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"1979 National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation Convention Journal"
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"1979 National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation Convention Journal"
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection: Donated Historical Materials
Collection/Office of Origin: Frieden, Lex, Collection
Series:
Related Materials
Subseries:
Conferences
OA/ID Number:
52074
Folder ID Number:
52074-007
Folder Title:
"1979 National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation Convention Journal"
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THE FOLADATION V
JOURNAL
CONVENTION
FOUNDATION
SPINAL CORD INJURY
1979 NATIONAL
Wheelchairs, Inc. salutes the
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
and Handicapped everywhere
MASSLCHAIRS
And we hope you will let
us serve you when you
need us. We stock the most
complete line of urological
supplies and you can
order by mail.
We have a vast inventory
of Wheelchairs, in fact, the
largest number of styles
and designs stocked by
any independent between
Chicago and the Pacific.
Because we know the
importance of a chair to
an individual who uses
one, we also keep the
most complete inventory of
parts in the nation. In
addition, six full-time tech-
nicians work daily on repair
here at Wheelchairs, Inc.
Our sister company,
Para-Quad Mobility
Systems puts you "in the
Driver's seat" with van
conversions for both para
and quad including com-
plete interiors and camper
conversions.
Over the past two years,
Wheelchairs, Inc. has ex-
panded to new quarters
and we feel we are now
better able to serve your
needs than ever before.
We're here to keep you on
the road and rollin'.
Wheelchairs Inc.
3500 So. Corona
Englewood, CO 80110
(303) 761-9641
1979 National Spinal Cord Injury
Foundation Convention Journal
Published for the
Convention Theme
Convention Hosts
Convention Chairpersons
31st annual convention
Care, Cure, and Coping
The Mountain States Chapter
John S. Young
of the
and the Rocky Mountain
Program Chairperson
National Spinal Cord
Injury Foundation
Regional Office of the
Jane Edgar
August 5-9, 1979
National Spinal Cord
Local Arrangements Chairperson
Denver, Colorado
Injury Foundation
Journal Staff
JUDY GILLIOM
Editor and Publisher
Program Committee
Arrangements Committee
ANN KAHL
Art Director
Bernice Grafstein
Roberta Sandler
Joyce Brown
Murray Freed
Registration
Food Functions and Receptions
CRISTINE SHUEY
Assistant Editor
L. Anthony Magliozzi
Harold Bouchard
Ingo Antonitsch
Transportation
Cooperating Agencies
Editorial Office
Scott Manley
Sue Gonzales
Melba Rugg
901 Arcola Avenue
Barbara McHugh
Hospitality
and Sue Gonzales
Wheaton, Maryland 20902
Don Olson
Denver Ford
Volunteers
Phone: (301) 649-5596
Glen Reynolds
Journal Ads
Morton Solomon
Write or call for information about
Jim Smittkamp
Dick DeVoe
and Jim Bain
next year's journal.
Sharon Wilkin
Medical Equipment
Special Events
Margaret Johnson
Sharon Shaw
Signs and Decorations
Hotel Arrangements
Dick DeVoe
Exhibits
Cover photo by Roland Sharillo
Contents
3 Convention Mailbox
51 Peer Counseling: Process and Goal
Greetings, thoughts, and an invitation.
Griffin and Martin explain how spinal cord injured
6 Boosters
persons can help each other progress from
Well-wishers who help to keep this journal solvent.
dependence to self-management.
62 Clothes Matter Even More in a Wheelchair
9 Convention Calendar
What's happening, where, and when.
Glamour Magazine visits a disabled woman on
campus.
19 Foundation Directory
Officers, directors, committees, chapters, staff.
65 Independent Living Programs: A Network of
Resources
26 What Is Spinal Cord Injury?
Williamson outlines needs and approaches and tells
And what can we do about it?
what HUD is doing.
30 The Year in Review
75 Advertisers Index
Marquis describes activities during the 1978 fiscal year.
A list of enterprises and organizations that care about
33 Foundation Sponsors Neuroscientific Conference
the people who read this journal.
Veraa summarizes presentations at the most recent
gathering of scientists working on the problems of
recovery from injury to the nervous system.
38 Foundation Fellowships for Young Researchers
Money from spinal cord injured persons and their
families is being used to recruit new talent.
45 A Newcomer's View of the 1979
Wheelchair Marathon
Barak came doubting and left believing that wheelchair
competitors are for real.
DENVER COMMISSION on the DISABLED
SERVING the DISABLED COMMUNITY
in areas of
HOUSING
RESOURCE FILES
TRANSPORTATION
BARRIERS
EMPLOYMENT
REHABILITATION
EDUCATION
VOTER REGISTRATION
When in the West
COMMUNICATION
AND POLLING PLACE
do as Westerners do
The Denver Commission on the Disabled is an advocate
of the rights and needs of all handicapped residents of the
Enjoy
City and County of Denver.
Denver
The Commission's goal is to make independent living possible for all people
regardless of disability. To this end we are involved in policy making at federal, state
and local levels.
COUNTY
Ingo Antonitsch
CITY
DELNVER
Located in the
Executive Director
Merchant's Park Shopping Center
Commission on the Disabled
Office Hours: 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M.
621 South Broadway
SEAL
VOICE PHONE: 575-3056
Denver, Colorado 80209
Wheelchair lifts
Fully automatic
Semi-automatic
Rear or Side Mounted
Raised Roofs
Extended Doors
Lockdowns
Power Seats
Power Windows
WHEELCHAIR VAN CONVERSIONS
Adaptive Devices
Specialized Driving Aids and Devices
Custom Designed Interiors
Zero Effort Steering
We also convert buses and motor homes.
and Emergency
Backup Systems
For further information and prices contact:
MOBILE SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT
Reduced Effort
Braking
ATLANTIC RESEARCH CORPORATION
5390 Cherokee Avenue
Alexandria, Virginia 22314 (703) 354-3400
Power Channels
2
Convention
Mailbox
Changes in Name, Growth, and Direction
A Pledge of Assistance
It is with great pleasure that I welcome each of you to the
On behalf of the entire staff of Craig Hospital, I would like
Rocky Mountains and the 31st annual convention of the
to welcome you to Denver, the "Mile-Hi" city. We are
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation. During the past
delighted that the National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
year the Foundation has experienced many changes-
selected Denver as the 1979 convention site.
name, growth, and direction-and I think this year's
As long-time providers of care to persons with spinal
convention reflects that progress. If you look at the
cord injuries, we are extremely interested in the progress of
schedule of activities, you will find a very thorough
the National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation. We are
exploration of topics of concern to spinal cord injured
especially pleased that the Rocky Mountain Regional Office
persons as well as to those who work or are interested in
was recently opened in Denver. We know that the programs
the field. This should be one of our most comprehensive
the regional office intends to pursue will benefit our
meetings ever-better yet since it is being held in the
graduates greatly in successful reintegration as
Queen City of the Plains!
contributing members of society in the Rocky Mountain
Congratulations are due the Mountain States Chapter
area. We pledge our assistance in any way possible to
and the Convention and Program Committees for putting
facilitate the development of the regional office and help
together such a fine program. They certainly have done an
with programs at the national level.
outstanding job, and I would encourage you to attend as
many sessions as you can.
Dennis J. O'Malley
Administrator
With continued interest and support, the Foundation will
Craig Hospital
be successful in spreading awareness throughout the
country about the issues of spinal cord injury and the
potential of disabled persons. Enjoy!
Denver This Year; Orlando Next
The central office staff looks forward to seeing you in
Robert R. Jackson
President
Denver. It's a great city, and the proximity of the awesome
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
Rocky Mountains makes it a super place to visit and a
wonderful vacation area. In addition, Denver is the site of
the Foundation's regional office for the Rocky Mountain
Para-Pete Says, "Hello"
area, including the states of Utah, Idaho, Montana, North
The members of the Mountain States Chapter and our
Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and,
mascot, Para-Pete, extend a warm hand of friendship to the
of course, Colorado.
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation. We welcome the
Enjoy yourselves, and next year join us in Orlando,
convention to our lovely Mile High City and trust all of you
Florida, for the Foundation's 1980 Convention.
will enjoy not only the programs and meetings but also the
fellowship of a national event. As hosts, we will try to make
Bruce E. Marquis
Executive Director
this a friendly gathering.
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
There is lots to see and do in the city, and the mountains
are just 30 minutes away. Information is available at the
hospitality desk. Please let us know if we can be of help
during your stay in Denver.
Jane Edgar
President
Mountain States Chapter
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
continued on page 5
3
AMB-O-CAB
Serving Metropolitan Denver Area Since 1962
839-5151
AMBULANCE
SERVICE CO.
I.PUC-12454
16 AMB-O-CABS to serve you.
Radio dispatched - 24-hour service.
All "cabs" and "employees" meet
license requirements of City and County
of Denver and State of Colorado.
PUC License 12454
Ambulance Service Co.
PROMPT . CAREFUL COURTEOUS
MAIL: P.O. Box 18190, Denver, Colorado 80218
2045 Downing Street, Denver, Colorado 80205
4
Convention Mailbox from page 3
A Commendation from the Mayor
Colorado Welcomes the Foundation
It is my pleasure and privilege to extend a warm welcome
On behalf of all Coloradans, it is a pleasure to welcome
to all in attendance at the annual convention of the National
you to the National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation's annual
Spinal Cord Injury Foundation, meeting the week of August
convention being held this year in Denver. We are pleased
5-9 in Denver.
to share the Queen City with you and hope your stay is
I am well acquainted with the noble work accomplished
enjoyable.
by the members of your association, and I commend and
This gathering should be a good opportunity to explore
congratulate all of you for this important work in your
the issues and concerns of people who daily deal with
respective communities. I am sure your convention will be
disabilities. The program includes a wide range of
useful and rewarding.
interesting and worthwhile topics. I am sure you will find
I hope everyone attending the convention, members of
your participation valuable.
the Foundation, family members, and guests, will take
Again, welcome to Colorado.
advantage of some of the recreational and cultural facilities
Denver has to offer you. Our nearby mountain areas are
Richard D. Lamm
beautiful this time of year if you have time to visit some of
Governor
these scenic sights.
State of Colorado
Good wishes to all.
W.H. McNichols Jr.
Mayor
City of Denver
Craig Hospital
The Rocky Mountain Regional Spinal Injury
Center, Inc.
Welcomes You To Denver,
The Mile - HI! City
3425 South Clarkson
Englewood, Colorado 80110
Telephone (303)761-3040
5
BOOS
ERS
The National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation thanks these individuals,
organizations, and institutions for their support of the 1979 convention
journal.
Achievement: National Voice of
Paul M. Cheremeta
A Friend
the Disabled
Shaker Heights, Ohio
Washington, D.C.
North Miami, Florida
Carl W. Curtis
Hal & Esther Goldstein
Charles & Ruth Adair
Piqua, Ohio
Arlington, Virginia.
Los Angeles, California
Margaret Decker
Dr. & Mrs. Barth Green
Col. & Mrs. Arthur W. Allen Jr.
St. Petersburg, Florida
Miami, Florida
Washington, D.C.
Tom Deniston
Dr. & Mrs. J.G. Green
American Academy of Orthotists
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Oak Lawn, Illinois
and Prosthetists
Department of Orthopaedics and
Dr. & Mrs. B. Herold Griffith
Washington, D.C.
Rehabilitation
Evanston, Illinois
American Board for Certification in
University of Miami School of
Nancy Gross
Orthotics and Prosthetics
Medicine
East Freetown, Massachusetts
Washington, D.C.
Miami, Florida
Dwight D. Guilfoil Jr.
American Occupational Therapy
Department of Physical Medicine
Bensenville, Illinois
Association Inc.
and Rehabilitation
Rockville, Maryland
University of Cincinnati Medical
Elizabeth Hamilton
Center
Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania
American Orthotic and Prosthetic
Association
Cincinnati, Ohio
Leroy & Diane Hill
Washington, D.C.
Department of Rehabilitation
Ft. Worth, Texas
Architectural Barriers Action
Medicine
Allen F. Horton Sr.
League
University of Maryland School of
Orlando, Florida
Tucson, Arizona
Medicine
Independent Living for the
Baltimore, Maryland
Linda Ash
Handicapped Inc.
Silver Spring, Maryland
Barbara Eigen
Washington, D.C.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Association of Rehabilitation
J.J.
Facilities
Barry Eigen
Tampa, Florida
Washington, D.C.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Robert R. Jackson
James Atwell
Dr. & Mrs. S. Norman Feingold
Englewood, Colorado
Orlando, Florida
Bethesda, Maryland
Nancy Stevens Johnston
David Barrie
Erin Shea Ford
Jacksonville, Florida
Grantham, New Hampshire
Framingham, Massachusetts
Lakeshore Hospital and
Elmer & Mary Bartels
Ben W. Fortson Jr.
Rehabilitation Facility
Bedford, Massachusetts
In Memoriam
Birmingham, Alabama
Gregory D. Benisch
Murray M. Freed, M.D.
Richard A. LaPierre
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Boston, Massachusetts
Worcester, Massachusetts
Buckeye PVA
A Friend
The Tony Lies Family
Cleveland, Ohio
Golden, Colorado
South Bend, Indiana
Mrs. A. H. Burrows
A Friend
Warren, Illinois
New York, New York
Robert L. Cassidy
6
Indianapolis, Indiana
3M Business Products Sales Inc.
Old Dominion Area Chapter
James H. Semans, M.D.
Denver, Colorado
National Spinal Cord Injury
Durham, North Carolina
Dick McCauley
Foundation
Mr. & Mrs. Roger G. Sherman
Chicago, Illinois
Richmond, Virginia
Indianapolis, Indiana
Margaret M. Magliozzi
Dr. Don A. Olson
Sickroom Service Inc.
In Memoriam
Chicago, Illinois
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Mr. & Mrs. Irving Malamut
William K. Page
James E. Smittkamp
Adelphi, Maryland
West Orange, New Jersey
Chicago, Illinois
Kim & Teddy Marquis
Mr. & Mrs. James K. Pauley
The George Steinmann Family
Waban, Massachusetts
Indianapolis, Indiana
Tucson, Arizona
Steven A. Martinson
People-to-People Committee for
Lola Jean Stinson
Orlando, Florida
the Handicapped Inc.
Anderson, Indiana
Washington, D.C.
Mary L. Mason
Joan & John Storer
Seattle, Washington
Col. William K. Perrin
South Holland, Illinois
Alexandria, Virginia
William A. Messore
Anna M. Sudderth
Don Piron
Providence, Rhode Island
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
De Witt, New York
Roy & Marilyn Mims
Richard A. Sullivan, M.D.
Bedford, New Hampshire
Beverly Price
West Orange, New Jersey
Washington, D.C.
Lucille & Bob Moss
Tampa Bay PVA
Rehabilitation Center
Roslyn Heights, New York
Pinellas Park, Florida
University of Minnesota Hospitals
Roland V. Murray
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Texas Institute for Rehabilitation
Washington, D.C.
and Research
Pete & Doris Rios
National Association of the
Houston, Texas
Oak Brook, Illinois
Physically Handicapped Inc.
Texas PVA
Harper Woods, Michigan
Joyce & George Rost
Houston, Texas
Waterford, New York
National Easter Seal Society for
Vivienne S. Thomson (Tiny Star)
Crippled Children and Adults
Royal Petroleum Inc.
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
Chicago, Illinois
Denver, Colorado
Mr. & Mrs. Charles L. VanDiviere Jr.
Doris Sarkisian
New England Regional Spinal Cord
St. Simons Island, Georgia
Injury Center
Framingham, Massachusetts
Richard Veraa
University Hospital
Chester & Vivian Schiff & Family
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
Boston, Massachusetts
Great Neck, New York
World Rehabilitation Fund Inc.
Ron Nichols
Sherwood L. Scott
New York, New York
Tulsa, Oklahoma
El Monte, California
John S. Young, M.D.
Dr. & Mrs. Tim J. Nugent
Scottsdale, Arizona
Champaign, Illinois
K.L. Zollman Chapter
Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Chapter
National Spinal Cord Injury
National Spinal Cord Injury
Foundation
Foundation
Kokomo, Indiana
Cincinnati, Ohio
7
"OLD-FASHIONED SERVICE"
National
PROMPT AND FREE
LOCAL DELIVERY AVAILABLE
OSTOMY SUPPLIES, TRUSSES
Spinal
ORTHOPEDIC APPLIANCES
WALKERS, CANES
BATHROOM AIDS
Cord
HOSPITAL BEDS
WHEELCHAIRS
CRUTCHES
SALES AND RENTALS
Injury
Private Fitting Room - Certified Fitter
Tues., Thurs., Fri. - 8:30 to 5:30
Mon. and Wed. - 8:30 to 7:00
Sat. - 10:00 to 2:00
Foundation
THE GET WELL SHOP, INC.
10200 E. Mississippi Ave.
Aurora, Colorado 80231
Rocky Mountain
(303) 752-2000
VISA . MASTERCHARGE AMERICAN EXPRESS
Regional Office
1115 Broadway, #103
LIFECARE
Denver, Colorado 80203
IS RESPIRATORY REHABILITATION
(303) 623-2581
Welcomes you
Providing:
portable respirators, iron lungs, chest shells,
to Denver
rocking beds, ventilators, ex-sufflation belts,
wraps, oxy-concentrators, batteries, and other
We're proud to be the newest addition to
respirator accessories
the Foundation family!
Working with:
Joanne Taggie
patients
doctors and therapists
medical institutions
financial agencies
Colorado Resource Coordinator
manufacturers
Stephen Springer
Community Organizer
LIFECARE specializes in equipment for individuals with
spinal cord injuries, restrictive pulmonary diseases,
Christopher McKinnon
neuromuscular disorders, and COPD. Successful rehabilitations
include those afflicted with spinal cord injuries, Muscular
Case Consultant
Dystrophy, Multiple Sclerosis, ALS, Polio, Ondine's Curse,
6
Guillain-Barre, etc.
Molly Henderson
Researcher
LIFECARE SERVICES, INC.
Joseph Trujillo
5505 Central Avenue
Researcher
Boulder, Colorado 80301
Mary Myers
303/443-9234
Office Manager
Performing its job through 18 area field offices
and a central reconditioning center.
8
Convention Calendar
Sunday, August 5
12:00-1:30 Board Room
8:00 a.m.-11:00 p.m.
Development Committee Meeting
Accessible Bus Service into Denver
1:15-2:15 Room A
50c each ride
Videotapes About Nursing Management
9:30-5:00 Lobby
William C. Norris
Registration Opens
Director of Learning Systems
10:00-3:00 Prospectors Halls 1 and 2
Division of Mississippi Methodist Hospital
Chapter Liaison Panel
and Rehabilitation Center
Chairperson: Jean S. Logan
Jackson, Mississippi
Director of Public Relations
Concurrent Short Courses on
Cúrative Workshop
Psychosocial Issues in Spinal Cord Injury:
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
2:00 and 3:45 Room A
10:00-4:00
Short Course: Sexuality*
Bus Trip to Heritage Square
Jack Dahlberg
$5 - box lunch included
Supervisor of Family Services
10:00-12:30 Room A
Craig Hospital
Short Course on Nursing Management
Englewood, Colorado
of Spinal Cord Injury*
Joanne Taggie
Mary Anne Monroe, Director of Nursing
Colorado Resource Coordinator
Craig Hospital
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
Englewood, Colorado
Denver, Colorado
Lois Schaetzle, Director of Nursing Education
2:00 and 3:45 Room B
Craig Hospital
Short Course: Financial Disincentives*
Englewood, Colorado
Gerben DeJong, Research Associate
Concurrent Workshops for Chapter Leaders:
Tufts New England Medical Center
10:00 and 12:30 Queen City South
Boston, Massachusetts
Workshop: Recruiting Chapter Members
Scott Manley
Ronald Hanson
Director of Family Services
Supervisor of Regional Operations
Craig Hospital
Bureau of Vocational Rehabilitation
Englewood, Colorado
Augusta, Maine
Bonnie Sims, Discharge Coordinator
Craig Hospital
10:00 and 12:30 Prospectors Hall 3
Englewood, Colorado
Workshop: Organizing Your Community
2:00 and 3:45 Room C
Warren L. McManus
Assistant Commissioner for Administration and
Short Course: Research in Psychosocial Issues*
Client Services
Roberta Treischmann
Massachusetts Rehabilitation Commission
Psychologist
Boston, Massachusetts
Diamond Bar, California
10:00 and 12:30 Room C
2:00 and 3:45 Room D
Workshop: Marketing Your Chapter
Short Course: Assertiveness*
Allen Horton, President
Mickey Ginsberg, Clinical Psychologist
Central Florida Chapter
Denver General Hospital
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
Denver, Colorado
Orlando, Florida
4:00-6:00 Prospectors Halls 1 and 2
10:00 and 12:30 Room B
Board of Directors Meeting
Workshop: Creating Programs
James T. Bowse
Director of Corporate Development
St. Mary's Hospital
Lewiston, Maine
*tuition fee
continued on page 11
9
/
30
e
The all-around Sportsman by
Everest & Jennings
Special Products for Special Needs
10
Foundation Directory
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Virginia R. Allen
Leslie Gale
Jan Little
Adolphe (Pete) Rlos Jr.
