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    "title": "December 1991: 12/3/91 (10:30 a.m.) Computer Systems Policy Project Meeting (CSPS) with Darman, Porter, Bromley [Attendance List, Report and Analysis of The Federal Budget by CSPP, Meeting Information] Roosevelt Room",
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    "ocrText": "Originally Processed With FOIA(s):\nFOIA Number:\n2005-0336-F\n2005-0336-F\nFOIA\nMARKER\nThis is not a textual record. This is used as an\nadministrative marker by the George Bush Presidential\nLibrary Staff.\nRecord Group/Collection:\nGeorge H.W. Bush Presidential Records\nCollection/Office of Origin: Economic Advisers, Council of\nSeries:\nBoskin, Michael, Files\nSubseries:\nMeeting Files\nOA/ID Number:\n08066\nFolder ID Number:\n08066-101\nFolder Title:\nDecember 1991: 12/3/91 (10:30 a.m.) Computer Systems Policy Project Meeting (CSPS) with Darman,\nPorter, Bromley [Attendance List, Report and Analysis of The Federal Budget by CSPP, Meeting\nInformation] Roosevelt Room\nStack:\nRow:\nSection:\nShelf:\nPosition:\nG\n13\n24\n7\n3\nTo MB\nTo\nDate 9-16-91 Time 3:05\nDate\n9/16 Aw Time 2:15\nallan Bromby\nWHILE YOU WERE OUT\nM michelle Norman\nWHILE Michelle YOU WERE OUT\nof Computer 662-8407 Se ptems Policy\nComputer M Systems Policy\nPhone\nPhone jeet 662-8407 Number Extension\nArea Code\nNumber\nExtension\nArea Code\nTELEPHONED\nPLEASE CALL\nTELEPHONED\nPLEASE CALL\nCALLED TO SEE YOU\nWILL CALL AGAIN\nCALLED TO SEE YOU\nWILL CALL AGAIN\nWANTS TO SEE YOU\nURGENT\nWANTS TO SEE YOU\nURGENT\nafter answer\nRETURNED YOUR CALL\nRETURNED YOUR CALL\nto\nl calling\nhave MRS meet W/12\nMessage Re: Their request to\nCED's on 12/3\na into droRea 3(3)\nJune 19 requesting\nw Darman\nfer Operator QW\na\nAMPAD EFFICIENCY® meg 23-021 I harry CARBONLESS\nAMPAD\nEFFICIENCY®\n23-023 CARBONLESS\n11:00 or hast a\ndu by bome lurch\nDocuments originally attached to following page.\noct 8th will determine\nDo forman mtg w/ them 9-16-91\nthat / time whethert who\n@ Dr not they\nmy Roger when scheduded\non Dec. 3. will join the\nretup Host a very\n11t012 informal\nrush\nComputer\nSystems\nPolicy\nProject\nJune 19, 1991\nJohn Sculley Apple\nThe Honorable Richard G. Darman\nDirector\nOffice of Management and Budget\nJoseph R. Canlon Compaq\nThe Honorable Roger B. Porter\nAssistant to the President\nfor Economic and Domestic Policy\nLawrence Perlman Control Data\nThe Honorable Michael Boskin\nChairman\nCouncil of Economic Advisors\nJohn A. Rollwagen Cray Research\nDear Gentlemen:\nAs you will recall, representatives of our Executive Committee met\nwith you in December 1990, to brief you on the results of the\nKenneth H. Olsen Digital\nComputer Systems Policy Project (CSPP) analysis of the federal\nR&D investment. In our view, the meeting was extremely\nproductive and has helped to shape CSPP's technology policy\nwork since. As you know, we have focused our efforts on high\nJohn A. Young Hewlett-Packard\nperformance computing and the federal labs.\nYour willingness to work with us on these important initiatives is\nextremely helpful and greatly appreciated. In an effort to continue\nJohn F. Akers IBM\nthe dialogue, I am writing to explore the possibility of our Executive\nCommittee meeting with you again when we come to Washington\nfor our next meeting on December 3, 1991.\nCharles E. Exley, Jr. NCR\nWe believe that meeting in December, a year after our initial\nmeeting at the White House, will provide a unique opportunity to\nassess our progress on the two projects and to determine the best\nway to continue working together. At this point, our schedule for\nScott G. McNealy Sun Microsystems\nDecember 3 is relatively free. We would be available to meet any\ntime between 9:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.\nWe look forward to hearing from you soon.\nJames G. Treybig Tandem\nSincerely,\nJames A. Unruh Unisys\nJohn John A. Young\nmichelle 4-17-91 will call\nChairman, CSPP\nback re lunchean\nCC:\nHarry Broadman\nnetg. anw\nKENNETH R. KAY, Executive Director\n1735 New York Avenue, NW Suite 500\nWashington, DC 20006\n202 628-1700 (Fax) 202 331-1024\nComputer\nSystems\nPolicy\nProject\nJohn Sculley Apple\nJoseph R. Canion Compaq\nJune 19, 1991\nLawrence Perlman Control Data\nThe Honorable Michael Boskin\nChairman\nCouncil of Economic Advisors\nJohn A. Rollwagen Cray Research\nOld Executive Office Building\n17th & Pennsylvania Avenue, NW\nWashington, DC 20500\nKenneth H. Olsen Digital\nDear Mike:\nI thought you might be interested to see a copy of the enclosed\nletter concerning computer exports to China which was forwarded\nJohn A. Young Hewlett-Packard\non June 14, 1991, from the CEOs of the Computer Systems Policy\nProject (CSPP) to President Bush.\nIf you have any questions or need additional information, please\nJohn F. Akers IBM\nfeel free to call Ken Kay our executive director at (202) 662-8440.\nCharles E. Exley, Jr. NCR\nSincerely,\nScott G. McNealy Sun Microsystems\nJoh Chairman, CSPP\nJohn A. Young\nJames G. Treybig Tandem\nEnclosure\nJames A. Unruh Unisys\nKENNETH R. KAY, Executive Director\n1735 New York Avenue, NW Suite 500\nWashington, DC 20006\n202 628-1700 (Fax) 202 331-1024\nComputer\nof\nSystems\nPolicy\nProject\nJohn Sculley Apple\nJune 14, 1991\nJoseph R. Canion Compaq\nLawrence Periman Control Data\nThe President\nThe White House\nWashington, D.C. 20500\nJohn A. Rollwagen Cray Research\nDear Mr. President:\nWe congratulate you on the successful completion of your\nKenneth H. Olsen Digital\ninitiative to streamline export controls by reducing the size\nof the COCOM control list. The new \"Core List\" should\nsignificantly enhance the competitiveness of U.S. products\nin the international market without compromising our\nJohn A. Young Hewlett-Packard\nnational security.\nThe Computer Systems Policy Project (CSPP), representing\neleven major American computer companies that develop,\nJohn F. Akers IBM\nbuild and market information processing systems, is\nconcerned, however, by your decision to impose new\nunilateral restrictions on the export of U.S. computers to the\nPeoples Republic of China (PRC). While we fully support\nCharles E. Exley, Jr. NCR\ninternational export controls necessary to protect national\nsecurity, we are concerned that unilateral controls could\ndamage the marketing position of U.S. computer companies\nin China, many of whom have been encouraged to develop\nScott G. McNeaiy Sun Microsystems\nthis market by the U.S. government. Our competitors in\nother COCOM countries, like Japan, would have no similar\nrestrictions.\nJames G. Treybig Tandem\nTherefore, we request that you defer implementing any\nchange in export policy toward the PRC pending a thorough\ndiscussion between your Administration and the computer\nindustry of the economic implications of your decision.\nJames A. Unruh Unisys\nKENNETH R. KAY. Executive Director\n1735 New York Avenue. NW Suite 500\nWashington. DC 20006\n202 628-1700 (Fax) 202 331-1024\nThe President\nJune 14, 1991\nPage 2\nSincerely,\nJ.Suley Chairman, President & CEO\nRod camin\nRod Canion\nCEO\nApple\nCompaq\nLowave Palmon\nLawrence Perlman\nPresident & CEO\nSam John Chairman A. Rollwagen & CEO\nControl Data\nCray Research\nDigital President Kennth H. Olsen U Adv John President Hewlett-Packard A. Young & Zary CEO\nJan John F. Akers ahm\nCEALL Q\nCharles E. Exley, Jr.\nChairman\nChairman & CEO\nIBM\nNCR\nChairman, 100mg President & CEO\nScott McNealy\nJames James G. Treybig\nPresident & CEO\nSun Microsystems\nTandem Computers\nJohnnah\nJames E. Unruh\nChairman & CEO\nUnisys\n12/03/91\n07:29\nOMB PRESS OFFICE\n001\nDEC 02 1991 11:21 FROM PRESTON ROUVELAS MEEDS\nTO\n3957298\nP.02\nMEETING WITH DARMAN, BOSKIN, PORTER, BROMLEY, MOORE\nDECEMBER 3, 1991 - 10:30 A.M. MEETING\nCSPP PARTICIPANTS\nCEOs -\nJohn Sculley\nApril 6, 1939\n080-32-0711\nApple Computer, Inc.\nRobert Allen\nJan. 25, 1935\n317-30-0402\nAT&T\nEckhard Pfeiffer\nAug. 20, 1941\n449-53-6551\nCompaq Computer Corporation\nJohn Rollwagen\nNov. 20, 1940\n470-42-6961\nCray Research, Inc.\nRonald Skates\nSept. 25, 1941\n490-42-3121\nData General Corporation\nKenneth Olsen\nFeb. 20, 1926\n045-20-8275\nDigital Equipment Corporation\nJohn A. Young\nApril 24, 1932\n543-32-2111\nHewlett-Packard Company\nJames G. Treybig\nSept. 28, 1940\n467-58-8657\nTandem Computers, Inc,\nJames Unruh\nMarch 21, 1941\n501-44-8617\nUnisys Corporation\nOthers -\nmust\nSamuel H. Fuller\nJune 1, 1946\n362-50-1540\nDigital Equipment Corporation\nJerry Brost\nMarch 11, 1946\n501-48-6977\nCray Research, Inc.\nJim Johnson\nJuly 7, 1938\n580-50-5091\nApple Computer, Inc.\nPiper Cole\nDec. 24, 1946\n330-40-5614\nSun Microsystems, Inc.\nKen Kay\nNov. 16. 1951\n117-36-4650\nCSPP\nFlona Branton\nDec. 23, 1958\n209-50-2051\nCSPP\nComputer\nSystems\nPolicy\nProject\nJohn Sculley Apple\nRobert E. Allen AT&T\nEckhard Pfeiffer Compaq\nLawrence Perlman Control Data\nTHE FEDERAL HPCCI BUDGET\nFOR FY '92:\nJohn A. Rollwagen Cray Research\nACHIEVING BETTER BALANCE\nRonald L. Skates Data General\nKenneth H. Olsen Digital\nJohn A. Young Hewlett-Packard\nAN ANALYSIS BY THE\nJohn F. Akers IBM\nCOMPUTER SYSTEMS POLICY PROJECT\nDECEMBER 3, 1991\nScott G. McNealy Sun Microsystems\nJames G. Treybig Tandem\nJames A. Unruh Unisys\nKENNETH R. KAY, Executive Director\n1735 New York Avenue, NW Suite 500\nWashington, DC 20006\n202 628-1700 (Fax) 202 331-1024\nTHE FEDERAL HPCCI BUDGET FOR FY '92:\nACHIEVING BETTER BALANCE\nAN ANALYSIS BY CSPP\nThe current Administration program is divided into four primary components: High\nPerformance Computing Systems, Advanced Software Technology and Algorithms,\nNational Research and Education Network, and Basic Research and Human Resources.\nIn general, CSPP believes the research planned under the HPCCI will address\nfundamental technology areas important to providing the foundation for a world-class\nhigh performance computing and communications infrastructure in the United States.\nHowever, CSPP believes that by re-focusing some of the current priorities, the relevance\nof the program to the private sector can be maximized, thereby increasing the likelihood\nthat its goals will be successfully achieved in the near future.\nTo analyze the Administration's current budget plan, CSPP formed four working\ngroups -- one to correspond with each program component. During the last six months,\neach CSPP working group has had a series of internal discussions and meetings with\nagency representatives, and has reviewed more detailed agency program plans where\navailable. The following summarizes CSPP's specific recommendations for shifting\nbudget priorities to create a more balanced program for the future.