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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
Donated Historical Materials
Collection/Office of Origin: Frieden, Lex, Collection
Series:
Printed Materials
Subseries:
Reference Materials
OA/ID Number:
52142
Folder ID Number:
52142-003
Folder Title:
Evaluation: Human Service Scale [1974]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
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Position:
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
REHABILITATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE
2605 MARSH LANE
MADISON, WISCONSIN 53706
PHONE (608) 263-5970
Dear Colleagues:
I am pleased to be able to inform you of the newly published Human Service Scale.
This 80 item Scale measures the satisfaction of human needs in seven life areas. Its
potential as the only instrument of its kind has attracted the attention of program
evaluators, administrators, researchers, practitioners, and others. It is now
published by the Institute which offers a machine scoring service and continuing
research consultation.
The Human Service Scale was based on the following rationale: it was reasoned
that if agency services are provided on the basis of client needs, then the success of
agency programs and the progress of individual clients ought to be based on the extent
to which client needs are satisfied. This assumption led to Maslow's hierarchy of
basic human needs as an underlying theoretical rationale for the construction of an
instrument to measure client need satisfaction. The development of the Scale followed
sound measurement techniques. Over 300 items were generated initially that appeared
to be related to Maslow's five need categories: physiological, safety and security,
love and belongingness, self-esteem and self-actualization, Later the items were
inspected for redundancy and appropriateness of content, reducing the number of items
to 150. These items were then administered in scale from 1018 clients of vocational
rehabilitation agencies across the U.S. In addition, 32 rehabilitation counselors were
asked to rate the degree to which each of the 150 items were related to each of Maslow's
five categories of basic human needs. This information was later used to determine
the content validity of the scale. This data was subjected to appropriate factor and
item analyses, and the result was elimination of 70 more items (leaving the present
80 items) and the division of items into seven sub-scales. These procedures are
detailed in the enclosed background material.
The Human Service Scale is used as an evaluative instrument (administered
prior to and following services, with changes in each sub-scale as well as overall
need satisfaction documenting improvement). The Scale also has potential as a "diag-
nostic" instrument; areas of low need satisfaction at the time of intake may be trans-
lated into needed human services and, thus, service planning is much more efficient.
The use of machine-scored answer sheets of the Scale: (1) reduces the cost of admiñis-
tration since the intracacies of hand-scoring are prohibitively time consuming, and
(2) makes it possible to have the Scale scored and the results returned rapidly. A
free profile form is provided with each Scale. The cost and time for scoring is compar-
able to that of other test scoring services. Any "profit" over actual cost is for further
research expenses.
The Human Service Scale and scoring service is available from the Institute. The
cost per Scale -- including scoring - is $3.00 each. The Scales will be scored at any
time within two years of purchase without extra charge if purchased and scored in
quantities of ten or more. A $10.00 surcharge per package is made for either pur-
chasing and/or scoring Scales in lots of less than ten. (Earlier purchases of the
Scale will be scored for $2.00 each plus the $10.00 surcharge.)
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
REHABILITATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE
2605 MARSH LANE
MADISON, WISCONSIN 53706
PHONE (608) 263-5970
- 2 -
Please examine these materials and let us learn of your reaction. Enclosed are
the following materials:
1) A copy of the Human Service Scale,
2) The background of the construction and validation of the Scale,
3) A copy of the Profile used for presenting the results of the scoring
of the Scale,
4) Exemplary profiles illustrating possible interpretations of two,
5) A sheet showing which items belong to each sub-scale of the Scale,
6) A sample page of computer output of scoring results (these are
used for completing the profile),
7) A generic list of human service resources (these are used for
translating areas of low need satisfaction into needed services).
The Human Service Scale is available to all who want to measure client change
empirically. The Scale is an excellent dependent variable for research purposes,
an innovative evaluation tool for the program evaluator, and a practical means of
increasing the efficiency of planning services by counselors, social workers, and
others charged with the provision of human services to disadvantaged, disabled, or
otherwise dependent persons.
The Scale is presently being used successfully in VA hospitals, mental health
clinics, social service agencies, vocational education programs, rehabilitation
agencies, as well as in several research and demonstration projects for alcoholics,
drug abusers, delinquents, ex-offenders, and others.
Thank you for your interest in the Human Service Scale and if you have any questions
regarding the Human Service Scale, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Sincerely,
Inco
George N. Wright, Ph D.
Professor and Director
GNW:r
enclosures
HUMAN SERVICE SCALE
IDI NTIFICATION
ADMIN.
DISCODE
A 28508
NUMBER
THIS PART TO BE COMPLETED BY THE PROFESSIONAL
SPECIAL
1
CODES
000000
0
0
0
00000
NAME
FM
(Last)
(First)
(M.I.)
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ADDRESS
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
22220
ADD
(Street or R.R.)
3
000000
3
3
3
3
30330
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
DROP
(City)
(State)
(Zip)
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
TELEPHONE
666666
6
6
6
6
66666
CHG
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
SOCIAL SECURITY NO.
DO NOT WRITE BEYOND THIS LINE.
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
OTHER
000000
6
9
9
9
00000
AGE
BIRTH DATE
MO
DAY
YR
LIVING ARRANGEMENT
SEX
M
F
0
0
1
1
Living alone
CLIENT NO.
2
2
Living with spouse
3
3
Living with one or both parents
COUNSELOR NO.
4
4
(including step-parents)
5
5
Living with non-relatives
MARITAL STATUS
6
6
Other
7
7
Married
8
8
WORK STATUS
Widowed
9 9
Divorced
Wage or salaried worker (competitive
Separated
labor market)
Never Married
Wage or salaried worker (sheltered
Marriage Annulled
workshop)
Unknown
Self-employed (except BEP)
State agency - managed business
EDUCATION
enterprise (BEP)
Homemaker
None
Unpaid family worker
1-7 grade
Not working - student
8th grade
Unemployed
9-11 grade
High School Diploma
PRIMARY SOURCE OF SUPPORT
Vocational-Technical without
Licensure/Certification
Current earnings, interest, dividends, rent
Vocational-Technical with
Family and friends
Licensure/Certification
Private relief agency
Attended College one or more
Public assistance, at least partly
semesters
with Federal funds
Four Year College Degree
Public assistance, without Federal funds
Graduate Degree
Public institution-tax supported
Unknown
Workmen's compensation
Social Security Disability Insurance benefits
NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS other
Other disability, sickness, survivors', or age-
than yourself
retirement benefits (except from private
o
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 or more
insurance) unemployment insurance benefits
Annuity or other non-disability
HERITAGE
insurance benefits (private insurance)
Disability or sickness benefits
White
(private insurance); savings; other sources
Black
Not reported
American Indian
Spanish Surname
VETERAN
Other
Unknown
Yes
No
Selective Service rejectee
FIRST EDITION COPYRIGHT 1973
HUMAN SERVICE SYSTEMS, INC. MADISON, WI. 53705
NCS Trans-Optic F1706-5432
DIRECTIONS: DARKEN THE CIRCLE IN FRONT OF DESIRED RESPONSE FOR EACH QUESTION.
