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CENTER FOR SOCIAL POLICY
AND
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Seymour J. Rosenthal, Director
SCHOOL OF SOCIAL ADMINISTRATION
TEMPLE UNIVERSITY
of the
Commonwealth System of Higher Education
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
Lefterede
HOUSING MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE
SEMINAR WORKBOOK
MANAGING HOUSING FOR THE HANDICAPPED
INTRODUCTION
This manual is a beginning overview of the areas that are critical
for study in housing the disabled. Managers who are interested in special-
izing in this new and important area of housing management can not stop
here. They must go on to construct new learning situations in their field
of practice. The Chapter VIII summary provides a recently developed re 10
source listing of individuals and organizations who have expertise in the
field of disabled services. This resource listing has been extracted in
total from the Barrier Free Site Design booklet produced by the American
Society of Landscape Architect Foundation (U.S. Dept. of HUD # H-2002-R)
and should be of tremendous assistance.
DEFINING THE PROBLEM
The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, signed into law
by President Ford on August 22, 1974, provides special assistance
in housing for the handicapped, disabled and elderly. Title I and
II of this Act encourages Federal assistance payments to public
housing programs in Urban areas where construction and rehabilitation
of dwellings are possible. Section 815, Title VIII, provides up to
10 million dollars of appropriated HUD research funds for contracts
to undertake special demonstrations to determine housing design,
housing structures and the housing related facilities most appropriate
to meet the needs of the handicapped. Many local housing authorities
are unaware of the scope of this Act and have not informed middle
managers on issues effecting services to the handicapped in public
housing.
Resident and respite housing for the handicapped is critically needed
in this country. There are approximately 21 million physically and
mentally handicapped individuals living more or less independently
outside of institutions. This number approximates 10% of the population.
If suitable housing and supportive services were made available, an
estimated 600,000 handicapped citizens, now institutionalized, could.
return to their communities.
While most experts in the rehabilitation field favor intergrated
housing for independent living dispersed throughout the community,
clustered public housing, once normalized, offers a viable housing
alternative. Much planning must be done, however, to insure that the
present problems in public housing do not overflow, recreating Urban
Ghettos for the handicapped.
THE MANAGERS ROLE IN HOUSING THE HANDICAPPED
Our heritage as human beings dictates that the place in which we live,
eat, sleep and relate most intimately with others is crucial to our well
being. For the handicapped, this home makes all the difference in how one
regards himself, his life and his fellows. Safe decent housing for all
American citizens is still a reachable goal. But there is an awareness at
the local, state and national levels that production goals cannot be abandoned
in housing the disabled. There is also a recognition that new objectives which
emphasize better management of what is produced must be adopted. The cost of
operating existing properties are now as significant as the cost of producing
them. This realization is bringing about a re-emphasis on sound, practical and
cost conscious management of each site. You, as an on site manager, can expect
that increasing importance will be placed on your role and performance. Manage-
ment services in defining and implementing planning issues is critical to the
housing sector.
Housing managers are the connective link between the sponsoring-productive
housing sector and the consumer (resident) delivery sector. On the one hand,
the manager is responsible for operating the housing which is produced by the
housing sector of the United States economy. He also fills the traditional
role in free enterprise of being the agent of the
-2-
housing owner, and is obligated to implement policies combatible with
the vested interest of that owner. In this particular role, the housing
manager is subject to a number of constraints in that he:
1. Must abide by the owners wishes
2. Must try to receive the largest possible monetary return on
the owners investment
3. Is restricted by financial limitations on the services that
he can provide to residents
4. Must place emphasis on physical property maintenance
5. Must follow (if federally - assisted housing) rules and reg-
ulations set by HUD
6. Must exercise strict fiscal responsibility in assuring that
rents are collected and expenses are kept to a minimum
On the other hand, the manager must moderate and implement rights of
residents; for the rights of possession is much more than the legal right
established in a transaction between tenant and landlord or buyer and
seller. At each housing development the manager is ultimately responsible
for seeing that the rights of all parties are respected even though he is
primarily representative of the owner. This is so because the residents
and the surrounding community look toward the manager to take care of
problems which arise concerning any aspect of the property.
Also, in the social climate of today, residents are demanding man-
more services from housing management than in the past. Large properties
-3-
and collective learning generate powerful needs in people which affect
the way their housing services are delivered and managed. Increased
expectations influence demands also. The definition of "adequate" hous-
ing and services move constantly upward. The manager must recognize
that he manages a fluid changing environment.
The handicapped will change too. Expectations today for housing
the handicapped citizen are growing as possibilities are explored and
the social needs of the handicapped become better known. It can be ex-
pected that management will have to continue to manage a more demanding
militant consumer, regardless of ones handicap.
More and more, housing management practice is being viewed from
three basic vantage points:
1.
Physical, fiscal and administrative responsibility
2. Welfare of the resident, interpreted in terms of special needs
3. Public image.
Increasingly the housing manager must balance the interest and needs of
the resident, community and owners.
Before a resident manager can evaluate his responsibility in imple-
menting designing issues in housing the handicapped, he must have a gen-
eral knowlege of the needs of the handicapped and the legislation which
acts as the inderpinning for planning handicapped facilities. Once the
manager has a general foundation in these issues, he is ready to look at
other key issues.
-4-
Managements Role in Planning the Physical Environment
The largest single need, and the easiest to fill, is housing for
independent living to accommodate the non-institutionalized handicapped
adults. Millions of people in this group will be able to find homes in
the general housing market when adaptable design is accepted as the
standard for all construction. Adaptable housing is a dwelling that can
be adjusted at minimum cost to the needs and personal capabilities of
the handicapped. The environment that is adaptable to the needs of most
handicapped, and that is otherwise undifferentiated from current housing
standards, is neither difficult nor expensive to achieve once the de-
signer and builder recognize the need. Starting with a basic, barrier-
free space, specific mechanical aides such as grab bars can be added or
removed as needed. This kind of adaptable housing, convenient for the
able-bodied, the resident suffering a temporary disability or the visit-
ing aging relative, would give the great majority of handicapped people
all the options that everyone else enjoys as a matter of course. As
managers promote local and national policies for barrier free housing,
the need for specialized housing should be substantially reduced.
For those handicapped citizens, unable to function within a totally
independent setting, the group home appears to be an alternative answer.
Placed in established neighborhoods and designed to be compatible with
typical residences nearby, the group home provides an essential bridge
to social integration for the handicapped resident.
-5-
The concept of physical integration into the community is embodied
in the principal of normalization. Applying the normalization principle
to housing provides some basic guidelines that are pertinent: in appear-
ance, housing should be conventional; in size, special facilities should
congregate no more handicapped than can be absorbed by the community, in
choosing locations, neighborhoods near the hub of the community are the
most useful in terms of integration opportunities; in providing services,
normal community channels should be used to as great a degree as possible.