\nA.\nHIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING SYSTEMS (HPCS) -- The goal of this\ncomponent is to develop the underlying technology required for scalable parallel\ncomputing systems capable of sustaining trillions of operations per second. The\nDefense Advanced Research Agency (DARPA) is coordinating R&D under the\ncomponent; additional major agency participants include NSF, DOE and NASA.\nThe FY92 proposed budget is $156.8 million, which is 25% of the total initiative\namount. Generally speaking, the incremental funds for FY92 and beyond will be\nfocused on research in and work on experimental and prototype massively\nparallel systems, not for purchase of production machines.\nCSPP believes the focus should be broadened to include more than massively\nparallel systems. We recommend expanding the HPCS focus to include research\nand work on parallel vector, heterogeneous and other high performance\ncomputing architectures. This will ensure a broad range of computing platforms\nneeded to solve a wider range of Grand Challenges.\nB.\nADVANCED SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY AND ALGORITHMS (ASTA) -- The\ngoal for this group is to develop generic software technology and algorithms for\nresearch applications to realize the performance potential of high performance\ncomputing systems in a networked environment. The coordinating agency is\nNASA; other major players include DARPA, NSF, and DOE. The FY92 budget\nproposal is $265.1 million, or 41% of the initiative. CSPP recommends the\nfollowing to improve the effectiveness of the ASTA program:\n1.\nIn general, the ASTA program targets the research areas and technology\nchallenges critical to enable successful implementation of the HPCCI.\n1\nDARPA, DOE, NASA, and NSF are focusing their research on advancing\ntechnology in compilers, tools, computing environments, languages, data\nmanagement, operating systems, user interfaces, and visualization, with an\nemphasis on developing software systems and applications that will take\nadvantage of massively parallel systems and databases. However, it\nappears that a disproportionately small amount of the budget allocated to\nthe ASTA program will actually be expended on research in these areas.\nInstead, a relatively large percentage of the ASTA funding will go to\npurchasing new equipment and computers and to supporting computer\ncenters. CSPP recommends that the government investigate whether some\nof these funds can be shifted toward urgently needed software research,\nperhaps by using or improving existing facilities. New facilities should be\nfunded only if the other options are not possible.\n2.\nThe software library included in the NASA and DARPA programs is a\npotentially important and useful mechanism for sharing new software\ndevelopments among the agencies and the private sector. CSPP urges the\ngovernment to ensure that this program is given high priority, including\nensuring the library is easily accessible to a large community of users and\nindustry.\n3.\nThe government should ensure that private standards organizations, such\nas the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), continue to play a\nlead role in developing standards for parallel processing as well as the\nsoftware library.\n4.\nResearch on both improving the technologies needed to recognize\nparallelization opportunities in existing programs and using those\ntechnologies for parallel applications, as well as recoding existing programs\nfor parallel applications, are essential to success in high performance\ncomputing. It is not clear, based on our review, which strategies the\nagencies are pursuing in the ASTA program.\n5.\nIt appears that the ASTA program emphasizes massively parallel\narchitectures to the extent that other architectures are not being explored\nadequately. The program should have a balanced emphasis on different\ntypes of technologies to meet a wide variety of computing needs, including\nboth tightly coupled and loosely coupled parallel and heterogenous\nconfigurations, including networks of high performance workstations.\n6.\nThe mechanisms for transferring the technology developed under HPCCI,\nand especially for transferring advances in software and applications under\nASTA, are not clear, and, at best, appear uncoordinated among agencies.\nThe government should consider designating a lead agency for ensuring\nthat the technology developed under the ASTA program is made available\nto the private sector in a coordinated manner and in a form that is useful\nto industry. CSPP recognizes that the most effective transfer of technology\n2\noccurs through direct interaction among researchers and technologists.\nAccordingly, we recommend allocating as large a proportion of the funding\nas practicable to collaborative efforts, such as joint research through\nCooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs), and\nensuring that industry is aware of research opportunities in HPCCI. CSPP\nis willing to work with the government to develop appropriate mechanisms\nfor working together.\nC.\nNATIONAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION NETWORK (NREN) -- The goal is\nto develop a national high speed network to provide distributed computing\ncapability to research and educational institutions and to further advanced\nresearch on very high speed networks and applications. The lead agency is NSF;\nfunding proposed for FY92 is $91.9 million, or 14% of the initiative. NSF's share\nof the total FY92 NREN funding will be used primarily to support the continued\ngrowth of a strong and flexible interim network. The primary activity under this\neffort will be the continuing upgrade of the existing internet, including the\nNSFnet backbone, the regional and midlevel networking structure, and various\ngovernment agency networks. Gradually, funds will be shifted away from direct\nsupport by NSF of physical networks in favor of existing and developing\ncommercial networks and services which compete according to natural market\nforces. NSF will focus on ensuring network architecture and protocol\nharmonization to guarantee pervasive end user and application connectivity and\ninteroperability as part of their base programs. Additionally, NSF will use a\npercentage of its funding (less than 20%) to support new and important initiatives\nin the areas of network services (e.g. networked libraries), attachment of K-12\ninstitutions, and network research and development including gigabit networking\nresearch. Finally, NSF has been designated as the lead agency for the NREN\nprogram and will soon have dedicated resources in place to coordinate and\nmanage the program.\nDARPA's focus will be on research and development projects in the area of\nmultimedia gigabit networking technologies and systems. DARPA's primary goal\nwill be to pursue these projects in the context of serving the research needs of the\nDepartment of Defense. DARPA appears reluctant to engage with industry in\ngoal and priority setting but is open to active collaboration where DARPA and\nindustry goals coincide.\nThe projects and goals to be pursued with NREN funding in the remaining\ngovernmental agencies are not yet well defined. There will likely be some focus\non establishing or upgrading the individual agencies' networks or network\nattachments. There will also be a drive toward developing various mission\nspecific applications that can leverage high speed networks. It is extremely\nimportant that these activities be coordinated with NSF and DARPA to ensure\nthat there is no unnecessary duplication of effort and an appropriate leveraging of\nprojects and funds.\n3\nCSPP has the following recommendations for improving the effectiveness of the\nNREN program.\n1. CSPP agrees with designating NSF as the lead agency for the NREN program.\n2.\nThe NREN program must be well coordinated and managed across the\nvarious government agencies to ensure there is no unnecessary duplication\nof effort, particularly in the R&D for gigabit networking technologies.\n3.\nThe records of proceedings and planning documents from meetings of the\nvarious NREN coordinating committees should be made generally\navailable within both government and the private sector.\n4.\nThe government should work to ensure ubiquitous access to NREN by all\ngovernment agencies at the federal, state, and local levels, by the\nAmerican research and education communities, and by the library\ncommunity.\n5.\nA vehicle should be established for industry participation in the goal\nsetting and prioritization of the various components of the NREN\nprogram. Several vehicles currently exist: NSF has named a full-time\nNREN coordinator to focus on the day-to-day coordination and\nmanagement of the program; the Federal Networking Council (FNC)\ncoordinates actions by government agencies; and the Federal Networking\nAdvisory Committee (FNAC) is a forum for industry participation. In\naddition, the Internet Advisory Board (IAB) and the Internet Engineering\nTask Force (IETF) provide vehicles for technical coordination between\ngovernmental agencies, industry, and the scientific community. However,\nthe existence of these organizations is just a first step. First, it is\nimportant that their existence, as well as records of their proceedings, be\nmade generally known throughout the government and private sector.\nSecond, it is critical that these organizations and individuals are held\naccountable to an overall HPCCI management body. Further, DARPA\nshould be encouraged to actively participate in industry-government efforts\nto set NREN goals and priorities.\n6.\nTo ensure successful operation of a network that is now and will continue\nto be made up of many different networks and protocols, CSPP\nrecommends that efforts under the NREN program focus on\ninteroperability and harmonization of standards.\n7.\nSignificant administrative emphasis should be placed on acquiring services\nwithin the framework of this interconnected system and making all the\nservices of each component of the system available to the broadest\ncommunity possible.\n4\n8.