1. What is your main source of support?
9. How often do you have trouble showing your feelings to your family?
A
your own earnings (wages, workshop
A
very often
D
sometimes
payments, income from own busi-
B
often
E
hardly ever
ness)
as often as not
B
savings, property or other invest-
10. How often are you bothered by shortness of breath when not exercising?
ments
A
very often
D
sometimes
C
earnings of someone else in family
B
often
E
hardly ever
D
Social Security, pension payments,
as often as not
or Unemployment Compensation
11. How often do you feel depressed, down, or very unhappy?
payments
A
very often
D
sometimes
E
Public Assistance or Welfare pay-
B
often
E
hardly ever
ments
as often as not
2. How much Public Assistance or Wel-
12. How often do you feel down or discouraged because your major problems cause you
fare payments (but not earnings, Social
to waste time?
Security, Pension Payments, or unem-
A
very often
D
sometimes
ployment compensation payments) are
B
often
E
hardly ever
you receiving per month?
C
as often as not
A
No Public Welfare Assistance at this
13. How often do you become so sick you have to cut down on your usual activities?
time
A
very often
D
sometimes
B
1 to 75 dollars per month
B
often
E
hardly ever
76 to 150 dollars per month
C
as often as not
21. How often do you worry about get-
D
151 to 225 dollars per month
14. How often do you feel restless?
ting ahead in the world?
E
more than 225 dollars per month
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
very often
D
sometimes
3. How much do you earn (wages, work-
B
often
E
hardly ever
B
often
E
hardly ever
shop payments, income from own busi-
C
as often as not
C
as often as not
ness, savings, property or other invest-
15. How often do you get together with
22. How often do you worry about get-
ments) per week (nearest dollar)?
friends (going out together or visiting in
ting along with your family?
A
none
each others' home)?
A
very often
D
sometimes
B
1 to 35 dollars per week
A
very often
D
sometimes
B
often
E
hardly ever
36 to 70 dollars per week
B
often
E
hardly ever
C
as often as not
D
71 to 105 dollars per week
C
as often as not
23. How often do you become interested
E
106 dollars or more per week
16. How often do you worry about the
in something new?
4. How many jobs (either paid or unpaid
future?
A
very often
D
sometimes
work) have you had in the last six months?
A
very often
D
sometimes
B
often
E
hardly ever
A none (did not work)
B
often
E
hardly ever
C
as often as not
B
job
©2 jobs
D
3
jobs
E
4 or more
C
as often as not
24. How often do you treat other people
5. How often are you bothered by rapid
17. How often has your family failed to
badly?
heart beat?
help you when you needed help?
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
very often
D
sometimes
B
often
E
hardly ever
B
often
E
hardly ever
B
often
E
hardly ever
C
as often as not
C
as often as not
C
as often as not
25. How often have you felt that you are
6. How often are you uncertain about
18. How often do you worry about your
not the kind of family member that you
decisions you make?
family having enough money?
would like to be?
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
very often
D
sometimes
B
often
E
hardly ever
B
often
E
hardly ever
B
often
E
hardly ever
C
as often as not
C
as often as not
C
as often as not
7. How often, when you need help, can
19. How often do you tend to go to
26. How often are you bothered by
you find someone to help you?
pieces under pressure?
muscle twitches, trembling, or shakes?
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
very often
D
sometimes
B
often
E
hardly ever
B
often
E
hardly ever
B
often
E
hardly ever
as often as not
as often as not
C
as often as not
8. How often do you worry about grow-
20. How often are you able to solve your
27. How often does your family accept
ing old?
own problems?
you as you are?
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
very often
D
sometimes
B
often
E
hardly ever
B
often
E
hardly ever
B
often
E
hardly ever
C
as often as not
C
as often as not
as often as not
28. How often do you have headaches?
A
very often
D
sometimes
B
often
E
hardly ever
C
as often as not
FIRST EDITION COPYRIGHT 1973
29. How often do things happen to make
41. How often have ou felt that you are
46. In the last year, how many new
you angry?
going to have a nervous breakdown?
friends have you made?
A
very often
D sometimes
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
very many
D
a few
B often
E.
hardly ever
B
often
E
hardly ever
B many
E
none
C
as often as not
C
as often as not
C
some
30. How often do other members of the
42. About how much time a week do you
47. How often are you bothered by an
family talk to you about what went on
spend doing things together with your
upset stomach?
during the day?
family?
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
5 hours or less
B often
E
hardly ever
B
often
E
hardly ever
B
6 to 11 hours
C
as often as not
C
as often as not
C
12 to 17 hours
48. How often do you worry about not
31. How often do you feel dizzy?
D
18 to 23 hours
having enough money?
A
very often
D sometimes
E
24 hours or more
A
very often
D
sometimes
B
often
E
hardly ever
B
often
E
hardly ever
as often as not
43. Read the list of clubs and organiza-
C
as often as not
tions to which people may belong.
32. Generally speaking, how often do you
49. How often do you like spending
talk to your family about what went on
1. any parent-teachers group
time with your family?
during the day?
2. church-connected groups (usher's
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
very often
sometimes
club, Ladies Aid, etc.)
D
B
often
E
3. fraternal lodge or auxiliary
hardly ever
B
often
E
hardly ever
4. neighborhood clubs, community
C
as often as not
C
as often as not
center (including YWCA, YMCA)
50. How often do your major problems
33. In general, how often do you feel
5. card clubs or social clubs
keep you from making use of your
helpless?