A housing development can be compared to a living organism. Its
health and its functioning are integrally related to the physical environ-
ment created. Housing managers must define and implement strategies for
influencing construction to avoid the costly remodeling that would be re-
quired over an expanded period of time. Also techniques must be developed
for impacting legislation, code and zoning changes to provide for adapt-
able building design and to support new construction or remodeling of
existing buildings. The present and future health of housing properties,
as an income-producing investment for an owner, or as an attractive
residential site for individuals is dependent on a totally adaptable en-
vironment suitable to the needs of the handicapped.
Fiscal Considerations
Many managers anticipate extreme cost in the development of new con-
struction projects for the handicapped. Even greater anxiety is attached
to the likely costs in correcting already built situations. Mostly these
anxieties come from a lack of research into the cost/benefit aspects of
barrier-free construction.
-6-
In a study conducted by the National League of Cities, Washington
D.C., during 1967, it was estimated that buildings could have been con-
structed in such a way as to provide total accessibility for less than
1/10 of 1% of total construction costs. Likewise hypothetical buildings
studied could have been constructed barrier-free for less than 1/2 of 1%
of the original construction costs. It may be surmised from this and
other studies
that the price of making a
site barrier-free would be even less, since modification to buildings
are likely to be more extensive than site renovations.
There seems to be little doubt that the inclusion of elements in
new construction that insure barrier-free design do incrementally in-
crease costs. However, analysis indicates that the additional money nec-
essary for such construction is relatively small.
The same analysis is more difficult to make on existing projects re-
quiring renovation for nonnalization. Many projects were constructed
decades ago, making present corrective cost incomparable to original con-
struction prices. Nonetheless, the concept of an accessible environment
to all citizens persist. On projects not yet built, appropriate consid-
erations should be incorporated. While existing project barriers must be
eliminated within established maintenance budgets and budgets for capital
improvements, there appears to be little evidence that the costs will be
prohibitive.
The Housing and Community Act of 1974 has explicit requirements for
the provision of barrier-free architecture and site design along with the
machinery to provide for the funding of such construction.
-7-
Within the private sector, the cost involved with making existing
structure accessible must be weighed against the benefits of complete
accessibility. Numbers of eligible "customers" would benefit from bar-
rier-free environments. Statistics demonstrate that the ultimate benefit
of any consideration for the handicapped not only provides ease of move-
ment for the general public, but increases the potential consumer market
to include those with actual handicaps as well. But aside from the po-
tential economic gains of opening areas to the handicapped groups, we
must ultimately meet our moral responsibility of providing total access
to our public spaces.
NORMALIZATION
During the past World War II era, the public became very concerned
with the handicapped veterans and the increasing number of disabled
persons resulting from accidents. The disabled citizens wanted to live,
work and continue their education despite their handicaps. Yet their
pursuits were limited by traditionally designed buildings which were
unac ssible. The National Easter Seal Society focused on this concern,
aided by concerned parents. The Society initiated an Architect Advisory
Committee for purposes of bringing the needs of the disabled to the
attention of planners, architects and building tradesmen. At the same time,
a new committee was forming in Washington, D.C. By the early 50's, The
Presidents Committee on Employment of the handicapped was launching an all
out effort to sensitize the public to employment and housing needs of the
handicapped.
Research monies were provided by the Easter Seal Society to the
University of Illinois. This university had established a national reputa-
tion for the rehabilitation services offered to its disabled students. In
1961, major industrial, public, private, voluntary and governmental agencies
joined in a public education program.
Today, forty-nine states and the District of Columbia have passed
legislation requiring the elimination of barriers in publicly owned buildings.
- 2 -
A National Commission on Architectural Barriers was appointed by President
Johnson. This commission functions under the aegis of the Rehabilitation
Services Administration. Hearings have been held on normilization issues
resulting in recommended legislation action. The American Institute of
Architects continues to hold regional seminars to acquaint all students
and practicing architects on their key roles in developing barrier free
environments.
Key Issues for Consideration in Normilization
Primarily five major categories of service are needed to adequately
house the disabled. First there must be a clarification of terms to
determine who potentially can live independently. Other considerations
include (a) Physical Adaptation of environment (b) Human Physical and
Social Services (c) Supportive Services (d) Security and (e) Ancillary
Needs.
1. Definition of Terms
Independent living is possible when relatively minor adjustments are
made in the environment to adapt facilities to the disabled. In most cases,
housing for independent living is possible for those citizens who have
physical or moderate mental disabilities.
2. Normalization of Physical Structure
The environment must be adapted externally and internally. External
considerations include parking facilities which are well lighted; ramps,
entrance doors widened, curbs, pathways, etc. Internal considerations
include normalized apartments, special laundry facilities, key coded
- 3 -
elevators, hall ramps and grab bars, expandable space options, special
carpeting and accessible recreation space. Special considerations must
be given to site selection, accessibility of facility to transportation
and service areas, intergrative efforts to the total community and special
fire alarm and exit measures.
3. Human and Physical Services
Physical considerations must be short and long term. Short term needs
include in-house emergency assistance. Long range needs include comprehen-
sive linkages with community health services for the resident, accessibility
to these health services, assistance with medical problems such as
assistance from visiting nurses and medical practitioners, còmprehensive
social services include socializing the community to the needs of the resi-
dent, development of a comprehensive support system for crisis intervention,
long term counselling and referral, recreational services, educational
services (formal and non-formal), financial assistance with budgeting, tax-
ation, investments and overall economic planning.
4. Supportive Service
Includes assistance in employment, transportation, specialized training
and physical assistance, escorts and food needs.
5. Security
Major considerations include the development of a secure external and
internal structure. Special considerations should be given to site location,
lighting, walkways, entrances, hall monitoring, etc.
- 4 -
6. Ancillary Services
This category is a catch all for all other services required. Specific-
ally, there should be coalitions established to lobby for; improved legisla-
tion, équitable criteria for tenant selection, grievance for residence,
assessment of constituents and their needs, resource files established on
services available, avocacy group development, provisions for emergency
evacuations, trash disposal and special maintenance.
While these general categories are descriptive, they give some general
scope of the issues for consideration in defining the housing problem.
Creating a Pleasing Site: Designing features
When one moves to impacting designing features within the home, special
considerations must be given to asthetic needs. The problem in housing the
handicapped is not solely physical. Architects must understand that they are
designing homes for people. Let's examine the specifics of designing interior
dwellings with asthetic considerations as priority.
Most wheelchairs are 2½ feet wide and have a turn radius of 5 feet. A
"standard" internal hallway is 3 feet wide and a standard doorway 2 feet,
8 inches wide. Often they are more narrow in apartments and bathrooms. Most
standard dimensions, narrow passageways, steps and thresholds present the
most obvious obstacle for the disabled.
