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Armenian Genocide
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286185815
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Armenian Genocide
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Records of the White House Office of the Chief of Staff to the President (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Andrew Card's Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
2004-2048-F
2004-2048-F
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MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Chief of Staff, White House Office of
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Card, Andrew, Files
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02718
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02718-002
Folder Title:
Armenian Genocide
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10
16
3
2
CHARLES PASHAYAN, JR.
17TH DISTRICT CALIFORNIA
COMMITTEE ON
RULES
203 CANNON BUILDING
WASHINGTON DC. 20515
COMMITTEE ON
(202) 225-3341
STANDARDS OF OFFICIAL
CONDUCT
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
FAXSIMILE TRANSMISSION
Date: Nov 1, 1989
Total number of Pages, including Cover Sheet:
7
To:
andy Card
Firm:
FAX: 456-2397
From: Congressman Charles Pashayan
Office Telephone: (202) 225-3341 Fax Number: (202) 225-9308
If you do not receive the correct number of pages, please call:
Rita or Karen (202) 225-3341.
PLEASE REPLY TO:
FRESNO COUNTY HOME OFFICE
KINGS COUNTY HOME OFFICE
TULARE COUNTY HOME OFFICE
1703 EAST BULLARO AVE. SUITE 103
PORTERVILLE HOME OFFICE
KERN COUNTY HOME OFFICE
604 NORTH IRWIN
631 WEST CENTER STREET
FRESNO. CALIFORNIA 93710
165 NORTH 0 STREET, SUITE ,
201 HIGH STREET
HANFORD. CALIFORNIA 93230
VISALIA, CALIFORNIA 93291
(209) 487-5500
PORTERVILLE CALIFORNIA 99257
DELANO. CALIFORNIA 93215
1209) ****2896
(208) 8272700
12091 782-1717
(006) 725-7971
*PASHAYAN WDC
To'd 11:19
3341 225 202 FROM
CHARLES PASHAYAN JR.
17TH DISTRICT. CALIFORNIA
COMMITTEE ON
RULES
203 CANNON BUILDING
WASHINGTON D.C. 20515
COMMITTEE ON
(202) 225-3341
STANDARDS OF OFFICIAL
CONDUCT
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
November 1, 1989
NOTE TO GOVERNOR SUNUNU AND ANDY CARD
SUBJECT: Armenian Genocide: Overall Proposal
I suggest that an agreement be accorded between the
President, Governor Deukmajian, Senator Dole, and myself,
consisting of five parts:
1. Letters of agreement shall be exchanged between the President
and the other parties [attachment #11;
2. The President shall issue a letter to the Hill against
S.J. Res. 212 and of neutrality concerning a Concurrent
Resolution [attachment #2];
3. S.J. Res. 212 shall be dropped;
4. Senator Dole in the Senate and somebody in the House shall
introduce a Concurrent Resolution like S.J. Res. 212; and
5. The President shall issue a Proclamation concerning the first
anniversary of the Armenian earthquake, including language on
the Armenian Genocide [attachment #3].
The Turkish Government will be handed a victory on point 3.
While they will not agree to or even like all the others, the
letters should give them confidence that the matter is finally
put to rest.
Please observe that there is no mention of the Ottoman
Empire or of the Republic of Turkey in the Proclamation.
The language of the letters is conceptual.
Attachments
Chip
PLEASE REPLY TO:
PRESNO COUNTY HOME OFFICE
KINGS COUNTY HOME OFFICE
TULARE COUNTY HOME OFFICE
1702 EAST BULLARD AVE. SUITE 103
PORTERVILLE HOME OFFICE
KERN COUNTY HOME OFFICE
804 NORTH IRWIN
031 WEST CENTER STREET
FRESNO. CALIFORNIA 93710
165 NORTH D STREET SUITE 1
201 HIGH STREET
HANFORD. CALIFORNIA 93230
VISALIA CALIFORNIA 93291
(209) 4875500
PORTERVILLE CALIFORNIA 93257
DELANO CALIFORNIA 93215
(209) 882-2896
(209) 527-2700
(209) 782-1717
(805) 725-7371
11.01.89 17:19 P.02 *PASHAYAN WDC
3341 222 202 FROM 03111WSN831
ATTACHMENT #1
(Second Letter)
Dear Mr. President:
I am in receipt of your letter outlining the excellent
course of action you propose in respect of the Armenian
Genocide. The Armenian-American community should warmly receive
the Proclamation that you promise to make on the occasion of the
first anniversary of the earthquake of December 7 last year.
Mr. President, in the campaign you made a pledge to the
Armenian-American community, concerning a recognition of the
Armenian Genocide. I hail your resolve to carry out your pledge;
and for so long as the Executive Branch shall not utter or
execute anything contrary to your Proclamation, I shall certainly
consider the matter of the United States's recognition of the
Armenian Genocide successfully and finally resolved in a way in
which you and your Administration can take deserved pride.
Sincerely yours,
Charles Pashayan, Jr.
Member of Congress
11.01.89 17:19 P.04 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
ATTACHMENT #1
(First Letter)
Dear [Governor Deukmajian, Senator Dole, Congressman Pashayan]:
On the occasion of the first anniversary of the Armenian
earthquake, December 7, I shall issue a Proclamation relating to
the earthquake. Please see a copy attached.
As you know, the Republic of Turkey, a valued ally of the
United States and of NATO, has objected to the passage of
S.J.Res. 212. Because of the importance of Turkey, I have urged
the Senate to drop S.J.Res. 212. If the House and Senate,
however, wish to pass a like Concurrent Resolution, my
Administration shall neither support nor oppose it since of
course it will not require my signature.
In the campaign, I made an explicit pledge to the Armenian-
American community concerning this matter. I hope you agree that
the course of events outlined herein shall be a practicable
solution. My Administration shall not utter or execute anything
contrary to my Proclamation
Sincerely yours,
The President
Attachment
11.01.89 17:19 P.03 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
ATTACHMENT #2
Letters to the Congress
As you know, S.J.Res. 212, introduced by Senator Dole on
September 29, 1989, concerns events that occurred within the
Ottoman Turkish Empire prior to the establishment of the Republic
of Turkey. My Administration finds it understandable that the
Republic of Turkey objects to S.J.Res. 212, and because it
requires my signature and because of Turkey's importance to NATO,
my Administration is joining the protest of Turkey in this regard
to S.J.Res. 212. Likewise, my Administration shall oppose any
Joint Resolution or Bill containing similar language.
On December 7, I shall issue a Proclamation recognizing the
first anniversary of the Armenian earthquake, which shall contain
language that I have been assured by leaders of the Armenian-
American community will be satisfactory to them.
In respect to a Concurrent Resolution on the subject,
however, my Administration shall take no position, since of
course it would not require my signature.
Sincerely yours,
The President
11.01.89 17:19 P.05 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
Page 2
The Armenian nation is over three thousand years old and is
distinguished by its contributions to all fields of human
endeavor. The first to have adopted Christianity as a national
religion, the Armenian people have also endured immeasurable
adversity along with their triumphs. Their greatest tragedy
occurred throughout the era of World War I, when the Armenian
people became the first victims of a genocide in this century,
the seventy-fifth anniversary of which the Armenian people will
commemorate on April 24, 1990. The United States responded by
leading international diplomatic and missionary efforts to
terminate this crime against humanity and to aid the victims who
survived.
NOW THEREFORE, I, George Bush, President of the United
States of America, hereby express our support for the Armenian
people's continuing efforts to rebuild from the tragedy of the
earthquake of December 7, 1988, and I direct all the Executive
agencies to apply their programs, whenever available, to aid in
the rehabilitation of Armenia.
11.01.89 17:19 P.07 *PASHAYAN WDC
3341 225 202 FROM
ATTACHMENT #3
President George Bush
Proclamation
Continuing Relief and Support for the Armenian People
on the Anniversary of the Earthquake of
December 7, 1988
A year ago today, December 7, 1988, a massive earthquake
devastated Armenia. Official estimates of the death toll are
25,000. The earthquake left 500,000 people homeless, and the
personal suffering was incalculable. Among the most tragic
victims were those who had already been made homeless by having
been expelled from Azerbaijan only days earlier. Indeed, the
Armenian people's quest for democracy and self-determination in
Nagorno-Karabakh has led to a further need for international
attention.
Immediately after the earthquake, my son and grandson
visited Armenia as an example of the goodwill and support we have
for the Armenian people. Over time, many other Americans joined
the noble effort. The United States fully encourages and
supports the ongoing relief and rehabilitation efforts by
Americans for Armenia.
Throughout this century, the United States has enjoyed a
special relationship with the Armenian people, who fled to
America by the thousands. They and their descendents continue to
make enormous contributions to the betterment of the United
States.
11.01.89 17:19 P.06 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
CHARLES PASHAYAN, JR.
17511 DISTRICT. CALIFORNIA
COMMITTEE ON
RULES
203 CANNON BUILDING
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20515
COMMITTEE ON
(202) 225-3341
STANDARDS OF OFFICIAL
CONDUCT
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
November 1, 1989
NOTE TO GOVERNOR SUNUNU AND ANDY CARD
SUBJECT: Armenian Genocide: Overall Proposal
I suggest that an agreement be accorded between the
President, Governor Deukmajian, Senator Dole, and myself,
consisting of five parts:
1. Letters of agreement shall be exchanged between the President
and the other parties [attachment #11;
2. The President shall issue a letter to the Hill against
S.J. Res. 212 and of neutrality concerning a Concurrent
Resolution [attachment #2];
3. S.J. Res. 212 shall be dropped;
4. Senator Dole in the Senate and somebody in the House shall
introduce a Concurrent Resolution like S.J. Res. 212; and
5. The President shall issue a Proclamation concerning the first
anniversary of the Armenian earthquake, including language on
the Armenian Genocide [attachment #3].
The Turkish Government will be handed a victory on point 3.
While they will not agree to or even like all the others, the
letters should give them confidence that the matter is finally
put to rest.
Please observe that there is no mention of the Ottoman
Empire or of the Republic of Turkey in the Proclamation.
The language of the letters is conceptual.
Attachments
Chip
PLEASE REPLY TO:
FRESNO COUNTY HOME OFFICE
KINGS COUNTY HOME OFFICE
TULARE COUNTY HOME OFFICE
1702 EAST BULLARD AVE. SUITE 103
PORTENVILLE HOME OFFICE
KERN COUNTY HOME OFFICE
804 NORTH IRWIN
FRESNO. CALIFORNIA 93710
031 WEST CENTER STREET
165 NORTH D STREET SUITE 1
2C1 HIGH STREET
HANFORD. CALIFORNIA 93230
VISALIA CALIFORNIA 93291
(209) 4875500
PORTERVILLE CALIFORNIA 93257
DELANO CALIFORNIA 93219
(209) 882-2896
(209) 627-2700
(209) 782-1717
(808) 725-7371
11.01.89 17:19 P.02 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
ATTACHMENT #1
(Second Letter)
Dear Mr. President:
I am in receipt of your letter outlining the excellent
course of action you propose in respect of the Armenian
Genocide. The Armenian-American community should warmly receive
the Proclamation that you promise to make on the occasion of the
first anniversary of the earthquake of December 7 last year.
Mr. President, in the campaign you made a pledge to the
Armenian-American community, concerning a recognition of the
Armenian Genocide. I hail your resolve to carry out your pledge;
and for so long as the Executive Branch shall not utter or
execute anything contrary to your Proclamation, I shall certainly
consider the matter of the United States's recognition of the
Armenian Genocide successfully and finally resolved in a way in
which you and your Administration can take deserved pride.
Sincerely yours,
Charles Pashayan, Jr.
Member of Congress
11.01.89 17:19 P.04 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
ATTACHMENT #1
(First Letter)
Dear [Governor Deukmajian, Senator Dole, Congressman Pashayan]:
On the occasion of the first anniversary of the Armenian
earthquake, December 7, I shall issue a Proclamation relating to
the earthquake. Please see a copy attached.
As you know, the Republic of Turkey, a valued ally of the
United States and of NATO, has objected to the passage of
S.J.Res. 212. Because of the importance of Turkey, I have urged
the Senate to drop S.J.Res. 212. If the House and Senate,
however, wish to pass a like Concurrent Resolution, my
Administration shall neither support nor oppose it since of
course it will not require my signature.
In the campaign, I made an explicit pledge to the Armenian-
American community concerning this matter. I hope you agree that
the course of events outlined herein shall be a practicable
solution. My Administration shall not utter or execute anything
contrary to my Proclamation.
Sincerely yours,
The President
Attachment
11.01.89 17:19 P.03 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
ATTACHMENT #2
Letters to the Congress
As you know, S.J.Res. 212, introduced by Senator Dole on
September 29, 1989, concerns events that occurred within the
Ottoman Turkish Empire prior to the establishment of the Republic
of Turkey. My Administration finds it understandable that the
Republic of Turkey objects to S.J.Res. 212, and because it
requires my signature and because of Turkey's importance to NATO,
my Administration is joining the protest of Turkey in this regard
to S.J.Res. 212. Likewise, my Administration shall oppose any
Joint Resolution or Bill containing similar language.
On December 7, I shall issue a Proclamation recognizing the
first anniversary of the Armenian earthquake, which shall contain
language that I have been assured by leaders of the Armenian-
American community will be satisfactory to them.
In respect to a Concurrent Resolution on the subject,
however, my Administration shall take no position, since of
course it would not require my signature.
Sincerely yours,
The President
11.01.89 17:19 P.05 *PASHAYAN WDC
3341 522 202 FROM
Page 2
The Armenian nation is over three thousand years old and is
distinguished by its contributions to all fields of human
endeavor. The first to have adopted Christianity as a national
religion, the Armenian people have also endured immeasurable
adversity along with their triumphs. Their greatest tragedy
occurred throughout the era of World War I, when the Armenian
people became the first victims of a genocide in this century,
the seventy-fifth anniversary of which the Armenian people will
commemorate on April 24, 1990. The United States responded by
leading international diplomatic and missionary efforts to
terminate this crime against humanity and to aid the victims who
survived.
NOW THEREFORE, I, George Bush, President of the United
States of America, hereby express our support for the Armenian
people's continuing efforts to rebuild from the tragedy of the
earthquake of December 7, 1988, and I direct all the Executive
agencies to apply their programs, whenever available, to aid in
the rehabilitation of Armenia.
11.01.89 17:19 P.07 *PASHAYAN WDC
3341 225 202 FROM
ATTACHMENT #3
President George Bush
Proclamation
Continuing Relief and Support for the Armenian People
on the Anniversary of the Earthquake of
December 7, 1988
A year ago today, December 7, 1988, a massive earthquake
devastated Armenia. Official estimates of the death toll are
25,000. The earthquake left 500,000 people homeless, and the
personal suffering was incalculable. Among the most tragic
victims were those who had already been made homeless by having
been expelled from Azerbaijan only days earlier. Indeed, the
Armenian people's quest for democracy and self-determination in
Nagorno-Karabakh has led to a further need for international
attention.
Immediately after the earthquake, my son and grandson
visited Armenia as an example of the goodwill and support we have
for the Armenian people. Over time, many other Americans joined
the noble effort. The United States fully encourages and
supports the ongoing relief and rehabilitation efforts by
Americans for Armenia.
Throughout this century, the United States has enjoyed a
special relationship with the Armenian people, who fled to
America by the thousands. They and their descendents continue to
make enormous contributions to the betterment of the United
States.
11.01.89 17:19 P.06 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
10. Armenian question
DOC. A2-33/87
RESOLUTION
on a political solution to the Armenian question
The European Parliament,
- having regard to the motion for a resolution tabled by Mr Saby and others on
behalf of the Socialist Group on a political solution to the Armenian
question (Doc. 2-737/84),
- having regard to the motion for a resolution tabled by Mr Kolokotronis on
the Armenian question and the declaration of 24 April as Armenian Genocide
Day (Doc. B 2-360/85),
- having regard to the report of the Political Affairs Committee
(Doc. A 2-33/87)
A. having regard to:
- the motion for a resolution by Mr Jaquet and others on the situation UT the
Armenian people (Doc. 1-782/81),
- the motion for a resolution by Mrs Duport and Mr Glinne on behalf of
the Socialist Group on a political solution to the Armenian question
i
(Doc. 1-735/83), and
- the written question by Mrs Duport on the Armenian question¹,
- the resclution of the Ministers with responsibility for Cultural
Affairs, meeting within the Council of 13 November 1986 on the
protection of Europe's architectural heritage, 2 including that
outside the territory of the Community,
B. convinced that recognition of the identity of the Armenian people in
Turkey as an ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious minority follows
on from recognition of its own history,
C. whereas the Armenian side regards these events as planned genocide within
the meaning of the 1948 UN Charter,
D. whereas the Turkish State rejects the charge of genocide as
unfounded,
E. whereas, to date, the Turkish Government, by refusing to recognize
the genocide of 1915, continues to deprive the Armenian people of
the right to their own history,
Toj No. C 216, 16.8.1984, P. 10
2 OJ No. C 320 of 13.12.1986, p.1
F. whereas the historically proven Armenian genocide his so far neither been
the object of political condemnation nor received due compensation,
G. whereas the recognition of the Armenian genocide by Turkey must
therefore be viewed as a profoundly Thumane act of moral rehabilitation
towards the Armenians, which can only bring honour to the Turkish
Government;
H. profoundly regretting and condemning the mindless terrorism by
groups of Armenians who were responsible between 1973 and 1986
for several attacks causing death or injury to innocent victims
and deplored by an overwhelming majority of the Armenian people,
I. whereas the obdurate stance of every Turkish Government towards the
Armenian question has in no way helped to reduce the tension,
1. Believes that the Armenian question and the question of minorities
in Turkey must be resituated within the framework of relations
between Turkey and the Community; points out that democracy cannot
be solidly implanted in a country unless the latter recognizes
and enriches its history with its ethnic and cultural diversity;
2. Believes that the tragic events in 1915-1917 involving the
Armenians living in the territory of the Ottoman Empire
constitute genocide within the meaning of the convention
on the prevention and the punishment of the crime of genocide
adopted by the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1948;
Recognizes, however, that the present Turkey cannot be held responsible
for the tragedy experienced by the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire
and stresses that neither political nor legal or material claims
against present-day Turkey can be derived from the recognition
of this historical event as an act of genocice;
3. Calls on the Council to obtain from the present Turkish Government
an acknowledgement cf the genocide perpetrated against the
Armenians in 1915-1917 and promote the establishment of a political
dialogue between Turkey and the representatives of the Armenians;
4.
Believes that the refusal by the present Turkish Government to
acknowledge the genocide against the Armenian people committed
by the Young Turk government, its reluctance to apply the
principles of international law to its differences of opinion
with Greece, the maintenance of Turkish occupation forces in
Cyprus and the denial of the existence of the Kurdish question,
together with the Lack of true parliamentary democrac and the
failure to respect individual and collective freedoms, in particular
freedom of religion, in that country are insurmount ble obstacles
to consideration of the possibility of Turkey's accession to the
Community;
5:
Conscious of those past misfortunes, supports its desire for the
development of a specific identity, the securing of its minority rights
and the unrestricted exercise of its people's human and civil rights
as defined in the European Convention on Human Rights and its five
protocols;
6.
Calls for fair treatment of the Armenian minority in Turkey as regards
their identity, Language, religion, culture and school system, and makes
an emphatic. plea for improvements in the care of monuments and for the
maintenance and conservation of the Armenian religious architectural
heritage in Turkey and invites the Community to examine how it could make
an appropriate contribution;
7.
Calls on Turkey in this connection to abide faithfully by the provisions
for the protection of the non-Muslim minorities as stipulated in Articles
37 to 45 of the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne which, moreover, was signed by
most Member States of the Community;
8.
Considers that the protection of monuments and the maintenance and
conservation of the Armenian religious architectural heritage in Turkey
must be regarded as part of a wider policy designed to preserve the
cultural heritage of all civilizations which have developed over the
centuries on present-day Turkish territory and, in particular, that of
the Christian minorities that formed part of the Ottoman Empire;
9.
Calls therefore on the Community to extend the Association Agreement with
Turkey to the cultural field so that the remains of Christian or other
civilizations such as the ancient classical, Hittite, Ottoman, etc., in
that country are preserved and made generally accessible;
10.
Expresses its concern at the difficulties currently being experienced by
the Armenian community in Iran with respect to the Armenian language and
their own education in accordance with the rules of their own religion;
11.
Cohdemns the violations of individual freedoms committed in the Soviet
Union against the Armenian population;
strongly any violence and any form of terrorism carried out by
12.
Condemns isolated groupings unrepresentative of the Armenion people, and calls for
reconciliation between Armenians and Turks;
13.
Calls on the Community Member States to dedicate a day to the memory of
the genocide and crimes against humanity perpetrated in the 20th
century, specifically against the Armenians and Jews;
14.
Commits itself to making a substantial contribution to initiatives to
encourage negotiations between the Armenian and Turkish peoples;
15.
Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Commission,
the European Council, the Foreign Ministers meeting in political
cooperation, the EEC/Turkey Association Council and the Turkish,
Iranian and Soviet Governments and the UN Secretary General;'
DECLARATION MADE BY
MR BULENT ECEVIT (TURKEY) IN CONNECTION WITH
THE DRAFT RESOLUTION SUBMITTED TO THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT
1. The Ottoman Empire was a multinational state. The Turks
were the most suppressed and oppressed among the ethnic groups of
which that Empire was comprised. The Sultans took care not to
identify the Empire with the Turks ; because they did not want
their power to be checked by the founding nation of the Empire.
The new Turkish Republic was born out of a revolt against that
Empire. Consequently, it would be very unrealistic and unfair to
hold the Turkish Republic responsible for the deeds or alleged
deeds of a defunct state which that Republic itself got rid of.
2. It would also be very unrealistic and unfair to hold
the Ottoman Administration responsible for alleged crimes against
the Armenians. It is true that various ethnic groups of eastern
Anatolia -Armenians, Turks, Kurds alike- were provoked against
one another, in the early nineties, by certain outside powers,
in order to expedite the end and the partition of that Empire.
But the responsibility of the Ottoman Administration has never
been proven, although the occupying powers in Istanbul had every
opportunity to do so, if it were possible to prove it.
In 1919, Istanbul, the capital city of the crumbling
Ottoman Empire, was under British and French occupation. They were
in full control. They arrested practically every high Ottoman
official and officer whom militant Armenian groups and also some
Greek groups held responsible for ordering the massacring of
Armenians. They were even encouraged and helped by certain
Ottoman politicians who cooperated with the occupying powers
in order to get rid of some of their Turkish rivals.
But the British and Franch authorities in Istanbul were not
able to come forth with any convincing proof of the Ottoman
Administration's responsibility in the alleged massacres. They
also failed to produce any proof against the high officials and
officers they had arrested.
./.
Because the French and British authorities realized that
their own courts could not sentence the arrestees under the
circumstances, they turned the arrestees over to the Ottoman
Government headed by Tevfik Pasha. They hoped that an Ottoman
court in occupied Istanbul would be more pliant to their demands
and expectations for the sentencing of the accused.
Although the Grand Vizier Tevfik Pasha had no sympathy for
most of the former Ottoman officials and officers who were arrested
by the occupying powers, he was an honest man. Therefore, he wanted
a fair trial. But, at the same time, he was aware that the
occupying powers expected of his Government, and of the Ottoman
judiciary, convictions and executions, rather than a fair trial ;
and his government or the Ottoman courts were not in a position
to effectively resist the pressures coming from the occupying
powers.
