Back to Sexuality Questionnaire [1974-1977] [1]

Ask the Scholar

Document scope · 1 page

doc

Scholar

Ask about this object, its catalog metadata, its source description, or the page inventory. For page-specific OCR and visual context, open one of the page chats.

Scholar Source Context

Document identity

localId

372426321

label

Sexuality Questionnaire [1974-1977] [1]

core

doc

dtoType

document

citationUrl

https://catalog.archives.gov/id/372426321

pageCount

Source metadata

372426321

sourceUrl

https://catalog.archives.gov/id/372426321

contentType

document

title

Sexuality Questionnaire [1974-1977] [1]

citationUrl

https://catalog.archives.gov/id/372426321

collections

Lex Frieden Collection: Records on Disability Rights

Printed Materials

iiifBase

https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/bush/gb-lfc/printed_materials_68884689/reference_materials/41-dhm-frieden-prnt_mat-refrenc_mat-52160-005_372426321.pdf

thumbnailUrl

https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/bush/gb-lfc/printed_materials_68884689/reference_materials/41-dhm-frieden-prnt_mat-refrenc_mat-52160-005_372426321.pdf

largeImageUrl

https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/bush/gb-lfc/printed_materials_68884689/reference_materials/41-dhm-frieden-prnt_mat-refrenc_mat-52160-005_372426321.pdf

imageCount

hasImages

yes

source

import

hasTranscription

Source extras

url

https://catalog.archives.gov/id/372426321

naId

372426321

levelOfDescription

fileUnit

recordType

description

ocrSource

nara-archive

Single page context

seq

pageIndex

type

document

url

https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/bush/gb-lfc/printed_materials_68884689/reference_materials/41-dhm-frieden-prnt_mat-refrenc_mat-52160-005_372426321.pdf