\nR&D under the NREN component should promote strong interaction\nbetween the telecommunications and computing industries in pursuit of\ntechnologies needed to support an emerging high speed multimedia\ninformation and communications infrastructure, including the high\nperformance computing systems that will use that infrastructure. The\ntestbed programs currently funded by DARPA and NSF provide a first\nstep toward these goals. Moreover, these projects cover R&D across a\nbroad range of gigabit networking areas including wide area networks,\nmetropolitan area networks, local area networks, and attachment of high\nperformance computing systems. The Administration should work with\ninterested private sector parties to insure that a balance is drawn between\npromising independent basic research, research focused on local\nimplementations of gigabit systems, and \"test-bed\" systems.\n9.\nCSPP endorses use of NREN funding to address issues surrounding\nprivatization and commercialization of the NREN.\nD.\nBASIC RESEARCH AND HUMAN RESOURCES (BRHR) -- This component\nprovides support for individual investigators and multidisciplinary long term\nresearch; initiation of activity to significantly increase the pool of trained\npersonnel; and support for efforts leading to accelerated technology transition.\nThe FY92 budget proposal is $124.5 million, 20% of the initiative; NSF and\nDARPA are the major contributors. The BRHR activities are crucial to the\nsuccess of the HPCCI. Accordingly, OMB and the participating agencies should\ngive these activities a high priority in making budget decisions. Further, the base\nprograms in high performance computing and communications research and\ninfrastructure must be maintained and built upon; the incremental funding\nproposed for FY92 must remain truly incremental to be effective. The overall\nfunding levels and plans for accomplishing BRHR goals seem reasonable for\nFY92. The breakdown among subcomponents -- basic research, research\nparticipation and training, infrastructure, and education, training and curriculum -\n- also seems reasonable. However, the agencies have not yet articulated clear\ngoals or objectives for the incremental funding in a form in which measures of\nsuccess can be effectively developed. CSPP will work with the government to\nhelp articulate specific goals and success measures for this component based on\nthe goals we would like the HPCCI achieve.\n5\nComputer\nSystems\nPolicy\nProject\nDecember 2, 1991\nJohn Sculley Apple\nBY HAND DELIVERY\nRobert E. Allen AT&T\nThe Honorable Michael J. Boskin\nChairman\nCouncil of Economic Advisors\nOld Executive Office Builing\nEckhard Pfeiffer Compaq\n17th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.\nRoom 314\nWashington, D.C. 20500\nLawrence Perlman Control Data\nDear Chairman Boskin:\nOn behalf of the CEOs of the Computer Systems Policy Project\n(CSPP), I thank you in advance for taking the time to meet with us\nJohn A. Rollwagen Cray Research\ntomorrow, December 3. In preparation for our meeting, I have\nenclosed a copy of CSPP's report and video Expanding the Vision\nof High Performance Computing and Communications: Linking\nAmerica for the Future.\nRonald L. Skates Data General\nAs you know, this report and video will be formally released to the\nAdministration, Congress and the press tomorrow, December 3.\nKenneth H. Olsen Digital\nI hope you find this material interesting and informative. We look\nforward to discussing it with you further at tomorrow's meeting.\nSincerely,\nJohn A. Young Hewlett-Packard\nKe Key\nKenneth R. Kay\nExecutive Director\nJohn F. Akers IBM\nEnclosure\nScott G. McNealy Sun Microsystems\nCC: Harry Broadman\nJames G. Treybig Tandem\nJames A. Unruh Unisys\nKENNETH R. KAY, Executive Director\n1735 New York Avenue, NW Suite 500\nWashington, DC 20006\n202 628-1700 (Fax) 202 331-1024\nEXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT\nCOUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS\nWASHINGTON, D.C. 20500\nTHE CHAIRMAN\nSeptember 5, 1991\nDear Mr. Perlman:\nThank you very much for your letter of April 2, 1991, which\nresponds to a request I made at the December 14, 1990 meeting\nwith the Computer Systems Policy Project (CSPP). Unfortunately,\nthe staff member whom I had assigned to develop the analysis here\nleft in the middle of May, and Kenneth Kay's letter of July 23\narrived just as his replacement arrived. Let me assure you,\nhowever, that I read your letter carefully and have been thinking\nabout the issues it raises and your proposals.\nThe question I posed to the CSPP at the December meeting\nwas whether there are unnecessary rules or procedural barriers\nencountered by CSPP member companies that inhibit\ncommercialization of new technologies that result from\ngovernment-sponsored and/or funded research? Your letter\nidentifies four potential problem areas, which I understand draw\nfrom CSPP members' experiences, as well as policy\nrecommendations. While many of the policy recommendations you\nsuggest are promising, more information is needed to develop the\noptions in greater detail. To ensure the rules adopted are\nindeed solutions to the problems you have identified and do not\nhave unsuspected effects we need to test out how they would work\nin particular situations. To that end, it would be extremely\nhelpful to have for each of the generic barriers your survey has\nproduced several specific examples (or case studies) based on\nexperience. It is my hope that the CSPP would be willing to\nundertake this extension of the analysis.\nI have asked the newly-arrived Member-Designate, David\nBradford, to work on this issue with my Special Assistant, Harry\nBroadman, and have instructed them to place this topic on the\nfall agenda of the Science and Technology Working Group of the\n2\nEconomic Policy Council. Dr. Bradford will make sure your\noriginal letter is distributed to the members of the Working\nGroup. I am confident that the more detailed assessment I\nrecommend above would prove enormously useful to the Working\nGroup.\nI look forward to hearing further from you.\nSincerely,\nMuharl J.\nMichael J. Boskin\nMr. Lawrence Perlman\nPresident and Chief Executive Officer\nControl Data\nBox 0\n8100 34th Avenue South\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 55440\nCC: Richard Darman, OMB\nAllan Bromley, OSTP\nJohn Akers, IBM\nJohn A. Young, Hewlett Packard\nComputer\nSystems\nPolicy\nBY HAND DELIVERY\nProject\nJohn Sculley Apple\nJuly 23, 1991\nJoseph R. Canlon Compaq\nMr. Harry G. Broadman\nSpecial Assistant to the Chairman and Senior Economist\nCouncil of Economic Advisors\nOld Executive Office Building\nRoom 314\nLawrence Perlman Control Data\nWashington, D.C. 20500\nDear Harry:\nJohn A. Rollwagen Cray Research\nAt the meeting between Michael Boskin, Richard Darman, Roger\nPorter and the CEOs of the Computer Systems Policy Project\n(CSPP), Chairman Boskin raised a question about the difficulties\nour member companies encounter when attempting to\nKenneth H. Olsen Digital\ncommercialize technology which has resulted from government\nsponsored and/or funded research. Lawrence Perlman, CEO of\nControl Data Corporation, responded to that question in a letter\nwhich was sent to Michael Boskin on April 2, 1991.\nJohn A. Young Hewlett-Packard\nSince that time, CSPP has not received any acknowledgement of\nthat letter from Chairman Boskin's office. For your reference, I\nhave enclosed a copy of the Perlman letter. I would appreciate it if\nJohn F. Akers IBM\nyou could make sure that the letter was in fact received. If there\nare any substantive reactions to the letter we would of course be\ninterested in them.\nCharles E. Exley, Jr. NCR\nI thank you for your assistance. I look forward to hearing from\nyou soon.\nSincerely,\nScott G. McNealy Sun Microsystems\nKan\nKenneth R. Kay\nJames G. Treybig Tandem\nExecutive Director\nJames A. Unruh Unisys\nEnclosure\nKENNETH R. KAY, Executive Director\n1735 New York Avenue, NW Suite 500\nWashington, DC 20006\n202 628-1700 (Fax) 202 331-1024\nCONTRACT\n8100 34th Avenue South\nLawrence Periman\nMailing Address/Box 0\nPresident are Chief Executive Officer\nMinneapolis. MN 55440 ,\n612/853-5283\nFAX 612/853-7272\nApril 2, 1991\nThe Honorable Michael J. Boskin\nChairman, Council of Economic Advisors\nOld Executive Office Building\nWashington, D.C. 20500\nDear Dr. Boskin:\nDuring your December 14 meeting with the Computer Systems Policy\nProject (CSPP) you asked, among other things, whether our\nindustry has difficulties in commercially applying technology\ndeveloped with government funding or participation (particularly\nthe Department of Defense). I have asked the CSPP members about\ntheir experiences in this area. This letter reflects those\nfindings and recommends actions that the White House could take\nto encourage greater commercial application of government\ntechnology.\nTECHNOLOGY TRANSFER\nOver the last decade, Congress and the Executive branch have\nclearly recognized the benefits of closer cooperation in research\nand development between the private and public sectors. Passage\nof the 1986 Federal Technology Transfer Act (FTTA) codified the\ngovernment's intent to encourage such cooperation. Moreover,\nPresident Reagan's Executive Order 12591 (1987), implementing and\naugmenting the FTTA with specific orders to federal agencies, set\nforth some very important directives. These include an order to\ndevelop a uniform federal policy to pass rights in federally\ndeveloped technology to the private sector for commercialization,\nsubject only to royalty-free use by or on behalf of the\ngovernment.\nWhile the Department of Commerce deserves special mention for its\nefforts to support the FTTA and the Executive Order,\nimplementation by other federal agencies and laboratories has\nbeen uneven. Substantial cultural biases and practices both in\nindustry and government agencies/laboratories have dampened\nenthusiasm for these important initiatives. Substantial work is\nrequired in both the public and private sectors to realize the\nobjectives envisioned by the President and Congress in their\nactions.\nWe are committed to redoubling our efforts as demonstrated by our\nCSPP working group which is developing recommendations to foster\ncooperation between our industry and federal laboratories. We\nurge the White House to encourage a greater commitment by federal\n1\nagencies/laboratories to implement the spirit and the word of the\nFTTA and Executive Order 12591. This effort should include using\nthe budget process to encourage federal laboratories to more\naggressively pursue cooperative agreements with private industry.