia)
DOT
Transportation
cr
Highway technical assistance in Kuwait and Turkey.
Regional (Asia)
DOT
Transportation
cr
Civil aviation technical assistance in Australia; Burma; Brunei; China; Hong Kong; ICAO;
India; Indonesia; Israel; Japan; Jordan; Korea; Malaysia; Marshall Islands; The Maldives;
Micronesia; Nepal; New Zealand; Oman; Pakistan; Palau; The Philippines; Saudi Arabia;
Singapore; Sri Lanka; Taiwan; and Thailand.
Regional (Asia)
DOT
Transportation
cr
Technical assistance to Saudi Arabia on transport system infrastructure establishment
and training.
Regional (Europe)
DOT
Transportation
cr
Civil aviation technical assistance in Austria; Belgium; Denmark; EUROCONTROL; the
FRG; France; Greece; Iceland; Ireland; Italy; the Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Spain;
Switzerland; and the United Kingdom. Programs have various start and end dates.
Regional (Oceania)
DOT
Transportation
cr
Highway technical assistance in Indonesia.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 46
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Regional (S
DOT
Transportation
cr
Civil aviation technical assistance in Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; Colombia; Ecuador;
America)
Peru; Surinam; Uruguay; and Venezuela.
Regional (W Hemis)
DOT
Transportation
cr
Highway technical assistance in Barbados and Costa Rica.
Regional (W Hemis)
DOT
Transportation
cr
Civil aviation technical assistance in Barbados; Bahamas; Canada; Cayman Islands;
COCESNA; Dominican Republic; Grenada; Guyana; Haiti; Iceland; Jamaica; Mexico;
Netherlands Antilles; Organization of Eastern Caribbean States; Panama; Trinidad and
Tobago and Turks and Calicos Islands.
Romania
DOT
Transportation
11/01/71
nb
Currently inactive. Rail; motor vehicle; highway maintenance; and human factors.
Romania
HHS
Biomedical
12/01/74
U.S.-Romania cooperation and individual health scientist exchanges; renewable every
Sciences
two years.
Romania
NSF
Basic Sciences
02/27/79
02/27/88
50
Joint workshops and seminars; short-term project development visits; joint research.
Renewal pending.
Saudi Arabia
BReclam
Natural Resour-
02/13/75
02/01/90
1300
Technical assistance in the development of land and water resources; desalinization ap-
ces
plication and research; institution building; funding by Saudi Arabia.
Saudi Arabia
DOE
Energy (Renew-
02/04/87
02/04/92
Finding solutions to mutually agreed problems in renewable energy research and
able)
development.
Saudi Arabia
DOT
Transportation
10/26/83
rmk
Technical assistance to Saudi Arabia on transport system infrastructure establishment
and training; primarily in highway and urban land transport systems. Funding: cost reim-
bursable; amount set each year. Termination and Renewal: can be terminated by ter-
mination of governing agreement.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 47
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Saudi Arabia
HHS
Biomedical
09/01/74
09/01/90
Under the U.S.-Saudi Joint Commission; economic cooperation to enable sharing of
Sciences
knowledge and transfer of technology for food and drug control and emergency medical
services.
Saudi Arabia
HHS
Biomedical
10/01/86
12/31/93
146
CDC field epidemiology training program.
Sciences
Saudi Arabia
NOAA
Atmospheric
02/01/75
02/01/90
Technical Cooperation Agreement; cooperation in integrating Saudi meteorological ser-
Sciences
vices and supporting research programs.
Saudi Arabia
NOAA
Space Tech-
09/25/84
NA
MOU for direct reception and distribution of Landsat data at Landsat ground station; ex-
nologies
tends through the life of Landsat-4 and Landsat-5.
Saudi Arabia
NSF
Basic Sciences
06/01/79
02/13/90
574
Umbrella project agreement in conjunction with the U.S. Treasury Department; institution-
al development; development of a national S&T information system; grants program and
a national research institute; science education. An exchange of letters between the U.S.