mediaId

9f840b26894fe027

ocrText

Originally Processed With FOIA(s): FOIA Number: S S FOIA MARKER This is not a textual record. This is used as an administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential Library Staff. Record Group/Collection: Donated Historical Materials Collection/Office of Origin: Frieden, Lex, Collection Series: Printed Materials Subseries: Reference Materials OA/ID Number: 52160 Folder ID Number: 52160-005 Folder Title: Sexuality Questionnaire [1974-1977] [1] Stack: Row: Section: Shelf: Position: The preceding information about oral contraceptives is provided as required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administr. on. What you should know about the pill MeadJohnson LABORATORIES P-21 -P0210 SEVERAL KINDS of oral contraceptives are now available and SUMMARY your physician has prescribed for you the one he or she Oral contraceptives, when taken as directed, are drugs of believes will best meet your individual needs. Most oral extraordinary effectiveness. As with other medicine, side contraceptives contain female sex hormones (estrogens and effects are possible. The most serious effect is abnormal blood progestogens) and are designed to prevent the release of an egg clotting. Strokes, liver tumors, and other problems as discussed from a woman's ovaries during the cycle in which the pills are above have been reported in pill users. The fact is that serious taken. They are almost completely effective in preventing problems are relatively rare, and the majority of women who pregnancy. would like to use the pill can do so safely and effectively. "The Pill" is intended for the prevention of pregnancy See your physician regularly, ask him any questions you only, and will not protect persons of either sex from may have about the use of the pill, and report to him any gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid or any other venereal disease. special problems that may arise. The pill is the most effective of all contraceptives if you follow the directions for its use and are careful not to skip doses or take it irregularly. Oral contraceptives, like all potent drugs, have some side effects. Fortunately, serious side effects are relatively rare. Periodic examinations, as recommended by your doctor, are essential to provide the early detection which may prevent serious complications. Report any special problems to your doctor. © 1976, Mead Johnson & Company, Evansville, Indiana 47721 U.S.A. SPECIAL NEEDS COMMON REACTIONS If you have, or have had, a special health problem, such as A few women experience unpleasant side effects from the pill migraine, mental depression, fibroids of the uterus, heart or which are not dangerous and are not likely to damage their kidney disease, asthma, high blood pressure, diabetes, epilepsy health. Some of these side effects are similar to symptoms or jaundice, inform your physician. He may wish to make sure women experience in early pregnancy and may be temporary, that it is suitable for you to take the pill by doing special tests Your breasts may feel tender, nausea and vomiting may occur, if necessary. All these conditions may be made worse by the and you may gain or lose weight. A spotty darkening of the use of oral contraceptives. skin, particularly of the face, is possible and may persist. You You should report to your doctor any unusual swelling, may notice unexpected vaginal bleeding or changes in your skin rash, yellowing of the skin or eyes, severe and/or menstrual period which should be reported to your physician. persistent abdominal pain, severe depression, or other unusual Some women experience a rise in blood pressure while condition or problem. taking the pill. There are some women, in addition to those with Your physician may find that the levels of sugar and fatty tendencies toward blood clotting disorders, who should not use substances in the blood are elevated. The long-term effect of oral contraceptives. These include women who have cancer of these changes is under study. the breast or womb, serious liver conditions, or undiagnosed Other reactions, although not proved to be caused by the vaginal bleeding when cancer has not been ruled out. It is pill, are occasionally reported: Nervousness, dizziness, a need comforting to know that, in such cases, your doctor can for a change in contact lens prescription or inability to use recommend other methods of birth control. contact lenses, some loss of scalp hair, increase in body hair, an increase or decrease in sex drive or appetite changes. After a woman stops using the pill, there may be a delay before she is able to become pregnant. After childbirth there is special need to consult your physician before resuming use of the pill. This is especially true if you plan to nurse your baby because the drugs in the pill are known to appear in the milk and the long-range effect on the infant is not known at this time. Furthermore, the pill may cause a decrease in your milk supply. ,ABOUT BLOOD CLOTS AND STROKE OTHER CONSIDERATIONS Blood clots occasionally form in the blood vessels of Occasionally women who are not taking the pill miss a period. apparently healthy people and may result in the loss of a limb, This is also true for women taking the pill. Missed periods have paralysis, loss of sight, or death depending on where the blood been reported to occur as frequently as several times each year clot is formed or lodges if it breaks loose. in some women, depending on various factors, such as age and It has been estimated that about one woman in 2,000 on prior history. The pill should not be used when you are the pill each year suffers a blood clotting disorder severe pregnant because of some reports of the possibility of adverse enough to require hospitalization. The estimated death rate effects on the developing child. Very rarely, women who are from abnormal blood clotting in healthy women under 35 not using the pill as directed become pregnant. The likelihood of taking the pill has been estimated to be 1 in 500,000; whereas becoming pregnant if you occasionally miss one or two pills is for the same group taking the pill it probably is increased 4 to naturally much higher. 11 times. Blood clots are about three times more likely to Therefore, if you miss a period, you should consult your develop in women over the age of 34. For these reasons it is physician before continuing to take the pill because your important that women who have had blood clots in the legs, doctor is the best source of information about this. If you miss lungs, brain or elsewhere not use oral contraceptives. a period, especially if you have not taken the pill regularly, you Strokes are caused by a loss of blood circulation to the should also use an alternative method of contraception until brain. When they occur, paralysis of all or part of the body is pregnancy has been ruled out. If you have missed more than possible; death can result. The risk of strokes due to clots or one tablet at any time, you should immediately start using an hemorrhages in the brain has been reported to be increased in additional method of contraception to complete your pill pill users when compared to nonusers. cycle. Anyone using the pill who has severe leg or chest pains, There is no proof at the present time that oral coughs up blood, has difficulty breathing, severe headache or contraceptives can cause cancer in humans. However, the vomiting, dizziness or fainting, disturbances of vision or possibility that they may continues to be studied, based on speech, weakness or numbness of an arm or leg, should call her observations that large doses of female sex hormones have doctor immediately and stop taking the pill. produced cancer in some experimental animals. Tumors of the liver, sometimes fatal, have been reported in women taking the pill. This has been reported in both short-term as well as long-term users. Whether such tumors are caused by the pill has not been proved nor disproved. It has also been reported that pill takers have a higher risk of developing gall bladder disease than non-takers. Min A Disabled Partner In A Marriage by Linda Kanton According to these four couples, marriages between able-bodied and disabled persons do not differ greatly from other marriages. 24* Joyce Nelson ACCENT Frieder ON LIVING-Summer, 1975 rooms are small and no privacy so DRIVE-MASTER I have to make sure I'm honte in HAND CONTROLS at least 3 hours. We wanted to make a trip and this stopped me. A Low in cost - high in quality nurse suggested I use an in-dwell- One model fits all cars ing catheter for the trip down and A complete line of driving aids for all back and wear slacks (for the leg bag). My doctor said okay as long disabilities as I didn't leave it in too long. The Instant availability-DRIVE-MASTER nurse showed me, my husband and HAND CONTROLS are available daughters how to insert it. with same day shipment from our It worked. We made a wonderful factory or from one of our dealers trip and now when we have to go listed below. out for a few hours I also use it. ALABAMA So far no infections and no worry Birmingham Limb & Brace, Birmingham about accidents when we go out. Orthopedic Appliance Co., Birmingham CALIFORNIA Also another idea to empty the Environmental Equipment Corp., San Leandro leg bag. I use a bottle at home but DELAWARE when we go out "zip-loc" plastic Timmy G. Wheatley, Dover bags are easy to carry, use and get FLORIDA rid of. J.B. Hickey Co. Tampa Name withheld Mike Palladino, Hallandale Donald M. Pierson Orlando ACCENT BELONGS MAWAII J.E. McInerny Driving School, Honolulu IN EVERY LIBRARY ILLINOIS In spite of the fact that I get Wecolator of Chicago, Deerfield around pretty much in spite of my IOWA handicapped condition, it was fif- Rudolph Oudheusden, Sioux City teen years from the day of my ac- LOUISIANA Snell's Limbs & Braces, Alexandria, cident till I found out that there Monroe, New Orleans & Shreveport was such a thing as a magazine de- MARYLAND Keith Russell. Silver Spring signed and published to help the MICHIGAN handicapped. Believe me, in those Rutzen Resources, Pontiac first days I would have welcomed a MINNESOTA magazine like yours to put me in The Winkley Co., Minneapolis contact with others in the same NEVADA Burge Lloyd Surgical. Reno boat. But not knowing of the maga- NEW JERSEY zine I had to learn everything Burlington Surgical, Burlington through experience, the hard way. Carlo Losco Jr., Atlantic City And that's why I think they should Walter Anderson, Trenton NEW YORK be in every library in every com- John Bussani, Seaford, LI munity no matter how big or small. OHIO Cleveland Orthopedic Co., Cleveland Pauline E. Penkivich PENNSYLVANIA Illinois Ace High Driving School, Philadelphia Dowd Rental Service and Sales Inc., Pittsburgh ALL TOGETHER Harmarville Rehab. Ctr., Pittsburgh First I would like to say that Ac- Abbey Rents, Bala Cynwd cent On Living is the best thing that H. Neil Pangrazzi, Sheppton ever happened to handicapped peo- SOUTH CAROLINA Cherokee Auto Supply, Gaffney ple! I know your staff will keep up Columbia Brace Shop, Columbia the mind-taxing and excellent job TEXAS they have done so far. Muilenburg Artificial Limb, Houston Lux Artifical Limb & Brace, San Antonio Keep up the excellent work, you UTAH really have it all together now. Dave's Ability Agency, Murray Mildred A. Otterstetter Minnesota ACCENT ON LIVING-Summer, 1975 23 The Rogers, Lewises, Kubbs and Barons have their problems, but they have learned either to solve or to live with them. Steve and Marilyn Rogers are students at the University of Illinois - Champaign-Urbana. She has been disabled since birth be- cause of a muscle disorder that affects her hips and shoulders. After graduating in May, Marilyn plans to attend graduate school before becoming a speech thera- "I married Marilyn for the same rea- pist. Steve is a sophomore in ele- son anyone marries, we were in mentary education. love," Steve Rogers said. They met at their dormitory three years ago and have been married one-and-one-half years. worried about the problems that Steve said he became friends with plague all newlyweds, such as how many of the persons on his floor they would support themselves in wheelchairs because they were while attending school and where his neighbors in a normal setting, they would find an apartment. which is how he met Marilyn. He Marilyn's father, however, had explained that their friendship more misgivings than Steve's par- helped their relationship later. ents about their marriage. Al- Marilyn's disability was not a though Marilyn is very inde- major obstacle," Steve said. "Once pendent, her father wanted to I knew her, I never even noticed make sure Steve knew what he the chair anymore." He said was getting into. Her father friends accepted their relationship warned Steve that he would have "or at least they did not say any- to do the heavier housework and thing if they disapproved." They that people might treat him dif- went almost everywhere other ferently because he married a couples went, such as to the bars, handicapped person. Steve and concerts, movies, parties and for Marilyn said that luckily the latter walks. Marilyn said, "I'm lucky has not happened. because Steve isn't sports-minded." Finding an apartment was one She laughingly added that she is of the most difficult problems for more sports-minded than he is. Steve and Marilyn. It had to be Both sets of parents approved wheelchair accessible or need only of their dating and, later, of their minor, inexpensive changes. Door- marrying. Steve said his parents ways were the most important liked Marilyn immediately and factor; if Marilyn could get did not mind her chair. His parents through them, the size of the bath- ACCENT ON LIVING-Summer, 1975 25 room, and the number of stairs around the apartment were usual- ly satisfactory, too. Marilyn prides herself in being able to do much of the housework, as their neat apartment shows. "I can cook, wash dishes and keep the apartment fairly neat. Steve helps by doing the heavy chores, such as vacuuming and washing the floors." Marilyn uses a pole with a hook on the end for turning on the stove and for Connie Lewis tells anyone who ques- lifting utensils, such as the teapot. tions her reason for marrying Carl, Steve and Marilyn said they did "I wasn't marrying the chair but the guy in it." not have any unusual personal problems. "It just depends on if you can live with another person's because he is so outgoing. You differences," Steve said. "I have don't realize he is in a chair," handicaps that Marilyn must live Connie said. Carl was stricken with with; for example, I don't like to polio when he was three-and-one- include Marilyn when I go out half years old. He said he was not drinking with the guys. The only treated any differently than were difference is that people don't his sisters and brothers, which see mine when I walk down the helped him become independent. street; but we're really not dif- He can easily transport himself in ferent." and out of his chair, and is thus Marilyn said, "It takes a certain able to go almost anywhere. For type of person to marry a person example, he can climb stairs by sit- in a chair. He must be responsible ting down on the lowest one and and empathetic. If he is going pulling himself up the next one, to let social pressures get him etc. He descends them in a similar down, I don't think he will even way. date a disabled girl." Steve added Carl and Connie met six years that many