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Chief of Staff-Designate Transition Files 11/88-1/89: Correspondence - December [3][2]
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472802628
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Chief of Staff-Designate Transition Files 11/88-1/89: Correspondence - December [3][2]
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00834-016
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Records of the White House Office of the Chief of Staff to the President (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Katie Winklejohn Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
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2016-2628-F
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This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin: Chief of Staff, White House Office of
Series:
Winklejohn, Katie, Files
Subseries:
OA/ID Number:
00834
Folder ID Number:
00834-016
Folder Title:
Chief of Staff-Designate Transition Files 11/88-1/89: Correspondence - December [3][2]
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15
26
2
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Roy:
Ed Rogers and I have discussed your kind invitation
to speak at your Gala Victory Celebration in February.
As you can imagine, the early days in the new
administration will be very hectic precluding me from
committing to anything so soon after the inaugural.
Thank you for your gracious offer. I am sorry I
will not be able to attend.
Best wishes to you this holiday season.
Sincerely,
Jhn.
Governor John H. Sununu
Mr. Roy M. Goodman
New York Republican County Committee
45 East 45th Street
New York, New York 10017
New York Republican County Committee
45 East 45th Street
New York, N.Y.10017
SENATOR ROY M. GOODMAN
TELEPHONE: (212) 599-1200
PRESIDENT AND CHAIRMAN
December 7, 1988
Mr. Edward Rogers
Transition Office
1825 Connecticut Ave. N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20270
Dear Ed:
Enclosed herewith is a letter I would appreciate your delivering
to Governor Sununu. It is self-explanatory and I would be most grate-
ful if you could explain to the Governor that attendance would provide
him with an excellent opportunity to address a large and prestigious
group of New York heavy hitters.
I am grateful for your assistance.
Warm personal regards.
Sincerely,
Roy Roy M. Goodman
Thanks Ew !
New York Republican County Committee 356-0060
45 East 45th Street
York, N.Y.10017
SENATOR ROY M. GOODMAN
Pryund to cary in admin
TELEPHONE: (212) 599-1200
PRESIDENT AND CHAIRMAN
December 7, 1988
Governor John H. Sununu
Transition Office
1825 Connecticut Ave. N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20270
Dear Governor Sununu:
On Wednesday, February 15, 1989, the New York Republican County
Committee will hold a Gala Victory Celebration in conjunction with
its annual Lincoln Day Dinner in the Grand Ballroom of the Waldorf
Astoria Hotel.
This dinner attracts an exceptional group of leaders from the
banking, business, legal, cultural, and civic communities. Our
attendance will be approximately 1,500.
It would be a special pleasure for us to have you as an honored
guest speaker. Since this is the largest dinner of its kind held
annually in the state, you would be assured of excellent press coverage
for any statement you might wish to make.
In the last several years our guest speakers have included
Vice-President Bush, Governor Tom Kean, Secretary of Commerce Malcolm
Baldrige, Senator A1 Simpson, and Senator Dick Lugar.
I do hope you will join us but would ask you to let me know just
as soon as possible so we can plan accordingly.
Warm personal wishes.
Sincerely,
Roy M. Goodman
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Mr. Ortiz-Daliot:
Saludos y muchas gracias por su carta del 12 de Diciembre de
1988. It was good to hear from you. I do remember our
encounters at the meeting of the National Governor's Association
as well as at Duke University. I appreciate your warm words of
congratulations, and hope to prove worthy of the trust that the
President-elect has conferred upon me. Thanks, also, for your
generous offer of help.
Once again, thanks for writing. Best wishes to you and your
family as well as the people of Puerto Rico this holiday season.
Sincerely,
John Governor John H. Sununu
Jose A. Ortiz-Daliot, Esq.
Director
Puerto Rico Federal
Affairs Administration
1100 Seventeenth Street, NW
Suite 800
Washington, D.C. 20036
356
356-0061
0061
THE
COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO
PUERTO RICO FEDERAL AFFAIRS ADMINISTRATION
105 ROTAL
1100 SEVENTEENTH STREET, N.W., SUITE 800, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036, (202) 778-0710
2
Rafael Hernández-Colón
Address all correspondence
Governor
2DEC RECD
to the Director
José A. Ortiz-Daliot, Esq.
Director
12 de diciembre de 1988
Hon. John H. Sununu, Governor
Office of the Governor
State House
Concord, New Hampshire 03301
Estimado Gobernador:
Lo conocí en una de las reuniones de la Asociación Nacional de Gobernadores.
Sin embargo, tuvimos una mejor oportunidad de dialogar en la Universidad de
Duke donde usted se dirigió a un grupo de servidores públicos incluyendo el
"Deputy Chief of Staff" de su estado. Allí, durante la comida, discutimos su
rol en la campaña de Presidente-Electo, George Bush y su posible ascenso a
"Chief of Staff".
Me alegré mucho cuando conocí de su nombramiento y no quería dejar pasar más
tiempo para felicitarlo y desearle muchos éxitos en el desempeño de su nueva
posición. La responsabilidad que ha recaído en sus hombros es monumental y
puede estar seguro que estaré rogándole a Dios que lo ilumine y le de
dirección en la encomienda que tiene ante usted. Confío en que así será.
No quiero terminar sin antes señalarle que estoy incondicionalmente a sus
órdenes y no vacile en llamarme si necesita algún consejo sobre Puerto Rico o
sobre cualquier otro particular. En Puerto Rico todos confiamos en que el
conocimiento personal que tiene el Presidente-Electo Bush de la isla redundará
en beneficios para nuestros ciudadanos.
Tenga usted una Feliz Navidad y un Próspero Año Nuevo. God be with you.
Cordialmente,
José A. Ortiz Daliot
Director
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Mr. Kimball,
Thank you very much for your kind words and
"Suggestions from a Citizen, " which are very interesting
and will be forwarded to the appropriate people just as
soon as the White House staff and structure have taken
on a more permanent shape.
We can always use innovative suggestions for ways
to cut the budget, which will be a high priority in the
Bush Administration, and we appreciate that you have
taken the time to pass along your ideas.
Thank you once again for your warm sentiments and
thought-provoking suggestions, and please accept my best
wishes to you and your family during the holiday season.
Sincerely,
Jan Governor John Humun H. Sununu
Mr. Frank C. Kimball
34300 Lantern Bay Drive
Villa 102
Dana Point, CA 92629
356-0064
1 30EC REC'D
Frank C. Kimball
34300 lantern Bay Drive
Villa #102
Dana Point, Ca. 92629
December 7, 1988
THE HONORABLE GOVERNOR
JOHN SUNUNU
STATE HOUSE
Concord, New Hampshire 032033
Dear Governor Sununu:
I, among many others, am glad to know that
you will be the Chief of Staff for President-elect
Bush.
Since you will have a lot to do with budgets
and trimming deficits I have prepared some budget-
cutting suggestions on the attached paper that I
think deserve your attention.
Sincerely yours,
Drank C.Kumball
Frank C. Kimball
fck/lk
Enclosure
SUGGESTIONS FROM A CITIZEN
FOR REMOVAL OF "BARNACALES" FROM THE SHIP OF STATE
General Comment: We, i.e., the United States as a great world
power, have been permitting an accumulation of what the beneficiaries
thereof, consider "entitlements." Yes, they have received them for so
long and without conditions, that they seem to think they are entitled
thereto. Without being questioned, they assume these freebies will
continue indefinitely so they become firmly affixed to the ship of
state like barnacles. Now is the time to run the ship up into the
cold, clear water of reason and scrape off these impediments to our
progress.
We seem to think we have to purchase peace, purchase good will,
purchase friendship, and purchase alliances. This dollar diplomacy
creates more hate, more jealousy, and more envy than anything else.
People greedily take our money and other benefits, but quietly hate
us and themselves for taking it.
America is becoming weak within. We need to concentrate on
strengthening and building it up here at home. Our people need to be
inspired to do better, to wipe out crime, to reward properly those
to whom we entrust the education of our children, and to inspire
on the part of all citizens loyalty, patriotism and devotion to country
and its good causes. Americans seem to a large degree to have fallen
into the habit of trying to shoulder the Federal Government and its
resources with every cause that occurs to them. More should be done
at the local level and not just easily shoved on to Uncle Sam.
Following are a few suggestions for trimming the Federal
Budget Deficit:
1. Eliminate financial aid to Israel, saving at least $3 billion
for each year. Israel now receives more U. S. aid than all other
countries put together. Why should we have to support a non-viable
economy? If the Jews of the world are interested in Israel's sur-
vival, let them, by private subscription, take over the task. The
propaganda that Israel is our best ally in the Middle East is pure
nonsense. With friends like that who needs enemies? This situation is
largely caused by an effective Israeli lobby here in the United States
that seems always to get what it wants. Even Senator Inoye of
Hawaii put through a bill for them to have the United States pay for
the cost of bringing Jewish high school age children from Africa to
France for education. Why would the Senator from Hawaii do something
like that? Naturally, so that he can be in favor with the Israeli
lobby which seems to have the power to influence elections almost any-
where in the country.
2. Eliminate financial aid to other countries of the Middle
East which in effect have been paid to be friendly with Israel, such
as Jordan, Egypt, lebanon, possible Syria and Greece.
3. Carefully review and trim financial aid programs to all other
countries and send a clear message that such acts of this country in
the nature of humanitarian and/or military aid are not to be deemed
entitlements that can be expected to continue indefinitely.
4. Stop trying to be the world's free-lance policeman. The
United States seems to think it has a duty at its own cost, to assume
the role of a world cop. This is making other countries think it is
because it saves them tremendous outlays. Think of our exhorbitant
cost of patrolling the Persian Gulf to make sure that Japan and other
friendly countries are assured of oil deliveries. As I understand it,
Japan did not contribute toward the cost of this effort. It just was
able to have more U. S. dollars from its sale of goods to the U. S. to
purchase more interests in the U. S.
Why don't we get the U. N. to do something worthwhile for
a change?
5. Stop being a patsy for other countries whom we help by
putting military bases there. These military bases such as in the
Philippines, Greece, Spain, Germany, etc., contribute not only to the
security of the countries involved but bring lots of money there to aid
the economy. But these countries ask for high rentals or other payments
for having our bases there.
6. Institute a Fair-Share Policy with all international organ-
izations of which we are a part, so that it is clearly understood and
expected that each participant or Beneficiary will pay its fair share
of the cost.
7. Tighten up on immigration so that all applicants are care-
fully examined and checked out regarding health, character, potential
contribution to U. S., etc., so that we do not become the human gar-
bage dump of the world. Too many persons of undesirable character
or lower potential value are coming into this country illegally and
staying here to become welfare recipients. Mexico, our neighbor,
floods our country with thousands of undesirables who cannot read or
write even in their own language and who have no skills except in
manual labor. As they get older they cannot find employment and go
onto the welfare rolls. Their children who have little help at home
in learning English, and who have had little if any education in
Mexico, drop out of high school and create a massive unemployment
problem which often ends up with gangs, drugs, etc. Unless something
is done soon, we won't be able to handle the welfare load it causes.
Why don't we help out the INS by lending it a selected
corps of military personnel to help control the borders and to stop
this almost free crossing of our borders by unauthorized aliens?
8. We are being attacked by drug traffickers who have no
regard for the damage it does. Why don't we fight back as ifwwe are
at war with the countries that encourage it by their inactivity, or as
if at war with the persons involved. We don't have to set up a new
recruitment program for additional INS and DEA agents. Why not use
the military services? After all it is a war and we are being
attacked.
9. Medicare is being raped. The government is being ripped
off by doctors all over the country. Doctors are pushing constantly
to get the government to allow more and more of their charges. Some
give to their patients a 10% discount if paid in full at time of
visit. Then they send in a medicare form for the full pre-discounted
- 2 -
amount. They also send their patients to get other tests, etc.
from offices they own or which they have some ownership. Doctors
have never had it SO good before medicare and this needs to be care-
fully examined and scaled back. There are too many local hospitals
that are not utilized to capacity and they try desperately to find
ways of getting the government to pay for their expensive equipment
and other facilities. My hospital, for example, which is only about
half occupied, charges $1,000 per day just for the use of a bed.
Medicare pays it.
10. Clean up defense contractors, most of whom seem to have no
compunction about overcharging, misrepresenting. etc. Most of them
have already been warned by the Defense Department, but they know
that there are only a few companies that can do what they do and
they brazenly repeat their "mistakes."
11. Grants and loans to students should be carefully reviewed
to make sure they are only given to qualified persons, i.e., students
who are not just going to college because they are being pushed by
their parents or themselves so they can prove they have a higher
education. Experts in education tell us that the U. S. kids rank
pretty low in the more difficult subjects and high only in the easy
ones. Students should not be aided in getting schooling in subjects
which have little potential value to the country or in which they
have only a low grade average.
12. Welfare grants should be limited. People who can work
should be given opportunity to work. Non-violent prisoners of jails,
penitentiaries, etc., should be given work assignments, preferably
in a factory or other appropriate facility where they can be housed
nearby and where they can have useful work that will allow them to
pay for their own upkeep, pay off their victims' damages and save
some for themselves for time of release.
13. User charges could be levied on such items as tobacco
products, liquor, travel, candies, gasoline, etc., to raise funds for
reduction of the deficit.
This is not complete, but may suggest a few items that many
citizens feel ought to be considered.
Frank C.Kimball
Frank C. Kimball
34300 Lantern Bay Drive
Villa #102
Dana Point, Ca. 92629
Telephone: (714) 240-9381
-3-
January27,1988 27,1988
Mr. President:
Please don't get fould
by the kind of MMSINEE reported
ISA this newdpaper,
takes and can't get enough
Many people who pay
to Educate their own children
are insensed that their tax
money the is going for such schools
fthe of coshtry-
Drank C.Kumball
34300 Lantern Bay Drive,
Villa 102
Dona Pont CA. 92629
A12
The Orange County Register Sunday, January 24, 1988
US pouring millions of dollars
into religious schools overseas
The New York Times
tion bill signed into law last month
pro-Israel lobby, said the organiza-
by President Reagan.
tion takes no position on whether
WASHINGTON - The United
The appropriation was not made
Jewish religious or religious-run
States has funneled tens of millions
as part of the AID program, but it
schools abroad should be financed
of dollars to religious-affiliated
raised larger questions about gov-
by the US government.
schools and hospitals around the
ernment financing of religious in-
According to documents of the
world under a little-known pro-
stitutions.
schools and hospitals program, the
gram administered by the Agency
Inouye has argued that the
program has given $2 million since
for International Development.
school-construction grant will not
1985 to such religious schools as
The program, American Schools
be spent for religious education or
Ohr Somayach, a girls' affiliate of
and Hospitals Abroad, since 1971
teacher salaries.
a yeshiva in Jerusalem; $400,000 in
quietly has financed Jewish, Cath-
On Friday, the American Civil
1986 to Shaalvim Teachers College,
olic and Protestant schools and
Liberties Union announced that it
which trains teachers for Hebrew
hospitals in Africa, Latin America,
was planning to take legal action to
and day schools and yeshivas; and
Asia and the Middle East. The
prevent the money from being
$500,000 in 1985 to the American
most sensitive part of the program
spent for the French schools.
College of Belz, a Hasidic college in
has involved grants to Orthodox
"It's clearly unconstitutional,"
Jerusalem.
Jewish institutions in Israel whose
said John A. Powell, the ACLU's
primary purpose is to teach reli-
Under the program's regula-
national legal director. "Its pur-
gious studies.
tions, grants are awarded on a
pose is to establish a religious insti-
Many of these institutions would
competitive basis to schools and
tution to educate a particular sect
be ineligible for government mon-
of children, and it does injury to
teaching hospitals abroad that are
ey if they were in the United States
sponsored by American organiza-
different religious organizations in
because of the constitutional prin-
tions. The recipients must "reflect
this country."
American educational ideas and
ciple of separation of church and
The ACLU also intends to inves-
state, administration officials and
tigate whether any US funds
practice" and be open to all appli-
legal experts said.
should be spent on religious-affili-
cants, regardless of religion.
AID, which administers foreign
ated schools and hospitals abroad
The grants are not to be given
aid overseas, says the program's
that would not be eligible for gov-
"to train persons for religious pur-
purpose is to educate and train stu-
ernment assistance if they were on
suits" or to construct facilities "for
dents, primarily in developing
US soil, an issue whose consitution-
worship or religious instruction."
countries, and to adapt US educa-
ality never has been tested.
State Department officials and
tional methods to local needs in
A number of Jewish organiza-
AID administrators acknowledge
fields such as agriculture, econom-
tions that actively promote the sep-
that some schools that apply for
ics, business and public health.
aration of church and state in the
and receive grants do not appear to
The disclosure of the program's
United States would not comment
qualify under these rules, but that
financing patterns in a recent arti-
on the issue.
intense congressional pressure has
cle in Washington Jewish Week, a
helped push them through.
leading American Jewish newspa-
"Such funding in the United
"Obviously, if the overwhelming
per, followed a widely criticized $8
States would be unconstitutional,
goal of the institution is to educate
WHY
million federal grant for the con-
but we've never taken a position on
in a religious way, then the institu-
struction of schools in France for
the application of the Constitution
tion seems outside the spirit and
North African Sephardic Jews.
overseas," said Marc Stern, co-di-
intent of the program," said one
Despite objections from the
rector of the American Jewish
AID official familiar with the pro-
State Department and the Office of
Congress legal department.
gram. "But there has been intense
Management and Budget, the
"We're going to take a pass on this
pressure on key people in Con-
grant successfully was maneu-
one."
gress, constant bargaining and
vered through Congress by Sen.
A congressional specialist with
even threats, and for the greater
Daniel K. Inouye, D-Hawaii, as
the American Israel Public Affairs
good of the agency we have funded
part of the $604 billion appropria-
Committee, the leading American
some of their projects."
Bush Library Photocopy Preservation
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Brad:
Many thanks for your kind note. I appreciate your
warm words of congratulations and good wishes. I am
fortunate and thankful to have the support of friends
like you.
Best wishes to you and your family this holiday
season.
Sincerely,
John John H. Sununu
Mr. Bradford J. Race, Jr.
Seward & Kissel
Wall Street Plaza
New York, New York 10005
Personal note
SEWARD & KISSEL
EUGENE P. SOUTHER
GEORGE C. SEWARD
RICHARD H. VALENTINE
WALL STREET PLAZA
SENIOR COUNSEL
ROGER M. ZAITZEFF
WENDOLIN JOHN NAUSS. JR.
1 5DEC RECD
EDWARD W. BEUCHERT
BRUCE D. SENZEL
351-0025
LESTER KISSEL
BLAISE G. A. PASZTORY
NEW YORK, N.Y. 10005
COUNSEL
ALBERT A. WALSH
ARRIAL S. COGAN
PAUL T. CLARK*
212 412-4100
LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL
JAMES H. HANCOCK
818 CONNECTICUT AVENUE, N.W.
ANTHONY R. MANSFIELD
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20006
ANTHONY C.J. NULAND
202 466-3960
M. WILLIAM MUNNO
BRADFORD J. RACE, JR.
ALL OFFICES
PETER E. PRONT
TELEX
WILLIAM GOODWIN
23 9046
DALE C. CHRISTENSEN. JR.