So, he took a wise and ingenious step. He decided to send
messages to the governments of certain neutral European countries,
asking each of then to send two trusted judges from their own courts,
to participate with full authority, in the investigation into the
Armenian claims of "officially organized massacres".
These messages were addressed to the Danish, Dutch, Spanish,
Swedish and Swiss Governments.
The message to the Danish Government was contained in a note
delivered to the Danish Embassy in Istanbul on 19th February 1919.
The messages to the Spanish and Dutch Governments were
delivered through the Turkish Embassies in those countries.
But the cabled messages to the Swedish and Swiss Governments
did not reach their destination because they were intercepted at the
Post Office in Istanbul by the occupying powers.
In the meantime, the occupying powers asked the three other
governments who had received the messages, not to comply with the
Ottcman Government's request.
I should add, as a detail, that the Otteman Government was
prepared to meet all the costs, if two judges from each of the five
countries concerned were to be sent to Istanbul.
aupres des Communautés Européennes
Communique de Presse
DECLARATION DU GOUVERNEMENT TURC
La résolution que le Parlement Européen vient
d!adopter sur la prétendue question arménienne consti-
tue un texte partial et au contenu raciste. Cette déci-
sion soulève d'autant plus notre indignation que la
Commission politique s'était formellement déclarée in-
compétente en cette matière et avait jugé irrecevable
le rapport de M. Vandemeulebroucks. Toutefois, con-
trainte par des mahoeuvres obscures, la Commission poli-
tique est revenue sur cette décision.
Ainsi, le Parlement Européen 8'est érigé en tribunal
de l'histoire en choisissant l'option de la partialité et
de la haine.
Plusieurs groupes politiques ont d'ailleurs pris
position contre cette initiative en partant du principe
que le Parlement Européen n'est ni un tribunal, ni une
académie d'historiens et ont refusé de participer au vote
de ce rapport dont le contenu nc rentre en aucuno manière
dans les limites des compétences du Parlement Européen.
Nous déplorons que cette institution honorable qui
prétend au rôle de champion des droits de l'homme à l'échelle
mondiale, puisse être amenée par certains militents farouches
à se soumettre aux exigences du passionnel et de l'irrationel,
et apporter ainsi de manière tout à fait irresponsable une
excuse au terrorisme arménien passó et un soutien à see mal-
heureuses tentatives futures.
Cette décision qui est le résultat des suffrages d'une
infime minorité des membres du Parlement Européen, ne fera
que raffermir le jugement des générations turques d'aujourd'hui
sur les événements qui se déroulèrent pendant la première
guerre mondiale en Anatolie et qui par conséquent appartiennent
à l'histoire.
Le Gouvernement turc rejette avec indignation cette
résolution.
JUN 20 '87 6:33 888887 30 1 3631433
PAGE. 003
Press Release - 6/20/87
Declaration from the Turkish Government Responding to the Resolution of
the European Parliament on the Armenian Question
The resolution that the European Parliament has just adopted concerning the
so-called Armenian Question constitutes a biased text of racist content.
This decision is so much the more revolting, that the political committee
has formally declared itself incompetent regarding this matter, and has
judged Mr. Vandemeulebrouchkle's report unacceptable. However, compelled by
obscure manipulations, the political committee has revised this position.
Thus, the European Parliament has elevated itself in a position to judge
history by opting for bias and hate.
Several political groups have taken a position against this initiative by
basing themselves on the principle that the European Parliament is neither a
courthouse [of historyl, nor an academy of historians, and have refused to
take part in a vote.
Regarding this matter, because this vote is not within the limits of the
European Parliament's competence.
We regret that this honorable institution that pretends to be a champion of
the cause of human rights in the world, can be brought by certain extremist
militants, to capitulate to irrational decisions, thereby providing in a
totally irresponsible way an excuse for Armenian terrorism, and support to
its future attempts.
This decision, which is the result of the ballots of a tiny minority of
European Parliament members, will only strengthen the judgment [conviction]
of todays generations of Turks of the WWI events that took place in Anatolia
and which therefore belong to history. The Turkish government rejects
indignantly this resolution.
IV
99TH CONGRESS
1ST SESSION
H. RES. 142
Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the foreign policy of
the United States should take account of the genocide of the Armenian
people with the objective of preventing any future genocide anywhere in the
world, and for other purposes.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
APRIL 24, 1985
Mr. PASHAYAN (for himself, Mr. COELHO, Mrs. JOHNSON, Mr. TORRICELLI, Mr.
CHAPPIE, Mr. ANNUNZIO, Mr. FRANK, Mr. MOORHEAD, Mr. HOWARD, Mr.
LEHMAN of California, Mr. DORNAN of California, Mr. FISH, Mr. COURTER,
Mr. GREEN, and Mr. ASPIN) submitted the following resolution; which was
referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs
RESOLUTION
Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the
foreign policy of the United States should take account of
the genocide of the Armenian people with the objective of
preventing any future genocide anywhere in the world, and
for other purposes.
Whereas the Armenian genocide was conceived by the Young
Turk Regime and carried out by Ottoman Turkish govern-
ments from 1915 to 1923 prior to the establishment of the
Republic of Turkey, resulting in the massacre of one and
one-half million Armenian men, women, and children, the
deportation of an additional five hundred thousand survivors,
2
and the elimination of a two-thousand-five-hundred-year Ar-
menian presence in its historic homeland;
Whereas the Armenian Genocide is amply documented in the
Archives of the United States, as well as Austria, France,
Germany, and Great Britain;
Whereas the Honorable Henry Morgenthau, United States Am-
bassador to the Ottoman Turkish Empire from 1913 to
1916, organized and led protests by officials of many na-
tions, among them the allies of the Ottoman Turkish
Empire, over the Armenian Genocide;
Whereas an organization known as Near East Relief, chartered
by an Act of Congress, contributed some $113,000,000
from 1915 to 1930 to aid the Armenian Genocide survivors
and, whereas, one hundred and thirty-two thousand orphans
became foster children of the American people;
Whereas S. Res 359, dated May 13, 1920, stated in part, "the
testimony adduced at the hearings conducted by the sub-
committee of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
have clearly established the truth of the reported massacres
and other atrocities from which the Armenian people have
suffered";
Whereas H. Res. 148 stated in part, "that April 24, 1985, is
hereby designated as National Day of Remembrance of
Man's Inhumanity to Man", and the President of the United
States is authorized and requested to issue a proclamation
calling upon the people of the United States to observe such
day as a day of remembrance for all victims of genocide,
especially those of Armenian ancestry who succumbed to
the genocide perpetrated in 1915, and in whose memory
this date is commemorated by all Armenians and their
friends throughout the world;
HRES 142 IH
3
Whereas former President Jimmy Carter in a May 16, 1978,
speech at the White House stated in part, "It's generally
not known in the world that in the years preceding 1916,
there was a concerted effort made to eliminate all the Ar-
menian people, probably one of the greatest tragedies that
ever befell any group
Well, I feel very deeply that I,
as President, ought to make sure that this is never forgot-
ten".;
Whereas the United States Holocaust Memorial Council, an in-
dependent Federal agency, unanimously resolved on April
30, 1981, that the Holocaust Museum Memorial should
commemorate the Armenian Genocide;
Whereas President Reagan in proclamation numbered 4838,
dated April 22, 1981, stated in part, "like the genocide of
the Armenians before it, and the genocide of the Cambodi-
ans which followed it-and like too many other persecutions
of too many other people-the lessons of the holocaust must
never be forgotten"; and
Whereas it has been the policy of the United States to acknowl-
edge these historical events: Now, therefore, be it
1
Resolved, That it is the sense of the House of Repre-
2 sentatives that the President and the Secretary of State
3 should, in formulating and carrying out the foreign policy of
4 the United States, recognize and take into account the geno-
5 cide of the Armenian people, with the objective of preventing
6 any future genocide anywhere in the world.
7
SEC. 2. It is further the sense of the House of Repre-
8 sentatives that the President should direct his representa-
9 tives, including the Permanent Representatives of the United
HRES 142 IH
4
1 States to the United Nations, to communicate at all appropri-
2 ate times in international forums the abhorrence of the
3 United States Government to any and all genocide, including
4 that of the Armenian people.
5
SEC. 3. The Clerk of the House of Representatives shall
6 transmit a copy of this resolution to the President and the
7 Secretary of State.
HRES 142 IH
ISSUE BRIEF - THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE, 1915-23
April 24, 1915
April 24 is the date that Armenians commemorate the Armenian Genocide.
On that day, in 1915, over 200 Armenian religious, political, and
intellectural leaders were arrested in Constantinople (Istanbul), taken
to the interior of Turkey and murdered.
April 24 symbolized the beginning of an organized campaign by the
government of Turkey to eliminate the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire.
In the next eight years, from 1915-1923, 1.5 million Armenians perished,
and more than 500,000 were exiled from their homes. Before 1914, over
two million Armenians lived in Turkey. By the end of 1923, the entire
Armenian population of Anatolia and Western Armenia had been either
killed or deported.
Historical Record
The United States Archives contain thousands of pages documenting the
premeditated extermination of the Armenian people. American
intervention prevented the full realization of Ottoman Turkey's
genocidal plan and U.S. humanitarian assistance was extended to those
who survived.
The U.S. Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Henry Morgenthau, acting on
instructions from Secretaries of State William Jennings Bryan and Robert
Lansing, organized and led protests about the slaughter of the
Armenians. Representatives from other nations, including Great Britain
and Germany, also voiced their concern. An organization known as Near
East Relief, chartered by an act of Congress, contributed some $113
million between 1915 and 1930 to aid the Armenian Genocide survivors.
In addition, 132,000 orphans became foster children of the American
people and owe their lives to this effort.
"
When the Turkish authorities gave the orders for these
deportations, they were merely giving the death warrant to a whole
race; they understood this well, and, in their conversations with
me, they made no particular attempt to conceal the fact
I
am
confident that the whole history of the human race contains no
such horrible episode as this. The great massacres and
persecutions of the past seem almost insignificant when compared
to the sufferings of the Armenian race in 1915."
Henry Morgenthau, Sr.
U.S. Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire
From his autobiography,
Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, 1919
"The massacres are the result of a policy which, as far as can be
ascertained, has been entertained for some considerable time by
the gang of unscrupulous adventurers who are now in possession of
the Government of the Turkish Empire. They hesitated to put it in
practice until they thought the favourable moment had come, and
that moment seems to have arrived about the month of April."
Viscount James Bryce
British politician and diplomat
Excerpt from speech delivered October 6, 1915
in the House of Lords
"In its attempt to carry out its purpose to resolve the Armenian
question by the destruction of the Armenian race, the Turkish
Government has refused to be deterred neither by our
representatives, nor by those of the American Embassy, nor by the
delegate of the Pope, nor by the threats of the Allied Powers, nor
in deference to the public opinion of the West representing
one-half of the world."
Count Wolff-Metternich
German Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire
July 10, 1916 cable to the German Chancellor
=
The Armenian massacre was the greatest crime of the war, and
the failure to act against Turkey is to condone it the failure
to deal radically with the Turkish horror means that all talk of
guaranteeing the future peace of the world is mischievous
nonsense."
President Theodore Roosevelt
Letter to Cleveland Hoadley Dodge
May 11, 1918
"
the testimony adduced at the hearings conducted by the
subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations have
clearly established the truth of the reported massacres and other
atrocities from which the Armenian people have suffered."
May 13, 1920
Senate Resolution 359
"The association of Mount Ararat and Noah, the staunch Christians
who were massacred periodically by the Mohammedan Turks, and the
Sunday School collections over fifty years for alleviating their
miseries - all cumulate to impress the name Armenia on the front
of the American mind."
President Herbert Hoover
The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, 1952
=
April 24, 1975 is hereby designated as 'National Day of
Remembrance of Man's Inhumanity to Man' for all victims of
genocide, especially the one and one-half million people of
Armenian ancestry who succumbed to the genocide perpetrated in
1915
"
House Resolution 148
April 8, 1975
=
it is generally not known in the world that in the years
preceding 1916, there was a concerted effort made to eliminate all
the Armenian people, probably one of the greatest tragedies that
ever befell any group. And there weren't any Nuremberg trials."
President Jimmy Carter
White House Ceremony
May 16, 1978
Like the genocide of the Armenians before it, and the genocide of
the Cambodians which followed it-and like too many other such
persecutions of too many other peoples-the lessons of the
Holocaust must never be forgotten.
President Ronald Reagan
Proclamation 4838 of April 22, 1981
The U.S. Dilemma
Despite the overwhelming, archival evidence in the archives of Turkey's World
War I allies and enemies, U.S. acknowledgment of the Armenian Genocide became
a contentious issue in August, 1982, when the State Department referred to the
historical record as "ambiguous." Since that time, the Armenian-American
community has been attempting to affirm the U.S. record; first with the Reagan
Administration with the assistance of Congress, and, failing that, with the
Congress directly via a commemorative resolution.
The Armenian-American community has been unified by this U.S. contradiction.
The Genocide is as central a phenomenon in the consciousness of the Armenians
as the Holocaust is to the Jews.
The Republic of Turkey seized on the State Department's monumental blunder of
August, 1982, demanding that the U.S. not retreat. In that effort, Turkey has
threatened all levels of the U.S./Turkish relationship and forced the
government of Israel and American corporations with interests or ambitions in
Turkey to assist. Turkey seeks to impose its will on the U.S. simply because
it cannot face a predecessor regime's crimes.
This has been a contentious issue between the U.S. and Turkey since 1982. The
Armenian-American community regrets this. The community has not called upon
the U.S. to force Turkey to do anything on this matter - neither in terms of
Turkish recognition or in terms of a U.S. rebuttal of Turkey's denial. For
the Armenian-American community this is a matter between the U.S. government
and the American public. Armenian-Americans will press this core issue until
it is resolved.
President Bush's Dilemma
The President has commented on the subject of the Armenian Genocide as
Vice-President and as candidate for the Presidency. On the basis of those
comments and on the strength of his character, friends of the President were
able to secure substantial support for his candidacy. The President's views
on the Armenian Genocide and the recent conduct of his Administration in
opposition to U.S. affirmation are an embarrassment to the President, as well
as to Armenian-American elected officials and community leaders who campaigned
vigorously on his behalf. Should this embarrassing contradiction between the
President's word and the Administration's conduct continue, the negative
impact for the President and candidates of his party will be incalculable.
Surely the substantial support provided by the community for the President and
the Republican Party will be at risk, as well as in the California
gubernatorial and House races. The President must take control of this crisis
and solve the problem soon. The President's prior commentary follow:
"A special interest, of course, is George's sensitivity to his own
ethnic heritage. He's never forgotten his roots, and he's been a
leader in drawing attention to the tragic events that befell the
Armenian people in the end of the last century, the beginning of
this one, climaxing in the horrors that began in 1915. He pursues
his goal not out of any desire for revenge or retribution decades
after the fact, but because of the lesson we can all lean from
these historical events, and the lesson is simple and yet powerful
and profound. If the civilized world continues to be silent, this
cycle of horror could one day repeat itself.
We must never let that happen. The United States has a stake in
acknowledging the history of the Armenian people. After all,
American diplomats and missionaries had a large hand in writing
it. In our free and open society, history cannot and must not be
changed for the convenience of the moment. We cannot and must not
deny the testimony of survivors and scholars alike".
Speech at Banquet to Honor Governor George Deukmejia
October 10, 1987
Boston, Massachusetts
Do you favor a congressional resolution that would designate a National Day of
Remembrance of the Armenian Genocide of 1915-1923? Would you sign such a
resolution if it was passed by the Congress and even in the face of strong
opposition and threats from the Republic of Turkey?
Vice President George Bush
The United States must acknowledge the attempted genocide of the Armenian
people in the last years of the Ottoman Empire, based on the testimony of
survivors, scholars, and indeed our own representatives at the time, if we are
to insure that such horrors are not repeated. The American people, our
government, and certainly the Bush Administration will never allow political
pressures to prevent our denunciation of crimes against humanity, and I would
join Congress in commemorating the victims of that period. I recognize that
the events of 1915 were not the responsibility of the present Republic of
Turkey, and I am aware that the Republic of Turkey opposes the
characterization of that period as genocide. As President, I will urge the
leaders of Turkey to enter into a dialogue with representatives of the
worldwide Armenian community in order to resolve their differences, just as I
will support the continuation of military and economic assistance to Turkey
within the framework of NATO.
President Candidate Questionnaire
Armenian Assembly of America
October 1988
Dear Hirair:
Many thanks for your letter of September 20. We took your good advice and had
Andrew Falkiewicz of the campaign staff work very closely with Barry Zorthian
to pull together responses to the important questions contained in your letter
and the questionnaire from the Armenian Assembly. Those answers are in your
hands by now. I believe they make the playing field level and hope that they
will be useful to your efforts, for which I give you my continued thanks.
The demands of the campaign are heavy, but I am very optimistic. With the
support of wonderful people like you, I feel most confident about the future.
With warm regards,
Sincerely,
George Bush
Letter from Vice President George Bush
to Hirair Hovnanian
October 11, 1988
Israeli/Jewish-American Dilemma
As is the case with the United States, Israel and the Jewish-American
community wish to retain good relations with the Republic of Turkey. Since
1982, Turkey has repeatedly called upon Israel and the Jewish-American
community to assist in the effort to prevent any commemoration or remembrance
of the Armenian Genocide. It is a matter of public record that Israel via its
embassy in Washington and elements of the Jewish-American community lobbied
against Senate Judiciary Committee passage of S.J. Res 212. Not only was this
effort unsuccessful, the decision to assist Turkey has been and continues to
be roundly criticized in the Israeli press and by Israeli MPs, broadly
representative of the entire political/ideological spectrum. According to the
Jerusalem Post of October 24, 1989, the Israeli Foreign Ministry has
stated that "Israeli delegations will not intervene in questions related to
this matter. The Foreign Ministry spokesman concluded by saying that "Jewish
lobbyists have not honored our people by supporting the efforts to deny the
Armenians 'their' holocaust." Clearly Israel and the Jewish-American
community will no longer be a factor in Congressional consideration of the
Armenian Genocide resolution.
Turkish Denial/Was it a Genocide?
Professor Raphael Lemkin, a lawyer who escaped Poland during the Nazi invasion
of 1939, was the key figure in the history of making genocide a crime under
international law. Having lost 49 members of his own family in the Holocaust,
he coined the word "genocide" in 1944 and worked tirelessly until his death in
1959 toward the adoption of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide.
After coining the word "genocide" to describe destruction of a people, Lemkin
became the first person to characterize the atrocities of 1915-23 as the
"Armenian Genocide." In his decade-long effort to obtain ratification of the
Genocide Convention, Lemkin repeatedly noted the Armenian Genocide, together
with the Holocaust, as prototypes of the crimes of genocide.
In Totally Unofficial, an unpublished autobiography, Lemkin wrote: "A bold
plan was formulated in my mind. This consisted (of) obtaining the
ratification (of the Genocide Convention) by Turkey among the first twenty
founding nations. This would be an atonement for (the) genocide of the
Armenians.
The Raphael Lemkin Papers, New York Public Library
O Sixty Nine Scholars
As a part of its effort to defeat an earlier commemorative resolution on
the Armenian Genocide, H.J. Res. 192, the Assembly of Turkish American
Associations began circulating a document in opposition to the Genocide
resolution signed by sixty-nine American academicians. This ad has
subsequently been used to create a new concept in Turkey's denial effort
- that the historical record is in question. The Armenian Assembly of
America wrote in confidence to the sixty-nine individuals, asking for a
reply regarding their motivation and the facts. Five of the sixty-nine
scholars were quite candid in their responses, which are excerpted
below. Their names were withheld at their request. The originals are
on file at the Armenian Assembly of America.
"I am well familiar with the events of 1915-16 and with the events
up to 1923 and I am aware of the death, suffering and massacres of
the Armenian people during this period
I
shall
never
become
part
of any attempt to deny the victimization, massacres, or genocide
of the Armenian people perpetrated between 1915 and 1923."
-June 11, 1985
"Let me first say that I do not question that massive numbers of
Armenians perished during World War I as a result of criminal and
even genocidal intents. Whenever I teach courses on this period,
I always devote these events specific attention. It is also my
personal opinion that high Ottoman officials pursued policies that
were aimed at the effective elimination of the Armenian population
in Anatolia. "
"It is also my opinion that the Turkish public - unlike the German
public with regard to the Holocaust - has not yet forthrightly
addressed the victimization of the Armenians during World War I.
I believe that Turkish democracy will be much stronger when this
has been accomplished."
-June 14, 1985
"You ask me what my understanding is of the treatment of Armenians
during the period between 1915 and 1923
I
cannot authoritatively
answer that question. First, that period is not the subject of my
own scholarly expertise. Second
official
Turkish
archives
of
the period in question have not so far been opened for scholarly
analysis. "
-June 14, 1985
"I sincerely believe that hundreds of thousands of Armenians lost
their lives in the 1915-1923 period. I have no doubt that the
three upstarts who led the Empire up to 1918 had the capacity to
give orders to murder Armenians qua Armenians."
-July 3, 1985
"As scholars, we acknowledge that there were terrible sufferings
undergone by the Armenians at this time. To deny this would be
unjust. Even the word 'genocide' is not wholly inappropriate
here."
-June 10, 1985
As closer look at the remaining sixty-one scholars reveals that only four have
dealt with the specific topic and period of history in question, i.e.,
Turkish Ottoman policy towards the Armenians before and after World War I. A
prominent signatore to the ad, Professor Bernard Lewis of Princeton, stated in
his book The Emergence of Modern Turkey, that the American/Turkish
relationship was "a struggle between two nations for the possession of a
single homeland, that ended with the terrible holocaust of 1915, where a
million and half Armenians perished."
In point of fact, this is a political ad sponsored by the Assembly of Turkish
American Associations - not what it purports to be and certainly does not lead
to the conclusion that there is scholarly debate on the question.
On the contrary, in universities and secondary schools throughout North
America students in growing numbers are studying the Armenian Genocide and the
Holocaust as case studies. Books published by scholars whose field is the
phenomenon of genocide;
Leo Kuper, Genocide: Its Politcal Use in the Twentieth Century (New York:
Penguin Paperbacks, 1981)
Irving Louis Horowitz, Taking Lives (New Brunswick, New Jersey:
Transaction, 1980)
Vahakn Dadrian, "Genocide as a Problem of National and International Law: the
World War I Armenian Case and its Contemporary legal Ramifications, "
Yale Journal of International Law, vol. 14, no. 2, PP. 221-334.
Resolution of the Crisis
A way must be found to resolve quickly President Bush's dilemma while
affirming the U.S. record on the Armenian Genocide in a way least injurious to
U.S./Turkish relations. S.J. Res. 212 is one such remedy. Presidential
action which could obviate the need for further action in the Congress is
another. Without Presidential action there will be an extended, public
controversy as the struggle goes on in the House and Senate. Turkey will feel
compelled to go beyond the token sanctions announced to date to placate a
Turkish constituency that the government itself aroused. In desperation,
Turkey will press harder against Members of Congress who are in support of the
resolution and who have been good friends of Turkey. Congressional resentment
of Turkey's position and conduct is growing. The public Israeli humiliation
over this matter is a lesson noted by Congress.
o Alternatives
1. On December 7, 1989, the first anniversary of the Armenian
earthquake, where the President notes the tragedy of the earthquake and
recalls all that the Armenian people in this century have suffered,
including the Armenian Genocide.