Kitchens - A kitchen is the most difficult area to adapt for normalized
living. Most disabled, confined to wheelchairs, must utilize the basic
principle of pushing and pulling as opposed to lifting and setting down.
- 5 -
All counters, appliances and sinks must be adjusted to wheelchair size. Over-
head cupboards must be lowered and lower closets raised. Appliances must have
doors that open to the side. Electric ranges may potentially be dangerous for
stroke victims who have lost the sense of touch. A gas burner offers a visible
way of knowing whether the stove is off or on.
Bathrooms
Basically, bathrooms are easy to adapt. Toilets must be mounted on the
"door-wall". Sinks and mirrors should be tilted outward and face the entrance.
Sinks should not be enclosed with cupboards underneath. And standard shower
stalls should be equipped with rounded threshholds and adjustable shower heads.
on poles.
Storage
Horizontal lazy susans and pull out pantries provide easy accessibility
for the handicapped.
Telephones
Lowered wall phones throughout the home and lowered light switches and
plugs assure easy reach.
Architectural barriers can be successfully eliminated in an asthetically
pleasing way. The greatest barrier is attitudinal ignorance. There is much
work remaining to be done to help the handicapped achieve their right of
access to and use of the built environment. Simple, comprehensive planning,
a knowledge of legislation and financing and sensitive use of the asthetic
needs can effect innovative use of resources on behalf of the handicapped
residents.
LEGISLATION AND FINANCING
HOUSING FOR THE HANDICAPPED
The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, for the first
time, allows for federal funding to remove architectural barriers which
impede or interfere with mobility of the handicapped. Funds may also be
used for the contruction or acquisition of neighborhood facilities and
senior centers. Handicapped citizen's service centers can be developed
under this section. Localities may extend loans to private individuals
for the purpose of rehabilitating a private residence to make it accessible
for handicapped residents. Applications for funding must include an access-
ment to insure equity among the Var ious categories. Also required, is citi-
zen participation in community development and housing plans.
The Housing Act of 1974 is a first in promoting specially designed
projects for the handicapped. Under its auspices, federal state and local
resources in housing, service and support programs for the developmental
disabled are finally meeting to plan comprehensive programs. This should
provide a bridge of action at several levels of government which are
concerned with these issues. The Act provides for a complete choice of
housing and can be utilized in many ways.
-2-
Definition of Eligible Handicapped
Families eligible for assistance may include single persons age 62
or over, single handicapped individuals as defined in Section 223 of the
Social Securities Act or in the Developmental Disabilities Act of 1970 and
those who have other enduring handicaps. It includes two persons or larger
families where either the head of the family or spouse qualifies, two un-
related persons sharing a living arrangement or one person who qualifies
living with another who is the caretaker. This definition has been expanded
to provide a variety of living arrangements.
Title IV: Comprehensive Planning Funds are available to develop and imple-
ment a comprehensive plan and a policy-planning evaluation capability.
Issues in providing decent housing and land use problems are considered
under this plan. Both of these issues are significant in determining
community development goals and policies for the handicapped. Funds under
Title IV may be used for research and demonstration projects that serve the
needs of the handicapped.
Tite II: Assisted Housing makes several provisions for aiding the handi-
capped. Section 7 encourages public housing agencies to design, develop or
otherwise acquire housing to meet the special needs of the handicapped.
Congregate housing is restricted to 10% of all public housing annual contri-
bution contracts.
Section 8: Provides assistance payments to owners of existing dwelling
-3-
units, to developers and to public housing agencies for constructing or
rehabilitating housing projects in which some units are ear-marked for the
handicapped. The payment equals the difference between 15-25% of the fam-
ily's gross income and the gross rent the owner received for his occupied
unit.
Section 209 ensures that special projects for the handicapped authorized
under the 1937 U.S. Housing Act meet acceptable design standards and
provide quality services and management. These projects must be equipped
with "related facilities" necessary to accomodate the special environmental
needs of the handicapped. The project also should support comprehensive
services under section 134 of the Mental Retardation Facilities and Com-
munity Mental Health Center Construction Act of 1963 or State and area
plans under Title III of the Older American Act of 1975.
Section 210(f) revises Section 202 of the Housing Act of 1959 by requiring
planning which provides comprehensive services for bandicapped persons.
These include such services as health, education, welfare, recreation, coun-
seling, referral and ancillary services. Transportation services should
also be included.
Section 311(g) provides authority for mortgage insurance covering multi-
family housing projects with congregate facilities including the handicapped.
Section 815 permits HUD to undertake and evaluate special demonstrations to
-4-
determine the housing design, housing structure and housing-related fac-
ilities and amenites most effective or appropriate to meet the needs of
the handicapped.
How To Get Assistance
One must begin at the local level by developing needs, local plans and
priorities. This leads to an approval by HUD and authority to proceed with
a contract. Specifically, a locality's housing plan will lead to a request
for assistance pursuant to a particular section of the act. One may work
through a local housing authority, State Housing Finance Agency or directly
with HUD.
A bid process will be initiated upon receipt of allocations of units
from HUD. If the unit(s) is to be newly constructed or substantially re-
habilitated, the locality will choose from the bios received and a contract
will be signed by HUD and the owner of the units, once approved. A State
Housing Finance Agency generally acts as a mortgage lender. Its position
makes it possible to act as a retailer of HUD allocations for assisted
housing.
The private developer will approach the process differently. He can
consider obtaining a loan through a State Finance Agency, obtaining a dir-
ect federal loan through HUD using section 202 authority or going to the
private sector. Section 8 provides the prime housing assistance program for
most housing development except for public housing where additional units can
be applied for directly.
-5-
The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 can be utilized
creatively for many new services to the handicapped. Prior to the util-
ization, a careful understanding of its sections and interpretations are
necessary. A summary of the act follows from the actual legislation termin-
ology. Study it well for it is a primary developmental tool for the manager.
THE HOUSING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1974
Special Provisions for the Handicapped, Disabled and Elderly
(in order of occurrence in the act)
TITLE I-COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Section 104(a)(4) - Local Housing Assistance Plan
- The required plan specifically cites the need to survey the housing
conditions and assistance needs of the elderly and the handicapped and to
reflect these needs in the local plan.
Section 105(5) - Activities Eligible for Community Development Assistance
- Special projects directed to the removal of material and architec-
tural barrier that restrict the mobility and accessibility of elderly and
handicapped persons are made specifically eligible activies under federal
assistance for community development.
TITLE II-ASSISTED HOUSING
Section 201 - United States Housing Act Section 3(2) of 1937
- The definition of "single person" is extended to include those "de-
velopmentally disabled" under Section 120(5) of the Developmental Disabil-
ities Services and Facilities Construction Amendment of 1970 (this is in
addition to the "physically-disabled").