62-0982
RUSSELL C. PRINCE
CRAIG T. HICKERNELL
CABLE
JANET R. ZIMMER
SEWKIS NEWYORK"
ROBERT A. WALDER
JOHN E. TAVSS
* ADMITTED IN D.C. ONLY
December 13, 1988
212 412 4135
WRITER'S DIRECT DIAL NUMBER
The Honorable John H. Sununu
Chief of Staff Designate
Presidential Transition Office
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20270
Dear John:
I am delighted at your appointment as Chief of
Staff to President-Elect Bush. The President-Elect has
shown great insight and judgment in selecting you for this
position of awesome responsibility and you and your family
are to be commended for being willing to make the immense
Bush Library Photocopy Preservation
personal sacrifice that this assignment entails. I am sure
there will be days (hopefully not too many) when you will
wish that you were back in Concord.
You have my warmest congratulations and best
wishes.
With best wishes for a Happy Holiday season, I am,
Sincerely,
Brad
Bradford J. Race, Jr.
jp
0685P/AF7
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear George:
Many thanks for your kind note. I appreciate your
warm words of congratulations and good wishes. I am
fortunate and thankful to have the support of friends
like you.
Best wishes to you and your family this holiday
season. I hope to see you soon after the new year.
Sincerely,
John John H. Sununu
The Honorable George Deukmejian
Governor of California
Sacramento, California 95814
350-0013
350-
OF STREET
1 4DEC REC'B
THE
State of California
CALIFORNIA
GOVERNOR'S OFFICE
SACRAMENTO 95814
GEORGE DEUKMEJIAN
GOVERNOR
to
call Me or of
December 8, 1988
you
The Honorable John Sununu
Governor of New Hampshire
State House
Concord, NH 03301-4990
Dear John:
Gloria joins me in extending to you our
warmest personal congratulations on your
selection by President-elect Bush to serve as
his Chief of Staff.
Your appointment is well-deserved and
underscores your exceptional capabilities and
expertise. All citizens can feel confident
knowing that you will be playing a vital role
in implementing the President's agenda and
making America an even greater place in which
to live.
Again, please accept our very best
wishes.
Most cordially,
George
George Deukmejian
Bush Library Photocopy Miscellaneous Handwriting
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Selwa,
I very much appreciate your thoughtful gift - which
I promise to dive into just as soon as my schedule
permits - and your warm holiday greetings.
I hope that we will be able to get together soon
after the new year, once the White House staff and
structure have taken on a permanant shape. And I hope
that you will accept my warmest holiday wishes to you
and yours during the holiday season and throughout the
new year.
Sincerely,
John John H. Sununu
Mrs. Selwa Roosevelt
United States Department of State
Rm. 1232
Washington, D.C. 20520
Archie Lust Roosevelt Knowing
For
CHIEF OF PROTOCOL OF THE UNITED STATES
Dear Governor Sunnam - -
d am sending you
my husbands book
u The fond hope that
you will he able Le
read it -
we look forward
& seeing you in The
new year and wish
you and your Jamely
a Joyous Christmas.
Seleva Roosevelt
Smith
Selwa 647-4543
U.S. Dept of State
Rm.1232
WDC 20520
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
USTR
December 20, 1988
Dear Mr. McPherson,
Thank you very much for your proposals concerning
trade strategy for the Bush Administration, which I will
forward to the appropriate people as soon as the new
administration takes a more permanant shape. As you
undoubtedly already know. the President-elect has chosen
Carla Hills for the position of United States Trade
Representative. He is confident that Ms. Hills will do
an outstanding JOD as USTR, and I know that he
appreciated all the other outstanding candidates who
put their names forward.
Thank you once again for your thoughtful proposals,
and for offering your assistance. And please accept my
best wishes to you and your family during this holiday
season.
Sincerely,
John Hann
Governor John H. Sununu
Mr. M. Peter McPherson
United States Department of Treasury
15th and Pennsylvania Avenues
Rm. 3326
Washington, D.C. 20200
November 30, 1988
219
Dear Governor:
TOA
sput
I have attached two papers:
16
(1) Requirements for the USTR Position.
(2) A USTR Strategy under Bush.
"UU. ndi 1°C *e*
would appreciate it if you could hold it closely. and I
The policy paper is somewhat sensitive
Perhaps we can discuss the policy paper.
11
Very best,
Peter
M. Peter McPherson
Attachments
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear President Schmidt,
I thoroughly enjoyed the opportunity to meet with
you and some of your colleagues on December 5th. I am
delighted that you promptly answered our request for
suggestions by putting forward the name of Professor
Allan Bromley for the position of Science and Technology
Advisor to The President. I will forward Professor
Bromley's name. along with your strong recommendation,
to the appropriate people, and he will receive the
highest consideration.
The President-Elect and I both hope to maintain a
strong connection with the academic community in the
future, demonstrating that the Bush Administration's
commitment to education is more than just campaign
rhetoric.
Thank you once again for meeting with the
President-Elect and I last week and for your
recommendation of Professor Bromley. Please accept my
warmest wishes to you and your family during this
holiday season and into the new year.
Sincerely,
John
Governor John H. Sununu
President Benno C. Schmidt
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Benno C Schmidt
gal Jahr
356-0063
YALE UNIVERSITY
NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUT 06520
204-432-2550
SDEC RECD
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
Undrewlay
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me and any colleague from other universition
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YALE UNIVERSITY
NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUT
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
produced an enouronsly influential
report Are years ago. He teacher
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Thank you again for seeing us.
Angely, Dam Thank
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
Heatn
December 20, 1988
Dear Cardinal Law:
Thank you for your kind invitation to the
President-elect. I am sure he would be most interested
in speaking at a luncheon following the Red Mass in
September if time permits.
I am holding this invitation until after we had a
chance to put the system in place to handle the
President-elect's scheduling requests. I will make sure
they contact you following the inaugural with a more
definite response.
Thank you, as always, for your support. I hope you
have a joyous holiday season.
Sincerely,
Jun John H. Sununu
Bernard Cardinal Law
Archbishop of Boston
2101 Commonwealth Avenue
Brighton, Massachusetts 02135
Het Hold
351-0042
CARDINAL'S RESIDENCE
2101 COMMONWEALTH AVENUE
BRIGHTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02135
TO LIVE IS CHRIST
December 7, 1988
Governor John Sununu
24 Samoset Drive
Salem, NH 03079
Dear Governor:
Allow me to stand in the line of the many people who are
writing to you for favors.
Quite specifically, I would like to sound out the possibility
of having Present-elect George Bush speak at the luncheon
following the Red Mass, which will be held on Saturday,
September 23, 1989. Last year we had Justice Scalia as our
speaker. We began again the tradition of the Red Mass last
year, and we had approximately 600 lawyers and judges present
for it. The Mass is scheduled for 10:00 a.m. at Holy Cross
Cathedral, and the lunch is scheduled for 12:00 noon at the
Park Plaza Hotel.
I realize that any invitation is an imposition on an impossible
schedule. Nonetheless, I thought that this particular forum
could provide an opportunity for the president to say some
things that he may wish to say. It goes without saying that
his presence would be such a distinct honor for all of us.
In the event that you think this is totally out of the
question, I will fully understand and will appreciate a quick
negative response. If you believe that there is any
possibility that this might be a workable invitation, then I
would appreciate that word.
With warm personal regards, I am
Sincerely yours in Christ,
Bernand Archbishop of Boston
BCL/ac
PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
Pol.Dev.
December 20, 1988
Dear Dr. Rugina,
I have forwarded your congratulatory message to the
President-elect. I will also pass your white paper and
complimentary copy of Principia Oeconomica to our staff
in Policy Development for their review.
Please accept my warmest wishes to you and your
family during this holiday season and throughout the new
year.
Sincerely,
Governor John H. Sununu
Professor Anghel N. Rugina
145 Moss Hill Road
Jamaica Plain, Mass 02130
356-0065
Prof. Anghel N. Rugina
145 Moss HILL ROAD
JAMAICA PLAIN, MASS. 02130
TEL. (617) 524-4580
December 2,1988
The Honorable George Bush
President-Elect of
The United States of America
The White House
Washington, D.C.
Dear Mr. President:
Mrs. Rugina and I would like first to congratulate you for
the resounding victory in winning the 1988 Presidential elections
for the good of our country.
There are problems ahead to be solved but I am confident that
with adequate help and advice all these problems in the final analy-
sis can be successfully handled, again for the good of this nation.
For the moment there is one thorny issue being hotly debated
in Congress, the press and the public, namely the Federal Budget
Deficit. Many in Congress and the press as well as other political
personalities of the past think that a tax increase or new taxes
is the solution; in fact most say it is inevitable. Even the Chair-
man of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System has
joined the same chorus.
The voice of the majority of taxpayers was expressed by secret
ballot on November 8,1988 and that voice of the American people is
on your side. I happen to think in the name of a New Economics of
Stable Equilibrium that you are right but this is not enough. A work-
able solution has to be presented to Congress and for public judgment,
a project of how to increase Federal Revenue and reduce Expenditures,
without increasing regular or imposing new taxes.
I am taking the liberty of presenting for your consideration
such a solution through the good offices of Honorable John H. Sununu,
Governor of New Hampshire, and your future Chief of Staff at the
White House. It is the introduction of a 5% surcharge on the value
of pure speculations traded on the organized securities, foreign
exchange and commodity markets with the exemption of real investments.
In addition it contains also a substantial reduction of military
spending for our troops stationed in Europe. I think that this solu-
tion corresponds with your position taken during the elections.
Wishing you and Mrs. Bush Happy Christmas Holidays and a com-
plete success during your Administration, I remain
Enclosure: 2
Respectfully yours,
Anghel Raging
Anghel N. Rugina
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Bill,
I always enjoy receiving the advice of my old
friends "in the trenches, " and know that I can count on
them to inoculate me against Potomac fever should it
ever be needed.
As usual, many of your suggestions and observations
deserve closer scrutiny. I will pass them on through
the appropriate channels just as soon as the new
administration has taken a more permanent shape. I feel
too that redistricting will present Republicans with a
golden opportunity to make some sorely needed gains in
The House of Representatives, and I think that Lee
Atwater's chairmanship of the GOP will greatly boost our
chances of capitalizing on the new demographics.
Again, I want to thank you for taking the time to
send me a battle report from beyond the beltway. I wish
you and your family all the best during the holiday
season and hope that you enjoy a happy and healthy new
year.
sincerely,
John John H. Sununu
Mr. Bill Barnstead
Consolidated Stills and Sterilizers
(617) 782-6072
76 Ashford Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02134
CONSOLIDATED
STILLS & STERILIZERS
8
WILLIAM A. BARNSTEAD
76 Ashford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 356-003
Community Comment
Letter to a Cousin
Thinking About City Crime After The Republican Sweep
George Bush was swept into the Presidency last
the plan. Most people in Boston understand
the 1960's, when marijuana and cocaine were
week, in part because many Americans believe
that the criminal justice system is very much
regular drugs of choice for so many college
that a Republican administration holds the prom-
like our sewer system: the supply of criminals
students. Somehow, the Democrats were pinned
ise of curbing the spreading blight of crime and
greatly outstrips the system's capacity to handle
with a reputation of permissiveness in allowing
Doulester Reporter 11/19/88
drugs in the country. Old George had a field day
the daily load, and the result is every week
and fostering that culture.
with attack ads claiming Massachusetts has a
dozens of cases are dumped untreated out of
The Republican victory this month was a de-
revolving doorfurlough program for murderers,
the system. Just as Boston Harbor is strangling
cisive one. The Democrats are attempting to put
and he made great hay with an ad featuring a mean
from the daily raw sewage, so are some of our
a spin on it, claiming they didn't lose, that it was
criminal, Willie Horton, who was released only to
neighborhoods choking from the system's ina-
a victory for four more years of "peace and
commit another crime. The GOP succeeded in
bility to capture, try, convict and incarcerate
prosperity". The spin is wrong. Michael Dukakis
making the label "liberal" a contagious disease, as
the garbage who pose as human beings, inflict-
failed to give people a reason to vote for him;
in "it's the liberal do-gooders" who have allowed
ing crime on our neighbors. When the Duke
George Bush spent the campaign giving reasons
the current crime problem to get out of hand. The
tries to build a new jail to hold a few thousand
to vote against the Duke. There is no reason to
suspicion here is that Michael Dukakis finds crimi-
of our least desirables, New Braintree acts in
believe that four years of George Bush will do
nals as undesirable as the rest of the country does,
their own immediate self-interest: Nope, no
anything to curb the spread of drugs, the rise of
yet Bush and his boys struck a nerve with the
thank you, not in my back yard.
violence, the hemorraghing of our criminal
depiction of liberalism at its worst. The Duke
It is puzzling how the Republicans were able
justice system. If the new President would find
tried to find a responsive chord among the elector-
to seize the crime issue as a positive for them-
a way to open more jails, to block the drugs, to
Bush Library Photocopy Preservation
ate on issues like homelessness, international drug
selves. Our new President-elect, the drug czar
ease the perils that face more and more Ameri-
running and the huge federal deficit. But these all
under Ronald Reagan, failed completely to
cans in these days of plenty, his could prove to
pale next to the fear of criminals and crime that
control the unchecked flow of drugs into the
be a dynamic and important Presidency.
exist in most Americans.
country. Yet the Boston Police Patrolman's
Bush made an issue about a mistake that
Our Governor has been embroiled for months
Union endorsed Uncle George, even while most
Massachusetts made with Willie Horton. But
in a plan to build a new jail in a town called New
police officers admit that it's the drugs on the
George Bush never told us what he would have
Braintree. It's the site of an abandoned mental
streets that is the source of the most violent,
done differently. By the way: New Braintree
institution, and by all accounts would be ideal for
most dangerous crimes.
voters came to the polls in record numbers on
a lock-up. The notion has met with passionate
The country's convulsive aversion to the
November 8. They voted 3 to 1 for George Bush.
resistance by the natives there, and even some
Democratic message of 1988 seems rooted in the
Bush received 301 votes, Dukakis 104.
local mediatypes have hopped on the Duke over
aversion to the excesses of the youth culture of
1 3DEC REC'D'
Dear John,
Our Conselvating Somenor a/Massochauth
Congratulations on being named chief of staff! I hall the choice because
it is not only well-deserved but a clear sign that conservatives will have a
strong White House voice. Good for you, good for us!
Knowing you as I do, I feel strongly you won't come down with a terminal case
of Potomac fever and forget the world beyond the Beltway. If there is any way
I can ever help you, please don't hesitate to contact me. As you well know,
we have our own battles to fight in Massachusetts, but better to have the Duke
on Beacon Hill than on Pennsylvania Avenue!
I'm sending a few items of interest. One is a letter from Pete duPont announcing
his new organization, and my reply. Additionally, I offer the following thoughts
on subjects of concern and importance. Understand, these observations are from
a guy still in the trenches -- a friend -- with a passion for our cause and
a voice that won't be silenced!
1. We should lay the groundwork for '92. If we do a good job between now
and then, we should be in good shape for the Congressional redistricting that
follows the 1990 census. Oh, to have a Republican Congress! The Wall Street Journal
has written editorials about shameless Democratic gerrymandering that has kept
them in control. We should begin beating that drum right away.
2. Since Dan Quayle was a Senate leader in the fight for SDI funds, convince
George Bush to have him head up an SDI task force.
3. Steal the Democrats' thunder on such liberal issues as:
(2)
A. The homeless -- Manhattan Institute for Policy Research studies
conclude the issue is vastly overstated, yet who has read their stuff? Publicize
it and challenge states and cities to end rent control - a prime cause.
B. Greenhouse effect -- Amazingly, Massachusetts voters crushed a
ballot referendum that would have, in effect, shut down our two nuclear plants,
in part because advertisements emphasized the adverse impact coal- and oil-fired
generators have on the environment. This is a hot issue and one that we could
exploit nationwide.
4. In addition to a "kinder, gentler" America, I advocate a "less selfish"
America. For example, we all agree we need nuclear waste sites and more
prisons, "but not in my backyard." Some of society's problems cannot be solved
unless people yield here and there.
5. Emphasize a few basic Republican principles:
A. Government should give a hand, not a handout. Society should not long
be burdened, for instance, by the human wreckage left by fathers who shirk
their responsibility by walking out on their families. Government can't be all
things to all people; individual citizens also have responsibilities. Your state
is a glowing example of these principles.
B. The federal system. Issues like infrastructure repair, the homeless,
law enforcement, etc., are all local and should be paid for by state and municipal
funds, not federal.
6. A new book by Peter W. Huber called "Liability: The Legal Revolution
and its Consequences" explains graphically how our obsession with insurance and
exhaustive testing of new products and medicines have removed incentives for
enterprise and creativity. America now is way behind other countries in the
development of medical technology, and states like Massachusetts are losing
physicians and insurance companies because of the liability crisis and commensurate
paranoia. This is a far graver issue than I think people realize.
(3)
7. See enclosed article. from a Boston community newspaper. Bush should set
a powerful example for states by a strong anti-crime/drug program. His plan
to convert obsolete military facilities to prisons is a good start.
8. Perhaps a bit whimsically I recommend that President Bush recognize the
all-American need to let off steam and take vacations. Running this country
shouldn't be entirely serious. Example: drop national park entrance fees a
few days each summer.
I realize there is nothing here about foreign policy, and even the domestic
topics merely scratch the surface. But you know me, John, I enjoy passing along
food for thought. I'm delighted that now I can convey tidbits to the guy who
could be instrumental in bringing them to fruition!
All the best. And, again, my congratulations. The country will benefit, just
as New Hampshire already has.
Cordially, MBir teams
WAB
P.S. lim inclined to differ with
shulty action or arafust
Bill
Rent 11/16/50
Dear Pete,
I was delighted to read about Ideas for America's Future. It's great
to know you intend to pursue the same tough agenda you so articulately espoused
in the primaries.
"Tackling problems with courage" and "going out on a limb" will really
solve America's pressing problems. You have my wholehearted support and I am
truly excited about Ideas for America's Future. We think alike!
Now that the "starting point" -- getting George Bush elected -- is
history, it is time to get down to brass tacks. If he were smart -- and he is -- he
will appoint you to a Cabinet position. But with or without that status, you can
apply pressure to his Administration before January 20 to incorporate your ideas
into the national blueprint. Deficits, drugs, trade wars and other conditions
won't disappear into thin air or with hot air.
Some thoughts for your new organization to consider:
* Dust off the Grace Commission report and make it the centerpiece of
the war on deficit spending. Because Congress is the real problem, real change
will come about only with strong leadership at the executive-branch level. I've
been appalled at the burgeoning deficit for years. It's time someone spotlighted
Congressional profligacy and turned the heat on them. It's time someone urged
Congress to adopt the theme about spending that teenagers are urged to adopt about
drugs: "Just say no!"
* Recruit former Education Secretary Bill Bennett to Ideas for America's
Future. Schoolchildren are most definitely the 'future,' and he is not only a
brilliant educator but an iconoclastic ideologue adept at getting good press
something you know will be crucial to success.
(2)
*
Make sure Bush gets a non-nonsense Defense Secretary who will make
sure we don't see be any more news stories about $600 toilet seats. Competitive bidding
procedures should followed to the letter and transgressors fired.
* Convince Bush that he must adopt some of your ideas if he is serious
about curbing the deficit and defusing political time bombs. Your positions on
Social Security and farm supports spring to mind. Making Social Security more sound
to ensure the delivery of benefits to future generations is consistent with his
wish for a "kinder, gentler" America.
* In essence, do all we can to hold Congress's feet to the fire.
We need to lay a foundation of solid, hardnosed business practices to show we are
really serious about watching where taxpayers' money goes. Establish -- and publicize
openly -- a method to reward government whistleblowers. Appoint Congressional watchdogs
to monitor appropriations bills and hold news conferences to lay on the line how
much programs cost. Publicly single out powerful Congressmen -- Democrat or Republican
who cave in to special interest groups. We must show that they sometimes put
parochial concerns and political I.O.U.s above the national interest.