Assistant Professor of Occupational
Physician's Assistant
Executive Vice President
Achievements Unlimited Chapter
Therapy
Spain Rehabilitation Center
Medical Equipment Distributors Inc.
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
Medical College of Georgia
Birmingham, Alabama
Forest Park, Illinois
Oak Brook, Illinois
Augusta, Georgia
Judith C. Gilliom
Jean Logan
Robert W. Samuels
William Auberger
Deputy Executive Secretary
Manager
President
President
Interagency Committee on Handicapped
Public Relations
Polyfibron Division
W.C. Auberger & Son
Employees
Curative Rehabilitation Center
W. R. Grace & Co.
Cincinnati, Ohio
Equal Employment Opportunity
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Lexington, Massachusetts
David L. Barrie
Commission
Retired Chief Rehabilitation Examiner
Washington, D.C.
Richard J. McCauley
Bruce H. Scott
Director of Occupational Therapy
President
Liberty Mutual Insurance Company
Barth A. Green
and Vocational Services
Greater Kansas City Area Chapter
Boston, Massachusetts
Assistant Professor
Schwab Rehabilitation Hospital
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
Karl W. Beck
Department of Neurological Surgery
and Mt. Sinai Hospital Medical Center
Kansas City, Missouri
Southern Division Manager
University of Miami School of Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
Braun Corporation
and Consulting Neurosurgeon
Edward J. Spiegel
Veterans Administration Hospital
John A. McWethy
Vice President, Marketing
Clearwater, Florida
Carmont Blitz
Miami, Florida
Retired Managing Editor
Spiegel Inc.
Wall Street Journal, Midwest Edition
Chicago, Illinois
President
Kevin Hansen
Sun City, Arizona
The Blitz Corporation
Past President
Myron Swatt
Oregon Trail Chapter
L. A. Magliozzi
Secretary/Treasurer
Chicago, Illinois
Director of Rehabilitation
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
Encore Service Systems of Florida Inc.
David R. Boyd
Director
Gresham, Oregon
Liberty Mutual Insurance Company
Boca Raton, Florida
Boston, Massachusetts
Vivienne Thomson
Division of Emergency Medical Services
Leroy HIII
William A. Messore
U.S. Public Health Services
Certified Public Accountant
Handicapped Services Specialist
Fort Worth, Texas
Regional Supervisor
Boston Housing Authority
Hyattsville, Maryland
Division of Vocational Rehabilitation
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
Carol Brokopp
Allen F. Horton Sr.
Providence, Rhode Island
Brock Financial Investments
President
John D. Truesdale
Central Florida Chapter
J. Roy Mims
Director
Newport Beach, California
Paul M. Cheremeta
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
Engineering Manager
Rehabilitation-Education Services
Vice President
Orlando, Florida
Raytheon Company
University of Wisconsin-Whitewater
Manchester, New Hampshire
Whitewater, Wisconsin
Paralyzed Veterans of America
Robert R. Jackson
Robert Moss
Shaker Heights, Ohio
Medical Director
Charles VanDiviere
A Founder of the Foundation and
Arthur DeBlois Jr.
Craig Hospital
President
DeBlois Oil Company
Englewood, Colorado
Host of Radio Program
VanDiviere Oil Company
"The Disabled Rights and Wrongs"
Brunswick, Georgia
Pawtucket, Rhode Island
R. S. Jordan
Roslyn Heights, New York
Tom Deniston
President
J. David Webb
Advocacy Director
Jordan Company Inc.
Frank Musinsky
Group Vice President
Southwest Region
and Founder of the Foundation's Jordan
Manager
and Corporation Counsel
SCOA Industries
Paralyzed Veterans of America
Fellowship for Biomedical Research
Trust Company of Georgia
Elizabeth City, North Carolina
Weston, Massachusetts
Atlanta, Georgia
Albuquerque, New Mexico
James K. Pauley
Robert J. White
Barry N. Elgen
Anthony E. Lies
President
President
Board Member
Professor and Co-chairperson
Michiana Chapter
L. W. Freeman Chapter
of Neurosurgery
Sickroom Service, Inc.
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
Case-Western Reserve University
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
South Bend, Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
and Director of Neurological Surgery
Judith Jo Evors
Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital
Registered Physical Therapist
Cleveland, Ohio
University Home Health Agency
Sharon Wilkin
Tampa, Florida
Employment Opportunity Specialist
U.S. Department of Labor
Washington, D.C.
Executive
Board of Trustees
Officers
Committee
This group was created in 1975 and consists of
Robert R. Jackson
President
Carmont Blitz
persons and organizations who contribute or raise
$2,000 a year. As of May 1979 the following have
Charles VanDiviere
Barry N. Eigen
Senior Vice President
qualified as trustees in this fiscal year:
Barth A. Green
Robert Moss
Leroy Hill
Chester Black
Second Vice President
Allen Horton
Ken Brown
L. Anthony Magliozzi
Third Vice President
R. S. Jordan
Barry Eigen
Barth A. Green
Jean S. Logan
Employers Insurance of Warsau
Fourth Vice President
Richard McCauley
Everest & Jennings
Don A. Olson
L. A. Magliozzi
General Reinsurance Corporation
Fifth Vice President
Robert Moss
Judith C. Gilliom
Bruce Marquis
James Pauley
Great American Insurance Company
Secretary
Pete Rios
The Hartford Insurance Group
Leroy Hill
Treasurer
Bruce Scott
Gary Langbaum
Myron Swatt
Liberty Mutual Insurance Company
Vivienne Thomson
Jan Little
Charles VanDiviere
McDonald's Corporation
Sharon Wilkin
Arnold T. Marcus
Nancy Melichar-Hodgkins
Frank Musinsky
The Saint Paul Companies
Robert Samuels
Mike Swatt
Texas Employers Insurance Association
continued on page 21
19
National
GREATER MILWAUKEE AREA CHAPTER
Spinal Cord
3575 North Oakland Avenue
Injury
SC
Foundation
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
Phone: 414-963-0620
SIGNS THAT MEET STATE & FEDERAL CODES
INTERNATIONAL SYMBOL OF WHEELCHAIR ACCESSIBILITY
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ACCESSIBILITY INFORMATION
The Trouble With Wisconsin Is: We Can't Use It
SYMBOL
A packet of articles and related materials concerning barrier-free design and remodeling.
Includes a copy of ANSI Standard A117.1-1961 and current Wisconsin Building Code
provisions for the disabled. $3.00 each.
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20
Foundation Directory from page 19
BOARD EMERITUS
SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Elmer C. Bartels
Chairperson
John G. Nicholls
Commissioner
Bernice Grafstein
Professor of Neurobiology
Massachusetts Rehabilitation Commission
Professor of Physiology
Stanford University Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
Cornell University Medical College
Stanford, California
Frederick A. Fay
New York, New York
Richard L. Sidman
Director of Research and Training
Mary A. B. Brazier
Bullard Professor of Neuropathology
Rehabilitation Research and
Professor of Anatomy and Physiology
Harvard Medical School and
Training Center
Brain Research Institute
Chief, Department of Neuroscience
Tufts New England Medical Center
UCLA School of Medicine
Children's Hospital Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts
Los Angeles, California
Boston, Massachusetts
T. J. Nugent
Gerald D. Fischbach
Silvio S. Varon
Director
Associate Professor of Pharmacology
Professor of Biology
Division of Rehabilitation-Education
Harvard Medical School
School of Medicine
Services and Center
Boston, Massachusetts
University of California, San Diego
University of Illinois
La Jolla, California
Champaign, Illinois
Michael E. Goldberger
Associate Professor of Anatomy
John D. Schleicher
Medical College of Pennsylvania
Owner
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Schleicher Printing Service
Rockford, Illinois
Lynn T. Landmesser
Professor of Biology
James E. Smittkamp
Yale University
Retired Executive Director
New Haven, Connecticut
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
Chicago, Illinois
CENTRAL ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION
NEW ENGLAND DIVISION
369 Elliot Street
369 Elliot Street
Northeastern Independent Living
Newton Upper Falls, Massachusetts 02164
Newton Upper Falls, Massachusetts 02164
Rehabilitation Program
Phone: (617) 964-0521
Phone: (617) 964-0521
c/o Massachusetts Rehabilitation
Commission
Staff:
Staff:
499 Essex Street
Bruce E. Marquis
Michael Jacobl
Lawrence, Massachusetts 01840
Executive Director
New England Regional Manager
Phone: (617) 685-1731
Ann Ford
Staff:
Management Associate
Maine
William Martin
Robert McHugh
c/o Bureau of Vocational Rehabilitation
Project Director
Director of Programming
32 Winthrop Street
Charles Carr
Barbara Langdon
Augusta, Maine 04330
Director of Communications
Phone: (207) 289-2141
Resource Coordinator
Doreen Pellerin
Audrey Haas
Staff:
Secretary
Program Specialist
Steven Tremblay
June Fine
Resource Coordinator
Special Assistant
New Hampshire
321 Lincoln Street
Vahe Karborian
Massachusetts
Manchester, New Hampshire 03103
Fiscal Coordinator
369 Elliot Street
Phone: (603) 669-7242
Ruth Zung
Newton Upper Falls, Massachusetts 02164
Office Manager
Staff:
Sharon Towle
Staff:
Peter Myette
Membership Secretary
Arnold Marcus
New Hampshire State Director
Resource Coordinator
Joyce Awad
Thomas Gilbert
Publications Secretary
Associate Resource Coordinator
Southeastern Independent Living
Cheryl Goldstein
Rehabilitation Program
Alfred Stauffer
Receptionist
c/o Massachusetts Rehabilitation
Project Director
Shirley Shubin
Commission
Michael Sheehan
Receptionist
Lakeville Hospital
Vocational/Housing Coordinator
Lakeville, Massachusetts 02364
Phone: (617) 947-7646
Dorothea Jeffery
Registered Nurse and Housing Outreach
Staff:
Coordinator
Anne Chace
Paula Boudreau
Program Director
Secretary
ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGIONAL DIVISION
Eric Griffin
Program Coordinator
Rhode Island
1115 Broadway
Ettl Griff
c/o Division of Vocational Rehabilitation
Denver, Colorado 80203
Registered Nurse
40 Fountain Street
Phone: (303) 623-2581
Nancy Waldron
Providence, Rhode Island 02903
Staff:
Secretary
Phone: (401) 421-7005
Elleen Whiteside
Joanne Taggle
Staff:
Resource Coordinator
Occupational Therapist
JIII Sharpe
Cathy Lewis
David Loveday
Resource Coordinator
Van Driver
Researcher
Ken Osborne
Christopher McKinnon
Associate Resource Coordinator
Case Consultant
Rosemary Provencher
Stephen Springer
Associate Resource Coordinator
Community Consultant
MIDWEST REGIONAL DIVISION
RESEARCH DIVISION
CONVENTION JOURNAL OFFICE
3675 North Oakland Avenue
4440 Northwest 19th Street
901 Arcola Avenue
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
Suite L-111
Wheaton, Maryland 20902
Phone: (414) 332-3930
Lauderhill, Florida 33313
Phone: (301) 649-5596
Staff:
Phone: (305) 735-9050
Staff:
Ellen Daly
Staff:
Judy Gilliom
Regional Manager
Richard Veraa
Editor & Publisher
Research Director
Illinois
Cristine Shuey
Marcia Durst
Assistant Editor
120 South Ashland Avenue
Administrative Assistant
Ann Kahl
Chicago, Illinois 60607
Diane Goeman
Art Director
Phone: (312) 448-0640
Clerk Typist
Staff:
Mercedes Rauen
State Director
continued on page 23
21
BEST
FROM
THE NORTH
WISHES
<<<<<<<
111111
SHORE CHAPTER
"""
(IIII)
11111
Best Wishes from the
Northeast Ohio Chapter of the
National Spinal Cord
Injury Foundation
1767 Longwood Drive, Mayfield Heights, Ohio 44124
Telephone: (216) 473-1506 or 461-7133
The Calumet Region Chapter
sends best wishes to members and friends of the
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
at its
31st annual convention!
National
Spinal Cord
Injury
Foundation
WESTERN
NORTH CAROLINA
501 SHEPARD SQUARE
VOLUNTEERS
BREVARD, N.C. 28712
A.C. 704 + 883-2290
22
Foundation Directory from page 21
FOUNDATION CHAPTERS
Recipients of the Best
ALABAMA
FLORIDA
Chapter Award
Birmingham Area Chapter
Access-Greater Orlando Chapter
Route 2, Box 372A
5612 Stull Avenue
Pinson 35126
Orlando 32810
L. W. Freeman Chapter, 1968
Chapter Phone: (205) 681-3388
Chapter Phone: (305) 645-2611
Chapter President: Leslie J. Walker
Chapter President: Pat Castaneda
L. W. Freeman Chapter, 1969
ARKANSAS
Central Florida Chapter
Greater Milwaukee Area Chapter, 1970
P.O. Box 7456
Arkansas Chapter
Orlando 32804
Greater Milwaukee Area Chapter, 1971
409 Hawthorne
Chapter Phone: (305) 862-7524
Hot Springs 71901
Chapter President: Allen Horton
Massachusetts Association of Paraplegics, 1972
Chapter Phone: (501) 321-1486
Paralyzed Veterans Association of
Chapter President: Debbie Burks
Florida
Massachusetts Association of Paraplegics, 1973
Delta Chapter
136 S.E. 15th Street
Georgia Association of Paraplegics, 1974
113 Hillsboro Road
Pompano Beach 33060
Helena 72342
Chapter Phone: (305) 781-4333
National Capital Area Chapter, 1975
Chapter President: Elaine Canady
Chapter President: Gerald J. Doyle.
Pensacola Penwheels Chapter
Wheelchair Awareness Chapter, 1976
CALIFORNIA
8241 Emperor Road
Orange County Chapter
Pensacola 32504
Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Chapter, 1977
P.O. Box 6647
Chapter Phone: (904) 478-6791
Greater Milwaukee Area Chapter, 1978
Orange 92667
Chapter President: Charles Siderits III
Chapter Phone: (714) 879-1181
South Florida Paraplegia Association
Chapter President: Armand A. Victoria
4440 N.W. 19th Street Suite L-113
Southern California Chapter
Lauderhill 33313
16517 Bordeaux Lane
Chapter Phone: (305) 733-5073
Huntington Beach 92649
Chapter President: Kenneth Langford
Rockford Chapter
Northeastern Indiana Chapter
104 North Second Street
3005 Oakwood Drive
Chapter Phone: (213) 225-7942
Wheelchair Awareness Chapter
Rockford 61107
Chapter President: Charles A. Adair
Fort Wayne 46816
P.O. Box 6171
Chapter Phone: (815) 968-2772
Chapter Phone: (219) 447-6843
COLORADO
Clearwater 33518
Chapter President: Joanne Latino
Chapter President: James Nation
Chapter Phone: (813) 726-5202
Mountain States Chapter
Chapter President: Michael Fieghan
Vaughan Chapter
Porter County Chapter
3175 West Bear Creek Drive
P.O. Box 1337
5983 Welcome Way Drive
Englewood 80110
GEORGIA
Hines 60141
Portage 46368
Chapter Phone: (303) 623-2581
Chapter Phone: (312) 344-8214
Chapter Phone: (219) 762-9879
Chapter President: Jane Edgar
Georgia Association of Paraplegics
Chapter President: Cleveland Taylor
Chapter President: Carol Wood
P.O. Box 1174
K. L. Zollman Chapter
CONNECTICUT
Monroe 30655
INDIANA
Chapter Phone: (404) 267-2026
Route 2, Box 121
Connecticut Chapter
Chapter President: Greg Adams
Calumet Region Chapter
Sharpsville 46068
300 West 21st Avenue
14 Northwood Apartments
Chapter Phone: (317) 963-2206
Storrs 06268
ILLINOIS
Gary 46407
Chapter President: Shirley Ann Woods
I
Chapter Phone: (203) 236-6201
Chapter Phone: (219) 883-0431 ext. 53
Achlevements Unlimited Chapter
Chapter President: Kathryn Coffin
Chapter President: Anna Burge
KANSAS
P.O. Box 795
DELAWARE
26 West 171 Roosevelt Road
East Central Anderson Area Chapter
Kansas Paralysis Center
230 East Plum Street
Wheaton 60187
1000 Parklane 303
Anderson 46012
Delaware Paralyzed Veterans
Chapter Phone: (312) 653-7600
Wichita 67218
Association
Chapter President: Doris Schaaff Rios
Chapter Phone: (317) 642-9498
Chapter Phone: (316) 684-1801
VA Regional Office, Room 13
Chapter President: Don Morrison
Chapter President: Delbert Clark
Committee for an Aware Chicago
1601 Kirkwood Highway
Schwab Rehabilitation Hospital
Evansville Chapter
2 South Bedford Avenue
MAINE
Wilmington 19805
1401 South California Avenue
Chapter Phone: (302) 994-2511 ext. 325
Evansville 47713
Chicago 60608
Maine Chapter
Chapter President: Richard Boswell
Chapter Phone: (312) 522-2010
Chapter Phone: (812) 424-2097
32 Winthrop Street
Chapter President: Richard McCauley
Chapter President: William Agee
Augusta 04330
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
L.W. Freeman Chapter
Chapter Phone: (207) 289-2141
Illinois Chapter
Paraplegla Cure Research
Room 335
Chapter President: Mark Harmon
120 South Ashland Avenue
(International Chapter)
Chicago 60607
630 North College
100 Maryland Avenue, N.E.-Suite 501
Indianapolis 46204
MARYLAND
Chapter Phones: (312) 829-0921
Washington 20002
321-1629
Chapter Phone: (317) 632-2028
National Capital Area Chapter
Chapter Phone: (202) 547-4777
Chapter President: Jim Smittkamp
Chapter President: James Pauley
7010 Greenbelt Road
Chapter President: Leonard E. Frank
Michiana Chapter
Greenbeit 20770
P.O. Box 845
Chapter Phone: (301) 345-3522
South Bend 46624
Chapter President: Mickey Berg
Chapter Phone: (219) 287-8114
Chapter President: Thomas Wiegand
continued on page 25
Rocky Mountain Region
Midwest Region
Northeast Region
Mid-Atlantic Region
Southeast Region
West Coast Region
1
Southwest Region
23
National
3011 BALTIMORE
Spinal Cord
Injury
(816) 452-1493
K.C. MO. 64108
Foundation
KANSAS CITY
Best Wishes for a Successful Convention
from Rockford Chapter
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
Rockford, Illinois
104 North Second Street
(815) 968-2772
&
HANDICAPPED
PARKING
TOWING ENFORCED.
BEST WISHES IN THE
Aluminum outdoor sign, 12 by 18 inches,
BIG CITY OF DENVER
white lettering on blue.
FORT WORTH STILL TALKS ABOUT
YOUR VISIT HERE IN '75
Only $10 (includes handling and postage)
Chapter projects have increased to
Send check or money order to:
Specialty Products, Loan Equipment,
National Capital Area Chapter
Compliance Inc., Project Assist,
National Spinal Cord
Handicapped Appl. Prod., a Job Bank,
Injury Foundation
and Direct Counseling to the handi- -
3877 North 30th Street
capped and family.