2. During April, 1990, commemorating "Genocide Awareness Month",
invoking the need to remember, praising the growing popularity of
Holocaust and Genocide studies, and invoking the Armenian, Jews and
Cambodians as cases-in-point.
3. Speech at the annual "Days of Remembrance" Holocaust commemoration,
which includes an affirmation of the Armenian Genocide. (Sometime in
April)
4. Receive a senior delegation of Armenian clergy and survivors on
April 24, 1990 in the White House where he affirms the Armenian
Genocide.
5. Cease opposing S.J. Res. 212 and its House counterpart, allowing
prompt passage. By so doing, the Administration can assume that the
matter will not come up again so long as this or subsequent
Administrations do not deny the Genocide. This will forgo a prolonged
struggle in Congress and an extended strain in U.S./Turkish relations.
In conclusion, the Armenian-American community seeks from President Bush
fullfillment of his commitment. While this need not be done in the precise
manner the President promised, it is the community's minimal understanding
that the word genocide be used. Joining the Armenian-American community in
this expectation are a majority of the Senate, the House leadership, a number
of Jewish and Christian religious leaders, the leadership of the
Greek-American community, and a number of governors and state legislatures who
have repeatedly commemorated the Armenian Genocide.
10/27/89
CHARLES PASHAYAN, JR.
17TH DISTRICT CALIFORNIA
COMMITTEE ON
RULES
203 CANNON BUILDING
WASHINGTON D.C 20515
COMMITTEE ON
(202) 225-3341
STANDARDS OF OFFICIAL
CONDUCT
10.26
1:52pm AC left
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES
word w/ Cong Pashayan
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
2:35m AC spoke
the cons. - He said
FAXSIMILE TRANSMISSION
he secs no effort on
part 9 NSC or state
to set diplomacy
Date:
Oct 26, 1989
moving.
34:11 wants to see
JHS - concerned that
Total number of Pages, including Cover Sheet:
1 Scowerolt will
do the turks
Firm: Governor Sunance's office Political problem
To: lacke Kennedy
bidding "period."
promise must
be kept. This
From: Cong. Pashayan
does not have to
be a continuing
"orsy." armenians
are farious The POTUS does
Office Telephone:
(202) 225-3341
Fax Number: (202) 225-9308 not need
his credibility.
an attack on
will
If you do not receive the correct number of pages, please call:
Rita or Karen (202) 225-3341.
the Congresson nub to talk to gn
(phone) rotus it is Andy fived. ian be!"
Today -( has True working up Scowcroft
pays Scowcroft cws not miderstand 6:05, of Cong.
left word
the political sule of issue-
4:20 spoke
5th /m Spm
vo/ cong'
11:00 10/31
ARE
PLEASE REPLY TO:
FRESNO COUNTY HOME OFFICE
KINGS COUNTY MOME OFFICE
1702 EAST BULLARD AVE. SUITE 103
TULARE COUNTY HOME OFFICE
PORTERVILLE MOME OFFICE
804 NORTH IRWIN
KERN COUNTY HOME OFFICE
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or WEST CENTER STREET
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*PASHAYAN WDC
10.26.89 12:34 P.01
3341 222 202 FROM
ARMENIAN ASSEMBLY OF AMERICA
Congressional Report Card
100th Congress
(1987-1988)
and
Presidential Candidate
Questionnaire
10.26.89 12:34 P.02 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
Introduction
The Congressional Report Card has been compiled by the Armenian Assembly of
America to inform the Armenian community of actions taken by their elected officials on
key issues in 1987 and 1988.
In addition to the report card, the Assembly is pleased to offer the results of a
presidential candidate questionnaire. The Assembly asked both Vice President George
Bush and Governor Michael Dukakis to answer six questions on topics of interest to the
Armenian-American community. The questions and the candidate's answers are published
here for your perusal.
The actions selected for the report card include roll-call votes on legislation as well as
special speeches and letters in support of issues important to Armenian-Americans
The report card and presidential candidate questionnaire are not an endorsement or a
condemnation of any member of Congress or presidential candidate. Rather, they are an
attempt to inform the Armenian public on issues of community concern.
The format of the report card lists members of Congress in two sections - U.S. House
of Representatives and U.S. Senate. The selected House and Senate actions are described
separately and identified by number. Thirteen I louse actions and six Senate actions were
selected.
A final tally of a legislator's actions includes a listing of the number of "Right" actions
and the number of "Wrong" actions. In some cases, only a limited number of legislators
were involved in certain actions. A legislator's failure to act in such cases was not
interpreted as a "Wrong" action.
The Armenian Assembly of America is a national, non-profit organization founded in
1972. The Assembly, based in Washington, D.C., represents the views of the Armenian-
American community to the federal government. The Assembly seeks to promote the
welfare and interests of Armenian-Americans and to encourage greater community
participation in government at the local, state and national levels.
For further information contact:
Armenian Assembly of America
122 C Street, N.W., Suite 350
Washington, D.C. 20001
(202) 393-3434
10.26.89 12:34 P.03 *PASHAYAN WDC
3341 225 202 FROM
ISSUE BRIEF - THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE, 1915-23
April 24, 1915
April 24 is the date that Armenians commemorate the Armenian Genocide.
On that day, in 1915, over 200 Armenian religious, political, and
intellectural leaders were arrested in Constantinople (Istanbul), taken
to the interior of Turkey and murdered.
April 24 symbolized the beginning of an organized campaign by the
government of Turkey to eliminate the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire.
In the next eight years, from 1915-1923, 1.5 million Armenians perished,
and more than 500,000 were exiled from their homes. Before 1914, over
two million Armenians lived in Turkey. By the end of 1923, the entire
Armenian population of Anatolia and Western Armenia had been either
killed or deported.
Historical Record
The United States Archives contain thousands of pages documenting the
premeditated extermination of the Armenian people. American
intervention prevented the full realization of Ottoman Turkey's
genocidal plan and U.S. humanitarian assistance was extended to those
who survived.
The U.S. Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Henry Morgenthau, acting on
instructions from Secretaries of State William Jennings Bryan and Robert
Lansing, organized and led protests about the slaughter of the
Armenians. Representatives from other nations, including Great Britain
and Germany, also voiced their concern. An organization known as Near
East Relief, chartered by an act of Congress, contributed some $113
million between 1915 and 1930 to aid the Armenian Genocide survivors.
In addition, 132,000 orphans became foster children of the American
people and owe their lives to this effort.
" When the Turkish authorities gave the orders for these
deportations, they were merely giving the death warrant to a whole
race; they understood this well, and, in their conversations with
me, they made no particular attempt to conceal the fact I am
confident that the whole history of the human race contains no
such horrible episode as this. The great massacres and
persecutions of the past seem almost insignificant when compared
to the sufferings of the Armenian race in 1915."
Henry Morgenthau, Sr.
U.S. Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire
From his autobiography,
Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, 1919
"The massacres are the result of a policy which, as far as can be
ascertained, has been entertained for some considerable time by
the gang of unscrupulous adventurers who are now in possession of
the Government of the Turkish Empire. They hesitated to put it in
practice until they thought the favourable moment had come, and
that moment seems to have arrived about the month of April."
Viscount James Bryce
British politician and diplomat
Excerpt from speech delivered October 6, 1915
in the House of Lords
"In its attempt to carry out its purpose to resolve the Armenian
question by the destruction of the Armenian race, the Turkish
Government has refused to be deterred neither by our
representatives, nor by those of the American Embassy, nor by the
delegate of the Pope, nor by the threats of the Allied Powers, nor
in deference to the public opinion of the West representing
one-half of the world."
Count Wolff-Metternich
German Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire
July 10, 1916 cable to the German Chancellor
"
The Armenian massacre was the greatest crime of the war, and
the failure to act against Turkey is to condone it the failure
to deal radically with the Turkish horror means that all talk of
guaranteeing the future peace of the world is mischievous
nonsense."
President Theodore Roosevelt
Letter to Cleveland Hoadley Dodge
May 11, 1918
"
the testimony adduced at the hearings conducted by the
subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations have
clearly established the truth of the reported massacres and other
atrocities from which the Armenian people have suffered."
May 13, 1920
Senate Resolution 359
"The association of Mount Ararat and Noah, the staunch Christians
who were massacred periodically by the Mohammedan Turks, and the
Sunday School collections over fifty years for alleviating their
miseries - all cumulate to impress the name Armenia on the front
of the American mind."
President Herbert Hoover
The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, 1952
"
April 24, 1975 is hereby designated as 'National Day of
Remembrance of Man's Inhumanity to Man' for all victims of
genocide, especially the one and one-half million people of
Armenian ancestry who succumbed to the genocide perpetrated in
1915 =
House Resolution 148
April 8, 1975
= it is generally not known in the world that in the years
preceding 1916, there was a concerted effort made to eliminate all
the Armenian people, probably one of the greatest tragedies that
ever befell any group. And there weren't any Nuremberg trials."
President Jimmy Carter
White House Ceremony
May 16, 1978
Like the genocide of the Armenians before it, and the genocide of
the Cambodians which followed it-and like too many other such
persecutions of too many other peoples-the lessons of the
Holocaust must never be forgotten.
President Ronald Reagan
Proclamation 4838 of April 22, 1981
The U.S. Dilemma
Despite the overwhelming, archival evidence in the archives of Turkey's World
War I allies and enemies, U.S. acknowledgment of the Armenian Genocide became
a contentious issue in August, 1982, when the State Department referred to the
historical record as "ambiguous." Since that time, the Armenian-American
community has been attempting to affirm the U.S. record; first with the Reagan
Administration with the assistance of Congress, and, failing that, with the
Congress directly via a commemorative resolution.
The Armenian-American community has been unified by this U.S. contradiction.
The Genocide is as central a phenomenon in the consciousness of the Armenians
as the Holocaust is to the Jews.
The Republic of Turkey seized on the State Department's monumental blunder of
August, 1982, demanding that the U.S. not retreat. In that effort, Turkey has
threatened all levels of the U.S./Turkish relationship and forced the
government of Israel and American corporations with interests or ambitions in
Turkey to assist. Turkey seeks to impose its will on the U.S. simply because
it cannot face a predecessor regime's crimes.
This has been a contentious issue between the U.S. and Turkey since 1982. The
Armenian-American community regrets this. The community has not called upon
the U.S. to force Turkey to do anything on this matter - neither in terms of
Turkish recognition or in terms of a U.S. rebuttal of Turkey's denial. For
the Armenian-American community this is a matter between the U.S. government
and the American public. Armenian-Americans will press this core issue until
it is resolved.
President Bush's Dilemma
The President has commented on the subject of the Armenian Genocide as
Vice-President and as candidate for the Presidency. On the basis of those
comments and on the strength of his character, friends of the President were
able to secure substantial support for his candidacy. The President's views
on the Armenian Genocide and the recent conduct of his Administration in
opposition to U.S. affirmation are an embarrassment to the President, as well
as to Armenian-American elected officials and community leaders who campaigned
vigorously on his behalf. Should this embarrassing contradiction between the
President's word and the Administration's conduct continue, the negative
impact for the President and candidates of his party will be incalculable.
Surely the substantial support provided by the community for the President and
the Republican Party will be at risk, as well as in the California
gubernatorial and House races. The President must take control of this crisis
and solve the problem soon. The President's prior commentary follow:
"A special interest, of course, is George's sensitivity to his own
ethnic heritage. He's never forgotten his roots, and he's been a
leader in drawing attention to the tragic events that befell the
Armenian people in the end of the last century, the beginning of
this one, climaxing in the horrors that began in 1915. He pursues
his goal not out of any desire for revenge or retribution decades
after the fact, but because of the lesson we can all lean from
these historical events, and the lesson is simple and yet powerful
and profound. If the civilized world continues to be silent, this
cycle of horror could one day repeat itself.
We must never let that happen. The United States has a stake in
acknowledging the history of the Armenian people. After all,
American diplomats and missionaries had a large hand in writing
it. In our free and open society, history cannot and must not be
changed for the convenience of the moment. We cannot and must not
deny the testimony of survivors and scholars alike".
Speech at Banquet to Honor Governor George Deukmej ian
October 10, 1987
Boston, Massachusetts
Do you favor a congressional resolution that would designate a National Day of
Remembrance of the Armenian Genocide of 1915-1923? Would you sign such a
resolution if it was passed by the Congress and even in the face of strong
opposition and threats from the Republic of Turkey?
Vice President George Bush
The United States must acknowledge the attempted genocide of the Armenian
people in the last years of the Ottoman Empire, based on the testimony of
survivors, scholars, and indeed our own representatives at the time, if we are
to insure that such horrors are not repeated. The American people, our
government, and certainly the Bush Administration will never allow political
pressures to prevent our denunciation of crimes against humanity, and I would
join Congress in commemorating the victims of that period. I recognize that
the events of 1915 were not the responsibility of the present Republic of
Turkey, and I am aware that the Republic of Turkey opposes the
characterization of that period as genocide. As President, I will urge the
leaders of Turkey to enter into a dialogue with representatives of the
worldwide Armenian community in order to resolve their differences, just as I
will support the continuation of military and economic assistance to Turkey
within the framework of NATO.
President Candidate Questionnaire
Armenian Assembly of America
October 1988
Dear Hirair:
Many thanks for your letter of September 20. We took your good advice and had
Andrew Falkiewicz of the campaign staff work very closely with Barry Zorthian
to pull together responses to the important questions contained in your letter
and the questionnaire from the Armenian Assembly. Those answers are in your
hands by now. I believe they make the playing field level and hope that they
will be useful to your efforts, for which I give you my continued thanks.
The demands of the campaign are heavy, but I am very optimistic. With the
support of wonderful people like you, I feel most confident about the future.
With warm regards,
Sincerely,
George Bush
Letter from Vice President George Bush
to Hirair Hovnanian
October 11, 1988
Israeli/Jewish-American Dilemma
As is the case with the United States, Israel and the Jewish-American
community wish to retain good relations with the Republic of Turkey. Since
1982, Turkey has repeatedly called upon Israel and the Jewish-American
community to assist in the effort to prevent any commemoration or remembrance
of the Armenian Genocide. It is a matter of public record that Israel via its
embassy in Washington and elements of the Jewish-American community lobbied
against Senate Judiciary Committee passage of S.J. Res 212. Not only was this
effort unsuccessful, the decision to assist Turkey has been and continues to
be roundly criticized in the Israeli press and by Israeli MPs, broadly
representative of the entire political/ideological spectrum. According to the
Jerusalem Post of October 24, 1989, the Israeli Foreign Ministry has
stated that "Israeli delegations will not intervene in questions related to
this matter. " The Foreign Ministry spokesman concluded by saying that "Jewish
lobbyists have not honored our people by supporting the efforts to deny the
Armenians 'their' holocaust. Clearly Israel and the Jewish-American
community will no longer be a factor in Congressional consideration of the
Armenian Genocide resolution.
Turkish Denial/Was it a Genocide?
Professor Raphael Lemkin, a lawyer who escaped Poland during the Nazi invasion
of 1939, was the key figure in the history of making genocide a crime under
international law. Having lost 49 members of his own family in the Holocaust,
he coined the word "genocide" in 1944 and worked tirelessly until his death in
1959 toward the adoption of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide.
After coining the word "genocide" to describe destruction of a people, Lemkin
became the first person to characterize the atrocities of 1915-23 as the
"Armenian Genocide." In his decade-long effort to obtain ratification of the
Genocide Convention, Lemkin repeatedly noted the Armenian Genocide, together
with the Holocaust, as prototypes of the crimes of genocide.
In Totally Unofficial, an unpublished autobiography, Lemkin wrote: "A bold
plan was formulated in my mind. This consisted (of) obtaining the
ratification (of the Genocide Convention) by Turkey among the first twenty
founding nations. This would be an atonement for (the) genocide of the
Armenians. "
The Raphael Lemkin Papers, New York Public Library
o Sixty Nine Scholars
As a part of its effort to defeat an earlier commemorative resolution on
the Armenian Genocide, H.J. Res. 192, the Assembly of Turkish American
Associations began circulating a document in opposition to the Genocide
resolution signed by sixty-nine American academicians. This ad has
subsequently been used to create a new concept in Turkey's denial effort
- that the historical record is in question. The Armenian Assembly of
America wrote in confidence to the sixty-nine individuals, asking for a
reply regarding their motivation and the facts. Five of the sixty-nine
scholars were quite candid in their responses, which are excerpted
below. Their names were withheld at their request. The originals are
on file at the Armenian Assembly of America.
"I am well familiar with the events of 1915-16 and with the events
up to 1923 and I am aware of the death, suffering and massacres of
the Armenian people during this period. I shall never become part
of any attempt to deny the victimization, massacres, or genocide
of the Armenian people perpetrated between 1915 and 1923."
-June 11, 1985
"Let me first say that I do not question that massive numbers of
Armenians perished during World War I as a result of criminal and
even genocidal intents. Whenever I teach courses on this period,
I always devote these events specific attention. It is also my
personal opinion that high Ottoman officials pursued policies that
were aimed at the effective elimination of the Armenian population
in Anatolia.'
"It is also my opinion that the Turkish public - unlike the German
public with regard to the Holocaust - has not yet forthrightly
addressed the victimization of the Armenians during World War I.
I believe that Turkish democracy will be much stronger when this
has been accomplished."
-June 14, 1985
"You ask me what my understanding is of the treatment of Armenians
during the period between 1915 and 1923
I
cannot authoritatively
answer that question. First, that period is not the subject of my
own scholarly expertise. Second
official Turkish archives of
the period in question have not so far been opened for scholarly
analysis."
-June 14, 1985
"I sincerely believe that hundreds of thousands of Armenians lost
their lives in the 1915-1923 period. I have no doubt that the
three upstarts who led the Empire up to 1918 had the capacity to
give orders to murder Armenians qua Armenians."
-July 3, 1985
"As scholars, we acknowledge that there were terrible sufferings
undergone by the Armenians at this time. To deny this would be
unjust. Even the word 'genocide' is not wholly inappropriate
here. "
-June 10, 1985
As closer look at the remaining sixty-one scholars reveals that only four have
dealt with the specific topic and period of history in question, i.e.,
Turkish Ottoman policy towards the Armenians before and after World War I. A
prominent signatore to the ad, Professor Bernard Lewis of Princeton, stated in
his book The Emergence of Modern Turkey, that the American/Turkish
relationship was "a struggle between two nations for the possession of a
single homeland, that ended with the terrible holocaust of 1915, where a
million and half Armenians perished."
In point of fact, this is a political ad sponsored by the Assembly of Turkish
American Associations - not what it purports to be and certainly does not lead
to the conclusion that there is scholarly debate on the question.
On the contrary, in universities and secondary schools throughout North
America students in growing numbers are studying the Armenian Genocide and the
Holocaust as case studies. Books published by scholars whose field is the
phenomenon of genocide;
Leo Kuper, Genocide: Its Politcal Use in the Twentieth Century (New York:
Penguin Paperbacks, 1981)
Irving Louis Horowitz, Taking Lives (New Brunswick, New Jersey:
Transaction, 1980)
Vahakn Dadrian, "Genocide as a Problem of National and International Law: the
World War I Armenian Case and its Contemporary legal Ramifications, "
Yale Journal of International Law, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 221-334.
Resolution of the Crisis
A way must be found to resolve quickly President Bush's dilemma while
affirming the U.S. record on the Armenian Genocide in a way least injurious to
U.S./Turkish relations. S.J. Res. 212 is one such remedy. Presidential
action which could obviate the need for further action in the Congress is
another. Without Presidential action there will be an extended, public
controversy as the struggle goes on in the House and Senate. Turkey will feel
compelled to go beyond the token sanctions announced to date to placate a
Turkish constituency that the government itself aroused. In desperation,
Turkey will press harder against Members of Congress who are in support of the
resolution and who have been good friends of Turkey. Congressional resentment
of Turkey's position and conduct is growing. The public Israeli humiliation
over this matter is a lesson noted by Congress.
o Alternatives
1. On December 7, 1989, the first anniversary of the Armenian
earthquake, where the President notes the tragedy of the earthquake and
recalls all that the Armenian people in this century have suffered,
including the Armenian Genocide.
2. During April, 1990, commemorating "Genocide Awareness Month",
invoking the need to remember, praising the growing popularity of
Holocaust and Genocide studies, and invoking the Armenian, Jews and
Cambodians as cases-in-point.
3. Speech at the annual "Days of Remembrance" Holocaust commemoration,
which includes an affirmation of the Armenian Genocide. (Sometime in
April)
4. Receive a senior delegation of Armenian clergy and survivors on
April 24, 1990 in the White House where he affirms the Armenian
Genocide.
5. Cease opposing S.J. Res. 212 and its House counterpart, allowing
prompt passage. By so doing, the Administration can assume that the
matter will not come up again so long as this or subsequent
Administrations do not deny the Genocide. This will forgo a prolonged
struggle in Congress and an extended strain in U.S./Turkish relations.
In conclusion, the Armenian-American community seeks from President Bush
fullfillment of his commitment. While this need not be done in the precise
manner the President promised, it is the community's minimal understanding
that the word genocide be used. Joining the Armenian-American community in
this expectation are a majority of the Senate, the House leadership, a number
of Jewish and Christian religious leaders, the leadership of the
Greek-American community, and a number of governors and state legislatures who
have repeatedly commemorated the Armenian Genocide.
10/27/89
10. Armenian question
DOC. A2-33/87
RESOLUTION
on a political solution to the Armenian question
The European Parliament,
- having regard to the motion for a resolution tabled by Mr Saby and others on
behalf of the Socialist Group on 8 political solution to the Armenian
question (Doc. 2-737/84),
- having regard to the motion for a resolution tabled by Mr Kolokotronis on
the Armenian question and the declaration of 24 April as Armenian Genocide
Day (Doc. B 2-360/85),
- having regard to the report of the Political Affairs Committee
(Doc. A 2-33/87)
A. having regard to:
- the motion for a resolution by Mr Jaquet and others on the situation UT the
Armenian people (Doc. 1-782/81),
- the motion for a resolution by Mrs Duport and Mr Glinne on behalf of
the Socialist Group on a political solution to the Armenian question
(Doc. 1-735/83), and
- the written question by Mrs Duport on the Armenian question¹,
- the resclution of the Ministers with responsibility for Cultural
Atfairs, meeting within the Council of 13 November 1986 on the
protection of Europe's architectural heritage, 2 including that
outside the territory of the Community,
B. convinced that recognition of the identity of the Armenian people in
Turkey as an ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious minority follows
on from recognition of its own history,
C. whereas the Armenian side regards these events as planned genocide within
the meaning of the 1948 UN Charter,
D. whereas the Turkish State rejects the charge of genocide as
unfounded,
E. whereas, to date, the lurkish Government, by refusing to recognize
the genocide of 1915, continues to deprive the Armenian people of
the right to their own history,
Toj No. C 216, 16.8.1984, P. 10
2 OJ No. C 320 of 13.12.1986, p.1
F. whereas the historically proven Armenian genocide his SO far neither been
the object of political condemnation nor received due compensation,
G. whereas the recognition of the Armenian genocide by Turkey must
therefore be viewed as a profoundly humane act of moral rehabilitation
towards the Armenians, which can only bring honour to the Turkish
Government;
H. profoundly regretting and condemning the mindless terrorism by
groups of Armenians who were responsible between 1973 and 1986
for several attacks causing death or injury to innocent victims
and deplored by an overwhelming majority of the Armenian people,
I. whereas the obdurate stance of every Turkish Government towards the
Armenian question has in no way helped to reduce the tension,
1. Believes that the Armenian question and the question of minorities
in Turkey must be resituated within the framework of relations
between Turkey and the Community; points out that democracy cannot
be solidly implanted in a country unless the latter recognizes
and enriches its history with its ethnic and cultural diversity;
2. Believes that the tragic events in 1915-1917 involving the
Armenians living in the territory of the Ottoman Empire
constitute genocide within the meaning of the convention
on the prevention and the punishment of the crime of genocide
adopted by the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1948;
Recognizes, however, that the present Turkey cannot be held responsible
for the tragedy experienced by the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire
and stresses that neither political nor legal or material claims
against present-day Turkey can be derived from the recognition
of this historical event as an act of genocice;
3. Calls on the Council to obtain from the present Turkish Government
an acknowledgement cf the genocide perpetrated against the
Armenians in 1915-1917 and promote the establishment of a political
dialogue between Turkey and the representatives of the Armenians;
4.