Government and the Saudi Arabia Government has agreed upon an indefinite extension
until such time as King Fahd can come to the U.S. for a signing ceremony.
Saudi Arabia
USGS
Earth Sciences
01/01/83
01/29/90
rmk
Establishment of an earth sciences organization with staff; facilities; and procedures
development. Geographic and geological cartography; mining; geologic; geochemical
and geophysical studies; geologic and mineral resources database; $5.8 million from
Saudi Arabia in FY 1989.
Senegal
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
08/17/82
08/01/87
Agreement for scientific and technological cooperation.
Senegal
USGS
Earth Sciences
05/01/88
12/31/89
rmk
Extension of PASA. Funded by USAID at $18,000.
Sierra Leone
HHS
Biomedical
01/01/82
Long-term agreement between Centers for Disease Control and Ministry of Health in
Sciences
joint research for viral hemorrhagic fevers.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 48
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
South Africa
NOAA
Space Tech-
10/19/83
NA
MOU for direct reception and distribution of Landsat data at Landsat ground station; ex-
nologies
tends through the life of Landsat-4 and Landsat-5.
South Africa
USGS
Earth Sciences
12/01/87
12/01/90
Agreement to jointly establish and run an integrated; real-time global seismic data ac-
quisition system.
Spain
BReclam
Natural Resour-
10/01/84
04/01/90
100
Information exchanges and joint research; river basin modeling; irrigation design and
ces
operation; funding by Spain. An interagency agreement between the Department of
State and the U.S. Department of the Interior under the authority of Section 632 of the
Foreign Assistance Act.
Spain
DOE
Energy
06/06/86
06/06/91
Cooperation in R&D pertaining to nuclear waste management; renewable energy; includ-
ing biomass; coal; and gas technologies; conservation; high energy physics; and en-
vironmental impact of energy technology.
Spain
DOT
Transportation
11/10/71
nb
Transportation planning exchanges; concrete structure research; seismic effects on
bridge deck systems; five projects were funded under the U.S.-Spain Agreement of
Friendship-Defense and Cooperation and carried out by U.S. universities.
Spain
NRC
Nuclear Safety
11/15/85
11/15/90
Nuclear reactor safety.
Spain
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
05/01/84
05/01/88
The U.S.-Spain Agreement of Friendship, Defense and Cooperation under which a Com-
plementary Agreement on Culture and Education and Science and Technology functions
expired in May 1988. Rights and obligations continue for 1 year. $1.75 million in FY 88
ESF funds were allocated to Spain for the purpose of completing ongoing projects and
terminating all activities; approximately $5.5 million from previous years' allocations
remain. U.S. and Spanish negotiators of the new security agreement have agreed that a
new S&T agreement should be negotiated at the same time. Clearance on language
proceeding.
Sri Lanka
NPS
Natural Resour-
06/01/84
09/30/89
Training and technical assistance; Mahaweli protected area management; USAID fund-
ces
ing of $500,000.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 49
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Sri Lanka
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
06/01/84
06/01/90
Agreement on cooperation in science and technology.
Sweden
DOE
Energy
09/09/80
12/31/90
Exchange of information in radioactive waste management; particularly in the assess-
(Nuclear)
ment of rock formations for terminal storage.
Sweden
HHS
Food & Drug
10/17/72
FDA MOU; mutual acceptance of drug inspection reports on good manufacturing prac-
Reg.
tices.
Sweden
HHS
Biomedical
10/20/74
National Library of Medicine MEDLARS Agreement with Karolinska Institute; interlibrary
Sciences
exchange.
Sweden
HHS
Food Sciences
11/15/77
MOU; FDA recognizes certificate of analysis from government authorities on dry milk.
Sweden
HHS
Biomedical
05/25/79
FDA MOU; agreement to implement good laboratory practices.
Sciences
Sweden
NASA
Space &
08/28/73
Agreement for sounding rocket launches from Esrange.