6. veteran's association
abilities?
A
very often
sometimes
7. service club (Rotary, Lions, etc.)
D
A
very often
D
sometimes
8. civic organizations (participation in
B
often
E
hardly ever
charity drives, Red Cross, etc.)
B
often
E
hardly ever
as often as not
9. sports team
C
as often as not
34. How often have you consulted a doc-
10. participation in political activities,
51. About how many people did you
tor, psychiatrist, psychologist, or anyone
a political club or party
meet during the last year, other than
else about a nervous problem?
How many of the above organizations do
those you meet where you work, that
A
very often
D
sometimes
you take an active part in?
you never met before?
B
often
E
hardly ever
A
none of them
D
5 or 6 of them
A
very many
D
a few
C
as often as not
B
1 or 2 of them
E
7 or more of them
B many
E
none
35. How often do your major problems
3 or 4 of them
C
some
make you feel inferior?
44. How often do you feel bored?
52. How often do you worry about
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
very often
D
sometimes
your health?
B
often
E
hardly ever
B
often
E
hardly ever
A
very often
D
sometimes
C
as often as not
C
as often as not
B often
E
hardly ever
36. How often in the past year have you
45. Read the following list of things
C
as often as not
seen a doctor or been hospitalized for
families may do together.
53. About how many friends do you
your physical problems?
1. visit friends
usually keep in touch with?
A
very often
D
sometimes
2. go to a movie, bowling, sporting event,
A
very many
D
a few
B often
E
hardly ever
or some other entertainment
B
many
E
none
C
as often as not
3. spend an evening just talking with
C
some
37. How often do you have general aches
each other
4. working on some household project
and pains?
54. Read this list of activities which you
5. entertaining friends in your home
A
very often
D
sometimes
might take part in with other people in
6. go shopping
B
often
E
hardly ever
7. have a good laugh together or share
your community.
C
as often as not
a joke
1. sports: football, basketball, tennis,
38. How often do your major problems
8. eat out in a restaurant
golf, etc.
9. are affectionate toward each other
make it difficult for you to make friends?
2. outdoor activities: hunting, fishing,
10. take a drive or go for a walk
hiking, etc.
A very often
D
sometimes
11. help a family member solve some
3. indoor activities: bowling, table
B often
E
hardly ever
problem
tennis, dancing, cards, etc.
C
as often as not
12. take part in some religious activity
4. other social activities
39. How often do you have a common
How many of these things does your
How many of the above activities do you
cold or the flu?
family do together?
take part in with other people in your
A
very often
D
sometimes
A)
none of these things
D
5 or 6 of them
community?
B
often
E
hardly ever
B
1 or 2 of them
E
7 or more of
A
none of them
D
3 of them
C
as often as not
C
3 or 4 of them
these things
B
1 of them
E
4 or more
40. How often do you have skin rashes?
C
2 of them
of them
A
very often
D
sometimes
B
often
E
hardly ever
PLEASE CONTINUE ON NEXT PAGE
C
as often as not
HUMAN SERVICE SYSTEMS, INC. MADISON, WI. 53705
55. How many hours each week do you
IF YOUR ANSWER TO QUESTION
71. How often do you find it hard to
spend on activities with other people in
NO. 63 WAS "E" (UNEMPLOYED),
make friends with your present co-work-
your community?
STOP HERE. IF NOT, PLEASE CON-
ers or people who are doing what you do?
D
14 to 19 hours
TINUE. STUDENTS, PERSONS IN
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
1 hour or less
B
2 to 7 hours
E
20 hours or more
TRAINING, AND HOUSEWIVES
B
often
E
hardly ever
C
8 to 13 hours
SHOULD ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
C
as often as not
56. How many weeks during the last six
QUESTIONS ABOUT JOBS WITH
72. How often are you treated fairly in
months were you unemployed?
THEIR PRESENT ACTIVITY (SCHOOL,
your present work?
TRAINING, OR HOUSEWORK) IN
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
none
D
17-24 weeks
B
1-8 weeks
E
24 or more weeks
MIND AS THEIR "WORK" AT THIS
B
often
E
hardly ever
C
TIME.
C
as often as not
9-16 weeks
57. During the last six months, about how
73. How often does your present work
many days have your major problems kept
64. How often does your present work
let you do something new each day?
you in bed all or most of the day?
let you make decisions on your own?
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
none
D
15-21
A
very often
D
sometimes
B
often
E
hardly ever
B
1-7
E
22 or more
B
often
E
hardly ever
C
as often as not
C
8-14
C
as often as not
74. How often does your present work
58. How many people do you know
65. How often does your present work
let you try out your own ideas?
whom you feel free to talk to about per-
give you enough to do?
A
very often
D
sometimes
sonal things and problems?
A
very often
sometimes
B
often
E
hardly ever
A
very many
D
a few
B
often
E
hardly ever
C
as often as not
B many
E
none
C
as often as not
75. How often do you find that you
C
some
66. During the last two weeks, how many
really enjoy your present work?
59. How satisfied are you with your
days of work did you miss due to a minor
A
very often
D
sometimes
social life?
sickness such as a cold or sore throat?
B
often
E
hardly ever
A
very satisfied
A
none
D
5-6
C
as often as not
B
satisfied
B
1-2
E
7 or more
76. How often are you told in your
C
not too satisfied but not too
C
3-4
present work that you have done a
dissatisfied
67. How many hours do you now work
good job?
D
dissatisfied
each week?
A
very often
D
sometimes
E
very dissatisfied
A
10 or less
31 to 40 hours
B
often
E
hardly ever
60. Which of the following statements
B
11 to 20 hours
E
over 40 hours
C
as often as not
best describes your present financial
C
21 to 30 hours
77. How often does your present work
situation?
68. How often do you learn new things
give you a chance to make use of your
A
very good
D
poor
from your present work?
abilities?
B good
E
very poor
A
very often
D
sometimes
A
very often
D
sometimes
C
average
B
often
E
hardly ever
B
often
E
hardly ever
61. Apart from mortgages on your house,
C
as often as not
C
as often as not
how many debts could you pay off in the
69. Read this list of activities that you
78. How steady is your present job or
next two months?
may take part in where you work.
the work you do?
A
none of them
A
very steady
1. belong to some type of club or
B
a few of them
organization composed of people
B
steady
C
some of them
with whom I work or who have
C
reasonably steady
D
all of them
similar work.