Believes that the refusal by the present Turkish Government to
acknowledge the genocide against the Armenian people committed
by the Young Turk government, its reluctance to apply the
principles of international law to its differences of opinion
with Greece, the maintenance of Turkish occupation forces in
Cyprus and the denial of the existence of the Kurdish question,
together with the Lack of true parliamentary democrac and the
failure to respect individual and collective freedoms, in particular
freedom of religion, in that country are insurmount ble obstacles
to consideration of the possibility of Turkey's accession to the
Community;
5:
Conscious of those past misfortunes, supports its desire for the
development of a specific identity, the securing of its minority rights
and the unrestricted exercise of its people's human and civil rights
as defined in the European Convention on Human Rights and its five
protocols;
6.
Calls for fair treatment of the Armenian minority in Turkey as regards
their identity, Language, religion, culture and school system, and makes
an emphatic. plea for improvements in the care of monuments and for the
maintenance and conservation of the Armenian religious architectural
heritage in Turkey and invites the Community to examine how it could make
an appropriate contribution;
7.
Calls on Turkey in this connection to abide faithfully by the provisions
for the protection of the non-Muslim minorities as stipulated in Articles
37 to 45 of the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne which, moreover, was signed by
most Member States of the Community;
8.
Considers that the protection of monuments and the maintenance and
conservation of the Armenian religious architectural heritage in Turkey
must be regarded as part of a wider policy designed to preserve the
cultural heritage of all civilizations which have developed over the
centuries on present-day Turkish territory and, in particular, that of
the Christian minorities that formed part of the Ottoman Empire;
ed
9.
Calls therefore on the Community to extend the Association Agreement with
Turkey to the cultural field so that the remains of Christian or other
civilizations such as the ancient classical, Hittite, Ottoman, etc., in
that country are preserved and made generally accessible;
10.
Expresses its concern at the difficulties currently being experienced by
the Armenian community in Iran with respect to the Armenian language and
their own education in accordance with the rules of their own religion;
11.
Cohdemns the violations of individual freedoms committed in the Soviet
Union against the Armenian population;
12.
Condemns isolated groupings unrepresentative of the Armenion people, and for
strongly any violence and any form of terrorism carried calls out by
reconciliation between Armenians and Turks;
13.
Calls on the Community Member States to dedicate a day to the memory of
the genocide and crimes against humanity perpetrated in the 20th
century, specifically against the Armenians and Jews;
14. Commits itself to making a substantial contribution to initiatives to
encourage negotiations between the Armenian and Turkish peoples;
15. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Commission,
the European Council, the Foreign Ministers meeting in political
cooperation, the EEC/Turkey Association Council and the Turkish,
Iranian and Soviet Governments and the UN Secretary General;'
DECLARATION MADE BY
MR BULENT ECEVIT (TURKEY) IN CONNECTION WITH
THE DRAFT RESOLUTION SUBMITTED TO THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT
1. The Ottoman Empire was a multinational state. The Turks
were the most suppressed and oppressed among the ethnic groups of
which that Empire was comprised. The Sultans took care not to
identify the Empire with the Turks ; because they did not want
their power to be checked by the founding nation of the Empire.
The new Turkish Republic was born out of a revolt against that
Empire. Consequently, it would be very unrealistic and unfair to
hold the Turkish Republic responsible for the deeds or alleged
deeds of a defunct state which that Republic itself got rid of.
2. It would also be very unrealistic and unfair to hold
the Ottoman Administration responsible for alleged crimes against
the Armenians. It is true that various ethnic groups of eastern
Anatolia -Armenians, Turks, Kurds alike- were provoked against
one another, in the early nineties, by certain outside powers,
in order to expedite the end and the partition of that Empire.
But the responsibility of the Ottoman Administration has never
been proven, although the occupying powers in Istanbul had every
opportunity to do so, if it were possible to prove it.
In 1919, Istanbul, the capital city of the crumbling
Ottoman Empire, was under British and French occupation. They were
in full control. They arrested practically every high Ottoman
official and officer whom militant Armenian groups and also some
Greek groups held responsible for ordering the massacring of
Armenians. They were even encouraged and helped by certain
Ottoman politicians who cooperated with the occupying powers
in order to get rid of some of their Turkish rivals.
But the British and Franch authorities in Istanbul were not
able to come forth with any convincing proof of the Ottoman
Administration's responsibility in the alleged massacres. They
also failed to produce any proof against the high officials and
officers they had arrested.
Because the French and British authorities realized that
their own courts could not sentence the arrestees under the
circumstances, they turned the arrestees over to the Ottoman
Government headed by Tevfik Pasha. They hoped that an Ottoman
court in occupied Istanbul would be more pliant to their demands
and expectations for the sentencing of the accused.
Although the Grand Vizier Tevfik Pasha had no sympathy for
most of the former Ottoman officials and officers who were arrested
by the occupying powers, he was an honest man. Therefore, he wanted
a fair trial. But, at the same time, he was aware that the
occupying powers expected of his Government, and of the Ottoman
judiciary, convictions and executions, rather than a fair trial ;
and his government or the Ottoman courts were not in a position
to effectively resist the pressures coming from the occupying
powers.
So, he took a wise and ingenious step. He decided to send
messages to the governments of certain neutral European countries,
asking each of then to send two trusted judges from their own courts,
to participate with full authority, in the investigation into the
Armenian claims of "officially organized massacres".
These messages were addressed to the Danish, Dutch, Spanish,
Swedish and Swiss Governments.
The message to the Danish Government was contained in a note
delivered to the Danish Embassy in Istanbul on 10th February 1919.
The messages to the Spanish and Dutch Governments were
delivered through the Turkish Embassies in those countries.
But the cabled messages to the Swedish and Swiss Governments
did not reach their destination because they were intercepted at the
Post Office in Istanbul by the occupying powers.
In the meantime, the occupying powers asked the three other
governments who had received the messages, not to comply with the
Ottcman Government's request.
I should add, as a detail, that the Otteman Government was
prepared to meet all the costs, if two judges from each of the five
countries concerned were to be sent to Istanbul.
aupres des Communautés Européennes
somph
Communique de Presse
DECLARATION DU GOUVERNEMENT TURC
La résolution que le Parlement Européen vient
d!adopter sur la prétendue question arménienne consti-
tue un texte partial et au contenu raciste. Cette déci-
sion soulève d'autant plus notre indignation que la
Commission politique s'était formellement déclarée in-
compétente en cette matière et avait jugé irrecevable
le rapport de M. Vandemeulebroucks. Toutefois, con-
trainte par des mahoeuvres obscures, la Commission poli-
tique est revenue sur cette décision.
Ainsi, le Parlement Européen 8'est érigé en tribunal
de l'histoire en choisissant l'option de la partialité et
de la haine.
Plusieurs groupes politiques ont d'ailleurs pris
position contre cette initiative en partant du principe
que le Parlement Européen n'est ni un tribunal, ni une
académie d'historiens et ont refusé de participer au vote
de ce rapport dont le contenu nc rentre en aucune manière
dans les limites des compétences du Parlement Européen.
Nous déplorons que cette institution honorable qui
prétend au rôle de champion des droits de l'homme à l'échelle
mondiale, puisse être amenée par certains militants. farouches
à se soumettre aux exigences du passionnel et de l'irrationel,
et apporter ainsi de manière tout à fait irresponsable .unc
excuse au terrorisme arménien passó et un soutien à ses mal-
heureuses tentatives futures.
Cette décision qui est le résultat des suffrages d'une
infime minorité des membres du Parlement Européen, ne fera
que raffermir le jugement des générations turques d'aujourd'hui
sur les événements qui se déroulèrent pendant la première
guerre mondiale en Anatolie et qui par conséquent appartiennent
à l'histoire.
Le Gouvernement turc rejette avec indignation cette
résolution. JUN 20 '87 6:33 88888*7 30 1 3631433
PAGE. 003
Press Release - 6/20/87
Declaration from the Turkish Government Responding to the Resolution of
the European Parliament on the Armenian Question
The resolution that the European Parliament has just adopted concerning the
so-called Armenian Question constitutes a biased text of racist content.
This decision is so much the more revolting, that the political committee
has formally declared itself incompetent regarding this matter, and has
judged Mr. Vandemeulebrouchkle's report unacceptable. However, compelled by
obscure manipulations, the political committee has revised this position.
Thus, the European Parliament has elevated itself in a position to judge
history by opting for bias and hate.
Several political groups have taken a position against this initiative by
basing themselves on the principle that the European Parliament is neither a
courthouse [of historyl, nor an academy of historians, and have refused to
take part in a vote.
Regarding this matter, because this vote is not within the limits of the
European Parliament's competence.
We regret that this honorable institution that pretends to be a champion of
the cause of human rights in the world, can be brought by certain extremist
militants, to capitulate to irrational decisions, thereby providing in a
totally irresponsible way an excuse for Armenian terrorism, and support to
its future attempts.
This decision, which is the result of the ballots of a tiny minority of
European Parliament members, will only strengthen the judgment [conviction]
of todays generations of Turks of the WWI events that took place in Anatolia
and which therefore belong to history. The Turkish government rejects
indignantly this resolution.
Posted state Dept
P.A. once
POSTED: 10/18/89
October 17, 1989
81 What is the Administration's position on S.J. 212, also
known as the "Armenian" resolution?
A: THE ADMINISTRATION OFPOSES THE RESOLUTION. WHILE THE
ADMINISTRATION IS SENSITIVE TO THE TRAGIC SUFFERING OF THE
ARMENIAN PEOPLE AND THE NEED TO COMMEMORATE THE VICTIMS OF THE
PERIOD 1913-1923, WE ARE EQUALLY MINDFUL OF OUR CLOSE
RELATIONSHIP AND STRONG FRIENDSHIP WITH TURKEY AND OF THE
DIFFERING VIEWS OF HOW THE TERRIBLE EVENTS OF THAT PERIOD
SHOULD PROPERLY BE CHARACTERIZED. WE HOPE THE CONGRESS CAN
RESPOND TO THE CONCERNS OF THE ARMENIAN COMMUNITY IN A MANNER
THAT DOES NOT GRAVELY OFFEND OUR VITAL ALLY AND FRIEND, THE
REPUBLIC OF TURKEY.
The question and punishment
The integral text of the
of the crime of genocide
24th paragraph of the report
to the Sub-Commission
on Human Rights
38th session
Doc. N° E/CN. 4/Sub. 2/1985/6
2 July 1985
Prepared by Mr. B. Whitaker
24. Toynbee stated that the distinguishing characteristics of the twentieth century in
evolving the development of genocide "are that it is committed in cold blood by the
deliberate fiat of holders of despotic political power. and that the perpetrators of
genocide employ all the resources of present-day technology and organization to make
their planned massacres systematic and complete" (11). The Nazi aberration has
unfortunately not been the only case of genocide in the twentieth century. Among other
examples which can be cited as qualifying are the German massacre of Hereros in 1904
(12). the Ottoman massacre of Armenians in 1915 - 1916 (13). the Ukrainian pogrom
of Jews in 1919 (14). the Tutsi massacre of Hutu in Burundi in 1965 and 1972 (15). the
Paraguayan massacre of Aché Indians prior to 1974 (16). the Khmer Rouge massacre in
Kampuchea between 1975 and 1978 (18). and the contemporary Iranian killings of
Baha' is (18). Apartheid is considered separately in paragraphs 43 - 46 below. A
number of other cases may be suggested. It could seem pedantic to argue that some
terrible mass-killings are legalistically not genocide. but on the other hand it could be
counter-productive to devalue genocide through over-diluting its definition.
(11) Amold Toynbee. Experiences (London.
Morgenthau. Ambassador Morgenthau's Story
Oxford University Press. 1969).
(New York. Doubleday. 1918): J. Lepsius.
American Association for Democracy and
Freedom. charging the Government of Para-
(12) General von Trotha issued an extermi-
Deutschland und Armenien (Poisdam. 1912:
guay with complicity in genocide against the
nation order: water-holes were poisoned: and
shortly to be published in French by Fayard.
the African peace emissaries were shot. In all.
Paris): R.G. Hovanissian. Armenia on the resul
Aché (Guayaki Indians). alleged that the latter
had been enslaved. tortured and massacred:
three quarters of the Herero Africans were
to independence (Berkeley. University of Cali-
that food and medicine had been denied
killed by the Germans then colonizing present-
fornia. 1967): Permanent Peoples' Tribunal. A
them: and their children removed and sold.
day Namibia. and the Hereros were reduced
Crime of Silence (London. Zed Press. 1985):
See Norman Lewis and others in Richard
from 80.000 to some 15,000 starving refugees.
K. Gurun. Le Dussier arménien (Ankara. Tur-
See p. Fraenk. The Numibians London. Mino-
kish Historical Society. 1983): B. Simsir and
Arens ed., Genocide in Paraguay (Philadelphia.
Temple University Press. 1976): and R. Arens
rity Rights Group. 1985).
other. Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (Is-
(13) At least I million. and possibly well
tanbul. Bogazici University Press. 1984): T.
"The Aché of Paraguay" in J. Porter. Genocide
and Human Rights (op. cit.,.
over half of the Armenian population. are
Ataov. A Brief Glance at the "Armenian Ques-
reliably estimated to have been killed or death-
tion" (Ankara. University Press. 1984): V.
(17) It is estimated that at least 2 million
marched by independen: authorities and eye-
Goekjiam. The Turks before the Court of His-
people were killed by Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge
witnesses. This is corroborated by reports in
tory (New Jersey. Rosekeer Press. 1984):
government of Democratic Kampuchea. out of
Commission of the Churches on International
a total population of 7 million. Even under the
United States. German and British archives
and of contemporary diplomats in the Otto-
Affairs. Armenia. the Continuing Tragedy (Ge-
most restricted definition. this constitued geno-
neva. World Council of Churches. 1984): Fo-
cide. since the victims included target groups
man Empire. including those of its ally Germa-
ny. The German Ambassador. Wangenheim.
reign Policy Institute, The Armenian Issue
such as the Chams (an Islamic minority) and
for example. on 7 July 1915 wrote "the go-
(Ankara. F.P.I.. 1982).
the Buddhist monks. See Izvestia. 2 November
1978: F. Ponchaud. Cumbodia Year Zero
vernment is indeed pursuing its goal of exter-
(14) Between 100.000-250.000 Jews were
killed in 2.000 pogroms by Whites. Cossacks
(London. Penguin Books. 1978): W. Shaw-
minating the Armenian race in the Ottoman
cross. Sideshow: Kissinger. Nixon and the Des-
Empire" (Wilhelmstrasse archives). Though the
and Ukrainian nationalists. See Z. Katz ed.,
truction of Cambodia (New York. Simon and
successor Turkish Government helped to insti-
Handbook of Major Soviet Nationalities (New
tute trials of a few of those responsible for the
York. Free Press. 1975). p. 362: A. Sachar. A
Schuster. 1979): V. Can and others. Kampu-
chea Dossier: The Dark Years (Hanoi. Viet
massacres at which they were found guilty. the
History of the Jews (New York. Knopf. 1967).
Num Courier. 1979): D. Hawk. The Cambodia
present official Turkish contention is that ge-
(15) The Tutsi minority government first
Documentation Commission (New York. Co-
nocide did not take place although there were
liquidated the Hutu leadership in 1965. and
lumbia University. 1983): L. Kuper. Internatio-
many casualties and dispersals in the fighting
then slaughtered between 100,000 and 300.000
nal Action against Genocide (London. Minority
and that all the evidence to the contrary is
Hutu in 1972. See Réné Lemarchand. Selective
Rights Group. 1984).
forged. See. inter alia. Viscount Bryce and A.
Genocide in Burundi (London, Minority Rights
Toynbee. The Treatment of Armenians in the
Group. 1974) and Leo Kuper. The Pity of it
(18) See evidence presented to United Na-
tions Human Rights Commission and Sub-
Ottoman Empire 1915 16 (London. HMSO.
All (London. Duckworth. 1977).
1916): G. Chaliand and Y. Ternon. Génocide
Commission. 1981 1984. and R. Cooper.
(16) In 1974 the International League for
des Arméniens (Brussels. Complexe. 1980): H.
The Baha'is of Iran (London. Minority Rights
the Rights of Man together with the Inter-
Group. 1985).
ECEIVE
@
OCT 17 1988
george bush
D
October 11, 1988
EXHIBIT 44
Mr. Hirair Hovnanian
(2 pages)
1433 Hooper Avenue
Tom's River, New Jersey 08753
Dear Hirair:
thanks for your letter of September 20. We took staff
your closely with Barry Zorthian to pull together and the
good Many advice and had Andrew Falkiewicz of the campaign responses
work very important questions contained in your letter
to the from the Armenian Assembly. Those answers field are level in
questionnaire hands by now. I believe they make the playing for which I
your and hope that they will be useful to your efforts,
give you my continued thanks.
The demands of the campaign are heavy, but I am very I
optimistic. With the support of wonderful people like you,
feel most confident about the future.
with warm regards,
Sincerely,
of George Bush
May thanks.
Hirair S. Mounanian
One Jerome Avenue
Deal, New Jersey 07723
October 30, 1989
President George Bush
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20500
Dear Mr. President:
I write to call your attention to the growing controversy in
the Armenian-American community - a controversy precipitated
by the gap between your statements as Vice President and as a
candidate for the Presidency on the issue of Armenian
Genocide commemoration and your Administration's conduct in
opposition to a commemoration you supported. I urge your
immediate attention on this matter so vital to our community.
It was my privilege and pleasure to join Governor Deukmejian,
as well as community leaders throughout the country, in
support of your run for the Presidency. Whether in the home
of our mutual friend Larry Bathgate, or during the banquet to
honor Governor Deukmejian in Boston just prior to your
announcement to run, or in our exchange of correspondence on
your campaign, I was gratified that you were informed about
and committed to issues of particular concern to
Armenian-Americans. Your statements on these issues revealed
principles of leadership and integrity worthy of support.
Your position on the need to commemorate the Armenian
Genocide specifically demonstrated your conviction that there
was an absolute need to remember past acts of man's
inhumanity to man regardless of contemporary political
consequences.
In this context, I am angered and alarmed by the conduct of
your Administration in opposition to S.J. Res. 212, the
Armenian Genocide resolution passed recently by the Senate
Judiciary Committee over the objections of General Scowcroft,
Ambassador Abramowitz and other officials at the State
Department. I urge that you take action to resolve this gap
between your conviction and the conduct of officials in your
service. As you can imagine, it is impossible for your
supporters within the community to explain how this could
happen in your Administration. The cynics within and without
our community are already characterizing your views on the
need to remember as just another campaign promise. I know
this is not the case.
Mr. President, you are thoroughly versed on this tragic
subject. The Armenian Genocide is the core experience of
every Armenian alive today. We seek from our country only
affirmation of this first genocide of the twentieth century.
We do not seek from our country recrimination against the
government who committed the crime or the successor
government that risks so much to deny the undeniable.
In another capacity as Chairman of the Armenian Assembly of
America, Board of Trustees, I am aware of all of the
political forces set in motion prior to and following
Judiciary Committee passage of S.J. Res. 212. I am aware of
Turkey's deep involvement and the growing resentment in
Congress to Turkey's methods of expressing her
dissatisfaction. I am also aware of Israel's public
embarrassment over having lobbied against the resolution and
subsequently directing the embassy to desist in the future.
Given our discussions on this subject, I know that you
understand that my community must persevere. We do so in the
spirit of your words that "The Bush Administration will never
allow political pressures to prevent our denunciation of
crimes against humanity."
Mr. President, the resolution before Congress is a simple
commemorative action that affirms the U.S. record - nothing
more. This appropriate and modest remedy is being championed
by the able Minority Leader, Senator Dole and supported by a
majority of his colleagues. Please take prompt action to
solve this unnecessary dilemma for your Administration and my
community.
Very truly yours,
Virgen
Hirair Hovnanian
ARMENIAN ASSEMBLY OF AMERICA
-
Congressional Report Card
100th Congress
(1987-1988)
and
Presidential Candidate
Questionnaire
Introduction
The Congressional Report Card has been compiled by the Armenian Assembly of
America to inform the Armenian community of actions taken by their elected officials on
key issues in 1987 and 1988.
In addition to the report card, the Assembly is pleased to offer the results of a
presidential candidate questionnaire. The Assembly asked both Vice President George
Bush and Governor Michael Dukakis to answer six questions on topics of interest to the
Armenian-American community. The questions and the candidate's answers are published
here for your perusal.
The actions selected for the report card include roll-call votes on legislation as well as
special speeches and letters in support of issues important to Armenian-Americans.
The report card and presidential candidate questionnaire are not an endorsement or a
condemnation of any member of Congress or presidential candidate. Rather, they are an
attempt to inform the Armenian public on issues of community concern.
The format of the report card lists members of Congress in two sections - U.S. House
of Representatives and U.S. Senate. The selected House and Senate actions are described
separately and identified by number. Thirteen House actions and six Senate actions were
selected.
A final tally of a legislator's actions includes a listing of the number of "Right" actions
and the number of "Wrong" actions. In some cases, only a limited number of legislators
were involved in certain actions. A legislator's failure to act in such cases was not
interpreted as a "Wrong" action.
The Armenian Assembly of America is a national, non-profit organization founded in
1972. The Assembly, based in Washington, D.C., represents the views of the Armenian-
American community to the federal government. The Assembly seeks to promote the
welfare and interests of Armenian-Americans and to encourage greater community
participation in government at the local, state and national levels.
For further information contact:
Armenian Assembly of America
122 C Street, N.W., Suite 350
Washington, D.C. 20001
(202) 393-3434
PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE QUESTIONNAIRE
1.
Do you favor a congressional resolution that would designate a National Day of Remembrance of the Armenian Genocide
of 1915-1923? Would you sign such a resolution if it was passed by the Congress and even in the face of strong opposition
and threats from the Republic of Turkey?
Vice President George Bush
Governor Michael Dukakis
The United States must acknowledge the attempted
For many years, I have personally participated in
genocide of the Armenian people in the last years of
and led commemorations of the Armenian Genocide.
the Ottoman Empire, based on the testimony of
Unless we forcefully condemn such outrages and
survivors, scholars, and indeed our own representa-
constantly remember the mistakes of the past, we risk
tives at the time, if we are to insure that such horrors
a recurrence of these horrors. As President, I would
are not repeated. The American people, our govern-
steadfastly resist all efforts, from any sources, to
ment, and certainly the Bush Administration will
rewrite or deny history, and along with the Secretary
never allow political pressures to prevent our denun-
of State whom I select, would support a congressional
ciation of crimes against humanity, and I would join
resolution to designate a National Day of Remem-
Congress in commemorating the victims of that pe-
brance of the Armenian Genocide of 1915-1923.
riod. I recognize that the events of 1915 were not the
responsibility of the present Republic of Turkey, and I
am aware that the Republic of Turkey opposes the
characterization of that period as genocide. As Presi-
dent, I will urge the leaders of Turkey to enter into a
dialogue with representatives of the worldwide Ar-
menian community in order to resolve their differ-
ences, just as I will support the continuation of military
and economic assistance to Turkey within the frame-
work of NATO.