\nProgress toward achieving those agreements should be measured,\nand funding tied to its success. In addition, the White House\nshould encourage expanded use of a merit system within federal\nlaboratories to reward researchers and laboratory managers for\nsuccessful implementation of industry cooperative programs which\ndevelop and transfer commercially beneficial technology. This\nmight include a program for Presidential recognition of\nindividuals who most successfully support commercialization of\ngovernment technology.\nPROCUREMENT\nOur mutual efforts in the area of FTTA implementation will\nrequire supplemental action in areas of technology transfer and\nthe treatment of intellectual property rights growing out of\ncontractual relationships governed by federal procurement laws\nand regulations.\nAs you know, rules and practices governing technology transfer\nand treatment of intellectual property rights created in the\nexecution of a federal contract vary substantially from agency to\nagency. In itself, such inconsistency poses great challenges for\nindustry and leads to confusion. We recommend, therefore, action\nto achieve greater uniformity in those rules and practices within\nand across federal government agencies.\nGenerally, and again with some important agency exceptions, when\na contractor makes a discovery in the performance of work on a\nfederally-funded project the contractor holds title to that\ninvention. However, the federal government retains unlimited\nrights to the technical data created under the contract in\nsupport of the invention, and limited rights in the contractor's\nproprietary background technical data used by the contractor in\ndevelopment of the invention. When the proprietary background\ndata cannot be readily separated from the technical data produced\nin the project, the government obtains unlimited rights to the\nproprietary background data as well, and can provide that\nbackground data -- together with the technical data created in\ncompetitors. the project -- to anyone, including domestic or international\nWhile the ability of the contractor to hold title to patent\nrights is critical, the inability of the contractor to protect\nassociated technical data is a major inhibitor to any contractor\nwho may wish to commercialize the invention. For competitive\nexploitation, the technical data is often much more valuable and\nuseful than the patent per se. Knowing that any competitor may\ngain access to the contractor's proprietary background technical\n2\ndata ensures against any substantial new investment required for\ncommercialization.\nMoreover, unless the contractor can either own or gain an\nexclusive license to such technical data for commercial use, the\nvalue of the incorporated background data is severely eroded once\nthe new technical data is made available by the federal\ngovernment. Such a policy clearly discourages companies from\nproviding their most valuable -- and perhaps most useful --\ntechnical data to federal projects.\nThus, we strongly recommend that, except in cases essential to\nprotect national security, technical data rights developed under\nfederal contracts or through federal funding in cooperative\nVentures be owned by the contractor subject to a grant of a\nnon-exclusive, royalty free license to the government to use the\ntechnical data for public, non-commercial purposes. We also\nrecommend that a prohibition be adopted to prevent granting of\nunlimited rights in background data.\nAnother issue requiring attention is sole ownership, or joint\nownership, by the government of intellectual property rights\nresulting from inventions by federal employees in the course of\ncontractual work with the private sector. When such rights are\ncreated, the government generally may -- to promote\ncommercialization -- elect to transfer title of that intellectual\nproperty right to the private sector contractor. However, unless\na mechanism is established to protect related technical data from\ndissemination to commercial competitors, the same exposures exist\nthat are described above. We would be willing to work with the\ngovernment to explore appropriate mechanisms that would afford\nsuch protection.\nWhile commercialization of intellectual property rights created\nby either public or private sector employees is best achieved by\nthe private sector, some federal agencies have demonstrated great\nreluctance to transfer title to those rights, opting rather to\nlicense rights in exchange for royalties. Few investors would\ndevote substantial sums to a project where both the intellectual\nproperty rights and technical data needed to exploit them could\nbe made available to anyone approaching the federal government,\nincluding foreign competitors.\nWe, therefore, recommend that the government -- as expeditiously\nas possible -- transfer the patent rights and technical data to\nthe contractor who brought substantial knowledge and expertise\ninto the federal project. A less optimal solution would be a\nmandate that any license for commercial purposes must be\nexclusive, and that associated technical data be guided by the\nsame policy.\n3\nRECOUPMENT\nIn some cases, the federal government may seek recovery of its\ncosts in a project, insisting on payment for transfer of title or\nthrough royalty payments for retained rights. Payment of\nroyalties could subject the private sector contractor to\nextremely cumbersome record keeping requirements that could\nmight offer.\nsubstantially detract from any commercial appeal the technology\nAlternatively, payment for transfer of title would provide\nincentive to federal employees to focus their attention on\ncommercially relevant discoveries. It could provide a reward to\nthe government developer without subjecting the contractor to\ncumbersome tracking of commercial transactions.\nWe recommend, therefore, that to the extent direct recovery of\ncosts is deemed necessary, OMB initiate an effort to develop\nrecovery guidelines which:\n-- Do not discourage commercial development of government\nfunded technology.\n-- Limit recovery to no more than the amount of government\nfunds actually expended to create the technology. The\nrecovery amount should be equitable; it should not be\nso high or under such terms that commercialization is\nprecluded; and it should reflect the benefits\ngovernment received for its investment and for which it\nshould legitimately pay.\n-- Require all federal agencies pursuing recovery to\nphase. assert their rights early in the technology development\n-- Reduce record keeping requirements. If a royalty\nformula is elected, record requirements should be no\nmore burdensome than those normally imposed in private\nsector royalty licenses.\nCLASSIFICATION\nWe also urge a renewed focus on preventing overclassification of\ninformation. It is important that the label of \"sensitive\ninformation\" only be applied to legitimately sensitive\ntechnology, rather than to technology that an agency simply is\nreluctant to transfer and therefore classifies as \"sensitive.\"\nWe recommend the White House consider mechanisms to ensure the\nproper classification of technological information and to explore\nmisclassified. processes for review of information which is believed to be\n4\nWorking together, we believe that information created in the\ncourse of federal contracts or through other cooperative\narrangements such as those envisioned in FTTA can be extremely\nhelpful in bolstering U.S. industrial competitiveness. Your\nquestions have identified an area of great opportunity, and\nthrough a discrete set of administrative actions, President Bush\ncan have a substantial, beneficial impact on strengthening U.S. .\nindustry. As we gather additional information through our\non-going work, we look forward to a continued dialogue.\nSincerely,\nJames Derhman\nLawrence Perlman\nCC: Mr. John F. !kers\nThe Honorable D. Allan Bromley\nThe Honorable Richard G. Darman\nThe Honorable Robert A. Mosbacher, Sr.\nThe Honorable Robert M. White\nMr. John A. Young\nHP\n5\nExpanding the Vision of High Performance\nComputing and Communications:\nLinking America for the Future\nIN SON\nSHR\nA Report by\nThe Computer Systems Policy Project\nDecember 3, 1991\nComputer\nSystems\nPolicy\nProject\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\nThe photos and images used in this report illustrate how high performance computing and\ncommunications could solve problems motivated by social and economic needs in areas of\ninterest to the government and general public. This includes, for example, advances in the\ndelivery of health care and services for senior citizens; improvements in education and\nopportunities for lifelong learning; enhanced industrial design and intelligent manufacturing\ntechnologies; and broad access to public and private databases, electronic mail and other\nunique resources.\n1.\nCourtesy of Hewlett-Packard Company.\n2.\nJoseph H. Baily©, National Geographic Society.\n3.\nCourtesy of IBM Corporation. Photo by Ron Sherman.\n4.\nCourtesy of Apple Computer, Inc.\n5.\nThe U.S. map suggests how a broad information and communications infrastructure\ncould bring the benefits of high performance computing to all Americans. Image from\nCSPP video on high performance computing and communications. Image edited by\nSusan Davis.\n6.\nWilliam Farrand, SeniorNet™ member. Photo by Wesley Wong.\n7.\nCourtesy of Sun Microsystems.\n8.\nCourtesy of Hewlett-Packard Company.\n9.\nCourtesy of Cray Research.\nExpanding the Vision of High Performance\nComputing and Communications:\nLinking America for the Future\nA Report by\nthe Computer Systems Policy Project\nDecember 3, 1991\nExecutive Summary\nOver the past year, the Computer Systems Policy Project (CSPP), an affiliation of major U.S.\ncomputer systems companies, has reviewed the Administration's High Performance\nComputing and Communications Initiative (HPCCI), as outlined in Grand Challenges: High\nPerformance Computing and Communications. CSPP believes the HPCCI is a significant,\ncritical and necessary undertaking by the government. As currently designed, the HPCCI will\nadvance research in high performance computing and networking technologies as well as\nincrease the use of high performance computers to solve a range of scientific and engineering\n\"Grand Challenges\" problems whose solutions are critical to national needs. CSPP\nbelieves, however, that the HPCCI can provide the foundation for something even more\nimportant: a new national infrastructure to promote America's growth in the 21st century and\nbeyond.