do not think dating a ago and have been married four disabled girl is "fashionable" and years. Connie said she did not have explained, "I married Marilyn for any "second thoughts" about Carl the same reason anyone marries because she lived with disabled — we were in love. The fact that persons in her dormitory. She said she is in a chair is superficial." she had some qualms when they Carl and Connie Lewis, both started dating seriously, so they seniors at the U. of III., expressed broke off the relationship. After similar feelings about their mar- a summer away from each other, riage. "It's hard not to like Carl however, they decided to try it 26 ACCENT ON LIVING-Summer, 1975 his legs in a land mine explosion legs, "but to them I'm normal," in Vietnam. He wore artificial Barry said. limbs at the time. Minor problems that Barry From that dance they started noted are inaccessible bathrooms dating. Janine said she knew and check-out lanes that are too from the beginning about Barry's narrow at the grocery store, plus legs, but it did not bother her. sometimes he is unable to get to "Barry made the whole thing seem his car when there is a car parked very natural. I was never uneasy on either side. "These are all around him." workable, and, in time, seem Their friends felt the same way. second-nature," Barry said. They never treated Barry dif- The only thing that really ferently after his accident. Janine's bothers Barry is that strangers are parents liked Barry, too. He was very protective. "They think that not a stranger to them because he because I am in a wheelchair, knew her brothers. Barry's parents I am incapable of doing even had died, and he had been living simple things, such as opening a with an aunt and uncle. He said door or pushing myself." his aunt was uneasy about their All four couples agree on one marriage because she tried to do thing: they hope that some day everything for him, and she did not strangers will understand their think he could survive on his own. or their spouses' handicaps. They "I'm very independent, though," want people to realize that a Barry explained. "In fact, I don't wheelchair does not take away all like it when people help me. I physical and mental functions; can do just about anything in my they are still persons, just like wheelchair - even drive. I could anyone else. not assert this independence, how- ever, until I left home to get mar- ried." Barry said he hopes to gain more independence by eventually wearing his artificial limbs again. He has not worn them for two years because of difficulties with them. Even without his legs, Лл though, he is able to get out of his chair. Barry and Janine have two daughters, Cheri, seven, and Les- ley, three. Cheri is from Janine's previous marriage. Janine is ex- Paine pecting another child in May. "I realize that you brought your Their daughters sometimes ask own chair, Fred - but I've still got their father what happened to his to charge you full price!" ACCENT ON LIVING-Summer, 1975 31 HAVE WHEELS WILL CLOWN - again and married the next fall. adjusted very well to every situa- Connie had problems with her tion, such as waiting while I parents when she married Carl. climbed stairs," Carl said. They did not go to the wedding "The one thing that really because Carl is disabled and is bothers me," Carl said, "is people predominantly black. Connie said who stare. Little kids sometimes her mother is a practical nurse and come up and ask me why I'm in warned her that she would have a chair. Usually I tell them some to do everthing for Carl, such as made-up story; my favorite is feed and bathe him. However, that I was an astronaut. This since Carl is so independent, he doesn't bother me. I just wish that does not need Connie to do many grown-ups would do the same and things for him. "They couldn't un- find out that I'm not different from derstand that I wasn't marrying the them." chair but the guy in it," Connie Carl also noted that when he said. and Connie are out in public, The Lewises described their people tend to overreact, especially only problems as architectural in restaurants. "They always make ones. Carl needs wheelchair-ac- me sit at a table. I think the cessible doorways and a bathroom hostess should ask if I have a with at least one place large preference. Also, if we request a enough to turn around in. "Connie table away from the door, they HOYER TRAVEL LIFTER FOR THE HAPPY TRAVELER Hoyer Travel Lifter weights only 46 lbs., folds compactly - leaving room in average car trunk for luggage. Base width adjusts between 23 and 301/2 inches. Sturdy construction. Chrome finish. Two foot operated brakes. Hydraulic or mechanical jack. Send for free 16 page booklet. Distributed nationally by Everest & Jennings Special Products for Special Needs TED HOYER & CO. Dept. AL, 2222 Minnesota St. Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901 ACCENT ON LIVING-Summer, 1975 27 I'm doing it," Alan said. He also admitted worrying about what other people thought of him dating a handicapped person. "I felt that they thought I couldn't get any able-bodied girls, so I had to date girls in wheelchairs. I got over this feeling quickly." Alan's friends did not know how much a handicapped person was capable of doing. Once they realized that Sandra was still very Sandra and Alan Kubbs with their independent, they accepted her daughter Andrea in their apartment. Both sets of parents were in favor and treated her no differently. of their marriage. Both sets of parents and friends were in favor of their marriage. act like they will have to move Alan's parents were doting at first, SO many things to accommodate warning Sandra not to try to have us," Carl said. a child because it would be too Alan and Sandra Kubbs have much work and physical exertion been married three years and have for her. a daughter, Andrea, 20 months. For this reason, Sandra said, Sandra was a polio victim, and she has worked extra hard to prove since she was five she has been that she is a competent mother. "I paralyzed from the hips down. probably worked harder than most She said she can walk with braces new mothers because I had to and crutches, but it is easier to prove myself." raise Andrea while she is in the Sandra said her disability causes chair. She can get herself easily no problems in childrearing. "In in and out of the chair, thereby fact, there are advantages to being being able to play with Andrea in a chair. This way Andrea can on the floor. Sandra also is able sit in my lap while I am doing the to crawl up and down stairs on her laundry or the dishes." hands and knees. Because Sandra is so inde- Alan and Sandra met through pendent, Alan said he must not do a mutual friend and found they things that she is capable of doing. had much in common. "The night The only things he helps with are we met, to drive Sandra over to the time-consuming chores, such her cousin's, I had to put her as taking care of the house and chair in my car. The thought of Andrea, "even though Sandra is having to put it in and haul it capable of doing both of these out continually bothered me at things completely alone." first, but now I don't even realize Looking back on his life with 28 ACCENT ON LIVING-Summer, 1975 Sandra, Alan said he thinks no male should discount dating a girl in a wheelchair. He said he never dated a handicapped girl before Sandra because he thought dis- abled girls must be very mature as a result of all their suffering. Sandra told him this was false be- cause many handicapped persons Barry and Janine Baron, who knew have overbearing parents and are each other before he became dis- never allowed to grow and up and abled, have two daughters, Cheri fend for themselves. and Lesley. Sandra said she wished more men would think of girls in chairs makeup or nice clothes or to fix as dating material and not just my hair." as friends. "During my adolescent Barry and Janine Baron are the years, I hardly ever dated. I knew only couple of these four who a lot of guys, but they treated knew each other before Barry be- me like a sister. I didn't start came disabled. They went to high to really date until college, but school together but were just until this time I felt asexual; acquaintances. They met again therefore, I never bothered to wear at a dance - after Barry lost WELLS-ENGBERG Hand Control Drive Safely --- With Confidence Each Unit Can Be Installed For Either Right or Left Hand Use. Almost everybody presses "floorward" for braking-even we do-But-It's our patented rotation gas feed that makes us unique. Its operation is smooth, natural, and uncom- plicated. Our dimmer switch is perfectly positioned and an integral part of our control. Installation is simple-no templates-drilling-nor maring car, and when you change cars, just reinstall the same unit. What more could you wish, unless it would be a WELLS-ENGBERG CO., Inc. better price. Well, we have that too- $122. 00-we're proud to publish it. BOX 6388, ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS 61125 For Brochure Write To Dept. A-7-1. Phone 874-6400 Area Code 815 3Q ACCENT ON LIVING-Summer, 1975 HYDRAULIC Irans R SYSTEMS DESIGNED FOR PERSONAL OR INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS SEMI AND FULLY AUTOMATIC MODELS AVAILABLE FREEDOM for the HANDICAPPED! Safe comfortable transportation is possible for any handicapped passenger and for those who are capable of driving themselves Translift permits flush contact for safe, smooth transfers. Wheel Locks standard with "Sure-Trak" self-storing platform. Enclosed hydraulic system controls gentle positive action. Semi-automatic models for personal or institutional use, lower and raise platform-require some assistance. Fully automatic model unfolds, lowers, raises and folds platform, opens and closes doors-offers total freedom and independence! Cus- tom models engineered to your requirements. All units of durable quality materials, almost maintenance free. REQUEST BULLETINS TL-50, TL-200 and IL-100 3791 FRED SCOTT & SONS DEPT. A 101 KELLY ST., ELK GROVE, ILLINOIS 60007 312/437-7066 ACCENT ON LIVING-Summer, 1975 RNC fill Read Sue- Spinal Cord auguries 196 SEXUAL FUNCTION IN SPINAL CORD INJURY W Introduction Page 1 The Concept of Sexuality Page 1 Normal Sexual Function in the Female Page 2 Norman Sexual Function in the Male Page 3 Commonly Held Sexual Fallacies Page 4 The Neurophysiology of Sexual Function in the Male Page 6 Sexual Problems in Spinal Cord Injured Females Page 6 Sexual Problems in Spinal Cord Injured Males Page 7 The Etiology of Infertility in Spinal Cord Injured Males Page a Research in Increasing Fertility in Paraplegic Males Page 9 Assisting the Patient to Achieve Sexual Function Page 10 Conclusion Page 12 Bibliography Page 13 SEXUAL FUNCTION IN SPINAL CORD INJURY Introduction In the oldest surviving medical textbook, Edwin Smith described spinal cord injured patients as follows: "Thou shoulds't say concerning him; one having a dislocation in the vertebrae of his neck, while he is unconscious of his legs and his arms and his urine dribbles. An ailment not to be treated." Edwin Smith would certainly be surprised at the progress medical science has made in preserving the life of the spinal cord injured patient. The mortality of spinal cord injury has fallen steadily from 80% in the First World War to 15% by the end of World War II. In the 1970's, while we have not found a cure for spinal cord injury, almost every patient who lives to reach an emergency room will survive his injury. Lay persons often ask, "What are you saving spinal cord injured patients for?". Our response is that our current sophistication in rehabilitation medicine gives these patients a reasonable chance for a fruitful life. Our rehabilitation centers provide spinal cord injured patients with therapy, counseling, and equipment. Spinal cord injured patients often leave these centers functionally independent in the activities of daily living, in mobility, in employment and in many other areas. They complain, however, that in the centers they are often unable to find anyone who is either able or willing to speak to them about sexual function. We need to become more concerned about sexual function in these patients, especially since most of them are males between the ages of twenty and thirty-five who ultimately have a 50% divorce rate. Sexual function is important in the determina- tion of a person's view of himself, his body image, and how he relates to others. This makes sexual function a significant factor in the success of the rehabilitation program and in the ultimate "quality" of the patient's life. The Concept of Sexuality Sexual function, while it has certain anatomical physiological guidelines, must be interpreted in a cultural context. Different cultures place varying psychological, economic and religious values on sexual function. Anyone who hopes to help a patient with his sexual problems must learn the sub-culture from which the patient comes and the sexual taboos, feelings and practices of that sub-culture. The therapist must also be aware of the specific type of sexual - 2 673 function that existed for the patient prior to his spinal cord injury. He should also understand the dynamics of the relationship the couple had before the spinal cord injury, and the relationship they are likely to develop after the injury. Our society has made some healthy advances in sexuality in the last decade. The landmark works of Masters and Johnson have give US basic scientific data in the anatomy and physiology of sexual function. Our social scientists have pointed out many unfortunate problems in our sexuality concept, and by exposing them have initiated the first step in their eventual elimination. Our society has begun realizing the importance of the enjoyment of sex by both partners, its importance as an act of love and communication between individuais, and the fact that sexual function has great significance totally outside of its reproductive value. Normal Sexual Function in the Female Our best information concerning the normal sexual response in the human female from an anatomical and physiological point of view comes from the studies by Masters and Johnson. They observed in the laboratory some 382 females, both married and unmarried, with education ranging from grade-school to post-graduate, in ages ranging from twenty-one to seventy-eight. They observed some 7, 500 complete sexual cycles in females of various races who were single, married, and prostitutes. They discovered four basic phases of sexual response in the female. I. Excitement Phase. In the excitement stage the female, either by tactile or psychogenic stimulation, gets in the mood for sexual function. Anatomical correlations of this stage include such things as nipple enlargement and a small increase in the size of the breasts. The libia majora tend to flatten out and move up and out to expose the opening of the vagina. The labia minora begin to increase in size due to engorgement with venous blood. Vaginal lubrication, a very important phenomenon in both normal and spinal cord injured couples, occurs from 10 to 30 seconds after the onset of the excitement phase. (This lubrication is a transudate produced by the vaginal mucosa it is not secreted by glands.) The vaginal walls also begin to separate in the excitement stage and the vaginal "barrel" begins to dilate. -- 3 - II. Plateau Phase. Here there is a heightening of sexual tension to the point that orgasm is possible. During this stage the nipples