D
unsteady
E
have no debts
2. belong to a union; attend union
E
very unsteady
meetings
62. Taking all things together, how would
3. socialize after work hours with
79. What do other people think of
you describe your family life?
fellow workers
your job?
A
very happy
4. other activities related to your
A
they think it is a very good job
B
happy
work
B
they think it is a good job
C
not too happy but not too unhappy
How many of the above do you do?
C
they think it is an average job
D
unhappy
A
none of them
D
they think it is a poor job
E
very unhappy
B
one of them
E
they think it is a very poor job
63. Which of the following best describes
C
two of them
80. How does your present job (work)
what you are presently doing?
D
three of them
compare with jobs you've had in the past?
A
work for wages or salary or in own
E
four or more of them
A
my present job is much better
business, including investments
70. What is the total number of hours
B
my present job is better
B
homemaker or housewife (housework
you spend each week on the above activ-
C
my present job is just as good
for own family)
ities? Choose one of the following.
D
my present job is worse
C
work in workshop or homebound
A
2 hours or less
D
9 to 11 hours
E my present job is much worse
employment
B
3 to 5 hours
E
12 hours or more
STOP
D
student or job training
6 to 8 hours
E
unemployed
THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION,
Exemplary Profiles
694443- This profile is characteristic of an individual with rather severe personal
problems. In this particular instance the individual was rather seriously involved
with alcohol and was having poťentially devastating problems with his marriage.
The combination of these two major problems is reflected in low need satisfaction
in three areas--"Physiological, Emotional, and Family." The "Social" need area
is also relatively low. Fortunately in this instance the individual involved enjoyed
his job for the most part and was earning a good salary. The relationship between
the low need satisfaction in the "Personal" areas and his feelings of security surround-
ing his future (job, marriage, and mental health) is reflected in the moderately low
need satisfaction in the "Economic Security" area. Apparently this person questioned
how secure his future is in view of the other problems in his life.
Several interventions by the professional working with such an individual are
suggested, but attention to the family and alcohol problems have priority, e.g.,
Alcoholic's Anonymous, marital counseling, extensive medical examination and
treatment (if indicated). Alleviation of these primary problems should result in
greater need satisfaction in the "Environmental" areas as well. The "Social" need
satisfaction should be enhanced through possible group work and the experience of
AA or similar schemes.
735431 This is a rather classic profile of an unemployed male who is being supported
by some type of public assistance, pension, or unemployment insurance. Note that
the "Economic Security" is reasonable but that the "Economic Self-Esteem" is very
low. From a rehabilitative viewpoint, this is a positive sign; whereas the individual's
basic physiological and economic needs are being met, he is not at all comfortable
about the manner in which he is being supported. Had the "Economic Self-Esteem"
been high (in the presence of support by public assistance, pension, insurance,
or unemployment compensation), the professional would be alerted to a potential
motivation problem. The low "Vocational Self-Actualization" suggests the need for
employment; since the need satisfaction in this area is virtually zero, it is probable
that this man is unemployed and not in school or training. Low scores in this area
suggest inappropriate placement or employment, unsatisfactory training or school
plans.
In the absence of low need satisfaction in any of the "Personal Needs" or "Social"
areas, such a profile would suggest career counseling (educational and vocational in
nature) followed by schooling, training, or selective placement. When such a pro-
file is accompanied by low need satisfaction in either the "Personal" or "Social Needs"
areas, vocational rehabilitation may be indicated. If so, the "Personal" and "Social"
needs (especially the "Personal Needs") should be dealt with first.
PHYSICAL
2nd ADMIN.
RAW %-ile
694443
V-SA-
ID NUMBER
E-SE
100
SEX
X
M
F
URITY
Soc
75
AGE 44
150
Emo
ORTHO.
DIS.
X
EMO.
TYPE
OTHER
PERSONAL NEEDS
TEEM NEEDS ZA. MEEDS
Fam
Ec-S
PHYSIDION
/25
Phy
Tot.
VOC
YES
ACT
NO
DNA
EMOTIONA
1st ADMIN.
3rd ADMIN.
RAW %-ile
RAW %- %-ile
73711
V-SA
V-SA
8LH91
E-SE
E-SE
35484
Soc
FAMILY
Soc
34156
AL
Fam
Fam
18432
Ec-S
Ec-S
87215
Emo
Emo
76189
Phy
Phy
318521
SOCIAL NEEDS
Tot.
Tot.
0
25
50
75
100
VOC
X
VOC
YES
YES
ACT
NO
ACT
NO
COMPOSITE STATUS (PERCENTILES)
PHYSICAL
2nd ADMIN.
RAW %-ile
735431
100
MEEDS
V-SA
ID NUMBER
E-SE
SEX
X
M
URITY
Soc
F
Fam
AGE 31
Ec-S
Emo
ORTHO.
DIS.
EMO.
TYPE
X
OTHER
PERSONAL NEEDS
THE
ECONOMIC SELF ESTEEM
Phy
ECO
Tot.
VOC
YES
ACT
NO
VOCATIONAL SELF-ACTUALIZA.
1st ADMIN.
NEEDS
3rd ADMIN.
RAW %-ile
RAW %- %-ile
18 0
V-SA
V-SA
8
O
E-SE
E-SE
42763
Soc
Soc
55703
Fam
Fam
18452
Ec-S
Ec-S
111525
Emo
Emo
100653
Phy
Phy
296379
Tot.
SOCIAL NEEDS
Tot.
0
25
50
75
100
VOC
YES
VOC
YES
ACT
X
ACT
NO
NO
COMPOSITE STATUS (PERCENTILES)
HUMAN SERVICE SCALE
SUBSCALE ITEM CLASSIFICATIONS
I. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
5. How often are you bothered by rapid heartbeat?
10. How often are you bothered by shortness of breath when not exer-
cising?
11. How often do you feel depressed, down, or very unhappy?
13. How often do you become so sick you have to cut down on your
usual activities?
19. How often do you tend to go to pieces under pressure?
26. How often are you bothered by muscle twitches, trembling, or
shakes?
28. How often do you have headaches?
31. How often do you feel dizzy?
36. How often in the past year have you seen a doctor or been hospit-
alized for your physical problems?