- The definition of "elderly families" is extended to include two or
more elderly, disabled, or handicapped individuals living together or one
or more such individuals living with abother person who is determined
under regulations of the Secretary to be a person essential to their care
or wll-being.
Section 3(4)
- The definistion of "operation" is extended to specifically include t
the costs of "security personnel" as an eligible housing management cost.
(These definitions apply to both traditional public housing and to the
new Section 8 Housing Assistance Payments (HAP) program).
-2-
Section 8 - Housing Assistance Payments (HAP) Program
- Federal housing assistance payments may be made with respect to up
to 100 percent of the dwelling units in projects designed for use primarily
by elderly and handicapped persons (Section 8(c) (5).
Section 209 - Special Projects for the Elderly and Handicapped under the
United States -Housing Act of 1937.
(This provision applies to both traditional public housing and to the
new Section 8 Housing Assistance payments (HAP) program).
- The HUD Secretary is required to consult with the Secretary of the
Department of Health, Education and Welfare to insure that projects meet
acceptable standards of design and provide quality services and management
consistent with the needs of the occupants. Such projects shall be spec-
ifically designed and equipped with such "related facilities" (as defined
in Section 202(d)(8) of the Housing Act of 1959) as may be necessary to
accomodate the special environmental needs of the intended occupants
and shall be in support of and supported by the applicable state plans
for comprehensive services pursuant to Section 134 of the Mental Retard-
ation Facilities and Community Mental Health Center Construction Act of
1963 or state and area plans pursuant to Title III of the Older Americans
Act of 1965.
Section 210 - Revision of the Section 202 Program of Direct Loans for
Housing for the Elderly and the Handicapped.
Section 210(b)
- The definition of "single person" is defined to include "development-
ally disabled", in the same way as under the United States Housing Act of
1937 (see above).
Section 210(f)
-- The Secretary is required to seek to assure that housing and related
facilities (as defined in Section 202(d)(8) will be in appropriate support
of, and supported by, applicable state and local plans that respond to
federal program requirements by providing as assured range of necessary
services for individuals occupying such housing (which services may include,
among others, helath, continuing education, welfare, information, recreation,
homemaker counseling, referral, transportation where necessary to facilitate
access to social services, and services designed to encourage and assist
recipients to use the facilities and services available to them), including
-3-
plans approved by the HEW Secretary pursuant to Section 134 of the
Mental Retardation facilities and Community Mental Health Center Con-
struction Act of 1963 or pursuant to Title III of the Older Americans
Act of 1965.
Section 212 - Revision of the FHA Section 236 Multi-family Rental Program
Section 212(2): The HUD Secretary is authorized to increase the 20 percent
required proportion of low-income families with additional assistance pay-
ments in any project if he determines such action is necessary to meet
the housing needs of elderly or handicapped families.
Section 202(5): Required that at least 20 percent of the total amount of
contracts for assistance payments shall be available only with respect to
projects that are planned in whole or in part for occupancy by elderly
and handicapped families.
Note: The amendments to the Section 236 program do not include the ex-
tended definition of olderly and handicapped persons and families nor
the required supporting services specifically spelled out for the trad-
itional public housing program, the new Section 8 HAP program, or the
revised Section 202 program. However, sufficient legislative intent in
this regard may have been created to permit the HUD Secretary to apply
these provisions to the Section 236 program. This interpretation is sub-
ject to an administrative determination by the Secretary.
TITLE III-FHA MULTI-FAMILY MORTGAGE INSURANCE
Section 311: The HUD Secretary is authorized to insure a multi-family
housing project including units that are not self-contained, i.e., so-
called donmitory-type housing. The conference report instructs HUD to
give special attention to the urgent need to develop such housing in
urban areas.
Section 313: In rejecting the special provisions to provide subsidized
supplemental loans with respect to subsidized multi-family housing pro-
jects for the elderly in order to expand non-dwelling facilities needed
to serve elderly individuals in the area of the project, the conference
committee indicated in its report that the new Section 8 HAP program
permits non-dwelling facilities serving elderly in the area of a project
to be financed as part of a sucidized rental project serving the elderly.
-4-
TITLE V-RURAL HOUSING
section 510: Direct and Insured Loans to Provide Housing and Related
Chicilities for Elderly Persons and Low-Income Families in Rural Areas
- The ceiling of $750,000 on individual loans is removed.
- The term "development cost" is amended to cover "initial operating
expenses up to 2 percent" of all other defined development costs, approved
by the Secretary. Fees and charges may include payments of qualified con-
sulting organizations or foundations that operate on a nonprofit basis and
that render services or assistance to nonprofit corporations or consumer
cooperatives that provide housing and related facilities for low- or mod-
erate-income families.
TITLE VIII-MISCELLANEOUS
Section 815: The HUD Secretary is authorized to utilize up to 10 mil-
Tion dollars of appropriated HUD research funds, and to utilize contract
authority for development under any federally-assisted housing program,
to undertake special demonstrations to determine the housing design, the
housing structure and amenities most effective or appropriate to meet the
needs of groups with special housing needs, including the elderly, the
handicapped, the displaced, single individuals, broken families and large
households.
WHO ARE THE HANDICAPPED?
In general terms there are in America today at least 21 million
physically and mentally handicapped individuals living more or less in-
dependently outside of institutions. This number approximates 10% of
the population and includes some 6 million who are 65 years of age or
over and more than 11 million between the ages of 16 and 64, with
children below the age of 16 accounting for the rest. It is also esti-
mated that some 600,000 now living in institutions could return to their
communities if suitable housing and supportive services were made avail-
able to them.
Tne handicapped citizens has many faces; they are the deaf, plind
and the partially or totally disabled. They suffer from spinal cord
injuries, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, mental
retardation and other handicaps. For purposes of description, we will
define particular handicaps, impairments and restrictive devices in
terminology generally accepted and used in literature dealing with the
handicapped.
1. Definition of Terms
A. Temporary Impairments
Temporary Impairments refer to any and all situations in which
people become temporarily restricted in their movements either
-2-
through a disease or trauma that requires time to heal, or sim-
ply in performing the normal functions of everday life. The
pregnant woman, the skier with a broken leg and the shopper with
his arms loaded are all "handicapped to a degree" in their move-
ments, but the duration of their impairment is relatively short
lived.
B.
Activity Impairments
The term activity impairments generally refers to any sort of
limitation which curtails the normal activities of a person.
Most often diseases of the heart, lungs or forms of arthritis
and rheumatism are involved. Visual, audial or mobility cur-
tailment are not included. In general, people with activity
impairment can not play strenuous games or engage in unlimited
physical activity.
C.
Mobility Impairments
A mobility impairment curtails the ability of movement or ambu-
lation. It may be caused by such things as partial paralysis which
has not been compensated for by the use of ambulatory aids, or
the absence of extremities which have not been replaced by
mechanical aids. Disabilities, deformities, or handicaps which
curtail the movement of the person are included in this category.