These suggestions just scratch the surface. I list them randomly because,
like you, I believe in boldly speaking out. None of us has all the answers, but if
we band together under your leadership in Ideas for America's Future, we can get
started in the right direction - - and make things happen.
To this end, I have a request. Could you come to Massachusetts to speak
before a Republican gathering? I'd love to hear you discuss your new organization, your
plans and your ideas. Other Republicans would too.
(3)
We got Bush elected; and we need your strong leadership also.
Help me and others up here join your provocative action committee (now there's a PAC!).
At the same time you provide direction, perhaps we can also help with networking and
ideas. Please let me know if you would be willing to come as a guest speaker. I
have no specific date or place in mind, but can readily work out details. Hope to
hear from you soon.
And thanks once again for informing me of your exciting venture. The
new du Pont organization should be a vital part of the Bush mandate. As far as I'm
concerned, America's "future" is here. Onward!
Cordially,
WAB
PETE DU PONT
Mr. William A. Barnstead
19 Potter Pond
Lexington, MA 02173
Dear Bill,
It was a special pleasure to attend the Republican
National Convention in New Orleans. Walking through the
mob scene on the floor one evening, a kindly old New
Englander tapped me on the shoulder, extended his calloused
right hand, and said "You're Pete du Pont, aren't you? The
boatrocker who ran for President."
Well, I guess we did make a few waves when I took on
the status quo politicians in my bid to be your President.
To me, that's exactly what the framers of the
Constitution had in mind when they conceived the idea of
Presidential elections. Candidates offering specific
solutions to America's problems. Tackling chronic
problems with courage. Going out on a limb.
People like yourself cared about the problems the
du Pont campaign addressed. I spelled out straightforward
remedies and you apparently liked what you heard. Your
generous contribution to my Presidential campaign will
always be remembered.
You and I agreed that we aren't going to solve the
problems of drugs invading our schools by issuing press
releases. And we aren't going to assure the future of
our Social Security system by concosting catchy slogans
or delivering impassioned speeches.
Problems like stagnating schools or $26 billion dollar
farm subsidies aren't going to be miraculously improved
through slick Madison Avenue commercials, nor will our
endless welfare cycle be solved by cliche answers or far-
flung promises.
It is because you and I cared about these issues that
we offered thoughtful, tough answers to America's challenges.
Maybe we rocked the boat a few times and made some waves.
But I meant every word I said and remain true to those same
principles today.
That is why I started Ideas for America's Future.
Although my Presidential bid is over, the nation's
list of problems persists. Electing George Bush is a
starting point for solving those problems. Then
together, with the help of this Committee, we can
identify those problems, publicize, act on and correct
them.
At the heart of my efforts as Chairman of Ideas for
America's Future is an unshakable faith in the American
people. They know clever evasions, vague and artful
dodges, and foot-dragging when they see it. Sad to say,
the Democrats - who control Congress - have done the
sorriest job imaginable of tackling the deficits, dealing
with drugs in our schools, and coming to grips with the
welfare mess.
They have a heavy commitment to calling self-
serving press conferences, but a total unwillingness to
step up to the front lines and start tackling real
problems.
Ideas for America's Future gets down to the serious
business of mobilizing everyday Americans in the fight -
by offering serious, intelligent, provocative remedies to
our nation's problems.
Specifically, it will do this by:
* Spelling out in detail, in clear and certain
terms, how America's problems can be solved
through tough, sensible problem-solving and
creative decision making.
* Getting our research, our case studies, our
talking points into the hands of opinion leaders.
Sometimes that means the people in Washington, but
more likely it means the people in Delaware, Des
Moines, New York, Dallas, Columbus, or Phoenix.
*
Letting everyday Americans hear our thoughts
about the problems that no one else is talking
about. Through press releases, interviews,
newspaper columns, and direct mail we'll let
Americans know what our ideas are. Then we will
move people into action.
* And I promise you, every step of the way, Ideas
for America's Future will show the same fighting
spirit, specific problem solving, honest sense of
commitment that characterized our Presidential
campaign.
During my Presidential campaign, one reporter
described me as "a man with a mission." Maybe that is
true. I know America's problems are not going away on
their own and putting off decisions is just plain bad
government.
Because of my concern, I have outlined an ambitious
program for Ideas for America's Future. I am excited
about the opportunities to set America on the right track
and I'd be honored to have your continued support in this
effort.
The strength of Ideas for America's Future comes
from good people like you. Please let me know that I can
count on your financial help as we try to get our
organization off the launching pad. I would like you to
become involved just as soon as you are able. Our
ambitious plans rely on your contribution of $25, $50,
$100 or even $250.
It is hard to think we can be successful without
your continued involvement. Our ideas are getting acted
on. The challenge is to build on our success and tackle
the problems in America with courage and clarity of
purpose.
With your help, our best work, and our greatest
influence lies ahead of us. Perhaps this explains why it
is so important that I hear from you about your financial
help to meet the demands of building Ideas for America's
Future into a formidable force.
Sincerely,
Pete Pele du Pont
P.S. Most people think America's problems are too
complex, too ingrained to solve. Nonsense! You
and I know that just isn't SO. Help me tackle
America's core problems with the same tenacity that
we waged our Presidential campaign together.
Please let me know that I can count on your
financial help to make that happen.
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Mr. Bloch,
Thank you for very much for your congratulatory
message, and also for sending along the thoughtful
suggestions of Gary North. His proposals are very
interésting, and I will forward them to the appropriate
people just as soon as the White House staff and
structure have taken a more permanent shape.
Please accept my warmest wishes for you and your
family during this holiday season and throughout the new
year, and thank you once again for sending along your
suggestions.
Sincerely,
Jhn
Governor John H. Sununu
Mr. Thomas M. Bloch
4000 Water Street
Wheeling, W. VA. 26003
347-0012
8 DEC RECD
FOUR THOUSAND WATER STREET
WHEELING, W. VA.
26003
THOMAS M. BLOCH
6 December 1988
Dear Governor Sununu,
Congratulations on your appointment as Chief of Staff for
President Bush.
The three following paragraphs from Gary North's REMNANT RE-
VIEW, I believe, make a lot of sense:
"Congress will pressure Bush to propose the federal
budget for 1990. If he were smart, he would go on
national television and announce a return to Consti-
tutional principles. 'From now on, the House of
Representatives must initiate all spending measures.
This is exactly what the Constitution says. Then
Bush could sit back and play "defender of the op-
pressed taxpayer" by vetoing the House-proposed
budget. All he needs to be willing to do is allow
the government to stop writing checks for a month.
It would precipitate an economic and political crisis,
and Bush would win it. This would vastly elevate
his political power but all in the name of transfer-
ring legal authority for spending back to the House.
It would paralyze the Democrats. The House has been
running away from this Constitutional responsiblity
since 1974.
What could the House do? Override his veto? In
doing so, it would pick up all the blame for tax in-
creases; you know the House wouldn't cut spending.
These increases would produce a recession. House
Democrats would go into the 1990 elections as the
recession-creators. So, the House would probably
not override his veto. The Democrats would have to
produce a budget that he is willing to sign.
2.
I don't think Bush has the stomach for this sort
of Constitutional confrontation, but if he were
to risk it, I think he could stick Congress with
much of the legal blame for the deficit."
A few days ago I read in the WALL STREET JOURNAL that
"President-elect Bush, bowing to Democrats who insist he has
a duty to take the lead on budget matters, signaled that he
intends to submit a new budget of his own to Congress". This
would give Jim Wright the opportunity to announce it to be
dead on arrival as has been done with the budgets submitted
by President Reagan.
If you agree with me, I hope you will try to convince Presi-
dent Bush to follow this course.
Sincerely yours,
Thomas mBlock
Thomas M. Bloch
The Honorable John Sununu
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Mr. Crane:
Thank you for forwarding an advance copy of An
American Vision: Policies for the '90s. I hope I will
get a chance to review it over the Christmas holidays.
It appears to contain some insightful and imaginative
ideas regarding the problems the Bush administration
will face as we enter a new decade.
As you can imagine, the transition is keeping my
schedule very full. I do not think I will be able to
commit to anything before the inaugural.
I will have my office contact you if it becomes
possible to arrange a meeting.
Again, thank you for the manuscript. I look
forward to looking through it.
Sincerely,
John
Governor John H. Sununu
Mr. Edward H. Crane
Cato Institute
224 Second Street, S.E.
Washington, D.C. 20003
350-0001
ask
fur Prob El not Problemst
1 4DEC REC'D
December 12, 1988
EDWARD H. CRANE
President
Governor John H. Sununu
Presidential Transition Office
1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20009
Dear Governor Sununu:
Congratulations on your appointment as Chief of Staff for
the Bush administration. From what I have gathered about
your political record, it is one of commitment to principles
and a healthy respect for limited government. I wish you the
best in your endeavors and want you to know that the Cato
Institute stands ready to provide policy suggestions and
guidance on the entire spectrum of issues your administration
will be confronting.
In that regard, I've enclosed a copy of the bound galleys
of our new book, An American Vision: Policies for the '90s,
which is published in the hope of providing a classical liberal,
Jeffersonian blueprint for the new administration. I'm writing
to see if it would be possible to arrange a brief meeting
with you to make a formal presentation of the hardbound book
any time between January 9 and the inauguration. I look
forward to hearing from you.
Sincerely
Edward H. Crane
Enclosure
CC: Jim Pinkerton
EHC: jma
Cato Institute . 224 Second Street SE Washington, DC 20003 (202) 546-0200
Innovative policies for the 1990s
As
S we leave the Reagan era and approach a new decade and a new
millennium, Americans seem to be searching for a vision for our
nation's future. Despite much commentary in the media on voters'
demands for a new vision, our would-be political leaders offered little
semblance of one during the 1988 presidential campaign season - Bob
Dole seemed to think a vision for America meant "quoting Jack
Kennedy," and Michael Dukakis tried to rally the American people
with a technocratic vision of competence.
Unlike most other countries, however, the United States was
founded on a vision of inalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit
of happiness, of liberty and justice for all. Since then Americans have
sought to reaffirm and extend that vision.
But today's politicians have forgotten the Founders' vision of indi-
vidual liberty and limited government, and our stagnating political
system offers few opportunities for fundamental change. Too often,
merican
even the "new ideas" proposed in Washington involve only marginal
reforms. Policymakers and analysts alike concentrate on promoting
compromise measures that would fine-tune existing programs but fail
to challenge the status quo in any meaningful way. Policy myopia is
pervasive.
In An American Vision 21 noted policymakers, scholars, and policy
ision
analysts outline a series of proposals that, taken as a whole, constitute
a sweeping agenda for the United States based on the vision of the
Founders and designed to enhance liberty and justice into the 21st
Policies
century.
for
the
The contributors to this volume stand back from the day-to-day
tinkering of Washington policy analysts to address the systemic de-
editedby
fects that are at the root of many public policy problems. Their
and David Boaz Crane
Edward
H.
proposals emphasize the efficacy of individual rights, market proc-
esses, and the private sector in achieving lasting, significant reforms.
The book brings together some of the nation's most insightful and
imaginative thinkers. Among the contributors are George Gilder
on the global economy, William A. Niskanen on international trade,
S. David Young on capital markets, Peter J. Ferrara on social security,
"Hooray for Cato for talking about the
David Boaz on the inner city, Pete du Pont on education, and Earl C.
right things at the right time in the
Ravenal on military spending. An American Vision is sure to captivate
right way. An American Vision is
and challenge anyone interested in exploring truly new directions for
public policy in the United States. 1988/c. 320 pp./$26.95 cloth
timely, compelling, and aimed
ISBN: 0-932790-72-0/$15.95 paper
straight at the heart of public
ISBN: 0-932790-73-9
policy in the '90s."
- Peggy Noonan
Speechwriter for George Bush
Contents: 1. Introduction by Edward H. Crane and David Boaz; 2. Stemming
the Flow of Red Ink: How to Stop the Federal Spending Crisis by Daniel J.
Mitchell; 3. An Agenda for Tax Policy by Fisher Simons; 4. U.S. Trade Policy:
Problems and Prospects by William A. Niskanen; 5. Getting Deregulation Back
on Track by Fred L. Smith, Jr.; 6. "Black Monday" and Reforming the Capital
Markets by S. David Young; 7. A Market Solution to the Savings and Loan
Crisis by Catherine England; 8. The Price of Defense by Earl C. Ravenal; 9.
NATO and the Next Administration: America's European Policy in the 1990s by
Christopher Layne; 10. Beyond U.S. Paternalism: A New Security Strategy for
the Pacific Basin by Ted Galen Carpenter; 11. A Central American and Carib-
bean Policy for the 1990s by Alan Tonelson; 12. Leaving the Third World Alone
by Doug Bandow; 13. Judicial Choice and Constitutional Order by James A.
Dorn; 14. The Drug Prohibition Problem by Jeff Riggenbach; 15. Saving the
Inner City by David Boaz; 16. Social Security: A New Compact between the
Generations by Peter J. Ferrara; 17. Education in America: The Opportunity to
Choose by Pete du Pont; 18. Privatization: Better Services at Less Cost by
Peter Young; 19. Draining the Agricultural Policy Swamp by James Bovard; 20.
Protecting the Environment by Terry L. Anderson; 21. Liberty Is Destiny by
George Gilder.
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Mr. Cook,
Thank you for your letter concerning the Oliver
North situation. I will pass your concerns and comments
on to the appropriate people when the new administration
takes a more permanent shape.
I appreciate the fact that you have taken the time
to weigh in on this matter, and I will do what I can to
make your opinion known to those more directly involved
in this particular matter than am I. I would also like
to extend my best wishes to you and your family during
this holiday season and throughout the new year.
Sincerely,
John HSunum
John H. Sununu
Mr. Peter C. Cook
618 Kenmoor Ave. S.E.
Grand Rapids, Michigan 49501
2DEC REC'D
PETER C. COOK
618 KENMOOR AVENUE. S.E. (49506) POST OFFICE Box 2008
GRAND RAPIDS. MICHIGAN 49501 616 949-7570
348-0005
December 9, 1988
Governor Sununu
1825 Connecticut, N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20270
Dear Governor:
I feel compelled to write this letter to someone who is close
enough to the Reagan administration and also an important
member of the Bush administration. (Because you don't know
me and I do know of you and have heard you speak several
times, I am enclosing on a separate sheet of paper what I
would call my credentials which will indicate my interest in
the Republican Party, especially the conservative wing.)
I am concerned about the Oliver North situation, and I
will not cover all the pros and cons which you already know
perhaps better than I. I feel very strongly that close
friends of the President should point out what I feel is the
strong necessity to pardon Oliver North prior to the Inaugu-
ration.
I think one important factor has not been brought out to
either Ronald Reagan or Nancy, and that is that the prosecu-
tor has sufficient high secret documents in his possession
which might make it possible for him to subpoena Ronald
Reagan at some point in the trial. I don't believe this is
something that Ronald or Nancy or George or Barbara would
want.
I would appreciate your relaying this message of concern to
the four people involved.
Yours sincerely,
book
PETER C. COOK
618 KENMOOR AVENUE S.E. (49506) POST OFFICE Box 2008
GRAND RAPIDS. MICHIGAN 49501 616 949-7570
Team 100
RCLC Executive Board
Senatorial Trust - Inner Circle
GOPAC
Eagles
American Conservation Union
Accuracy in the Media-Academia
Heritage Foundation
National Security Center
Young Americans for Freedom
Council for National Policy - CNP
Conservative Victory Committee
National Conservative PAC
International Policy Forum (Board of Governors)
Washington Legal Foundation
Lincoln Institute (Jay Parker)
National Journalism Center
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Mrs. Squires:
Many thanks for your kind letter of November 18. I
apologize for the delay in responding, but as you can well
imagine things have been very hectic here these past few weeks.
I appreciate your warm words of congratulations, and hope to
prove worthy of the trust that the President-elect has conferred
upon me.
Thanks, also, for sharing your views on the Middle East. As
you are well aware, the situation in that region is complex and
difficult. But, the United States is committed to help bring
about real and lasting peace through negotiations.
Best wishes to you and your family this holiday season and
throughout the new year.
Sincerely,
Governor John H. Sununu
Mrs. Bonnie Squires
11 Arthur's Round Table
Wynnewood, PA 19096
11 Arthur's Round Table
Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096
(215) 649-0998 home
8 DEC RECD
(215) 787-6445 office
November 18, 1988
Governor John Sununu
347-0060
c/o The White House
Washington, D.C.
Dear Governor Sununu:
Congratulations on having been named Chief of Staff for President-Elect
Bush. We hope that you will have a fruitful and productive career in
Washington.
You were well noted when you participated in the Governors' Conference
in Philadelphia during the Bicentennial of the Constitution, the summer of
1987. We were very impressed with your preparation for the debate topic, for
your ability to listen to the other governors (including Governor Dukakis),
and your ability to synthesize new information and use it instantly.
We hope those gifts come into play, especially in dealing with the
problems of the Middle East. Although we find it difficult to understand why
you are the sole exception to have denounced the infamous Zionism-is-racism
United Nations resolution, yet we have to respect your intellect and assume
there is some problem which the other 49 governors somehow overlooked.
We urge you simply to be fair, to consider all human rights in the
matter, but to preserve Israel's right to survive, to flourish. Certainly,
the observations of the 50th anniverary of Kristallnacht were not lost on you
or your staff.
Again, we wish you success with your new post, and we look forward to a
signal from you that you have received this letter.
Yours truly,
Mrs. Bonnie Squires and family
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Dr. Healy:
Many thanks for your kind letter of December 1. We are very
grateful for your service to George Bush during the campaign. We
would not have gotten this far without your valuable help as well
as that of Drs. Barbara Rockett and Tenley Albright. The issues
you discussed on the campaign trail are very important, and I
hope that we can continue to tap into your expertise as we go
about shaping health care policies for the Bush administration.
Once again, thanks for writing. Best wishes to you and your
family this holiday season.
Sincerely,
John Hunnum
Dr. Gerald B. Healy
300 Longwood Avenue
Boston, MA 02115
350-0016
GERALD B. HEALY, M.D.
ADED
300 Longwood Avenue
1R1
TAS
Boston, Massachusetts 02115
(617) 735-6417
THE HOSPITAL BOSTON
1869
Professor of Otology and Laryngology
Otolaryngologist-in-Chief.
Harvard Medical School
The Children's Hospital
December 1, 1988
Gov. John Sununu
Office of the Vice President
The White House
Washington, DC 20500
Dear Gov. Sununu:
As you know, many of the physicians in this country actively
supported the candidacy of Vice President Bush during the recent
campaign. Several of us, including Drs. Barbara Rockett, Tenley
Albright and myself, tried to carry the Vice President's message
regarding health care to every corner of this country. We acted
as surrogate speakers for him and addressed many forums which
included physicians, nurses, health care administrators, and local
citizen groups who were deeply concerned over health issues. There
is no question that we have the finest health care system in the
world, but there is also no doubt that we have some significant
problems which must be addressed.
The main theme of our message involved four major areas. First,
catastrophic health insurance coverage with particular reference to
the elderly was of great interest to our audiences. In addition, the
issue of AIDS research and drug control attracted many questions,
and are obviously of major importance to every citizen. Lastly, the
Vice President's ideas surrounding Tort Reform should go a long way
in reducing health care costs.
It is vital that we move forward on all of these issues, SO
that we shall not disappoint those who listened carefully to our
message and who worked so hard for the Vice President's candidacy.