\nToday, high performance computing and high speed networks are being used at an increasing\nrate in a wide variety of scientific, engineering, academic, and business settings. The\npotential benefits of these technologies, however, extend far beyond this country's\nlaboratories, universities, businesses, and supercomputer centers. High performance\ncomputing, in conjunction with widely accessible high-speed networks, offers exciting new\nopportunities to improve the quality of life for all Americans.\nTo make the most of federal and private research investments in the HPCCI, however, the\nsoftware, hardware, and networking technologies being developed must be based on the\nbroadest possible vision of what high performance computing and communications can make\npossible in the future. This requires expanding the current vision of the HPCCI to include\nGrand Challenges motivated by social and economic needs in areas of interest to the\ngovernment and general public, such as advances in the delivery of health care and services\nfor senior citizens; improvements in education and opportunities for lifelong learning;\nenhanced industrial design and intelligent manufacturing technologies; and broad access to\npublic and private databases, electronic mail and other unique resources.\nAs a major user of computers, the government is appropriately investing in advanced\ncomputer technology research through the HPCCI. By leveraging these investments, the\ngovernment can develop more broadly applicable generic, enabling technologies and stimulate\nthe additional research by the private sector needed to solve the expanded Grand Challenges.\nCSPP strongly believes the HPCCI program will have maximum benefit to the country only if\nthe government collaborates more closely with industry and supports the broader vision of the\nHPCCI; advances the technologies to meet that vision; and implements a stronger\nmanagement approach. To accomplish this, CSPP recommends the following changes to the\ncurrent initiative:\nExpand the vision of the HPCCI and include research on generic, enabling\ntechnologies to support a wider range of applications;\nEstablish a technology and policy foundation for an information and\ncommunications infrastructure for the future;\nImprove management and governance of the initiative and increase\nopportunities for industry participation; and\nReorder HPCCI budget priorities to achieve a more balanced program.\nWorking together, the government, industry, and the broader science and technology\ncommunity can construct an HPCCI program that will contribute to our nation's ability to\nmeet many of the science, engineering, economic and social challenges we face. In addition,\nby cooperating, we can ensure a better return on the federal R&D investment; promote\nincreased industry investment; and generate productive collaboration between industry,\nacademia, and government.\nComputer\nSystems\nPolicy\nProject\nJohn Sculley Apple\nRobert E. Allen AT&T\nThe Computer Systems Policy Project\nEckhard Pfeiffer Compaq\nThe Computer Systems Policy Project (CSPP) is an affiliation of Chief\nLawrence Perlman Control Data\nExecutive Officers of American computer companies that develop, build\nand market information processing systems and related software and\nservices. CSPP was formed in 1989 to provide the CEOs of the\nindustry with a forum to discuss, develop, and advocate public policy\nJohn A. Rollwagen Cray Research\npositions on trade and technology issues critical to the computer\nsystems industry and country.\nAdditional copies of this report, along with a complementary video, are\nRonald L. Skates Data General\navailable for $20. For more information, please contact:\nThe Computer Systems Policy Project\n1735 New York Avenue, N.W.\nKenneth H. Olsen Digital\nSuite 500\nWashington, D.C. 20006\nJohn A. Young Hewlett-Packard\nTelephone: (202) 628-1700\nFax:\n(202) 331-1024\nMCI Mail: 4921488 @ MCIMAIL.COM\nX.400:\nJohn F. Akers IBM\nC=US/A=MCI/S=CSPP/D=ID=4921488\nScott G. McNealy Sun Microsystems\nJames G. Treybig Tandem\nJames A. Unruh Unisys\nKENNETH R. KAY, Executive Director\n1735 New York Avenue, NW Suite 500\nWashington, DC 20006\n202 628-1700 (Fax) 202 331-1024\nTable of Contents\nIntroduction: Linking America for the Future\n1\nHPCCI: Providing the Foundation\n2\nHPCCI: Expanding the Vision\n3\nBetter Health Care and Medical Services\n4\nLifelong Learning\n5\nImproved Services for Senior Citizens, the Disabled, and Housebound\n6\nEnhanced Industrial Design and Intelligent Manufacturing Technology\n7\nBroad Access to Public and Private Databases, Electronic Mail, and\nOther Unique Resources\n8\nRecommendation #1:\nExpand the Vision of the HPCCI and Include Research on Generic, Enabling\nTechnologies to Solve a Wider Range of Grand Challenges\n9\nRecommendation #2:\nEstablish a Technology and Policy Foundation for an Information and\nCommunications Infrastructure for the Future\n11\nRecommendation #3:\nImprove Management and Governance of the Initiative and\nIncrease Opportunities for Industry Participation\n13\nRecommendation #4:\nReorder HPCCI Budget Priorities to Achieve a More Balanced Program\n14\nINTRODUCTION\nLinking America for the Future\nDuring the growth of the Industrial Age, America built national transportation links to move\npeople, goods, and raw materials across increasingly greater distances. Just as these interstate\nhighways were crucial to our post-war development, national data links are necessary for\ngrowth in the 21st century and beyond. As the United States enters the Information Age, a\nnew national infrastructure is required.\nToday, high performance computing is increasingly used in a wide variety of scientific,\nengineering, academic, and business settings. The potential benefits, however, extend far\nbeyond these current uses. In conjunction with high-speed networks, high performance\ncomputing could be the new national infrastructure, offering virtually unlimited opportunities\nto solve challenges and improve efficiency in ways which directly affect the lives and well-\nbeing of all Americans. Among the opportunities are:\nbetter health care;\nlifelong learning;\nimproved services for senior citizens, the disabled, and the housebound;\nenhanced industrial design and intelligent manufacturing technology; and\nbroad access to public and private databases, electronic mail, and other unique\nresources.\nRealizing these opportunities requires harnessing the collective energy, talents, and unique\nresources of industry, academia, the general public, and the federal government. By\nenhancing the ability of all Americans to better communicate, share resources and exchange\ninformation, the HPCCI can promote a new national infrastructure -- potentially the most\npowerful tool our nation has ever had to bolster its international economic position and long-\nterm national well-being.\nOver the last nine months, the Computer Systems Policy Project (CSPP), an affiliation of\nchief executives of twelve leading American computer companies, has begun to define this\nbroader vision of high performance computing and communications. If followed, the\nrecommendations offered in this report could help establish the new national infrastructure\nthat would bring the benefits of high performance computing and communications to\nindividual Americans.\n1\nHPCCI\nProviding the Foundation\nIn February, 1991, as part of its budget submission to Congress, the Bush Administration\nreleased Grand Challenges: High Performance Computing and Communications, summarizing\nits High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative (HPCCI), a cross-agency\nresearch program on computing and networking technologies. The HPCCI is designed to\nadvance research in high performance computing and networking technologies as well as\nincrease the use of high performance computers to solve a range of scientific and engineering\n\"Grand Challenges\" -- problems whose solutions are critical to national needs.\nCSPP fully supports the goals of the HPCCI and the Administration's program described in\nGrand Challenges, and commends the Administration for its leadership in designing this\nimportant initiative. Similarly, CSPP commends Congress for funding the initiative in Fiscal\nYear 1992, and for recent legislation that would establish a high performance computing\nprogram and National Research and Education Network.\nIn addition to helping the U.S. maintain its worldwide lead in high performance computing,\nthe HPCCI will lead to specific critical developments in areas such as:\nimproving the accuracy of weather forecasts;\nidentifying and analyzing cancer-causing genes;\nfinding new ways to reduce air pollution; and\nincreasing the efficiency of internal combustion engines.\nJust as important, however, the HPCCI has the potential to benefit the nation much more\nbroadly by driving important advancements in technologies and policies that will make\npossible a wide range of future high performance computing and communications\napplications.\n2\nHPCCI\nExpanding the Vision\nCSPP believes expanding the vision of HPCCI to include a more comprehensive view of what\nHPCCI technologies can make possible in the future will increase the return on the research\ninvestments made in the program. This requires that the HPCCI program include additional\nGrand Challenges to supplement those already identified by the Administration. Basing\nfederal and private research in software, hardware, and networking technologies on the\nbroadest possible vision will make the most of the foundation provided by the current HPCCI.\nCSPP firmly believes that the best means to advance the long-term goals of the HPCCI is for\nall America to become captivated by the possibilities. The following pages provide just a few\nexamples of what an expanded HPCCI could make possible.\n3\nBETTER HEALTH CARE AND MEDICAL SERVICES\nPatients will be linked directly to computers that will not only monitor medical\ndata, but will continuously transmit that information for rapid analysis and\nongoing diagnosis by remote experts.\nInteractive video coupled with high capacity networks will deliver medical\ncare, including consultations and diagnoses, to populations without easy access\nto state of the art medical care and equipment. Besides improving the accuracy\nof diagnoses, this could reduce the cost of providing medical care throughout\nthe United States by permitting more efficient use of expensive equipment.