37. How often do you have general aches and pains?
39. How often do you have a common cold or the flu?
40. How often do you have skin rashes?
41. How often have you felt that you are going to have a nervous
breakdown?
47. How often are you bothered by an upset stomach?
52. How often do you worry about your health?
57. During the last six months, about how many days have your major
problems kept you in bed all or most of the day?
II. EMOTIONAL NEEDS
6. How often are you uncertain about decisions you make?
8. How often do you worry about growing old?
9. How often do you have trouble showing your feelings to your family?
11. How often do you feel depressed, down, or unhappy?
12. How often do you feel down or discouraged because your major
problems cause you to waste time?
14. llow often do you feel restless?
16. How often do you worry about the future?
19. How often do you tend to go to pieces under pressure?
20. How often are you able to solve your own problems?
21. How often do you worry about getting shead in the world?
22. How often do you worry about getting along with your family?
24. How often do you treat other people badly?
25. How often have you felt that you are not the kind of family member
that you would like to be?
29. How often do things happen to make you angry?
33. In general, how often do you feel helpless?
34. How often have you consulted a doctor, psyciatrist, psychologist,
or anyone else about a nervous problem?
35. How often do your major problems make you feel inferior?
38. How often do your major problems make it difficult for you to
make friends?
41. How often have you felt that you are going to have a nervous
breakdown?
44. How often do you feel bored?
50. How often do your ma jor problems keep you from making use of
your abilities?
59. How satisfied are you with your social life?
62. Taking all things together, how would you describe your family life?
III. ECONOMIC SECURITY NEEDS
16. How often do you worry about the future?
18. How often do you worry about your family having enough money?
21. How often do you worry about getting ahead in the world?
48. How often do you worry about not having enough money?
60. Which of the following statements best describes your present
financial situation?
61. Apart from any mortgages on your house, how many debts could you
pay off in the next two months?
IV. FAMILY NEEDS
7. How often, when you need help, can you find someone to help you?
9. How often do you have trouble showing your feelings to your family?
17. How often has your family failed to help you when you needed help?
27. How often does your family accept you as you are?
30. How often do other members of the family talk to you about what
went on during the day?
32. Generally speaking, how often do you talk to your family about
what went on during the day?
42. About how much time a week do you spend doing things together with
your family?
45. Number of activities family does together?
49. How often do you like spending time with your family?
62. Taking all things together, how would you describe your family life?
V. SOCIAL NEEDS
15. How often do you get together with friends (going out together or
visiting in each others' home)?
23. How often do you become interested in something new?
43. Number of clubs and organizations in which active part taken?
46. In the last year, how many new friends have you made?
51. About how many people did you meet during the last year, other than
those you meet where you work, that you never met before?
53. About how many friends do you usually keep in touch with?
54. Number of activities taken part in with other people in your
community?
55. Number of hours each week spent on activities with other people in
the community?
58. How many people do you know whom you feel free to talk to about
personal things and problems?
59. How satisfied are you with your social life?
VI. ECONOMIC SELF-ESTEEM NEEDS
1. What is your main source of support?
2. How much Public Assistance or Welfare payments (but not earnings,
Social Security, Pension Payments, or unemployment compensation
payments) are you receiving each month?
3. How much do you earn (wages, workshop payments, income from own
business, savings, property or other investments) per week (near-
est dollar)
4. How many jobs (either paid or unpaid work) have you had in the last
six months?
56. How many weeks during the last six months were you unemployed?
78. How steady is your present job or the work you do?
79. What do other people think of your job?
80. How does your present job (work) compare with jobs you' ve had in
the past?
VII. VOCATIONAL SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDS
63. Which of the following best describes what you are presently doing?
64. How often does your present work let you make decisions on your own?
65. How often does your present work give you enough to do?
66. During the last two weeks, how many days of work did you miss due
to a. minor sickness such as a cold or sore throat?
67. How many hours do you now work each week?
68. How often do you learn new things from your present work?
69. Read this list of activities that you may take part in where you
work.
70. What is the total number of hours you spend each week on the above
activities? Choose one of the following.
71. How often do you find it hard to make friends with your present
co-workers or people who are doing what you do?
72. How often are you treated fairly in your present work?
73. How often does your present work let you do something new each day?
74. How often does your present work let you try out your own ideas?
75. How often do you find that you really enjoy your present work?
76. How often are you told in your present work that you have done a
good job?
77. How often does your present work give you a chance to make use of
your abilities?
78. How steady is your present job or the work you do?
79. What do other people think of your job?
80. How does your present job (work) compare with jobs you' ve had in
the past?
output
---
RUN AS OF MARCH 12, 1974
GROUP:01071
NAME:
ID NUMBER =
20677
Basic
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA FOLLOWS:
from scoring
SEX:MALE
AGE: 27
WORK STATUS:INACTIVE
information
identifying
DISABILITY:EMOTIONAL
DVR CODE:510
PERCENTILES OF THE FOLLOWING:
TEST
Subscha PHYSIOLOGICAL
SCORE
EMOTIONAL SECURITY
111
raires
TOTAL NORM GROUP
AGE, SEX, AND WORK STATUS
91
43.06
38.11
49.49
50.70
ECONOMIC SECURITY
26
FAMILY
dep measure used var. talient and in
66.94
78.32
titles
61
83.38
86,01
SOCIAL
27
24,97
23.08
ECONOMIC SELF-ESTEEM
40
67.69
93.01
VOCATIONAL SELF-ACTUALIZATION
67
41.48
72.73
OVERALL
372
61.56
84.27
... PERCENTILES BASED ON DISABILITY GROUP:EMOTIONAL
OVERALL
BY SEX
PHYSIOLOGICAL
48,37
45.07
EMOTIONAL SECURITY
66.85
61.97
ECONOMIC SECURITY
77.17
80.28
% iles used
FAMILY
90,22
87.32
SOCIAL
34.24
28.17
to complete
ECONOMIC SELF-ESTEEM
89.13
84.51
VOCATIONAL SELF-ACTUALIZATION
57.07
63.38
OVERALL
77.17
NSS Profile
85.92
GENERIC LIST OF HUMAN SERVICE RESOURCES
RESOURCES
LOCAL ADDRESS
CONTACT PERSON
PHONE
I. Physiological Need Scale
Dental care
Physician's services
Inpatient and outpatient
hospital care
Nursing home services
Meals on wheels
Visiting nurse services
Social Security Administration
County public welfare (social
services) departments
Services for alcoholics (e.g.,
alcoholics anonymous)
Services for the blind (e.g.,
schools for the visually
handicapped)
Institutional care (e.g., insti-
tutions for the mentally ill
and mentally retarded)
Sheltered workshops
Medical problem associations
(e.g., American Cancer Society
and Easter Seal Society)
Services for the deaf (e.g.,
schools for the deaf)
City health departments
County health departments
Public school nursing services
Veterans administration services
State health departments
Psychiatric services
Mental health clinics
Health Planning Councils
GENERIC LIST OF HUMAN SERVICE RESOURCES - 2
RESOURCES
LOCAL ADDRESS
CONTACT PERSON
PHONE
II. Emotional-Security Need Scale
Mental health clinics
Family Service agencies
County public welfare (social
services) departments
Jewish Welfare Councils
Social service agencies (e.g.,
Catholic Social Services and
Children's Service Society)
Private counseling services
State departments of public
welfare or social services
Community action programs
Neighborhood centers
Y.M.C.A.