Aeronautics
Sweden
NRC
Nuclear Safety
01/01/75
01/01/90
Information exchange.
Sweden
NRC
Nuclear Safety
02/25/85
02/25/88
Thermal hydraulics; extension under negotiation.
Sweden
NRC
Nuclear Safety
09/17/85
12/31/90
Severe accident research.
Sweden
NRC
Nuclear Safety
03/03/87
International piping integrity research. Sweden
Sweden
NSF
Basic Sciences
10/20/84
10/20/89
144
Letter of Agreement for joint research; seminars; workshops and scientific exchanges
with the National Science Research Council of Sweden.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 50
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Switzerland
DOE
Energy
04/19/85
04/19/90
Study of mutually agreed topics associated with the management of radioactive waste
(Nuclear)
and related activities under the nuclear fuel cycle.
Switzerland
HHS
Food & Drug
10/28/68
FDA MOU; mutual acceptance of drug inspection reports relating to good manufacturing
Reg.
practices.
Switzerland
HHS
Biomedical
02/21/80
National Library of Medicine MEDLARS Agreement with the Documentation Service of
Sciences
the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences; interlibrary exchange.
Switzerland
HHS
Food & Drug
04/29/85
FDA MOU; mutual acceptance of non-clinical laboratory inspection reports and good
Reg.
laboratory practices.
Switzerland
NRC
Nuclear Safety
07/01/83
07/01/87
Heavy section steel technology program and research program in fracture mechanics of
the Swiss Federal Institute for Reactor Research; extension to be negotiated.
Switzerland
NRC
Nuclear Safety
09/26/86
09/26/91
Radioactive waste management safety.
Switzerland
NRC
Nuclear Safety
03/01/87
03/01/90
International piping integrity research.
Switzerland
NRC
Nuclear Safety
06/01/87
06/01/91
Severe accident research.
Switzerland
NRC
Nuclear Safety
09/13/87
09/13/92
Information exchange; renewal agreement is awaiting signature.
Switzerland
NRC
Nuclear Safety
Thermal hydraulic transients and ECCS REFLOOD program; extension being negotiated.
Taiwan
BReclam
Water Resour-
08/24/87
08/24/92
Li-yu-tan Reservoir and Dam Project and Nan-hua Dam Project.
ces
Thailand
BReclam
Natural Resour-
04/08/88
07/01/93
250
Development assistance in weather modification programs to increase natural water sup-
ces
plies; funding by USAID.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 51
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Thailand
HHS
Biomedical
04/01/84
04/01/89
NIH activity under S&t Agreement; for aplastic anemia.
Sciences
Thailand
NOAA
Space Tech-
09/18/85
NA
MOU for direct reception and distribution of Landsat data at Landsat ground station; ex-
nologies
tends through the life of Landsat-4 and Landsat-5.
Thailand
NPS
Natural Resour-
04/01/84
04/01/89
10
Training and technical assistance in national parks; USAID funding of $53,000.
ces
Thailand
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
04/13/84
10/13/89
Agreement on cooperation in science and technology; individual cooperating agencies
negotiate funding with counterpart agencies.
Thailand
USDA
Agricultural
09/19/84
09/19/89
Agricultural development; human nutrition; soil conservation techniques; post-harvest
Science
techniques for tropical fruits and vegetables.
Turkey
USDA
Agricultural
11/01/85
04/01/90
4
Agricultural S&T; joint activities in FY 1988 included First World Walnut Conference; few
Science
activities planned.
United Arab
USGS
Earth Sciences
02/06/88
02/05/93
An assessment of the ground-water resources of Abu Dhabi; funded by Abu Dhabi
Emirates
Emirate at $6 million.
United Kingdom
DOE
Energy
09/20/76
12/31/90
A balanced exchange of liquid metal fast breeder reactor technology in such areas as
(Nuclear)
reactor safety; neutronics analysis; etc.; being renegotiated to include FRG; France; Italy
and Belgium.