Arlington, VA 22207
NORTH TEXAS CHAPTER
3400 Hulen Fort Worth, Texas 76107
24
Foundation Directory from page 23
FOUNDATION CHAPTERS (continued)
MASSACHUSETTS
NEW YORK
PENNSYLVANIA
VIRGINIA
Massachusetts Association of
Central Suffolk Chapter
Delaware Valley Chapter
Blue Ridge Chapter
Paraplegics
45 Cedar Avenue
103 Delaware Avenue
Box W-37
369 Elliot Street
Islip 11751
Williamstown 08094
Woodrow Wilson Rehabilitation Center
Newton Upper Falls 02164
Chapter Phone: (516) 581-0530
Chapter Phone: (609) 629-3877
Fisherville 22939
Chapter Phone: (617) 964-6191
Chapter President: Douglas McDonough
Chapter President: Thomas Judge
Chapter President: Robert Clark
Chapter President: Vivienne S. Thomson
Eastern Paralyzed Veterans
Keystone Chapter
Old Dominion Area Chapter
Association
MINNESOTA
1717 Newport Drive
P.O. Box 7981
432 Park Avenue South
Lancaster 17602
Richmond 23223
Hlawatha Valley Chapter
New York 10016
Chapter Phone: (717) 464-3117
Chapter Phone: (804) 288-3994
Box 136
Chapter Phone: (212) 686-6770
Chapter President: Paul Glick
Chapter President: Belt E. Moore Jr.
Rochester 55901
Chapter President: Angelo Nicosia
Western Pennsylvania Chapter
Chapter Phone: (507) 285-5666
New York Metropolitan Chapter
518 Dorseyville Road
WASHINGTON
Chapter President: Sister Victorine
Room 1202
Pittsburgh 15238
Greater Puget Sound Chapter
Honermann
432 Park Avenue South
Chapter Phone: (412) 963-8936
9906 126th Street East
Twin Citles Chapter
New York 10016
Chapter President: Walter Toerge
Puyallup 98371
12 South 6th Street - Suite 1215
Chapter Phone: (212) 889-0381
Chapter Phone: (206) 848-5062
Minneapolis 55402
Chapter President: Elaine Pomrantz
RHODE ISLAND
Chapter President: Mike Pierson
Chapter Phones: (612) 332-4541
North Shore Chapter
Paraplegia Association of
772-1963
17 Cricket Lane
Rhode Island
WEST VIRGINIA
Chapter President: Jim Barton
Great Neck 11024
P.O. Box 6906
West Virginia Mountaineer Chapter
MISSOURI
Chapter Phone: (516) 482-2417
Providence 02940
P.O. Box 3523
Chapter President: Vivian Schiff
Chapter Phone: (401) 738-0304
Charleston 25333
Greater Kansas City Area Chapter
South Shore Chapter
Chapter President: Esther Littell
Chapter Phones: (304) 342-8588
3011 Baltimore
21 Nassau Street
348-3408
Kansas City 64108
Elmont 11003
TENNESSEE
Chapter President: Frank Young
Chapter Phone: (816) 452-1493
Chapter President: Helen Richter
Middle Tennessee Chapter
Chapter President: Bruce H. Scott
2103 Wild Flower Lane
WISCONSIN
Greater St. Louis Chapter
NORTH CAROLINA
Nashville 37217
Fox Valley Area Chapter
4501 Maryland, #701
Metrolina Chapter
Chapter Phone: (616) 367-2257
P.O. Box 797
St. Louis 63108
P.O. Box 11035
Chapter President: Jacquelyn Page
Neenah 54956
Chapter Phone: (314) 367-1072
Charlotte 28220
Tri-State Chapter
Chapter Phone: (414) 731-4518
Chapter President: Speed Davis
Chapter Phone: (704) 334-6344
P.O. Box 3248
Chapter President: James Lauer
NEBRASKA
Chapter President: Mark Johnson
Memphis 38103
Greater Milwaukee Area Chapter
Chapter Phone: (901) 353-5120
3575 North Oakland Avenue
Greater Omaha Area Chapter
OHIO
Chapter President: Judy Myers
Milwaukee 53211
1702 North 45th Street
Northeast Ohio Chapter
Chapter Phone: (414) 332-3930
Omaha 68104
1767 Longwood Road
TEXAS
Chapter President: William Hatcher
Chapter Phone: (402) 556-8574
Mayfield Heights 44124
North Texas Chapter
Chapter President: Bernard Hall
Madison Area Chapter
Chapter Phone: (216) 473-1506
3400 Hulen
2301 South Park Street, #20
Chapter President: Suzi Richter
Fort Worth 76107
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Madison 53713
Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Chapter
Chapter Phone: (817) 737-6661
Chapter President: William Lindemann
Granite State Chapter
1037 Shayler Road
Chapter President: Leroy Hill
321 Lincoln Street
South Central Wisconsin Chapter
Cincinnati 45245
Manchester 03103
VERMONT
P.O. Box 646
Chapter Phone: (513) 752-1516
Janesville 53545
Chapter Phones: (603) 669-7242
Chapter President: Jo Ann Tompkins
Vermont Chapter
668-1600 ext. 2292
Chapter Phone: (414) 275-3318
926 South Prospect Street
Chapter President: J. Roy Mims
Chapter President: Leatrice Banks
OREGON
Burlington 05401
Oregon Trall Chapter
Chapter Phone: (802) 862-3675
10126 N.E. Wasco Street
Chapter President: Patricia Vaughan
Portland 97220
Chapter Phone: (503) 252-3706
Chapter President: Kim Parks
MONTANA
WASHINGTON
N. DAKOTA
MINNESOTA
MAINE
OREGON
VT.
S. DAKOTA
WISCONSIN
IDAHO
WYOMING
N.H.
CALIFORNIA
MICHIGAN
MASS.
NEW YORK
NEVADA
CONN.
IOWA
NEBRASKA
PENNSYLVANIA
N.J.
UTAH
COLORADO
OHIO
MD.
DEL
KANSAS
D.C.
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
W.VA
ARIZONA
VIRGINIA
KENTUCKY
NEW MEXICO
MISSOURI
N. CAROLINA
OKLAHOMA
ARKANSAS
TENNESSEE
S. CAROLINA
TEXAS
LOUISIANA
ALABAMA
GEORGIA
MISSISSIPPI
ALASKA
FLORIDA
HAWAII
25
What Is
Spinal Cord
Injury?
And
What Can
We Do
About
It?
Spinal cord injury is a lesion of the cord that results in
In order to assist persons with spinal cord injuries, the
paralysis of certain parts of the body and corresponding loss
Foundation has 60 chapters throughout the United States.
of sensation. Paraplegia refers to paralysis from approxi-
Many members are disabled; many are not. Chapter mem-
mately the waist down. Quadriplegia refers to paralysis from
bers participate in a variety of activities. They work with local
approximately the shoulders down.
and national officials and agencies to develop better pro-
The catastrophic nature of spinal cord injury is much more
grams and services. They act as community advocates for
complex than loss of feeling and inability to move. Individuals
improved access, housing, transportation, employment, and
who experience damage to their spinal cords also contend
leisure time activities for disabled people. These are funda-
with impairment of bladder, bowel, and sexual function.
mental aspects of living that 250,000 paraplegics and quad-
Added to this are the psychological effects of adjustments
riplegics must cope with after they have been rehabilitated
that must be made to social, economic, and emotional ramifi-
and have returned to community life.
cations of spinal cord injury.
More and more persons are getting involved in activities of
The major causes of spinal cord injury are motor vehicle
the National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation. Through the
accidents (about 50% of the total), falls, diving and other
collective efforts of staff, chapters, board members, and other
sporting mishaps, and results of violence such as gunshot
volunteers, the Foundation is improving care, producing re-
and stab wounds. The overwhelming majority of injuries,
sults in research, and addressing everyday living issues that
about 80%, are incurred by males who are, in general, be-
confront all wheelchair-users.
tween the ages of 15 and 30 when injured.
It should be noted that the Foundation serves not only
A comprehensive system is necessary to integrate care,
persons with spinal cord injuries but also persons who have
diseases or conditions the effects of which are similar to those
treatment, rehabilitation, and return to independent living in
of spinal cord injury. For example, there is multiple sclerosis,
the community. For this reason, regional spinal cord injury
which affects young adults, primarily women. Freidreich's
systems are under development so that available resources
ataxia manifests itself during teenage years and appears to
will be effectively coordinated. Much must be done to refine
run in families. Polio still occurs, primarily in young children,
these systems and eliminate gaps in service.
even though vaccines are available. Spina bifida develops
The National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation, formerly the
before birth during growth of the fetus. Varying degrees of
National Paraplegia Foundation, has given priority to improv-
paralysis often result. The individuals affected frequently use
ing methods of clinical care, developing more effective
wheelchairs and therefore must cope with many of the same
equipment and devices, and promoting basic neuroscientific
problems that confront persons with spinal cord injuries.
research to find means of regenerating spinal cord tissue.
These activities provide for better day-to-day management of
What the Foundation Does
spinal cord injury by consumers and providers of service and
There are three basic program goals:
at the same time explore the long-term possibilities for finding
1. The National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation assists in the
a so-called "cure" for spinal cord injury. The National Spinal
development of regional systems of comprehensive and
Cord Injury Foundation has a Research Division to spearhead
integrated care, treatment, rehabilitation, and community
26
efforts in basic and applied research.
continued on page 29
A paraplegic is a person whose
A quadriplegic (also called a
Most paraplegics and quadri-
lower extremities and part of
tetraplegic) has in addition a
plegics have loss of sensation
whose torso are paralyzed as a
paralysis of the hands and a
below the level of injury and
result of injury or disease of the
partial paralysis of the arms.
loss of controlled function of
spinal cord.
the bladder and bowel.
Brain
Vertebral Column and Nerve Supply
1
2
C4 Diaphragm
II
3
C5 Deltoid and Biceps
111
4
C6 Wrist Extensors
Cervical
IV
C7 Triceps
5
C8 Hand
6
VI
7
VII
8
1
II
2
III
3
T2 to T7 Chest Muscles
IV
4
T9 to T12 Abdominal Muscles
V
5
VI
6
VII
Thoracic
7
VIII
8
IX
9
X
10
XI
11
XII
12
I
1
II
III
2
L1 to L5 Leg Muscles
III
IV
IV
3
Lumbar
V
4
Cauda Equina
1
5
IV
2
V
Sacral
3
4
S2 and Below Bowel and Bladder
5
A person with a spinal cord injury may be a paraplegic or a quadri-
plegic. This drawing represents a sagittal section of the spine. The
vertebrae are labeled with Roman numerals; the spinal nerves are
labeled with Arabic numbers. The muscles and organs controlled by
various nerves are listed on the right. When spinal cord injury occurs,
the level is designated by calling the person, for example, a C4-5 quad-
riplegic. Paraplegia results from injury at the T1 level or below, and
Drawing adapted from Bulletin #1 of the
quadriplegia results from injury at the C8 level or above.
Spinal Injuries Association (Great Britain)
27
Massachusetts Association
of Paraplegics, Inc.
ONE
person
can
make a
difference
you
An organization open to both handicapped and able-
What do we expect from you as a member? INVOLVE-
bodied individuals. It was originally organized In 1965
MENT in the form of:
by paraplegics but has now grown to Include people of
a. attending MAP meetings when possible and sharing your
all disabilities who are concerned with:
thoughts and ideas with others
a. eliminating architectural barriers (any man-made structure
b. writing and telephoning fellow members and officials on
that limits the daily activities of an individual)
issues concerning the handicapped
b. increasing accessible housing for all handicapped individuals
C. increasing community awareness of the potential and needs
c. creating and improving employment opportunities for the
of those individuals with handicaps
handicapped
d. acting as consultant-advocate on behalf of the disabled
d. improving education on all levels and facilitating the distribu-
e. referring persons with disabilities to MAP as a source of help
tion of information on local educational institutions
and information
e. speaking before groups and organizations concerning vari-
f. presenting the handicapped as a vital, productive part of the
ous disabilities and clarifying the problems and potential of
community
the handicapped
f. initiating and supporting legislation for the benefit of the
What can you expect from MAP? HELP in the areas of,
handicapped community as a whole
but not limited to: employment, education, housing,
equipment, homemaking, recreation, and legislation.
MAP members have influenced the establishment of:
MAP publications;
a. Bay State Wheelchair Games - An annual event attracting
wheelchair athletes and aspiring athletes from all parts of the
a. The MAP Newsletter ($2 per year, free to members)
country.
b. MAP Annual Report
b. Worcester Wheelers Bowling League - A bowling league
C. Housing Needs of the Handicapped (1970)
made up of and open to adults with various kinds of physical
d. A Resource Guide for the Disabled of Massachusetts (1975)
handicaps. It offers recreation, exercise, and social activities
($2)
to those who might otherwise become shut-ins.
MAP affiliations:
C. Baystate Wheelers Basketball Team - A group of disabled
a. Mass. Council of Organization of the Handicapped (MCOH)
men who practice regularly and play benefit games in their
b. National Paraplegia Foundation (NPF)
wheelchairs.
C. American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities (ACCD)
d. Worcester Area Transitional Housing, Inc. - A program
MAP officers: An updated listing of officers, Board members
designed to teach young adults with various types of severe
and committee chairpersons may be obtained from the address
disabilities to eventually live independently in the commu-
below.
nity. It is located at 507-J Main Street, Worcester, Mass.
02172.
Offical State-wide Chapter of the
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation
369 Elliot Street
Newton Upper Falls, Massachusetts 02164
(617) 964-6191
28
Spinal Cord Injury from page 26
living. The purpose is to serve individuals who become
KANSAS PARALYSIS
paralyzed as a result of spinal cord injury. Activities in-
clude:
CHAPTER OF
promoting ideal standards of care;
documenting available resources;
NATIONAL SPINAL CORD
coordinating resources at the local level;
providing case consultation services to persons who
INJURY FOUNDATION
have recently experienced spinal cord injury and their
families;
formerly NATIONAL PARAPLEGIA FOUNDATION
developing and providing independent living services
that help high-level quadriplegics and others with se-
ESTABLISHED GOALS
vere physical disabilities make the transition from de-
pendent situations to independent community lifestyles;
ELIMINATION OF:
educating professionals about proper methods of
providing care and rehabilitation; and
ARCHITECTURAL BARRIERS
implementing a program of public education that fo-
ATTITUDINAL BARRIERS
cuses on prevention of spinal cord injury and abilities of
individuals who have been paralyzed as a result of
spinal cord injury.
ACCESS TO:
2. The National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation supports and
EDUCATION
encourages research aimed at improving care for per-
sons with spinal cord injury and developing a cure for
TRANSPORTATION - RECREATION
spinal cord injury and disease. To pursue these objec-
tives, the following activities are undertaken:
EMPLOYMENT - HOUSING
promoting neuroscientific research;
promoting improved clinical care through professional
SUPPORT SPINAL CORD RESEARCH
education and support of research conducted by other
agencies and organizations;
1000 PARKLANE - SUITE 303
promoting research to improve equipment and special
devices;
WICHITA, KANSAS
providing fellowships for postdoctoral researchers
(316) 684-1801
working on basic neuroscientific problems;
sponsoring biennial conferences on basic neuroscien-
tific research;
publishing scholarly research bibliographies; and
facilitating exchange of information between and
among scientists.
3. The National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation pursues reso-
lution of issues related to the everyday lives of paraplegics
and quadriplegics. Problem areas include access, hous-
ing, transportation, employment, and leisure. Activities
are carried out primarily through the chapter structure of
the Foundation. Specifically, chapters:
provide peer counseling on a person-to-person basis;
help through personal contact to motivate individuals
with spinal cord injury to establish realistic goals in
regard to employment, education, transportation, and
adaptation to wheelchair living;
Please remember
distribute information to paraplegics, quadriplegics,
when constructing a curb or building.
and others in regard to equipment, personal care, spe-
be sure to plan for the handicapped, too !
Photo by Joseph A. Frisina
cial devices, and other important resources; and
advocate elimination of barriers to independent living
for persons who use wheelchairs for mobility.
DOG-GONE
What You Can Do
The National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation needs your
CURBS!
support and involvement. You can help by:
joining the Foundation;
volunteering to assist with its local, regional, and na-
Formerly the
tional programs;
National
National Paraplegia
Spinal Cord
Foundation
contributing money to support the services of the Foun-
Injury
dation and identifying others who can help; and
Foundation
For more information write:
speaking with your local, state, and national repre-
L. W. FREEMAN CHAPTER, INC.
630 N. College Room 335
sentatives in government about the needs and abilities
Indianapolis, Indiana 46204
of spinal cord injured people.
Phone: (317) 632-2028
29
The Year in Review
by Bruce E. Marquis
National
Spinal Cord
Injury
Foundation
Fiscal year 1978 has been a time of innovation as well as
Through the creation of regional service offices, the essen-
renewal; expansion as well as consolidation; changes as well
tial foundation programs of care, cure, and coping were
as the continuation of tradition. Marking the Foundation's 30th
expanded nationwide. Regional offices were established in
Anniversary, the fiscal/program year 1978-1979 has been a
Newton Upper Falls (New England), Milwaukee (Midwest),
time of excitement and growth for our organization.
and Denver (Rocky Mountains). Regional development has
begun in Orlando (Southeast), San Francisco (West Coast),
In May of 1978 the Board of Directors accomplished a
and Washington, D.C. (Mid-Atlantic).
merger between the National Paraplegia Foundation and the
Chapter growth and development has witnessed a drama-
New England Spinal Cord Injury Foundation, in effect combin-
tic increase this fiscal year, and twelve state chapters have
ing the two organizations most dedicated to improving care
been established:
for civilians with spinal cord injuries. Bruce Marquis was
Alabama
Maine
appointed Executive Director and the Central Administrative
Colorado
New Hampshire
Office was shifted from Chicago, Illinois, to Newton Upper
Connecticut
Oregon
Falls, Massachusetts.
Florida
Tennessee
Demonstrating their renewed commitment to persons with
Illinois
Wisconsin
spinal cord injury, the members of the foundation voted over-
Indiana
Vermont
whelmingly to change the organization's name to National
These joined the existing state chapters: Arkansas, Geor-
30
Spinal Cord Injury Foundation, effective January 1, 1979.
gia, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island.
Membership Increases 40%
Response to the Foundation's growth and renewal has
National Spinal Cord Injury
been overwhelmingly positive, as is reflected in the jump in
membership from 3,500 to 5,000 persons. A member of the
Foundation Finances
National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation is a person who pays a
minimum of $5 in dues and pledges to support the mission
Balance Sheets June 30, 1979, 1978, and 1977
and goals of the organization.
1979
1978
1977
Cash
$ 43,297
$ 39,521
$ 16,901
National Resource Directory Published
Certificates of deposit
40,000
35,000
48,000
Accounts receivable, net of allowance
Providing information that enables persons with physical
for doubtful accounts
72,191
5,838
4,227
disabilities to manage their lives more effectively is a pro-
Prepaid expenses
7,542
5,524
6,841
grammatic hallmark of the Foundation. Fiscal year 1978 wit-
Fixed assets, at cost, net of
nessed the publication of the 1979 National Resource Direc-
accumulated depreciation
11,110
8,189
2,372
tory, the most comprehensive document of its kind. 10,000
Assets
$174,140
$ 94,072
$ 78,341
copies were distributed throughout the country.
Notes payable to banks
$ 44,000
$ 5,000
Accounts payable
51,752
39,809
11,768
Jordan Fellowship Program Continues
Withheld and accrued payroll taxes
24,159
2,732
1,622
Deferred income
7,215
14,024
For the third consecutive year, the Foundation will award
Installment notes payable
8,941
7,490
post-doctoral research fellowships to outstanding young sci-
Total liabilities
$128,853
$ 57,246
$ 32,414
entists to study the processes involved in regeneration of the
General fund (deficit)
$ (252)
$(34,325)
$(28,878)
spinal cord. This support has been instrumental in promoting
General fund-unappropriated
1,658
(9,585)
Donor restricted fund
the investigations of some of the most gifted and dedicated
42,652
66,606
81,627
Endowment fund
2,887
2,887
2,763
scientists in the world.
Fund balances
$45,247
$ 36,826
$ 45,927
Independent Living Rehabilitation Programs
Liabilities and fund balances
$174,140
$ 94,072
$ 78,341
Five independent living rehabilitation programs, which en-
Contributions, Revenues, and Expenses for the Years Ended
able persons with spinal cord injuries and other severe physi-
June 30, 1979, 1978, and 1977
cal disabilities to regain and maintain productive lives in the
1979
1978
1977
community, have been established in Southeastern and
Contributions from individuals
Northeastern Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island,
and organizations
$202,751
$121,827
$150,607
and Maine.