Y.W.C.A.
Boy Scouts or Girl Scouts
The Salvation Army
Parents Without Partners or-
ganizations
Church groups
4-H Clubs
Public library services
City recreation departments
Volunteer opportunities (e.g.,
action programs)
Social, sport, recreational and
leisure-time clubs
GENERIC LIST OF HUMAN SERVICE RESOURCES - 3
RESOURCES
LOCAL ADDRESS
CONTACT PERSON
PHONE
III. Economic-Security Need Scale
Community action programs
State employment services
State vocational rehabilita-
tion services
Equal Opportunities Commis-
sions
Sheltered workshops
Manpower planning councils
Veterans Administration
services
WIN(Work Incentive Program)
Educational and vocational
training programs
Social Security Administration
County public welfare (social
services) departments
American National Red Cross
City welfare departments
The Salvation Army
Mental health clinics
Family Service agencies
Urban Leagues
Jewish Welfare Councils
Social service agencies (e.g.,
Catholic Social Service and
Children's Service Society)
GENERIC LIST OF HUMAN SERVICE RESOURCES - 4
RESOURCES
LOCAL ADDRESS
CONTACT PERSON
PHONE
Private employment agencies
Financial counseling services
IV. Family Need Scale
Family Service agencies
Mental health clinics
County public welfare (social
services) departments
Social services agencies (e.g.,
Catholic Social Service and
Children's Service Society)
Private counseling services
Community action programs
Neighborhood centers
Parents Without Partners organ-
izations
Clergy counseling services
Adaption and foster care
services
Alcoholics Anonymous, Alanon,
and Alateen organizations
Big Brothers services
Family planning services
Family Court services
Day care services
Day care services for the
mentally handicapped
School pupil services depart-
ments
Urban Leagues
GENERIC LIST OF HUMAN SERVICE RESOURCES - 5
RESOURCES
LOCAL ADDRESS
CONTACT PERSON
PHONE
Legal services (private and
public)
Drug abuse information centers
Alcohol abuse information cen-
ters
County and city public health
departments
Financial counseling services
V. Social Need Scale
Y.M.C.A.
Y.W.C.A.
Boy Scouts or Girl Scouts
The Salvation Army
Church groups
Public library services
City recreation departments
(e.g., action programs)
Social, sport, recreational and
leisure-time clubs
Parents Without Partners or-
ganizations
Neighborhood centers
Hobby groups
Neighborhood centers
Educational, vocational train-
ing and special interest
courses
Mental health clinics
Family Service agencies
GENERIC LIST OF HUMAN SERVICE RESOURCES - 6
RESOURCES
LOCAL ADDRESS
CONTACT PERSON
PHONE
County public welfare (social
services) departments
Social service agencies (e.g.,
Catholic Social Service and
Children's Service Society)
Private counseling services
VI. Economic Self-Esteem Need Scale
VII. Vocational Self-Actualization
Need Scale
Educational and vocational
training programs (e.g.,
courses at vocational schools
and colleges)
State employment services
State vocational rehabilita-
tion services
Work Incentive Programs (WIN)
Private employment agencies
School vocational counseling
and evaluation services
Sheltered workshops
State Industrial Commissions
Veteran's Administration ser-
vices
GENERIC LIST OF HUMAN SERVICE RESOURCES - 7
RESOURCES
LOCAL ADDRESS
CONTACT PERSON
PHONE
Community Action Programs
Easter Seal Society services
Day care centers for the handi- -
capped
Goodwill Industries
Volunteer opportunities (e.g.,
Action programs)
Services for dropouts
Equal Opportunities Commissions
Manpower Planning Councils
Social Security Administration
County public welfare (social
services) departments
City welfare departments
Urban Leagues
PHYSICAL
2nd ADMIN.
RAW %-ile
MEEDS
V-SA
ID NUMBER
100
E-SE
SEX
M
F
575
Soc
AGE
150
PERSONAL NEEDS
ECONOMIC SECURITY
Fam
Ec-S
ORTHO.
$25
EMO.
ECONOMIC SELF- ESTEEM
Emo
DIS.
TYPE
Phy
OTHER
Tot.
VOC
YES
ACT
NO
EMOTIONAL
VOCATIONAL SELF-ACTUALIZA.
1st ADMIN.
NEEDS
3rd ADMIN.
RAW %-ile
RAW %-ile
V-SA
V-SA
E-SE
FAMILY
E-SE
Soc
SOCIAL
Soc
Fam
Fam
Ec-S
Ec-S
Emo
Emo
Phy
Tot.
SOCIAL NEEDS
Phy
Tot.