continue to enlarge, the breats often increase in size by as much as one-fourth, and the skin of the breasts and sometimes of other parts of the body develop a deep-red hue called the "sex flush". The labia minora become extremely engorged with blood and take on a dark-red-color shade. The labia minora are now two to three times their normal size and form the proximal (nearest to the outside) portion of the vaginal barrel. The vagina itself continues to dilate, particularly distally, and increases in length from its normal 7 centimeters to approximately 10 centimeters. It also increases in width from its normal 2 centimeters to 6 centi- meters. The engorged proximal portion of the vagina and the engorged labia minora form a relatively tight vaginal inlet. The distal two-thirds of the vagina has dilated to form a large pool for collection of the semen. III. Orgasmic Phase. In most females the orgasmic phase involves rythmic contractions of the proximal one-third of the vagina and labia minora (commonly called the orgasmic platform), the rectum, and the uterus. These contractions have a rate of one-per-second and there are usually three to fifteen contractions per orgasm. IV. Resolution Phase. In this stage the sexual tension has been lost and there is a psychological and anatomical return to normal. Most authorities feel that females do not have a sexual refractory period. This four stage sexual cycle takes on a number of different patterns in women. The most common pattern is for the excitement stage to go slowly to the plateau phase, where the woman then has one or more phases of orgasm followed by a relatively rapid resolution. A less common pattern is for the woman to go quickly through all the phases to orgasm and then to immediate resolution. A third pattern is occasionally seen, in which the plateau phase is followed by mild "waves of pleasure" without true orgasmic activity. This also is followed by a slow resolution. Normal Sexual Function in the Male The studies by Masters and Johnson included 312 males from twenty-one to eighty-nine years of age, of all levels of education, of different races, both married and single. This involved the observation within the laboratory of approximately 2,500 complete sexual cycles. The male has the same four stages of sexual response as the female. The pattern of these four stages is - 4 - essentially the same in most males. Each phase occurs in succession until the resolution phase, after which there is a relative refractory period. During the refractory period the male is less able or unable to engage in further sexual activity. I. Excitement Phase. During this phase there is erection of the penis. This is accomplished by many small compartments in the penis being filled with venous blood. The testicles are elevated, both by contraction of the scrotal muscle and by shortening of the spermatic cords. II. Plateau Phase. During the plateau phase the penis gets its final engorgement, particularly around its distal portion (corona glandis). The testicles also become congested and increase as much as 100%. By this time the testicles are pulled up tight against the lower abdomen, which apparently is necessary for ejaculation. III. Orgasmic Phase. The male orgasm occurs in two phases. The first phase is called seminal emission which is due to the contrac- tion of the distal portion of the vas deferens, the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the internal bladder sphincter. This collects the sperm and seminal fluid in a bolus and pushes it into the posterior urethra. The seminal emission phase is experienced two to three seconds prior to actual ejaculation. During the second phase of ejaculation, which is known as true ejaculation, the large bolus in the posterior urethra triggers a reflex that causes rhythmic contractions of the urethra, penis, and lower pelvic muscles. This causes expulsion of the ejaculate. This stage of ejaculation also involves extension of the trunk and generalized muscle contraction. The trunk extension appears to some extent to be a reflex, while the generalized muscle contraction probably is voluntary. Commonly Held Sexual Fallacies 1. The problems of frigidity in the female and impotence in the male do not usually have a physical cause. A woman's ability to have an orgasm is greatly determined by many factors in her psychological development. Most societies use sexual repression in the female as a means of controlling reproductive function. Many women can outgrow this problem through psychotherapy and proper sexual stimulation. Also, many males in our society complicate this problem with their conception of sex as something he enjoys and his wife endures. are 5 - Impotence in the male is also mainly a psychological problem, although there are physical causes such as vascular insufficiency and neuropathy. Many impotent males are only relatively impotent, depending on the stimulus. Many authorities feel that impotence is often a subconscious expression of hostility towards the female. 2. There are many fallacies concerning the size of the penis and vagina. It is important to remember that the vagina becomes greatly dilated in the excited state and the great majority of women have a vaginal size that is more than adequate if they are properly stimulated. Men often have a deep-seated anxiety about the size of their penis. Studies have shown that the size differences in penises exist mainly in the flaccid state. In the erected state most penises are about the same size. This occurs because a penis that is small in the flaccid state tends to gain relatively more size during erection. Fiaccid penises vary from 7 to 12 centimeters in length, whereas erected penises are generally 15 to 18 centimeters in length. There is no correlation between the size of the penis and the size of the man or any other part of his anatomy. 3. There is no evidence that circumcised males have any more sexual control or sensitivity than non-circumcised males. While there may be medical and hygienic indications for circumcision (a topic that is continually debated in medicine) there is no medical proof that circumcision is of sexual benefit. 4. It is generally held in our society that women are less interested in sex than males. Most modern investigators feel, however, that women have an innate interest in sex that at least approximates that of the male. Large discrepancies in the sexual interest of the male and female are probably due to cultural influences. 5. Sexual interest is often thought of as a hormonal phenomenon. While the hormonal factor is probably the initiator of sexual interest, adults in our society find that many other factors influence their sexual function. Psycholo- gical states such as anxiety and depression have great influence on sexual function. Sex requires concentration, and anything that tends to destroy this tends to reduce the success and enjoyment of sexual function. Interpersonal relationships have extreme sexual importance. Couples having marital problems generally have sexual problems as well, and sometimes their sexual problems are mistaken for the cause rather than the result of their interpersonal problems. - 6 - The Neurophysiology of Sexual Function in the Male Erection can be either psychogenic or reflex. Psychogenic erection requires an intact spinal cord and parasympathetic nervous system. The stimulus for psychogenic erection originates in the brain. From the brain, the pathway is to the psychogenic erection center in the thoracic spinal cord and then to the parasympathetics going to the penis. Any interruption of this pathway will interfere with psychogenic erection. The reflex type of erection is present from a very early age, and is often seen in the male infant during diaper changes. Reflex penile erection requires an intact sacral cord and the second, third, and fourth sacral nerve roots. \ Any injury to the sacral cord and the sacral nerve roots will interfere with reflex erection. (An injury in this area would probably prevent psychogenic erection as well.) Ejaculation has already been described as being a two-part process. The first part, seminal emission, is a function of the sympathetic nervous system. The second part of ejaculation, true ejaculation, requires an intact sacral spinal cord and pudendal nerve. Erection and ejaculation are extremely complicated anatom and physiological events that require intact parasym pathetic, sympathetic and somatic nervous systems. The parasympathetic supply producing both types of erection comes from the sacral portion of the spinal cord. The sympath- etic supply to the sexual apparatus comes from the low er portion of the inter- mediolateral cell column at the cord levels of T-12, L-1, and L-2. The somatic nervous system required for these events is in the pudendal nerve that originates from the second, third, and fourth sacral roots. Sexual Problems in Spinal Cord Injured Females Since spinal cord injury is basically a male disease, most clinicians have relatively few female patients in which to study sexual function. Con- sequently, less is known about their sexual function after spinal cord injury. The hormonal status of women with spinal cord injury is not very clear at this time, but it is known that most are fertile. Labor and delivery in these women is essentially normal, except for the development of "autonomic hyperreflexia" when the lesion is above the level of T-6. (See "Mecamylamine in Control of Hyperreflexia" by Braddom and Johnson.) We do not know how many of them have orgasms. We also do not know how many of them have difficulty with intercourse producing autonomic hyperreflexia, involuntary contractions of the bladder, and other undersirable reactions. - 7 - It appears that the female patient has less difficulty with sexual function than the male. There are a number of reasons for this. Women in our society generally consider love a basic ingredient of sexual gratification. Their sexual activity may satisfactorily communicate love despite their perineal anesthesia and difficulty with orgasm. Another factor is that women in our society apparently derive great sexual satisfaction simply from satisfyting their partner. The female also does not have the male's problem with sexual role reversal, since our society considers the male to be the natural aggressor. Spinal cord injured females probably do not find a catheter much of a sexual hindrance, since it can be pulled up out of the way. Despite these factors, sexual counseling is extremely important in the spinal cord injured woman. She should be given every opportunity to discuss sexual function with her physician and members of the rehabilitation team. It is important for her to know that sexual activity will not injure her further. It is important that any sexual fallacies she might have be found and corrected. She should certainly know that she probably is fertile, since an unwanted pregnancy might greatly complicate her problems. It is also important that she understand that general gynecological care is still as important as ever. Sexual Problems in Spinal Cord Injured Males One of the first sexual problems to be faced by the spinal cord injured male is achieving erection. Most studies indicate that approximately 80% can have a complete or partial erection. The studies also show that 90% of cervical patients are able to have erections, whereas the percentage falls to about 50% in the lumbar group. This is an unfortunate complication for the patient with a low spinal cord lesion, since he W ill be functionally independent in most other areas. Erection in nearly all of the patients is of the reflex type. It occurs when the penis and other sensitive portions of the perineum are manipulated. Patients often complain that while direct stimula- tion will produce an erection, it is often lost in intercourse due to the well lubricated vagina providing less stimulation. Patients who have a partial erection or none at all can use an erection assist device. Most of these devices consist of a plastic splint that supports the penis, and are available from a num- ber of companies in the United States. Erection has been produced experi- mentally by intrathecal injections of physostigmine and other drugs, but this is impractical for our patients. Many of our pati ents have reported that an erection can be improved and maintained longer if the bladder is emptied prior to intercourse. en 8 - Perhaps the next sexual problem the patient faces is what to do with the indwelling catheter. The catheter can be taped down along the side of the penis. Often our young, capable, male paraplegics are taught how to remove and replace their catheter for sexual purposes. In quadriplegic patients, the wife can often learn to do this. If the patient removes the catheter, spontan- eous bladder emptying may occur during intercourse. While this may be embarassing, it does not really pose any medical problems for either partner. Many patients and their wives feel better if they use a condom over the penis, whether or not they are wearing a catheter. Some patients must wear a splint, catheter, tape, and a condom during intercourse. Their wives often worry about the bulk created by all this apparatus. It must be kept in mind, however, that the excited female has vaginal lubrication and dila- tation sufficient to accept a considerable mass without injury or discomfort. Another problem the patient faces is that of sexual self-identity, since he is now probably infertile and has been forced into a relatively passive sexual role. The loss of the capacity for normal erection, ejaculation, and fertility often has crushing psychological consequences for males in our society. Many paraplegic males no longer even see themselves as men, and talk about themselves as if they were a woman or a child. The patient usually comes to grips with his loss of the aggressor status and other aspects of sexual function through a period of psychological depression. Fortunately, most paraplegic males eventually overcome this problem and establish a personality with an altered but intact masculine self-concept. It should be noted that while most paraplegic males need some type of sexual function to regain a healthy self-concept, there are occasionally patients who develop a psychological equilibrium in which sexual function is seen as an unnecessary burden. These patients are often anxious to be rid of their wives through divorce. They apparently have great anxiety about being under marital pressure to perform sexually, and look upon sex in general as an area in which they may anticipate or have already experienced defeat and failure. The Etiology of Infertility in Spinal Cord In jured Males Testicular biopsies of spinal cord injured patients show testicular atrophy. This atrophy apparently occurs early in the course of spinal cord injury, and there is some tendency for it to be worse in higher cord lesions. Testicular atrophy can be secondary to urinary and prostatic infections, epididymitis, urinary calculosis, and hormonal changes. However, the two most significant factors in the production of testicular atrophy are loss of the sympathetic nerve supply to the testicles and the loss of intrascrotal temperature regulation. - 9 - The testicles are hung outside the body in the male because spermatogenesis requires a cooler environment than that of the abdominal cavity. The muscle) how? of the scrotal sac is regulated thermostatically to maintain scrotal temperature) at