Contributions from chapters
24,303
22,312
19,521
Total contributions
$227,054
$144,139
$170,128
Biennial Conference on Regeneration Conducted
Dues
$ 32,185
$ 27,513
$ 18,504
Convention
Fort Lauderdale, Florida, was the site of the fifth biennial
15,905
24,542
17,440
Publications
12,267
23,885
17,387
conference on Regeneration in the Central Nervous System
Government grants and.contracts
431,390
3,570
held May 7-9, 1979. The conference convened the nation's
Special events
68,892
23,490
19,670
outstanding scientists in this field for information-sharing and
Contracted services
8,000
1,758
1,960
Exhibit fees
professional advancement.
3,658
Miscellaneous, primarily
interest income
4,911
2,983
2,552
Corporate Support Strengthens
Total revenues
$573,550
$107,829
$ 81,083
Several major corporate contributions were received this
Total contributions and revenues
$800,604
$251,968
$251,211
year to support the Foundation's programs: Everest & Jen-
Expenses for awards and grants
$ 24,248
$ 35,542
nings provided $20,000 to underwrite the costs of printing the
Salaries and outside services
371,262
79,375
95,485
National Resource Directory; McDonalds' Corporation do-
Printing and publications
71,911
46,181
37,698
Supplies
nated $7,000 to cover publication costs of The Handbook of
41,679
24,816
19,841
Meetings
40,896
15,153
14,071
Care for Paraplegics and Quadriplegics; and an Insurance
Building occupancy
19,666
16,780
14,774
Industry Campaign has resulted in a contribution of $68,000
Professional fees
23,917
9,066
10,772
over the next three years.
Postage and shipping
13,556
7,401
5,204
Employee benefits
74,252
5,620
7,642
Payroll taxes
National Wheelchair Marathon
3,560
4,580
Telephone and telegraph
28,990
7,121
8,859
By far the most powerful public education program of the
Travel
61,223
3,366
6,359
Foundation, the National Wheelchair Marathon, was con-
Support for other organizations
957
1,429
380
Miscellaneous
24,678
ducted for the third time in conjunction with the famous
2,186
3,304
Disbursements for individuals
15,660
200
12,624
Boston Marathon on April 16, 1979. Ken Archer of Akron, Ohio,
Bad debts
1,600
became the new national champion with a winning time of
Depreciation
5,087
1,673
924
2:38:59.
Total functional expenses
$816,068
$261,069
$242,507
Excess (deficit) of contributions
Wheel-A-Thons See Second Year
and revenues over expenses
$(15,464)
(9,101)
$ 8,694
Fund balance, beginning of
Spring 1979 marks the second year for this chapter fund-
the year
36,826
45,927
37,233
raising event. The number of chapters conducting Wheel-a-
Fund balance, end of the year
$21,362
$36,826
$45,927
thons has more than quadrupled from last year.
These figures are based on audited financial reports, except that
1979 figures include fourth-quarter projections. Additional informa-
Bruce Marquis is executive director of the National Spinal Cord
tion is available from the Central Administrative Division of the
Injury Foundation.
Foundation.
31
accent
on people
who happen to have a disability
TWIN CITIES
+ ACCENT ON LIVING MAGAZINE -
CHAPTER
articles, news and ads of interest
to disabled individuals.
NATIONAL
+ ACCENT ON INFORMATION - a compu-
SPINAL CORD
terized retrieval system containing
INJURY
information to help disabled persons
live more effectively.
FOUNDATION
+ ACCENT SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS -
12 South 6th St., #1215
practical reference material on
Minneapolis, Minn. 55343
specific subjects of interest to
(612) 332-4541
disabled persons.
+ ACCENT BUYER'S GUIDE - over
EQUAL
400 sources of products and services
for disabled individuals. $10.00
OPPORTUNITY
per copy.
FOR ALL
WRITE NOW FOR INFORMATION
President: Jim Barton
accent
Post Office Box 700
Bloomington, III 61701
GREATER ST. LOUIS CHAPTER
NATIONAL SPINAL CORD
National
Spinal Cord
INJURY FOUNDATION
Injury
Foundation
WISHES YOU WELL AT THE
NATIONAL CONVENTION
Sacred Heart Rehabilitation Hospital
working with the National Spinal Cord Injury Founda-
tion to eliminate architectural barriers and improve
community understanding of the disabled.
helping the disabled achieve maximum in-
dependence through comprehensive rehabilitation
services.
1545 South Layton Boulevard
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53215
(414) 383-4490
Accredited by the Commission for the Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities
and by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals
32
Foundation Sponsors
Neuroscientific
Conference
by Richard P. Veraa
Forty-four scientists from the United States, Canada, Eng-
land, and Sweden gathered in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, May
REGENERATION and the CYTOSKELETON
7-9 for the Foundation's Fifth International Conference on
Microtubule-Neurofilament Network(~Imm/day)
Regeneration in the Central Nervous System. As at previous
conferences in this series, the participants represented many
disciplines including anatomy, biochemistry, biology, neurol-
ogy, neuropathology, neurosurgery, pharmacology, and phys-
iology. Each brought his or her own specialized expertise,
perspectives, and recent research findings to bear on the
single overwhelming question of restoring function to the
damaged spinal cord.
Sprouting
Over a year's planning by the Foundation's Scientific Advi-
sory Committee under the chairmanship of Bernice Grafstein
contributed to the success of the meeting. Further assistance
Elongation(4mm/day)
came from a liaison panel designated by the Society for
Neuroscience, whose cosponsorship of this year's confer-
ence attests to the importance of this topic in the scientific
Maturation
community.
Presentations at the conference covered a broad spectrum
of approaches to the problem of recovery from injury to the
nervous system, ranging from the identification of factors that
Above is a schematic drawing of events involved in reorganiza-
might promote neuronal survival and axonal regeneration to
tion of the cytoskeleton when the axon is cut. Neurofilaments
restoration of functional properties of the spinal cord by appli-
and microtubules accumulate in the cut stump during the
cation of a neuroprosthesis. Every topic was selected with a
period when the growth cone is forming. This accumulate pool
of neurofilament and microtubule protein may provide the
view toward stimulating participants to concentrate on under-
materials from which the cytoskeleton is formed as the axon
lying mechanisms rather than simply describing observed
elongates. During maturation the newly regenerated axon in-
phenomena.
creases in diameter. Raymond Lasek explained at the con-
The Damaged Spinal Cord
ference that this increase in diameter may represent the con-
tinued advance of the microtubule-neurofilament network
The conference opened with an overview of the properties
from the parent axon into the regenerate. Full-length pro-
of the neurologically isolated spinal cord. When the spinal
ceedings of the conference will be published.
cord is damaged, profound changes occur within the cord
itself. Knowledge of the functional and morphological pro-
storation of Bladder Function Following Spinal Cord Injury."
perties of the cord after its connections with the brain have
This session intensified the focus of the previous one in em-
been severed is therefore of fundamental importance in un-
phasizing a specific spinal cord circuit of vital importance to
derstanding paraplegia and quadriplegia and in formulating
paraplegics and quadriplegics. Arthur Loewy of the Depart-
strategies for reversal of these conditions. Lorne Mendell of
ment of Anatomy and Neurobiology at Washington University
the Department of Physiology at Duke University Medical
School of Medicine in St.Louis opened the session by de-
Center, Thomas A. Sears of the Department of Neurophysiol-
scribing the incredibly complex interactions of the sympathe-
ogy at the National Hospital in London, Sten Grillner of the
tic and parasympathetic nervous systems with the central
Department of Physiology at the Karolinska Institute in Stock-
and somatic nervous systems in the process of bladder func-
holm, and Michael Goldberger of the Department of Anatomy
tion, and William C. de Groat of the Department of Phar-
at the Medical College of Pennsylvania discussed their recent
macology at the University of Pittsburgh Medical School dis-
studies of alterations of reflex functions in the transected
cussed the equally complex alterations in these systems fol-
spinal cord from the combined viewpoints of elec-
lowing spinal cord injury, particularly the reorganization that
trophysiological activity, microscopic anatomy, and behav-
occurs as bladder reflex activity develops. Gaylan
ioral consequences.
Rockswold of the Department of Neurosurgery at the Univer-
Bladder Function After Injury
sity of Minnesota described experiments in animals to elicit
The second session of the conference was entitled "Mech-
bladder function by electrical stimulation of the bladder itself
anisms of Urinary Bladder Regulation and Prospects for Re-
continued on page 35
33
Best Wishes for a
Successful Convention
VETERANS
OF
AMERICA
4330 East-West Highway, Suite 300
Washington, D.C. 20014
Write for information about
Service
Legislation
Research
Advocacy
"Paraplegia
Sports
News"
International Disabled Expo
34
Neuroscientific Conference from page 33
and the nerves leading to it, and Blaine Nashold of the De-
partment of Neurosurgery at Duke University Medical Center
Central Massachusetts
reported on 27 human patients in whom bladder function had
been restored by the use of an electrical stimulator in the
Rehabilitation Center
sacral part of the spinal cord.
Apart from the exciting possibilities these techniques may
A Resident In-Patient and Out-Patient Treatment
offer persons with complete lack of bladder function, the
Facility with Newest Equipment Available
session was notable for the interchange and mutual involve-
ment between basic and clinical scientists that will become
increasingly important as wider clinical applications are
made possible by increased basic knowledge. This was un-
derlined in the general discussion at the close of the session
by Robert D. Wurster of the Department of Physiology at
Loyola University Medical Center, who discussed autonomic
and central nervous interactions in general and specifically
interactions through these pathways between the bladder
and the heart that may be of great importance in understand-
ing the mechanisms of autonomic dysreflexia.
Neuron Survival and Growth
The third session, dealing with chemical factors promoting
the survival and growth of neurons, may be considered the
Medically Supervised Comprehensive
keystone of the conference program, as it covered some of
Rehabilitation Services Including
the most significant developments of recent years and pro-
Physical Therapy
Occupational Therapy
vided a conceptual framework that influenced virtually all
Pool Therapy
Speech & Hearing Therapy
discussions throughout the meeting. As recently as the last
conference in this series (1976), only one known chemical
Treating the Physically Handicapped Amputees-
had been shown to affect the growth of nerve cells. This
Arthritics- Bursitis - Birth Defects- Cerebral
chemical, called Nerve Growth Factor, was discovered 30
Vascular Accidents- Speech Problems-
years ago and affects only certain classes of autonomic and
Driver Education for the Handicapped
sensory neurons. The existence of similar factors specific for
(617) 852-0450
other types of neurons was hypothesized long ago, but there
299 LINCOLN STREET
was no proof until recently.
WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS 01605
Ruben Adler of the Department of Biology at the University
of California in San Diego reported the discovery of such a
factor, one that promotes the growth and survival of ciliary
Springer
Publishing Company
ganglion cells. These cells control the muscles of the eye, and
the factor is found in the highest concentrations in the specific
muscles innervated by the neurons on which it acts. In the
Brock's Injuries of the Brain and
course of isolating this factor, Adler found a second and
distinct factor that induces the neurons affected by the first
Spinal Cord and Their Coverings
5th Edition
factor to grow fibers. Patricia Walicke of the Department of
Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School reported on the
Emanuel H. Feiring, M.D., editor
discovery of a chemical produced by muscle cells that has
The fifth edition of this well known work presents fresh
the power to completely alter the course of development of
views and changing concepts in the field of spinal
nerve cells, causing cells of one type (adrenergic) to change
cord injury. New chapters have been added on inju-
into cells of a completely different type (cholinergic) with
ries during infancy and childhood, the radiology of
completely different chemical and metabolic characteristics.
spinal trauma, and rehabilitation following cord
injury. Includes material on the pathology, metabolic
Finally, Gerald Fischbach of the Department of Pharmacology
alterations, diagnosis, and management of head
at Harvard Medical School described the discovery of a
and spinal trauma.
chemical produced by nerve cells that is necessary for estab-
974 pp.
203 figs.
1974
$44.00 hard
lishment of receptive connection sites on their target tissues.
The discovery of these factors supports the hypothesis that
The Psychological and Social Impact
virtually all factors of nerve cell growth and development —
of Physical Disability
and eventually regeneration - are controlled by chemical
Robert P. Marinelli, Ph.D. and
activities. Tasks in the coming years will involve identification
Arthur E. Dell Orto, Ph.D., editors
of still more chemical factors through such techniques as
Documents advances in rehabilitation and focuses
medium-conditioning, the tedious process of identifying each
on the impact of disability in little explored areas in
factor by sophisticated biochemical techniques, and elucida-
the lives of the disabled.
tion of the precise mechanism by which each factor acts on
"This superb book should be studied by patients
neurons.
and their families, as well as by all those who care
for them or even come in contact with them."
The Influence of Supportive Cells
-Journal of the American Medical Assoc.
432 pp.
1977
The fourth session of the conference examined the re-
$17.95 hard
C-8
sponses of glial cells the supportive cells that surround
Springer Publishing Company
continued on page 37
200 Park Ave. South, Dept. NSC19, New York, N.Y. 10003 35
THE
Complete Catalogue of
WHEELCHAIR
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Best Wishes for a Successful Convention
CHESTER SCHIFF, P.E.
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Communications, ICUs, ORs, X-Ray, Lasers, etc.
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BEST WISHES FOR A
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National Spinal Cord
Injury Foundation
36
A
Neurosclentific Conference from page 35
through the physical structural environment of the central
neurons in the nervous system - to injury. These "satellite"
nervous system than through the environment of the periph-
cells received little attention for many years, but during the
eral nervous system.
past decade they have been recognized as vital to all the
These observations were of great interest to several other
processes of growth and regeneration. Silvio Varon of the
conference participants who have concentrated more on cel-
Department of Biology at the University of California in San
lular effects. Similarly, many of the chemical phenomena de-
Diego, Amico Bignami of the Department of Neuropathology
scribed by other researchers should be of great value to
at Harvard Medical School, and Leif Hertz of the Department
Aguayo and Kao in their future surgical experiments.
of Anatomy at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon
described recent observations shedding new light on the
Formation of Synaptic Connections
wide range of complex intractions between glia and neurons
The topic of the final session of the conference was trans-
throughout the entire spectrum of growth, survival, and re-
synaptic mechanisms regulating the formation of synaptic
generation. This session extended the concepts of the pre-
connections. The establishment of correct synaptic connec-
ceding one, in that it was shown that most of these influences
tions is likely to be one of the last steps-but an essential step
are mediated by specific and specialized chemicals pro-
- in any process of nervous system regeneration. This im-
duced by the glial cells.
plies the operation of selectivity mechanisms of some kind.
Therefore the last session of the conference was concerned
Regeneration of the Axon
with selectivity mechanisms that are not determined solely by
The fifth session, "Factors Regulating Axonal Regenera-
the neuron and the cell upon which the connections are made
tion," opened with papers by Raymond Lasek of the Depart-
and also interactions between the neuron making the connec-
ment of Anatomy at Case Western Reserve University and
tions and other neurons higher in the nervous system that
Mark A. Bisby of the Division of Medical Physiology at the
connect to it. Ira B. Black of the Department of Neurology at
University of Calgary, who discussed the transport of mate-
Cornell University Medical College described a series of
rials required for regeneration of fibers from the cell body
studies of the development of animals in which either innervat-
down along the fiber to the cut tip. Different types of chemi-
ing neurons or their target cells had been selectively de-
cals are transported at several different rates of speed in both
stroyed. He discovered a pattern of mutual interdependence
normal and regenerating fibers. Lasek concentrated on the
that provided eloquent evidence for all the effects one might
slow transport of materials required for the filaments and
expect to derive from the chemical factors previously de-
tubules that provide the skeletal framework of the fiber and
scribed by Adler, Walicke, and Fischbach.
asked the question, Is the axon always prepared to regen-
Finally, Stephen D. Roper of the Department of Anatomy at
erate? By comparing transport in both normal and regenerat-
the University of Colorado Medical Center and Michael J.
ing axons, he concluded that the answer was yes; the supply
Dennis of the Department of Physiology at the University of
of proteins needed to normally maintain the axon is sufficient
California Medical Center in San Francisco described recent
for regeneration. He went on to describe the mechanisms by
work on the selectivity of connections with their appropriate
which the skeletal architecture of the neuron is reconstituted
target organs. Roper showed that the regeneration of pre-
during regeneration. (See drawing.)
synaptic axons in the cardiac ganglion of frogs is inhibited by
Bisby studied the more rapidly transported materials that
previously existing connections, and Dennis described the
are involved with transmitter release, axon metabolism, and
elimination of inappropriate connections in the development
maintenance of the cell membrane. Although he noted many
of nerve-muscle synapses in the intercostal muscles of the
changes in this transport system following injuries, he con-
rat. It was hypothesized many years ago that selectivity of
cluded that since rapidly-transported materials are quickly
synapses might be mediated by some chemical forces, but
turned over in the normal neuron, an axon shortened by injury
the nature and action of the chemicals involved remain to be
may actually require less fast-transported material for regen-
explained. The recent discoveries of chemical factors with
eration than an intact axon. He also described studies of
enormous consequences for growth and development will
materials transported in the opposite direction (from the axon
surely give new impetus for the precise identification of the
tip back to the body), which may provide chemical signals to
nature and mechanisms of factors in this area as well.
the cell body that damage has occurred.
It appeared from these studies that the failure of central
A Word of Caution to the Reader
axons to regenerate is less a problem of the neuron itself than
The reader should be cautioned that this article has sum-
of the environment-particularly the chemical environment-
marized to the extent of gross over-simplification in many
through which the fibers must grow. Presentations by Albert J.
cases. Topics discussed at the conference will be placed in
Aguayo of the Department of Neurology at McGill University in
the perspective of their relative importance to scientists and
Montreal and Carl C. Kao of the Department of Anatomy at
to quadriplegics and paraplegics by Bernice Grafstein in her
Georgetown University in Washington described attempts to
report to the Foundation at this year's national convention. It is
gain information on the environmental differences between
hoped, however, that these brief glimpses of the proceedings
peripheral nerves, which do regnenerate, and central nerves,
will give the reader some idea of the scope and magnitude of
which do not. They reported on a variety of experiments in a
concepts developing in the quest to promote central nervous
number of different systems in which either peripheral or
system regeneration. There are many interactions. A wide
central tissues had been implanted into lesions of the periph-
variety of mutually important approaches must be taken,
eral and central nervous systems. In all cases, fibers were
combined with work in all other areas, and finally synthesized
observed to grow more profusely into tissues of peripheral
into an overall understanding if a solution to the problem of
nervous system origin or cultured cells derived from it. Kao
regeneration is to be found.
reported on an extensive series of electronmicroscopic
studies comparing regeneration in the central and peripheral
nervous systems. He also developed a new hypothesis to
Rich Veraa is director of the research division of the National
explain why it is more difficult for central nerve fibers to grow
Spinal Cord Injury Foundation.
37
Foundation Fellowships
for Young Researchers
For the third year, the National Spinal Cord Injury Founda-
tion has awarded postdoctoral research fellowships to out-
standing young scientists for the study of processes involved
in regeneration of the spinal cord. The three 1978 fellowship
recipients, now completing the term of their awards, have
already reported significant findings and productive work,
which will be described in Paraplegia Life this fall upon com-
pletion of their projects. The outstanding quality of applicants,
both last year and this, has been a gratifying indication of the
interest among young scientists in the problem of spinal cord
injury. Although worthy applications have exceeded the
Foundation's resources by tenfold, our support has been
instrumental in promoting the work of some of the most gifted
and dedicated investigators in the world.
The fellowship program also has served to demonstrate the
need for support of promising young scientists, and we are
gratified that the National Institute of Neurological and Com-
municative Disorders and Stroke has during the past year
significantly increased its share of Federal funding in this
area, effectively complementing our efforts in the private sec-
tor.
Major funding for the Foundation's program is made
possible by the generosity, dedication, and foresight of R.S.
Jordan, a member of the Foundation board of directors.
Thomas M. Brushart, Jordan Fellow
The recipient of the $15,000 Jordan Fellowship for 1979-80
is Thomas M. Brushart, 30 years old. Born in Washington,
D.C., he received his B.A. degree in biology magna cum
laude from Harvard College and his M.D. in 1976 from Har-
vard Medical School. His interests have ranged from biology,
arctic, and oceanographic research to orthopedic and
neurological surgery.