0
25
50
75
100
VOC
YES
VOC
YES
ACT
NO
ACT
NO
COMPOSITE STATUS (PERCENTILES)
Background Information on the
Construction and Validation of
the Human Service Scale
Sample. 1018 persons who had been accepted for rehabilitation services by
the state-federal vocational rehabilitation agencies of 29 states and the
territory of Guam, but who had not as yet received these services, respond-
ed to the 158-item questionnaire from which the 80-item Human Service Scale
was finally derived. The following is a break down of the demographic
characteristics of this sample:
Sex
Age
Under 20 -
23.4%
Males - 59.6%
Females - 40.1%
20 - 54 -
73.3%
0.3%
55 and over
3.3%
N.A. -
Median age = 30
Marital Status
Race
White - 82%
Never married - 44%
Married -
30%
Black - 16%
Other - 2%
Separated -
7%
Divorced -
15%
Widowed -
3%
Primary Disability
3.1%
Visual impairments
3.0%
Hearing impairments
Orthopedic deformity or functional impairment
27.6%
2.8%
Amputation
6.8%
Psychotic disorder
5.4%
Psychoneurotic disorder
30.6%
Other behavioral problems
1.2%
Mental retardation
0.6%
Neoplasms
Allergies, endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional diseases
3.4%
Diseases of blood and blood forming organs
0.7%
Epilepsy and other unspecified diseases of nervous system
3.2%
Cardiac and circulatory conditions
3.6%
2.1%
Respiratory diseases
2.8%
Disorders of digestive system
Conditions of genito-urinary system
1.0%
1.1%
Speech impairments
Other disabling diseases and conditions
0.4%
0.6%
No answer
- 2 -
Secondary Disability
Referral Source
Educational institution
10%
Yes - - 33%
No - 65%
Hospital and sanatorium
8%
Physician
9%
N.A. - 2%
Welfare agency
8%
Other individual
13%
Area of Residence
Self-referred
12%
Other
36%
Over one million -
8%
No answer
4%
100,000 to one million - 24%
10,000 to 100,000 -
43%
Less than 10,000 -
17%
Farm -
6%
Main Source of Support
Own earnings
- 25%
Earnings someone else in family
- 31%
Social security or pension payments - 13%
Unemployment or compensation payments - 8%
Public assistance or welfare payments - 22%
Present Occupational Status
Employed for wages or salary - 16%
Self-employed or own business - 2%
Work in workshop or at home -
4%
Student or job training -
33%
Unemployed -
45%
Scale construction and validation. Eight of the 158 questionnaire items
were concerned with demographic variables. The remaining 150 items asked
the client to report on his experiences, activities, and condition.
Thirty-two vocational rehabilitation counselors were asked to rate
(independently) the degree to which each of the latter 150 items were re-
lated to each of Maslow's five categories of basic human needs. These
categories are: a) Physiological Needs; b) Safety and Security Needs;
c) Love and Belongingness Needs; d) Self-Esteem Needs; and e) Self-Actualiza-
tion Needs. Each category of need was defined for the raters both connota-
tively and denotatively within the framework of Maslow's theory of a hierarchy
of basic human needs.
A three-way analysis of variance was applied to the counselors' rat-
ings to determine the inter-rater reliability across both the 150 items
and the five dimensions. The three factors were the items, the dimensions,
and the raters. The inter-rater reliability was estimated from the analysis
of variance summary table. The inter-rater reliability across items and
dimensions was estimated to be 0.91.
Mean ratings were used to divide the 150 item into five groups. Each
group predominately represented one of the five need categories. Item-to-
total sub-scale scores were used to select 98 items that were meaning-
fully related to the five sub-scales.
- 3
Factor analysis and orthogonal rotation of the factors was used to
arrive at the final partitioning of the items into sub-scales. Eight
items had loadings of 0.30 or higher on seven interpretable factors.
These factors can be considered to represent the following scales: 1)
Physiological Need Scale, which measures the absence of symptoms, re-
strictions, and problems associated with poor health and which consists
mostly of items that the raters assigned to Maslow's category of Physiolo-
gical Needs; 2) Emotional-Security Need Scale, which measures the absence
of feelings of insecurity, inadequacy, and inferiority and the presence
of emotional stability and which consists mostly of items that the raters
assigned to Maslow's categories of safety and security, self-esteem and
self-actualization needs; 3) Economic-Security Need Scale, which measures
the absence of worry about economic problems and the sense of economic
security and which consists mostly of items that the raters assigned to
Maslow's category of safety and security needs; 4) Family Need Scale,
which measures the absence of family problems and the extent of inter-
action with the family and which consists mostly of items that the raters
assigned to Maslow's category of love and belongingness needs; 5) Social
Need Scale, which measures the absence of social problems and the extent
of social interaction and which consists mostly of items that the raters
assigned to Maslow's category of love and belongingness needs; 6) Econo-
mic Self-Esteem Need Scale, which measures economic stability, independence,
and improvement and which consists mostly of items that the raters assigned
to Maslow's categories of self-esteem and self-actualization needs; and
7) Vocational Self-Actualization Need Scale, which measures vocational and
educational adjustment, development, and autonomy and which consists mostly
of items that the raters assigned to Maslow's categories of self-esteem
and self-actualization needs.