2.
Mechanical Aids
A. Wheelchair
A wheelchair is a chair on wheels normally propelled by the oc-
-3-
cupant by means of handrims attached to the two side wheels.
Wheelchairs may also be motorized or propelled by an attendant.
B.
Crutch
A crutch is a staff with a crosspiece at the top to support the
person in walking. The point of support may be under the shoul-
der, upper arm, or forearm. For each crutch, a second support
is provided at hand level.
C. Cane
A cane or walking stick is a short staff either straight or
curved at the upper end, used to provide some support at hand
level in walking.
D. Walker
A walker is a four-legged stand which provides support for the
user. It is moved by lifting or by wheeling on casters.
E. Brace
A brace is defined as any kind of supportive device for the
arms, hands, legs, feet, back, neck or head, exclusive of tem-
porary casts, slings, bandages, trusses, belts or crutches.
F. Artificial Limb
An articifical limb is a device to replace a missing leg, arm,
hand, or foot. It does not necessarily have moving parts. A
device employed only for lengthening a leg where the whole leg
or foot is present is not included in this definition.
-4-
G.
Special Shoes
Footwear specifically designed as a podiatric aids to be used
in assisting people in walking.
3.
Manual Impairments
A.
A partial manual impairment entails the impairment of either
both hands to a certain degree, or total disability of one
hand. It may refer to the lack of a replacement of a missing
hand or arm with a mechanical device. There is some use of
hands or arms, and some manual dexterity in a partial manual
impairment.
B. A total manual impairment means, in effect, that the person
has no use of his hands or arms. Therefore, he is handicapped
in those aspects of the exterior environment which require the
use of these extremities. It may be the result of arthritis,
rheumatism, amputation, or the lack of replacement of a limb
by articifical devices.
4.
Visual Impairments
A.
Partial visual impairments are usually caused by dysfunctions
such as color blindness, the loss of partial sight in one eye,
cataracts, glaucoma, a detached retina, or congenital birth de-
fects. A worsening of some of these problems may cause total
visual impairments.
B.
A total visual impairment means that a person has total loss of
vision.
-5-
5. Audial Impairments
A. Partial audial impairments include people with a limited ability
to hear, but who are still able to detect major sounds such as
loud noises or audial warnings in the exterior environment.
B. A person with total audial impairment cannot hear any sounds at
all. Congenital birth defects, disease, or a steady audial de-
terioration which culminates in total deafness in old age are
the usual causes.
6. Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is defined today as a sub-average intellectual
functioning which originates during the development period and is
associated with impairments in adaptive behavior. In less technical
terms, the mentally retarded person is one, who from childhood, ex-
periences unusual difficulties in learning and is relatively ineffec-
tive in applying whatever he has learned to the problems of ordinary
living. Degrees of mental retardation (mild, moderate, severe, pro-
found) are measured by considering both measured intelligence and
impairment in adaptive behavior.
In virtually every nation, the number of handicapped individuals has
been increasing significantly. In the United States alone, statistics re-
veal that the handicapped constitute well over 10 percent of the population.
In addition to the deaf, blind, mentally retarded and the victims of various
diseases, the numbers are swelled by the survivors of several wars, accident
victims and the disabled elderly. Ongoing advances in the fields of mental
-6-
retardation, orthopedic surgery, biomechanics, rescue systems and geron-
tology are projected to increase the number of people steadily. Linked
with a declining birth rate, the percentage will grow to an expected 20%
by the end of the century. In numbers of people, this will produce a
handicapped population triple its present size.
In the past handicapped citizens have been locked away in dreary
institutional settings. Only recently has a hopeful national attitude
developed towards providing the means and apportunities for these citizens
to lead publically useful lives.
Historical Notes on the Psychological, Social, and Physical Needs of the
Handicapped
Historically our treatment of handicapped citizens has been a shame-
ful part of our national character. The first asylums, created in the
Middle Ages to house blind beggars, were not established for the sake of
their residents but rather as a means to remove them from the site of
society. Institutional segregation of the handicapped took hold in the
United States between 1870 and 1880. The philosophy most accepted was
that the blind, retarded or severely disabled were "happiest" with their
own kind. Institutions were built in isolated locations away from society,
primarily for its comfort. Hospitals, clearly presumed to be the most
beneficial institutions for the handicapped, often "collected" patients
as a convenience to the physician. The fact is that many institutionalized
persons were never treated at all, but were simply "warehoused." The cost
-7-
of institutional care when nursing home or chronic care facilities are
added, in many instances is more expensive for the taxpayer, in the long
run, than independent living arrangements.
The fundamental question remains. "Is it a matter of
certain "bad" institutions, or are even the best "bad?" Many believe the
very concept of the institution, particularly the residential facility
that provides only occasional medical care, is "bad." It is said to
depersonalize and dehumanize; residents have almost no privacy, no per-
sonal possessions, and, perhaps most important, no say in decisions
about themselves. It has been suggested that residential institutions
are merely places of transfer from social to physical death.
Society has historically inflicted social injury to the visibly
handicapped citizen as they attempt to carry out daily social interaction.
"Normal" or non-handicapped people have difficulty relating to the handi-
capped person as "just and ordinary man or woman." Frequently a slip of
the tongue, revealing gestures and inadvertent remarks overtly betray
societal attitudes towards the handicapped. These behaviors generally
can be described in four main categories:
1. A Focal Point of Interaction
When individuals interact they usually focus on the whole person.
A handicapped person cannot to a large extent, control his appearance
and the source of the handicap stands out as a heightened point of
awareness. Most people become uncomfortable and attempt to hide their
curiosity or discomfort. Tension and strain undermine
-8-
the interaction, everyday words and jestures become taboo, eyes stare
elsewhere and the handicapped person ceases to be a whole and is seen
only in terms of the physical deformity.
2. Inundating Potential
The possibility of a sustained relationship with a handicapped
citizen is often severely constrained. The visibly handicapped are
seen as outsiders, unable to experience and feel as a "normal" human
being. Expressions are controlled, normal areas of discussion cur-
tailed because we are afraid of hurting feelings and consciously
identifying differences.
3.
Contradiction of Attributes
Often society patronizes or acts in a condescending way towards
the handicapped. We deny that the handicapped person, with the ex-
ception of the disability, is "just like us." Even though there may
be similarities in occupational identity, clothes, speech, intelli-
gence, interest, etc. we still perceive an unsettling discordance
between these and the handicapped. In the cruelist sense, no handi-
capped person is totally acceptable in our society no matter how
normal they attempt to be or in fact are.
4. Ambiguous Predicators
Finally society tends to be ambiguous about the degree to which
the handicapped can enter into free and spontaneous social activity
(i.e. dancing, games, going out to eat, attending theaters, etc.).