As an example I have enclosed a note that I received recently from
the Henry Ford Health Care Corporation which indicates that many will
be watching for leadership in the months to come.
I know that Tenley, Barbara and myself stand ready to assist you
in any way that we can. There is much work to be done, and I think
those of us who are working on a day-to-day basis in hospitals, both
from a clinical care and administrative standpoint, can be of some
value in shaping health care policy for the future. Please do not
hesitate to call on us should the opportunity arise.
Gov. John Sununu
RE: Medical issues
December 1, 1988
page two
Best wishes and congratulations on your new appointment.
Gem Gerald Sincerely B. Healy, yours, M.D.
GBH/ljv
Henry Ford Health Care Corporation
2799 West Grand Boulevard
Vinod K. Sahney, Ph.D.
Detroit, Michigan 48202
Vice President
(313)876-1451
Corporate Planning and Marketing
November 21, 1988
Gerald B. Healey, M.D.
2 Loring Lane
Wayland, MA, 01778
Dear Dr. Healey:
Thank you very much for coming to Detroit and speaking on
behalf of the Bush Campaign. The program was a great success.
Many of the people who attended the debate stopped me during the
following weeks and commented on your presentation.
I know that you worked hard on behalf of the Bush Campaign.
Now that he has been elected, you will have a great deal to say
on his health agenda. We are all looking forward to seeing some
leadership in the health arena. As you start formulating
strategies, do not hesitate to call on us for any assistance we
may be able to provide.
With best wishes.
Sincerely,
VINOD
Vin K. SAHNEY Schony
VS:1
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Glen:
Many thanks for your kind letter of December 7. It was good
to hear from you. I appreciate your warm words of
congratulations, and hope to prove worthy of the trust that the
President-elect has conferred upon me.
Thanks, also, for your generous offer of help on
congressional relations and the provision of low-cost, high-
quality social services. Your achievements in both of these
areas are impressive, and I'll contact you should an occasion
arise in which we can use your expertise.
Keep up the good work and please do keep in touch. Best
wishes to you and your family this holiday season and throughout
the coming year.
Sincerely,
John Humunn
Mr. G. Glen Comuntzis
6730 SW Peach Lane
Beaverton, OR 97005
December 7, 1988
I 2DEC Remain
Honorable John Sununu
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
348-0004
Dear John,
George Bush never ceases to amaze me. Your appointment as Chief of Staff
is the best choice he could have made! On New Year's Eve, 1983, we lifted
our glasses and toasted the new Governorship of John Sununu of New Hampshire.
This year, we'll toast your leadership in our nation's highest office.
Good for you, Governor. America is not only in able hands, but decent ones
as well. This American will sleep better at night knowing that you are at the
helm.
One of the toughest battles you will have will be with the Congress and the
Democratic Leadership. You will not recall this, but upon completion of
graduate school at WVU, Senator Byrd of West Virginia brought me to Washington,
D.C. to work in the Senate. Six months later, I went to work for the national
GOP in the U.S. House for John Rhodes, Bob Michel, and Guy VanderJagt. One of
my congressional candidates from Indiana was Danny Quayle! It is indeed a small
world. If you are in need of help with the leadership in the Congress, John,
please let me know. Max Friedersdorf will attest to my work and efforts on behalf
of President Ford when Max was the White House Government/Legislative Affairs
Director.
If you are in need of my help and would want more information pertinent to my
legislative/congressional education and experience, please let me know as soon
as possible. I have spent a lifetime of working in the private sector stopping
only long enough to serve the request of my Governor, my President or my
Member of Congress. But, I have always returned to the private sector where I
think we can make contributions that government cannot. In my current work, I
have set up a national endowment for handicapped children for this region's
largest childrens' agency where we care for multiply-handicapped and harmed
kids! We also provide adoption and foster care. But, I have built the program
this year that will be perpetually self-supporting for the kids to come. It's
my way of saying thanks to the MD's who saved my life back in 1951, and got me
out of the wheelchair!
As you can tell, I do understand public service and the reasons for serving it.
As one in the social service agency business in the private side, I can also
demonstrate how the federal budget can be reduced by taking a chapter out of
our own programs that were recently cited by HUD for our dynamic efforts that
work. We are also less costly without the loss of high quality care! You may
want to consider this given the need to reduce the federal deficit while pro-
viding quality care.
Well sir, this American is very pleased that you have been recognized for your
abilities. Perhaps you can reprogram the federal government's computers and drive
the Congress to the concession table to reach the debt reductions!
Good luck, John. Let me know how I can help you to make America better.
Sincerely
Gue Glen Comuntzis
6730 SW Peach Ln.
Beaverton, OR 97005
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear State Senator Geo-Karis:
Many thanks for your kind letter of December 11. It was
good to hear from you. I appreciate your warm words of
congratulations, and hope to prove worthy of the trust that the
President-elect has conferred upon me.
Thanks also for your work during the campaign as chair of
the Illinois Greeks for Bush Committee. Without the valuable
help of people like you out in the trenches we would never have
gotten this far.
I look forward to meeting you during the inauguration. Best
wishes to you and your family this holiday season and throughout
the coming year.
Sincerely,
John Governor Hunum John H. Sununu
The Honorable Adeline Geo-Karis
State Senator & Mayor of Zion
309 F State Capitol
Springfield, IL 62706
348-0075
3DEC RECD
STATE OF ILLINOIS
SENATE
ADELINE J. GEO-KARIS
CAUCUS CHAIRMAN, MINORITY PARTY
309F STATE CAPITOL
P.O. BOX 33
springfield, ILLINOIS 62706
2610 SHERIDAN ROAD
(217) 782-7353
December 11, 1988
ZION, ILLINOIS 60099
(312) 872-7500
(312) 623-8811
Governor John Sununu
c/o Old Executive Office Building
17th and Pennsylvania Avenue, Northwest
Room 274
Washington, D. C. 20501
Dear Governor Sununu:
I was happy that you were appointed by President-Elect George
Bush to be his Chief of Staff. I thought you did an excellent
job for him in the campaign, and I liked your common sense and
loyalty to George Bush. I think George Bush will make an out-
standing President, and I was happy to chair the Illinois Greeks
for Bush Committee.
I hope to be at the Inauguration, and I hope I have the opportunity
to meet you. You are my kind of Republican!
Enclosed you will find a copy of a letter I sent to President-Elect
Bush, in which I refer to you.
Kindest personal regards and best wishes to you and yours for
continued good health, happiness and success
Sincerely, Ahelie Protania
ADELINE J. GEO-KARIS
State Senator and Mayor of Zion
AJG-K/cm
enclosure
(copy also to Governor Sununu, c/o State
Capitol Building, Concord, New Hampshire 03301)
THE
THE
STATE OF ILLINOIS
SENATE
ADELINE J. GEO-KARIS
CAUCUS CHAIRMAN, MINORITY PARTY
309F STATE CAPITOL
P.O. BOX 33
SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS 62706
2610 SHERIDAN ROAD
December 11, 1988
(217) 782-7353
ZION, ILLINOIS 60099
(312) 872-7500
(312) 623-8811
President-Elect George Bush
Old Executive Office Building
17th and Pennsylvania Avenue, Northwest
Room 274
Washington, D. C. 20501
Dear President-Elect Bush:
Thank you for your letter of November 4, 1988, which arrived
December 2, 1988. It is always great hearing from you.
I was very happy at your victory, and as I told you in my telegram
of November 9, 1988, you worked for it, you earned it, and you de-
serve it. I was proud to be one of your American Greek supporters.
As I have told many people about you, you are not only a delegator,
but you are a doer, and you will be a most active President.
During the campaign, Sam Badger, who was District Superintendent of
Commonwealth Edison's Northern Division Headquarters, had taken some
pictures of your arrival at the rally of March 12, 1988, in Liberty-
ville, and he put them together in the enclosed booklet. I promised
Sam that I would send the enclosed booklet to you, as you might like
to have it for part of your memorabilia. Sam Badger's address is
c/o Commonwealth Edison, First National Bank of Chicago, One First
National Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606.
On another note, I was very pleased to hear that Governor Sununu
was appointed as your Chief of Staff. I think he is a well-balanced,
intelligent individual with great common sense, and I remember how
he would speak for you so well on television. He impresses me as
being a very loyal person to you, and I hope some day that I may
have the pleasure of meeting him.
My niece and I are planning to attend your Inauguration with the
Illinois Delegation, and we will be at the Westin Hotel in Washing-
ton.
AUG. 26TH
STATE OF ILLINOIS
SENATE
ADELINE J. GEO-KARIS
CAUCUS CHAIRMAN, MINORITY PARTY
309F STATE CAPITOL
P.O. BOX 33
SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS 62706
2610 SHERIDAN ROAD
(217) 782-7353
ZION, ILLINOIS 60099
(312) 872-7500
(312) 623-8811
President-Elect George Bush
December 11, 1988
Page 2
I might add, that Maureen Reagan was for you all the way,
going back to the Women's Conference in San Diego, in November
of 1987, which I attended. She, too, is a terrific person.
You did an excellent job at the Stevenson Rally in Libertyville
on November 2, 1988, and it was good to see you again. I feel
that you and Barbara and family represent the best of our America,
and I know that you will do a terrific job for our Country.
May God grant you, Barbara and family continued good health,
happiness and success, and may you all have very pleasant Holidays.
I hope to see you next month.
Sincerely, Addine Profanis
ADELINE J. GEO-KARIS
State Senator and Mayor of Zion
attachment
AJG-K/cm
certified mail, return receipt requested
No. P-580 649 880
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Mr. Rucker:
Many thanks for your kind note of December 15. It was good
to hear from you. I appreciate your warm words of
congratulations, and hope to prove worthy of the trust that the
President-elect has conferred upon me. Thanks also for your
generous offer of help.
I am sorry that we couldn't meet when you were up here last
week. As you can well imagine, things have been very hectic
these past few weeks. Please do keep in touch, though.
Best wishes to you and your family this holiday season.
Sincerely,
Mr. Jerry Rucker
Councilmember
Dallas City Council
City Hall
Dallas, Texas 75201
Gou/witcs SUWUWU 12/15/88 2.10pm
I haven't congratulation! seen you since the
campaign - l was over in TRANSITION
with J. Oberwetter and dropped in to
renew the friendship you were
preduction busy.
I hope to help out . I will
buy you advised Until we meet
again
JongRudu
Jerry Rucker
Councilmember
CITY OF PALLAS DA
CITY OF DALLAS
*
*
Office of the Mayor and Council
TEXAS
City Hall
Dallas, Texas 75201
Telephone 214/670-4689
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Ken:
Many thanks for your recent kind letter. It was good to
hear from you. I appreciate your warm words of congratulations,
and hope to prove worthy of the trust that the President-elect
has conferred upon me. Thanks also for passing along the wise
words of advice.
Best wishes to you and your family this holiday season.
Sincerely,
Mr. Ken Mansfield
2501 M Street, NW
Washington, D.C. 20037
350-0002
JOHN kenneth MANSFIELD
I
1069 THOMAS JEFFERSON STREET, N.W.
WASHINGTON, D.C. 2000720037
ADEC RECD
2501 MSTRIZET, N.W.
Dem Governor John:
Good for you - good for the President- Elect 1
and good for the nation. You will do a superb for in the White House.
Probably you are getting lots of un solicited advice, must of
it dealing with issues of vast import, about what you should do
and had du in your new post.
Please Forgive me if , now add to this uninvited counsel
by sharing with you what turned out to be by for the wisest
advia given to me 2 fta reporting for duty in my first appointive
job with Uncle Sam. It was proffered by the splendid lady
who was our administrative officer.
She sand to me: "D can't quarantee you success in your for
if you follow this rule, but , can querantee you Feiture if you don't."
"Never get involved in the 2ssignment of perking stickers,"
) continue to in a good deal of our mustual Friends
Leo Wright and Frank Cotter.
All good fortune,
Ken M.
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Mr. Minister Delegate:
Many thanks for your recent kind note. It was good to hear
from you, especially given my strong interest in French culture.
I appreciate your warm words of congratulations, and hope to
prove worthy of the trust that the Presidont-elect has conferred
upon me.
Once again, thanks for writing. Best wishes to you and your
family as well as the people of France this holiday season.
Sincerely,
John Hsununa Sununu
The Honorable M. Alain Decaux
Minister Delegate to the
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Responsible for Francophony
#7 Rue de Talleyrand
Paris, France 75007
350- 0012
I
Ambassade de France
4DEC REC'D
aux Etats-Unis
L Ambassadeur
Washington, December 1st, 1988
Dear Governor Sununu:
Please find herewith a text of a message from
M. Alain Decaux, Minister delegate responsible for
Francophony to the Minister of State, Minister of Foreign
Affairs, that I was asked to forward to you.
With my best regards, I am,
Yours sincerely,
Emmanuel de Margerie
The Honorable
John Sununu
Governor of New Hampshire
President Elect Office
733, 15th Street N.W.
Washington D.C. 20005
"Monsieur le Secrétaire Général,
J'apprends avec un réel plaisir que le Président
des Etats-Unis d'Amérique a décidé de vous confier la
responsabilité du Secrétariat Général de la Maison Blanche.
Je me réjouis d'autant plus que je sais, pour
m'être rendu très récemment dans votre état du New Hampshire,
l'intéret que vous prenez personnellement au fait francophone.
Je vous prie de recevoir mes plus vives félicitations
et je forme à votre endroit des voeux sincères de réussite
et de bonheur.
Veuillez agréer, Monsieur le Secrétaire Général,
l'assurance de ma haute considération.'
(signé) : Alain Decaux
I have learned with pleasure that the President-elect of the
U.S.A. has decided to name you White House Chief of Staff.
I rejoice in the knowledge that as Governor of New Hampshire
you have had a strong interest in French culture.
Please accept my heartiest congratulations. I am sure that
your hard work will lead to many good things for the United
States.
Rest assured, Mr. Chief of Staff that I hold you in high
regard.
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Mr. Sullivan:
Many thanks for your kind note of November 15. I apologize
for the delay in responding, but as you can well imagine things
have been very hectic here these past few weeks. I appreciate
your generous remarks, and hope to prove worthy of the trust
that the President-elect has conferred upon me.
Best wishes to you and your family this holiday season and
throughout the coming year.
Sincerely,
Governor John H. Sununu
Mr. Edward T. Sullivan
34 Tacoma Street
Springfield, MA 01104
34 Tacoma St. Spfld. MA. 01104
memo
memo
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts
mema
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
from:
Tel. (413) 734-6374 348-0089
Ed Sullivan
15th November, 1988.
Dear Governor Sununu-
By the time you receive this note and
letter, you might well be appointed Chief
Of Staff to President Elect Bush.
After reading the Boston Herald page one
story this morning, I thought I would send a
letter to George Bush. A letter coming from
me may not carry much weight but my thoughts
and feelings about you regarding your public
service in New Hampshire are sincere.
I hope you get the Chief Of Staff po-
sition, and my future notes and letters will
be addressed to the White House. Best wishes
and my kindest regards to you and your family.
So
24
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
EDWARD T. SULLIVAN
EDUCATION SPECIALIST III
OFFICE (413) 734-6374
RES. (413) 736-0995
76N3
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Department of Education
MCD. A Area #4, Belchertown State School
EDWARD T. SULLIVAN
Belchertown, Mass. 01007
SPRINGFIELD TEL.
BELCHERTOWN TEL.
(413) 734-6374
*Res. 34 Tacoma Street, Springfield, MA. 01104
(413) 323-6306
15th November, 1988.
30EC
REC'D
The Honorable George W. Bush
Vice President Of The United States
Nations Capitol,
Washington, D.C.
Dear Vice President Bush-
As a reader of several daily newspapers here in
the New England area, I have been more than impressed with
the managerial and administrative capabilities of one John
H. Sununu, Governor of New Hampshire.
There is no question that he has a fine analytical
mind has the ability to confront complex probems head on, de-
fine them and come up with results oriented solutions. From
everything I have been able to find out about him, it is clear
that he also possesses that wonderful extra dimension of imag-
ination. When you combine creativity with vast administrative
experience you have one hell of a dynamic and resourceful in-
dividual.
I have watched Governor Sununu on several national
television talk shows including the Pat Buchanans, Crossfire
program, and what impressed me the most about John Sununu's
performance, was his ability to answer the question asked in
a thoughtful, deliberate and concise manner. He is great under
pressure and his proficiency in both oral and written communi-
cation are attributes I'm sure you desire in top people who
will be representing you in all kinds of situations.
Everyone I have talked with, people even more famil-
iar with the accomplishments of Governor Sununu say that he
would be an outstanding chief of staff, and I concur with their
perception, observation and recommendation.
Sir, it was indeed a great victory, and I wish you
and your beautiful family the best in what I predict will be
a great Presidency. I stand ready to help you and your admin-
istration in any way I possibly can.
Ed Sincerely Sullarin
Edward T. Sullivan
Education Specialist III
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Mr. Von der Goltz:
Many thanks for your letter of November 28. I appreciate
your generous words about my service to the people of New
Hampshire and George Bush.
Thanks, also. for bringing to our attention the important
problems of the debt crisis. and deforestation. Your proposals
on rainforest conservation and Third World debt are thoughtful
and provocative. I will pass your ideas along to our staff at
the Office of Policy Development for their review.
Best wishes to you and your family this holiday season.
Sincerely,
Governor John H. Sununu
Mr. H.J. von der Goltz
Boston Capital Ventures
Old City Hall
45 School Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02108
350-0011
BOSTON CAPITAL VENTURES
I 4DEC REC'D
OLD CITY HALL
45 SCHOOL STREET
BOSTON, MA 02108
(617) 227-6550
FAX 227-3847
November 28, 1988
Mr. John Sununu
c/o George Bush for President
733 15th Street, N.W.
Suite 800
Washington, D.C. 20005
Dear Mr. Sununu:
As an M.I.T. graduate and almost class mate of yours, I have always
admired your leadership of New Hampshire, and the results you achieved.
Your efforts and dedication to the election of George Bush as President
have now been rewarded in a deserved way.
You face a daunting task and I wish you well. Enclosed you will find a
letter that I wrote to the President-elect, and I would be curious to hear
your thoughts.
It is an innovative approach to solving some of the pressing debt
problems, while saving the rapidly disappearing rainforests which we
simply must preserve. I am sure that you, as an M.I.T. Course II
graduate, will understand the implications of the destruction of
rainforests that serve as a filter for much of the pollution emitted by
the industrialized world.
As much as I am a staunch conservative like yourself, I believe that if
between 1875 and 1975, 18,000 square kilometers of rainforests were
destroyed in Brazil, an accelerated rate of 180,000 square kilometers
destroyed between 1975 and 1986 becomes unacceptable to anyone who
realizes the implications. It simply will be more devastating than an
atomic war when those tropical rainforests are gone forever, especially
since the rich foliage produces 40% of the world's oxygen.
Your help and support in this issue is absolutely vital.
Yours sincerely,
H.J. von
Tohan der Goltz golf
MIT 60'
HJvdG/soc
Enclosures
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Ms. Sneff:
Many thanks for your recent letter and resume. We
appreciate your desire to serve the President-elect. I will pass
your resume along to our staff at the Office of Presidential
Personnel for their review and action. They will contact you
when they need more information.
Once again. thanks for writing. Best wishes to you and your
family this holiday season.