Each of the above sub-scales, individually, and all the 80 items of
the total Human Service Scale were subjected to reciprocal averaging (RAVE)
analysis. This analysis is a reiterative process that weighs scale items
so as to maximize simultaneously a scale's homogeniety and discriminative
power. The Hoyt reliability coefficients produced by this analysis for each
sub-scale and the total Human Service Scale are:
1) Physiological Need Scale -
0.86
2) Emotional-Security Need Scale -
0.90
3) Economic-Security Need Scale -
0.69
4) Family Need Scale -
0.84
5) Social Need Scale -
0.77
6) Economic Self-Esteem Need Scale -
0.86
7) Vocational Self-Actualization Need Scale -
0.97
8) Human Service Scale - TOTAL
0.93
Factor scores were computed from the 80-variable-by-seven-factor matrix
for each subject on each factor. These factor scores were correlated with
17 client demographic variables. Qualitative variables were dichotomized
before they were correlated with the factor scores. The dichotomization of
these variables transformed the 17 variables into 31 variables which were
correlated with the seven factor scores. Table I portrays the resulting
correlation matrix. Each row represents the correlations of the 31 demograph-
ic variables with each of the factors. The first seven correlation coeffi-
cients of each row are the correlations between factors. Since the factor
scores were calculated after orthogonal rotation of the factor matrix, these
first seven correlations are zero, except for the correlation of the factor
- 4 ⑉
with itself which is one. The following is the order in which the factors
appear in this matrix:
Row 1 - - Vocational Self-Actualization Need Factor
Row 2 - - Emotional Security Need Factor
Row 3 - - Physiological Need Factor
Row 4 - - Economic Self-Esteem Need Factor
Row 5 - - Family Need Factor
Row 6 - - Social Need Factor
Row 7 - - Economic Security Need Factor
The following is the order in which the demographic variables appear in
this Matrix, together with the respective scale of each variable:
A. Race -
1. White (yes = 1; no = 0)
2. Black (yes = 1; no = 0)
3. Other (yes = 1; no = 0)
B. Secondary Disability - -
4. Presence (yes = 1; no = 0)
C. Primary Disability -
5. Orthopedic (yes = 1; no = 0)
6. Emotional (yes = 1; no = 0)
7. Other (yes = 1; no = 0)
D. Sex -
8. Sex (male = 1; female = 2)
E. Number of Dependents -
9. None (yes = 1; no = 0)
10. 1 to 3 (yes = 1; no = 0)
11. 4 or more (yes = 1; no = 0)
F. Age -
12. 20 or younger (yes = 1; no = 0)
13. 21 to 25 (yes = 1; no = 0)
14. 26 to 40 (yes = 1; no = 0)
15. 41 or older (yes = 1; no = 0)
G. Counselors' Ratings of Degree of Handicap - -
16. Physical (none = 1 to very severe = 6)
17. Intellectual (none = 1 to very severe = 6)
18. Emotional (none = 1 to very severe = 6)
19. Social (none = 1 to very severe = 6)
20. Economic (none = 1 to very severe = 6)
21. Motivation (none = 1 to very severe = 6)
22. Job Skills (none = 1 to very severe = 6)
23. Appearance (none = 1 to very severe = 6)
- 5 -
H. Socio-Economic Status of Parental Home -
24. Socio-Economic Status (very good = 1 to very poor = 5)
I. Father's Educational Level -
25. Father's Educational Level (eighth grade or less = 1 to
college graduate or more = 5)
J. Marital Status -
26. Never Married (yes = 1; no = 0)
27. Married (yes = 1; no = 0)
28. Married but husband/wife absent (yes = 1; no = 0)
29. Divorced (yes = 1; no = 0)
30. Widowed (yes = 1; no = 0)
K. Father's Occupational Level -
31. Father's Occupational Level (professional practice for fees
or salary = 1; self-employed = 2; wage or salaried = 3;
worked at home = 4; and unemployed = 5)
With a sample size as large as the one used for the construction of
this scale (1018), correlations of quite small magnitudes will be signifi-
cant at the conventional levels of significance. Looking for patterns of
relationships is more useful than testing individual correlations for sig-
nificance. When looking for these patterns, the direction in which each
variable was scaled must be kept in mind. Factor scores are measures of
the satisfaction of needs in seven areas. A high score represents more
need satisfaction than a low score. A high score on most of the demograph-
ic variables represents a larger magnitude of the variable while a low
score represents a smaller magnitude of the variable (e.g., for "degree of
handicap," the higher the value, the greater the degree of handicap). How-
ever, with regard to Socio-Economic Status of Parental Home and Father's
Occupational Level, the scoring procedure is reversed with low scores rep-
resenting high magnitudes of the characteristics and high scores represent-
ing low magnitudes. Asterisks have been placed next to correlations on
Table I that might shed light on the construct which each factor is measur-
ing.
For the purpose of exploring the relationship between the Need scales,
overlapping items were assigned to the one scale on which they have the
highest factor loading and scores on each of the scales were computed for
each of the 1018 clients by measn of RAVE analysis. Correlations between
all of the variables were calculated. Table II depicts these correlations.
Table II
Correlation Matrix: Need Factors
Variable and Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 - - Vocational Self-Actualization 1.000
2 - Economic Self-Esteem
.444 1.000
3 - Social
.167 .048 1.000
4 - Family
.089
-.066
.312
1.000
5 - Economic Security
.153 .086 .235 .121 1.000
6 - Emotional Security
.098
-.017
.353
.399
.366
1.000
7 - Physiological
.083 .016 .091 .061 .268 .506 1.000
- 6 -
The correlations in Table II are listed in the order of the hypothe-
sized dependence structure of the relationship between the Need scales.
Since the construction of these scales was intentionally based on Maslow's
theory of a hierarchy of human needs; a natural hierarchical ordering was
predicted for the scales. If these scales correspond to Maslow's categor-
ies of basic human needs, the gratification of the more prepotent needs
should free individuals to gratify their less prepotent needs. The rela-
tionships between the scales would then reflect this linear ordering with
scales' being correlated to the extent that they are similar with regard
to prepotency. The scales in Table II are presented in the assumed order
of ascending prepotency (Variable No. 1 = Vocational Self-Actualization
Need Scale; Variable No. 2 = Economic Self-Esteem Need Scale; Variable No. 3
= Social Need Scale; Variable No. 4 = Family Need Scale; Variable No. 5 =
Economic Security Need Scale; Variable No. 6 = Emotional Need Scale; and
Variable No. 7 = Physiological Need Scale). If this hypothetical ordering
of the scales were correct, the pattern of the correlations between the
scales should assume a specific form. When these correlations are ex-
amined by column, they should show a consistent increase in magnitude the
closer they are located to the main diagonal. When they are examined by
row, they should show a consistent decrease in magnitude the closer they
are located to the main diagonal. Inspection of Table II indicates that
this is obviously not the case with regard to the correlations between
the ordered need scales.
To check for an alternative dependence structure, Smallest Space
Analysis (SSA) was applied to the correlations between the need scales.
SSA is a re-scaling technique that utilizes the ordinal information in-
herent in one half of a square correlation matrix to determine the most
consistent ordering of the variables that produced the Matrix. The out-
come of this analysis of the Matrix between scale correlations led to the
circular manner of presenting the categories to show their contiguity to
one another. The dependence relationship between the scales appears to be
circular rather than linear. On one side of this circle, needs seem to go
from the family to social to economic to economic, while on the other side
of this circle needs seem to go from the personal family to emotional to
physiological to economic. The more prepotent needs appear to be the more
personal and social needs, while the less prepotent needs appear to be the
environmental and individual needs. This finding has a corollary for
practice; the more prepotent needs are indicative of psychotherapeutic in-
tervention, while the less prepotent needs appear amenable to solution by
intervention exemplified by vocational rehabilitation.