\nDoctors, patients, and hospitals will be able to confer and consult with\nspecialists in distant cities, sharing high definition video images, audio\ntransmissions, and statistical data from several sources as needed.\n4\nLIFELONG LEARNING\nSt\nennesse\nStudents will have easy access comprehensive remote databases providing\ninformation such as historical and forecasted weather data for their localities.\nThey will be able to compare it with data they collect themselves, analyze the\naccuracy of predictions, and compare it with data collected by students in other\nparts of the country through interactive video conferences.\nAt home or at school, a student doing research for a homework assignment on\nShakespeare will be able to access the Folger Shakespeare Library in\nWashington, D.C. and consult with experts at the Library of Congress.\nPortions of plays will be available in video through multimedia information\nresources.\nStudents will take realistic \"video field-trips\" to Amazon rain forests and\nSaharan deserts without leaving their classrooms.\n\"Lifelong learning\" will be a reality through high resolution interactive\nvideo. Schools and businesses will design adult education and training classes\ntailored to each individual's needs which will be available regardless of a\nperson's schedule.\n5\nIMPROVED SERVICES FOR SENIOR CITIZENS,\nTHE DISABLED, AND HOUSEBOUND\nThrough advances in speech recognition and other remote control mechanisms,\nsenior citizens, the disabled, and housebound, will become more independent\nby having access to services and activities that are currently not available to\nthem.\nEnhanced multimedia technology, in conjunction with high performance\ncomputers and communications, will enable personal and direct interaction with\nfriends and family in distant places, as well as with health care professionals\nand social service providers.\nMore direct access to critical government services will also be available, as\nwill health monitoring systems enabling help to be sent quickly and\nautomatically in the event of an emergency.\n6\nENHANCED INDUSTRIAL DESIGN AND INTELLIGENT\nMANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY\nIndustries will use high performance computing for advanced design,\nsimulation, and testing. This will be particularly beneficial in manufacturing,\nincluding sheet-metal forming, rolling, welding, and casting; emissions control\ntechnologies; engine design; light materials design; and pharmaceutical design.\nHigh performance computers and networks will enhance capabilities in\ndistributed manufacturing, including just-in-time manufacturing, automated\ninventory control and resupply, and scheduling; concurrent design, engineering,\nand manufacturing.\nThe availability of high performance computing and communications in\nconjunction with sophisticated databases of important government information,\nwill enable small and large manufacturing companies to quickly conduct\nautomated patent searches and apply for patents electronically, significantly\nspeeding the current process.\n7\nBROAD ACCESS TO PUBLIC AND PRIVATE DATABASES,\nELECTRONIC MAIL, AND OTHER UNIQUE RESOURCES\nA farmer in South Dakota will be able to easily access the latest crop\npredictions and satellite soil analyses from the Department of Agriculture, and\nlong-range weather forecasts from the Department of Commerce, enabling\nadjustment of planting and harvesting plans.\nA small business owner will be able to respond electronically to a government\nrequest for proposal on a contract, receive more rapid feedback on the\nproposal, and track the award of contracts, enabling instant identification of\nsubcontracting opportunities.\nIndividuals will have immediate access to legislative proposals and will be able\nto provide their legislators with instant electronic feedback on specific bills.\nWith government information available and easily accessible on line,\nindividuals who live near waste dump sites will be able to conduct searches of\nEnvironmental Protection Agency data to find out whether the waste is toxic\nand what actions are being taken to clean it up.\n8\nRECOMMENDATION #1\nExpand the Vision of the HPCCI and Include Research on\nGeneric, Enabling Technologies To Solve a\nWider Range of Grand Challenges\nTo expand the vision of the HPCCI, federal agencies, such as the Departments of Education,\nHealth and Human Services, and Commerce, should work with industry to identify additional\nGrand Challenges in social and economic areas of direct interest to the government, such as\nthose described on the previous pages.\nTo make the new vision a reality, the HPCCI must include research on the generic, enabling\ntechnologies and the computing and communications architectures needed to enable a wide\nvariety of applications. These include technologies needed for development of open, scalable\nplatforms and systems, from high performance workstations to parallel vector, heterogeneous\nand massively parallel systems. The current HPCCI will address a range of technologies,\nincluding, for example, the following:\nnew computer architectures that will permit high-capacity information\nprocessing;\nadvanced microelectronic technologies, including packaging;\ncompression and decompression techniques;\nbroadband networks and protocols;\nimproved techniques for mass data storage and retrieval to permit storage of\ncomplex images;\nimproved technologies and algorithms for accessing large databases;\ninnovative user interface technologies;\nnew algorithms for massively parallel machines, heterogeneous computers and\nworkstations, and other platforms and applications;\nadvanced database technology, including tools and services to tie together the\nusers, the applications, the systems technology and the operating systems; and\nenhanced multimedia technologies and capabilities.\nThese technologies, while useful in solving the science and engineering Grand Challenges,\ncan help to do more. The national investment in the HPCCI research program can be\nenhanced by designing it in such a way that the technologies also support solving the\nadditional social and economic Grand Challenges.\nCSPP companies are already pursuing these and other necessary technologies individually.\nMoreover, we are prepared to invest in collaborative work with the government. In fact, we\nare developing a computer industry model Cooperative Research and Development Agreement\n(CRADA) with the Department of Energy designed to increase industry/laboratory interaction.\nThroughout implementation of the program, it is critical that the government collaborate with\nboth the user and computer systems industries to be sure the HPCCI research and\n9\ndevelopment priorities will support the development of the hardware, software and networking\ntools needed to solve the expanded Grand Challenges. It is equally critical that new insights,\nknowledge, and technology developments generated by the HPCCI be quickly transferred to\nthe private sector for actual development, production, and deployment.\nCSPP also urges that the Library of Congress and the many government agencies that\ngenerate and maintain large amounts of useful information be included in the HPCCI to help\nlay the research foundation for a National Digital Library. The participation of agencies such\nas the departments of Agriculture, Transportation, Interior, and the Environmental Protection\nAgency, for example, is necessary to most efficiently develop the technologies needed to\nmake databases easily accessible over a network.\n10\nRECOMMENDATION #2\nEstablish a Technology and Policy Foundation for an\nInformation and Communications Infrastructure for the Future\nDeveloping the most efficient, effective and broad-reaching communications and information\ninfrastructure for the future requires that near-term research and policy decisions be made\nwith an eye toward the long-term. As it is described in Grand Challenges, the National\nResearch and Education Network (NREN) will provide a basic infrastructure for research and\neducation. However, the NREN offers the foundation for something broader and more\nexciting.\nThrough an expanded HPCCI research agenda, there is an opportunity to lay the technology\nand policy foundation to support a much more comprehensive electronic communications and\ninformation infrastructure. Such an infrastructure, to be developed and deployed by the\nprivate sector, will consist of a number of interconnected networks that will not only connect\nresearch hubs across the country, but will bring educational, health, social, business, and\nentertainment services to households, schools, hospitals, and offices across the United States.\nThis \"network of networks\" will provide all Americans with access to unique resources,\npublic and private databases, and other individuals throughout the country.\nTo make this possible, government and industry must work together to address the following.\n1.\nNETWORK POLICY CONSIDERATIONS -- As a broad communications and\ninformation infrastructure develops, many important policy and network management\nissues will need to be addressed, including, for example:\nhow to ensure security and privacy of widely accessible networks and the\ncommunications transmitted over them, including methods for ensuring privacy\nof data and files identifiable to individuals;\nprotection of copyright licensing and royalty rights;\nallocation of radio and broadcast spectrum for networking purposes;\nthe role of the FCC with respect to networks; and\nhow to develop and implement flexible and fair standards applicable to high-\ncapacity networks.\nCSPP urges the Administration to ensure the HPCCI serves as a stepping stone to a\nbroader future information infrastructure by beginning to address these and other\nnetwork-related issues now. This will require expanding the activities under the\nNREN component of the HPCCI to include research and development on the\ntechnologies needed to support broadly accessible and affordable networks.\n11\n2.\nENSURING NETWORK INTEROPERABILITY -- The future information infrastructure\nis expected to be a network of today's many separate regional, local, private, and\npublic networks. To be able to send information around such a network of networks,\neach must connect physically and logically with the others, a concept known as\ninteroperability.\nTo ensure interoperability, the multitude of commercial and research networks in the\nU.S. and around the world must be built on a harmonized set of coding schemes and\nprotocols. Because government policies and programs will have a significant effect on\nthe protocols used in future networks, they must be coordinated to meet the goal of\nnetwork interoperability.