Sincerely,
Governor John H. Sununu
Ms. Wendy Sneff
5726 Heritage Hill Dr.
Alexandria, VA 22310
348-0028
5762 Heritage Hill Drive
Alexandria, VA 22310
December 9, 1988
John H. Sununu
Chief of Staff
White House
Washington, DC
Dear Mr. Sununu:
I am interested in working on your staff as a liaison with
international organizations and governments and the U.S. government
agencies concerned with defense, intelligence, international law, or
banking. I am an experienced financial attorney with ten years
government service.
Presently, I am a lawyer for the Federal Home Loan Bank Board
in Washington, DC. I advise the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance
Corporation on actions taken with regards to failing savings and
loan associations. I negotiate and document transactions for the
acquisition of failing associations by healthier banks and prepare
the legal documents for the appointment of a receiver or conservator
for the failing associations.
Prior to coming to the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, I worked
for the Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
as a financial attorney. I negotiated and documented transactions
involving the issuance of government-guaranteed debt to finance the
construction of ships. I also handled transactions involving debt
restructuring (changes in payment terms, interest rate, maturities,
substitute collateral, etc) and work-outs of troubled companies.
I have a MBA degree in finance from George Washington
University and a Masters degree in International Studies from the
University of Denver Graduate School of International Studies in
addition to my law degree. My curriculum included courses in
international banking, international finance, international
economics and economics of underdeveloped nations. During law
school, I clerked for the U.S. International Trade Commission.
I have enclosed a resume for your perusal. Please contact me at
(202) 377-6796 during work hours if you have any questions. I am
interested in hearing from you.
Wondy Sneff Sincerely,
Wendy Sneff
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20. 1988
Dear Mr. Stubenrauch:
Many thanks for your letter of December 10. We appreciate
your sharing with us your modular home proposal. It is
thoughtful and provocative. I'll pass your ideas along to our
staff at the Office of Policy Development for their review. They
will contact you if they need more information.
Rest assured that George Bush is strongly committed to help
young families and low-income families acquire their own homes.
He believes that owning a home is an essential part of the
American Dream, and means to work hard in order to make that
dream a reality for all Americans.
Once again, thanks for writing and sending along your
thought-provoking proposal. Best wishes to you and your family
this holiday season.
Sincerely,
Mr. Bob Stubenrauch
5314 Highpoint Circle, NW
Canton, Ohio 44718
348-0022
Bob Stubenrauch
Business: (216) 796-3173
5314 Highpoint Circle, N.W.
Residence: (216) 494-6192
Canton, Ohio 44718
I 2DEC RECD
December 10, 1988
Mr. John Sununu
c/o The Office of the Vice President
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear Mr. Sununu:
Because you are the first White House Chief of Staff to have the techni-
cal credentials to evaluate it, I enclose a proposal addressed to one
of our nation's major problems, low cost housing.
I first put this forward as a diversafication idea for the company
I work for a few years ago. Since the heavy cutbacks in Federal spend-
ing on low cost housing subsidies, the need for modern, low cost,
state-of-the-art modular housing is now acute.
I hope the Bush administration will advance a creative program of
incentives to spur private industry to address the urgent domestic
need we have for low cost housing.
Please call on me at any time if there is any interest in this concept.
Sincerely,
Bot Slubenrauch
Bob Stubenrauch
lrs
encs.
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Mr. Olmstead:
Many thanks for your letter of December 9. We appreciate
sharing with us your national energy program proposal. It
was your thoughtful and provocative. I will pass your ideas along to
our staff at the Office of Policy Development for their review.
They will contact you if they need more information.
Rest assured that George Bush is strongly committed to
maintain and enhance America's energy security. He means to
stimulate greater domestic production of energy through continued
deregulation and tax incentives. Moreover, he is determined to
expand research and development for alternative fuels, including
renewable energy resources. The President-elect also plans to
encourage conservation, environmental protection and nuclear
plant safety.
Once again, thanks for writing and sending along your
thought-provoking proposal. Best wishes to you and your family
this holiday season.
Sincerely,
John HSunna Governor John H. Sununu
Mr. John H. Olmstead
7424 East Speedway Ave.
#E-80
Tuczon, AZ 85710
JOHN H. OLMSTED
7424 East Speedway Avenue, #E-80
348-0023
Tucson, AZ 85710
(602) 886-2024
1 2DEC REC'D
December 9, 1988
The Honorable John H. Sununu, Chief of Staff
c/o The Bush-Quayle Transition Team
Executive Office Building
Washington, DC 20501
Dear Governor Sununu:
Please accept my congratulations on your selection as Chief of Staff and my
gratitude for your acceptance of the responsibilities. I enclose a report on an
omnibus energy program concept for your consideration. I believe it will prove
to be one of the most interesting and useful that you receive. I know that you
will find it to be one of the most unique.
There are two intentional omissions in the report. The most obvious is the
myriad of technical and economic detail that are beyond the resources of the
author. The other omission is the key to evaluating the report and the proposed
concept. It explains the style and content of both. This "key" is the true
purpose and value of the program.
The purpose and value (read "hidden agenda") of the National Energy Program is
to turn the psychological posture of the general population, and particularly
that of the news media and the educational and investment communities, away from
its present negativism. The thesis is that the accelerating tendencies toward
amorality, instant self-gratification, and guaranteed social/economic welfare
are rooted in individual and collective hopelessness about the future. [America
became great because it had an overwhelming, inexplicable, unjustifiable, all
pervasive sense of hope.] Since this problem is NOT one that can be directly
resolved, although it can be directly pandered to (Marxism), a mechanism needs
to be devised that can enable its solution.
The National Energy Program is designed to be that mechanism. It is my belief
that (if the program is adopted, developed, and promoted with unbounded vigor
and commitment), it will start delivering this most important benefit by 1990.
Please honor me by reading my offering. Any comments that you may care to
provide will be greatly appreciated. Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely yours,
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear Mr. Shotwell:
Many thanks for your letter of December 12 and the enclosed
copy of Mr. Cullen's letter to the President-elect. We
appreciate your generous offer of help.
Thanks also for the paper outlining the wood products
industry's recommendations to the Bush administration. It gave
me a helpful overview of the industry and the most pressing
issues confronting it. I will pass your recommendations along to
our staff at the Office of Policy Development for their review.
They will contact you if they need more information.
Best wishes = you and your family as well as the members of
the National Forest Products Association this holiday season.
Sincerely,
Mr. Scott Shotwell
Vice President for
Congressional Relations
National Forest
Products Association
1250 Connecticut Ave., NW
Suite 200
Washington, D.C. 20036
348-0029
NFPA
DEC RECD
SCOTT SHOTWELL
VICE PRESIDENT
CONGRESSIONAL RELATIONS
202 463-2740
December 12, 1988
The Honorable John Sununu
Chief of Staff Designate
To the President-Elect
1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20270
Dear Mr. Sununu:
Enclosed is a letter from our President Barry Cullen, on
behalf of our membership to the President-Elect wishing the very
best for the new Administration.
If we can be of any assistance to you or to your staff at
any time please let us know.
Thank you for your consideration and I hope that we may have
a chance to work with you in the years to come.
Sincerely,
Scott Shotwell
SS:db
Enclosure
NATIONAL FOREST PRODUCTS ASSOCIATION
CUITE
WASHINCTON
90036
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT-ELECT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20270
December 20, 1988
Dear President Paul Gray,
Thank you for forwarding me a copy of "Science &
Technology and The President," which I will read just
as soon as an opportunity arises. Thank you also for
taking the time to send your recommendations for the
position of Science and Technology Advisor to the
President. Your support of these candidates will
assure each of them the most serious consideration.
The President-Elect and I thoroughly enjoyed the
opportunity to meet with you and your colleagues on
December 5th, and we intend to maintain a strong
connection with the academic community in the future.
Restoring and nurturing excellence in education will be
a priority in the Bush Administration, demonstrating
that the President-Elect's commitment to be "the
education President" is more than just campaign
rhetoric.
Thank you once again for taking the time to send me
a copy of the Carnegie Commission report, and for your
suggestions concerning the President's Advisor on
Science and Technology. Please also accept my warmest
wishes for you and your family during the holiday season
and throughout the new year.
Sincerely,
John Sovernor John H. Sununu
President Paul E. Gray
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
ASSACHUSETTS
343-0006
INSTITUTE INSTIT * MENSE 1861 06Y *
OF
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139
c 3 DEC RECD
December 6, 1988
Dear john,
you might think also about my
closest colleague has- john Dentch- the
provoit.
He is both chemical engineer and
chemist, and he his been very activer in
a variety of national matters (DSB, DoE, it.).
While his professional experience has
been entirely in academs, he is in advisor
or director to several technology-based
corporating.
Sincerely,
Ful
MASSACHUSETTS
*
*
1861
DISTITUTE OF 06Y
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139
December 6, 1988
The Honorable John H. Sununu
Suite 1025
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20270
Dear John,
During our conversation yesterday, you asked me for sugges-
tions of individuals with engineering backgrounds who might be
considered as candidates for the position of Advisor to the President
for Science and Technology. I have thought a bit about this question
and attach a short list of individuals who, I think, possess both the
experience and the qualities of mind one would seek in that position.
You will note that each of these individuals has had significant
industrial experience, which seems to me to be a useful considera-
tion for this position.
While I suspect that most of these names may have already
emerged in your process, it seems useful to make these suggestions
in response to your specific request.
With warmest regards and best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
Thank
Paul E. Gray
PEG/mmd
Enclosure
*
1861
OF OGY HOLLINET
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139
December 6, 1988
The Honorable John H. Sununu
Suite 1025
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20270
Dear John,
It was very nice to see you on Monday, and I appreciate your
taking time to meet with that group of university presidents.
During our brief conversation after the meeting, I referred to a
report entitled Science and Technology and the President, which was
released about a month ago by the Carnegie Commission on Science,
Technology, and Government. I enclose a copy of that report for your
information.
In addition, I would be pleased to assist in arranging a meet-
ing between the cochairs of this commission - Joshua Letterberg
and William Golden - and you, and I would be pleased to participate
in that discussion if it seems desirable to you.
The report provides an analysis of the needs and opportunities
of presidential involvement in issues where science and technology
play a role, and it makes suggestions on the organization for science
and technology within the Executive Office of the President. In these
organizational suggestions, the reports seems to me to be wholly
consistent with the intentions expressed by the President-elect in his
Ohio speech last October.
I'm very mindful of your observations about educational costs,
and I do hope there will be an opportunity sometime in the months
ahead to sit with you and talk about these issues. There was probably
no single issue during the Reagan Administration that reflected a
greater divergence of opinion about education (and a stronger
disagreement over facts) than did this one. For the moment, I
enclose both an analysis of changes in educational costs, prepared a
The Honorable John H. Sununu
December 6, 1988
Page two
couple of years ago for the American Council on Education, and a
brief op-ed piece I prepared in response to some remarks by Secretary
Bennett. I hope they will be of some interest to you.
It seems to me that the cost of education (as distinguished from
the price) will inevitably rise faster than will broad measures of
inflation and will, in fact, reflect increases in professional wages; we
are, after all, a labor-intensive activity. Educational costs have risen
more rapidly in recent years for a variety of specific and identifiable
reasons. In my judgment, the most important of these are:
The necessity for colleges and universities to assume a growing
share of the costs of student aid.
The impact of essential repairs, renovations, and modest
expansions associated with research and educational facilities.
The necessity of maintaining competitive faculty salaries in an
environment where salary stagnation in the 1970s and growing
competition in salaries for the ablest people are major forces.
This problem will persist and will, in my judgment, worsen in the
next decade as the mismatch between demand and supply for
faculty, particularly in the research universities, becomes more
severe.
I wish you well in the important, new responsibilities you have
undertaken, and I stand ready to be of assistance to you in any way
that seems appropriate.
With warmest regards and best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
Baul
Paul E. Gray
PEG/mmd
Enclosures
TUITION INCREASES SINCE 1970: A PERSPECTIVE
(Arthur Hauptman is a higher education consultant and
Terry Hartle is a resident fellow at the American Enterprise
Institute. The views expressed in this report are those of
the authors and do not necessarily represent the position of
the American Council on Education, which commissioned the
report.)
The rapidly increasing cost of attending college has been the
subject of much debate and concern in recent years. But the enormous
range of prices charged by higher education institutions makes it
difficult to generalize about how fast tuitions have increased for all
colleges and universities taken together.
Without a straightforward and current indicator of college prices,
media accounts and public attention have focused primarily on increases
at the most expensive institutions or at schools with the most rapidly
rising prices. The attention devoted to tuition increases at a
relatively few campuses also highlights year-to-year changes while
downplaying or ignoring longer term trends.
This focus on the most expensive institutions does a disservice to
families planning for college. Only about 80 institutions now charge
more than $10,000 a year for tuition. The average tuition for all
independent institutions in 1986-87 is $6,150, and over two-fifths of
all independent colleges and universities charge less than $5,000. At
public institutions, which enroll about four-fifths of all college
students, the average tuition in 1986-87 is $1,110 (1).
This report examines increases in college tuitions and required
fees since 1970--for various types of institutions and for higher
education as a whole--as well as some of the most popular explanations
for these increases. In addition, we compare the changes in higher
education prices with other indices of price and income.
Three trends identified in this report seem the most relevant to
concerns about rising college prices:
O Since 1970, the price of college has increased about
one percentage point per year faster than the Consumer
Price Index (CPI), and more slowly than disposable
personal income per capita (2). In the 1970s, tuitions
lagged behind the CPI, but in the 1980s average college
tuitions have risen twice as fast as inflation and
several percentage points faster than income.
O Since 1970, college tuitions have increased more slowly
than the cost of new houses, medical care, and energy
but faster than the price of food and new cars. In
addition, tuitions have grown slightly faster than all
services taken together. In the 1970s, only the price
- 2 -
of new cars rose more slowly than college tuitions; in
the 1980s, college tuitions are rising more quickly
than the price of any other good or service examined in
this report.
O In the 1970s, tuitions at independent institutions
increased about one percentage point per year faster
than at public institutions. Since 1980, however,
tuitions at both independent and public campuses have
been rising at virtually the same rate.
TRENDS IN COLLEGE TUITIONS SINCE 1970
During the 1970s, college tuitions for all institutions grew at an
average annual rate of 6.6 percent, a rate lower than the increase in
consumer prices (7.8 percent) and disposable personal income per capita
(9.2 percent) (see table 1). In the 1980s, however, college tuitions
have grown by 9.8 percent per year, twice the rate of inflation (4.9
percent) and considerably faster than income (6.5 percent). Over the
entire 16-year period, tuitions for all types of institutions grew by
7.8 percent per year, about 1 percent faster than the increase in
consumer prices (6.7 percent) and slightly slower than the growth in
income (8.2 percent).
In the 1970s, tuitions at independent institutions grew faster
(7.6 percent per year) than did prices at public institutions (6.1
percent). In the 1980s, however, tuitions have grown at virtually the
same rate: 9.8 percent in the public sector and 9.9 percent in the
independent sector. Nonetheless, the gap between public and
independent-sector prices has continued to widen, since tuitions in the
public sector are much lower. Between 1970-71 and 1986-87, independent
tuitions increased faster than public tuitions--8,4 percent compared to
7.5 percent.
Increases in college prices are not evenly distributed by type of
institution. In the public sector, for example, tuitions have grown
faster at four-year colleges than at universities or two-year colleges.
In contrast, tuitions at independent universities have grown faster
than tuitions at independent four-year or two-year campuses. Tuitions
at independent universities grew faster than at public universities in
both the 1970s and the 1980s, but at the same time, tuitions at other
public four-year institutions grew slightly faster than those at
independent four-year institutions.
CUMULATIVE CHANGE IN COLLEGE TUITIONS SINCE 1970
Between 1970-71 and 1986-87, college tuitions for all institutions
increased by 232 percent. At independent campuses, tuition rose 265
percent, compared with 216 percent in the public sector (see chart 1).
(Hereafter, the cumulative percentage increase appears in parentheses)
- 3 -
Between 1970 and 1986, tuitions for all institutions (232 percent)
grew than considerably faster than the CPI (182 percent) but more slowly
disposable personal income per capita (253 percent) (2). Tuition
while at public institutions (216 percent) grew more slowly than income,
faster tuition at independent institutions (265 percent) grew slightly
than income. In the 1970s, tuitions at both public and
independent institutions (80 percent and 108 percent, respectively)
grew more slowly than inflation (112 percent) and income (141 percent).
TUITION INCREASES COMPARED WITH OTHER PRICE INCREASES
college education will soon be unaffordable for the average family.
It is often argued that tuitions are increasing so rapidly that a
But the average price of college has not necessarily increased more
houses, food, energy, and medical care (see chart 2) (3).
than the price of other goods and services, such as new cars, new
Between 1970 and 1986, college tuitions (232 percent) have
more slowly than medical care (259 percent), energy (247 percent) grown and
the price of 'a new house (293 percent). However, tuitions have
increased more rapidly than the price of a new car (109 percent), food
(178 percent), and all services (229 percent).
Different patterns emerge when this period is broken into two:
the 1970s and the first six years of the 1980s (see charts 3 and 4).
In the 1970s, college tuitions rose more slowly than did prices for
than the CPI by more than a percentage point per year. However, in
other goods and services except new cars; tuitions rose more slowly
the price of any other good or service examined in this report.
1980s, college tuitions increased faster (about 10 percent a year) than the
WHY ARE COLLEGE TUITIONS RISING?
Why have college tuitions increased faster than the price of other
during the 1970s? The simple answer is that nobody knows. The
goods and services in the 1980s, when tuitions rose much more slowly
analytic work necessary to answer the question has not been done.
There are, however, several general hypotheses that seem reasonable and
for which some data are available.
pay higher faculty salaries, especially after the 1970s when salaries
One theory is that higher education prices have increased to help
lagged behind inflation. In the 1970s, faculty salaries grew by 73
percent, far more slowly than the 112 percent increase in the CPI. In
the 1980s, on the other hand, faculty salaries have increased about 40
percent, more than the 33 percent increase in the CPI. The recent
growth in faculty salaries, however, has still been lower than that for
all professional and technical workers. According to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics, the earnings of all professional and technical
between 1980 and 1986.
personnel increased by 88 percent in the 1970s and by about 45 percent
- 4 -
Education Price Index (HEPI) attempts to measure changes in what
services that higher education institutions must purchase. The Higher
Faculty salaries are, of course, only one of the many goods and
and colleges and universities pay for salaries and fringe benefits, books
periodicals, equipment, and supplies. The largest element in
over 50 professional staff. In the 1980s, this index increased
and HEPI--about other 55 percent of the total index--is salaries paid to faculty
costs eventually are reflected in the tuitions that institutions
percent, substantially faster than the CPI (33 percent). Thes by
the charge. CPI. In the late 1970s, however, HEPI grew much more slowly than
of institutionally-funded student aid. As the growth in federal
Many colleges have also increased tuitions to help cover the cost
helping students pay for their education. In 1984-85, institutions
student aid has slowed, many colleges have assumed a greater role in
financial reported that they spent more than $5.2 billion for all types of
independent institutions; at many campuses, more than half of the
reported spending in 1979-80. This increase is most obvious at
aid, an 80 percent increase over the $2.9 billion they
undergraduates receive institutionally-funded student aid. In 1984-85,
percent twice of the nation's college students. Independent campuses spent
institutionally-funded aid ($2.5 billion), despite enrolling only 20
independent colleges and universities supplied about half the total of
as much on student aid in 1984-85 as they did in 1979-80.
tuitions Secretary of Education William Bennett among others, is that college
Still another theory about tuition inflation, promoted by
the blow of higher costs to students. While this theory is plausible,
the have increased primarily because federal student aid cushions
facts do not appear to support it. First, student aid for
one-third or less of the total price of college attendance, pays so federal
this theory would predict. Federal student aid more than tripled in
increases. Second, tuitions have not fluctuated in the pattern that
student aid could only be counted on to relieve a small part of tuition
the 1970s, when tuitions were rising more slowly than inflation.
the 1980s, when student aid has increased more slowly than inflation In
(20 percent as opposed to 33 percent), prices at both public and
inflation. independent institutions have been increasing roughly twice as fast as
tuitions, but the pattern since 1970 suggests that several other
Colleges may consider the availability of student aid when setting
market-sensitive as the number of 18-year-olds peaked and then began to
factors also are operating. Most schools have become increasingly
decline in the early 1980s, a trend that will continue until the
mid-1990s. A period of intense competition for students does not seem
to be a good time for institutions to indulge in price gouging.
have a greater number of qualified applicants than they can
increases at some institutions. Selective colleges, by definition,
The law of supply and demand also is a factor in steep tuition
accommodate. Some elite schools have discovered that they can increase
tuition with no appreciable effect on the number or quality of their
prices. applicants. As a result, they have less incentive to hold down their
- 5 -
To test this hypothesis, we compared tuitions at a group of highly
selective institutions between 1976-77 and 1986-87 with tuitions at a'
group of less selective institutions. Tuitions rose at the highly
selective campuses at a rate of 11.6 percent a year, compared with 10
percent at the less selective campuses (4). This result should not be
surprising. What is happening to college tuitions at highly selective
independent institutions is no different from what happened to the
price of Japanese cars in the early 1980s, when the supply of that
desirable product was restricted by import quotas. Colleges, of
course, do not have to contend with import quotas, but they do have a
limited number of available openings.