United Kingdom
DOE
Energy
10/18/84
04/30/90
IPR currently being renegotiated; will eventually be included.
United Kingdom
DOE
Energy
03/01/85
03/01/93
Establish a reciprocal and balanced exchange of decommissioning technology and ex-
(Nuclear)
periences with nuclear facilities.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 52
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
United Kingdom
DOE
Energy
10/30/86
10/30/91
Exchange of technology for management of radioactive waste.
(Nuclear)
United Kingdom
DOE
Energy
08/26/88
08/26/98
Establish a reciprocal balanced information exchange and collaboration on gas-cooled
(Nuclear)
reactor graphite technology in cooperative areas such as graphite creep data; graphite
fracture models and data; graphite strength data; and graphite probabilistic risk assess-
ment methodology.
United Kingdom
DOT
Transportation
05/11/71
nb
Program implemented by the U.S.; France; Germany; Italy; Japan and the United
Kingdom. Begun under the auspices of NATO CCMS.
United Kingdom
DOT
Transportation
11/09/81
nb
Original agreement extended and revised for indefinite duration; general transport sys-
tem planning exchanges; civil aviation security.
United Kingdom
EPA
Environment
06/02/86
Exchange of information regarding management of hazardous wastes and acid deposi-
tion.
United Kingdom
HHS
Biomedical
06/25/74
NIH/National Library of Medicine MEDLARS Agreement with the British Library; inter-
Sciences
library exchange.
United Kingdom
HHS
Biomedical
06/06/86
FDA MOU; acceptance of medical device inspection reports.
Sciences
United Kingdom
HHS
Food & Drug
03/28/88
03/28/92
FDA/EPA MOU with Department of Health and Social Security on reciprocal recognition
Reg.
of Good Laboratory Practice program.
United Kingdom
NOAA
Space Tech-
02/14/86
02/14/94
NA
United Kingdom will provide an Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit for flight on future
nologies
NOAA spacecraft.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 53
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
United Kingdom
NPS
Environment
07/21/86
07/21/91
World Heritage Convention; conservation of protected landscapes; undeveloped
coastline; and privately owned land; development of long distance trails and voluntary
conservation organizations; environmental education; and the role of public and private
sectors in conservation.
United Kingdom
NRC
Nuclear Safety
02/22/85
02/12/90
United Kingdom
NRC
Nuclear Safety
01/01/86
01/01/92
United Kingdom
NRC
Nuclear Safety
04/07/86
04/07/91
United Kingdom
NRC
Nuclear Safety
08/03/87
08/03/92
United Kingdom
NSF
Basic Sciences
157
United Kingdom
USGS
Earth Sciences
02/14/84
09/30/89
rmk
Sea floor sonar imaging surveys using the Geologic Long-Range Inclined Asdic (Gloria)
system. Project funding at $4.5 million.
USSR
DOT
Transportation
05/31/88
05/31/93
nb
Civil aviation; railroad safety; highway bridge construction; and highway and traffic
safety.
USSR
DOT
Transportation
01/10/89
nb
Agreement between DOT/USCG and MINMORFLOT to cover details of marine pollution
response cooperation.
USSR
DOT
Transportation
nb
Agreement on establishment of joint (maritime) radio navigation systems. Awaits adop-
tion of internal procedures.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 54
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
USSR
EPA
Environment
05/23/72
nb
EPA and GOSKOMGIDROMET are lead agencies for this self-renewing governmental
agreement; projects cover areas of water and air pollution; urban environments and park
management; pollution associated with agricultural practices; marine pollution; environ-
mental effects on climate; earthquake prediction; environmental education and legal and
administrative matters.
USSR
FWS
Natural Resour-
05/01/72
15
Exchange of scientists to work on conservation activities relating to wildlife and wildlife
ces
habitats.