SUCCESSFUL ALTERNATIVE HOUSING FOR THE HANDICAPPED
Various alternative housing models have been created in the United
States through the use of HUD and Public Housing 202 direct loan and 236
Funds. Some examples include Creative Living, a quadriplegic Housing Eight
unit in Columbus, Ohio; Vistula Manor, a public housing unit with 164 units
in Toledo, Ohio; Center Park Apartments in Seattle with 150 units; Pilgrim
Tower in Los Angeles, sponsored by Pilgrim Church of the Deaf, Highland
Heights, New Horizon Manor and Independence Hall. Highland Heights is perhaps
the best example of a functional building in the field of the handicapped.
Essentially, three men were instrumental in conceptualizing Highland
Heights. Dr. David Greer, medical director of Hussy Hospital became very
frustrated because he would get people to the point where they could assume
some responsibilities for themselves and they would go back to a physical
environment that posed a barrier to participation in social activities. The
mayor of the city, who had been the director of the public housing authority
and a Catholic priest who directed the Catholic Home for. the Elderly.
The arrangement with the city was that the housing authority would pay
($1.00) one dollar for land rental on the grounds of the Municipal Hospital
and could connect a tunnel to the hospital. Specific considerations were
given to site selection, adapting the environment for people with physical
disabilities and human and physical services. The city received, in return,
- 2 -
a committment from the housing authority that rehabilitation services would
be provided to both Municipal Hospital and the Highland Heights Family. All
electricity and heat was supplied through the Municipal Hospital.
Many construction considerations had to be decided. The entire environ-
ment had to be adapted to the functional needs of the 316 residents. The
site selection was excellent. The hospital was located in an excellent section
of Falls River, on a hill which commanded a beautiful view of the city.
Highland Heights medical services are among the most unique. Services
available include occupational therapy, physical therapy, speech therapy and
social services. Nursing coverage is also provided seven days a week, 24
hours per day. Mental Health Services, visiting nurses and medical supervision
and evaluation are also provided. Community services are utilized for recreation
and ancillary needs. People within the neighborhood take an active interest in
resident activities and services. The Commission on Aging has offices within
the residence and hot meals are served to the senior citizens living in the
facilities. While transportation needs still posed a problem, a mini-bus
program is being developed to shuttle residents to various colleges and univer-
sities located nearby.
Other HUD assisted housing for the handicapped include;
Vistula Manor
Vistula Manor, with 164 units, opened in 1967, was initially to be occupied
by the handicapped. Since then the percentage has risen. Today fewer than 30
percent of occupants are handicapped. Features include lowered mirrors, sliding
doors, bathtubs with seats, a single water faucet control and raised electrical
outlets.
- 3 -
Pilgrim Tower
This building was sponsored by the Pilgrim Lutheran Church of the Deaf
in Los Angeles. Financing was provided by Section 202 Direct Loan. This
facility was opened in 1968 with 112 units servicing the deaf and those with
hearing disabilities. A Special complex signaling device is an innovative
addition to the facility.
Independence Hall
It is a large 292 sprawling garden type apartment dwelling in Houston,
Texas. It has many innovations for the handicapped and is unique. It is closely
tied to the Goodwill Industries plant. Everyone who runs the building is handi-
capped, including administrative, clerical and maintenance staff. There are also
strong links to available hospital and medical services and the normal social
services utilized by the Goodwill.
Many other buildings exist that have provided innovative services to the handi-
capped. While they all can not be summarized, here is a listing of facilities
with specific information:
Housing Projects for the Handicapped
Sponsor
Yr. Opened
Cost
Size/Group Specially serve
Name
Location
Toledo Met.
1967
$3,800,943
164
Handicapped &
Vistula
400 Nebraska Ave.
elderly
Manor
Toledo, Ohio 43602
Hsg. Autho.
1233 S. Vermont
1968
1,723,000
112
Deaf and hard
Pilgrim
Pilgrim Lu-
of hearing
Los Angeles,
theran Church
Tower
elderly
Cal., 90006
of the deaf
Seattle Hsg.
1969
2,596,421
150
Handicapped
Center
825 Yester Way
& elderly
Park
Seattle, Wash-
.
Authority
Apts.
ington 98104
- 4 -
Location
Sponsor
Yr.Opened
Cost
Size/Group Specially served
B.
1024 S. 32nd St.
Omaha Ass'n. for
1969
$ 422,900
42
Blind & partially
sighted elderly
S
Omaha, Nebraska
the Blind
68105
and
1197 Robeson St.
Fall River Hsg.
1970
2,942,204
208
Handicapped and
elderly
CS
Fall River, Mass.
02722
2525 N. Broadway
Fargo Housing
1972
1,947.875
100
Handicapped
bri-
Fargo, N. Dakota
Authority
58102
Airline Dr. at
Goodwill In-
1973
3,179,800
292
Handicapped and
endence
elderly
Buress Street
dustries
Houston, Texas
445 W. 8th Ave.
Creative
1974
333,100
18
Quadri and para-
ive
ng
Columbus, Ohio
Living, Inc.
plegics
While only eight projects are operating to date, many things have been
learned.
Size, location and ties to the community are critical in making a
building meaningful for persons who require more than just a place to eat
and sleep. Management must be extremely sensitive to a resident group with
needs and demands greater than usual. The automatic assumption that elderly
and handicapped belong together, because of legislative wording must be
challenged. Each group must encounter difficulties caused by the
generation gap that is just as real as those encountered by individuals with
full physical faculties. Conversely, there is no reason to assume that younger
handicapped persons must always live with each other in a building devoted to
that purpose alone. If anything, there is profound strength in the argument
that architectural design can make one or more lower floors of a building fully
- 1, -
useful to the handicapped, so that they can live among their peer group,
to share the community experience. Ultimately, of course, they should be
able to live in adapted housing anywhere, as all facilities are designed
for full accessibility to everyone, regardless of handicap or disability.
Parts of this Chapter were extracted from HUD Challenge - Special Issue
on Handicapped Citizens (see bibliography)
HUMAN SERVICE DELIVERY AND COMMUNITY INTERGRATION
Any service designed to enable the disabled to live free, full and
independtly fulfilling lives is predicated on the availability of a network
of human support services. These services must not stereotype and confine
people into rigid roles, but enable one to have the fullest possible life.
Comprehensive services are necessary across the whole range of human expe-
rience. Practitioners are needed to review the legislation, develop avocacy
groups and educate the public to the needs of the disabled. Planners must
develop policy necessary to implement change. Community organizers must
develop community support to assist in designing housing and consciousness
raising to destroy prevailing prejudices and myths. The service deliverers
must provide the comprehensive services required and defined in Chapter III.
But what of the Housing Manager? What is his role(s) in human service
delivery and, community intergration.