\n3.\nENSURING BROADEST POSSIBLE ACCESS -- In the past, the federal government\nhas been the sole convener and principal funding source for research and education\nnetworks. Today and into the future, however, more and more of the funding for\nthese and other networks, even experimental networks, will come from the private\nsector.\nWhile market forces must be allowed to operate to assure full competition in the\nprovision of networks and services, an expanded HPCCI must include a plan for\nensuring the widest possible access to the infrastructure as existing networks are\nupgraded and broadened. The federal government should also work with foreign\ngovernments to ensure equitable access and use of foreign networks, as well as the\nability of U.S. information providers to compete abroad.\n12\nRECOMMENDATION #3\nImprove Management and Governance of the Initiative and\nIncrease Opportunities for Industry Participation\nCSPP is concerned that the current HPCCI management approach is not strong enough to\nguarantee effective results. In particular, it does not take sufficient advantage of existing\nindustry expertise in implementing similar systems.\nThe HPCCI is a complex project which is being undertaken by at least eight federal agencies,\neach with separate needs for high performance computing and networking activities. With the\nexception of the National Science Foundation, the agencies are focused primarily on pursuing\nagency missions and objectives. At this time, there is no unified vision of the HPCCI or any\nultimate point of responsibility for ensuring the overall program goals are met.\nIf the HPCCI is to move forward effectively and efficiently, CSPP believes there must be\nexplicit coordination and accountability, as well as a clear mechanism, which draws on\nindustry expertise, to coordinate, manage and govern the implementation of the initiative.\nCSPP is willing to work with the government to help identify an appropriate lead body within\nthe Executive Branch that would:\ndevelop and support a national vision for the HPCCI;\ndevelop a coordinated research and public policy agenda designed to make the\nnational vision for HPCCI a reality;\nidentify the government's role in accomplishing and overseeing the vision and\nthe necessary computing and communications architecture;\ndevelop a set of measures and checkpoints against which progress toward the\nultimate goals of the initiative can be measured;\ndevelop a mechanism to ensure that industry, academia, and other parties with\nexpertise to offer can interact with the government and directly contribute to\nthe design and implementation of the HPCCI; and\ndevelop a system to ensure the efficient transfer of government-developed\ntechnology under the HPCCI to the private sector for product development and\napplication.\nCSPP is particularly interested in working with the government to ensure close and continuing\ninvolvement with user industries and the computer and telecommunications industries.\n13\nRECOMMENDATION #4\nReorder HPCCI Budget Priorities\nto Achieve a More Balanced Program\nFollowing a series of meetings and interviews with the relevant agencies, CSPP has concluded\nthat in general, the research planned under the HPCCI will address the technology areas\nneeded to lay the foundation for a world-class high performance computing and\ncommunications infrastructure. However, CSPP believes, in addition to broadening the vision\nfor the HPCCI as described on the previous pages, the following shifts in current priorities\nwill maximize the relevance of the program to both the government and the private sector,\nthereby increasing the likelihood that the program's overall goals will be successfully\nachieved in the near future.\nFirst, the focus of the HPCCI research should include research on multiple high\nperformance hardware and software configurations, across a broad performance\nrange. In other words, the program should balance research on massively\nparallel architectures with development and application of other high\nperformance computing tools including open, scalable platforms and systems,\nfrom high performance workstations to parallel vector, heterogeneous and\nmassively parallel systems.\nSecond, the proposed budget, especially the Advanced Software Technology\nand Algorithms subcomponent, includes relatively large expenditures on\nequipment and facilities in addition to software research activities. CSPP\nrecommends that the Administration investigate whether the proportion of\nfunds allocated to software research can be reduced, perhaps by using or\nimproving existing facilities.\nThird, CSPP considers the activities planned under the Basic Research and\nHuman Resources (BRHR) component crucial to the success of the HPCCI.\nOMB and the participating agencies must ensure these activities are also given\nhigh priority. Without trained personnel and a basic research infrastructure,\nnone of the advances made in the other three program components can be\nsuccessfully implemented or used.\nFinally, successfully achieving the goals of the HPCCI will require a balance\nbetween advancing key technologies and applying those technologies to solve\ncomplex problems affecting our society. These problems cannot be solved, nor\nthe benefits distributed, without leaps in a broad range of technologies.\nHowever, planned HPCCI activities seem to focus on advancing key computer\ntechnologies, while applying and disseminating the technologies to solve\ncritical problems is given a secondary role. CSPP recommends balancing these\ntwo goals to ensure both are adequately addressed.\n14\nDocument loose in original folder.\ntal hand\nFITTA if Exer fed Order 12581\nto hanfa\ntech to Mr feeln In\nconnecialish St cisper\n/\nto\n/\npublic technilogy support of KAP,\nferge Fisher\nComputer\nSystems\nPolicy\nProject\nJohn Sculley Apple\nRobert E. Allen AT&T\nEckhard Pfeiffer Compaq\nLawrence Perlman Control Data\nTHE FEDERAL HPCCI BUDGET\nFOR FY '92:\nJohn A. Rollwagen Cray Research\nACHIEVING BETTER BALANCE\nDarman, Boshin, Porter, Moore\nRonald L. Skates Data General\n8 CEOs\nCSPP will mention your letter back to\nKenneth H. Olsen Digital\nthem on Fed Lab technology transfer and\nreport on their progress in responding to\nJohn A. Young Hewlett-Packard\nCSPP will announce He establishment\nour request\nAN ANALYSIS BY THE\nof a Cooperative\nR+D Agreement (CRADA)\nJohn F. Akers IBM\nCOMPUTER SYSTEMS POLICY PROJECT\nDECEMBER 3, 1991 industry and DoE's between\nScott G. McNealy Sun Microsystems\nlabs, which will enhance\ntech. transfer. This\nC RADA will serve\nJames G. Treybig Tandem\nas a model for other\nagencies/labs\nJames A. Unruh Unisys\nCSPP will present specific suggestions\nfor improving the Administration-led\nKENNETH R. KAY, Executive Director\n1735 New York Avenue, NW Suite 500\nHigh Performe computing Initratine, which\nWashington, DC 20006\nwill be signed sounly the Bresident\n202 628-1700 (Fax) 202 331-1024\nTHE FEDERAL HPCCI BUDGET FOR FY '92:\nACHIEVING BETTER BALANCE\nAN ANALYSIS BY CSPP\nThe current Administration program is divided into four primary components: High\nPerformance Computing Systems, Advanced Software Technology and Algorithms,\nNational Research and Education Network, and Basic Research and Human Resources.\nIn general, CSPP believes the research planned under the HPCCI will address\nfundamental technology areas important to providing the foundation for a world-class\nhigh performance computing and communications infrastructure in the United States.\nHowever, CSPP believes that by re-focusing some of the current priorities, the relevance\nof the program to the private sector can be maximized, thereby increasing the likelihood\nthat its goals will be successfully achieved in the near future.\nTo analyze the Administration's current budget plan, CSPP formed four working\ngroups -- one to correspond with each program component. During the last six months,\neach CSPP working group has had a series of internal discussions and meetings with\nagency representatives, and has reviewed more detailed agency program plans where\navailable. The following summarizes CSPP's specific recommendations for shifting\nbudget priorities to create a more balanced program for the future.\nA.\nHIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING SYSTEMS (HPCS) -- The goal of this\ncomponent is to develop the underlying technology required for scalable parallel\ncomputing systems capable of sustaining trillions of operations per second. The\nDefense Advanced Research Agency (DARPA) is coordinating R&D under the\ncomponent; additional major agency participants include NSF, DOE and NASA.\nThe FY92 proposed budget is $156.8 million, which is 25% of the total initiative\namount. Generally speaking, the incremental funds for FY92 and beyond will be\nfocused on research in and work on experimental and prototype massively\nparallel systems, not for purchase of production machines.\nCSPP believes the focus should be broadened to include more than massively\nparallel systems. We recommend expanding the HPCS focus to include research\nand work on parallel vector, heterogeneous and other high performance\ncomputing architectures. This will ensure a broad range of computing platforms\nneeded to solve a wider range of Grand Challenges.\nB.\nADVANCED SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY AND ALGORITHMS (ASTA) -- The\ngoal for this group is to develop generic software technology and algorithms for\nresearch applications to realize the performance potential of high performance\ncomputing systems in a networked environment. The coordinating agency is\nNASA; other major players include DARPA, NSF, and DOE. The FY92 budget\nproposal is $265.1 million, or 41% of the initiative. CSPP recommends the\nfollowing to improve the effectiveness of the ASTA program:\n1.\nIn general, the ASTA program targets the research areas and technology\nchallenges critical to enable successful implementation of the HPCCI.\n1\nDARPA, DOE, NASA, and NSF are focusing their research on advancing\ntechnology in compilers, tools, computing environments, languages, data\nmanagement, operating systems, user interfaces, and visualization, with an\nemphasis on developing software systems and applications that will take\nadvantage of massively parallel systems and databases. However, it\nappears that a disproportionately small amount of the budget allocated to\nthe ASTA program will actually be expended on research in these areas.