The evidence compiled here suggests that despite the similar level
of tuition increases at public and independent institutions during the
1980s, the factors underlying the increases are not necessarily the
same. Obviously both sectors are confronted by higher faculty
salaries. However, salaries in the public sector seem to be rising at
a slightly faster rate (42 percent) than they are at independent
institutions (38 percent).
On the other hand, institutional student aid has increased most
dramatically at independent institutions. The source of this student
aid is usually tuition revenue; in effect, students who do not receive
aid subsidize those who do. At public institutions, the decision to
hike tuition is more likely to be influenced by the level of state
appropriations; some state legislatures may appropriate less money for
public institutions and let students make up the difference through
higher tuitions.
Tuition hikes do not occur in a vacuum. A central question is
whether students and their families are more or less able to afford a
college education. Thus it is important to relate college prices to
the growth in income. The income measure used makes a big difference.
As noted earlier, disposable personal income increased by 253 percent
between 1970 and 1986. Thus the ability to pay for a college
education, when measured by disposable personal income, is about what
it was in 1970. Over the same period, median family income grew by
about 187 percent. When compared with that measure, a family's ability
to pay for an education has declined considerably.
CONCLUSIONS
The evidence in this report offers both good and bad news about
college prices. The bad news is that college tuitions are rising much
more rapidly in the 1980s than the prices for other goods and services.
Tuitions at both public and independent institutions are rising at
twice the rate of inflation and several percentage points faster than
income. This has created widespread concern among policymakers,
parents, and students that college will soon be too expensive for many
students and their families.
- 6 -
The good news is that, over the long term, the growth in college
prices appears to be only slightly higher than the increase in consumer
prices. In addition, the ability to pay for college, as measured by
disposable personal income per capita, has kept pace with increases in
tuitions at most colleges. Finally, at public institutions, which
enroll 80 percent of all students, tuitions have grown at about the
same rate as inflation and more slowly than income and the price of
most other goods and services.
Ultimately, the issue is whether tuition increases in the 1980s
are an aberration in the historical record or the start of a new
pattern. If what we are seeing is a new pattern, it would seem to be a
consequence of market forces and institutions' reluctance or inability
to cut costs more than they already have. If, on the other hand,
tuition hikes in the 1980s are an aberration, we can expect to see them
beginning to level off in the near future. In any case, the higher
education community needs to intensify its efforts to identify the
causes of tuition inflation and to seek solutions.
(NOTE: For more information on college tuitions, see the
spring-summer 1986 issue of Educational Record, available from the
American Council on Education's Publications Division, 202/939-9380.)
FOOTNOTES
1. Data in this analysis were taken from the Higher
Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), an
annual survey conducted by the U.S. Department of
Education. Actual tuition data in this survey are
available through the 1984-85 school year; estimated
or preliminary data are available after that. While
it would be preferable to have actual data for all
years, HEGIS is the only source that contains data for
all higher education institutions.
Based on HEGIS data, the U.S. Department of Education
reports average tuition and required fees for public
and independent institutions and for three groups of
institutions within the public and independent
sectors: universities and four-year and two-year
institutions. No figure is reported for all
institutions of higher education. To derive a single
measure of college tuitions, we took the average
annual tuitions and fees reported for public and
independent institutions and weighted these figures by
full-time equivalent enrollments.
2. Disposable personal income per capita is used as the
measure of income in this analysis rather than the
more traditional measure of median family income for
several reasons. Median family income does not
- 7 -
include the income of single individuals nor does it
reflect the effects of the decrease in average family
size, two factors that are important when examining
the ability of students and their families to pay
college prices. For more discussion of why disposable
personal income per capita seems to reflect more
accurately changes in the standard of living that have
~~
occurred since 1970, see Ryscavage, Paul, "Reconciling
Divergent Trends in Real Income, Monthly Labor
Review, July 1986, pages 24-29.
3. Medical care, food, and new cars are separate
components of the CPI. Energy costs and all services
are measured with a separate index derived from the
CPI. New house prices for this analysis are taken
Wem will
from U.S. Bureau of Census, "Construction Reports,"
pick of
series C-25, Characteristics of New Housing.
3/30
4. Tuitions for this analysis were drawn from the 1976-77
and 1986-87 issues of the The College Cost Book,
published by The College Board.
Chart 2. Percentage Change in Prices
of Selected Goods and Services, 1970 to 1986
Percentage
Change
300
Disposable Personal
Income per Capita
Consumer
200
Price
Index
100
Food
Medical
Energy
New
New
All
Tuitions
care
care
houses
services
Average
Annual
6.6%
8.3%
8.2%
4.7%
8.9%
7.7%
7.8%
Change
Table 1
Average Annual Change in Tuition and Fees,
1970-71 to 1986-87
1970-71
1980-81
1970-71
to
to
to
1980-81
1986-87
1986-87
All higher education
6.6%
9.8%
7.8%
All public institutions
6.1
9.8
7.5
Universities
6.7
9.9
7.9
Four-year
8.1
10.0
8.8
Two-year
7.5
9.5
8.2
All independent institutions
7.6
9.9
8.4
Universities
8.0
11.0
9.1
Four-year
7.8
9.8
8.5
Two-year
8.1
8.3
8.2
Consumer Price Index
7.8
4.9
6.7
Disposable personal income
9.2
6.5
8.2
Chart 1. Percentage Change in College Tuitions
300
DPI1
200
CPI2
DPI1
CPI2
100
DPI1
CPI2
1970-80
1980-86
1970-86
All higher education
1 Disposable personal income
Public institutions
(DPT) per capita
2
Independent institutions
Consumer Price Index (CPT)
Chart 3. Average Annual Change in Prices
of Selected Goods and Services, 1970-80
Percentage
Change
15
10
Consumer Price
Index
5
0
Food
Medical
Energy
New
New
All
Tuitions
care
cars
houses
services
Communitive
I
122%
121%
238%
60%
176%
122%
90%
Chart 4. Average Annual Change in Prices
of Selected Goods and Services, 1980-86
Percentage
Change
15
10
Communer Price
s
Index
0
Food
Medical
Energy
New
New
All
Tuitions
care
cars
houses
services
Commissive
P
26%
63%
3%
25%
2
48%
75%
ASSACHUSETTS
*
*
1861
INSTITUTEON OF TEC MANUS AMOUNT
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139
February 27, 1987
Mr. Robert A. Barzilay
Letters to the Editor Office
New York Times
229 West 43rd Street
New York, New York 10036
To the Editor:
Secretary of Education Bennett is at it again. In an article in the
New York Times of February 18, 1987, he takes colleges to task for
"blithely" continuing to increase tuition at rates that outstrip inflation,
motivated by greed and "increases in [Federal] financial aid in recent
years.
"
In his article, he is more crafty than convincing, more fiddling than
forthright. To begin, Mr. Bennett's argument that availability of student
aid encourages colleges to push up tuition at excessive rates is
incredible. During the 1970s, Federal funding of student aid increased
significantly-at least by a factor of three-and tuitions fell behind
inflation. During the present decade, Federal funding of student aid has
stalled, while tuitions have increased faster than inflation. This pattern
is just the reverse of that predicted by Mr. Bennett's "theory."
Let me go into his arguments in a bit more detail.
Mr. Bennett's assertion that Federal expenditures for student aid have
increased greatly in real terms since 1980 is simply wrong. Programs
generally available to college students under Title IV (Pell Grants,
College Work Study, Guaranteed Student Loans, etc.) are, in the aggregate,
up less than 10 percent in real terms over the period from 1980-81 to
1985-86. And if one includes specially directed aid programs-which
include Social Security benefits that have been eliminated by the Adminis-
tration and Vietnam veterans' programs that are winding down-total Federal
student aid is down nearly 14 percent in real terms over this same period.
Federal aid to students would, of course, be down much more if the
Reagan Administration had achieved its budget objectives. Repeated efforts
to gut aid programs have been resisted year after year by the Congress,
which is where all credit for present levels of Federal student aid
properly belongs.
Mr. Robert A. Barzilay
February 27, 1987
Page two
As for tuition, Mr. Bennett compares presumed tuition increases of 6
to 8 percent with "inflation during 1986 of about 1.8 percent." The latter
number is apparently a reference to the Consumer Price Index (CPI). This
is a measure of inflation as seen by the average middle-income consumer and
is defined in terms of a representative market basket of consumer goods and
services. It weighs energy costs heavily and rose little in 1986 because
energy costs dropped sharply last year.
But the CPI and its cost of bacon and gasoline have little relevance
to the costs borne by colleges and universities, which are dominated by
compensation of faculty and staff. A better measure of changes in these
costs is the Higher Education Price Index, which increased in 1986 by 4.4
percent. This measure of inflation, which has risen by more than the CPI
in every year since 1982, is a more appropriate and sensible measure of
cost changes for comparison with tuition changes.
Driven largely by colleges' needs to restore real salary levels
ravaged by a dozen years of uncontrolled inflation, tuitions have increased
faster than inflation, however defined, in recent years. But obviously
there is much more to this story than Mr. Bennett would have us believe.
Sincerely yours,
Paul E. Gray
President
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
PEG/mmd
SCIENCE
&
TECHNOLOGY
AND
THE PRESIDENT
A REPORT BY
THE CARNEGIE COMMISSION ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND GOVERNMENT
OCTOBER 24, 1988
MEMBERS OF THE CARNEGIE COMMISSION ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND GOVERNMENT
WILLIAM T. GOLDEN, Co-Chair
President, New York Academy of Sciences
JOSHUA LEDERBERG, Co-Chair
President, The Rockefeller University
DAVID Z. ROBINSON, Executive Director
RICHARD C. ATKINSON
SHIRLEY M. HUFSTEDLER
Chancellor, University of California, San Diego
Attorney, Hufstedler, Miller, Carlson and Beardsley
NORMAN R. AUGUSTINE
ADMIRAL B. R. INMAN
Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer,
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Westmark Systems, Inc.
Martin Marietta Corporation
HELENE L. KAPLAN
JOHN BRADEMAS
Attorney, Webster & Sheffield
President, New York University
DONALD KENNEDY
LEWIS M. BRANSCOMB
President, Stanford University
Director, Science, Technology and
CHARLES McC. MATHIAS, JR.
Public Policy Program, Harvard University;
Attorney, Jones, Day, Reavis & Poque
THE HONORABLE JIMMY CARTER
WILLIAM J. PERRY
Former President of the United States
Chairman, H& Q Technology Partners, Inc.
ROBERT M. SOLOW
WILLIAM T. COLEMAN, JR.
Attorney, O'Melveny & Myers
Professor of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
H. GUYFORD STEVER
SIDNEY D. DRELL
Former Director of the National Science Foundation
Professor and Deputy Director, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
SHEILA E. WIDNALL
DANIEL J. EVANS
Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics
U.S. Senator
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
GENERAL ANDREW J. GOODPASTER
JEROME B. WIESNER
Chairman, The Atlantic Council of the U.S.
President Emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ADVISORY COUNCIL MEMBERS
GRAHAM T. ALLISON, JR.
THE REVEREND THEODORE M. HESBURGH, C.S.C.
Dean, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
President Emeritus, University of Notre Dame
WILLIAM O. BAKER
WALTER E. MASSEY
Former Chairman of the Board of AT&T Bell Telephone Laboratories
Vice President for Research, University of Chicago
HARVEY BROOKS
RODNEY W. NICHOLS
Benjamin Pierce Professor of Technology and Public Policy,
Executive Vice President, The Rockefeller University
Emeritus, Harvard University
DAVID PACKARD
HAROLD BROWN
Chairman of the Board, Hewlett-Packard Company
Distinguished Visiting Professor of National Security,
THE HONORABLE LEWIS F. POWELL, JR.
The Johns Hopkins Foreign Policy Institute
Former Associate Justice, United States Supreme Court
JAMES M. CANNON
CHARLES W. POWERS
Executive Director, American Agenda
Partner, Resources for Responsible Management
ASHTON B. CARTER
JAMES B. RESTON
Professor of Public Policy, Center for Science and International Affairs
Senior Columnist, New York Times
Harvard University
ALICE M. RIVLIN
THEODORE COOPER
Senior Fellow, The Brookings Institution
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, The Upjohn Company
OSCAR M. RUEBHAUSEN
Former Presiding Partner, Debevoise & Plimpton
EUGENE H. COTA-ROBLES
Assistant Vice President, Academic Affairs, University of California
JONAS SALK
Founding Director, Salk Institute for Biological Studies
WILLIAM DRAYTON
MAXINE F. SINGER
President, Ashoka Fellowships
President, Carnegie Institution of Washington
THOMAS EHRLICH
THE HONORABLE RICHARD L. THORNBURGH
President, Indiana University
U.S. Attorney General
STUART E. EIZENSTAT
ADMIRAL JAMES D. WATKINS
Partner, Powell, Goldstein, Frazer, & Murphy
Former Chief of Naval Operations
THE HONORABLE GERALD R. FORD, JR.
HERBERT F. YORK
Former President of the United States
Director, Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation,
RALPH E. GOMORY
University of California, San Diego
Senior Vice President for Science and Technology,
CHARLES A. ZRAKET
International Business Machines Corporation
President and Chief Executive Officer, The Mitre Corporation
COMMISSION STAFF
DAVID Z. BECKLER
DAVID A. KIRSCH
Associate Director
Program Associate
SCIENCE
&
TECHNOLOGY
AND
THE PRESIDENT
A REPORT BY
THE CARNEGIE COMMISSION ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND GOVERNMENT
437 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10022 (212) 371-3200 FAX (212) 754-4073
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary
i
I. Introduction
1
II. The President's Needs During the Transition
2
III. Presidential Level Issues Involving Science and Technology
4
National Security
Space Policy
Civilian Technology and Economic Competitiveness
Health
Environment
Large-scale S&T Programs
Scientific and Technical Education and Research
Government Technical Personnel
IV. Science and Technology Functions Supporting the President
9
Advising the President
Working with Cabinet-level Councils
Supporting Executive Office Oversight
The Science and Technology Report
Testifying Before the Congress
V. S&T Organization Within the Executive Office
13
Status of the S&T Staff Assistant
Strengthening Executive Office S&T Capacity
S&T Policy Analysis
Drawing on the Outside S&T Community
Endnotes
17
Appendix A: Statement Establishing Commission
18
Appendix B: List of Presidential S&T Appointments
22
Appendix C: History of the President's S&T Organization
25
Members of the Commission and Advisory Council
Inside Cover
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. The Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government was
established in April, 1988 to assess the process by which the government
incorporates scientific and technical knowledge into policy and decisionmaking.
The Commission is made up of individuals with broad experience in government
and in science and technology.
2. Science and technology, effectively mobilized, can help the President achieve
his Administration's goals. That mobilization can best be accomplished by
bringing science and technology (S&T) into the highest levels of government.
The Commission has therefore focused its attention first on how S&T knowledge
and advice can help the President deal with S&T related matters in the transition
period and beyond.
3. Some of the issues involving S&T that will come up include: national security
(new weapons, arms control, SDI), health (health costs, AIDS, drugs), large S&T
projects (the superconducting supercollider, the High Speed Civil Transport), the
environment (acid rain, ozone depletion and greenhouse effect), economic
competitiveness, energy and nuclear materials, and the S&T enterprise (science
education, academic research and the defense technology base). Other issues are
certain to emerge.
4. The President will need the help of a senior staff assistant to respond to his
needs by providing independent counsel in matters involving S&T -- for advice,
for assistance in policy formulation, budget preparations, policy and program
implementation, responding to emergencies, and for early warning of major S&T
developments.
5. The Commission recommends that the President upgrade the existing position
of Science Adviser to an Assistant to the President for Science and Technology.
The appointment should be made early in the post-election period so that the
Assistant can participate on the transition team and handle S&T questions relating
to policy directions, budgetary choices, the organization of the Executive Office
staff, and the identification and review of candidates for major Presidential
appointments to S&T posts in the Executive Branch. The Assistant should
propose S&T qualified individuals to serve on Presidential task forces dealing with
policies and programs and should organize ad hoc expert groups on selected S&T
issues when requested.
6. The Assistant should have a strong and formal relationship with the National
Security Council, the Domestic Policy Council, the Economic Policy Council, and
the Office of Management and Budget.
7. The Assistant would also be Director of the statutory Office of Science and
Technology Policy (OSTP) within the Executive Office of the President. The
OSTP should be strengthened. The four Presidential appointments to the positions
of Associate Director of the OSTP should be made, and the OSTP staff will need
to be increased. The Associate Directors should have policy functions as well as
diversified expertise. They should be closely coupled with other parts of the
Executive Office, including the NSC, through joint arrangements. The OSTP
should have the resources to commission outside analytical studies.
8. The President and his Assistant must have the ability to call on the national
S&T community for help and to have the collective judgments of broad-gauged
experts drawn from different facets of S&T. The Commission recommends that
the President appoint an outside group of highly qualified and respected science
and technology advisors to report to him through its chairman, the Assistant for
Science and Technology. The members should be willing to devote a substantial
portion of their time to its work.
9. The Commission stands ready to help the President and his Assistant for
Science and Technology during and following the transition period.
ii
I. INTRODUCTION
This paper by the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government
was prepared to assist the incoming President and his staff as they deal with
matters involving science and technology (S&T) during the transition period and
thereafter [1]. The paper:
discusses the President's needs during the post-election period;
highlights key S&T related issues that will require Presidential
attention early in the new Administration;
describes the major functions for the President's S&T staff; and
outlines organizational requirements for obtaining S&T advice.
The Commission was established by Carnegie Corporation of New York in April
1988 to assess, over a three to five year period, the process by which the
government brings S&T knowledge into policy and decisionmaking. Rapid and
pervasive transformations resulting from developments in S&T have imposed
critical burdens on this process [2].