the proper level for spermatogenesis. (For example, it is well known that fertility rates are higher in colder climates than they are in warmer climates.) Some investigators have been able to increase sperm counts in some instances by intermittently packing the scrotal sac in ice. Another reason for infertility in spinal cord injured males is their inability to ejaculate. Ejaculation occurs in only 5% of spinal cord injured patients, and these are generally patients with incomplete cord lesions. Even when it occurs, the ejaculation tends to retrograde into the bladder rather than out the urethra. This is due to the neurological disharmony in the total ejaculatory cycle Orgasm itself is often experienced by the cord patient as a feeling of generalized spasticity. Patients often suspect retro- grade ejaculation when they have cloudy urinefollowing intercourse. Research in Increasing Fertility in Paraplegic Males Perhaps future research will increase fertility in cord injured males. Ejaculation produced by an electrical probe in the rectum has been done at Ohio State, but to date no pregnancy has been produced with ejaculates obtained in this way. Electro-ejaculation is usually retrograde in nature and the ejaculate must be retrieved from the bladder. Getting the ejaculate from the bladder before the sperm are destroyed by the low bladder pH is often difficult, but it is possible with bladder irrigation techniques. Increasing the sperm count and motility of the sperm in these patients is a major research problem. It takes at least 60 million sperm per CC. to enzymatically unlock an egg for fertilization. These sperm must show a 50% motility rate. Perhaps some means of controlling the scrotal temperature in the future will prevent the testicular atrophy and subsequent drop in sperm count that now occurs in spinal cord injured patients. Hopefully, the prin- ciples learned in the artificial insemination of normals can be applied to spinal cord injured patients. Normal animal and human offspring have been produced by sperm collected and frozen on a number of occasions and then concentrated for a single insemination. - 10 - Assisting the Patient to Achieve Sexual Function The therapist must understand the general psychological reaction to spinal cord injury before he can help his patient in the area of sexual function. He must also be perceptive in discovering the psychological and cultural influences affecting the concept of sexuality in each of his patients. There are couples who achieve a lifelong stable and gratifying marital state in the absence of sexual function. Consequently, you must be willing to let the couple fail sexually if they desire. Approaching the couple with the zeal of a sexual evangelist should be particularly avoided, since you may create so much anxiety that you and your therapy are rejected. The old medical maxim must always be remembered "First do no harm". Patients are often most willing to talk about sexual function when the conversation has also dealt with functional concerns in the activities of daily living, bowel training, etc. To approach them from an isolated sexual standpoint may be highly threatening to the patient and his wife. Suggested Plan: 1. Have a conference with the patient in which you mention sexual function along with other areas of functional significance. Ask the patient leading questions about what his sexual function was before his injury, what he thinks his wife feels about sexual function, whether or not he feels sexual function is important to him or his wife at the present time, and whether he is interested in talking about sexual function. 2. Then have a conference with the patient's wife. In the context of a discussion about her husband's functional problems in other areas, sexual function should be mentioned. Try to learn her feelings about sex, what she feels are her husband's views on sex, what their sexual function was like before the injury, and what her expectations and fears are for the future. 3. After the two initial sessions, it is good to talk to the patient and his wife together. In these discussions, try to bring up such areas of concern as the loss of masculine identity in the male, the fact that the female will now have to be the aggressive partner and that infertility is a highly likely phenomenon. Be careful about making statements that are devoid of hope. Never tell a paraplegic that he will never father a child, or that he will never walk again, etc. Always give the patient some hope by saying that while it is highly unlikely he will be able to father a child, it is not impossible. Keep in mind that the patient's own physical improvement or future research may prove you wrong. It must also be kept in mind that statements that are devoid of hope are often subconsciously rejected by the patient and simply not heard These discussions should include practical tips like emptying the bladder before intercourse, encour- aging the wife to be aggressive, how the catheter should be managed, etc. - 11 a 4. By this time in the patient's course, he is usually ready for weekend visits at home. Sexual function should be tried out at home like the other things he has learned. After a home visit the couple should be interviewed to discover the functional areas in which the patient encountered difficulty. The order in which the patient brings up the various functional areas is often indicative of their relative importance to him. If a patient talks about his sexual functioning first, this is probably of extreme importance to him. Often, however, the patient will talk about all the other areas of function before mentioning sexual function. This does not mean that sexual function is unimportant to him, but probably indicates that at the present time other fun- ctional areas must be mastered before he can concentrate on sexual function. 5. The final step in sexual counseling is to leave the door open for con- tinued discussion. Patients often go through many stages in the redevelopment of sexual function. Just as they need continual follow-up in renal function and skin status, they should be continually encouraged in the area of sexual function. Even if patients reject your initial efforts at sexual counseling, leave the door open. It is surprising how many patients initially appear unin- terested in discussing sexual function, who six months or a year later will return and start talking about it. The above plan may have to be altered in some instances. It has a number of areas in which there is considerable failure potential. If the members of a rehabilitation team are internally inconsistent in their remarks about sexual function in spinal cord injury, the patient may successfully play one opinion against another and destroy the whole program. You should remember to take into account the reaction of the couple's parents and other relatives in regard to the problem of infertility. Sometimes you find a wife who greatly desires to get out of her marriage who chooses the sexual problem as the lever. She is particularly likely to use this as a grounds if she feels guilty about leaving her injured husband. Even the Catholic church accepts the inability to function sexually as grounds for marital dissolution. You should also be forewamed that a spinal cord injured male is often threatened by suggestions concerning the use of artificial insemination in his wife. While this seems like a practical solution to the infertility problem (particularly if the wife has not had a maternity experience), this can be a potentially deva- stating suggestion to a paraplegic male who is in the process of attempting to regain his masculine identity. - i2 - Conclusion Spinal cord injury is a condition that is now survived by the great majority of its victims. We should certainly not be satisfied merely with preserving their life. It is important that we provide for them a maximum opportunity for the "pursuit of happiness". One of the roles that contributes to a meaningful life is sexual function. We should give our spinal cord injured patients every opportunity to learn satisfactory sexual function. Randall L. Braddom, M.D. - 13 - BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Masters, William H., and Johnson, Virginia E.: Human Sexual Response. Little, Brown and Company, 1966. 2. Masters, William H., and Johnson, Virginia E.: Human Sexual Inadequacy. Little, Brown and Company, 1970. 3. Randall L. Braddom: The Crisis Reaction to Spinal Cord Injury. 1962 (a review of the work of Fink and Schowtz). 4. Randall L. Braddom, and E. W. Johnson: Mecamylamine in Control of Hyperreflexia. Arch. Phys. Med. 50: 448-454, Aug. 1969. 5. Bailey, James A., Checkles, Nicholas S., and Johnson, Emest W.: Sexual Counseling of the Spinal Cord Injured Patient. 1968 (unpublished). Chio State University. 6 Bors, Ernest, Engle, Earl T., Rosenquist, Robert C., and Holliger, Victor H.: Fertility in Paraplegic Males. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 10: 381-397, 1950. 7. Ellenberg, Max, and Weber, Herbert: Retrograde Ejaculation in Diabetic Neuropathy. Ann. Intern. Med. 65: 1237-1245, Dec. 1966. 8. Bensman, Alan, and Kottke, Frederic J.: Induced Emission of Sperm Utilizing Electrical Stimulation of the Seminal Vesicles and Vas Deferens. Presentation at the Forty-Third Annual Session of the American Congress of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Philadelphia, 8-24-65. Arch. Phys. Med. and Rehab. July, 1966, PP 436-443. 9. Healey, P. and Sadleir, R.M.F.S.: The Construction of Rectal Electrodes for Electro-Ejaculation. J. Reprod. Fert. 11: 229-301, 1966. 10. Herman, Myron: Role of Somesthetic Stimuli in the Development of Sexual Excitation in Man. Arch. Neurol. and Psych. 64: 42-56, 1950. 11. LaBan, Myron M., Burk, Richard D., and Johnson, Ernest W.: Sexual Impotence in Men Having Low-Back Syndrome. Arch. Phys. Med. and Rehab. 47: 715-723, 1966. 12. Horne, Herbert W., Paull, Captain David P., and Munro, Donald: Fertility Studies in the Human Male with Traumatic Injuries of the Spinal Cord and Cauda Equina. New Eng. J. Med. 239: 959-961, 1948. as 14 - 13 Munro, Donald, Horne, Herbert Jr., and Paull, Captain David P.: The Effect of Injury to the Spinal Cord in Cauda Equina on the Sexual Potency of Men. New Eng. J. Med. 239: 903-911, Dec. 1948. 14. Robinson, Derek, Roch, John, and Menkin, Miriam F: Control of Human Spermatogenesis by Induced Changes of Intrascrotal Temperature. J.A.M.A. 204: 290-297, Apr. 1969. 15. Rowan, Robert L., Howley, Thomas F., and Nova, Harvey R.: Electro-Ejaculation. J. of Urology, P7: 725-729, May 1962. 16. Sobrero, Aquiles J., Sterns, Harlan E., and Blair, John H.: Technic for the Induction of Ejaculation in Humans. Fertil and Steril, 16: 765-767, 1965. 17. Stemmermann, Grant N., Weiss, Leo, Auerbach, Oscar, and Friedman, Murray: A study of the Germinal Epithelium in Male Para- plegics. Amer. J. of Clin. Path. 20: 24-33, 1950. 18. Talbot, Herbert S.: The Sexual Function in Paraplegia. J. of Urology, 73: 91-100, Jan. 1955. 19. Tyler, Edward, and Singher, Heron O.: Male Infertility- Status of Treatment, Prevention and Current Research. J.A.M.A. 160: 91-97, Jan. 1956. 20. Walters, D., and Kaufman, M. S.: Sterility Due to Retrograde Ejaculation of Semen-Report of Pregnancy Achieved by Autoinsemination. Amer. J. Obstet. Cynec. 78: 274, 1959. 21. Zeitlin, Austin B., Cottrell, Thomas L., and Lloyd, Frederick A.: Sexology of the Paraplegic Male. Fertil and Steril, 8: 337-344, 1957. 22. Weisbroth, D. V. M., and Young, Francis A.: The Collection of Primate Semen by Electro-Ejaculation. Fertil and Steril. 16: 229-234, 1965. 23. Whitelaw, G. P., and Smithwick, R. H.: Some Secondary Effects of Sympathectony with Particular Reference to Disturbance of Sexual Function. New Eng. J. Med. 245: 121, 1951. SPINAL CORD INJURY, Perlman 87 19. White RJ, Albin MS, Harris LS, et al: Spinal cord 24. Osterholm JL, Mathews GJ, Irvin JD, et al: Review injury: sequential morphology and hypothermic sta- of altered norepinephrin metabolism attending severe bilization. Surg Forum :432-434, Oct 1969 spinal injury-results of alpha methyl tyrosine treat- 20. White RJ, et al: Technique of localized spinal cord ment and preliminary histofluorescent studies. Proc of hypothermia in humans. Proc VA Spinal Cord Injury VA Spinal Cord Injury Conf 8:17-20, Oct 1971 Conf 17:58-60, Oct 1969 25. Hartzog JT, Fisher RG, Snow C: Spinal cord trauma: 21. Albin MS, White RJ, Yashon D, et al: Effects of local- effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Proc VA Spinal ized cooling on spinal cord trauma. J Trauma 1000- Cord Conf 17:70-71, 1969 1008, Dec 1969 26. Acosta-Rua GJ: Treatment of traumatic paraplegia 22. Black P, Markowitz RS: Experimental spinal cord in- patients by localized cooling of the spinal cord. J Iowa jury in monkeys: comparison of steroids and local Med Soc 60:326-328, May 1970 hypothermia. Surg Forum 22:409-411, Oct 1971 27. Selker RG: Icewater irrigation of spinal cord. Surg 23. Osterholm JL, Mathews GJ: Treatment of severe Forum 22:411-413, Oct 1971 spinal cord injuries by biochemical norepinephrine manipulation. Surg Forum 22:415-417, Oct 1971 KEY WORDS: Goal setting; rehabilitation Goal Setting: A Joint Patient-Staff Method Marjorie C. Becker, Ph.D., Kathleen S. Abrams, M.A., Janice Onder, M.S.W. Too often the silent member of the rehabilitation team is The use of the goal sheet is based upon the phi- the patient himself. Rehabilitation treatment plans are losophy that patients and families who have a central formed by professional team members without information role in determining treatment goals are less likely to from the patient or his family regarding his or their specific undermine therapy and more likely to see skills rehabilitation goals. Treatment time is wasted if the pa- learned as relevant enough to carry over into the tient either does not participate fully in residential treat- ment or does not utilize his new skills after discharge. To home environment. The table enumerates the spec- establish the patient and his family as working members of trum of physical, educational, vocational and psycho- the rehabilitation team, a goal sheet and an interview social skills which can be developed during an in- procedure were instituted in one University of Michigan patient stay at the University of Michigan Medical rehabilitation unit. Center. The goal sheet lists 30 specific items of possible im- The individual goals are phrased in functional, provement covering all rehabilitation areas. At intake, the nontechnical language with an open category in- interviewer discusses these items with the patient and his cluded to make sure that all of the patient or family family separately. Discrepancies between family and pa- goals have been specified. Whenever possible, goal tient goals are noted by staff and compared with their own goals for the patient and family. Treatment contracts are information is obtained by face-to-face interview so based on agreed-upon goals. Team conferences, often in- that terms which the respondent does not understand cluding patient and family, serve as a monitoring function may be explained. The in- or out-patient interview for goal-directed therapy. is one of the first contacts the patient and family may Conflicts between any combination of staff-patient- have with the rehabilitation unit. They are inter- family goals are readily identifiable; the need for nego- viewed separately, then the goal sheets compared. tiation is