In the largest sense, the manager has the moral obligation to provide
its residents with a safe, decent and adequate environment. Pragmatically it
makes good sense. All managers seek to have an involved concerned community
who watchdog problems within the community, monitor the facility and assist
in resolving the problems of community members, including the housing residents.
Furthermore, needs of both the manager and resident can be met through efforts
of managing issues of joint concern.
- 2 -
The manager has a role in every phase of issues dealing with housing
the disabled. They must be advocates in every possible way after they have
studied the issues. As an example, if the Housing Management Field is
responsible for innovative efforts to improve and normilize housing, they
have served themselves while doing a great service for the society. If the
field develops a proficiency in dealing with various service practitioners,
they are creating the linkages forwarded in the goals of H.R. Crawford and
the U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development. Every effort to improve
one component of our lives necessarily impacts and improves other components.
Historical Perspectives
Human Services as a necessary component in the Housing Management Field
has been thwalted by general myths associated with the advocacy role promulgated
in the 60's and 70's. The fact is that Social Work and Social Administration
practices are the facilitators of the Housing Management Field. Any effort,
on the part of Housing Managers, to sensitize their practice to the increasing
stresses of communities can only improve the service housing managers providers
in the community. As society engages in the struggle to resolve new community
stresses, improved resource become available. These resources are potentially
useful to the manager. Linkages to community resource services, expertise and
volunteer services is critical to the managers success. Any organized stable
community upgrades the value and worth of the property and creates an easier
task for the manager. In addition, the needs of the owner, resident and
community are resolved as the community network works as a self-generating
problem solving tool.
- 3 -
While we have addressed specific human service needs in Chapter III,
a (0) rehensive planning approach to community must be initiated by the
manager towards the goal of full intergration of the disabled resident into
the community. Managers can gain tremendous impetus in their work from
supportive community involvement in the provision of human service resources
to residents. This can only come about by the managers determined effort
to build linkages with the community at large.
RESOURCE LISTINGS
This seminar workbook is a beginning overview of the areas
that are critical for study in housing the disabled. Managers
who are interested in specializing in this new and important
area of housing must construct new learning experiences in
their field of practice. Material is being constantly generated
to this end. This handout provides a recently developed resource
listing of individuals and organizations who have expertise
in the field of disabled services. This resource listing has
been extracted in total from the Barrier Free Site Design booklet
produced by the American Society of Landscape Architect Foundation
(U.S. Dept. of HUD #H-2002-R) and should be of tremendous assistance.
WHERE TO TURN FOR MORE INFORMATION AND HELP
Charles Gueli, Director, Community Design Re-
Rita McGaughey, Consultant - Education & Train-
INDIVIDUAL CONTACTS:
search Programs and Government Project Man-
ing, National Easter Seal Society for Crippled
ager, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Children & Adults, 2023 W. Ogden Ave., Chicago,
Barbara Allan, Easter Seal Society, 521 Second
Development, Washington, D.C., 20410.
III. 60612
Ave. West, Seattle, Washington 98119
Ms. M.R. Hamilton, Royal Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa,
Donald J. Molnar, Division of Campus Develop-
Kathaleen C. Arneson, Rehabilitation Services Ad-
ment, University of Illinois, 610 South 6th Street,
ministration, Dept. of H.E.W., Room 3014 South
Ontario, Canada
Champaign, Illinois 61820
Mr. D. Henning, Division of Building Research,
Bldg., Washington, D.C. 20201
James E. Moulder, Executive Vice President, R.W.
National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada
Richard Austin, Dept. Landscape Architecture,
Booker and Associates, Inc., 1139 Olive Street,
Dorothy Jeffery, Coordinator of Public Affairs,
Seaton Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
St. Louis, Missouri
Easter Seal Society, Worcester, Mass. 01608
E.M. Avedon EDD, University of Waterloo, Ontario,
Dr. John Nesbitt, Chairman, Recreation Education
Canada Architecture Dept.
Dean A. Johnson, Principal, Johnson and Dee,
Program, University of lowa, lowa City, lowa
Richard Blakely, Dept. of Landscape Architecture,
Landscape Architects and Urban Designers,
Edward H. Noakes, Noakes and Associates, 7315
25 Agricultural Hall, University of Wisconsin,
Avon, CT 06001
Wisconsin Ave., Bethesda, Maryland 20014
W.L. Katelnikolf, Walter L. Katelnikoff, Architect,
Madison, Wisconsin
T.J. Nugent, Rehabilitation-Education Center, Uni-
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Thomas O. Byerls, Director, Housing and Environ-
versity of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820
Joseph Konchelk, Dept. of Design and Environ-
ment, Gerontological Society, Suite 520, One
mental Ecology. Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.
David C. Park, Exec. Sec., National Therapeutic
DuPont Circle, Washington, D.C. 20036
Barbara M. Laging, Design Consultant - Interiors,
& Recreation Society, National Recreation &
Donato Capozzoli, Director, Recreation and Camp-
Park Association, 1601 N. Kent St., Arlington, VA
1140 South 20th, Lincoln, Nebraska 68502
ing Services, N.Y. Association for the Blind, 111
Peter Lassen, Health Care Facilities Service, Vet-
James A. Parker, General Services Administration,
59th St., New York, New York 10022
erans Administration, 810 Vermont Ave. N.W.,
19th and F St. N.W., Room 3046, Washington,
Leon Chatelain, Jr. FAIA, Chatelain, Samperton
D.C. 20405
Washington, D.C. 20420
and Nolan, 1625 K Street, N.W., Wash. D.C.
Ira Laster, Office of Program Coordinator, Office
Leon Pastalan, Institute of Gerontology, University
of the Secretary for Environment and Urban Sys-
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
Mrs. P. Cluff, Cluff and Cluff, Architect, Toronto,
tems, Department of Transportation, 10405 Nas-
Janet Pomeroy, Director, Recreation Center for the
Ontario, Canada
sif Bldg., Washington, D.C. 20590
Handicapped Inc., San Francisco, California
Elizabeth H. Coiner, National Park Service, Wash-
Thomas Laswell, Ethel Percy Andrews Gerontol-
Charles Redmond, Recreation Facilities for the
ington, D.C.
ogy Center, University of Southern California,
Handicapped. Division of State and Private As-
D.E. Curren, Canadian Paraplegic Association, At-
sistance, National Park Service, Wash., D.C.
lantic Division, Halifax, N.S.