According to Amnesty International, Helsinki Watch, and other human rights/minority rights organizations, the Republic
2.
of Turkey still has a long way to go to improving its treatment of Armenians, Kurds, and other ethnic minorities. How
would you approach urging Turkey to improve its human rights/minority rights record? What role should the questions of
human rights/minority rights play in the formulation of U.S. foreign policy?
Vice President George Bush
Governor Michael Dukakis
The issues of human and minority rights are funda-
As President, I will be alert and responsive to human
mental to our view of the world. We are true to our
rights violations suffered by Armenians and other
beliefs, and the national interest of the United States is
minorities in Turkey. These violations cannot, and
best served, when we defend and promote freedom
must not, be ignored or compromised for reasons of
and the rights of man throughout the world. Bilateral
political expediency. In fact, because there is no
and multilateral agreements must be observed by all
sovereign Armenian state to speak out for or defend
nations, and I will use the power of the Presidency to
Armenian rights or interests, it becomes even more
address violations whenever and wherever they
crucial that governments such as ours be particularly
occur.
alert to violations of Armenian rights. That means the
State Department must actively raise the human
rights violations in frank, open dialogue with the
Republic of Turkey.
3.
The United States has long been a staunch supporter of the Helsinki Accords and other human rights agreements. In the
context of these accords, what would be your position on the request of the Armenians living in Nagorno-Karabakh, an
autonomous region in the Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan, to reunite with their kinsmen in the adjacent Armenian Republic?
Vice President George Bush
Governor Michael Dukakis
The Armenian citizens of the USSR have captured
There is no question that the Armenians living in
the attention of the entire world. They are in the
Nagorno-Karabakh have been the victims of social and
forefront of a peaceful and constitutional people's
economic discrimination. Their determination to
movement to define Mr. Gorbachev's claimed readi-
achieve freedom and justice, and their unswerving
ness to give some recognition to national and indi-
commitment to peaceful protest caught the attention
vidual rights of the people of the USSR. I welcome the
of those in the Soviet Union and across the world.
improved relations with the USSR, secured by the
Hundreds of thousands of Armenians have joined
peace through strength policies of the Reagan/Bush
together with their brothers and sisters in Nagorno-
Administration, but I have made it clear that real
Karabakh in calling upon the Soviet authorities to
progress continues to rest on such issues as concrete
right the historical wrongs against the Armenian
evidence of real Soviet recognition of the legitimate
people.
aspirations of the Armenian people.
We have all been moved by the peaceful struggle of
Soviet Armenians to regain their cultural and political
rights. I call on the Soviet leadership to respect those
rights, as they are set forth in the Soviet Constitution.
The Soviet government should take immediate steps
to guarantee all Armenians living in Nagorno-
Karabakh their fundamental right to education, to
religious freedom, and to cultural expression. When
Armenians suffer outrageous acts of violence, as in the
Sumgait massacres, the Soviet government should
punish the perpetrators quickly with sentences ap-
propriate to the horror of the crime. It should immedi-
ately halt any attempt to move by force individuals in
or out of Nagorno-Karabakh. It should ensure the
people of Nagorno-Karabakh the right to communi-
cate freely with the rest of the world, and allow
freedom of the press and access by human rights
organizations. Above all, it should grant Armenians in
Nagorno-Karabakh the right to exercise their consti-
tutionally guaranteed political rights.
As President, I will not hesitate to speak out against
human rights violations suffered by Armenians and all
minorities in the Soviet Union. I will recognize that the
rights of Armenians and the discrimination they face
as an ethnic minority cannot be separated from global
issues of human rights and human suffering. Lasting
progress in relations between our two countries must
be coupled with meaningful and substantial progress
on human rights. As President, I will make sure
General Secretary Gorbachev understands this fun-
damental principle as I work to assure the rights and
well-being of Armenians in the Soviet Union and
around the world.
4.
Construction of a national Holocaust Memorial Museum in the nation's capital is now underway. The main focus of the
museum will be to remind mankind of the horrors of the Holocaust and to ensure that we learn from that tragedy. The
members of the Holocaust Memorial Council have also resolved that the story of the Armenian Genocide will be included in
the museum. Do you support the decision of the Holocaust Council to include the Armenian Genocide?
Vice President George Bush
Governor Michael Dukakis
Yes.
Yes, it is important that the Holocaust Museum
include information and exhibits on the Armenian
Genocide.
5.
Would you support Senate ratification of an international torture convention?
Vice President George Bush
Governor Michael Dukakis
Yes.
Nothing justifies the theft of human dignity. Noth-
ing. Not left-wing or right-wing politics; not personal
or economic or religious differences. There is no excuse
for murder or kidnapping or disappearances. And
there is no rationale for torture.
6.
Armenians from the Middle East and the Soviet Union are seeking the opportunity to resettle in the United States. How
would your policy differ from the current administration on this question?
Vice President George Bush
Governor Michael Dukakis
The United States must maintain its commitment to
It is vital that the next President understand the
be as generous as resources permit to those seeking
desperate poverty of many nations that offer "first
freedom and opportunity in America. We must also
asylum" to refugees from the Middle East and other
support those states that accept "first asylum" refu-
parts of the world. These countries, which include
gees in recognition of the crucial role they play in
Thailand, Pakistan and the Sudan, play a crucial role in
saving lives.
caring for and supporting those fleeing war, hunger
The right to emigrate should be absolute. The right
and persecution.
to enter the United States is governed by laws I fully
My family is personally involved in refugee relief;
support, and I endorse the current application of these
my wife Kitty has traveled to Thailand twice to assist
laws by the Administration. At the same time, I would
in the reunification of Cambodian families. She serves
also favor special provisions for applications and
on the board of the Washington-based Refugee Policy
admissions of immigrants from the USSR where the
Group and on the Board of Directors of Refugee
normal flow of emigration has been severely restricted
International. Refugee assistance is a world problem
in violation of even basic humane considerations.
-first asylum countries need and deserve assistance
in providing care and support for refugees; and
refugees need our help in ending the civil wars and
famine that drive them from their homes.
The Governor has not yet developed a position on
the emigration of Armenians from the Soviet Union.
HIGHLIGHTS
High Scorers
(Highest Number of "Right" Actions)
HOUSE
Green (R-NY)
6
Schumer (D-NY)
5
Coelho (D-CA)
8
Hall (D-OH)
5
Pashayan (R-CA)
8
Matsui (D-CA)
5
Feighan (D-OH)
5
Morrison (D-CT)
8
Berman (D-CA)
5
Bryant (D-TX)
5
Bonior (D-MI)
8
Dornan (R-CA)
5
Bliley (R-VA)
5
Johnson (R-CT)
5
Lehman (D-CA)
7
Gingrich (R-GA)
5
SENATE
Moorhead (R-CA)
7
Lipinski (D-IL)
5
Simon (D-IL)
5
Martinez (D-CA)
7
Annunzio (D-IL)
5
Moakley (D-MA)
7
Boland (D-MA)
5
Kennedy (D-MA)
4
Ford (D-MI)
7
Frank (D-MA)
5
Riegle (D-MI)
4
Torricelli (D-NJ)
7
Atkins (D-MA)
5
Levin (D-MI)
4
Kennedy (D-MA)
5
Wilson (R-CA)
3
Boxer (D-CA)
6
Broomfield (R-MI)
5
Sarbanes (D-MD)
3
Torres (D-CA)
6
Roukema (R-NJ)
5
Metzenbaum (D-OH)
3
Hoyer (D-MD)
6
Gallo (R-NJ)
5
Pell (D-RI)
3
Levin (D-MI)
6
Manton (D-NY)
5
Pressler (R-SD)
3
Low Scorers
(Highest Number of "Wrong" Actions)
HOUSE
Quillen (R-TN)
3
Lott (R-MS)
4
Rahall (D-WV)
3
Taylor (R-MO)
4
Moody (D-WI)
3
Horton (R-NY)
4
SENATE
Dickinson (R-AL)
3
Not enough data was available
Bosco (D-CA)
3
to compile a list of Senators that
Burton (R-IN)
3
opposed issues of importance to
Bereuter (D-NE)
3
the Armenian community.
Solarz (D-NY)
3
Murtha (D-PA)
3
HOUSE VOTES
1
Day of Remembrance Resolution
5
Day of Remembrance IV
(H. J. Res. 132)
Shortly after the 100th Congress convened, Rep.
The second vote cast in the House Rules Committee
Richard Lehman (D-CA) introduced a joint resolution
on August 3, 1987 dealt directly with sending the
to designate April 24, 1987 as a national day to
resolution to the House floor. Four members of the
remember the Armenian Genocide of 1915-1923. The
House testified before the committee on the bill. Rep.
163 members listed are those who signed on as official
Richard Lehman (D-CA) and Rep. William Ford (D-MI)
cosponsors of H.J. Res. 132, either on February 4, 1987,
voiced strong support for the resolution and Rep.
the day it was introduced, or in the subsequent weeks.
Frank Horton (R-NY) and Rep. Marvin Leath (D-TX)
presented opposing views to the resolution. The
committee members voted by voice, and it was
overwhelmingly approved, with no dissenting voices
2
Day of Remembrance II
raised.
On April 22, 1987, the House Post Office and Civil
Service Committee approved H.J. Res. 132. During an
6
Day of Remembrance V
hour of debate, several committee members voiced
their views on the resolution. Chairman William Ford
(D-MI), Rep. Chip Pashayan (R-CA), and Rep. Mervin
On August 7, 1987, the House of Representatives took
Dymally (D-CA) spoke out strongly in support of the
up consideration of H.J. Res. 132. Before voting directly
resolution. Rep. Stephen Solarz (D-NY) and Rep.
on the resolution, the House rules required a vote on a
Patricia Schroeder (D-CO) were the most vocal oppo-
rule that limited debate on the resolution to two hours.
nents to the resolution. The vote was 14 to 4 in favor of
The vote on the rule failed to pass by a majority,
H.J. Res. 132. A "+" reflects a committee member who
blocking further action on the resolution. Taking a
voted for the resolution, and "-" reflects a vote cast to
closer look at the 189-201 vote on the rule, it is
reject the resolution.
interesting to note that 18 cosponsors of the resolution
voted "no" and 42 House members did not vote, 12 of
whom were cosponsors. A "+" reflects a legislator who
voted in support of the rule, and a "_" reflects a vote
cast against the rule.
3
Armenian Martyrs' Day 1987
On April 23, 1987, members of the House paid tribute
to the 1.5 million Armenians who perished in the first
7
Day of Remembrance VI
genocide of the 20th century. Legislators listed are
those who participated in the tribute.
During debate on the rule governing H.J. Res. 132,
several House members made supporting and oppos-
ing statements. Members who made statements on
both sides of the issue are listed.
4
Day of Remembrance III
On August 3, 1987, the House Rules Committee met to
8
Day of Remembrance VII
vote on whether to send H.J. 132 to the House floor for
consideration. Two votes occurred in the committee.
The first vote, based on an amendment from Rep. John
In the final days before the House vote, the leading
H. Quillen (R-TN), would have sent the bill to the
proponents and opponents of the Armenian Genocide
House Foreign Affairs Committee. This vote was
resolution participated in letter-writing campaigns to
viewed as a delay tactic and was supported by
their colleagues. A"+" reflects a House member who
opponents to the resolution. A "+" reflects a committee
signed a letter in support of the resolution, and a "_"
member who voted against the amendment, and a "_"
reflects a member who signed a letter opposing the
reflects a vote cast in support of the amendment.
resolution.
HOUSE VOTES
9
Genocide Convention Implementation
predominantly Armenian populated region in the
Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan, to be transferred to the
On March 23, 1988, the House Judiciary Subcommittee
control of the Republic of Soviet Armenia. Several
on Immigration, Refugees and International Law
members of the House voiced concern for a peaceful
voted 10-0 to approve a bill that would make genocide
and fair resolution to the Armenians' request, through
a crime under U.S. law. The bill, H.R. 807, was intro-
speeches on the House floor, in letters to Soviet
duced by Rep. Peter Rodino (D-NJ). A"+" reflects a
General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, and through
subcommittee member who voted for the bill.
other means. Members who participated in this activ-
ity are listed.
10
Genocide Convention Implementation II
12
Genocide Convention Implementation III
On March 31, 1988, the House Judiciary Committee
On April 25, the House voted overwhelmingly to
voted unanimously by a voice vote to approve H.R.
approve H.R. 807 by a voice vote. One member, Rep.
807, the Genocide Convention Implementation bill. A
Hamilton Fish (R-NY), mentioned the Armenian
"+" reflects a committee member who voted to
Genocide in his remarks on the House floor.
approve the bill.
13
Armenian Martyrs' Day 1988
11
Congressional Support for Armenians of
Nagorno-Karabakh
On April 28, 1988, members of the House marked the
73rd Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide and
In February and March, 1988, Armenians in the Soviet
called on Turkey to acknowledge the actions of its
Union staged large demonstrations calling on the
predecessor government, the Ottoman Turkish gov-
Soviet government to permit Nagorno-Karabakh, a
ernment. Legislators who made statements are listed.
HOUSE
KEY SYMBOLS
+ "Right" action, supporting Assembly position.
- "Wrong" action, contrary to Assembly position.
VOTING
? Not voting.
P Voted present.
R Total "Right" actions, supporting Assembly position.
RECORD
W Total "Wrong" actions, contrary to Assembly position.
State &
State &
District
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
RW
District
12 345678910111213
RW
ALABAMA
CALIFORNIA (Continued)
1 Callahan (R)
?
+
1 -
35 Lewis (R)
+
+
20
2 Dickinson (R)
+
13
36 Brown (D)
+
+
+
30
-
-
3 Nichols (D)
-
+
1 1
37 McCandless (R)
-
+
11
4 Bevill (D)
+
1 1
38 Dornan (R)
+
+
+ +
+
-
50
5 Flippo (D)
?
+
1 -
39 Dannemeyer (R)
+
+
+
30
6 Erdreich (D)
-
+
11
40 Badham (R)
?
+
1 -
7 Harris (D)
-
01
41 Lowery (R)
-
+
11
ALASKA
42 Lungren (R)
+
+ +
+
40
43 Packard (R)
+
+
+
30
1 Young (R)
+ +
+
+
40
44 Bates (D)
+
+
+
+
4 0
ARIZONA
45 Hunter (R)
+
+
+
3 0
1 Rhodes (R)
+
-
+
21
2 Udall (D)
+
?
+
2
COLORADO
3 Stump (R)
-
+
1 1
1 Schroeder (D)
?
+
+
2 -
4 Kyl (R)
-
+
11
2 Skaggs (D)
+
+
2 0
5 Kolbe (R)
-
+
11
3 Campbell (D)
?
+
1 -
ARKANSAS
4 Brown (R)
+
-
+
2 1
1 Alexander (D)
?
1
5 Hefley (R)
-
+
11
+
2 Robinson (D)
+
21
5 Schaefer (R)
-
+
11
+
-
3 Hammerschmidt (R)
-
+
11
CONNECTICUT
4 Anthony (D)
+
-
+
21
1 Kennelly (D)
+
+
+
30
CALIFORNIA
2 Gejdenson (D)
+
+
+
30
1 Bosco (D)
-
13
3 Morrison (D)
+
+
+ + + + +
+
+
80
-
2 Herger (R)
-
+
11
4 Shays (R)
?
+
1 -
3 Matsui (D)
+
+
+ +
+
50
4 Rowland (R)
+
-
+
21
4 Fazio (D)
+
+
+
+
4 0
5 Johnson (R)
+
+
+
+
+
50
5 Pelosi (D)
+
+ +
+
40
DELAWARE
6 Boxer (D)
+
+
+ + +
+
60
1 Carper (D)
-
+
11
7 Miller (D)
+
+
+
3 0
FLORIDA
8 Dellums (D)
+
+
+
3 0
20
1 Hutto (D)
-
+
1 1
9 Stark (D)
+
+
2 Grant (D)
+
+
20
10 Edwards (D)
+
+
+
3 0
21
3 Bennett (D)
+
-
11
11 Lantos (D)
-
+
+
+
+
+
4 Chappell (D)
-
+
1 1
12 Konnyu (R)
30
5 McCollum (R)
+
-
+ +
+
41
13 Mineta (D)
+
+
+
+
4 0
6 MacKay (D)
+
-
1 1
14 Shumway (R)
-
+
11
7 Gibbons (D)
-
+
1 1
15 Coelho (D)
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+
80
3 0
8 Young (R)
+
-
1 1
16 Panetta (D)
+
+
+
9 Bilirakis (R)
+
+
+
3 0
17 Pashayan (R)
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+
80
10 Ireland (R)
-
+
1 1
18 Lehman (D)
+
+
+ + +
+
+
70
11 Nelson (D)
+
+
20
19 Lagomarsino (R)
+
-
12
12 Lewis (R)
+
-
1 1
20 Thomas (R)
+
+
+
30
13 Mack (R)
-
+
1 1
21 Gallegly (R)
+
+
+
+
40
14 Mica (D)
-
+
1 1
22 Moorhead (R)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
70
15 Shaw (R)
-
+
+
2 1
23 Beilenson (D)
+
+
+
?
+
4
16 Smith (D)
+
+
+
3 0
24 Waxman (D)
+
+ +
+
4 0
17 Lehman (D)
?
+
1 -
25 Roybal (D)
+
+
+
+
40
18 Pepper (D)
+ + +
+
4 0
26 Berman (D)
+
+
+ +
+
50
19 Fascell (D)
+
+
+
3 0
27 Levine (D)
+
+ +
+
40
28 Dixon (D)
+
+
+
30
GEORGIA
29 Hawkins (D)
+
+
30
1 Thomas (D)
+
+
-
1 1
30 Martinez (D)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
70
2 Hatcher (D)
?
+
1 -
+ +
+
+
+
50
3 Ray (D)
+
-
1 1
31 Dymally (D)
30
4 Swindall (R)
+
+ +
+
4 0
32 Anderson (D)
+
+
+
33 Dreier (R)
+
+
+
30
5 Lewis (D)
+
+
+
30
34 Torres (D)
+
+
+
+
+
+
60
6 Gingrich (R)
+
+++
+
50
State &
State &
District
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
RW
District
12 3456789101112 13
RW
GEORGIA (Continued)
LOUISIANA
7 Darden (D)
-
+
1 1
1 Livingston (R)
-
+
1 1
8 Rowland (D)
-
+
1 1
2 Boggs (D)
+
+
20
9 Jenkins (D)
-
+
11
3 Tauzin (D)
?
+
1 -
10 Barnard (D)
-
+
11
4 Roemer (D)
?
+
1 -
HAWAII
5 Huckaby (D)
-
+
1 -
1 Saiki (R)
-
+
1 1
6 Baker (R)
?
+
1 -
2 Akaka (D)
+
+
20
7 Hayes (D)
?
+
1 -
-
IDAHO
8 Holloway (R)
+
11
1 Craig (R)
+
1 1
MAINE
2 Stallings (D)
+
-
+
21
1 Brennan (D)
+
+
+
3 0
ILLINOIS
2 Snowe (R)
+
+
20
1 Hayes (D)
+
+
+
3 0
MARYLAND
2 Savage (D)
+
?
+
2 -
1 Dyson (D)
+
+
+
+
40
3 Russo (D)
+
+
+
3 0
2 Bentley (R)
+
+
20
4 Davis (R)
-
+
1 1
3 Cardin (D)
+
+
+
+
4 0
5 Lipinski (D)
+
+
+
+
+
50
4 McMillen (D)
+
+
+
3 0
6 Hyde (R)
-
+
+
2 1
5 Hoyer (D)
+
+
+ +
+
+
6 0
7 Collins (D)
+
P
+
2 -
6 Byron (D)
-
+
1 1
8 Rostenkowski (D)
+
+
2 0
7 Mfume (D)
+
+
+
30
9 Yates (D)
+
+
2 0
8 Morella (R)
+
+ +
+
4 0
10 Porter (R)
+
+
+
3 0
11 Annunzio (D)
MASSACHUSETTS
+
+ +
+
+
5 0
1 Conte (R)
+
12 Crane (R)
+
-
1 1
20
+
2 0
2 Boland (D)
+
+
? +
+
+
13 Fawell (R)
5 -
+
+
3 Early (D)
+
?
+
14 Hastert (R)
-
+
1 1
2 -
4 Frank (D)
+
+
+ +
+
15 Madigan (R)
5 0
-
+
1 1
-
+
5 Atkins (D)
+
+
+ +
+
16 Martin (R)
1 1
5 0
17 Evans (D)
+
+
+
30
6 Mavroules (D)
+
?
+
+
3 -
7 Markey (D)
+
+
+
+
18 Michel (R)
4 0
+
-
+
21
8 Kennedy (D)
+
+
+ +
+
19 Bruce (D)
+
20
5 0
+
9 Moakley (D)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
20 Durbin (D)
+
2 0
7 0
+
10 Studds (D)
+
+
+
21 Price (D)
+
+
2 0
3 0
11 Donnelly (D)
+
+
+
22 Gray (D)
+
+
+
3 0
3 0
INDIANA
MICHIGAN
1 Visclosky (D)
+
+
+
3 0
1 Conyers (D)
+
+
+
3 0
2 Sharp (D)
+
+
20
2 Pursell (R)
+
-
+
21
3 Hiler (R)
3 Wolpe (D)
+
+
3 0
-
+
1 1
+
4 Coats (R)
+
+
+
3 0
4 Upton (R)
-
+
1 1
5 Jontz (D)
+
+
2 0
5 Henry )R)
+
+
+
3 0
6 Burton (R)
-
-
+
1 3
6 Carr (D)
+
+
+
3 0
-
7 Myers (R)
-
+
1 1
7 Kildee (D)
+
+
+
3 0
8 McCloskey (D)
+ +
+
+
4 0
8 Traxler (D)
?
+
N
1 -
9 Hamilton (D)
+
+
+
+
40
9 Vander Jagt (R)
-
+
1 1
10 Jacobs (D)
+
+
+
30
10 Schuette (R)
I
+
1 1
11 Davis (R)
-
+
IOWA
1 1
1 Leach (R)
+
+
+
3 0
12 Bonior (D)
+
+ + + + +
+
+
8 0
2 Tauke (R)
-
+
1 1
13 Crockett (D)
?