evident; compromise goals can be agreed upon. This interview gives staff members a chance to orient Sabotage of treatment goals by the patient or family does the patient and family toward a rehabilitation plan not occur as frequently when they are involved in goal- which is constructed around a core of desired skills setting. Each patient's individual circumstances are thus identified by the family, staff and patient. The inter- the focal point of rehabilitation programing. view may be conducted by any team member. Items are read to the respondent, with clarification when There are many more opportunities for communi- necessary. Responses are noted on different colored cation among rehabilitation personnel than for com- sheets for family and patient and go unmodified to munication between the staff and the patient-family the medical record. group. To increase the interaction of the staff with the patient-family group and to include the patient and his family in the designing of the treatment pro- From the University of Michigan Medical School and Parkview gram, a goal sheet and plans for its systematic use Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI. Presented at the 49th Annual Session of the American Congress were developed. of Rehabilitation Medicine, Denver, CO, August 23, 1972. Submitted for publication in revised form July 25, 1973. Arch Phys Med Rehabil Vol 55, Feb 1974 88 THERAPEUTIC GOAL SETTING, Becker Utilization Desired Goals Complete goal sheets are used by physicians and Moving around better in a Learning to follow special diet therapists in planning treatment. Goal discrepancies wheelchair Learning to follow medication Getting into and out of a car plan can interfere with treatment, resulting in the patient Driving a car Learning skin inspection and either refusing to work on prescribed tasks or work- Loading and unloading care wheelchair in car Bowel and bladder care ing on the tasks while under direct care and treatment Getting into and out of bed Strengthening legs Getting into and out of tub or Strengthening arms but not transferring learned skills to his home en- shower Exercises to keep arms or legs Getting into and out of chair loose vironment. Getting up and down from floor Getting through doors New sexual information The following case summary is an example of a Walking Getting out of the house more Standing Dating goal discrepancy between the patient and his family Learning how to meet people Dressing and/or undressing Having a hobby versus staff: Washing self-sink and bath Leisure time activity Twelve months after a cerebrovascular accident, a right Brushing teeth Shaving Reading hemiplegic woman and her husband indicated upon admis- Feeding self Going to school sion that they wanted her to regain the use of her right hand. Combing, brushing or washing hair Job training The staff saw as a more realistic goal learning effective use New living plans needed after of the left hand. To avoid potential sabotage to the pre- Talking discharge Writing or typing Finding out what kind of jobs scribed treatment program of minimal emphasis on the can be done motor return, a compromise goal was negotiated. The pa- Cooking more easily Cleaning more easily Family education tient would work on a program of exercises for the right Shopping at the store Purchase of equipment hand so as to maintain muscle tone should she get more Using the telephone Making decisions for self return, and also learn better left-handed dexterity which Using toilet without help would be of use to her for as long as she was unable to use Riding a cab or bus Practice living alone or with her right hand. The family accepted this goal. If the hus- roommate band participates by encouraging the patient to use her left hand as well as to exercise her right hand, she is likely to continue attempting both sorts of activities and positively affect the rehabilitation outcome. difficult if not impossible for staff members to facili- Other goal discrepancies that may occur are those tate attainment of these goals through therapy. between staff and patient versus relatives, patient Not every goal discrepancy is dealt with by direct versus staff and relatives, staff versus staff, or staff intervention. Some are expected to be treated en- versus patient with no relatives. If one or more dis- vironmentally with the hope that patients with un- crepancies can be identified early in the patient's stay, realistic or absent goals will modify their own goals meetings are scheduled between involved parties to by exposure to other patients with similar disabilities. try to negotiate compromise goals. For example, a quadriplegic person who does not se- lect cooking as a goal at admission may later request Discussion instruction after being exposed to other quadriplegic patients who are using the kitchen facilities. Some In addition to helping to design treatment pro- goal discrepancies are dealt with by subtle treatment. grams, the goal sheets have proved useful in moni- A patient who refuses to work on increasing his am- toring the progress of treatment during weekly team bulation endurance within the rehabilitation center meetings, as well as in the evaluation of results or might, out of boredom, agree to be included in a trip goal achievement at the end of treatment. Goal sheets to a coffee shop or local store which necessitates that can also be used as a basis for follow-up evaluation of he walk a greater distance than treatment would whether or not the patient continues to use the skills require. learned once he returns home. As noted, most patients and their families do not expect to be involved in treatment planning. The Results goal sheets serve to orient the patient and families at admission to the fact that they are expected to par- Establishment of written goal sheets and goal-set- ticipate actively in this treatment. ting as a basis for treatment of severely physically Encouraging patients and families to participate in disabled patients has supported the following obser- the treatment plan at all, with or without the use of vations: (1) very early identification of conflicts be- goal sheets, creates difficulties for staff members. In- tween any combination of patient-staff-family goals, stead of operating autonomously and relying on their (2) truly individualizing treatment programs, (3) own professional skills and judgments, the staff mem- enhancing family-patient-staff interaction through bers are asked not only to consider the patient and negotiation and the setting of treatment priorities, family's point of view, but also to allow these goals to (4) including the patient and his family as active and supersede their own. When the goals of the patient responsible team members, (5) teaching staff how to and family are at drastic variance with those of the achieve longer lasting rehabilitation goals through staff-for personal or professional reasons-it is very intermediate or compromise goals and (6) reducing Arch Phys Med Rehabil Vol 55, Feb 1974 THERAPEUTIC GOAL SETTING, Becker 89 sabotage to rehabilitation programs by patient, staff disabled. Presented at the 48th Annual Session of the or families. American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico, November 10, 1971. ADDRESS REPRINT REQUESTS TO: 2. Slater SB, Sussman MB, Stroud BW III: Participation Marjorie C. Becker, Ph.D. University Hospital in household activities as prognostic factor for rehabili- University of Michigan Medical Center tation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 51:605-610, 613, Oct Ann Arbor, MI 48104 1970 References 3. Weed L: Medical Records, Medical Education, and Patient Care; Problem-Oriented Record as Basic Tool. 1. Wolf BA, Abrams HA: Organizational structure for Cleveland, Ohio, The Press of Case Western Reserve social-vocational rehabilitation of severely physically University, 1970 CLINICAL NOTES Endoskeletal Prostheses: Use in Patient Having Ipsilateral Fore- and Hind-Quarter Amputations Henri V. Pelosof, M.D., Alvin L. Muilenburg, C.P.O., Lewis A. Leavitt, M.D. Endoskeletal prostheses have been used for many years in Europe. Among the forerunners were the ST prostheses developed by the French Ministry of Veteran Affairs in the late 1950s and those developed by the German firm, Otto Bock. The main advantages of endoskeletal prostheses are their light weight, ad- justability and improved cosmesis. Recently, the Otto Bock adjustable endoskeletal prostheses have begun to appear in this country. The purpose of this article is to document the successful use of light-weight en- doskeletal units with cosmetic cover in a patient who most probably would not have been successfully fitted with a conventional prosthesis. Case Report A 35-year-old electric lineman fell across two 7,000-volt live electrical lines on February 15, 1972. He struck a line with his left upper arm and left lower leg. Instantly there was necrosis extending into the shoulder and halfway above the knee. The patient was taken to the hospital where resusci- tation was accomplished without difficulty. After stabiliza- tion of vital signs, the patient underwent a left forequarter and left above-knee amputation. The postoperative course was complicated by drainage in the perineum. On April 17, 1972, the patient was transferred to the Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research. Examina- Fig. -Upper extremity endoskeletal prosthesis. tion revealed an emaciated man, who was 208.2 cm (6 ft + in) tall and weighed 43.6 kg (96 lb). The site of the fore- quarter amputation was well-healed but there was an ex- On May 3, 1972, left hip disarticulation was performed. tensive surgical absence of the back musculature involving This procedure was combined with dissection of the sinus particularly the serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi. The tract down to the ischial bone. A sequestrum was found at above-knee stump was in fixed abduction and flexion and the apex of the sinus and was curetted clean. Postoperatively, there was an infected ulcerated lesion draining in the peri- the drainage recurred and a Penrose drain was inserted neum extending deeply into the ischial region. Two days after the patient's admission, he was seen at our From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, regularly scheduled amputee clinic and it was decided to Baylor College of Medicine, Houston. remove the useless left above-the-knee denervated stump and This work was supported in part by the Regional Research and Training Center Grant RT-4 from the Social and Rehabilitation carry out exploration of the pelvis in order to eradicate the Service, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Washing- local infection. ton, D.C. Submitted for publication August 25, 1972. Arch Phys Med Rehabil Vol 55, Feb 1974 14-P- 55487/6-01 THIS QUESTIONNAIRE IS PART OF A STUDY DESIGNED TO DETERMINE THE CORRELATION BETWEEN INTIMATE BEHAVIOR AND SELF CONCEPT. YOUR RESPONSES WILL NOT BE SINGLED OUT IN THE FINAL REPORT. PLEASE RESPOND TO ALL ITEMS. YOU ARE NOT ASKED TO IDENTIFY YOURSELF, ONLY TO GIVE HONEST RESPONSES TO EACH QUESTION OR STATEMENT. Read each statement and decide how you feel about it. A space is provided for your answer. Answer "T" if you AGREE with a state- ment or feel that it is TRUE about you. If you disagree with a statement, or feel that it is not true about you, answer FALSE by marking "F". Mark "T" for TRUE and "F" for FALSE. 1. There are a lot of things about myself that I like. 2. I feel comfortable with who I am. 3. I sometimes pretend to know more than I really do. 4. Sometimes I feel like smashing things. 5. I get very anxious and upset when I think people are disa proving of me. 6. I am content with the way I look. 7. I like to boast about my achievements every now and then. 8. I must admit I often try to get my own way regardless of what others may want. 9. I get pretty discouraged sometimes. 10. I feel like everyone is staring at me. 11. I feel as good now as I ever have. 12. Criticism or scolding makes me very uncomfortable. 13. I feel nervous if I have to meet a lot people. 14. I sometimes wish that I had not been born. 15. Life is a strain for me much of the time. 16. If I could change the world, the first thing I'd change is me. 17. I usually expect to succeed in things I do. 18. I am apt to show off in some way if 1 get the chance. 19. 1 usually expect to succeed in things I do. 20. I'd be the last person you would be interested in. 21. Every now and then I get into a bad mood, and no one can do anything to please me. 22. I don't seem to care what happens to me. 23. I cannot do anything well. 24. I could be perfectly happy without a single friend. 25. Living means a lot to me. Please answer the following questions by circling the answer that best expresses your feelings and/or experiences. Circle one from each question. 26. How closely do you think love and sex are linked? 1. Sex and love are independent and sex should be enjoyed for its own sake. -2- 2. Love greatly enriches sexual relations, but is not necessary for enjoyment. 3. Sexual intercourse without love is not enjoyable. 4. Sexual intercourse is sacred and should be reserved for the expression of serious love. 27. In choosing a sex partner, which would you prefer 1. Someone sexually naive. 2. Someone with at least a little sexual experience. 3. Someone sexually sophisticated. 28. What is your opinion about premarital sexual intercourse? 1. It is all right for both young people and adults. 2. It is all right for consenting adults. 3. It is all right for couples who share affection. 4. It is all right for couples who are in love. 5. It is all right for couples who are engaged. 6. It is wrong; couples should wait until they are married. 29. If you have engaged in premarital sexual intercourse, how do you feel about it now? 1. Very regretful. 2. Somewhat regretful. 3. No feelings. 4. Somewhat glad. 5. Very glad. 6. Not applicable. 30. In your experience, what influences your choice of a sex partner? (Rank the following in order of importance by numbering from 1 to 4.) 1. Physical attractiveness. 2. Intelligence. 3. Attitudes similar to yours. 4. Warmth and affection for you. 31. What is your attitude toward nudity in your home? 1. Very casual, much nudity. 2. Casual, some nudity. 3. Neither concern nor unconcern. 4. Concern that people were properly attired. 5. Much concern, no nudity. 32. What do you think is the best source of sex instruction for children? 1. Books 2. Friends -3- 3. School. 4. Parents. 5. Church. 33. In the past six months how often, on the average, did you engage in sexual intercourse? 1. Not at all. 5. A few times. 2. Once or twice a month. 6. Once or twice a week. 3. Three or four times a week. 7. Daily or more often. 4. Five or more times a week. 34. Which of the following describes your attitude toward experiencing sexual intercourse? 1. Very enjoyable. 5. Mostly pleasantly. 2. Occasionally pleasant. 6. Neutral. 3. Mostly unpleasant. 7. Very unpleasant. 4. Not applicable. 35. How would you rate your sex life? 1. Very unsatisfactory. 4. Unsatisfactory. 2. Somewhat unsatisfactory. 5. Somewhat satisfactory. 3. Satisfactory. 6. Very satisfactory. 36. (FEMALES) How often do you reach orgasm in sexual intercourse? 1. Several times on most occassions. 2. Almost every time. 3. About three-quarters of the time or more. 4. About half the time. 5. About one-fourth of the time. 6. Almost never or never. 7. Not applicable. 37. (MALES) Do you have difficulty achieving an erection? 