Los Angeles, California
Morton Leeds, Dept. of Housing and Urban De-
Gary O. Robinette, Executive Director, American
Richard Dattner, Carnegie Hall, 57th and 7th Ave.,
New York, New York
velopment. Washington, D.C. 20410
Society of Landscape Architects Foundation,
Edmond J. Leonard, Director of Information, The
McLean, VA 22101
Richard K. Dee, Principal, Johnson and Dee,
Landscape Architects and, Urban Designers;
President's Committee on Employment of the
George Rose, L.A., George Washington National
Handicapped, Washington, D.C. 20210
Forest, Federal Bldg.. Harrisonburg. Va. 22801
Avon, CT 06001
Dr. Joel S. Rosen, Assistant Medical Dir., Rehabil-
Miss J. Duchemin, Canadian Council on Social
Robert Marans; Survey Research Center, Institute
Developments, Ottawa. Ontario, Canada
for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann
itation Institute of Chicago, 401 East Ohio St.,
Chicago, Illinois 60611
Margaret Elliott, Rehabilitation Foundation for the
Arbor, Michigan 48106
Disabled. London. Ontario. Canada
Edward H. Matthei, Perkins and Will Architects,
Harry Saunders, Director, Buildings and Grounds,
L.A. Unified School Dist., San Pedro, Calif.
Erwin Friedman, Director. National Children's Cen-
Inc., 309 West Jackson Boulevard. Chicago,
Sylvia Sherwood, Hebrew Rehabilitation Center
ter. 6200 2nd Street N.W Washington, D.C.
Illinois 60606
Lida L. McCowan, Cheff Center for the Handi-
for the Aged. 1401 Center Street. Soston MA
Deborah Greenstein, Dept. of Housing and Urban
Thomas A. Stein, Curriculum in Recreation Ad-
Development, Washington, D.C. 20410
capped, R.R. 1 Box 171. Agusta. Michigan
ministration, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill. North Carolina
Organizations
Harvey A. Stevens, Superintendent, Central Wis-
Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf,
American Speech and Hearing Association, 9030
Inc., George W. Fellindorf, Exec. Dir., 1537 35th
Old Georgetown Road, Washington, D.C. 20014
consin Colony and Training School for Mentally
St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20007
The Arthritis and Rheumatism Foundation, 10
Retarded, Madison, Wisconsin
American Association for Rehabilitation Therapy,
Columbus Circle. New York, New York
James W. Wahner, State Representative, Room
322 West, State Capitol Bldg., Madison, Wiscon-
Inc., P.O. Box 93, North Little Rock, Ark. 72116
The Arthritis Foundation, 1212 Ave. of the Ameri-
American Association of Workers for the Blind,
cas, New York, New York 10036
sin 53702
Rodney Warmington, Architect, Brisbane, Aust.
Inc., John L. Naler, Exec. Sec., 1511 K St. NW,
Associazione Italiana per l'Assistinza, Agli Spas-
Harold Wilson, Staff Economic Analyst, Kaiser
Washington, D.C. 20005
tici, Via Cigro 4/H 000136, Rome, Italy
American Association on Mental Deficiency,
Association of Rehabilitation Centers Inc., 829
Foundation, Ordway Building, Room 2666, Oak-
George Sologanis, Exec. Sec.. 5201 Connecticut
Davis Street, Evanston, III.
land, California 94604
Ave. NW, Washington. D.C. 20015
Association of Swimming Therapy, Honorary Gen-
Herb Wolf, Superintendent, Maryland School for
American Cancer Society Inc., 521 West 57th
eral Sec., Mr. J. MacMillan, 24 Arnos Grove, Lon-
the Blind, 3045 Taylor Avenue, Baltimore, Md.
Street, New York, New York
don, N. 11, England
American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, 30
Australian Council for Rehabilitation of Disabled,
N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60602
Cleaveland House, Sydney, Australia 2000
American Corrective Therapy Assoc. Inc., Robert
Blinded Veterans Association, Robert D. Carter,
W. Crist, 19 Barnes Court, Hampton, Va. 23364
1735 DeSales St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20036
American Diabetes Association Inc., 1 East 45th
Bureau of Education for the Handicapped, U.S.
Street, New York, New York
Office of Education, 7th and D Streets SW,
American Foundation for the Blind Inc., 15 West
Washington, D.C. 20202
16th Street. New York, New York 10011
Canadian Rehabilitation Council for the Disabled,
American Hearing Society, 919 18th Street NW,
242 St. George Street, Toronto 5, Canada
Washington, D.C.
The Central Council for the Disabled, 34 Eccleston
American Heart Association Inc., John A. Hagar,
Square, London, S.W. 1, England
Director, Rehabilitation Dept., 44 East 23rd
Council for Exceptional Children, William C. Geer,
Street. New York, New York 10010
Exec. Dir., 1411 S. Jefferson Davis Highway, Arl-
American Hospital Association Inc., 840 North
ington, Va. 22202
Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, III.
Council of Organizations Serving the Deaf, Wilde
American Medical Association, 535 North Dear-
Lake Village Green #310, Columbia, Maryland
born Street, Chicago, 111.
21044
American National Red Cross, 17th and D Streets
Disabled American Veterans, 3725 Alexandria
NW. Washington, D.C. 20006
Pike, Cold Spring, Kentucky 41076
American Occupational Therapy Association, 6000
Disabled Living Foundation, 346 Kensington High
Executive Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20852
Street, London W14 8NS, England
American Orthotics and Prosthetics Assoc., 1440 N
Federation of the Handicapped Inc., 211 West 14th
Street NW. Washington, D.C. 20005
Street, New York, New York 10011
American Physical Therapy Association, Royce P.
The Fifty-two Association of New York Inc., Allan
Noland, Exec. Dir., 1156 15th Street NW. Wash-
Weinberg, Exec. Dir., 147 E 50th Street, New
ington. D.C. 20005
American Psychiatric Association, 1700 18th Street
York, New York 10022
Gerontological Society, One DuPont Circle, Suite
NW. Washington. D.C. 20009
American Printing House for the Blind Inc., 1839
520. Washington, D.C. 20036
Goodwill Industries of America Inc., 1913 N Street
Frankfort Ave.. Louisville. Kentucky 40206
American Public Health Association, 1015 18th
NW. Washington, D.C.
Street NW. Washington, D.C. 20026
Handicapped Adventure Playground Association,
American Rehabilitation Foundation, Minneapolis,
Mrs. W.J. Pearce. Honorary Sec., 2 Paultons
Street. London. S.W, 3, England
The Industrial Home for the Blind, 57 Willoughby
National Easter Seal Society for Crippled Children
Street, Brooklyn, New York 11201
and Adults, 2023 W. Ogden Ave., Chicago, III.
Information Center on Exceptional Children, The
60612
Council for Exceptional Children, 1499 Jefferson
National Foundation - March of Dimes, Joseph F.
Davis Highway, Suite 900, Arlington, Va. 22202
Nee, Senior Vice President, P.O. Box 2000, White
Institute for the Crippled and Disabled, Salvatore
Plains, New York 10602
G. Dimichael, Ph.D. Director, 400 First Ave., New
National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Sylvia Lawry,
York, New York 10010
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20014
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