While working as an instructor in anatomy at Harvard in
1978, Brushart's interests turned to problems of neurological
regeneration. First, he was able to establish a method for
demonstrating motor and sensory connections of peripheral
nerves and individual muscles. The ability to demonstrate
repair and to note that the method of repair influences the
central sensory projections of peripheral nerves is a relatively
specificity of subsequent regeneration.
important contribution to neuroanatomy, and this work is now
Brushart has noted that recovery after peripheral nerve
in press in the journal Neuroscience. Furthermore, Brushart
repair is often unsatisfactory, with persistent disturbances of
has been able to demonstrate the reorganization of central
both sensory and motor function. These disturbances have
connections following nerve repair. Although suspected, this
been attributed by many investigators to the misalignment of
had never been demonstrated before and offers an anatomi-
axons at the repair site, which disrupts organizational rela-
cal explanation for the poor motor coordination that follows
tionships between the central and peripheral nervous system.
peripheral nerve repair. In the course of these experiments,
As early as 1953, S. Sunderland advocated microsurgical
38
Brushart was also able to compare different types of nerve
continued on page 41
The National Spinal Cord Injury Foundation Announces the Jordan
Fellowship and Foundation Research Fellowships for Biomedical Research
in Central Nervous Regeneration
The National Spinal Cord
All research work by a
of the Evaluation Panel no
Application Instructions
Injury Foundation will
Fellow is to be under the
more than one fellowship
Information to accompany
consider applicants from
guidance of a qualified
per year, to be designated
applications and renewals:
accredited medical schools
investigator designated by
the Jordan Neuroscientific
1. A curriculum vitae and
and universities for grants
the school. Fellows are
Research Fellowship, may
bibliography of
to support annually a
expected to devote the
be awarded to one
publications.
limited number of
major portion of their time
outstanding applicant with
2. Scholastic records- -
fellowships.
to research, but may
a stipend of $15,000.
medical school and/or
The Foundation wishes
include some study and
The sources and amount
graduate school
to support individuals of
clinical experience in allied
of other income that the
transcript.
unusual originality in
fields. The medical school
applicant expects to receive
3. Two descriptions of the
biomedical research.
or university must agree to
during the period of the
proposed medical
Awards are intended to
supply adequate
Fellowship should be
research, one in
help promising young
equipment, laboratory
clearly stated in the
nontechnical language
postdoctoral investigators
facilities and supplies.
application. While other
less than 200 words.
in early stages of their
Quarterly reports are to
income will not preclude
The technical outline
careers, rather than to
be submitted to the
favorable consideration of
should state the
assist in the support of well
Research Director of the
an application, preference
significance of the
established individuals to
Foundation covering the
will be shown to applicants
problem and include
whom more general
principal results of the
whose major source of
plans for solving it,
sources of funds may be
research and fellowship
income will be the
hypotheses,
available.
experience. All published
fellowship award.
methodology, and
The area of the proposed
papers resulting from
Applications for renewal of
expected results.
program of research may
research performed as a
award will be competitive
4. Letters from the
be in any biomedical
National Spinal Cord Injury
with all other applications.
director and/or project
discipline and should relate
Foundation Fellow should
How to Make Application
supervisor of the
to the elucidation and
carry a suitable footnote
department in which the
understanding of growth
acknowledgment and one
Individuals should apply
work will be done
and regeneration in the
reprint should be sent to
through any accredited
stating:
central nervous system as
the Foundation.
medical school or
a. that the applicant will
it may eventually apply to
university for a National
Qualifications of
be accepted.
the prevention or reversal
Spinal Cord Injury
b. that facilities and
of paralysis caused by
Applicants
Foundation Fellowship.
supplies will be
injury or disease of the
Fellowships are open to
The applicant and his
available.
spinal cord. It is the hope
applicants who have
cooperating school should
c. the significance of the
and aim of the Foundation
attained the degree of
join in preparing
research to be
to contribute to the
Doctor of Medicine or
information for
conducted and
alleviation of suffering
Doctor of Philosophy.
presentation to the
potential of
caused by spinal cord
Preference will be given to
Foundation in accordance
researcher.
injury or disease.
applicants who have
with instructions.
5. A letter from the dean of
attained this degree within
Application forms are
the medical school or
Fields of Study and
three years of the
available from the
Conditions of Appointment
university sponsoring
commencement of the
Foundation.
the applicant stating
Awards will be made for
fellowship period.
All applications should be
endorsement of the
research work in any field
Applicants must be
received by the Foundation
project.
of biomedical science
sponsored by an
prior to April 1 for awards
approved by the
accredited medical school
during the following fiscal
Mail Application to
Foundation and a panel
or university.
year.
Research Director
representing its Medical
and Scientific Advisory
Amount and Term of
National Spinal Cord Injury
Foundation
Committees. The research
Fellowship
Research Division
project awarded must
Foundation Fellowship
4440 NW 19th Street
begin within the fiscal year
appointments are for
Key Palm Villa
it is granted (beginning
one-year periods. As a rule,
Suite L-111
July 1).
stipends will not exceed
Lauderhill, Florida 33313
$12,000 plus $500 per
dependent of any given
applicant. At the discretion
39
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40
Young Researchers from page 38
techniques involving the individual repair of the separate
Where can you get
axon bundles within a nerve to avoid the fiber mismatching
often found when only the outside covering of the nerve is
repaired. A number of recent investigations have questioned
MORE for LESS?
the benefits of the more tedious and exacting repair of indi-
vidual nerve bundles as opposed to the relatively easy stitch-
ing together of the entire nerve. These studies, however, were
primarily concerned with effects at the site of peripheral nerve
repair, such as counts of fibers crossing the injury and con-
duction of impulses across it.
Brushart wondered if there might be a difference in the
appropriateness of the connection coming from the spinal
cord to the muscles innervated by these peripheral nerves.
Using modern biochemical techniques, he was able to trace
individual fibers back to their cell bodies within the spinal cord
and was able to demonstrate that the more exacting micro-
surgery was indeed superior in terms of connecting the motor
neurons to the proper muscles. In the process of comparing
different types of surgery to the connections in normal ani-
mals, Brushart also developed much important new informa-
WHEELCHAIR
tion about the anatomy of motor nerve connections. Moreover,
The Superlift
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he found that abnormal peripheral connections produced
More of the interior roominess you
profound alterations in patterns of connections within the
central nervous system itself.
bought that van for!
Under the Jordan fellowship, Brushart will work in the labo-
ratories of Marcel Mesulam at Harvard University to extend
More simple operation - for quick entry.
his studies to include sensory nerve repair processes. The
immediate implications of this research may be expected to
More
dependability - all electric - no
have a profound effect on surgical techniques of peripheral
nerve repair. More important, from the standpoint of the goals
hydraulics to freeze.
of the Foundation, the knowledge gained from these studies
may be expected to significantly advance basic understand-
More
quality of construction & materials.
ings of control mechanisms in axon regeneration and synap-
tic patterns in the spinal cord.
More
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coast to coast.
Graham Eric Fagg, Foundation Research Fellow
A $12,500 Foundation Research Fellowship is awarded to
Less
- and where it counts,
Graham Eric Fagg, age 27. Born in England, he received his
your BANKROLL!
B.S. in pharmacology at University of Liverpool and his Ph.D.
in pharmacology at University College London in 1976. His
SGIV Hand Control
doctoral research consisted of a study of amino acid release
and uptake in the spinal cord, for which he developed a highly
& Steering Device
sensitive assay for measuring minute concentrations of amino
acids. He continued postdoctoral research at the Max Planck
You KNOW it
and TRUST it.
Institut fur Experimentelle Medezin in Gottingen, Germany,
Can you afford
and at the Universitaire Vaudois in Lausanne, Switzerland,
not to call or
where he has studied neurochemistry with particular empha-
write today?
sis on the properties of myelin (the fatty substance that sur-
rounds major nerve fibers in the central nervous system) as
well as other chemical activities of the central nervous
HAND CONTROL
system.
SHOWN WITH
STEER DEVICE
Within the past year, a research group in Sweden reported
that nerve fibers in a region of the rat brain known as the
hippocampus were able to regenerate and reach their normal
Most orders
shipped same
target neurons to an extraordinary extent after experimental
day received.
injury provided that implants of embryonic brain tissue were
For your
placed in the cavity formed by the injury. Fagg wishes to follow
convenience
G-
HANDICAPS,
up on this observation and accordingly will, under this fellow-
INC.
ship, work at the University of California at Irvine in the labora-
4335 So. Santa Fe Drive
tories of Carl W. Cotman, an internationally recognized expert
Englewood, Colorado 80110
on central nervous system plasticity in general and on the
(303) 781-2062
hippocampal formation in particular.
VA
APPROVED
OTHER SPECIAL PRODUCTS.
Initial experiments will duplicate and expand upon the
Swedish studies with animals. Fagg's work will be done over
ASK FOR FREE LITERATURE.
continued on page 43
41
SAF-T-LIFT
BY
GOLLins
1
The vital link to mobility.
Like the name implies, SAF-T-LIFT is solid and safe. It operates
smoothly, utilizing electro-hydraulic power. The danger of cable or chain
2
breakage was never a part of SAF-T-LIT. All you have to do is roll onto
and off of the platform with the automatic SAF-T-LIFT version. Control
switches are always within easy reach of the operator. We custom-
position them to suit individual needs. Opening and closing of the van
doors can be automated if desired. When an attendant is necessary, you
may prefer the semi-automatic version. The platform is lowered from and
raised to transit position manually. All action thereafter is automated.
Collins design innovation has eliminated the header bar so common to
other units. As the platform unfolds, the framework simultaneously
moves outward to miss the van frame. A wheelchair, with or without
3
attendant, rolls onto Saf-T-Lift with ease because the entry ramp adjusts
to any height. Whenever the lift is in use, the ramp becomes an anti-roll
guard, raising to a vertical position.
Dealer
Inquiries
Invited
4
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COLLINS INDUSTRIES, INC.
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Box 58 Hutchinson, Kansas 67501 Phone 316-663-4441
42
Young Researchers from page 41
of these contacts, such that their normal signalling and regu-
longer periods of time and with special attention given to the
lating duties can no longer be performed. Injury to any part of
processes of myelin formation around regeneration fibers.
the nervous system, even mild, thus drastically alters the
Further studies will be performed to determine whether the
function of that part, and the alteration may be permanent if
mechanical or chemical properties of the implanted em-
the affected cells cannot re-establish the necessary contacts
bryonic tissue are responsible for the promotion of regenera-
and supply of the sustaining substances.
tion. If the latter is the case, Fagg will utilize his biochemical
Very little is known about either the identity or action of these
skills to isolate the chemical factor or factors responsible for
substances or factors. Until recently, only one such candidate
this growth, characterize their chemical structures, and
substance - known as Nerve Growth Factor - had been
elucidate their mechanisms of action on the regenerating
identified, and it acts only upon a very limited class of
nerve cells.
neurons. Attempts to isolate similar substances with actions
on different classes of neurons had been in vain until tech-
Marcia Gail Honig, Foundation Research Fellow
niques developed in the past few years provided evidence
A $12,500 Foundation Fellowship is awarded to Marcia Gail
that other such substances with a variety of effects possibly
Honig, age 26. Born in New York City, she received her B.A. in
governing all aspects of nerve growth and development do in
biology from Princeton University and her Ph.D in neurobiol-
fact exist. This is a very new and important area of investiga-
ogy from Yale University in 1979. Her dissertation research
tion, lying at the very forefront of current regeneration re-
search.
concerned the mechanisms by which appropriate connec-
tions are made during development in the chick embryo.
The project proposed by Tuttle is to attempt to isolate and
Utilizing the skills acquired in these delicate and painstaking
identify another such substance, one that seems to be neces-
studies, she proposes to complement her background in
sary for the survival of the nerve that controls the muscles of
developmental neurobiology by working on problems of spi-
the eye. Both embryonic and adult nerve cells will be removed
nal cord organization in adult mammals.
from laboratory animals and grown under controlled condi-
Honig notes that spinal cord transection in humans, cats,
tions of cell culture. The active survival-sustaining substance
and monkeys results in chronic enhancement of reflexes at
or substances will then be isolated by testing purified compo-
levels below the lesion, a fact well known by all paraplegics
nents of tissue extracts for their ability to support normal
who experience spasticity of the lower limbs. The physiologi-
growth and function. The electrical, biochemical, and
anatomical effects of these substances will be assessed. It is
cal basis of some of these behavioral changes can be exam-
ined in the cat at the level of a single synapse. Elec-
hoped that similar substances may support the survival and
trophysiological techniques have shown that transmission
function of other nerves that control muscles, and that under-
between sensory fibers and motoneurons is enhanced in
standing the dependence of nerve cells upon such factors
segments just below the level of transection.
will aid in the search for ways to stimulate nerves to re-
Honig's experiments in the laboratory of Lorne Mendell at
establish their proper connections after an injury.
Duke University will examine in detail the extent of this synap-
tic enhancement between various different species of sen-
sory fibers and motoneurons. A major aim of this work is to
JOSEPH BULOVA SCHOOL OF WATCHMAKING
explain the mechanism or mechanisms responsible for the
increase-sprouting of new terminals by sensory fibers being
Quality, Personalized Instruction
one possibility under examination. A second aim is to deter-
Since 1945
mine if the highly specific pattern of connectivity found nor-
mally is maintained despite the changes in at least some
connections. Additionally, selective partial lesions of the spi-
nal cord will be made to determine whether removal of most
input to motoneurons, damage to one branch of the sensory
WATCHMAKING * WATCH REPAIR *
BASIC
fibers, or a combination of these is responsible for eliciting the
ELECTRONICS
changes that result in enhanced synaptic transmission.
This study of a single well-defined system should contrib-
ute to our general understanding of the various adjustments
- Ideal learning, housing and dining
that occur in the spinal cord in response to injury and add to
facilities
basic knowledge of synapse formation and organization that
- Medical treatment and therapy
will be required if functional regeneration is to occur.
- Individualized vocational counseling
- Placement service
Jeremy B. Tuttle, Foundation Research Fellow
- Heated indoor pool and sauna
A $12,500 Foundation Research Fellowship is awarded to
- Gymnasium and recreational sports
Jeremy B. Tuttle, age 31. Born in New York City, he received his
- BEOG available, NATTS approved
A.B. in biology at the University of Rochester and his Ph.D in
- VA/OVR approved
physiology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 1976.
Subsequently, he has performed postdoctoral research in
neurobiology at the University of Connecticut. Tuttle notes that
the proper function of nerve cells, and even their very survival,
For further information,
depends upon the continual availability and transfer of spe-
cific chemical substances among the nerve cells and be-
Write: 40-24 62nd St.
tween them and various tissues of the body with which they
Woodside, New York 11377
make contact. Because of this, profound alterations in the
Call: (212) 424-2929
structure and function of nerves follow the interruption of any
43
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1701 S. First Avenue
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A Newcomer's View
of the 1979
Wheelchair
Marathon
by Jon Barak
with photos by Roland Sharillo
Some of you reading these words would have a difficult time
riding a bicycle 26 miles. A larger number might not make it
walking. On April 16, 1979, Patriots Day, over 10,000 made it
running.
Led by three-time winner Bill Rodgers, who at 2:9:27 broke
his own record time for this granddaddy of all marathon races,
the 10,000 braved cold winds and a chilling rain over the
grueling course from the village of Hopkinton, up Heartbreak
Hill, and across the finish line at Boston's Prudential Center.
These 10,000 able-bodied athletes participated in this oldest
of amateur athletic competitions. And then there were 20
more.
Perhaps it is because Mr. Boston Marathon, Will Cloney of
the Boston Athletic Association, has fought against all pres-
sures to keep the race truly an amateur competition that this
event has remained SO special. Perhaps that is why he gives
his support to the group of racers who this year numbered 20.
Well past the five-hour mark, the number of unofficial run-
ners slowed to a trickle. Police began to dismantle the plat-
form where Mayor Kevin White and Governor Edward King
placed victory leaves of laurel on the heads of Rodgers and
Joan Benoit, who shattered the women's record of 2:42:24 by
an incredible margin of seven minutes and nine seconds. The
ropes used to channel runners into the proper finishing lanes
were gone. The police and volunteers who had done such a
"No, they didn't drop out.
fantastic job of keeping the million-plus crowd under control
didn't care any longer when people jumped the barricades to
You don't know these people.
congratulate runners personally. My fingers were red and stiff
from being wrapped around a metal camera body in the rain
Let's go out on the course
for five hours.
I turned to Bruce Marquis, race director for the National
and look for them."
Wheelchair Marathon and executive director of the National
Spinal Cord Injury Foundation.
"Bruce, do you still think they're coming? Maybe they
Then Robert Darrell Ray of Hollywood, California, via Louis-
dropped out because of the cold."
ville, Kentucky (Louisville's Distinguished Citizen of 1974),
"No, they didn't drop out. You don't know these people. Let's
jumped the curb and moved his wheelchair up on the
go out on the course and look for them."
sidewalk, away from the traffic. His left arm was lying limp
We started up the hill and turned right. Bruce shouted at a
across his lap. He was struggling to push his chair up the
runner:
incline with one hand.
"Did you see any wheelchairs back there?"
Bruce found two motorcycle policemen, who blocked off a
"There are two someplace," was the reply.
lane so Darrell could re-enter the street. They were joined by
We crossed Newbury Street and turned up Commonwealth
two foot patrolmen and a squad car that kept the area
Avenue. Three blocks ahead the street was being opened to
cordoned off. Suddenly people for whom the 83rd Boston
automobile traffic. It looked like there was a wheelchair there,
Marathon had become something to talk about over cocktails
but it was impossible to tell for sure. There were too many
came to life. They began to cheer wildly.
cars.
continued on page 47
45
Te
Ford
has a better idea
(we listen better)
Especially for you!
For a specially equipped, better idea automobile, see
your Ford or Lincoln-Mercury dealer. He's prepared to
assist you in every way.
46
"I participate in wheelchair athletics because I am an athlete.
I was an athlete before my accident.
now I am a wheel-
chair athlete."
Wheelchair Marathon from page 45
Massachusetts, became the first person to push a wheelchair
"Atta boy! Keep pushing! You're just about there!"
over the marathon distance. In 1977 seven wheelchair
Windows all along Commonwealth Avenue opened up, and
athletes entered the race. This year there were over 35 appli-
people leaned out cheering Darrell on. Pushing first with one
cants for the 20 positions allowed by the Boston Athletic
hand and then the other, occasionally with both, Darrell was
Association.
way past the wall, getting the last ounce of energy from his
A team of five wheelchair competitors wanted to come from
exhausted body.
Sweden under the auspices of Karsten Inde of Sweden's
Finally, with one last effort, he turned the corner and saw the
Rikryterings Gruppen (Organizations for the Disabled). Bruce
finish line a quarter of a mile away. Now it was downhill. He
said:
could have coasted. After all, what difference does a few
"When the Swedish group wanted to come and bring
seconds make when your time already exceeds five hours?
Swedish television, it was extremely difficult for me to say no.
Darrell didn't come to coast. He came to race, and race he
We hope very much that in the future we can increase the
did. Pushing with both hands, he gained speed and crossed
number of participants SO that the wheelchair marathon can
the finish line. What the late crowd lacked in numbers it more
become an international event. We want the whole world to
than made up for with enthusiastic applause.
know that while there are people who because of an accident
Robert Darrell Ray was not the first wheelchair racer to
or disease have disabilities, these people nonetheless are
cross the finish line of the 83rd Boston Marathon. Kenneth
whole and deserving in every way of acceptance by society
Archer of Akron, Ohio, won with a time of 2:38:59. Sheryl Bair,
as complete individuals."
a dark-haired beauty from Sacramento, California, rolled
So, who are the people we are talking about? How do we
across with the fastest women's time of 3:27:56.
deal with them on an individual basis and within the frame-
The weather prevented a repeat of last year's finish, when
work of organized society?