USSR
HHS
Biomedical
05/01/72
05/01/91
344
Under government-to-government health agreement on cancer; cardiovascular disease;
Sciences
environmental health; arthritis; biomedical communication; eye disease and individual
scientist exchange.
USSR
HHS
Biomed.
06/28/74
Science
USSR
NASA
Space &
04/01/87
Cooperation in 5 areas of space science and applications. Exchange of notes in 1988 ex-
Aeronautics
tended the agreement to fly scientific instruments on each others' spacecraft and ex-
change results of independent studies of solar system exploration.
USSR
NIST
Metrology
12/01/78
12/01/89
23
Renewal being negotiated; contains IPR provisions. Cooperation in thermal physics and
thermodynamics; materials science; spectroscopy; chemistry and chemical kinetics;
cryogenic science; exchange of scientists; information and documentation exchanges
joint meetings and seminars; joint research; exchanges are on a receiving side pays
basis.
USSR
NOAA
Atmospheric
05/23/72
05/01/92
100
Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environment Protection; exchange of scien-
Science
tists; information exchange; and joint research on influence of environmental change on
climate.
USSR
NOAA
Marine Science
06/19/73
03/13/88
NA
Agreement on cooperation in studies of the world oceans; agreement currently under
renegotiation.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 55
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
USSR
NSF
Basic Sciences
05/06/89
05/06/94
NA
Basic framework for cooperation; activities include joint research projects; joint
workshops and seminars; individual visits.
USSR
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
01/08/89
01/08/94
Notes the General Agreement between the Government of the United States and the
Government of the Socialist Republics on Contacts; Exchanges and Cooperation in
Scientific; Technical; Educational; Cultural and other Fields; signed in 1985.
USSR
USGS
Earth Sciences
05/06/89
05/06/94
USSR; DOD and DOI funding of $124,600; joint projects in predicting earthquakes; es-
timating seismic risk and understanding seismic sources; studies on marine mineral
resources; climate change; Joint Verification Experiment and nuclear testing talks for ex-
change of geologic data and discussions on expanded cooperation.
Venezuela
NSF
Basic Sciences
07/22/83
07/22/88
67
Agreement expired
Venezuela
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
07/01/83
07/01/88
Venezuela
USDA
Agricultural
07/01/83
07/01/88
18
Science
Venezuela
USGS
Earth Sciences
02/06/82
12/31/93
rmk
Geologic mapping and mineral resources assessment of the Guyana Shield; funding
promised by Venezuela at $350,000 per year.
Yugoslavia
DOT
Transportation
06/27/88
06/27/93
rmk
Interests are primarily in highway construction and urban traffic planning. Funding based
on Congressional appropriation; varies by year.
Yugoslavia
HHS
Biomedical
11/01/79
11/01/92
365
Sciences
Yugoslavia
NIST
Basic Sciences
06/27/88
06/26/93
250
Projects conducted under the umbrella S&T agreement; 40 active projects with Yugoslav
institutions in FY 1989 covering a wide range of mutual interests.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 56
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY
Country
Agency
Subject
EIF Date
Term
Fund-
Remarks
Date
ing
Yugoslavia
NRC
Nuclear Safety
09/19/85
09/19/90
Yugoslavia
NSF
Basic Sciences
06/01/80
06/01/92
NSF review research proposals in basic sciences and engineering and makes recommen-
dations to a Joint U.S.-Yugoslav Board. Funds for research are provided by the Depart-
ment of State and matched by the Yugoslav government; no NSF funds involved.
Yugoslavia
US Gov
S&T Umbrella
06/27/88
06/27/93
Supersedes and terminates previous umbrella agreement. Participating agencies: NSF;
NIST; NIH; DOE; USGS; Smithsonian Institute; Bureau of Mines; EPA and NIDRR.
Yugoslavia
USDA
Agricultural
06/01/80
Special Foreign Currency projects
Science
Zaire
HHS
Biomedical
01/01/84
400
Sciences
Zimbabwe
USDA
Agricultural
09/25/80
Science
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS, P. 57