While the Commission's mandate covers all parts and levels of government, it has
given priority attention to how the President gets S&T advice and assistance. The
organization of this function can influence the entire Federal decisionmaking
system and the ability of the nation to use S&T to further military security and
domestic well-being.
II. THE PRESIDENT'S NEEDS DURING THE TRANSITION
Even before his inauguration, the new President will have to
set initial policy priorities for the new Administration;
resolve critical budgetary questions concerning S&T investments in
defense, space, health and other major programs that will affect his first
Budget Message to the Congress;
make several dozen key technical appointments to the Federal
departments and agencies; and
organize the White House and the Executive Office staffs.
Scientific and technical expertise and advice are relevant -- even necessary -- to all
of these undertakings. A senior staff assistant who is compatible with the
President and his other key staff advisers can be an important contributor to
Presidential decisions during the transition period. The incoming President will
want to be as knowledgeable as possible about the issues and have a staff capable
of providing a confidential, independent, dependable and continuing source of
S&T expertise.
The Commission believes that the President should upgrade the existing position
of Science Adviser and appoint a senior staff member, with the title of Assistant
to the President for Science and Technology, early in the transition period. The
person appointed must be capable of obtaining and providing advice on these
immediate tasks, have the full confidence of the President, have the respect of the
S&T community, and have the breadth to assist the President as he addresses a
substantial agenda of issues. The Assistant would also serve as the Director of the
statutory Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP).
Many significant budget decisions will have to be made by the President during
the transition and in the early days of his Administration. A number of them will
require judgments on the S&T aspects of programs. Research and development
expenditures are approximately 25% of the discretionary budget. The Assistant
should work with the new director of the Office of Management and Budget on
major budget issues involving S&T.
The Assistant should be a member of the group that recruits for key Presidential
appointments calling for technical competence. Appendix B lists some sixty
important positions requiring Presidential appointments that also require S&T
qualifications. The people involved in personnel searches are typically not
knowledgeable or experienced in identifying such persons. An Assistant for
Science and Technology who is highly regarded by the President and the technical
community can play a critical role in proposing and reviewing prospective
candidates, and persuading distinguished individuals to accept high-level positions.
In carrying out this task, the Assistant could enlist the help of organizations such
2
as the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering, the Institute of Medicine
and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
The President may wish to convene special task forces during the transition period
to address immediate and longer-range policy issues. Where appropriate, the
Assistant should be asked to recommend persons competent in S&T to serve as
members of these task forces. When requested by the President or the transition
team, the Assistant should also organize ad hoc expert working groups to probe
S&T matters in depth.
The Commission recommends that the President appoint an
Assistant for Science and Technology very early in the
transition and that the Assistant be a member of internal
staff groups addressing policy and budgetary issues and
advising on Presidential appointments to positions that
require a scientific or technical background.
The Commission further recommends that the Assistant be
asked to propose technically qualified persons to serve on
Presidential task forces dealing with particular areas of
concern and to convene ad hoc groups of experts to examine
selected S&T issues.
3
III. PRESIDENTIAL LEVEL ISSUES INVOLVING
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in the number and scope of
issues coming before the President whose resolution require S&T knowledge and
informed professional judgment. They stem from the acceleration of scientific
knowledge and technological development, from the opportunities these
developments offer, and from an increased understanding and awareness of their
economic and societal consequences.
Beginning immediately and throughout his administration, the President will have
four main areas in which he will need S&T advice. The first embraces the
scientific and technical aspects of space and national security, including arms
control issues. The second concerns civilian technology and economic
competitiveness. The third involves biomedical questions, including health and
drug abuse, and the environment. The fourth is the S&T technical base the
entire research and development apparatus, basic science and generic technology,
and science and engineering education. Many individual decisions affect more
than one of these areas.
Among the critical S&T-related issues facing the next President are the following:
National Security
Many national security-related policies have interwoven technical, political and
military dimensions:
New Weapons Systems Requirements. There is general agreement that the recent
build-up in the Defense department has been designed for an annual operation
level that is substantially higher than the level of $300 billion agreed for future
expenditures by the Congress and the present Administration. As new weapons
systems now come on-line, the President will face major decisions on the balance
between strategic and conventional forces and between weapons procurement,
operations and maintenance, force structure, and sustainment capabilities.
Strategic Forces. It will be necessary to restructure and modernize the strategic
forces to incorporate new weapons technologies. How can the changes be made
to ensure that these forces are adequately survivable? Do they enhance our
security and do so in the most economical way? How can capabilities and
objectives be better matched?
Strategic Interaction with Conventional Forces. If strategic forces were to be
reduced by 50% under a START agreement, what changes would be needed in the
level and mix of our remaining strategic as well as conventional forces? For
example, to what extent and in what way should technological opportunities, such
as high precision weapons, be exploited?
4
Arms Control. There are technical possibilities for unilateral verification of arms
control agreements in addition to cooperative and more intrusive means of
verification. How should these possibilities affect U.S. positions and goals in
negotiating arms control treaties? The Strategic Defense Initiative program is a
critical part of the arms control debate. Its goal requires changing the balance
between defensive and offensive strategic forces. Is this goal technically and
strategically viable?
Intelligence. In the past, White House leadership has been important to the
development and continued improvement of new technologies for surveillance.
Are there new possibilities for collecting and analyzing information? What is the
value of additional technical intelligence capabilities in relation to their cost? How
could new intelligence technologies open up opportunities for viable phasedowns
of strategic and conventional weapons systems?
Space policy
U.S. dominance in space peaked with the Apollo manned lunar landings and the
Viking unmanned exploration of Mars. It has since declined. The President will
have to make critical decisions about the space program.
Space goals and initiatives. Priorities have to be set among the various expensive
programs. Which major new initiatives -- planetary exploration, earth science, or
manned missions to the Moon or Mars -- should the President support? Should
any of these be cooperative programs with other countries? Will the space shuttle
be able to justify its costs over time?
The Space Station. Funding the Space Station -- the logical next step to prepare
for manned exploration -- may crowd out NASA's smaller scientific and
operational programs. The President will need to decide whether to fully fund,
stretch out, or modify the program.
Launch Capability. Launch capability for unmanned missions has deteriorated.
How do the military and civilian programs obtain a balanced, mixed fleet of
launchers?
Civilian Space Programs. While the U.S. did the pioneering work in civilian
space applications, we are losing that lead. U.S. leadership in satellite
communications is threatened by the Europeans and the Japanese. The French
earth observation satellite is outperforming the American unclassified version, and
French and Chinese launchers are gaining in the commercial satellite launching
market. Should the government take a more active role in the development and
promotion of civilian space applications?
5
Civilian Technology and Economic Competitiveness
The international competitiveness of American industry has suffered serious
erosion. One of the underlying causes -- though only one of several -- is a loss of
American leadership in important product and process technologies. The critical
deficiency is not in research but in failure to achieve fast and effective
commercialization of scientific and engineering advances. The hard task facing
the government is to find ways to induce industry to abandon short-sighted
management practices, without interfering in the details of business decision-
making. Policy will have to go beyond the support of R&D to such complex
goals as achieving a lower cost of capital for investment, stimulating long-range
improvements in manufacturing technology, and creating a labor force with skills
and motivations adequate for the modern competitive world. S&T machinery
must interact with economic and fiscal policy.
Health
Health care accounts for over 11% of the U.S. GNP, but there is ever increasing
dissatisfaction with the balance of costs and benefits. These conflicts will surely
be aggravated for a variety of reasons including the aging of the U.S. population,
the rapid evolution of new but more costly technologies (like the new artificial
kidney and the magnetic resonance scanner), a host of new ethical dilemmas, and
increasing expectations that technology can offer and society will pay for
alleviation of all disease.
Meanwhile, substance abuse is a festering wound that threatens the fundamental
tenets of civility, compounded by its further consequences in crime and in the
spread of AIDS and other infections.
Scientific research related to health care is a legitimate source of pride in the U.S.,
but it constitutes barely 3% of the investment in care alone. Are expenditures in
health care, disease prevention and research in proper balance and coherence?
Environment
Air Quality. Acid rain pollution has been a contentious issue between different
geographic areas of the country. Ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere has
focussed attention on the impact of apparently benign gases, such as
chlorofluorocarbons, on the atmosphere. The increase in infrared-absorbing gases
such as carbon dioxide and methane seems to be reinforcing concerns about a
"greenhouse effect" that is causing global warming. These problems go beyond
our borders, and require international agreements and Presidential attention.
Waste Disposal. Toxic chemicals and medical waste attract public attention, but
the waste disposal problem is much broader. What more should be done to
anticipate and reduce environmental threats?
6
Large-Scale S&T Programs
Large science and technology programs have become costly discretionary items in
the budget. Many of them start out as relatively small items in a given agency's
budget and do not appear to raise significant questions. Because these projects are
generally sponsored by different agencies, their relative priorities are often not
weighed systematically. The opportunities for international cooperation tend to be
neglected. Some examples include:
New Aerospace Transports. The Air Force is developing technology for a
National Aerospace Plane (NASP). This program -- currently budgeted to receive
approximately $100 million per year -- is aimed at developing a Mach 25 aircraft
that can go into space. At the same time NASA is pursuing the Mach 2.5-5.0
High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT), also scheduled to cost $100 million per year.
The project competes with Japanese and European efforts.
The Superconducting Supercollider. Site selection is proceeding on this high
energy accelerator that is expected to advance the field of fundamental particle
physics. The project is sponsored by the Department of Energy. Congress has
funded the program at a relatively low level, thereby deferring the decision to
build to the next President. The program will eventually cost $5-6 billion.
The human genome program. The Department of Energy and the National
Institutes of Health are co-sponsoring an ambitious, long-range effort to map the
structure of the human genome. The long-term cost could reach $2-3 billion.
Scientific and Technical Education and Research
Scientific and technical education. The current quality and extent of science
education are seriously inadequate in meeting the nation's need for an informed
citizenry and for technological growth in the decades to come. While the states
are mainly responsible for elementary and secondary education, Federal leadership
is needed for upgrading curricula, development of tests, improvement of teaching,
and meeting the special needs of women and minorities. At the college and
graduate level, more American students are needed, particularly in engineering. In
addition, the Federal government should find ways to encourage technical
upgrading of those already in the work force.
Scientific and Technical Research. There needs to be stronger support from
Federal research grants and contracts for basic research at universities. University
research facilities are well behind the industry norm, reducing the opportunity for
cutting-edge research. In considering the cost and value of "big science and
technology" projects, the President will need to take into account the appropriate
balance between them and investigator initiated "small science" -- the backbone of
basic science and of S&T graduate education. To what extent should some of
these large-scale projects be carried out cooperatively with other countries?
7
Government Technical Personnel.
The success of the next Administration will depend heavily on the quality of
people it can recruit for technical positions. It is generally agreed that the quality
has eroded. Low government salaries, conflict of interest laws, and lessened
respect for civil servants may all contribute to the problem. Can recruitment
policies and hiring procedures be modified to attract excellent technical people to
managerial positions?
8
IV. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FUNCTIONS
SUPPORTING THE PRESIDENT
The Assistant for Science and Technology wears two hats: that of a senior
member of the White House staff, and that of Director of the statutory Office of
Science and Technology Policy. In both capacities, the Assistant should perform
the following principal functions drawing on the resources of the OSTP staff and
outside consultants:
Advice: advising and assisting the President and his staff
Policy: participating in the formulation of policy involving S&T
Funding: advising on the priorities and funding of S&T
Implementation: tracking of S&T related policy implementation
Early Warning: alerting the President to developments in S&T and
their policy significance
Emergencies: responding to emergencies such as electricity blackouts,
technoterrorism, computer breakdown, natural disasters.
Matters coming to Presidential attention that involve S&T usually have one or
more of the following characteristics:
they reach across or beyond the interests and responsibilities of
several departments and agencies;
they have major budgetary or policy implications;
they have significant national security or foreign policy dimensions;
they have particularly high public visibility.
Advising the President
It is not possible to differentiate sharply between the roles of the Assistant and the
Director of OSTP. The Assistant acts in an individual capacity as a member of
the President's inner staff to respond to his day-to-day requests for advice and
assistance and to integrate all S&T inputs and relevant considerations in making
suggestions and recommendations to the President.
Science and technology advice and assistance to the President can take the form of
weighing conflicting technical arguments, presenting policy alternatives and
options, recommending choices and priorities, and evaluating scientific or technical
solutions to problems.
9
An important function of the Assistant is to foresee opportunities and problems.
As President Ford has noted in this context, Presidents don't like surprises. At the
same time, the Assistant must balance his attention to longer range issues with
current and ongoing problems and opportunities.
The Assistant can help the President in his meetings with the heads of foreign
governments. Presidential meetings with the leaders of the Soviet Union, India,
Japan, Korea and Taiwan have featured S&T initiatives and agreements. Such
agreements often symbolize U.S. technical leadership, while serving broader
foreign policy objectives.
Although the Assistant is selected from the S&T community, it is should be
stressed that he is not a lobbyist for that community. Thus, the President can rely
on the Assistant to monitor the health of science and engineering and to identify
measures needed to strengthen the national S&T base, working closely with the
National Science Board. In the past, some members of the S&T community have
erroneously expected the Assistant to be their spokesperson. There have also been
occasions when the Science Adviser has been viewed within government as a
special pleader for science. The performance and effectiveness of the Assistant
must challenge and transcend that misperception.
The departments and agencies will provide much of the help the President needs
on S&T matters. While some may view the Assistant and the OSTP as a
substitute for S&T competence in the agencies, they function most effectively
when the agencies have good technical leadership and staff. In both roles, the
Assistant works with departments and agencies to negotiate compromises or
agreements among conflicting interests and to point them in new directions,
linking them to Presidential concerns.
Working with Cabinet-level Councils.
The Assistant should work closely with other senior members of the President's
staff and with Cabinet members as they come together in the National Security
Council, the Domestic Policy Council, the Economic Policy Council, the Council
of Economic Advisers, the Council on Environmental Quality, and other Executive
Office mechanisms that may be established.
The National Security Council (NSC). In carrying out its integrative role, the NSC
must involve specialized and sensitive understanding of modern military
technologies and their future evolutionary prospects.
The NSC has added a number of staff members with technical training, many
directly from the military services. However, for further depth, the NSC needs
outside experts at the forefront of science and technology. These experts must, of
course, be versed in the strategic and tactical, as well as the technological aspects
of weapons systems.
10
Since 1951, the Presidential Science Advisers have been engaged in the national
security area, and have attended NSC meetings when technical considerations were
involved.
The Domestic Policy Council (DPC). In monitoring the Administration's domestic
goals, the DPC reviews programs in areas such as health, natural resources,
transportation, energy or education all of which are heavily influenced by S&T.
Scientific and technological considerations may set limits on what can be
accomplished, or may offer opportunities to reduce costs or increase benefits. In
the DPC, these considerations interact with economic, social, legal, and political
factors.
The Economic Policy Council (EPC). The EPC coordinates activities concerning
domestic and international economic policy. The Assistant would help in defining
the economic policy environment needed to strengthen the contribution of S&T to
economic growth, and in framing economic and fiscal policies aimed at restoring
American industrial leadership.
Other Executive Office Organizations. The President may wish to establish new
Executive Office organizations or change existing ones. For example, new
organizational and institutional arrangements may be needed to deal with U.S.
industrial competitiveness, a major domestic policy issue facing the new
Administration. The assistant must play a key role in this area.
The Commission recommends that the Assistant for Science
and Technology have a strong and formal relationship with
the National Security Council, the Domestic Council, the
Economic Policy Council and the Office of Management and
Budget.
Supporting Executive Office Oversight.
Many of the activities of the Assistant, in his capacity as Director of the OSTP,
involve review and oversight of S&T-related programs. The Assistant, through
the OSTP, will need to cooperate with many parts of the Executive Office and
with the departments and agencies to oversee programs and policies from an
Executive Office perspective.
Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The Assistant's involvement in the
budgetary process is particularly sensitive. As Director of OSTP, the Assistant is
directed by the Congress to advise the President on S&T budgets and assist the
OMB with an annual review and analysis of R&D funding proposals. OMB
strongly influences the content, scope and direction of Federal research and
development programs, and the organization of the government's S&T activities.
The relationship between the Assistant and the OMB leadership must be robust if
the Assistant is to be effective.
11
Program oversight and review. Because of the pervasiveness of S&T in
departmental and agency programs, Executive oversight is critical. For example,
research and development in atmospheric sciences are of interest to the
Department of Commerce, the Department of Interior, the Department of
Agriculture, the Department of Defense, the Department of Energy, the
Environmental Protection Agency, and the National Science Foundation. At a
minimum, information should flow readily among the departments and agencies
and the Assistant. Ideally, fully informed oversight can identify undesirable
duplication as well as locate gaps and assure that, overall, the research and
development policies and programs are being effectively carried out.
One existing mechanism for these purposes is the statutory Federal Coordinating
Council for Science, Engineering and Technology (FCCSET), chaired by the
Director of OSTP. The members of FCCSET are the top-ranking scientists and
engineers in the department and agencies. It operates through specialized panels.
Informed observers believe that neither FCCSET nor its predecessor, the Federal
Council for Science and Technology, performed the oversight functions
adequately. The Assistant will need to explore other approaches to coordination.
The Science and Technology Report.
The OSTP Director is required to submit a "Science and Technology Report and
Outlook" to the Congress no later than January 15 of each odd-numbered year.
This report, which was intended to provide the Congress with a current statement
of the President's policy for maintaining the nation's leadership in S&T, has not
been provided regularly by the OSTP.
The biennial Science and Technology Report could serve a useful purpose and be
a valuable mechanism for Presidential outreach not only to the Congress, but to
the general public. Its preparation, however, is a substantial task requiring
significant staff resources.
Testifying Before the Congress.
The Director of OSTP is called on to testify before the Congress, primarily on the
OSTP appropriation, but also on substantive matters. There has been a lingering
concern that requiring the OSTP Director to testify may conflict with the
confidentiality of his advice to the President as a Presidential Assistant.
Experience has shown that the Congressional Committees have been sensitive to
this issue, and it has not been a significant problem.
12
V. S&T ORGANIZATION WITHIN THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE
The President must decide how to organize the S&T expertise and advice he needs
within the White House staff and Executive Office of the President [3]. There are
four organizational considerations:
the status of the S&T staff Assistant,
the S&T capabilities within the Executive Office,
the capacity for in-depth S&T policy analysis, and
drawing on outside S&T advice.
Although these considerations are treated separately in this report, they are
interactive parts of an S&T management system that must involve the non-
governmental as well as the governmental sector.
Status of the S&T Staff Assistant
We have recommended the appointment of an Assistant to the President for
Science and Technology. The significance and pervasiveness of S&T in
Presidential decisionmaking and the increased complexity of technological issues
justify this status and the need for direct access to the President. The status of
Assistant to the President is also a basic ingredient in the recruitment and
effectiveness of an outstanding person to perform this function.
Clearly, the personal attributes of the Assistant are even more important than
status and title: the ability to relate S&T to short-term needs as well as broad
policy concerns, and personality and adaptability to the style of the President and
his senior staff. Most important is the ability to establish and maintain the trust,
confidence, and interest of the President.
It is essential that officials inside the government perceive that the Assistant has
direct access to the President, is effective and has a close relationship with the
White House senior staff. The perception may be as important as the reality. If
government officials believe that the President understands the importance of S&T
to his policy and decisionmaking and that he relies on his Assistant, their
cooperation will be forthcoming. The Assistant's relationship with the President
will also be the key factor in recruiting a strong technical staff and a cadre of high
caliber consultants.