George Murray, the winner in the wheelchair competition,
Movie-makers, among others, have grappled with the is-
crossed the finish line ahead of Bill Rodgers, the winning
sues. The Academy-Award-winning film "Coming Home"
runner. (The wheelchair marathoners begin the race 15 min-
was, in a variety of ways, a classic encounter with a group of
utes ahead of the runners.)
handicapped Vietnam veterans facing the necessity of ad-
After the race this year, Murray said:
justing their lives to their disabilities. Robert Darrell Ray
"There is no doubt in my mind that the next time the mara-
helped make that film, and I asked him about his experiences.
thon is run under ideal weather conditions a wheelchair com-
"It was very illuminating for me," he said, "I was just an extra
petitor will clock a faster time than the fastest runner. Last year
in the hospital scenes, so I had a great deal of time to sit back
when I finished ahead of Bill Rodgers I felt like Don Quixote
and observe the film-making process. I tried to imagine my-
pushing over windmills. I had hoped this year to beat his best
self doing the jobs of the writers, directors, film editors, tech-
time, but there were too many traction problems on the hills
nicians, and actors. I watched the interaction between the
because of the rain."
professional movie-makers and the disabled people working
This is the third year wheelchair competitors have raced in
on the film. I began to realize that there were very few in-
the Boston Marathon. In 1975 Bob Hall, a native of Belmont,
continued on page 49
47
PLEASANT BATHING AND HYDRO-MASSAGE
FOR THE
HANDICAPPED
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48
"We are all born into bodies in this world. We are all measured
by how we use our bodies. Everyone, able-bodied and
handicapped alike, has to deal with this."
Wheelchair Marathon from page 47
Darrell Ray made another pertinent comment in regard to
stances in which the disabled could not adapt to a situation
his experience in "Coming Home."
and do just as well as the able-bodied. I could see that many
"I watched Jon Voight very closely to see how involved he
of the disabled people would have been able to contribute to
was with the reality of life in a wheelchair. There were a number
any film production, whether or not it had anything to do with
of times while he was playing football that he suddenly tipped
disability. Society must stop looking at us as freaks."
over backwards. I half expected him to jump to his feet and sit
I asked Ray why he participates in wheelchair athletics. He
back down in his chair. He didn't. He pulled himself back into
answered with a bit of philosophy:
the chair the same way I do. Jon Voight knows the wheelchair
"We are all born into bodies in this world. We are all meas-
athlete is just another athlete dealing with the rigors of his
ured by how we use our bodies. In this society there is an
sport."
over-emphasis of physical competence and physical beauty.
At the marathon victory banquet I listened as person after
Everyone, able-bodied and handicapped alike, has to deal
person spoke with self-assurance and eloquence, from a
with this. By participating in wheelchair athletics, I am attack-
wheelchair. Why not? Is there anything that dictates a stand-
ing the problem, at its source-not only for myself and other
ing position is necessary for eloquence?
disabled people, but also for everone else. When I compete in
I listened as well-intentioned speaker after well-intentioned
the marathon; I am able to say that I have used my body to its
speaker stood and talked about the great courage of people
utmost capacity, the same as Bill Rodgers does. There is no
who had overcome disabilities to participate in the Boston
difference between us. We are both athletes who have trained
Marathon. Did the well-intentioned miss the point?
hard and gone out and given our best."
I asked George Murray, "What has participating in wheel-
The message from all 20 participants in the wheelchair
chair athletics meant to you in helping you overcome your
marathon was essentially the same. As one person put it:
disability?"
"We don't want to be viewed as crippled athletes. We are
"That is a difficult question, because the words mean so
athletes like all other athletes. We train mentally and physi-
many different things to SO many different people. l'll give it to
cally just as other athletes do. Some athletes play soccer or
you straight. I have asthma. Marathon racing has helped my
football. Some climb mountains. We race, play basketball and
asthma tremendously. I am 80 percent improved, but hell,
football, participate in track and field events, lift weights, and
man, I still can't walk. I participate in wheelchair athletics
do other things while we sit in wheelchairs. There is no differ-
because I am an athlete. I was an athlete before my accident.
ence.
Since then I have used a wheelchair. Now I am a wheelchair
"The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) and the New York City
athlete."
Marathon have barred wheelchair athletes from participating
I ask you in all seriousness, Who is handicapped?
in their events. They view us as freaks. Shame on them. They
should climb into a chair and try to push it 26 miles on a wet
John Barak is a freelance writer and photographer from Stock-
day. It might teach them the true significance of competition, if
holm. An American who grew up in tl.e United States, he has
they could finish the course."
lived in Sweden for more than ten years.
49
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50
Peer Counseling:
Process and Goal
by Eric L. Griffin and William Martin
Peer counseling among persons with severe physical dis-
successful disabled people could inspire hope by demon-
abilities grew from a multifaceted realization on the part of
strating in person the reality of independent and worthwhile
rehabilitation professionals and persons with disabilities that
lives outside institutions, away from home, and so forth. While
individuals were being institutionalized or kept in dependent
this worked imperfectly, it was clearly helpful. Implied in this is
environments and behavioral patterns much longer than was
the potential ability of peer counseling to reduce threat, en-
right or necessary after experiencing physical loss. It was
hance communication and self-esteem, and increase coping
also recognized that, to a large extent, this was happening
behavior.⁶
because people were not being prepared or were being
ill-prepared to live independently in the community. A central
Significant Questions
aspect was that the professionals comprising the rehabilita-
Along with recognition of peer counseling as a viable and
tion system had not been able to promote positive change
needed service has come the need to address questions of
and adjustment in several key areas. 1,2
continued on page 53
Many persons with disabilities can readily recall the incom-
plete and fragmented nature of their own rehabilitation ex-
periences and the many problems they and their families and
friends faced with inordinate difficulty and sometimes disas-
Photos by Massar
trous results. At fault were inadequate communication,
knowledge, skill development, and support as these persons
attempted to formulate coping strategies relative to housing,
transportation, personal needs, and the range of other chal-
lenges that confront an individual with a severe physical
disability who seeks a lifestyle approximating that afforded
able-bodied persons in our society. It is not without reason
that disabled persons often perceive themselves as lone
social fugitives, prisoners of expectations molded by a soci-
ety that is made uncomfortable by disability.³
Perhaps the law of averages dictated that some persons
with severe physical disabilities would have opportunities to
explore, understand, and act on issues in ways that were
effective and that also were very different from those they
Peer counseling is an essential part of many independent
would have adopted were it not for their disabilities. Through
living programs. Experienced disabled people advise those
successful response to the challenges of physical disability,
who are newly injured.
many of these persons developed refined and sophisticated
understandings of their bodies, diets, and medications as
well as service systems, available resources, and other topics
related to coping with a disability. These people in time were
identified as a needed resource that could be used effec-
tively.4.
5
In this context, many thoughtful individuals in the profes-
sional community came to a clear understanding that despite
unprecedented levels of professional accomplishment, there
were still significant shortcomings in the services profession-
als were providing. There was inability to overcome resist-
ance in "the patient," to close gaps between the individual
and the community, and to achieve rehabilitation outcomes
consistent with individual needs and choices. As a response,
persons with disabilities who were coping successfully were
called upon informally to approach other disabled people
and share experiences and perceptions. It was thought that
51
BRAINTREE HOSPITAL
TART
Intensive Physical Rehabilitation Center
Promoting a prompt return to
independent living
for the physically disabled
THE BRAINTREE HOSPITAL COMPREHENSIVE
DRIVER EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR THE PHYSI-
CALLY DISABLED is a unique program designed to give
the disabled, through proper evaluation and training, the
opportunity to drive safely, thereby expanding their voca-
tional, educational, social and recreational activities, as
well as encouraging a more independent life style.
The Program, which includes an in-house driver train-
ing school licensed by the Massachusetts Registry of
Motor Vehicles; a certified driving instructor, who is
also a registered occupational therapist and experi-
enced pre-driving evaluator; and a training van mod-
ified and specially equipped to meet the needs of
disabled driving candidates, has successfully
changed the lives of some of the once-estimated
1,493,000 employable disabled individuals who
could not work due to the lack of transportation.
Focusing on the evaluation and improvement of all functional community and safety skills
essential to driving, the Program is comprised of a thorough pre-driving evaluation of the client's
physical, visual and perceptual status
in the clinic; therapy, when necessary;
letter of Medical Certification to the
Registry of Motor Vehicles; Class-
room instruction; Learner's Permit
test (tutoring provided, when indi-
cated); On-the-road evaluation and
training; assistance in procuring and
installing the proper pre-determined
adaptive driving equipment; and an
escort to the Registry for competency
road test. Clients are taught vehicle
and equipment maintenance skills and trained in community accessibility and reintegration
areas, e.g. managing at a toll booth or drive-in bank. Also, when necessary, splints and custom
adaptive driving devices are individually fitted and fabricated.
Referral and informational requests should be directed to the
Outpatient Coordinator at extension 177.
250 Pond Street, Braintree, Massachusetts 02184 (617) 848-5353
52
"At what point does the peer counselor tread on professional turf
and at what risk?"
Peer Counseling from page 51
of where and who one is and the understanding necessary to
definition, peer counselor preparation and accountability,
assume responsibility for coping effectively through a proc-
program development, funding, goals, and limitations. Not
ess of self-determined actions.
the least important question is this: At what point does the
peer counselor tread on professional turf and at what risk?
Individual Feelings, Values, and Needs
Ultimately, the issues are unmet need, effectiveness, and
Persons who need and desire peer counseling come to the
integrity.
situation with a wide range of feelings, values, and needs. For
This article no doubt will raise more questions than it re-
example, some are confident and energetic and will need
solves. Our purpose is to provide a workable definition and
only information. Others experience significant and painful
conceptual framework for peer counseling and to delineate
deficits that contribute to their dependence. In either case,
an approach that is effective, nonprofessional, and condu-
the peer counselor can facilitate independence by providing
cive to cooperation with professionals. Another purpose is to
practical information and assistance in acquisition and appli-
encourage discussion, understanding, and development of
cation of problem-solving skills.
peer counseling services. It is our hope that these activities
The peer counselor also can interrupt patterns in the
will be based on a recognition of the nature and critical role of
environment that encourage dependence and feelings of
peer counseling in the rehabilitation or habilitation process
helplessness. Very often persons with severe physical disabil-
and also on the need to further validate the effectiveness of
ities attract people because of their needs and complaints.
one of the most potentially powerful forces that can be
This can result in commitment to maintenance of needs and
brought to bear on behalf of persons who seek greater levels
avoidance of problems and risks. The situation is confounded
of independence.
by lack of knowledge about available resources and
alternatives.
Control and Management of Time
Ironically, needs and complaints attract peer counselors
An inherent aspect of living in a situation that emphasizes
just as they attract others who wish to be helpful. The peer
and rewards dependency is loss of decision-making power.
counselor, however, has a different perspective than physi-
Time and the opportunity and ability to decide what to do with
cians, nurses, social workers, counselors, therapists, and the
that time is a fundamental element of independent living.
like. The peer counselor can accept the peer client's frame of
Persons with disabilities must spend large amounts of time
reference as the focal point of activities and interactions.
coping with the consequences of disability. How effectively
There is no attempt to impose professional, institutional, or
and efficiently one does this determines, to a large extent, the
agency values.
degree to which personal potential is actualized. Ability to
For the peer counselor the initial objective is establishment
control and manage life is directly related to use of time. In a
of a relationship that can serve as the basis for exploration
dependency situation the opportunity to determine use of
and definition of problems. The process of relationship-
time is altered radically, and the inevitable outcome is that the
building is predicated upon acceptance of the peer client's
capacity to use time effectively is eventually corroded. The
value system and an empathetic, respectful, and appropriate
time frame in which life decisions are made changes along
level of response to the emotional and factual content of
with the manner in which the hours of each day are occupied.
individual perceptions. The organizing principle for this
The attitude toward time that emerges within the individual
dialogue should be self-management on the part of the peer
may not meet the expectations of professionals, family mem-
client. In this context, helping the individual becomes a matter
bers, or society at large.
of identifying problems and formulating strategies that assist
The peer counselor, however, is someone who has experi-
problem resolution, acquisition of problem-solving skills, and
enced these detours in the life process, these alterations of
increased levels of responsibility, self-management, and in-
time as it applies to day-to-day activities and life decision-
dependence.
making. Unlike an able-bodied professional, the disabled
person sees a taller world going by at a fast pace, watches it
The Source of Control: Why Me?
climb stairs, knows that it does not have to face many of the
Individuals who have a history of dependence and failing
frustrations and attitudes that the peer counselor and the peer
often do not view their behavior as causal. For this reason,
client face individually and collectively. A peer counselor is
many people the peer counselor meets do not see their own
uniquely qualified to empathize with the peer client and re-
behavior as a controlling factor in their lives. They have come,
spond appropriately to his or her concerns. A peer counselor
perhaps as an adaptive response to harsh realities, to view
can be identified as a resource by someone who feels guilty
the external environment as the source and determinant of
or shameful or angry or depressed because he or she is not
rewards, successes, punishments, and failure.⁷ For many this
living up to society's expectations.
perception predates disability and may have been a contri-
Disability can become an excuse for escape, but a peer
buting factor in reactions to disability such as those charac-
counselor can help a disabled person differentiate between
terized by notions that paralysis is punishment for sins. For
time altered and responsibilities avoided. Through a counsel-
such persons success may come slowly, because the idea of
ing relationship in which peers can identify with each other,
self-management is so alien. The peer counselor may help
threat can be reduced, and an emotionally supportive mutual
most simply by following up on mutually agreed upon and
respect can be established. An individual can explore and
carefully measured steps toward defined goals. This is not
understand problems and still live life in consonance with his
trivial. Even modest successes may encourage the individual
or her own time frame. This provides the basis for acceptance
continued on page 55
53
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54
"Unlike an able-bodied professional, the disabled person sees a
taller world going by at a fast pace, watches it climb stairs, knows
that it does not have to face many of the frustrations and attitudes
that the peer counselor and the peer client face individually and
collectively."
Peer Counseling from page 53
unnecessary and counterproductive roles in many situations.
to shift his or her perceived source of control from the envi-
Emotional assessment - Critical in this area are the indi-
ronment to the self.
vidual's reaction to disability and the importance of clarifying
values. The reaction will appear in many forms and is seldom
Ongoing Assessment
all positive or all negative in nature or implications. Neverthe-
The peer counselor must be able to facilitate personal
less, the individual must explore and define the problems and
change and adjustment by developing a bond with the peer
obstacles that arise within as well as those posed by the
client focused on the issue of self-management. Ongoing
external environment. This often is the key to effective coping
assessment of progress, strategies, feelings, values, and
instead of succumbing.
resources is a necessity. Of first importance is time and how it
The task is to assess and be explicit about values and
is used, and within this frame of reference there must be
beliefs and to explore ways these values and beliefs can
physical, environmental, emotional, and intellectual
enhance or limit emotional life. For example, sexual values
assessment.
usually must be realigned after onset of disability. Similarly,
Generally speaking, time should be considered in terms of
values surrounding body image must be changed to accom-
how much is needed, how it is used, and how it can be used
modate physical loss. The possibilities are limitless. Specific
better. Specific issues might include time for getting up, toilet-
issues will emerge in a problem-solving atmosphere that
ing, dressing, eating, transfers, and transportation. How is
openly takes into account needs and their relationship to
time used during the day, and what does this use of time
personal assets and deficits.
indicate about the individual's dependence or indepen-
Intellectual assessment - There are clear relationships
dence? What tense does the person live in? Does he or she
among ability to approach and cope effectively with prob-
recall the past constantly, fantasize unrealistically about the
lems, knowledge and gaps in knowledge, and potential for
future, or live in the present, face problems, and plan for the
self-management and independence. The task is to assess
future? Individual perceptions play a critical role. The way a
strengths and weaknesses in knowledge and skill and to
person uses time or thinks of what to do with it is strongly
formulate specific means of responding to needs.
influenced not only by physical disability but also by aware-
Assessment is an ongoing part of problem-solving. One of
ness of capacities, potentials, resources, and alternatives.
the skills of living independently is self-monitoring. The peer
Physical assessment This includes a range of specifics:
client should be actively involved in initial and later assess-
available motions, medications, skin care, bowel and bladder
ments of his or her situation, not only to gain knowledge but
function, and sexual function, for example. The more informa-
also to develop the habit of self-assessing and self-
tion and knowledge one has, the more likely he or she is to be
monitoring.
able and committed to achieve increased levels of indepen-
Who and What Is a Peer Counselor
dence. For this reason, it is important to address assets and
deficits in knowledge as well as specific functional capacities
Peer counselors usually have similar backgrounds. They
and limitations. Body image also is significant. It can enhance
experience permanent physical loss and limitations, and they
or further restrict interaction with the physical and social envi-
demonstrate ability to cope with challenges effectively. What
ronment.
separates them from their peer clients is that
Environmental assessment - Like anyone else, a person
they have expressed their desire to assist others achieve
with a severe physical disability interacts with the environ-
optimal growth and adjustment,
ment in many ways. However, disability raises questions that
they have prepared themselves for this role by undergo-
can be disheartening. For example, to what degree does the
ing training, and
environment grant access? For someone whose mobility has
they have committed themselves to peer counseling in
only recently been impaired, this is far from obvious. Similarly,
theory and practice.
a person who has spent years in a protected or artificial
Most counselors seek personal growth and realize that their
environment may have no meaningful experience coping with
own growth will be enhanced by their work to promote the
community environments that are less than ideal.
growth of others. Each peer client becomes an echo of the
Beyond the fairly straightforward task of learning what is
counselor, reminding the counselor of issues resolved and
available to enhance mobility and how to cope without what is
tasks left unfinished. Thus, the word peer implies not only a
not, comes the much more difficult matter of learning to live in
common personal history but also a simultaneous and mutual
the community environment in a satisfying way. The person
effort to grow and further self-management and indepen-
with a severe physical disability must assess in some detail
dence. The counselor and the client share and refine the
the availability of housing, transportation, recreation, em-
problem-solving process.
ployment, medical facilities, social services, commercial es-
A number of approaches have proved effective: one-to-one
tablishments, and SO forth. The social environment also de-
counseling, problem-solving groups in which one or more
serves attention. It is helpful for the individual to develop a
persons facilitate interaction, role modeling, selective utiliza-
practical understanding of the attitudinal barriers that play
continued on page 57
55
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Peer Counseling from page 55
People who are being counseled often become candidates
tion of a disabled person to accomplish a specific task,
for employment as peer counselors. These individuals grow
workshops, and just living life with some feedback from
through their involvement in peer counseling and show traits
caring peers.
that indicate they would be good counselors. It is important to
Since the goal is to help people reach the point where they
realize that people can be used selectively as peer coun-
are self-managing, the peer counselor has the opportunity to
selors or role models and that someone who lives in an
be both a co-advocate and a co-manager. Co-advocacy
institution and is very dependent may nonetheless have skills
emphasizes mutual identification in a cooperative effort to
or attributes that could be shared. This sharing would enlarge
secure services and rights needed by all disabled people.
self-esteem and be part of the individual's growth process.
Here the peer counselor both teaches and refines advocacy
skills. In co-management the counselor enters group meet-
Program Structure and Leadership
ings such as discharge planning conferences in order to
Many approaches to peer counseling have been and are
ensure not only that the peer client has input but also that he or
being employed, and it is important that new methods be
she manages the meetings as much as possible, since they
encouraged. Examples include:
relate most directly to the client's life. In such meetings the
Institutional setting - The peer counselor receives re-
counselor supports the client and helps reduce the threat
ferrals from the staff of the institution, works with "pa-
professionals may feel in the face of self-assertion by a
tients," and reports to the staff of the institution.
patient/client.
Independent living program - This parallels the case
The peer counselor is a resource for professionals, not only
management approach. The peer counselor works as a
in the rehabilitation establishment but also in the community
staff member for the program, meets peer clients and
at large. Professionals with whom the counselor may work
other staff regularly under supervision, and functions in a
include occupational therapists, social workers, educators,
range of ancillary activities.
and specialists such as housing authorities and architects.
continued on page 59
"The peer client should be actively involved in initial and later
assessments of his or her situation, not only to gain knowledge
but also to develop the habit of self-assessing and self-
monitoring."
57
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the word 'peer' implies not only a common personal history
but also a simultaneous and mutual effort to grow and further
self-management and independence. The counselor and the
client share and refine the problem-solving process."
Peer Counseling from page 57
Similarly, peer clients can take responsibility for establishing
Pyramid Peer counselors train peers to become peer
their own skills training programs.
counselors who in turn train others.