+
1
3 Nagle (D)
1 1
14 Hertel (D)
+
+
+
-
+
3 0
4 Smith (D)
+
15 Ford (D)
+ + +
+ +
-
+
21
+
+
7 0
5 Lightfoot (R)
1 1
16 Dingell (D)
+
+
+
-
+
3 0
6 Grandy (R)
+
11
17 Levin (D)
+
+ + +
+
+
6 0
-
18 Broomfield (R)
+
+ +
+ +
5 0
KANSAS
1 Roberts (R)
+
11
MINNESOTA
-
2 Slattery (D)
-
+
1 1
1 Penny (D)
+
+
2 0
3 Meyers (R)
+
-
+
21
2 Weber (R)
-
+
12
4 Glickman (D)
-
+
+
2 1
3 Frenzel (R)
- -
+
1 2
5 Whittaker (R)
+
1 1
4 Vento (D)
+
+
-
+
3 0
5 Sabo (D)
I
+
KENTUCKY
1 1
1 Hubbard (D)
6 Sikorski (D)
+
+
+
- -
12
3 0
+
2 Natcher (D)
+
7 Stangeland (R)
-
+
-
11
1 1
3 Mazzoli (D)
8 Oberstar (D)
+
+
+
-
+ +
+
3 1
3 0
4 Bunning (R)
-
+
1 1
MISSISSIPPI
5 Rogers (R)
-
+
1 1
1 Whitten (D)
-
+
1 1
6 Hopkins (R)
-
+
1 1
2 Espy (D)
+
+
+
3 0
7 Perkins (D)
+
+
+
3 0
3 Montgomery (D)
-
+
11
State &
State &
District
12 3456789101112 13
RW
District
12345678910111213
RW
MISSISSIPPI (Continued)
NEW YORK (Continued)
4 Dowdy (D)
?
+
1 -
19 Biaggi (D)
+
+ +
+
4 0
5 Lott (R)
-
-
-
-
+
14
20 DioGuardi (R)
-
+
11
21 Fish (R)
+
-
+ +
+
41
MISSOURI
22 Gilman (D)
+
+
+ +
4 0
1 Clay (D)
+++
+
+
4 0
23 Stratton (D)
+ +
+
+
40
2 Buechner (R)
-
+
21
24 Soloman (R)
+
+
20
3 Gephardt (D)
+
?
+
2 -
25 Boehlert (R)
-
+
1 1
4 Skelton (D)
-
+
1 1
26 Martin (R)
+
+
+
3 0
5 Wheat (D)
+ + +
+
40
27 Wortley (R)
+
+
+
3 0
6 Coleman (R)
-
+
11
14
28 McHugh (D)
+
+
+
+
40
7 Taylor (R)
-
-
-
-
+
29 Horton (R)
-
-
-
-
+
14
8 Emerson (R)
-
+
11
30 Slaughter (D)
-
+
1 1
9 Volkmer (D)
-
+
11
31 Kemp (R)
+
?
+
2 -
MONTANA
32 LaFalce (D)
-
+
11
1 Williams (D)
+
+
+
30
33 Nowak (D)
+
+
20
2 Marlenee (R)
-
-
+
12
34 Houghton (R)
I
+
11
NEBRASKA
NORTH CAROLINA
1 Bereuter (D)
-
-
-
+
13
1 Jones (D)
?
+
1 -
2 Daub (R)
-
+
11
2 Valentine (D)
-
-
+
12
3 Smith (R)
?
+
1
3 Lancaster (D)
+
I
+
21
4 Price (D)
I
+
1 1
NEVADA
5 Neal (D)
I
+
1 1
1 Bilbray (D)
+
+
+
30
2 Vucanovich (R)
30
6 Coble (R)
I
+
+
2 1
+
+
+
7 Rose (D)
+
+
20
NEW HAMPSHIRE
8 Hefner (D)
I
+
1 1
1 Smith (R)
+
+
20
9 McMillan (R)
I
+
11
2 Gregg (R)
+
+
+
30
10 Ballenger (R)
I
+
11
NEW JERSEY
11 Clarke (D)
-
+
11
1 Florio (D)
+
? +
+
3
NORTH DAKOTA
2 Hughes (D)
+
+
+
+
40
1 Dorgan (D)
-
+
11
3 Howard (D)
+
+
+
+
40
OHIO
4 Smith (R)
+
+
+
30
1 Luken (D)
?
+
1 -
5 Roukema (R)
+
+ + +
+
50
2 Gradison (R)
-
+
1 1
6 Dwyer (D)
-
+
11
3 Hall (D)
+
+ + +
+
5 0
7 Rinaldo (R)
+
+
+
30
4 Oxley (R)
-
I
+
12
8 Roe (D)
+
+
+
30
5 Latta (R)
-
?
+
12
9 Torricelli (D)
+
+
+ + +
+
+
70
6 McEwen (R)
-
-
+
12
10 Rodino (D)
+
+
+
+
40
7 DeWine (R)
-
+
+
21
11 Gallo (R)
+
+ +
+
+
50
8 Lukens (R)
+
?
+
2 -
12 Courter (R)
+
+
+
30
9 Kaptur (D)
+
+
+
3 0
13 Saxton (R)
+
+
+
3 0
10 Miller (R)
-
+
1 1
14 Guarini (D)
+
+
+
3 0
11 Eckart (D)
+
+
+
3 0
NEW MEXICO
12 Kasich (R)
-
+
1 2
1 Lujan (R)
+
+
20
13 Pease (D)
-
+
1 1
2 Skeen (R)
+
11
14 Sawyer (D)
-
+
1 1
-
3 Richardson (D)
+
+
20
15 Wylie (R)
-
+
1 1
16 Regula (R)
-
+
1 1
NEW YORK
17 Traficant (D)
+
+
+
3 0
1 Hochbrueckner (D)
+
+
40
18 Applegate (D)
+
+
20
2 Downey (D)
+
+ +
+
40
19 Feighan (D)
+
+
+
+
+
5 0
3 Mrazek (D)
+
+
20
20 Oakar (D)
+
+
+
3 0
4 Lent (R)
+
-
+
21
21 Stokes (D)
+
+
+
3 0
5 McGrath (R)
+
+
?
+
3
OKLAHOMA
6 Flake (D)
+
-
+
21
1 Inhofe (R)
-
+
12
7 Ackerman (D)
+ +
+
+
40
2 Synar (D)
+
+
+
30
8 Scheuer (D)
+
+
+
31
3 Watkins (D)
+
+
20
9 Manton (D)
+
+
+
+
+
50
4 McCurdy (D)
-
+
12
10 Schumer (D)
+
+
+ +
+
50
5 Edwards (R)
-
+
11
11 Towns (D)
+
?
+
2
12 Owens (D)
+
+
+
3 0
6 English (D)
-
+
11
13 Solarz (D)
-
- -
+
1 3
OREGON
14 Molinari (R)
-
+
11
1 AuCoin (D)
-
+
11
15 Green (R)
+
+
+ + +
+
60
2 Smith, R. (R)
-
+
1 1
16 Rangel (D)
-
+
11
3 Wyden (D)
+
+
+
3 0
17 Weiss (D)
+
+
+
+
40
4 DeFazion (D)
+
+
+
30
18 Garcia (D)
+
+
22
5 Smith, D. (R)
-
+
11
-
State &
State &
District
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
RW
District
12345678910111213
RW
PENNSYLVANIA
TEXAS (Continued)
1 Foglietta (D)
-
+
11
13 Boulter (R)
-
+
1 1
2 Gray (D)
?
+
1
14 Sweeney (R)
I
+
11
3 Borski (D)
+
+
+
3 0
15 de la Garza (D)
I
+
1 1
4 Kolter (D)
-
+
1 1
16 Coleman (D)
+
+
20
5 Schulze (R)
-
+
11
17 Stenholm (D)
-
+
11
6 Yatron (D)
+ +
+
+
4 0
18 Leland (D)
+ +
+
+
4 0
7 Weldon (R)
+
+
+
3 0
19 Combest (R)
-
+
1 1
8 Kostmayer (D)
-
+
11
20 Gonzalez (D)
+
+
+
3 0
9 Shuster (R)
-
+
1 1
21 Smith (R)
-
+
+
2 1
10 McDade (R)
+
-
+
21
22 DeLay (R)
I
+
1 1
11 Kanjorski (D)
-
+
1 1
23 Bustamante (D)
?
-
+
1 1
12 Murtha (D)
-
-
-
+
1 3
24 Frost (D)
+
-
I
?
+
2 2
13 Coughlin (R)
-
+
1 1
25 Andrews (D)
+
+
+
+
4 0
14 Coyne (D)
-
+
1 1
26 Armey (R)
-
+
11
15 Ritter (R)
+
+
2 0
27 Ortiz (D)
I
I
+
12
16 Walker (R)
-
+
1 1
UTAH
17 Gekas (R)
+
+
+
+
4 0
1 Hansen (R)
-
I
+
12
18 Walgren (D)
+
+
+
3 0
2 Owens (D)
+
+
20
19 Goodling (R)
-
+
1 1
3 Nielson (R)
+
I
+
21
20 Gaydos (D)
?
+
1 -
VERMONT
21 Ridge (R)
-
+
1 1
1 Jeffords (R)
+
+
+
3 0
22 Murphy (D)
-
+
1 1
23 Clinger (R)
-
+
11
VIRGINIA
1 Bateman (R)
- -
+
12
RHODE ISLAND
2 Pickett (D)
-
+
11
1 St Germain (D)
+
+
+
3 0
3 Bliley (R)
+
+ +
+
+
50
2 Schneider (R)
+
+ +
+
40
4 Sisisky (D)
-
+
1 1
SOUTH CAROLINA
5 Daniel (D)
?
+
1 -
1 Ravenel (R)
-
+
11
6 Olin (D)
-
+
1 1
2 Spence (R)
+
+
20
7 Slaughter (R)
-
+ +
+
3 1
3 Derrick (D)
+ + +
+
4 0
8 Parris (R)
?
+
1 -
4 Patterson (D)
-
+
1 1
9 Boucher (D)
-
+
1 1
5 Spratt (D)
-
+
11
10 Wolf (R)
+
+
2 0
6 Tallon (D)
-
+
11
WASHINGTON
SOUTH DAKOTA
1 Miller (R)
I
+
11
1 Johnson (D)
+
11
2 Swift (D)
+
+
20
-
3 Bonker (D)
-
+
1 1
TENNESSEE
4 Morrison (R)
? -
+
11
1 Quillen (R)
-
-
-
+
1 3
11
5 Foley (D)
?
+
1 -
2 Duncan (R)
-
+
6 Dicks (D)
-
+
1 1
3 Lloyd (D)
?
+
1 -
7 Lowry (D)
+
+
20
4 Cooper (D)
-
+
1 1
8 Chandler (R)
—
+
11
5 Boner (D)
?
+
1 -
6 Gordon (D)
+ + +
+
4 0
WEST VIRGINIA
7 Sundquist (R)
1 1
1 Mollohan (D)
-
+
+
11
-
8 Jones (D)
+
+
2 0
2 Staggers (D)
+
+
+
3 0
9 Ford (D)
?
1 -
3 Wise (D)
- -
+
+
12
4 Rahall (D)
-
—
-
+
13
TEXAS
1 Chapman (D)
-
+
11
WISCONSIN
+
1 Aspin (D)
+
?
+
+
3
2 Wilson (D)
-
1 1
2 Kastenmeier (D)
+
+
+
+
4 0
3 Bartlett (R)
-
+
1 1
+
+
3 Gunderson (R)
-
+
2 0
11
4 Hall (D)
4 Kleczka (D)
+
+
+
5 0
20
5 Bryant (D)
+
+
+ +
6 Barton (R)
+
1 1
5 Moody (D)
-
-
-
+ +
23
-
7 Archer (R)
-
+
1 1
6 Petri (R)
-
+
11
7 Obey (D)
+
+
8 Fields (R)
-
1 1
20
+
9 Brooks (D)
+
1 1
8 Roth (R)
+
+
2 0
-
1 1
9 Sensenbrenner (R)
-
+
+
2 1
10 Pickle (D)
-
+
11 Leath (D)
- -
+
12
WYOMING
12 Wright (D)
?
+
1 -
1 Cheney (R)
+
1 1
SENATE VOTES
1
Day of Remembrance Resolution
5
Congressional Support for Armenians of
Nagorno-Karabakh
On February 4, 1987, Sen. Alan Cranston (D-CA)
In February and March, 1988, Armenians in the Soviet
introduced a resolution to designate April 24, 1987 as a
Union staged large demonstrations calling on the
national day to remember the Armenian Genocide.
Soviet government to permit Nagorno-Karabakh, a
The members listed are those who signed on as official
predominantly Armenian populated region in the
cosponsors of S.J. Res. 43, either on February 4, 1987,
Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan, to be transferred to the
the day it was introduced, or in the subsequent weeks.
control of the Republic of Soviet Armenia. Several
Two Senators - - Carl Levin (D-MI) and Pete Wilson
members of the Senate voiced concern for a peaceful
(R-CA) also played a role in House debate on the
and fair resolution to the Armenians' request, through
resolution, signing a letter sent to all House members
speeches on the Senate floor, in letters to Soviet
urging them to support the resolution.
General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, and through
other means. Members who participated in this activ-
ity are listed.
2
Armenian Martyrs' Day 1987
6
Resolution on Armenians of Nagorno-
During the week of April 24, members of the Senate
Karabakh
paid tribute to the 1.5 million Armenians who perished
in the first genocide of the 20th century. Senators who
On July 27, 1988, the U.S. Senate overwhelmingly
made statements are listed.
approved a resolution that called on the Soviet Union
to preserve and protect the human rights of the
Armenian people. The 200-word resolution urged the
3
Genocide Convention Implementation
Soviet government to respect the legitimate aspira-
tions of the Armenian people, who since February had
been seeking to reunite the region of Nagorno-
On April 14, 1988, the Senate Judiciary Committee
Karabakh with Armenia. Senator John McCain (R-AZ)
voted to approve legislation that would make geno-
was the author of the resolution. Other senators who
cide a crime under U.S. law. The vote was approved
joined McCain as cosponsors of the resolution and
overwhelmingly by a voice vote in the committee. The
who gave speeches in support of it were Ernest
Senators who cast a vote of approval are listed.
Hollings (D-SC), Warren Rudman (R-NH), Pete Wilson
(R-CA), John Chafee (R-RI), and Robert Dole (R-KS).
4
Armenian Martyrs' Day 1988
During the week of April 24, members of the Senate
marked the 73rd Anniversary of the Armenian Geno-
cide and criticized Turkey for denying that the massa-
cres by the Ottoman government ever occurred.
Senators who made statements are listed.
SENATE
KEY SYMBOLS
+ "Right" action, supporting Assembly position.
VOTING
- "Wrong" action, contrary to Assembly position.
? Not voting.
P Voted present.
RECORD
R Total "Right" actions, supporting Assembly position.
W Total "Wrong" actions, contrary to Assembly position.
States
123456R
W
States
1
2
3
4
5
6
R
W
ALABAMA
LOUISIANA
Heflin (D)
+
+
2
0
Johnston (D)
+
1
0
Shelby (D)
+
1
0
Breaux (D)
+
1
0
ALASKA
MAINE
Stevens (R)
+
1
0
Cohen (R)
+
1
0
Murkowski (R)
+
1
0
Mitchell (D)
+
1
0
ARIZONA
MARYLAND
DeConcini (D)
+
+
2
0
Sarbanes (D)
+
+
+
3
0
McCain (R)
+
1
0
Mikulski (D)
+
1
0
ARKANSAS
MASSACHUSETTS
Bumpers (D)
+
1
0
Kennedy (D)
+
+
+
+
4
0
Pryor (D)
+
1
0
Kerry (D)
+
+
2
0
CALIFORNIA
MICHIGAN
Cranston (D)
+
+
2
0
Riegle (D)
+
+
+
+
4
0
Wilson (R)
+
+
+
3
0
Levin (D)
+
+
+
+
4
0
COLORADO
MINNESOTA
Armstrong (R)
+
1
0
Durenberger (R)
+
1
0
Wirth (D)
+
+
2
0
Boschwitz (R)
+
1
0
CONNECTICUT
MISSISSIPPI
Weicker (R)
+
+
2
0
Stennis (D)
+
1
0
Dodd (D)
+
+
2
0
Cochran (R)
+
1
0
DELAWARE
MISSOURI
Roth (R)
+
+
2
0
Danforth (R)
+
1
0
Biden (D)
+
+
2
0
Bond (D)
+
1
0
FLORIDA
MONTANA
Chiles (D)
+
1
0
Baucus (D)
+
1
0
Graham (D)
+
1
0
Melcher (D)
+
1
0
GEORGIA
NEBRASKA
Nunn (D)
+
1
0
Zorinsky (D)
+
1
0
Fowler (D)
+
1
0
Exon (D)
+
1
0
HAWAII
NEVADA
Inouye (D)
+
1
0
Hecht (R)
+
+
2
0
Matsunaga (D)
+
1
0
Reid (D)
+
+
2 0
IDAHO
NEW HAMPSHIRE
McClure (R)
+
1
0
Humphrey (R)
+
+
2
0
Symms (R)
+
1
0
Rudman (R)
+
1
0
ILLINOIS
NEW JERSEY
Dixon (D)
+
+
2
0
Bradley (D)
+
+
2
0
Simon (D)
+
+
+
+
+
5
0
Lautenberg (D)
+
+
2 0
INDIANA
NEW MEXICO
Lugar (R)
+
1
0
Domenici (R)
+
1
0
Quayle (R)
+
1
0
Bingaman (D)
+
1
0
IOWA
NEW YORK
Grassley (R)
+
+
2
0
Moynihan (D)
+
+
2
0
Harkin (D)
+
1
0
D'Amato (R)
+
+
2
0
KANSAS
NORTH CAROLINA
Dole (R)
+
+
2
0
Helms (R)
+
+
2
0
Kassebaum (R)
+
1
0
Sanford (D)
+
1
0
KENTUCKY
NORTH DAKOTA
Ford (D)
+
1
0
Burdick (D)
+
1
0
McConnell (R)
+
1
0
Conrad (D)
+
1
0
States
1
2
3
4
5
6
R
W
States
1 2 3 4 5 6
R
W
OHIO
TEXAS
Glenn (D)
+
+
2
0
Bentsen (D)
+
1
0
Metzenbaum (D)
+
+
+
3
0
Gramm (R)
+
1
0
OKLAHOMA
UTAH
Boren (D)
+
1
0
Garn (R)
+
1
0
Nickles (R)
+
1
0
Hatch (R)
+
+
2
0
OREGON
VERMONT
Hatfield (R)
+
1
0
Stafford (R)
+
1
0
Packwood (D)
+
1
0
Leahy (D)
+
+
2
0
PENNSYLVANIA
VIRGINIA
Heinz (R)
+
1
0
Warner (R)
+
1
0
Specter (R)
+
+
1
0
Trible (R)
+
1
0
RHODE ISLAND
WASHINGTON
Pell (D)
+
+
+
3
0
Evans (R)
+
1
0
Chafee (R)
+
+
2 0
Adams (D)
+
1
0
SOUTH CAROLINA
WEST VIRGINIA
Thurmond (R)
+
+
2
0
Byrd (D)
+
1
0
Hollings (D)
+
1
0
Rockefeller (D)
+
1
0
SOUTH DAKOTA
WISCONSIN
Pressler (R)
+
+
+
3
0
Proxmire (D)
+
1
0
Daschle (D)
+
1
0
Kasten (R)
+
1
0
TENNESSEE
WYOMING
Sasser (D)
+
1
0
Wallop (R)
+
1
0
Gore (D)
+
1
0
Simpson (R)
+
+
2
0
SPECIAL MENTIONS
Rep. David Bonior (D-MI) was the leading proponent
leading proponent of Senate action on a resolution to
of H.J. Res. 132 in the House Rules Committee and
designate April 24 as a day to remember the Armenian
managed the resolution once it reached the House
Genocide.
floor in August, 1987.
Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) led the Senate in speaking
Rep. Tony Coelho (D-CA), the House Majority Whip,
out in support of the Armenians of Nagorno-Kara-
played an important role in helping schedule floor
bakh, authoring a resolution which called on the
action on H.J. Res. 132 and was also active in urging the
Soviet Union to recognize the legitimate aspirations of
Soviet Union to give a fair hearing to the request of the
the Armenian people.
Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh.
Rep. Jim Moody (D-WI) actively worked to organize
Sen. Alan Cranston (D-CA), as the original sponsor of
other House members to oppose congressional affir-
S.J. Res. 43, led efforts in the Senate to designate a
mation of the Armenian Genocide.
national day of remembrance of the Armenian Geno-
Rep. Charles Pashayan (R-CA) was in the forefront of
cide.
efforts to gain congressional affirmation of the Ar-
Sen. Robert Dole (R-KS) led a Senate delegation to
menian Genocide, as a leading supporter of H.J. Res.
132. He also initiated House floor speeches to mark the
Turkey, where he voiced the concerns of the Armenian
community in meeting with the President and Prime
annual anniversary of the genocide.
Minister of Turkey. He also urged General Secretary
Sen. Larry Pressler (R-SD) spoke out often in support
Mikhail Gorbachev, in letters and in a Moscow meet-
of Armenian issues in several different forums -
ing, to respect the human rights of the Armenians of
meeting with Turkish President Kenan Evren and
Nagorno-Karabakh.
Prime Minister Turgut Ozal, delivering Senate floor
speeches in support of the Armenians of Nagorno-
Rep. William Ford (D-MI), Chairman of the House
Karabakh, and offering an amendment to the INF
Post Office and Civil Service Committee, helped move
Treaty urging the Soviet Union to comply with the
H.J. Res. 132 through his committee in a timely
human rights provisions in the Helsinki accords.
manner.
Rep. Stephen Solarz (D-NY) actively opposed any
Rep. Richard Lehman (D-CA) was the original sponsor
congressional action to affirm the historical record on
and principal promoter of H.J. Res. 132, and worked
the Armenian Genocide. Solarz spoke against H.J. Res.
with the House Democratic leadership to ensure that
132 on the House floor and during House Post Office
the resolution was brought to the House for action.
and Civil Service Committee action on the resolution.
Sen. Carl Levin (D-MI) voiced concern for the Armen-
Rep. Gene Taylor (R-MO) organized members of the
ians of Nagorno-Karabakh in a Moscow meeting with
House to speak in opposition to H.J. Res. 132 during
General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and was a
the August, 1987 debate on the House floor.
rmenian
ssembly of
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Organization
U.S. Postage
122 C Street, N.W., Suite 350
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Washington, D.C. 20001
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Washington, D.C.
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PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE QUESTIONNAIRE
1.
Do you favor a congressional resolution that would designate a National Day of Remembrance of the Armenian Genocide
of 1915-1923? Would you sign such a resolution if it was passed by the Congress and even in the face of strong opposition
and threats from the Republic of Turkey?
Vice President George Bush
Governor Michael Dukakis
The United States must acknowledge the attempted
For many years, I have personally participated in
genocide of the Armenian people in the last years of
and led commemorations of the Armenian Genocide.
the Ottoman Empire, based on the testimony of
Unless we forcefully condemn such outrages and
survivors, scholars, and indeed our own representa-
constantly remember the mistakes of the past, we risk
tives at the time, if we are to insure that such horrors
a recurrence of these horrors. As President, I would
are not repeated. The American people, our govern-
steadfastly resist all efforts, from any sources, to
ment, and certainly the Bush Administration will
rewrite or deny history, and along with the Secretary
never allow political pressures to prevent our denun-
of State whom I select, would support a congressional
ciation of crimes against humanity, and I would join
resolution to designate a National Day of Remem-
Congress in commemorating the victims of that pe-
brance of the Armenian Genocide of 1915-1923.
riod. I recognize that the events of 1915 were not the
responsibility of the present Republic of Turkey, and I
am aware that the Republic of Turkey opposes the
characterization of that period as genocide. As Presi-
dent, I will urge the leaders of Turkey to enter into a
dialogue with representatives of the worldwide Ar-
menian community in order to resolve their differ-
ences, just as I will support the continuation of military
and economic assistance to Turkey within the frame-
work of NATO,
2.