The Assistant could be accorded Cabinet rank (without portfolio). As a Cabinet
member, he would participate in Cabinet meetings on his own initiative and could
more appropriately chair meetings involving Cabinet members.
Some have suggested that the Adviser be appointed the Secretary of a new
Department of Science and Technology that would incorporate a number of S&T
13
related agencies [4]. Even if there were ultimately to be a new Department of
Science and Technology, there will remain a need for a separate S&T Assistant on
the President's staff. The Assistant must be viewed as impartial and solely
concerned with the interests of the President. If the Secretary of an operational
Department of Science and Technology were also the Assistant to the President
for Science and Technology, this could be rightly regarded as a conflict of interest
when advising on the programs and priorities of other departments and agencies.
The Commission recommends that the science and technology
advisory function not be fragmented and that there be a
single senior staff assistant reporting to the President on S&T
matters with the title of Assistant to the President for Science
and Technology. The merits of Cabinet rank should also be
considered.
Strengthening Executive Office S&T Capacity
The National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of
1976 (P.L. 94-282), which created the OSTP, charged that office with helping to
define and implement national science and technology policy, to
advise the President of S&T considerations involved in
areas of national concern,
evaluate the scale, quality and effectiveness of the Federal effort in S&T,
advise the President on S&T considerations with regard to
the Federal budgets, and
assist the President in providing general leadership and coordination
of R&D programs of the Federal Government.
Even after 12 years, the Office is a long way from fulfilling that mandate.
Of considerable importance in strengthening OSTP are the four Presidentially
appointed Associate Director positions provided for in the OSTP legislation.
These posts, mostly vacant through the years, should be filled by highly qualified
individuals drawn from different scientific and technical fields. The posts should
be used to reinforce the policy functions of the Office and to improve the coupling
between OSTP and the various offices and councils in the Executive Office of the
President. Serious consideration should be given to joint arrangements whereby
one Associate Director would work part-time with the NSC staff. A similar
arrangement in the early years of OSTP and its predecessor, the Office of Science
and Technology, proved highly constructive in promoting cooperation between the
two offices and introduced outside S&T expertise in the work of the NSC staff.
Similar joint arrangements with the Office of Management and Budget and other
Executive Office agencies should be considered for other Associate Directors.
14
The coupling problem extends outside of government as well. There are many
perplexities about how to relate Federal S&T policies and programs to the private
sector. It will be a task of the Assistant to find ways to strengthen and effectuate
this coupling.
The performance of the OSTP depends on the size and quality of its full-time
professional staff. Over the years, successive Administrations have tended to limit
the number of the staff and outside consultants to levels that are unrealistic in
relation to OSTP's policy and program responsibilities. The presently authorized
staff is fifteen positions. Eleven of these are filled and there are about fifteen
others on detail from other agencies. The budget for Fiscal Year 1989 is about
$1.7 million.
The Commission recommends that the President strengthen
the Office of Science and Technology Policy by appointing
outstanding professionals to the four posts of Associate
Director. Part-time assignments of Associate Directors to
other bodies in the Executive Office, such as the NSC staff,
should be explored, as well as arrangements to achieve close
coupling with the budgetary and legislative staffs.
The Commission further recommends a substantial
strengthening of the professional staff support of the OSTP
as an essential step in the invigoration of the S&T advisory
function.
S&T Policy Analysis.
For the President to have the best assessments of major policy options involving
S&T, the Assistant and OSTP need clear-cut authority and suitable resources for
eliciting independent policy-oriented analytical work outside of the Executive
Branch. The National Research Council (the operating arm of the National
Academies of Science and Engineering and the Institute of Medicine) can provide
in-depth analysis of high quality. Additional analytical capabilities are found in
scientific societies, universities, other not-for-profit organizations, and established
technical consulting firms. In addition, the Congressional support agencies (the
Office of Technology Assessment, the Congressional Research Service, the
Congressional Budget Office, and the Government Accounting Office) are
respected for the quality of their bipartisan reports dealing with matters of S&T.
The Commission recommends that the OSTP be funded for
commissioning outside analytical studies in depth.
15
Drawing on the Outside S&T Community
The range and quality of S&T advice needed by the President cannot be obtained
by depending solely on in-house competence. The President can often rely on the
departmental and agency staffs, but their expertise is usually narrowly focussed
and their advice is often colored by mission commitments and bureaucratic self-
interest. Furthermore, developments at the frontiers of science and technology are
diverse and their pace is accelerating. Not only does the President need the advice
of individual experts from the scientific and technical community outside the
Federal Government, but he also needs a responsive mechanism for securing their
collective judgments.
The Commission considered the organizational arrangement of the White House
Science Council (WHSC), which was established in 1982 by President Reagan's
first Science Adviser. Members of WHSC are appointed by and report to the
Adviser, and it is chaired by a council member.
The Commission also considered reliance on ad hoc panels. This approach, which
was employed during the Ford and Carter Administrations, can deal usefully with
specific questions. Without an overview committee, however, the early warning
and agenda setting function is lost and the findings of the panels cannot readily be
judged or their broader applicability determined.
Having considered the organizational alternatives, the Commission fully supports
the establishment of a Presidentially appointed S&T advisory group that reports to
the President through the Assistant for Science and Technology, who serves as its
chairman. Many informed participants in the contemporary S&T scene strongly
support this approach.
The advisory group would both respond to the President's requests and initiate
studies in areas of national significance, consistent with the wishes of the
President. It would critically review S&T proposals, act as a sounding board for
the Assistant, and add authority to the Assistant's judgments on S&T issues. The
Advisory group's deliberations could also help resolve differences of views among
the Executive Departments and Agencies. Presidential appointment will be
important to recruit outstanding members of the group and, particularly, to elicit
the time commitment necessary if the group is to be effective and useful.
The Commission recommends that the President establish an
outside group of dedicated senior science and technology
advisors appointed by the President, headed by and reporting
to the President through the Assistant for Science and
Technology. Members of the group should agree to devote a
substantial portion of their time to its work. Ad hoc panels
should be convened for in-depth examinations of particular
subjects.
16
ENDNOTES
[1] The members of the Commission and Advisory Council are listed on the inside
front cover.
[2] See statement establishing the Commission by Dr. David A. Hamburg,
President, Carnegie Corporation of New York, in Appendix A.
[3] The current apparatus has evolved gradually over the past three decades; some
highlights of its organizational history are summarized in Appendix C.
[4] Suggestions for a Department of Science and Technology have arisen from
time to time over many decades. A Departmental reorganization of this magnitude
would likely entail very extensive analysis, discussion, and legislative attention.
This question has not been studied by the Commission.
17
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
STATEMENT ESTABLISHING COMMISSION
Statement by Dr. David A. Hamburg, President,
Carnegie Corporation of New York
Issues Underlying Formation of the Commission
Since 1940 the pace of advance in basic scientific knowledge -- of the structure of
matter and life, of the nature of the universe, of the human environment and even
self-knowledge -- has accelerated dramatically. These scientific advances have
provided an unprecedented basis for technological innovation, especially in the
context of political and economic freedom. Such technological innovations have
pervasive, worldwide effects beyond prior experience.
Science and technology bear upon war and peace, health and disease, the economy
and society, resources and the environment -- indeed the entire human future. The
international economy, for example, is increasingly driven by developments in
science and technology: witness telecommunications, biotechnology, computers,
and the technical upgrading of established industries. No reminder is needed of
the immense impact on societies of weapons development and distribution. The
issues involve not only the existence of the new hardware but the uses of
hardware.
These trends are intrinsically worldwide in scope. Many problems historically
considered as internal might better be viewed as domestic aspects of international
problems. Moreover, the opportunities and problems arising out of modern
science and technology cut across traditional disciplines and sectors of society.
Thus, institutional innovations are needed that can transcend traditional barriers --
disciplinary, sectoral, and geopolitical.
Clearly, wise policy and administrative decision making in each sphere of life
depend on access to the best available knowledge and advice in the various fields
of science and technology. Sound advice requires analysis, and analysis requires a
broad base of research and development on which informed decisions can be
made. Decision makers, moreover, need an understanding of major facets of the
scientific enterprise itself.
The rapid and pervasive transformations resulting from science and technology
call for strengthening the institutional capability for objective analysis of critical
issues based on a broad foundation of knowledge and experience. The
government of the United States is in an extraordinary position to stimulate and
support such inquiries at a level far beyond what it has done up to now. In
18
addition, the states, the "laboratories of democracy," need better means for dealing
with the ongoing and potential applications of research and development.
The Federal Government and the states have an obligation to see that the country
exploits the opportunities and avoids the dangers inherent in modern science and
technology. This involves, among other desiderata, an understanding of the
impact of science and technology on both governmental and nongovernmental
tasks. It requires the establishment of a continuing, dependable capability for
analyzing policy questions in ways that take adequate account of their scientific
and technological aspects.
Science and technology policy itself should strive to meet the following goals: 1)
maintaining excellence, technical competence, and efficiency in the conduct of
research and development; 2) broadening participation in scientific activity as well
as in the benefits of applied science; 3) shaping the uses of science toward widely
shared ends -- for example, the relief of human suffering, economic well-being,
equitable distribution of resources, and the peaceful resolution of disputes; and 4)
encouraging scientists to participate analytically in the uses of science -- at the
interfaces of fact and value -- neither avoiding nor dominating the processes by
which the social uses of science are decided.
The nation needs several mechanisms, both governmental and nongovernmental,
for analyzing thoroughly and objectively the various options relating to two broad
questions: What can science do for society, and how can society keep the
scientific enterprise healthy? The capacity for providing the best possible analysis
and advice on long-term issues of great national importance must not only be built
into government operations themselves; the nation must institute ways of
capitalizing on the capability of its diverse nongovernmental institutions to gain
and provide such analysis and advice. This orientation emphasizes ways in which
science and technology can help to identify the early warning signals of emerging
problems and spot neglected or new opportunities for improving national and
international well-being.
The Challenge
Thoughtful policymakers have increasingly felt the need for intelligible and
credible syntheses of research related to important public policy questions. What
is the factual basis drawn from many sources that can provide the underpinning
for constructive options in the future? Pertinent information is widely scattered
among government agencies and quasi-governmental or nongovernmental
institutions. Moreover, it is very difficult for the nonexpert and sometimes even
for the expert to assess the credibility of assertions on emotionally charged issues.
In the current process of world transformation, studies are needed to tackle vital
and complex issues analytically rather than polemically. This means having
access to a wide range of high-quality information, analyses, and options.
Jumping to conclusions, or using a heavy ideological filter, can easily lead to
major mistakes, missed opportunities, or even disasters.
19
The central question for thoughtful consideration is how the various branches of
government can take careful account of science and technology in policy
formulation and implementation affecting all aspects of modern society. What are
the mechanisms government now has that are useful for analysis in each major
area of responsibility? Which mechanisms should be strengthened or created? How
can the various branches of government be organized to improve their operations
through the use of modern scientific advances?
Further, how can the government stimulate and utilize the full range of science
and technology in the scholarly community both in and out of government, taking
into account ethical considerations pertinent to each problem area? Questions
about government's role in specific facets of the scientific enterprise include:
1) Science policy: What are the conditions under which science flourishes in the
United States?
2) Technology policy: What are the conditions under which the science base can
fruitfully be drawn upon for useful technological innovation?
3) Technology assessment policy: What institutional mechanisms and analytical
methods are needed for ongoing assessment of major technologies with respect to
the humane, constructive uses of technology?
4) Science education policy: How can the nation achieve a technically literate
citizenry and a skilled work force at all levels of human endeavor as well as
prepare first-rate scientists and science-based professionals?
Carnegie Commission On Science, Technology, And Government
In November 1987, the Corporation convened a consultative group of experienced
scientists and administrators to examine the issues concerning the central role of
government in using and stimulating scientific and technological advances for
humane purposes. There was general consensus that problems in this regard exist
in the executive, legislative, judicial, and regulatory branches and that in-depth
analysis of these problems is needed if enduring improvements are to be made.
There was additional agreement that an effective approach to the problem would
be a commission that would work for about three years with a small high-quality
staff. The commission would be intersectoral in nature and include distinguished
former government officials, eminent scientists, and private sector leaders.
It was further recommended that the commission should consider the entire range
of the sciences physical, biological, behavioral, and social -- as well as the
technologies based on them. The main emphasis should be on mechanisms by
which the government can systematically assess the ways in which science can
contribute to the general well-being of the nation, with special emphasis on the
most serious social problems. Mechanisms for sustaining the health of the
scientific enterprise should also be considered.
20
The recommendations of the consultative group were adopted at the Corporation's
February 17 meeting of the board of trustees, and the new Carnegie Commission
on Science, Technology, and Government was duly created with an initial
$500,000 grant.
In addition to eminent scientists, the Commission includes former government
officials who have served at high levels in all branches of the government.
Leaders from nongovernmental sectors of American society are also included.
Co-chairs of the Commission are Joshua Lederberg, president of The Rockefeller
University, and William T. Golden, president of the New York Academy of
Sciences and editor of Science and Technology Advice to the President, Congress,
and Judiciary (Pergamon Press, 1988).
Executive director and member of the Carnegie Commission is David Z.
Robinson, most recently executive vice president and treasurer of the Corporation.
Dr. Robinson, who received a Ph.D. in physics from Harvard University, is a
former research physicist and was a staff member of the President's Science
Advisory Committee. He will continue to serve Carnegie Corporation as senior
counselor to the president.
The Commission will organize studies, issue interim reports, and make its final
recommendations in about three years, with a two-year follow-up period. It will
be assisted by an advisory council.
21
APPENDIX B
LIST OF PRESIDENTIAL S&T APPOINTMENTS
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board
Office of Management and Budget
Associate Director for Human Resources
Associate Director for National Security and International Affairs
Deputy Associate Director, National Security Division
Associate Director for Natural Resources, Energy and Science
National Security Council
Special Assistant for Arms Control
Special Assistant for Defense Policy
Special Assistant for Intelligence Programs
Special Assistant for International Programs/Technology Affairs
Central Intelligence Agency
Deputy Director for Intelligence
Deputy Director for Science and Technology
Council on Environmental Quality
3 Members
Office of Science and Technology Policy
4 Associate Directors
CABINET DEPARTMENTS
Department of Agriculture
Assistant Secretary for Science and Education
Department of Commerce
Undersecretary for Oceans and Atmosphere (NOAA)
Assistant Secretary for Telecommunications (NTIA)
Assistant Secretary and Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks
Director, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Assistant Secretary for Productivity, Technology and Innovation
22
Department of Defense
Assistant Secretary, Production and Logistics
Assistant Secretary, Command and Control (C3I)
Director, Defense Research and Engineering
Assistant Secretary, Health Affairs
Department of Education
Assistant Secretary, Educational Research and Improvement
Department of Energy
Deputy Secretary
Undersecretary
Assistant Secretary, Conservation and Renewable Energy
Assistant Secretary, Defense Programs
Assistant Secretary, Environment, Safety and Health
Assistant Secretary, Fossil Energy
Assistant Secretary, International Affairs and Energy Emergencies
Assistant Secretary, Nuclear Energy
Department of Health and Human Services
Assistant Secretary for Health
Surgeon General, Public Health Service
Director, National Institutes of Health
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Assistant Secretary for Policy Development and Research
Department of the Interior
Science Advisor
Assistant Secretary, Land and Minerals Management
Assistant Secretary, Water and Science
Department of Labor
Assistant Secretary, Mine Safety and Health
Department of State
Undersecretary for Security Assistance, Science and Technology
Special Advisor, Arms Control Matters
Ambassador-at-Large, Non-Proliferation and Nuclear Energy Affairs
Office of Negotiations on Nuclear and Space Arms with USSR
Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Oceans and Environmental/Scientific Affairs
Department of Transportation
Assistant Secretary, Policy and International Affairs
Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration
23
AGENCIES
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
Director
Consumer Product Safety Commission
5 Commissioners
Environmental Protection Agency
Administrator
Deputy Administrator
Assistant Administrator for Research and Development
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Administrator
Deputy Administrator
National Science Foundation
Director
Deputy Director
National Science Board
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
5 Commissioners
24
APPENDIX C
HISTORY OF THE PRESIDENT'S S&T ORGANIZATION
All Presidents since Truman have recognized the value of tapping a broad range
of S&T knowledge from outside the government. President Truman appointed a
science adviser who served in the Office of Defense Mobilization and also had
direct access to him, though this access was seldom used. The systematic use by
the President of S&T advice began in 1957 with Sputnik. President Eisenhower
brought James Killian into the White House as his Adviser, with the title of
Special Assistant to the President, and elevated the Science Advisory Committee
from the Office of Defense Mobilization so that it reported directly to him.
President Eisenhower sought advice in responding to Sputnik and to the competing
proposals of the military services. The Adviser also was involved in the
organization of NASA and the establishment of the Office of the Director of
Defense Research and Engineering and the Advanced Research Projects Agency in
the Department of Defense. There were important questions regarding technical
intelligence, and the possibilities for a nuclear test ban. Members of the
President's Science Advisory Committee were mobilized for these tasks, and many
of them spent substantial time in Washington. The Adviser also helped establish
high-level S&T posts in the departments and agencies. Toward the end of the
Eisenhower Administration, the Adviser and PSAC added to their work the
concern for the advancement of science.
President Kennedy kept the same bipartisan PSAC mechanism with some
systematic rotation of its members. In order to institutionalize the advisory
function, he established the Office of Science and Technology (OST) in the
Executive Office of the President. The title of Director of OST (confirmed by the
Senate) was added to that of Special Assistant to the President and Chairman of
the President's Science Advisory Committee. The Adviser's staff was transferred
from the White House to OST. The Adviser's portfolio broadened to include
health, civilian science and the environment.
The Adviser's role continued under President Johnson and through President
Nixon's first term. During this period, the Adviser and PSAC were deeply
involved in national security issues particularly as related to the Vietnam war,
arms control and the treaty to eliminate biological weapons.
After the election in 1972, President Nixon abolished both OST and PSAC. These
actions appeared to derive from two principal concerns. One was that former
PSAC members had opposed the President's position in testifying before the
Congress on anti-ballistic missile defense. The other was the disclosure of the
existence of a PSAC panel report questioning the development of a supersonic
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transport, a project that had been strongly supported by the President. Perhaps the
most important underlying factor was the cumulative effect of years of strain
between the White House and the academic community over the Vietnam war, and
the perception by the White House staff that PSAC was part of that community.
President Nixon added the duties of Science Adviser to those of the Director of
the National Science Foundation. His advisory work concentrated on energy
R&D, problems in industrial R&D, agricultural research, and academic-industrial
cooperation.
President Ford asked Vice-President Rockefeller to recommend appropriate
organization for S&T advice to the President. The OST function was resurrected
in the Executive Office by an Act of Congress in 1976 in the form of the Office
of Science and Technology Policy. President Ford reestablished the Adviser's
position in the White House and created the President's Committee on Science
and Technology, authorized by the legislation, which worked particularly on
energy and individual research issues.
Presidents Carter and Reagan named their science advisers after their inauguration.
Although the President's Committee was not continued, President Carter's Adviser
appointed ad hoc panels of non-government scientists and engineers to advise him
on certain issues. He dealt with questions such as the MX missile, the test ban,
space policy and air quality standards.
In 1982, President Reagan's Adviser established a White House Science Council
of outside consultants that reported to the Adviser, rather than to the President.
During this Administration, the Adviser has dealt with matters such as
strengthening basic research, the National Aerospace Plane, Stealth technology, the
Strategic Defense Initiative, and international S&T agreements.
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