Groups - Multiple role models assist a process in which
Conclusion: Invitation To Continue Discussion
the peer counselor serves as facilitator in a collective
Ending this article is difficult because peer counseling is in
atmosphere of assessment and problem-solving.
such a preliminary phase of development. There is need for
The structure of peer counseling programs emerges from
much more discussion by the peer counseling constituency
the circumstances and the philosophies of those involved.
and a collective effort to define, refine, and promote peer
Structure, which can take many forms, implies leadership,
counseling as a viable component of existing service sys-
which can mean many things. Structure allows timely re-
tems.
sponse to referrals, regular and responsible contact with peer
The journey from the present to some future time when peer
clients, communication with rehabilitation and community
counseling is an effective and widely available resource
professionals, effective decision-making, and refinement of
inevitably will involve detours around faulty reasoning and
services. Leadership facilitates these processes and ad-
professional potholes. There are misunderstandings to over-
dresses the education of the workers and the survival of the
come, but there is also a sound base of favorable research
program.
and experience. This, along with ongoing commitment to
If a program anticipates payment for peer counseling serv-
peer counseling and the rehabilitation process, should as-
ices, documentation is necessary to indicate what work is
sure genuine progress toward clarity and acceptance.
being done, what results are being obtained, and what addi-
In closing, in all fairness, we should point out some de-
tional resources are needed. Documentation also is an impor-
ficiencies in this article. We have only implicitly addressed the
tant part of problem-solving. Problems and proposed so-
issue of funding for peer counseling programs, and we have
lutions are clearly stated and can be referred to. Over time,
said little about program development and peer counseling
documentation indicates patterns of progress and needs not
training. With respect to the latter, we plead guilty because
yet addressed.
there is too little space; with respect to the former, because
Structure and leadership are central issues in peer counsel-
situations and environments are so diverse in various parts of
ing. The test of structure is its adequacy in dealing with
the country that it is difficult to predict what will or will not work.
assessment and problem-solving in a timely way.
It was our intent that this article be meaningful to all con-
cerned with the interlocking issues of self-determination and
Training Programs To Acquire and Impart Skills
independence for persons with severe disabilities. To be
comprehensive, we have sacrificed some of the focus that
Training promotes personal effectiveness. Training formats
would have been possible if we had targeted a particular
include workshops, conferences, academic courses, on-the-
audience-for example, consumers or professionals. Be that
job training, and in-service speakers. Topics of particular
as it may, we hope that we have identified issues to be
importance to peer counselors include:
considered and that we will have the opportunity to be a part
assessment skills;
of an ongoing discussion.
interviewing techniques;
understanding the problem-solving process;
References
understanding group processes;
understanding resources (agencies and their proc-
10lshansky, Simon. Eleven myths in vocational rehabilitation. A paper presented at a
meeting of the North Carolina Rehabilitation Counseling Association at Raleigh on October
esses, SSI/SSDI, medicaid/medicare, housing, personal
26, 1971. Also, J. of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 1972, p. 229-37.
care services, transportation, medical services, medical
2Egan, G. The Skilled Helper: A Model for Systematic Helping and Interpersonal Relating.
Monterey, California: Brooks/Cole, 1975, p. 9.
supplies, etc.);
3Kreigel. Uncle Tom and Tiny Tim: Some reflections on the cripple as Negro. American
understanding disabilities.
Scholar, 1969, 38, p. 412.
4Tracy, G.S., and Gusson, Z. Self-help health groups: a grassroots response to a need for
As an example, to refine environmental assessment skills a
services. J. of Applied Behavioral Science, 1976, 12, p. 381-96.
workshop could be co-produced by a group of peer coun-
⁵McEwen, J. Center for Independent Living: An Overview. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulle-
tin, 1976, 20, p. 616-19.
selors and occupational therapists in order to educate each
Carkhuff, R.R., and Berenson, B.G. Beyond Counseling and Therapy. Second Edition,
other about assessment from two different perspectives. If
Holt-Rinehart-Winston, 1977, p. 30-37.
peer counselors take responsibility for organizing such a
'Geer, J.H., Davidson, G.C., and Gatchel, R.I. Reduction of stress in humans through
nonveridical perceived control of aversive stimulation. J. of Personality and Social Psychol-
training program there are direct and secondary gains:
ogy, 1970, 16, p. 731-38.
they refine their peer counseling abilities;
they develop good work habits and marketable skills;
they have positive influence on the skills and attitudes of
The authors are staff members of the National Spinal Cord
rehabilitation professionals; and
Injury Foundation. Eric L. Griffin is program coordinator for
they gain greater awareness and respect from the com-
the Southeastern Massachusetts Independent Living Rehabili-
munity at large.
tation Program based in Lakeville, Massachusetts. William
Martin is program director for the Northeastern Mas-
Each peer counselor who takes responsibility develops his
sachusetts Independent Living Rehabilitation Program based
or her own skills by learning how to produce workshops.
in Lawrence, Massachusetts.
59
National
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61
Ellen Hollister is
a student at the
University of
California at Davis.
She's also in a
wheelchair, the result
of an automobile
accident that
caused permanent
CLOTHES MATTER EVEN
spinal injuries.
"I chose my college
carefully. Davis is one
of the best campuses
MORE IN A WHEELCHAIR
for disabled students,"
Ellen explains. "I've
memorized its network
of ramps, I know where
the building elevators
are and what special
classroom equipment
there is. Then, too,
there are the offices
of Services to
Handicapped Students
that personify
expertise," she says.
"They encourage you to
follow your interests.
For example, they are
responsible for an
adjustable bench in the
chemistry lab so that
wheelchair students can
participate in the lab
aspects of the course.
Their counseling
services are also very
supportive." Ellen's
interest is the same
as any college woman's
The chair sets limits "The chair is all the bulk I want, so simplicity
ELYSE LEWIN
but it is complicated
is the key word for me. I watch what happens to attractive clothes on
my friends when they sit down. When I see a lot of wrinkles and excess
by the demands of a
material, I steer clear of that style. Neatness is synonymous with
wheelchair. "I've
simplicity. Pants offer a more unified look-not - as many wrinkles.
learned what works for
I wear them even for formal occasions. The cut of the pants is important.
both of us," she says.
If you can't cross your legs, the thighs spread a lot, and the pants have
On these two pages,
to allow for this and yet not be too big and sloppy-looking. I'm
inclined to have the legs taken in a bit to let the cut help support me,
you see just how well
make up for lack of muscle tone, though medical authorities warn
62
she's succeeded.
that you must watch out for skin irritations and circulation problems."
Easy dressing "Pullovers or loose cowlnecks are easy to get on
and much neater-looking than cardigans which tend to bunch up
when sitting. Cardigans also tend to gap between the buttons. A sweater
worn with pants makes a good-looking, dependable everyday look
for me. I usually buy my pants about 4" longer than necessary so
that my ankles are covered when sitting. If I do wear a skirt, rather than
pants, I like boots. They give a nice line, a uniform look and
they hide swollen ankles. Clogs with backs are good, too. For dressy
occasions, I usually wear pants, but the really dressy ones often
have wide legs and they are a problem. They look floppy and wrinkly
in the chair. If I can't find what I want in pants, I wear
a long dress (below) which looks smooth and attractive."
What Works For One
Woman On Campus
Things that count a lot
Jewelry is best kept to a
minimum. Too much, or
anything too fussy, makes
you look cluttered.
A short coat or a down vest
is good for cold weather.
They're both warm, but not
bulky around the hips.
A poncho with a hood is good
for rainy days.
Watch out for clothes with
back seaming, pockets or
zippers. They can be a
problem: Even if you have no
pain sensation, they
can cause skin irritations.
A front-hook bra makes
life much simpler.
A wrap-around garter belt
Ellen's handbag
and regular stockings are
solution: She
easier than pantyhose.
uses a large
Always pick clothes with the
saddlebag style
main interest on top-say, a
hung over the
pretty V-neck or a cowlneck.
back of the
Pay more attention to your
chair. This
hands and neck-that's where
keeps it out of
people's attention tends to
her way, yet
focus. Polish on nails, if not
accessible when
Courtesy GLAMOUR Magazine
too dark, can be attractive.
Copyright © 1978 by The Condé Nast Publications Inc.
she needs it.
63
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64
Independent Living
Programs:
A Network of Resources
by David R. Williamson
Increasingly, disabled people are emerging as a new minor-
Groups of disabled persons have committed themselves to
ity asserting their claim in the housing market. In response to
raising the public awareness of their needs and taking action
their pleas, there is a rising level of awareness of the rights of
to satisfy these needs. This has resulted in a national Inde-
the disabled and a growing effort to meet their needs, includ-
pendent Living Movement.
ing the need for affordable community-based housing.
As shown in the diagram on this page, the Independent
It is not enough for disabled people merely to declare their
Living Movement encompasses the concept of independent
independence - they must first begin to free themselves of
living and is realized through three major programs: Centers
the architectural, communication, and attitudinal barriers that
for the Handicapped, Centers for Independent Living, and
imprison them; and, depending upon their disability, they
Independent Living Residential Centers. Each of the latter
must assemble a network of resources to survive indepen-
relies upon tapping a network of resources. and each aims at
dently.
continued on page 67
Diagram of Independent Living Concepts & Organizations*
INDEPENDENT LIVING
INDEPENDENT LIVING
MOVEMENT
INDEPENDENT
LIVING
INDEPENDENT LIVING
SERVICES
PROGRAM
PROVIDER
CENTER
INDEPENDENT
INDEPENDENT
FOR THE
LIVING
LIVING
HANDICAPPED
CENTER
RESIDENTIAL
CENTER
*Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research, "Definitions Related to the Concept of Independent Living," unpublished paper, p. 7, 1978.
65
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66
"To grow up with their siblings, to get an education, to hold a job,
to raise a family and share in the joys and responsibilities of
community life are hopeless dreams unless suitable housing is
available.'
Independent Living from page 65
pendent Living Residential Centers, both of which are
normalization, mainstreaming, and integration of the disabled
community-based programs that provide coordination with
into the community.
and referral to existing services or provide new services to
Recent History
help severely disabled individuals increase self-
determination and reduce unnecessary dependence upon
The Independent Living Movement has been gaining
others. Currently, it is estimated there are over 450 Indepen-
momentum in the United States since the early 1970's. Its
dent Living Programs in one form or another throughout the
stated goal is realization of basic human rights by reducing
United States.
and eliminating the physical and social barriers that prohibit
A Center for the Handicapped is a single- or multi-purpose
the disabled from actively participating in society. The move-
facility that seeks to assist persons with disabilities become
ment is based upon a broad concept of independent living
more functional members of the community by providing
that includes the network of resources allowing an individual
such programs and services as recreation, education, health
full participation in society despite functional limitations and
care, social development, independent living, and physical
enabling the disabled person to experience greater control
and vocational rehabilitation. By using service mechanisms
over life.
already in place, such a center can coordinate the delivery of
The Independent Living Movement emerged from a com-
services to the disabled through referral and advocacy.
bination of interacting factors: the end of the Vietnam War
An Independent Living Residential Center directly provides
sending home thousands of paralyzed veterans;
housing, attendant care, and transportation, rather than offer-
deinstitutionalization by the states returning to the community
ing referral to these services.
thousands of persons capable of living independently if af-
forded a supportive environment; and the anger and frustra-
Housing Problems, Options, and Resources
tion of disabled people as a group who for so long had been
treated as second class citizens. These pressures had been
Housing alternatives are an integral element in the com-
building in a society that had no grasp of the problem, much
prehensive independent living service delivery system. Today
less a coordinated service delivery mechanism to cope with
many disabled individuals who might be capable of function-
the problem.
ing independently are instead forced to live in nursing homes
and large institutions because of the lack of accessible and
Centers for Independent Living
affordable community-based housing. The need is for many
The first Center for Independent Living, the Berkeley CIL,
different types of housing ranging from small group homes
was established as a self-help outreach program designed to
offering support services to single-family dwellings to barrier-
expand options and alternatives available to disabled
free units in ordinary apartment buildings.
people. The center provides a variety of services such as
The lack of good housing in the right location can hamper
family and peer counseling, mobility training, housing assist-
independent living even if other services are available. For
ance, wheelchair repair, and attendant referral and training.
many disabled people the prospects for acquiring good
Since 1972, over 30 Centers for Independent Living have
housing in the right place have been dismal. Such individuals
been created across the country using the Berkeley CIL as a
not only find themselves in a housing predicament, they also
model. Although no two centers are identical, a Center for
find themselves with precious little chance of escaping that
Independent Living can be generally defined as an indepen-
predicament. To grow up with their siblings, to get an educa-
dent living program that is nonprofit, consumer-operated, and
tion, to hold a job, to raise a family and share in the joys and
nonresidential in nature and that provides a specific set of
responsibilities of community life are hopeless dreams unless
services.*
suitable housing is available.
Different goals, philosophies, funding sources, and organi-
The word disability encompasses a variety of handicap-
zational structures make each center unique. There are,
ping conditions, and no one type of housing would be suitable
however, two basic commonalities that all centers share. First,
for all disabled persons. Different housing alternatives have
the purpose of each CIL is to help disabled individuals live
evolved to meet the needs of persons with different disabili-
independently in the community rather than dependently in
ties. A person's age, family status, type and extent of dis-
institutions. Second, each center functions with extensive
ability, and desired lifestyle influence his or her choice of the
consumer involvement and control so that people with disabil-
most appropriate living arrangement. A physically disabled
ities have the opportunity to plan and implement the decisions
person might get by with a barrier-free dwelling in an ordinary
that affect their lives.
apartment building, whereas a severely mentally disabled
person might need a group living situation with support
Other Independent Living Programs
services including training in the skills necessary for inde-
A Center for Independent Living is only one of three major
pendence.
vehicles disabled people can use to achieve an independent
Provision of adequate housing and support services is
life. The others are Centers for the Handicapped and Inde-
hampered by a number of circumstances, many of which
must be addressed at the national level. It is unreasonable to
*Driscoll, J.V. Second Generation: New England, American Rehabilitation, 1978, 3, p. 18.
continued on page 69
67
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Independent Living from page 67
expect states and local communities to bring together all the
necessary resources for independent living programs and
suitable housing for the disabled without the support of
articulate and well-planned Federal objectives. These must
Comfort ONE-PIECE APPLIANCES
DISPOSABLE,
be supplied by the Department of Health Education and
Welfare (HEW) and the Department of Housing and Urban
FOR ADULTS OR
Development (HUD).
CHILDREN
A Look at HUD
At HUD, the Office of Independent Living for the Disabled
Security
(OILD) is the focal point for policies and programs that are
helping to alleviate the housing crisis confronting the dis-
abled population. HUD's goal is to integrate the disabled with
the rest of society by providing a variety of housing options
withan
Ostomy
and resources. This goal mirrors those of Centers for Inde-
pendent Living and Independent Living Programs. HUD aims
to achieve this goal by redirecting existing programs man-
dated by Congress to meet the needs of the disabled, or
when this is not workable, by creating new programs. Some of
HUD's activities over the past 18 months include:
Barrier-free percentage requirements - In late 1977, HUD
Secretary Patricia Roberts Harris decreed that for new family
housing funded under HUD's Public Housing and Section 8
Rental Assistance Programs at least five percent of the dwell-
REGULAR&
ing units must be barrier-free. These units are to be integrated
9" BRIEF
throughout the housing project, and the types of units are to
be varied among efficiencies, one-bedroom, two-bedroom,
UROSTOMY
etc. in the same proportion as such types are distributed
BAGS
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HOLLISTER®
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HOLLISTER INC., 211 E. CHICAGO AVE., CHICAGO, ILL 60611
only to housing for the elderly, not to family housing.
Section 8 rent subsidies for group residences-During the
past year, HUD issued final regulations making Section 8 rent
subsidies available to persons with disabilities who live in
SHEPHERD SPINAL CENTER
group homes. Previously, such subsidies, which ensure that
the resident pays no more than a fourth of monthly income for
3200 HOWELL MILL ROAD, N.W.
rent, were not available to the residents of group homes. The
Section 8 subsidy can only be used for rent, so the cost of
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30327
needed support services must be covered in some other way.
The disabled made part of housing assistance plans-For
(404) 351-0351, Ext. 1109
many of HUD's programs, the dispersal of funds is contingent
upon a Housing Assistance Plan (HAP) that sets forth the
housing needs of each community and its priorities for meet-
The Georgia Regional Spinal Cord Injury
Care Center
ing these needs. In the past, the needs of the nonelderly
handicapped were not treated separately in Housing Assist-
ance Plans but instead were lumped with the needs of the
Serving the People of Georgia and the
elderly. The upshot in many communities was that the needs
Southeast Since 1975
of the elderly were met, but the needs of the nonelderly
handicapped were not.
--Acute Medical Care
In October 1978, HUD issued new regulations encouraging
--Surgical Stabilization
communities to prepare separate narratives on the housing
--Rehabilitative Nursing
needs of the two groups and to set separate goals for achiev-
--Physical and Occupational Therapy
ing these needs. HUD has also worked with the National
--Social Services
Bureau of Census and other information agencies to see to it
--Recreational Therapy
that data are gathered separately for the nonelderly hand-
--Financial Counseling
icapped and the elderly. In this way the facts about both
--Special Education
groups will be set out, and both groups will benefit from more
--Psychological Counseling
accurate representation. Explicit data will help communities
--Vocational Testing
prepare their Housing Assistance Plans.
--Orthotic Services
Section 202 program - In this program, designed to de-
--Driver Education
velop housing for the handicapped and elderly, HUD Section
--Job Placement
202 funds provide low-interest mortgage money to construct
--Follow-Up Care
or rehabilitate group homes or residential independent living
--Out-Patient Services
complexes. These loans often are accompanied by Section 8
continued on page 71
69
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70
"The upshot in many communities was that the needs of the elderly
were met, but the needs of the nonelderly handicapped were
not."
Independent Living from page 69
Each facility may provide living accomodations for a resident
subsidies that provide direct assistance to elderly and dis-
assistant.
abled tenants in meeting their rental payments, These rental
This demonstration has been a model of collaboration
payments in turn help pay off the Section 202 loan mortgage.
between HUD and HEW. HUD is supplying housing, and
Until recently, program sponsors for the elderly have been
HEW, through Section 1115 waivers, is making support serv-
more effective than program sponsors for the disabled in
ices available to residents. The success of the venture has
securing these limited Section 202 mortgage loans. In 1977
prompted the two Departments to repeat the demonstration in
these funds amounted to $13 million, but in 1978 they mush-
1979 with increased funding.
roomed to $67 million to create over 2,200 dwelling units. As
Revision of 504 regulations - In 1978 HUD published
these funds continue to grow and be available, and as
proposed regulations outlining the requirements under which
potential sponsors of housing for the disabled become more
various HUD programs would comply with Section 504 of the
informed and expert in competing for such funding, the share
Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prevents discrimination
should increase substantially.
against the disabled in any program or activity receiving
Housing for the chronically mentally ill - This group of
Federal financial assistance. HUD conducted public hear-
disabled people in the past has not benefitted from HUD's
ings in ten regions and received over 500 comments on the
Section 202 Housing Program. Realizing this, HUD initiated a
regulations. HUD is now analyzing these comments as a
demonstration in 1978 to serve the chronically mentally ill by
prelude to revising the regulations for publication in final form
funding $15 million in Section 202 direct loan funds and $2.1
by the end of the summer of 1979. It is anticipated that these
million in Section 8 rent subsidies. In September 1978, these
regulations perhaps will constitute the most significant con-
funds were allocated to 58 private nonprofit sponsors in 14
tribution that HUD makes this year to the disabled. Once the
states. Nearly 500 housing units will be made available. A
final regulations are printed in the Federal Register, HUD will
portion of these will be newly constructed, and the remainder
begin a review to see that the Minimum Property Standards,
will be rehabilitated units. The facilities will be of two types-
program handbooks, notices, guidelines, etc. conform to the
group homes serving up to twelve persons and residential
nondiscrimination rules.
independent living complexes with up to ten apartment units.
continued on page 73
Working
Paralyzed
Together
National
Veterans
Spinal Cord
of
Injury
America
Foundation
hand in hand
Steve Martinson
Jim Atwell
(305) 862-7524
For a Barrier-Free Central Florida
(305) 647-8654
YOUR SUPPLIES DELIVERED TO YOUR DOOR.