According to Amnesty International, Helsinki Watch, and other human rights/minority rights organizations, the Republic
of Turkey still has a long way to go to improving its treatment of Armenians, Kurds, and other ethnic minorities. How
would you approach urging Turkey to improve its human rights/minority rights record? What role should the questions of
human rights/minority rights play in the formulation of U.S. foreign policy?
Vice President George Bush
Governor Michael Dukakis
The issues of human and minority rights are funda-
As President, I will be alert and responsive to human
mental to our view of the world. We are true to our
rights violations suffered by Armenians and other
beliefs, and the national interest of the United States is
minorities in Turkey. These violations cannot, and
best served, when we defend and promote freedom
must not, be ignored or compromised for reasons of
and the rights of man throughout the world. Bilateral
political expediency. In fact, because there is no
and multilateral agreements must be observed by all
sovereign Armenian state to speak out for or defend
nations, and I will use the power of the Presidency to
Armenian rights or interests, it becomes even more
address violations whenever and wherever they
crucial that governments such as ours be particularly
occur.
alert to violations of Armenian rights. That means the
State Department must actively raise the human
rights violations in frank, open dialogue with the
Republic of Turkey.
10.26.89 12:34 P.04 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
3.
The United States has long been a staunch supporter of the Helsinki Accords and other human rights agreements. In the
context of these accords, what would be your position on the request of the Armenians living in Nagorno-Karabakh. an
autonomous region in the Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan, to reunite with their kinsmen in the adjacent Armenian Republic?
Vice President George Bush
Governor Michael Dukakis
The Armenian citizens of the USSR have captured
There is no question that the Armenians living in
the attention of the entire world. They are in the
Nagorno-Karabakh have been the victims of social and
forefront of a peaceful and constitutional people's
economic discrimination. Their determination to
movement to define Mr. Gorbachev's claimed readi-
achieve freedom and justice, and their unswerving
ness to give some recognition to national and indi-
commitment to peaceful protest caught the attention
vidual rights of the people of the USSR. I welcome the
of those in the Soviet Union and across the world.
improved relations with the USSR, secured by the
Hundreds of thousands of Armenians have joined
peace through strength policies of the Reagan/Bush
together with their brothers and sisters in Nagorno-
Administration, but I have made it clear that real
Karabakh in calling upon the Soviet authorities to
progress continues to rest on such issues as concrete
right the historical wrongs against the Armenian
evidence of real Soviet recognition of the legitimate
people.
aspirations of the Armenian people.
We have all been moved by the peaceful struggle of
Soviet Armenians to regain their cultural and political
rights. I call on the Soviet leadership to respect those
rights, as they are set forth in the Soviet Constitution.
The Soviet government should take immediate steps
to guarantee all Armenians living in Nagorno-
Karabakh their fundamental right to education, to
religious freedom, and to cultural expression. When
Armenians suffer outrageous acts of violence, as in the
Sumgait massacres, the Soviet government should
punish the perpetrators quickly with sentences ap-
propriate to the horror of the crime. It should immedi-
ately halt any attempt to move by force individuals in
or out of Nagorno-Karabakh. It should ensure the
people of Nagorno-Karabakh the right to communi-
cate freely with the rest of the world, and allow
freedom of the press and access by human rights
organizations. Above all, it should grant Armenians in
Nagorno-Karabakh the right to exercise their consti-
tutionally guaranteed political rights.
As President, I will not hesitate to speak out against
human rights violations suffered by Armenians and all
minorities in the Soviet Union. I will recognize that the
rights of Armenians and the discrimination they face
as an ethnic minority cannot be separated from global
issues of human rights and human suffering. Lasting
progress in relations between our two countries must
be coupled with meaningful and substantial progress
on human rights. As President, I will make sure
General Secretary Gorbachev understands this fun-
damental principle as I work to assure the rights and
well-being of Armenians in the Soviet Union and
around the world.
4.
Construction of a national Holocaust Memorial Museum in the nation's capital is now underway. The main focus of the
museum will be to remind mankind of the horrors of the Holocaust and to ensure that we learn from that tragedy. The
members of the Holocaust Memorial Council have also resolved that the story of the Armenian Genocide will be included in
the museum. Do you support the decision of the Holocaust Council to include the Armenian Genocide?
Vice President George Bush
Governor Michael Dukakis
Yes.
Yes, it is important that the Holocaust Museum
include information and exhibits on the Armenian
Genocide.
10.26.89 12:34 P.05 *PASHAYAN WDC
3341 225 202 FROM
5.
Would you support Senate ratification of an international torture convention?
Vice President George Bush
Governor Michael Dukakis
Yes.
Nothing justifies the theft of human dignity. Noth-
ing. Not left-wing or right-wing politics; not personal
or economic or religious differences. There is no excuse
for murder or kidnapping or disappearances. And
there is no rationale for torture.
6.
Armenians from the Middle East and the Soviet Union are seeking the opportunity to resettle in the United States. How
would your policy differ from the current administration on this question?
Vice President George Bush
Governor Michael Dukakis
The United States must maintain its commitment to
It is vital that the next President understand the
be as generous as resources permit to those seeking
desperate poverty of many nations that offer "first
freedom and opportunity in America. We must also
asylum" to refugees from the Middle East and other
support those states that accept "first asylum" refu-
parts of the world. These countries, which include
gees in recognition of the crucial role they play in
Thailand, Pakistan and the Sudan, play a crucial role in
saving lives.
caring for and supporting those fleeing war, hunger
The right to emigrate should be absolute. The right
and persecution.
to enter the United States is governed by laws I fully
My family is personally involved in refugee relief;
support, and I endorse the current application of these
my wife Kitty has traveled to Thailand twice to assist
laws by the Administration. At the same time, I would
in the reunification of Cambodian families. She serves
also favor special provisions for applications and
on the board of the Washington-based Refugee Policy
admissions of immigrants from the USSR where the
Group and on the Board of Directors of Refugee
normal flow of emigration has been severely restricted
International. Refugee assistance is a world problem
in violation of even basic humane considerations.
-first asylum countries need and deserve assistance
in providing care and support for refugees; and
refugees need our help in ending the civil wars and
famine that drive them from their homes.
The Governor has not yet developed a position on
the emigration of Armenians from the Soviet Union.
10.26.89 12:34 P.06 *PASHAYAN WDC
3341 222 202 FROM
HIGHLIGHTS
High Scorers
(Highest Number of "Right" Actions)
HOUSE
Green (R-NY)
6
Schumer (D-NY)
5
Coelho (D-CA)
8
Hall (D-OH)
5
Pashayan (R-CA)
8
Matsui (D-CA)
5
Feighan (D-OH)
5
Morrison (D-CT)
8
Berman (D-CA)
5
Bryant (D-TX)
5
Bonior (D-MI)
8
Dornan (R-CA)
5
Bliley (R-VA)
5
Johnson (R-CT)
5
Lehman (D-CA)
7
Gingrich (R-GA)
5
SENATE
Moorhead (R-CA)
7
Lipinski (D-IL)
5
Simon (D-II.)
5
Martinez (D-CA)
7
Annunzio (D-IL)
5
Moakley (D-MA)
7
Boland (D-MA)
Kennedy (D-MA)
4
5
Ford (D-MI)
7
Frank (D-MA)
Riegle (D-MI)
4
5
Torricelli (D-NJ)
7
Atkins (D-MA)
Levin (D-MI)
4
5
Kennedy (D-MA)
5
Wilson (R-CA)
3
Boxer (D-CA)
6
Broomfield (R-MI)
5
Sarbanes (D-MD)
3
Torres (D-CA)
6
Roukema (R-NJ)
5
Metzenbaum (D-OH)
3
Hoyer (D-MD)
6
Gallo (R-NJ)
5
Pell (D-RI)
3
Levin (D-MI)
6
Manton (D-NY)
5
Pressler (R-SD)
3
Low Scorers
(Highest Number of "Wrong" Actions)
HOUSE
Quillen (R-TN)
3
Lott (R-MS)
Rahall (D-WV)
3
4
Taylor (R-MO)
4
Moody (D-WI)
3
Horton (R-NY)
4
SENATE
Dickinson (R-AI.)
3
Not enough data was available
Bosco (D-CA)
3
to compile a list of Senators that
Burton (R-IN)
3
opposed issues of importance to
Bereuter (D-NE)
3
the Armenian community.
Solarz (D-NY)
3
Murtha (D-PA)
3
10.26.89 12:34 P.07 *PASHAYAN WDC
3341 222 202 FROM
HOUSE VOTES
1
Day of Remembrance Resolution
5
Day of Remembrance IV
(H. J. Res. 132)
Shortly after the 100th Congress convened, Rep.
The second vote cast in the House Rules Committee
Richard Lehman (D-CA) introduced a joint resolution
on August 3, 1987 dealt directly with sending the
to designate April 24, 1987 as a national day to
resolution to the House floor. Four members of the
remember the Armenian Genocide of 1915-1923. The
House testified before the committee on the bill. Rep.
163 members listed are those who signed on as official
Richard Lehman (D-CA) and Rep. William Ford (D-MI)
cosponsors of H.J. Res. 132, either on February 4, 1987,
voiced strong support for the resolution and Rep.
the day it was introduced, or in the subsequent weeks.
Frank Horton (R-NY) and Rep. Marvin Leath (D-TX)
presented opposing views to the resolution. The
committee members voted by voice, and it was
overwhelmingly approved, with no dissenting voices
2
Day of Remembrance II
raised.
On April 22, 1987, the House Post Office and Civil
Service Committee approved H.J. Res. 132. During an
6
Day of Remembrance V
hour of debate, several committee members voiced
their views on the resolution. Chairman William Ford
(D-MI), Rep. Chip Pashayan (R-CA), and Rep. Mervin
On August 7, 1987, the House of Representatives took
Dymally (D-CA) spoke out strongly in support of the
up consideration of H.J. Res. 132. Before voting directly
resolution. Rep. Stephen Solarz (D-NY) and Rep.
on the resolution, the House rules required a vote on a
Patricia Schroeder (D-CO) were the most vocal oppo-
rule that limited debate on the resolution to two hours.
nents to the resolution. The vote was 14 to 4 in favor of
The vote on the rule failed to pass by a majority,
H.J. Res. 132. A"+" reflects a committee member who
blocking further action on the resolution. Taking a
voted for the resolution, and "_" reflects a vote cast to
closer look at the 189-201 vote on the rule, it is
reject the resolution.
interesting to note that 18 cosponsors of the resolution
voted "no" and 42 House members did not vote, 12 of
whom were cosponsors. A "+" reflects a legislator who
voted in support of the rule, and a "_" reflects a vote
cast against the rule.
3
Armenian Martyrs' Day 1987
On April 23, 1987, members of the House paid tribute
to the 1.5 million Armenians who perished in the first
7
Day of Remembrance VI
genocide of the 20th century. Legislators listed are
those who participated in the tribute.
During debate on the rule governing H.J. Res. 132,
several House members made supporting and oppos-
ing statements. Members who made statements on
both sides of the issue are listed.
4
Day of Remembrance III
On August 3, 1987, the I louse Rules Committee met to
8
Day of Remembrance VII
vote on whether to send H.J. 132 to the House floor for
consideration. Two votes occurred in the committee.
The first vote, based on an amendment from Rep. John
In the final days before the House vote, the leading
H. Quillen (R-TN), would have sent the bill to the
proponents and opponents of the Armenian Genocide
House Foreign Affairs Committee. This vote was
resolution participated in letter-writing campaigns to
viewed as a delay tactic and was supported by
their colleagues. A"+" reflects a House member who
opponents to the resolution. A"1" reflects a committee
signed a letter in support of the resolution, and a "-"
member who voted against the amendment, and a "-"
reflects a member who signed a letter opposing the
reflects a vote cast in support of the amendment.
resolution.
10.26.89 12:34 P.08 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
HOUSE VOTES
9
Genocide Convention Implementation
predominantly Armenian populated region in the
Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan, to be transferred to the
On March 23, 1988, the House Judiciary Subcommittee
control of the Republic of Soviet Armenia. Several
on Immigration, Refugees and International Law
members of the House voiced concern for a peaceful
voted 10-0 to approve a bill that would make genocide
and fair resolution to the Armenians' request, through
a crime under U.S. law. The bill, H.R. 807, was intro-
speeches on the House floor, in letters to Soviet
duced by Rep. Peter Rodino (D-NJ). A "+" reflects a
General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, and through
subcommittee member who voted for the bill.
other means. Members who participated in this activ-
ity are listed.
10
Genocide Convention Implementation II
12
Genocide Convention Implementation III
On March 31, 1988, the House Judiciary Committee
On April 25, the House voted overwhelmingly to
voted unanimously by a voice vote to approve H.R.
approve H.R. 807 by a voice vote. One member, Rep.
807, the Genocide Convention Implementation bill. A
Hamilton Fish (R-NY), mentioned the Armenian
"+" reflects a committee member who voted to
Genocide in his remarks on the House floor.
approve the bill.
13
Armenian Martyrs' Day 1988
11
Congressional Support for Armenians of
Nagorno-Karabakh
On April 28, 1988, members of the House marked the
73rd Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide and
In February and March, 1988, Armenians in the Soviet
called on Turkey to acknowledge the actions of its
Union staged large demonstrations calling on the
predecessor government, the Ottoman Turkish gov-
Soviet government to permit Nagorno-Karabakh, a
crnment. Legislators who made statements are listed.
10.26.89 12:34 P.09 *PASHAYAN WDC
3341 222 202 FROM
HOUSE
KEY SYMBOLS
+
"Right" action, supporting Assembly position.
-
"Wrong" action, contrary to Assembly position.
VOTING
? Not voting.
P Voted present.
R Total "Right" actions, supporting Assembly position.
RECORD
W Total "Wrong" actions, contrary to Assembly position.
State &
State &
District
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
RW
District
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
R W
CALIFORNIA (Continued)
ALABAMA
35 Lewis (R)
+
.
2 0
?
1
1 Callahan (R)
+
+
+
3 0
+
I 3
36 Brown (D)
2 Dickinson (R)
-
-
+
3 Nichols (D)
-
I 1
37 McCandless (R)
1 1
-
+
+
38 Durnan (R)
+
# +
.
5 o
4 Bevill (D)
1 1
-
39 Dannemeyer (R)
+
+
3 o
7
+
1
+
5 Flippo (D)
?
+
1 -
+
1 I
40 Badham (R)
6 Endreich (D)
-
+
1 1
0 1
7 Harris (D)
41 Lowery (R)
-
+
+
4 0
42 Lungren (R)
+
ALASKA
43 Packard (R)
+
0
4
3 0
+ +
+
+
4 0
I Young (R)
+
+
44 Bates (D)
+
4 0
+
+
3 0
ARIZONA
45 Hunter (R)
1
+
2 I
I Rhodes (R)
&
-
+
7
+
2 -
2 Udall (D)
COLORADO
?
+
2
+
1 1
3 Stump (R)
-
1 Schroeder (D)
4
2 0
+
1 1
4 Kyl (R)
-
2 Skaggs (D)
+
3 Campbell (D)
?
+
I
1 1
5 Kolbe (R)
-
+
2 1
4 Brown (R)
+
-
ARKANSAS
+
1 1
+
5 Hefley (R)
-
?
1 -
I Alexander (D)
+
1 1
+
2 1
5 Schaefer (R)
2 Robinson (D)
+
-
.
3 Hammerschmidt (R)
1 1
CONNECTICUT
.
2 1
+
+
3 0
+
-
1 Kennelly (1))
+
4 Anthony (D)
2 Gejdenson (D)
+
+
3 0
.
CALIFORNIA
+
#
* + + #
+
8 0
+
I 3
3 Morrison (D)
I Bosco (D)
-
?
+
1 -
.
1 1
4 Shays (R)
2 Herger (R)
.
+
2 1
+
S 0
4 Rowland (R)
+
-
3 Matsui (D)
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
5 0
4 Fazio (D)
+
+
+
+
4 0
5 Johnson (R)
+
4 0
5 Pelosi (D)
+
DELAWARE
+
6 Boxer (1))
+
+
+
+
6 0
1 1
+
-
1 Carper (D)
7 Miller (D)
4
+
3 0
+
FLORIDA
8 Dellums (D)
+
*
+
3 0
4
1 1
1 Hutto (D)
-
+
+
2 0
.
+
2 0
9 Stark (D)
2 Grant (1))
+
+
3 0
+
1 1
10 Edwards (D)
3 Bennett (D)
-
+
2 1
+
1 1
11 Lantos (D)
-
-
+
3 0
4 Chappell (D)
12 Konnyu (R)
,
+
+
+
4 1
5 McCollum (R)
+
-
13 Mineta (D)
+
+
+
+
4 0
+
1 1
6 MacKay (D)
-
+
1 I
#
1 1
14 Shumway (R)
-
7 Gibbons (D)
-
+
+
+
+
8 0
+
1 I
15 Coelho (D)
-
8 Young (R)
16 Panetta (D)
+
+
+
3 0
+
+
+
3 0
9 Bilirakis (R)
. . .
+
+
+
.
8 0
+
1 1
17 Pashayan (R)
10 Ireland (R)
-
+
+
7 0
+
,
4
+
2 0
18 Lehman (D)
11 Nelson (D)
+
1 2
+
1 I
19 Lagomarsino (R)
-
12 Lewis (R)
-
3 0
+
1 1
20 Thomas (R)
+
#
13 Mack (R)
-
.
+
+
4 0
+
1 1
21 Gallegiy (R)
--
14 Mica (D)
+
+
+
7 0
+
+
2 1
22 Moorhead (R)
+
15 Shaw (R)
-
23 Beilenson (D)
+
+
+
7
4
+
+
+
3 0
16 Smith (D)
1
+
4 0
17 Lehman (D)
?
*
1 -
24 Waxman (1))
+
+
4 0
+
+
+
.
4 0
25 Roybal (D)
18 Pepper (D)
+
+
5 0
+
3 0
26 Berman (D)
+
19 Fascell (D)
+
+
4 0
27 Levine (D)
+
+
I
3 il
GEORGIA
28 Dixon (D)
+
1 1
29 1 lawkins (1))
1
3 0
1 Thomas (D)
+
?
+
1
+
7 0
2 latcher (D)
30 Martinez (1))
+
1 1
-
+
5 0
3 Ray (D)
31 Dymally (D)
-
+
+
4 0
3 0
4 Swindall (R)
32 Anderson (D)
#
+
3 0
+
3 0
S Lewis (D)
33 Preter (R)
5 0
+
+
+
6 0
6 Gingrich (R)
34 Forres (L))
10.26.89 12:34 P.10 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
State &
State &
District
1 2 3 45 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13
RW
District
12 3456 7 8 9 101112 13
RW
GEORGIA (Continued)
LOUISIANA
7 Darden (D)
-
+
1 1
8 Rowland (D)
1 Livingston (R)
-
+
1 I
-
*
I 1
2 Boggs (D)
+
9 Jenkins (D)
4
2 0
-
+
1 1
3 Tauzin (D)
?
10 Barnard (D)
+
1 -
-
+
1 1
4 Roemer (D)
?
+
1 -
HAWAII
5 Huckaby (D)
1
+
1 -
1 Saiki (R)
-
+
11
6 Baker (R)
?
+
1 -
2 Akaka (D)
*
+
20
7 Hayes (D)
?
+
1 -
IDAHO
8 Holloway (R)
-
1
I 1
1 Craig (R)
#
11
MAINE
2 Stallings (D)
+
-
+
21
1 Brennan (D)
,
+
#.
3 0
ILLINOIS
2 Snowe (R)
+
+
2 0
1 Hayes (D)
+
+
+
3 0
MARYLAND
2 Savage (D)
+
?
+
2 -
1 Dyson (D)
,
+
+
3 Russo (D)
+
4 0
+
+
+
3 0
4 Davis (R)
2 Bentley (R)
+
-
2 o
-
.
1 1
3 Cardin (D)
+
4
5 Lipinski (D)
+
+
4 0
,
#
+
+
+
5 0
6 Hyde (R)
4 McMillen (D)
+
,
+
3 0
..
+
2 1
5 Hoyer (D)
+
+
7 Collins (D)
+ *
+
+
+
r
6 0
+
2 -
8 Rostenkowski (D)
6 Byron (D)
.
1 1
+
+
2 0
7 Miume (D)
+
+
9 Yates (D)
.
3 0
+
+
2 0
8 Morella (R)
+
10 Porter (R)
+ 4
+
4 0
+
N
+
3 0
11 Annunzio (D)
+
+ +
,
+
5 0
MASSACHUSETTS
12 Crane (R)
-
+
1 1
1 Conte (R)
#
+
20
13 Fawell (R)
#
+
2 0
2 Boland (D)
+
+
?
4
+
5 -
14 Hastert (R)
-
+
! I
3 Early (D)
,
?
.
2 -
15 Madigan (R)
+
1 1
4 Frank (D)
+
4
-
+
+
.
5 0
16 Martin (R)
+
1 1
5 Atkins (D)
+
+
.
-
+
+
5 0
17 Evans (D)
+
I.
+
3 0
6 Mavroules (D)
+
?
#
+
3
18 Michel (R)
+
2 I
7 Markey (D)
+
+
+
4 0
19 Bruce (D)
+
+
2 0
8 Kennedy (D)
*
+ +
+
5 0
20 Durbin (D)
+
#
2 0
9 Moakley (D)
+
-
+
+
+
+
7 0
21 Price (D)
4
+
2 0
10 Studds (D)
+
.
+
3 0
22 Gray (1))
+
*
+
3 0
11 Donnelly (D)
1.
+
+
3 0
INDIANA
MICHIGAN
1 Visclosky (D)
+
+
+
3 0
I Conyers (D)
+
+
+
3 0
2 Sharp (1))
+
,
2 0
2 Pursell (R)
+
1.
2 ]
3 Hiler (R)
-
+
I I
3 Wolpe (D)
+
&
+
3 0
4 Coats (R)
+
+
+
3 0
4 Upton (R)
-
+
1 1
5 Jontz (D)
+
4.
2 0
5 Henry )R)
+
+
4
3 0
6 Burton (R)
-
+
1 3
6 Carr (D)
+
*
,
3 0
7 Myers (R)
-
+
I 1
7 Kildee (D)
+
+
+
3 0
8 McCloskey (D)
+ +
1
+
4 0
8 Traxler (D)
?
+
1
9 Hamilton (D)
+
+
+
4 0
9 Vander Jagt (R)
-
+
1 1
10 Jacobs (D)
+
+
+
3 0
10 Schuette (R)
+
1 I
IOWA
11 Davis (R)
:
-
1 1
1 Leach (R)
+
+
4.
3 0
12 Bonior (D)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
8 0
2 Tauke (R)
-
1
1 1
13 Crockett (D)
?
.
1 -
3 Nagle (D)
-
I 1
14 Hertel (D)
+
+
.
+
3 0
4 Smith (D)
+
-
+
2 ]
15 Ford (D)
+
+ +
+ +
7 0
S Lightfoot (R)
I
1 1
16 Dingell (D)
+
+
r
..
3 0
6 Grandy (R)
-
+
11
17 Levin (D)
+
#- +
+ +
6 0
IN Broomfield (R)
+
KANSAS
+ +
+
5 0
I Roberts (R)
!