1. Frequently. 4. Not applicable. 2. Occasionally. 5. No. 3. Seldom. 38. Where did you get most of your information about sex when you were a child? 1. Same age friends. 5. Older friends. 2. Parents. 6. Sex education books. 3. Pornographic material. 7. School. 4. Church. -4- 04- 39. How would you rate your own sexual attitude as compared to th those of the average person? 39. How would you rate your own sexual attitude as compared to th 1. Very fliberalerage person? 2. Somewhat liberal. 3. Moderate.eral 4. Somewhat conservative. 5. Veryrconservative. 40 Somewhat conservative. The following questions deal specificly with you and your sexuality. Please answer all questions. Information given will be confidential. The following questions deal specificly with you and your sexuality. 400asSenswer all questions. InformatioRaceven will be confidential. 42. Age 42. Place of Birth 44. Marital Status: 42. Place of Birth Single Married Widowed Divorced Other 44. Marital Status: 45. Education level (circle number Worgrade comp leted):- Other 45. Grammar School 12345678 cHigh School of 1234 College Graduate or Professional 1234 1234 12345 12345678 1.234 12345 46. Occupation (Indicatesyour occupation, and if you are marrieassional indicate your spouse's occupation. Be specific as possible, 46. ecgupahigh school teacher, otruck driver, student and file clerk, computer programmer, Betch) ific as possible, e.g., high school teacher, truck driver, undergraduate student and 1118 clerk, computer programmer, etc.): 47. Yearly Income (circle one): 1. under $4000 4. $13,000-$16,000 47. 202$4000-$7000 (circle one) : 5. $16,000-$18,000 3. $7000-$13,000 6. more than $18,000 2. $4000-$7000 5. $16,000-$18,000 48. Religion:$13,000 6. more than $18,000 1. Catholic 4. Protestant 48. 2.1Jewish 5. Other 3. Noneolic 4. Protestant 2. Jewish 5. Other 49. Describe your disability (including the parts of the body it 49. Describe effects). your disability (including the parts or the body It effects). 50. Have you been disabled since birth? 50. Ifenot, yes how 16ngahave you been disabled? no yes no 51. Rate Tif living been to disnownow improtant they are to you. Write in the number "1" for the most important, and 51. soton t6sa 117 the least important concern!tant they are to satisf yingeinterpersonal relationships most important, and so money matters⁰ the least appearance jobisfying interpersonal relat sexual abi lity ability matters general medical condition job sexual ability ability general medical condition -5- 52. Have you desired to talk with someone about sexual matters in relation to your disability? yes no 53. Who do you think would be able to give you the most information about both physical body function and mental and social matters. Check all that apply. your doctor a family member social worker Minister, Rabbi, Priest your spouse Psychiatrist/Psychologist a friend Rehabilitation Counselor A book, magazine No one 54. Have you talked with anyone about sexual matters? yes no 55. Do you feel you are physically able to have sex? yes no I don't know 56. Have you tried to have intercourse since your disability? yes no 57. Try to judge your feelings about sexual behavior with your partner. Mark () for your answer. very very weak weak moderate strong strong N/A your feelings of affection your feelings of adequacy your feelings of satisfaction your feelings of guilt 58. What is your attitude toward sex (circle at least one) ? 1. accepting of it 4. indifferent 2. demanding it 5. not applicable 3. complaining 59. Do you have problems concerning sex? yes no 60. If yes, are problems few moderate many? -6- 61. Everyone has some level of sexual desire. Rate the strength of your sexual desire or usual wish for sexual satisfaction. very weak weak moderate strong very strong 62. Do you feel you are more or less interested in sex than most men (women) your age? less the same more 63. The following are common feelings and reasons for sex activity. Choose three that are most important for you rank them by putting a 1, 2, or 3 by your 1st, 2nd, and 3rd choices. to reduce physical tension to give affection to receive attention to satisfy my partner to do my duty to produce a baby to have an orgasm or climax to feel manly or womanly 64. How often does your partner wish to have intercourse with you compared to your desires? not at all about as often as me more often than me anytime I wish less often than me 65. Do you use some form of contraceptive? yes no N/A 66. If yes, where did you get the idea: your own idea from a book or article from your doctor from another professional person from a friend other 67. Do you find it necessary to use some different techniques in order to satisfy yourself? yes no 68. Do you find this necessary in order to satisfy your partner? yes no 69. If yes, did it create a moral conflict or did you feel it was wrong? yes no 70. Did you think it was abnormal? yes no -7- 71. How often do you reach orgasm in sex play? never rarely not often sometimes often almost always not applicable, 72. The feeling of orgasm is mental and physical. These two feeling are hard to separate but try to rate the strength of each: feeling of MENTAL feeling of PHYSICAL satisfaction satisfaction very weak weak moderate strong very strong 73. By what one or two sexual activities have you become sexually excited most easily? Check 1 or 2 answers. mouth kissing with tongue contact handling the breast kissing the breast sucking the breast mouth contact with your partner's genitals partner's mouth contact with your genitals handling your partner's genitals your partner handling your genitals sexual intercourse 74. Who or what did you consult about how proper (healthy, normal, correct) it was to use certain kinds of sexual behavior with your partner? Check all that apply. your doctor a family member social worker Minister, Rabbi, Priest your spouse Psychiatrist/Psychologist a friend Rehabilitation counselor a book, magazine No one 75. How often do you engage in the following things each month? (Indicate number of times.) handle your sex organs for pleasure handle your partner's sex organs for pleasure let your partner handle your sex organs have intercourse with your spouse (omit if single) have intercourse with a non-spouse -8- MALES ONLY 76. Erection can be achieved in many ways. Check all the ways it can be achieved by you: physical stimulation or touching at or near the sex organs full bladder seeing or hearing something sexual thinking or daydreaming about something sexual dreaming at night about something sexual when having sex play with a partner before your sex organs are touched 77. How strongly can you feel an erection when you have it? not at all very weak weak moderate strong very strong N/A 78. If you are able to have an erection, is it as full or strong as the one you had before becoming disabled? yes no N/A 79. Are you able to. have yes no not tried a. Ejaculate by hand stimula- tion? b. ejaculate during intercourse? c. ejaculate without an erection? d. have intercourse and feel orgasm? e. have intercourse until my partner has an orgasm? FEMALES ONLY 80. Arousal can be achieved in many ways. Check all the ways it can be achieved by you: physical stimulation or touching at or near the sex organs seeing or hearing something sexual thinking or daydreaming about something sexual dreaming at night about something sexual when having sex play with a partner before your sex organs are touched 81. How strongly can you feel aroused when stimulated? not at all very weak weak moderate strong very strong N/A 82. If you are able to be aroused, is it as strong as before becoming disabled? yes no N/A -9- 83. Are you able to have yes no not tried a. achieve orgasm by hand stimulation? b. achieve orgasm during intercourse? c. have intercourse and feel orgasm? d. have intercourse until my partner has an orgasm? ANSWER ONLY IF YOU HAVE BECOME DISABLED SINCE BIRTH. 84. How soon after you were injured did you become concerned about possible changes in your sexual abilities? within 1st week first month first 2 months after 6 months 85. Did you find it necessary to use some different sex techniques after you were injured in order to satisfy yourself? yes no Many people who have become injured have had to change some ways of engaging in sexual relationships. 86. Amount of changes made none some many 87. Changes made because I wanted to your partner wanted you to you both wanted to other reason 88. Amount of guild feelings over changes many some none 89. Amount of embarrassed feelings many some none 90. Amount of religious conflicts many some none 91. If you have decreased the frequency of your sexual activity (petting, masturbation, intercourse) since your injury, then check all the following reasons that apply. loss of interest not enough personal painful satisfaction less chance for it partner has lost interest fear of infection fear of hurting yourself fear of hurting your partner -10- doctor's advice more concern about pregnancy don't like the way have to get fear that you won't satisfy satisfaction yourself or your partner physically cannot do it morally cannot do it don't know how to go about it divorced, widowed, separated too much trouble to remove and fear that the erection won't replace catheter be strong enough or last long enough 92. If you have INCREASED your sexual activity since your injury check all the reasons that apply: increased desire more offers or propositions less fear of sex less fear of pregnancy less painful doctor's advice more demands from partner engaged or married now more understanding of sex greater desire to please more personal satisfaction partner University of Minnesota Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation SPINAL CORD INJURY STUDY Life Situation Questionnaire Name: Address: Sex: Date of Birth: Date of Onset of Disability: Spinal Level of Injury: (Please make any corrections or additions needed above.) Date of Mailing: What is your present living arrangement? (check one) alone with hired attendant with spouse or friends with parents or other relatives nursing home dormitory or boarding home other (explain) What is your present marital status? single married widowed separated divorced If you are married: date of marriage Number and ages of children: number ages If you are single, do you date? no yes, rarely yes, once or twice a month yes, more frequently than twice a month - 2 - Are you working now? yes no If yes: volunteer work for pay homemaker If no, why not? don't want or need to can't find a job physical limitations repeated medical problems other (explain) If you are working: average number of hours per week Place of work: at home outside home Name and location of employer Your occupation Annual income from earnings: less than $3,000 $3,000 to $6,000 $6,000 to $10,000 over $10,000 How long have you been employed in this job? years What is your main source of support? own earnings earnings of spouse parents or other relatives Social Security or veterans benefits other public assistance (e.g., relief, welfare, etc.) insurance benefits other (explain) - 5 - What is your sitting tolerance per day? 0-3 hours 8-12 hours 4-7 hours more than 12 hours Within the last two years, have you gone to a doctor for treatment of a medical problem of any kind (do not include routine checkups)? yes no If yes, how many times? 1-3 times 4-10 times more than 10 times Within the last two years, have you been hospitalized for any reason other than routine checkup? yes no If yes, how many times? For how many total days? 1-3 times less than one week 4-10 times one to four weeks more than 10 times more than four weeks Within the last two years, have you gone to a professional person, such as a clergyman, family doctor, or mental health worker for help with a personal or emotional problem? yes no If yes, how many times? 1-3 times 4-10 times more than 10 times How satisfied are you with the following aspects of your present life? (circle the number that describes your feeling) l = Very Satisfied 3 = Neutral 2 = Somewhat Satisfied 4 = Somewhat Dissatisfied 5 = Very Dissatisfied Very Very Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Living Arrangements l 2 3 4 5 Employment l 2 3 4 5 Financial Means l 2 3 4 5 Social Life 1 2 3 4 5 Sex Life 1 2 3 4 5 General Health 1 2 3 4 5 - 4 - How often do people come to see you? rarely 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month 3 or more times per week How often do you get away from home for social or entertainment purposes (for example, to go shopping, visiting, or on an "outing")? rarely 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month 3 or more times per week Are you an active member (that is, do you usually attend the mee- tings) of any organizations, such as a church, a hobby or interest group, a social group, or business or professional organization? yes no If yes, please name the organizations below: For the following activities, please check whether you are: I = Independent (you need no help from another person) PD = Partly Dependent (you need some help) D 11 Dependent (someone else must do it for you) DA = Doesn't Apply I PD D DA Eating Dressing Personal Hygiene Catheter Care Bowel Program Transfers Wheelchair Use Walking Writing Typing Telephone Use Cooking Housekeeping Driving - 3 - Regardless of any other income, are you also receiving some form of public support, such as Social Security, Aid to the Disabled, or general relief? yes no What kind of support? Annual amount: $ per year Are you in school now? no yes, full-time program yes, part-time program Type of school: high school junior college or college vocational-technical, business or trade school graduate or professional school correspondence program What program or field of study are you in? Name and location of school How many years of education have you completed? About how many hours per week do you usually spend in the follow- ing activities? TV or radio attending sports events reading group activities hobbies cards visiting in home talking books visiting away from home other (explain) other (explain) - 6 - Have you ever had any contact with the state Division of Vocational Rehabilitation (DVR)? yes no If yes, what services did you receive? Month and year of your last contact with DVR Have you ever requested or received services from any other com- munity agencies? yes no If yes, which ones and when? Date or Year Suppose that a person's overall adjustment to spinal cord injury could be shown on a ladder having ten rungs, with the tenth rung representing the best possible adjustment and the first rung rep- resenting the worst possible. At what rung on that ladder would you place yourself to indicate your overall adjustment? (circle the number that describes your adjustment) l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Where on the ladder do you expect to be in five years? l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Check here if you would like to receive a report on the findings of this study. Check here if you would like to be paid for completing the questionnaire. (If yes, please fill out and return the Application for Payment form. You can expect to receive payment by check in about six weeks.) FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Sample # VR (2) or CMRC (4) 1 WE APPRECIATE YOUR COOPERATION -- THANK YOU! CMCR INT 2-5 IN FILLING OUT THIS QUESTIONNAIRE PLEASE CHECK OR WRITE IN AN ANSWER TO EACH QUESTION THAT APPLIES TO YOU. YOU SHOULD ENTER THE CHECK INSIDE THE BOX NEXT TO YOUR ANSWER. DO NOT WRITE YOUR NAME ON THIS QUESTIONNAIRE. 