CATHETERIZATION AND DRAINAGE EQUIPMENT
DECUBITUS CARE PRODUCTS
WHEELCHAIRS AND OTHER MEDICAL EQUIPMENT
INCONTINENT DEVICES AND PADS
OSTOMY SUPPLIES
PRESCRIPTIONS AND OTHER DRUG NEEDS
SEND FOR FREE CATALOG:
THE SHIELD HEALTH CARE CENTER
7301 Sepulveda Boulevard
Van Nuys, California 91405
(213) 786-1935
71
Nikkormat
Photography trip for Susan.
Assistance by Invacare.
Out on the road again.
Susan's nature photography is becoming more and more
popular. And her mobility has been greatly enhanced by
this Invacare Hydraulic Lift. The easily adjustable base
(22"-40" width) and custom-designed hydraulic system
with polyurethane seals assures efficient lifting with a
minimum of effort.
Of course, a full line of slings assists Susan in all situa-
tions-to and from bed, wheelchair, commode, or car.
The Invacare Hydraulic Lift-long life and trouble-free
operation. It's helping to keep Susan's photographic career
on schedule.
We're proud we could help.
For more information about the Invacare Hydraulic Lift
plus many other remarkable Invacare products, write: your
local dealer or Invacare, 1200 Taylor St., Elyria, Ohio 44035.
Caring is our INVACARE business.
72
"A critical aspect of any independent living approach is housing,
which, if it is to be suitable and satisfying to the disabled, must be
influenced by policies and programs at the national level."
Independent Living from page 71
disabled, must be influenced by policies and programs at the
Technical assistance through HANDI-TAP - There is a
national level. At HUD, OILD has been working for the past
tremendous need for communication and information-
two years to advance programs that will result in accessible,
sharing among representatives of the housing industry and
affordable, community-based housing alternatives for the
social services agencies responsible for developing housing
disabled.
options for the disabled. In an effort to meet this need, HUD's
Independent living is an acceptable, cost-effective, and
Office of Independent Living will be conducting an 18-month
rewarding alternative to long-term, institutional care. The chal-
technical assistance program beginning in the summer of
lenge in expansion of the independent living concept in the
1979. HANDI-TAP, as the program is called, will involve 10
future is to avoid creating mini-institutions where disabled
regional meetings throughout the country whereby repre-
people are isolated from life experiences. The disabled in
sentatives of the housing industry, social service agencies,
America have demonstrated their potential. The goal of inde-
and disabled consumer groups will gather to discuss the
pendence is changing from a hopeless dream to a living
various processes and systems required to develop housing
reality. By creatively tapping HUD, other Federal, and state
options. Following the regional meetings, six demonstration
resources, independent living programs are being trans-
states will be selected to be funded for a HANDI-TAP Coor-
formed from theoretical paper exercises. They are now be-
dinator to be hired for one year to implement various models
coming the foundation pillars upon which lives are being
for housing development in the state.
given renewed meaning with choice, dignity, and purpose.
Research: ANSI and public housing-HUD has spent over
five years and a half a million dollars to revise the "ANSI
(American National Standards Institute) A117.1 1961 (R 1971)
David R. Williamson is the director of the Office of Independent
Specifications for Making Buildings and Facilities Accessible
Living for the Disabled at the Department of Housing and
to and Usable by the Physically Handicapped." The old
Urban Development, Washington, D.C. Statements made in
version, first issued in 1961, has served as the nation's primary
this article do not necessarily reflect the views of the Depart-
ment.
source of accessibility design standards. The revision, slated
for release this year, will consist largely of mandatory require-
ments and will provide expanded coverage for kitchens,
bathrooms, and other housing elements not considered in the
old ANSI A117.1 Standard. It is anticipated that the revision will
result in major changes in HUD's Minimum Property Stand-
National
ards, which set design requirements under many HUD pro-
Spinal Cord
grams.
Injury
Foundation
In light of the new Section 504 regulations and the revised
ANSI A117.1 Standard, HUD is conducting two studies of its
Public Housing Program. The program supports about 1.3
million homes in nearly 10,000 housing projects across the
country.
In the first study, HUD is surveying this housing to deter-
ARE YOU A MEMBER OF
mine the extent to which it is now accessible to the physically
handicapped and the costs of rehabilitating it so as to be
THE FOUNDATION?
accessible in compliance with the new, more strict provisions
of the revised ANSI Standard. In the second study, HUD has
You can join by sending this form to the Cen-
distributed $5 million to nine housing authorities so that they
can make selected housing projects accessible. Information
tral Administrative Division, 369 Elliot Street,
gained from these two studies will be used in planning
Newton Upper Falls, Massachusetts 02164
alterations to the entire stock of public housing so that it will be
substantially accessible.
Name
In other research projects, HUD has examined fabrication
and economic feasibility of accessible mobile homes; asked
Address
the Batelle Institute at Columbus, Ohio, to investigate issues
and policies associated with integrating the disabled into the
Zip
community; and sponsored a study addressing three issues:
How should group homes be designed? Who should live in
them? And how should services associated with a group
Enclosed is my check for $
home be developed?
$10, Participating Membership
A Brief Conclusion
$15, Contributing Membership
$25, Sustaining Membership
A critical aspect of any independent living approach is
housing, which, if it is to be suitable and satisfying to the
73
'The Medical Equipment Specialists"
ALONG WITH OUR 150 AFFILIATES NATIONWIDE
WISH SUCCESS TO THE
1979 CONVENTION OF THE
NATIONAL SPINAL CORD INJURY FOUNDATION
NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS:
S
ICKROOM
Check your YELLOW PAGES for
the SICKROOM SERVICE
2534 S. Kinnickinnic Ave.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
ERVICE
®
location nearest you.
53207
Sickroom Service is a registered trademark of SICKROOM SERVICE, INC., Milwaukee, WI. with AFFILIATES nationwide.
74
Advertisers Index
AAMED Inc.
Central Florida Chapter
The Flinchbaugh Company Inc.
Hollister Incorporated
1215 South Harlem Avenue
National Spinal Cord Injury
390 Eberts Lane
211 East Chicago Avenue
Forest Park, Illinois 60130
Foundation
York, Pennsylvania 17403
Chicago, Illinois 60611
Phone: (312) 771-2000
P.O. Box 7456
Phone: (717) 854-7720
Phone: (312) 751-7846
Inside Back Cover
Orlando, Florida 32854
Page 57
Page 69
ABC Enterprises Inc.
Phone: (305) 647-8654
8903 Mentor Avenue
Page 71
Ford Motor Company
Ted Hoyer & Company Inc.
The American Road
2222 Minnesota Street
Mentor, Ohio 44060
Central Florida Chapter
Dearborn, Michigan 48121
Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54903
Phone: (216) 255-5211
Paralyzed Veterans of America
Phone: (313) 332-3000
Phone: (414) 231-7970.
Page 70
908 Mayfair Circle
Page 46
Page 66
Abbey Medical
Orlando, Florida 32803
677 South Colorado Boulevard
Phone: (305) 862-7524
L. W. Freeman Chapter
Ille Division of Market Forge
Page 71
National Spinal Cord Injury
35 Garvey Street
Denver, Colorado 80222
Foundation
Everett, Massachusetts 02149
Phone: (303) 733-5521
Central Massachusetts
Room 335
Phone: (617) 387-4100
Page 60
Rehabilitation Center Inc.
630 North College Avenue
Page 48
Accent On Living Magazine
299 Lincoln Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46222
P.O. Box 700
Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
Phone: (317) 632-2028
Invacare Corporation
Bloomington, Illinois 61701
Phone: (617) 852-0450
Page 29
1200 Taylor Street
Page 35
Elyria, Ohio 44035
Phone: (309) 378-4213
Garaventa (Canada) Ltd.
Phone: (216) 365-9321
Page 32
Chec Medical Products
7505 134 A Street
Page 72
Ambulance Service Company
166 Ridgedale Avenue
Surrey, British Columbia
P.O. Box 18190
Morristown, New Jersey 07960
Canada V3W 7B3
Jenkins Insurance Agency Inc.
Denver, Colorado 80218
Phone (201) 538-4510
Phone: (604) 594-0422
1815 Federal Boulevard
Phone: (303) 839-5151
Page 58
Page 76
Denver, Colorado 80204
Phone: (303) 433-6853
Page 4
Chevrolet Motor Division
The Get Well Shop Inc.
Page 60
American Stair-Glide Corporation
General Motors Corporation
10200 East Mississippi Avenue
4001 East 138th Street
Detroit, Michigan 48202
Aurora, Colorado 80231
Kansas Paralysis Chapter
Grandview, Missouri 64030
Phone: (313) 556-5000
Phone: (303) 752-2000
National Spinal Cord Injury
Phone: (816) 763-3100
Page 12
Page 8
Foundation
1000 Parklane, Suite 303
Page 68
Collins Industries Inc.
Greater Kansas City Area Chapter
Wichita, Kansas 67218
Annand Enterprises Inc.
Special Products Division
National Spinal Cord Injury
Phone: (316) 262-3054
Ball Hill Road
Box 58
Foundation
Page 29
Milford, New Hampshire 03055
Hutchinson, Kansas 67501
3011 Baltimore
Phone (603) 673-4539
Phone: (316) 663-4441
Kansas City, Missouri 64108
King Soopers Inc.
Page 40
Page 42
Phone: (816) 452-1493
65 Tejon
Denver, Colorado 80217
Craig Hospital
Page 24
Atlantic Research Corporation
Phone: (303) 778-3100
5390 Cherokee Avenue
3425 South Clarkson
Greater Milwaukee Area Chapter
Page 60
Alexandria, Virginia 22314
Englewood, Colorado 80110
National Spinal Cord Injury
Phone: (303) 761-3040, ext. 212
Lifecare Services Inc.
Phone: (703) 354-3400
Foundation
Page 2
Page 5
5505 Central Avenue
3575 North Oakland Avenue
Boulder, Colorado 80301
Braintree Hospital
Denver Commission on the Disabled
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
Phone: (414) 963-0620
Phone: (303) 443-9234
250 Pond Street
621 South Broadway
Page 20
Page 8
Braintree, Massachusetts 02184
Denver, Colorado 80209
Phone: (617) 848-5353
Phone: (303) 761-1835
Greater St. Louis Chapter
Lucerne General Hospital Spinal Injury
Page 2
Center
Page 52
National Spinal Cord Injury
818 South Main Lane
The Braun Corporation
Earl's Stairway Lift Corporation
Foundation
Orlando, Florida 32801
2513 Center Street
c/o R. Speed Davis
1014 South Monticello Street
Phone: (305) 843-3360
Cedar Falls, lowa 50613
4501 Maryland Apt. 701
Winamac, Indiana 46996
St. Louis, Missouri 63108
Page 48
Phone: (219) 946-6157
Phone: (319) 277-4777
Outside Back Cover
Page 66
Phone: (314) 434-6090
Ken McRight Supplies Inc.
Page 32
7456 South Oswego
Joseph Bulova School of
Everest & Jennings Inc.
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74136
1803 Pontius Avenue
A Handbook on Sexuality After
Watchmaking
Phone: (918) 492-9657
Los Angeles, California 90025
Spinal Cord Injury
40-24 62nd Street
Page 40
Phone: (213) 478-1057
Joanne M. Taggie or M. Scott Manley
Woodside, New York 11377
Page 10
3425 South Clarkson
Massachusetts Association of
Phone (212) 424-2929
Englewood, Colorado 80110
Paraplegics Inc.
Page 43
Fashion Able
Phone: (303) 623-2581
369 Elliot Street
Burke Inc.
Rocky Hill, New Jersey 08553
Page 60
Newton Upper Falls, Massachusetts 02164
P.O. Box 1064
Phone: (609) 921-2563
Handicaps Inc.
Phone (617) 247-2603
Mission, Kansas 66202
Page 36
4335 South Santa Fe Drive
Page 28
Phone: (913) 722-5658
Fitzsimmons Surgical Supply Inc.
Englewood, Colorado 80110
Medical Equipment Distributors Inc.
Page 16
2747 West 95th Street
Phone: (303) 781-2062
1701 South First Avenue
Calumet Region Chapter
Evergreen Park, Illinois 60642
Page 41
Maywood, Illinois 60153
National Spinal Cord Injury
Phone: (312) 881-8700
Foundation
Page 50
Handi-Ramp Inc.
Phone: (312) 681-2828
P.O. Box 745
Page 44
300 West 21st Avenue
1414 Armour Boulevard
Gary, Indiana 46407
Mundelein, Illinois 60060
Phone: (219) 883-0431
Phone: (312) 566-5861
Page 22
Page 66
continued on page 76
75
Advertisers Index from page 75
Medical Home Supply Inc.
Sacred Heart Rehabilitation Hospital
1650 11th Street
1545 South Layton Boulevard
Denver, Colorado 80204
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53215
Phone: (303) 572-3861
Phone: (414) 383-4490
Garaventa(Canada)Ltd.
Page 58
Page 32
Mountain States Chapter
Chester Schiff, P.E.
National Spinal Cord Injury
Consulting Electrical Engineer
introduces a NEW
Foundation
150 West 34th Street
3175 West Bear Creek Drive
New York, New York 10001
Englewood, Colorado 80110
Phone: (212) 244-4745
Phone: (303) 623-2581
Page 36
Wheelchair
Page 18
Shepherd Spinal Center
National Capital Area Chapter
3200 Howell Mill Road, N.W.
National Spinal Cord Injury
Atlanta, Georgia 30327
Elevator
Foundation
Phone: (404) 351-0351, ext. 1109
3877 North 30th Street
Page 69
Arlington, Virginia 22207
The Shield Health Care Center
Phone: (703) 524-3862
Originally a Swiss invention, this elevator has
Page 24
7301 Sepulveda Boulevard
Van Nuys, California 91405
been developed by Garaventa for North
J.E. Nolan and Company Inc.
Phone: (213) 786-1935
P.O. Box 43201
Page 71
America and is now nearing manufacture.
Louisville, Kentucky 40243
Sickroom Service Inc.
Phone: (502) 425-0883
Page 40
National Headquarters
2534 South Kinnickinnic Avenue
Northeast Ohio Chapter
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53207
National Spinal Cord Injury
Phone: (414) 483-8300
Foundation
Page 74
1767 Longwood Road
Mayfield Heights, Ohio 44124
George H. Snyder
5809 Northeast 21st Avenue
Phone: (216) 473-1506
Page 22
Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33308
Phone: (305) 781-4333
North Shore Chapter
Page 40
National Spinal Cord Injury
Foundation
Springer Publishing Company
17 Cricket Lane
200 Park Avenue South
Great Neck, New York 11024
New York, New York 10003
Phone: (516) 482-2417
Phone: (212) 475-2494
Page 22
Page 35
North Texas Chapter
Twin Cities Chapter
National Spinal Cord Injury
National Spinal Cord Injury
Foundation
Foundation
3400 Hulen
12 South 6th Street, Suite 1215
Forth Worth, Texas 76107
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55402
Phone: (817) 737-6661
Phone: (612) 338-5845
Page 24
Page 32
Oakley Tube Division
Upjohn HealthCare Services
3651 Van Rick Drive
Oakley Industries Inc.
3211 West Bear Creek Drive
Kalamazoo, Michigan 49002
Englewood, Colorado 80110
Phone: (616) 385-6878
Phone: (303) 761-1835
Page 14
Page 61
Urocare Products Inc.
10031 East Rush Street
Oregon Trall Chapter
National Spinal Cord Injury
South El Monte, California 91733
Foundation
Phone: (213) 442-3478
10126 Northeast Wasco Street
Page 56
Portland, Oregon 97220
Voyager Inc.
Phone: (503) 257-0706
P.O. Box 1577
Page 36
South Bend, Indiana 46634
Phone: (219) 288-0511
Paralyzed Veterans of America
4330 East-West Highway, Suite 300
Page 64
Washington, D.C. 20014
Western North Carolina Volunteers
Phone: (301) 652-2135
501 Shepard Square
Page 34
Brevard, North Carolina 28712
Paralyzed Veterans Association of
Phone: (704) 883-2290
Page 22
Florida Inc.
136 Southeast 15th Street
Wheelchairs Inc.
Pompano Beach, Florida 33060
3500 South Corona
The elevator is versatile, being able to negotiate straight,
Phone: (305) 781-1243
Englewood, Colorado 80110
Page 40
Phone: (303) 761-9641
curved and corner staircases. It is an aesthetic design and
Inside Front Cover
Paraplegia Association of Rhode
occupies minimal space when not in use (and in case of
Island
The Wheelchair Traveler
emergency). The drive is an electrical and failsafe design,
P.O. Box 6906
Ball Hill Road
Providence, Rhode Island 02940
Milford, New Hampshire 03055
operation is quiet, and a hand winch is provided in event of
Phone: (401) 884-1611
Phone: (603) 673-4539
power failure. It is easily installed and will ascend up to three
Page 18
Page 36
storeys in a single installation, with stops at intermediate
REB Manufacturing Inc.
Route 2
landings if required.
Carey, Ohio 43316
The elevator is ideal in private houses, including split level
Phone: (419) 396-6969
Page 54
dwellings, and also in public buildings such as schools,
Rockford Chapter
churches, hospitals, community centers and others. In these,
National Spinal Cord Injury
the cost of an installation is well under that of an orthodox
Foundation
104 North Second Street
vertical lift elevator.
Rockford, Illinois 61104
Although designed for carrying people together with their
Phone: (815) 968-2772
Page 24
wheelchairs, it is also ideal for other people restricted in
Rocky Mountain Regional Office
movement by other infirmities, and for carrying household
National Spinal Cord Injury
supplies or other effects.
Foundation
1115 Broadway, #103
We would welcome enquiries at the following address:
Denver, Colorado 80203
Phone: (303) 623-2581
Page 8
Garaventa(Canada)Ltd
7505 - 134A St., Surrey, B.C.,
Canada V3W 7B3
Phone (604) 594-0422
Surrey is near Vancouver in British Columbia.
76
AAMED — Specialists in
equipment
for special needs
Standun
M05-6050 MED Hinges widen
TENS - Transcutaneous elec-
doorways without remodeling
tronic nerve stimulation for
pain relief
MED/NOMEQ Selectra-Grip
Cutlery - attractive, adaptive
equipment
The MED Breath-Controlled
M04-1040 MED padded raised
wheelchair with Med-I-Cliner
toilet seat is available in right
gives a quad total control of an
M04-2200 Supp-A-Sert - in-
or left opening
electric wheelchair
dependent toileting for both
paras and quads
AAMED, INC.
1215 S. Harlem Avenue
Forest Park, Illinois 60130
a member of
Phone: (312) 771-2000
med
®
WE DO MORE
THAN GIVE YOU A GOOD LIFT
F
or many years, making a good
Roll-In Cabinet Shower
lift for the handicapped has
A big 4½ foot square fiberglass cabinet
been an important part of The
that permits ample maneuverability
Braun Corporation. We offer a
and a graded lip for easy entry and
tested, time-proven model in both
exit while retaining water.
automatic and semi-automatic ver-
sions. Recently we introduced the
Ramp Rider, a non-automatic ramp
that requires manual assistance for
both entry and exit. It's modestly priced
Tri-Wheeler
and easily installed.
Here's the product that put Braun in
business. This pioneering effort con-
tinues to be well received by the handi-
capped who need this type of mobility.
Customized Mini Motor
Homes - Van Conversions
Ramp Rider
Taking your needs and translating
This unique ramp has a computer-
them into a custom planned unit is a
designed 3/8 inch spring to counter-
An invitation from Ralph Braun
specialty with Braun. Whether the unit
balance the weight of the ramp for
In our literature we say, "For the Ups and
Downs and Get-Arounds of the handi-
is a motorhome, mini-motorhome or
smooth, easy folding and moving.
capped." That's our job and we're sincerely
van, the unit can be carefully planned
Because it's 30 inches wide and 84
interested in helping in any way we can.
for a Braun lift and wheelchair floor
inches long, there's greater comfort
Please consider this my personal invitation
to call or write me, at any time, regarding
plan.
and more safety. Constructed for side-
any particular question or problem where we
entry in a van, this ramp is made of
could be of assistance.
Braun-tested strong, light-
weight materials and
has self-cleaning,
non-skid grating.
Ы
THE BRAUN CORPORATION
1014 South Monticello
Winamac, Indiana 46996
Telephone 219/946-6157