+
1 1
MINNESOTA
2 Slattery (D)
-
+
I 1
1 Penny (D)
+
+
2 0
3 Meyers (R)
1
1
2 1
2 Weber (R)
+
I 2
4 Glickman (1))
-
+
2 1
3 Frenzel (R)
+
I 2
5 Whittaker (R)
-
+
11
4 Vento (D)
+
1
1
3 0
KENTUCKY
5 Sabo (D)
-
+
1 !
I Hubbard (1))
6 Sikorski (D)
+
+
1 2
+
3 0
2 Natcher (1))
-
+
I I
7 Stangeland (R)
.
! 1
3 Mazzoli (D)
8 Oberstor (D)
+
I
-
+
+
3 I
3 0
4 Bunning (R)
#
1 1
MISSISSIPPI
5 Rogers (R)
-
+
1 1
I Whitten (D)
+
1 1
6 1 lopkins (R)
-
+
I 1
2 Espy (D)
+
+
+
3 0
7 Perkins (D)
+
*
3 0
3 Montgomery (D)
11
10.26.89 12:34 P.11 *PASHAYAN WDC
3341 222 202 FROM
State &
State &
District
123456789 10111213
RW
District
123456789101 213
RW
MISSISSIPPI (Continued)
NEW YORK (Continued)
4 Dowdy (D)
?
+
1
19 Biaggi (D)
+
+ +
+
4 0
5 Lott (R)
+
1 4
20 DioGuardi (R)
1
1 1
21 Fish (R)
+
+
4 1
MISSOURI
22 Cilman (D)
+
+
+
4 0
1 Clay (D)
...
+
+
4 0
23 Stratton (D)
+ +
,
4 0
2 Buechner (R)
+
21
?
2 -
24 Soloman (R)
+
+
2 0
3 Cephardt (D)
+
+
25 Boehlert (R)
-
+
1 1
4 Skelton (D)
-
+
1 1
26 Martin (R)
+
+
+
3 0
5 Wheat (D)
+ + +
+
4 0
27 Wortley (R)
+
+
+
3 0
6 Coleman (R)
..
1.
1 1
28 McHugh (D)
+
+
4
+
4 0
7 Taylor (R)
-
-
+
1 4
29 Horton (R)
-
+
1 4
8 Emerson (R)
-
+
1 1
30 Slaughter (D)
:
+
1 1
9 Volkmer (D)
+
1 1
31 Kemp (R)
+
?
+
2 -
MONTANA
32 LaFaice (D)
-
+
1 1
1 Williams (D)
9.
+
+
3 0
33 Nowak (D)
+
+
2 0
2 Marlenee (R)
-
-
+
1 2
34 I foughton (R)
-
+
1 1
NEBRASKA
NORTH CAROLINA
1 Bereuter (D)
-
-
4.
I 3
1 Jones (D)
?
+
1
2 Daub (R)
-
+
} 1
2 Valentine (D)
+
1 2
3 Smith (R)
?
-
1
3 Lancaster (D)
+
-
4
2 1
4 Price (13)
-
+
1 1
NEVADA
3 0
5 Neal (D)
-
+
1 1
1 Bilbray (D)
+
+
+
3 0
6 Coble (R)
-
.
2 1
2 Vucanovich (R)
+
+
+
7 Rose (D)
+
+
2 0
NEW HAMPSHIRE
8 Hefner (D)
-
+
1 I
1 Smith (R)
+
+
2 0
9 McMillan (R)
4
1 1
2 Gregg (R)
+
,
1
3 0
10 Ballenger (R)
-
+
I 1
NEW JERSEY
11 Clarke (D)
-
+
1 ]
1 Florio (D)
+
?
+
3
NORTH DAKOTA
2 Hughes (D)
+
1
I
4 0
1 Dorgan (D)
-
+
1 I
3 Howard (D)
4
+
+
+
4 0
OHIO
4 Smith (R)
+
+
+
3 0
1 Luken (D)
?
+
1 --
5 Roukema (R)
+
+
+
+
+
5 0
2 Gradison (R)
-
+
1 1
6 Dwyer (D)
--
1
1 1
3 fall (D)
+
+
+
+
5 0
7 Rinaldo (R)
+
+
+
3 0
4 Oxley (R)
-
1 2
8 Roe (D)
+
+
+
3 0
5 Latta (R)
!
+
1 2
9 Torricelli (D)
+
4.
I.
.
#
7 0
6 McEwen (R)
-
+
1 2
10 Rodino (D)
+
+
+
+
4 0
7 DeWine (R)
+
2 1
11 Gallo (R)
+
+
+
+
5 0
8 Lukens (R)
+
?
+
2 -
12 Courter (R)
+
+
,
3 0
9 Kaptur (D)
+
+
+
3 0
13 Saxton (R)
#
1
+
3 0
10 Miller (R)
-
+
1 1
14 Guarini (D)
+
+
+
3 0
11 Eckart (D)
+
+
-
3 0
NEW MEXICO
12 Kasich (R)
,
1 2
1 Lujan (R)
9
2 0
13 Pease (D)
-
+
1 1
I
2 Skeen (R)
I }
14 Sawyer (D)
-
+
I 1
-
+
3 Richardson (D)
+
+
20
15 Wylie (R)
I
+
1 1
16 Regula (R)
+
-
1 I
NEW YORK
17 Traficant (D)
+
+
+
3 0
1 Hochbrueckner (D)
+
+
4 0
18 Applegate (D)
+
+
2 0
2 Downey (D)
+
#
+
+
4 0
19 Feighan (1))
+
+
+
+
5 0
3 Mrazek (D)
+
+
2 0
20 Oakar (D)
+
+
+
3 0
4 Lent (R)
+
+
2 1
21 Stokes (D)
4
+
+
3 0
5 McGrath (R)
&
.
?
+
3 -
OKLAHOMA
6 Flake (D)
+
-
+
2 1
1 Inhofe (R)
-
+
1 2
7 Ackerman (D)
+ +
+
+
4 0
2 Synar (D)
+
+
+
3 0
8 Scheuer (D)
+
+
+
3 1
3 Watkins (D)
+
+
2 0
9 Manton (1))
1.
4.
4
5 0
4 McCurdy (D)
+
1 2
10 Schumer (D)
+
I
+
f
5 0
5 Edwards (R)
-
+
1 1
11 Towns (D)
+
?
2
6 English (D)
-
+
1 I
17 Owens (1))
+
+
+
3 0
13 Solarz (T))
+
I 3
OREGON
14 Molinari (R)
4
I I
1 AuCoin (1))
1 I
15 Green (R)
I
+
+
6 ()
2 Smith, K. (R)
1 1
16 Rangel (D)
+
] I
3 Wyden (D)
+
+
3 0
17 Weiss (1))
1
1
4 0
4 Deliazion (D)
+
+
3 0
18 Carcia (D)
-
-
2 2
S Smith, D. (R)
I 1
10.26.89 12:34 P.12 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
State &
State &
District
12345678 9 10 11 12 13
RW
District
1234567 8 9 10 11 1213
RW
PENNSYLVANIA
TEXAS (Continued)
1 Foglietta (D)
-
#
1 1
13 Boulter (R)
-
+
1 I
2 Gray (D)
?
+
1 -
14 Sweeney (R)
-
+
1 1
3 Borski (D)
+
+
+
3 0
15 de la Garza (D)
-
#
1 1
4 Kolter (D)
in
*
1 1
16 Coleman (D)
+
+
2 0
5 Schulze (R)
-
+
1 1
17 Stenholm (D)
-
+
I I
6 Yatron (D)
+ +
+
+
4 0
18 Leland (D)
+ +
+
+
4 0
7 Weldon (R)
#
+
+
3 0
19 Combest (R)
+
1 I
8 Kostmayer (D)
-
+
1 1
20 Gonzalez (D)
+
,
+
3 0
9 Shuster (R)
-
+
1 1
21 Smith (R)
-
+
2 1
10 McDade (R)
+
-
4
2 1
22 DeLay (R)
+
1 1
11 Kanjorski (D)
-
+
1 1
23 Bustamante (D)
?
+
I 1
12 Murtha (D)
-
+
1 3
24 Frost (D)
+
-
?
+
2 2
13 Coughlin (R)
-
+
1 I
25 Andrews (D)
+
+
+
+
4 0
14 Coyne (D)
-
+
1 1
26 Armey (R)
⑉
+
1 1
15 Ritter (R)
+
+
2 0
27 Ortiz (D)
-
-
+
1 2
16 Walker (R)
-
,
1 I
17 Cekas (R)
UTAH
+
4
+
+
4 0
1 Hansen (R)
--
.
18 Walgren (D)
1 2
+
+
+
3 0
2 Owens (D)
+
.
19 Goodling (R)
2 0
-
+
1 1
3 Nielson (R)
+
-
+
2 1
20 Gaydos (D)
?
+
1 -
21 Ridge (R)
VERMONT
-
+
1 1
22 Murphy (D)
1 Jeffords (R)
+
4
+
-
+
1 1
3 0
23 Clinger (R)
-
+
1 1
VIRGINIA
RHODE ISLAND
1 Bateman (R)
- -
+
I 2
I St Germain (D)
+
+
+
3 0
2 Pickett (D)
+
1 I
2 Schneider (R)
+
+
+
4 0
3 Bliley (R)
1
+
+
5 0
4 Sisisky (D)
-
+
SOUTH CAROLINA
1 1
5 Daniel (D)
?
,
I Ravenel (R)
1 M
-
+
1 1
6 Olin (D)
"
4.
2 Spence (R)
1 1
.
+
2 0
7 Slaughter (R)
+
+
+
3 Derrick (D)
3 1
+ + +
+
4 0
8 Parris (R)
?
+
4 Patterson (D)
1 -
**
+
1 1
9 Boucher (D)
-
+
5 Spratt (D)
1 1
..
r
1 1
10 Wolf (R)
+
*
6 Tallon (D)
2 0
-
+
1 1
WASHINGTON
SOUTH DAKOTA
1 Miller (R)
+
1 1
1 Johnson (D)
-
1 1
2 Swift (D)
+
+
2 0
TENNESSEE
3 Bonker (D)
-
+
1 1
I Quillen (R)
-
-
1 3
4 Murrison (R)
?
-
+
+
1 1
2 Duncan (R)
-
+
1 I
5 Foley (D)
?
+
1 -
3 Lloyd (D)
?
+
1 -
6 Dicks (D)
-
+
1 1
4 Cooper (D)
-
+
1 1
7 Lowry (D)
+
P
2 0
5 Boner (D)
?
1 -
8 Chandler (R)
#
+
1 1
6 Gordon (D)
+ + +
+
4 0
WEST VIRGINIA
7 Sundquist (R)
-
+
1 1
1 Mollohan (D)
-
+
1 1
8 Jones (D)
+
+
2 0
2 Staggers (D)
+
+
3 0
9 Ford (D)
?
+
1 -
3 Wise (D)
- -
*
1 2
TEXAS
4 Rahall (D)
+
I 3
1 Chapman (D)
-
+
1 1
WISCONSIN
2 Wilson (D)
--
+
1 1
1 Aspin (D)
+
?
+
+
3 -
3 Bartlett (R)
-
+
1 1
2 Kastenmeier (D)
+
+
+
+
4 0
4 Hall (D)
+
4.
2 0
3 Cunderson (R)
-
+
1 1
5 Bryant (D)
+
+
+
+
5 0
4 Kleczka (1))
+
+
2 0
6 Barton (R)
-
+
1 I
5 Moody (D)
-
+
+
2 3
7 Archer (R)
-
+
1 1
6 Petri (R)
-
+
1 1
8 Fields (R)
-
+
1 1
7 Obey (D)
+
+
2 0
9 Brooks (D)
1
1 1
8 Roth (R)
+
+
2 0
10 Pickle (D)
?
+
1 1
9 Sensenbrenner (R)
-
+
+
2 1
11 Leath (D)
-
+
1 2
WYOMING
12 Wright (D)
?
+
1 -
1 Cheney (R)
1 1
10.26.89 12:34 P.13 *PASHAYAN WDC
3341 225 202 FROM
SENATE VOTES
1
Day of Remembrance Resolution
5
Congressional Support for Armenians of
Nagorno-Karabakh
On February 4, 1987, Sen. Alan Cranston (D-CA)
In February and March, 1988, Armenians in the Soviet
introduced a resolution to designate April 24, 1987 as a
Union staged large demonstrations calling on the
national day to remember the Armenian Genocide.
Soviet government to permit Nagorno-Karabakh, a
The members listed are those who signed on as official
predominantly Armenian populated region in the
cosponsors of S.J. Res. 43, either on February 4, 1987,
Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan, to be transferred to the
the day it was introduced, or in the subsequent weeks.
control of the Republic of Soviet Armenia. Several
Two Senators Carl Levin (D-MI) and Pete Wilson
members of the Senate voiced concern for a peaceful
(R-CA) - also played a role in House debate on the
and fair resolution to the Armenians' request, through
resolution, signing a letter sent to all House members
speeches on the Senate floor, in letters to Soviet
urging them to support the resolution.
General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, and through
other means. Members who participated in this activ-
ity are listed.
2
Armenian Martyrs' Day 1987
During the week of April 24, members of the Senate
6
Resolution on Armenians of Nagorno-
Karabakh
paid tribute to the 1.5 million Armenians who perished
in the first genocide of the 20th century. Senators who
On July 27, 1988, the U.S. Senate overwhelmingly
made statements are listed.
approved a resolution that called on the Soviet Union
to preserve and protect the human rights of the
Armenian people. The 200-word resolution urged the
3
Genocide Convention Implementation
Soviet government to respect the legitimate aspira-
tions of the Armenian people, who since February had
been seeking to reunite the region of Nagorno-
On April 14, 1988, the Senate Judiciary Committee
Karabakh with Armenia. Senator John McCain (R-AZ)
voted to approve legislation that would make geno.
was the author of the resolution. Other senators who
cide a crime under U.S. law. The vote was approved
joined McCain as cosponsors of the resolution and
overwhelmingly by a voice vote in the committee. The
who gave speeches in support of it were Ernest
Senators who cast a vote of approval are listed.
Hollings (D-SC), Warren Rudman (R-NH), Pete Wilson
(R-CA), John Chafee (R-RI), and Robert Dole (R-KS).
4
Armenian Martyrs' Day 1988
During the week of April 24, members of the Senate
marked the 73rd Anniversary of the Armenian Geno-
cide and criticized Turkey for denying that the massa-
cres by the Ottoman government ever occurred.
Senators who made statements are listed.
10.26.89 12:34 P.14 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
SENATE
KEY SYMBOLS
+ "Right" action, supporting Assembly position.
VOTING
- "Wrong" action, contrary to Assembly position.
? Not voting.
P Voted present.
RECORD
R Total "Right" actions, supporting Assembly position.
W Total "Wrong" actions, contrary to Assembly position.
States
1 2 3 4 5 6 R W
States
1 2 3 4 S 6 R W
ALABAMA
LOUISIANA
Heflin (D)
+
+
2
0
Johnston (D)
+
1
0
Shelby (D)
+
]
0
Breaux (D)
+
1
0
ALASKA
MAINE
Stevens (R)
+
1
0
Cohen (R)
1
0
Murkowski (R)
+
1
0
Mitchell (D)
**
I 0
ARIZONA
MARYLAND
DeConcini (ID)
+
+
2 0
Sarbanes (D)
+
,
+
3 0
McCain (R)
+
1
0
Mikulski (D)
1 0
ARKANSAS
MASSACHUSETTS
Bumpers (D)
+
I
0
Kennedy (D)
+
f
#
+
4 0
Pryor (D)
+
1
()
Kerry (D)
+
+
2 0
CALIFORNIA
MICHIGAN
Cranston (D)
1
8.
2 ()
Riegle (D)
+
***
+
+
4 0
Wilson (R)
+
+
3 0
Levin (D)
4
+
+
+
4 0
COLORADO
MINNESOTA
Armstrong (R)
4.
]
0
Durenberger (R)
+
I
0
Wirth (D)
+
,
2
0
Boschwitz (R)
+
1
0
CONNECTICUT
MISSISSIPPI
Weicker (R)
1
.
2
0
Stennis (D)
+
I
0
Dodd (D)
F
&
2 0
Cochran (R)
+
I
0
DELAWARE
MISSOURI
Roth (R)
I
1
2 0
Danforth (R)
&
I
U
Biden (D)
+
r
2 0
Bond (D)
+
1
0
FLORIDA
MONTANA
Chiles (D)
+
1
0
Baucus (D)
+
I
0
Graham (1))
+
1
0
Melcher (D)
+
1
0
GEORGIA
NEBRASKA
Nunn (D)
+
1
0
Zorinsky (D)
+
1
0
Fowler (D)
+
1
0
Exon (D)
+
I
0
HAWAII
NEVADA
Inouye (D)
+
1
0
Hecht (R)
-
2 0
Matsunaga (D)
+
I
0
Reid (D)
+
+
2 0
IDAHO
NEW HAMPSHIRE
McClure (R)
#
I
0
Humphrey (R)
+
2 0
Symms (R)
+
1
0
Rudman (R)
+
1 0
ILLINOIS
NEW JERSEY
Dixon (D)
+
+
2 0
Bradley (D)
+
+
2 0
Simon (D)
+
+
+
+
+
5 0
Lautenberg (D)
+
+
2 0
INDIANA
NEW MEXICO
Lugar (R)
+
1 0
Domenici (R)
+
1
0
Quayle (R)
+
1 0
Bingaman (D)
+
1
0
IOWA
NEW YORK
Crassley (R)
+
+
2 0
Moynihan (D)
+
+
2 0
Harkin (1))
+
1
0
D'Amato (R)
+
+
2 0
KANSAS
NORTH CAROLINA
Dole (R)
+
2 0
Helms (R)
1
2 0
Kassebaum (R)
+
I 0
Sanford (D)
+
1
0
KENTUCKY
NORTH DAKOTA
Ford (D)
+
1
0
Burdick (D)
I
McConnell (R)
0
:
0
1
I
Conrad (1))
I
0
10.26.89 12:34 P.15 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
States
1
2
3
4
5
6
R
W
States
1 2 3 4 5 6
R
W
OHIO
TEXAS
Glenn (D)
+
2
0
Bentsen (D)
+
I
0
Metzenbaum (D)
+
3
0
Gramm (R)
+
I
0
OKLAHOMA
UTAH
Boren (D)
+
1
0
Carn (R)
+
I
0
Nickles (R)
1
0
Hatch (R)
+
2
0
OREGON
VERMONT
Hatfield (R)
+
1
0
Stafford (R)
I
0
Packwood (D)
t
1
0
Leahy (1))
)
2
0
PENNSYLVANIA
VIRGINIA
1 leinz (R)
+
1
0
Warner (R)
+
I
0
Specter (R)
+
1
0
Trible (R)
]
0
RHODE ISLAND
WASHINGTON
Pell (D)
+
+
3 0
Evans (R)
+
I
0
Chafee (R)
+
+
2 0
Adams (D)
4
1
0
SOUTH CAROLINA
WEST VIRGINIA
Thurmond (R)
+
+
2
0
Byrd (D)
+
1
0
Hollings (D)
I
1
0
Rockefeller (D)
1
D
SOUTH DAKOTA
WISCONSIN
Pressler (R)
I
3
0
Proxmire (D)
+
I
0
Daschle (D)
+
1
0
Kasten (R)
+
I
0
TENNESSEE
WYOMING
Sasser (1))
I
1
0
Wallop (R)
+
I
U
Gore (D)
+
1
0
Simpson (R)
+
2
0
SPECIAL MENTIONS
Rep. David Bonior (D-MI) was the leading proponent
leading proponent of Senate action on a resolution to
of H.J. Res. 132 in the House Rules Committee and
designate April 24 as a day to remember the Armenian
managed the resolution once it reached the House
Genocide.
floor in August, 1987.
Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) led the Senate in speaking
Rep. Tony Coelho (D-CA), the House Majority Whip,
out in support of the Armenians of Nagorno-Kara-
played an important role in helping schedule floor
bakh, authoring a resolution which called on the
action on H.J. Res. 132 and was also active in urging the
Soviet Union to recognize the legitimate aspirations of
Soviet Union to give a fair hearing to the request of the
the Armenian people.
Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh.
Rep. Jim Moody (D-WI) actively worked to organize
Sen. Alan Cranston (D-CA), as the original sponsor of
other House members to oppose congressional affir-
S.J. Res. 43, led efforts in the Senate to designate a
mation of the Armenian Genocide.
national day of remembrance of the Armenian Geno-
Rep. Charles Pashayan (R-CA) was in the forefront of
cide.
efforts to gain congressional affirmation of the Ar-
Sen. Robert Dole (R-KS) led a Senate delegation to
menian Genocide, as a leading supporter of H.J. Res.
Turkey, where he voiced the concerns of the Armenian
132. He also initiated House floor speeches to mark the
community in meeting with the President and Prime
annual anniversary of the genocide.
Minister of Turkey. He also urged General Secretary
Sen. Larry Pressler (R-SD) spoke out often in support
Mikhail Gorbachev, in letters and in a Moscow meet-
of Armenian issues in several different forums
ing, to respect the human rights of the Armenians of
meeting with Turkish President Kenan Evren and
Nagorno-Karabakh.
Prime Minister Turgut Ozal, delivering Senate floor
Rep. William Ford (D-MI), Chairman of the House
speeches in support of the Armenians of Nagorno-
Karabakh, and offering an amendment to the INF
Post Office and Civil Service Committee, helped move
Treaty urging the Soviet Union to comply with the
II.J. Res. 132 through his committee in a timely
human rights provisions in the Helsinki accords.
manner.
Rep. Stephen Solarz (D-NY) actively opposed any
Rep. Richard Lehman (D-CA) was the original sponsor
congressional action to affirm the historical record on
and principal promoter of H.J. Res. 132, and worked
the Armenian Genocide. Solarz spoke against H.J. Res.
with the 1 louse Democratic leadership to ensure that
132 on the House floor and during House Post Office
the resolution was brought to the House for action.
and Civil Service Committee action on the resolution.
Sen. Carl Levin (D-MI) voiced concern for the Armen-
Rep. Gene Taylor (R-MO) organized members of the
ians of Nagorno-Karabakh in a Moscow meeting with
House to speak in opposition to H.J. Res. 132 during
General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and was a
the August, 1987 debate on the House floor.
10.26.89 12:34 P.16 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
rmenian
A
ssembly of
Non-Profit
merica
Organization
US. Fostage
122 C Street, N.W., Suite 350
PAID
Permit No. 5349
Washington, D.C. 20001
Washington, D.C.
Address Correction Requested
Return to Sender
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341
10.26.89 12:34
*PASHAYAN
P.17 WDC
GEORGE BUSH
O
OCT I 7 1988
October 11, 1988
EXHIBIT 44
Mr. Hirair Hovnanian
(2 pages)
1433 Hooper Avenue
Tom's River, New Jersey 08753
Dear Hirair:
Many thanks for your letter of September 20. We took
your good advice and had Andrew Falkiewicz of the campaign staff
work very closely with Barry Zorthian to pull together responses
to the important questions contained in your letter and the
questionnaire from the Armenian Assembly. Those answers are in
your hands by now. I believe they make the playing field level
and hope that they will be useful to your efforts, for which I
give you my continued thanks.
The demands of the campaign are heavy, but I am very
optimistic. With the support of wonderful people like you, I
feel most confident about the future.
with warm regards,
Sincerely,
of George Bush
May thanks.
10.26.89 12:34 P.18 *PASHAYAN WDC
TRANSMITTED FROM 202 225 3341