\nInstead, a relatively large percentage of the ASTA funding will go to\npurchasing new equipment and computers and to supporting computer\ncenters. CSPP recommends that the government investigate whether some\nof these funds can be shifted toward urgently needed software research,\nperhaps by using or improving existing facilities. New facilities should be\nfunded only if the other options are not possible.\n2.\nThe software library included in the NASA and DARPA programs is a\npotentially important and useful mechanism for sharing new software\ndevelopments among the agencies and the private sector. CSPP urges the\ngovernment to ensure that this program is given high priority, including\nensuring the library is easily accessible to a large community of users and\nindustry.\n3.\nThe government should ensure that private standards organizations, such\nas the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), continue to play a\nlead role in developing standards for parallel processing as well as the\nsoftware library.\n4.\nResearch on both improving the technologies needed to recognize\nparallelization opportunities in existing programs and using those\ntechnologies for parallel applications, as well as recoding existing programs\nfor parallel applications, are essential to success in high performance\ncomputing. It is not clear, based on our review, which strategies the\nagencies are pursuing in the ASTA program.\n5.\nIt appears that the ASTA program emphasizes massively parallel\narchitectures to the extent that other architectures are not being explored\nadequately. The program should have a balanced emphasis on different\ntypes of technologies to meet a wide variety of computing needs, including\nboth tightly coupled and loosely coupled parallel and heterogenous\nconfigurations, including networks of high performance workstations.\n6.\nThe mechanisms for transferring the technology developed under HPCCI,\nand especially for transferring advances in software and applications under\nASTA, are not clear, and, at best, appear uncoordinated among agencies.\nThe government should consider designating a lead agency for ensuring\nthat the technology developed under the ASTA program is made available\nto the private sector in a coordinated manner and in a form that is useful\nto industry. CSPP recognizes that the most effective transfer of technology\n2\noccurs through direct interaction among researchers and technologists.\nAccordingly, we recommend allocating as large a proportion of the funding\nas practicable to collaborative efforts, such as joint research through\nCooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs), and\nensuring that industry is aware of research opportunities in HPCCI. CSPP\nis willing to work with the government to develop appropriate mechanisms\nfor working together.\nC.\nNATIONAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION NETWORK (NREN) -- The goal is\nto develop a national high speed network to provide distributed computing\ncapability to research and educational institutions and to further advanced\nresearch on very high speed networks and applications. The lead agency is NSF;\nfunding proposed for FY92 is $91.9 million, or 14% of the initiative. NSF's share\nof the total FY92 NREN funding will be used primarily to support the continued\ngrowth of a strong and flexible interim network. The primary activity under this\neffort will be the continuing upgrade of the existing internet, including the\nNSFnet backbone, the regional and midlevel networking structure, and various\ngovernment agency networks. Gradually, funds will be shifted away from direct\nsupport by NSF of physical networks in favor of existing and developing\ncommercial networks and services which compete according to natural market\nforces. NSF will focus on ensuring network architecture and protocol\nharmonization to guarantee pervasive end user and application connectivity and\ninteroperability as part of their base programs. Additionally, NSF will use a\npercentage of its funding (less than 20%) to support new and important initiatives\nin the areas of network services (e.g. networked libraries), attachment of K-12\ninstitutions, and network research and development including gigabit networking\nresearch. Finally, NSF has been designated as the lead agency for the NREN\nprogram and will soon have dedicated resources in place to coordinate and\nmanage the program.\nDARPA's focus will be on research and development projects in the area of\nmultimedia gigabit networking technologies and systems. DARPA's primary goal\nwill be to pursue these projects in the context of serving the research needs of the\nDepartment of Defense. DARPA appears reluctant to engage with industry in\ngoal and priority setting but is open to active collaboration where DARPA and\nindustry goals coincide.\nThe projects and goals to be pursued with NREN funding in the remaining\ngovernmental agencies are not yet well defined. There will likely be some focus\non establishing or upgrading the individual agencies' networks or network\nattachments. There will also be a drive toward developing various mission\nspecific applications that can leverage high speed networks. It is extremely\nimportant that these activities be coordinated with NSF and DARPA to ensure\nthat there is no unnecessary duplication of effort and an appropriate leveraging of\nprojects and funds.\n3\nCSPP has the following recommendations for improving the effectiveness of the\nNREN program.\n1. CSPP agrees with designating NSF as the lead agency for the NREN program.\n2.\nThe NREN program must be well coordinated and managed across the\nvarious government agencies to ensure there is no unnecessary duplication\nof effort, particularly in the R&D for gigabit networking technologies.\n3.\nThe records of proceedings and planning documents from meetings of the\nvarious NREN coordinating committees should be made generally\navailable within both government and the private sector.\n4.\nThe government should work to ensure ubiquitous access to NREN by all\ngovernment agencies at the federal, state, and local levels, by the\nAmerican research and education communities, and by the library\ncommunity.\n5.\nA vehicle should be established for industry participation in the goal\nsetting and prioritization of the various components of the NREN\nprogram. Several vehicles currently exist: NSF has named a full-time\nNREN coordinator to focus on the day-to-day coordination and\nmanagement of the program; the Federal Networking Council (FNC)\ncoordinates actions by government agencies; and the Federal Networking\nAdvisory Committee (FNAC) is a forum for industry participation. In\naddition, the Internet Advisory Board (IAB) and the Internet Engineering\nTask Force (IETF) provide vehicles for technical coordination between\ngovernmental agencies, industry, and the scientific community. However,\nthe existence of these organizations is just a first step. First, it is\nimportant that their existence, as well as records of their proceedings, be\nmade generally known throughout the government and private sector.\nSecond, it is critical that these organizations and individuals are held\naccountable to an overall HPCCI management body. Further, DARPA\nshould be encouraged to actively participate in industry-government efforts\nto set NREN goals and priorities.\n6.\nTo ensure successful operation of a network that is now and will continue\nto be made up of many different networks and protocols, CSPP\nrecommends that efforts under the NREN program focus on\ninteroperability and harmonization of standards.\n7.\nSignificant administrative emphasis should be placed on acquiring services\nwithin the framework of this interconnected system and making all the\nservices of each component of the system available to the broadest\ncommunity possible.\n4\n8.\nR&D under the NREN component should promote strong interaction\nbetween the telecommunications and computing industries in pursuit of\ntechnologies needed to support an emerging high speed multimedia\ninformation and communications infrastructure, including the high\nperformance computing systems that will use that infrastructure. The\ntestbed programs currently funded by DARPA and NSF provide a first\nstep toward these goals. Moreover, these projects cover R&D across a\nbroad range of gigabit networking areas including wide area networks,\nmetropolitan area networks, local area networks, and attachment of high\nperformance computing systems. The Administration should work with\ninterested private sector parties to insure that a balance is drawn between\npromising independent basic research, research focused on local\nimplementations of gigabit systems, and \"test-bed\" systems.\n9.\nCSPP endorses use of NREN funding to address issues surrounding\nprivatization and commercialization of the NREN.\nD.\nBASIC RESEARCH AND HUMAN RESOURCES (BRHR) -- This component\nprovides support for individual investigators and multidisciplinary long term\nresearch; initiation of activity to significantly increase the pool of trained\npersonnel; and support for efforts leading to accelerated technology transition.\nThe FY92 budget proposal is $124.5 million, 20% of the initiative; NSF and\nDARPA are the major contributors. The BRHR activities are crucial to the\nsuccess of the HPCCI. Accordingly, OMB and the participating agencies should\ngive these activities a high priority in making budget decisions. Further, the base\nprograms in high performance computing and communications research and\ninfrastructure must be maintained and built upon; the incremental funding\nproposed for FY92 must remain truly incremental to be effective. The overall\nfunding levels and plans for accomplishing BRHR goals seem reasonable for\nFY92. The breakdown among subcomponents -- basic research, research\nparticipation and training, infrastructure, and education, training and curriculum -\n- also seems reasonable. However, the agencies have not yet articulated clear\ngoals or objectives for the incremental funding in a form in which measures of\nsuccess can be effectively developed. CSPP will work with the government to\nhelp articulate specific goals and success measures for this component based on\nthe goals we would like the HPCCI achieve.\n5"
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