6-9 1. Date of birth? (Month) (Year) 2. Sex? Male 1 10 Female 2 2a. Marital Status? (CHECK ONE) Single 1 Married 2 Separated or 11 3 Divorced Widowed 4 3. Are you: (CHECK ONE) White 1 Black 2 Hispanic (Spanish-speaking & includes Puerto Rican, Cuban, 3 Spanish, Mexican, etc.) 12 American Indian 4 Oriental Other (SPECIFY) 5 4. Do you live in a: Large City (population greater than 100,000) 1 CHECK Suburb of Large City 2 ONE Small City (population of 25,000 - 100,000) 3 13 ANSWER Suburb of Small City - 4 ONLY Small Town (population of 5,000 25,000) 5 Rural (farm, ranch, town with population 6 less than 5,000) - 1 - 5. What type of home do you live in? (CHECK ONE ONLY) House - owned by self or family 1 House ---- rented 2 CONTINUE Apartment, condominium, or trailer - owned 3 14 Apartment, condominium, or trailer - rented 4 Rooming house, rented room, or hotel 5 GO TO Q. 8 I Nursing home, sheltered care home, or hospital 6 6. Do you live: GO TO Q. 6b Alone 1 With family 2 15 CONTINUE With unrelated people (friends, etc. -- 3 no relatives) - - 2 - DO NOT FILL IN THIS PAGE IF YOU LIVE ALONE ENTER FIRST NAME BELOW FOR EACH PERSON ENTER ENTER SEX OF WHO LIVES WITH YOU OPPOSITE THE PROPER AGES EACH PERSON CATEGORY BELOW MALE FEMALE Your Spouse -16 25-26 1 2 -16 Your Parent (s) 27-28 1 2 -17 -17 29-30 1 2 -18 Your Children 31-32 1 2 -19 33-34 1 2 -20 35-36 1 2 -21 37-38 1 2 -22 39-40 1 2 -23 41-42 1 2 -24 43-44 1 2 -25 45-46 1 2 -26 47-48 1 2 -27 -18-19 49-50 1 2 -28 Other relative (s) 51-52 1 2 -29 of yours (grand- 53-54 1 2 -30 parent, aunt, uncle, 55-56 1 2 -31 sister, brother, 57-58 1 2 -32 cousin) 59-60 1 2 -33 61-62 1 2 -34 63-64 1 2 -35 65-66 1 2 -36 67-68 1 2 -37 -20-21 69-70 1 2 -38 Friend or other 71-72 1 2 -39 unrelated person (s) 73-74 1 2 -40 (e/g. roommate, 75-76 1 2 -41 lodger) 77-78 1 2 -42 6-7 1 2 -43 8-9 1 2 -44 10-11 1 2 -45 12-13 1 2 -46 -22 14-15 1 2 -47 Total # of Persons in Household -23-24 1 80 END CARD 1 1 5 - 3 - 6b. How many of your brothers, sisters, parents, children or other relatives who do not live with you, live within 10 miles? # 48-49 6c. How many people in your household need to be supervised or taken care of due to youth, old age or disability? (DO NOT INCLUDE YOURSELF) None Children # 50 Parents or grandparents # 51 Other # 52 Total # 53 - - 4 - SOCIAL ACTIVITIES THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ARE ABOUT YOUR TYPICAL DAY-TO-DAY ACTIVITIES AND RELATIONSHIPS WITH YOUR FAMILY, FRIENDS AND ORGANIZED GROUPS. 7. In the past month, approximately how many times did you do the following things? (PLEASE ENTER NUMBER FOR EACH ITEM. IF "NONE" ENTER "0") No. of Times 1. Had friends of family (who do not live with you) 54-55 come to visit with you in your residence. 2. Visited with friends or family in their place of 56-57 residence. 3. Went to church, synagogue, or other religious 58-59 center. 4. Went to group meetings, such as PTA groups, lodges, fraternal organizations, political groups, 60-61 social groups, etc. (DO NOT INCLUDE GROUPS FOR THE DISABLED) 5. Public entertainment (went to movies, restaurants, 62-63 museums, etc.) 6. Went to school or to vocational training activities. 64-65 7. Went shopping or to other business establishments 66-67 (NOT WHERE YOU WORK). 8. Other (volunteer work, etc., SPECIFY). 68-69 8. In a typical day, about how many hours do you spend in the No. of Hours following places? 1. In bed sleeping 70-71 2. In bed awake 72-73 74-75 3. In residence, not in bed 4. Outside of residence, within two blocks of residence 76-77 5. Outside of residence, more than 2 blocks from residence 78-79 2 80 END CARD 2 1-5 - 5 - 9. Do you know of any groups or organizations for the disabled? CONTINUE Yes 1 6 GO TO Q. 12 No 2 10. (IF "YES" TO Q. 9) Are you a member of any groups or organizations for the disabled? CONTINUE Yes 1 7 GO TO Q. 12 No 2 11. (IF "YES" TO Q. 10) How often do you attend meetings of groups for the disabled? More than once a month 1 Once a month to once 2 every 3 months More than twice a year 8 but less than once 3 every 3 months Once or twice a year 4 Never 5 - 6 - MEDICAL & HEALTH SERVICES THE QUESTIONS BELOW ARE ABOUT ANY MEDICAL CARE OR HEALTH SERVICES THAT YOU MAY HAVE RECEIVED IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS. 12. Have you had any health problems in the past 12 months (for example, skin breakdown, infections, arthritic joints, etc.) ? Yes 1 9 No 2 13. Did you receive any medical care for these problems or for any other reason (for example, check-ups) in the past 12 months? CONTINUE Yes 1 10 GO TO Q. 41 No 2 14. Where did you go for medical care? COMPLETE QUESTIONS 15 THRU 20 Hospital 1 -11 Clinic 1 -12 COMPLETE Doctor's office 1 -13 QUESTIONS 21 THRU 31 At home 1 -14 Other Other (SPECIFY) -15 - 7 - 1ST HOSPITALIZATION PLEASE COMPLETE Q.'s 15-20 FOR EACH TIME YOU WERE HOSPITALIZED IN PAST 12 MONTHS. USE A SEPARATE PAGE FOR EACH TIME YOU WERE IN A HOSPITAL. IF YOU WERE NOT HOSPITALIZED IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS, SKIP TO Q. 21, PAGE 13. 15. What is the name of the place you were in? 16. How long did you stay? (NUMBER OF DAYS) 16-18 17. What was the reason for your hospitalization? Disability related (old problem) 1 Disability related (new problem) 2 19 Not related to disability 3 18. About how much were your hospital bills for this stay, including hospital costs, doctor costs, lab tests, X-rays, etc.? $ 20-24 19. About how much of this did you, or your family, have to pay? $ 25-29 20. Who paid the rest? (CHECK MAIN SOURCE OF PAYMENT ONLY) VR 1 Medicaid 2 Medicare 3 Welfare 4 30 Other agency (SPECIFY) 5 No one paid the rest 6 Private insurance 7 - Friend or related person 8 - 8 - 2ND HOSPITALIZATION PLEASE COMPLETE Q.'s 15a-20a FOR THE SECOND TIME YOU WERE HOSPITALIZED IN PAST 12 MONTHS. USE A SEPARATE PAGE FOR EACH TIME YOU WERE IN A HOSPITAL. 15a. What is the name of the place you were in? 16a. How long did you stay? (NUMBER OF DAYS) 31-33 17a. What was the reason for your hospitalization? Disability related (old problem) 1 Disability related (new problem) 2 34 Not related to disability 3 18a. About how much were your hospital bills for this stay, including hospital costs, doctor costs, lab tests, X-rays, etc.? $ 35-39 19a. About how much of this did you, or your family, have to pay? $ 40-44 20a. Who paid the rest? (CHECK MAIN SOURCE OF PAYMENT ONLY) VR 1 Medicaid 2 Medicare 3 Welfare 4 45 Other agency (SPECIFY) 5 No one paid the rest 6 Private insurance 7 Friend or related person 8 - 9 - 3RD HOSPITALIZATION PLEASE COMPLETE Q.'s 15b-20b FOR THE THIRD TIME YOU WERE HOSPITALIZED IN PAST 12 MONTHS. USE A SEPARATE PAGE FOR EACH TIME YOU WERE IN A HOSPITAL. 15b. What is the name of the place you were in? 16b. How long did you stay? (NUMBER OF DAY) 46-48 17b. What was the reason for your hospitalization? Disability related (old problem) 1 Disability related (new problem) 2 45 Not related to disability 3 18b. About how much were your hospital bills for this stay, including hospital costs, doctor costs, lab tests, X-rays, etc.? $ 50-54 19b. About how much of this did you, or your family, have to pay? $ 55-59 20b. Who paid the rest? (CHECK MAIN SOURCE OF PAYMENT ONLY) VR 1 Medicaid 2 Medicare 3 Welfare 4 60 Other agency (SPECIFY) 5 No one paid the rest 6 Private insurance 7 Friend or related person 8 - 10 - 4TH HOSPITALIZATION PLEASE COMPLETE Q.'s 15c-20c FOR THE FOURTH TIME YOU WERE HOSPITALIZED IN PAST 12 MONTHS. USE A SEPARATE PAGE FOR EACH TIME YOU WERE IN A HOSPITAL. 15c. What is the name of the place you were in? 16c. How long did you stay? (NUMBER OF DAYS) 61-63 17c. What was the reason for your hospitalization? Disability related (old problem) 1 Disability related (new problem) 2 64 Not related to disability 3 18c. About how much were your hospital bills for this stay, including hospital costs, doctor costs, lab tests, X-rays, etc.? $ 65-69 19c. About how much of this did you, or your family, have to pay? $ 70-74 20c. Who paid the rest? (CHECK MAIN SOURCE OF PAYMENT ONLY) VR 1 Medicaid 2 Medicare 3 Welfare 4 75 Other agency (SPECIFY) 5 No one paid the rest 6 Private insurance 7 Friend or related person 8 3 80 END CARD 3 1-5 - 11 - 5TH HOSPITALIZATION PLEASE COMPLETE Q.'s 15d-20d FOR THE FIFTH TIME YOU WERE HOSPITALIZED IN PAST 12 MONTHS. USE A SEPARATE PAGE FOR EACH TIME YOU WERE IN A HOSPITAL. 15d. What is the name of the place you were in? 16d. How long did you stay? (NUMBER OF DAYS) 6-8 17d. What was the reason for your hospitalization? Disability related (old problem) 1 Disability related (new problem) 2 9 Not related to disability 3 18d. About how much were your hospital bills for this stay, including hospital costs, doctor costs, lab tests, X-rays, etc.? $ 10-14 19d. About how much of this did you, or your family, have to pay? $ 15-19 20d. Who paid the rest? (CHECK MAIN SOURCE OF PAYMENT ONLY) VR 1 Medicaid 2 Medicare 3 Welfare 4 20 Other agency (SPECIFY) 5 No one paid the rest 6 Private insurance 7 - - Friend or related person 8 - 12 - INDICATE COSTS FOR OUTPATIENT SERVICES, DRUGS, EQUIPMENT, THERAPY FOR THE PAST TWELVE MONTHS -- Please check your records for doctor and other medical bills (not hospital bills) in filling out this section. If you do now know particular types of expenses, indicate total medical expenses (other than for hospital stays) in the last 12 months at the bottom of page 10. 21. What was the total cost for 21a. About how much 22. Who paid the treatment as an outpatient, of this did you rest? (1=VR, in the doctor's office, or or your family 2=Medicaid, at home? Include bills for have to pay? 3=Medicare, treatments, hospital or 4=Welfare, office visits (not overnight 5=0ther agency stays), check-ups, shots, (SPECIFY) X-rays, lab tests and exam- 6=No one inations. (TOTAL BILL FOR 7=Insurance, THESE ITEMS) 8=Friend or un- related person $ (21-25) $ (41-45) (61) 23. What was the total cost for 24. About how much 25. Who paid the other outpatient medical of this did you rest? (ENTER services, such as physical or your family CODE FROM ABOVE) therapy, rehabilitation have to pay? nursing, OT, podiatrist, etc.? (TOTAL BILL FOR THESE SERVICES) (PLEASE SPECIFY TYPE) $ (26-30) $ (46-50) (62) 26. What was the total cost of 27. About how much 28. Who paid the dialysis, radiation therapy, of this did you rest? (ENTER or chemotherapy? (AGAIN, or your family CODE FROM ABOVE) TOTAL BILL FOR THESE ITEMS) have to pay? $ (31-35) $ (51-55) (63) 29. What was the total cost for 30. About how much 31. Who paid the replacing or repairing pros- of this did you rest? (ENTER thetic devices or special or your family CODE FROM ABOVE) equipment such as wheel- have to pay? chairs? (TOTAL BILL FOR THESE ITEMS) $ (36-40) $ (56-60) (64) 4 80 END CARD 4 - 13 - 1-5 32. What was the total cost for 33. About how much 34. Who paid the rest? dentist bills? of this did you 1=VR, or your family 2=Medicaid, have to pay? 3=Medicare, 4=Welfare, 5=0ther agency (SPECIFY) 6=No one 7=Insurance 8=Friend or un- related person $ (6-10) $ (25-29) (44) 35. What was the total cost for 36. About how much 37. Who paid the rest? other medical supplies, such of this did you (ENTER CODE FROM as eyeglasses, hearing aids, or your family ABOVE) braces, wheelchairs, crutches, have to pay? or other equipment? (PLEASE SPECIFY TYPE) $ (11-15) $ (30-34) (45) 38. What was the total cost for 39. About how much 40. Who paid the rest? drug prescriptions? of this did you ENTER CODE FROM or your family ABOVE) have to pay? $ (16-19) $ (35-38) (46) COMPLETE THIS SECTION ONLY IF YOU CAN"T COMPLETE Q. 21 - - 38. DO NOT INCLUDE EXPENSES FOR HOSPITAL STAYS. HOW MUCH OF TOTAL TOTAL MEDICAL EXPENSES EXPENSES DID YOU OR WHO PAID THE REST? IN THE LAST 12 MONTHS YOUR FAMILY PAY? ENTER CODE FROM ABOVE $ (20-24) $ (39-43) (47) - 14 - HEALTH INSURANCE The following questions are about the type of health insurance coverage that you have. Please check your records and complete as much of this section as possible. If you are called on by an interviewer, the interviewer will help you with any questions you have difficulty with. 41. Are you covered by any private hospital or medical insurance that pays any part of your hospital or doctor bills? (INCLUDE MEMBERSHIP IN GROUP HEALTH CARE PLANS, BUT DO NOT INCLUDE MEDICAID, MEDICARE, ACCIDENT INSURANCE OR SICKNESS INCOME.) CONTINUE Yes 1 48 GO TO Q. 49 No 2 42. What is the name of the plan? 43. Is it high option or a general plan? High option or full coverage 1 (extra or high premium paid) General plan 2 49 Don't Know 9 44. Does your insurance pay for any of the costs of: Don't Yes No Know 1. Hospital care? 1 2 9 -50 2. Surgeon's or doctor's care in hospital?. 1 2 9 -51 3: Doctor's office visits or home calls?. 1 2 9 -52 4. Physical therapy? 1 2 9 -53 5. Occupational therapy? 1 2 9 -54 6. Speech therapy? 1 2 9 -55 7. Prescription drugs? 1 2 9 -56 8. Convalescent home care? 1 2 9 -57 9. Psychiatric care? 1 2 9 -58 10. Dental services? 1 2 9 -59 - 15 - 45. What medical conditions, if any, are not covered by this insurance? -60 46. About how much did you or your family pay for your health insurance last year - that is, how much were your health insurance premiums for all of last year? $ 61-64 (IF "NONE", ENTER "0") 47. Did someone else, other than you or your family pay part or all of the insurance costs? CONTINUE Yes 1 65 GO TO Q. 51 No 2 48. (IF "YES" TO Q. 47 ) Who? (CHECK MAJOR SOURCE) Employer 1 Former employer 2 Union 3 66 Friend or unrelated person 4 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY) 5 (GO TO Q. 51) / - 16 - (COMPLETE QUESTIONS 49 AND 50 ONLY IF YOU DO NOT HAVE HEALTH INSURANCE NOW.) ("NO" TO Q. 41) 49. Have you had any health insurance in the past? Yes 1 67 No 2 50. Why don't you have any health insurance now? (CHECK MAJOR REASON) I am enrolled in Medicaid, Medicare, or other public health insurance 1 coverage Not eligible to be insured (rejected) : 2 Can't afford it 3 Don't think I can get it 4 68 Don't know how to get it 5 Didn't get around to it 6 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY) 7 5 80 END CARD 5 1 5 - 17 - INCOME AND EXPENSES 51. Approximately how much was the total income for your household last year, counting all sources? $ 6-10 52. About what percent of the total income was yours? % 11-13 53. Does your house- 54. (FOR EACH "YES") hold receive in- What was the ap- come from any of proximate amount these sources? of income? (ENTER BEST ESTIMATE IF Sources of Income NOT SURE OF EXACT (for household) Yes No AMOUNT) a. Money wages or salary 1 2 -14 $ 23-27 b. Net income from non-farm self-employment 1 2 -15 $ 28-32 C. Net income from farm self-employment 1 2 -16 $ 33-37 d. Social Security 1 2 -17 $ 38-42 e. Dividends, interest (on savings or bonds), income from estates or trusts, net rental income 1 2 -18 $ 43-47 or royalties f. Public assistance or welfare payments 1 2 -19 $ 48-52 g. Unemployment compensation, government employee pensions, $ veterans' payments, or work-- ] 2 -20 $ 53-57 men's compensation h. Private pensions, annuities, alimony, regular contributions from persons not living in the household 1 2 -21 $ 58-62 and other periodic income i. Receipts not counted as income (e.g. money received from sale of property, withdrawals of bank deposits, money 1 2 -22 $ 63-67 borrowed, tax refunds, gifts, lump sum inheritances or insurance payments) - 18 - - 55. Sometimes people take second jobs, work extra hours, or people in the family who were not working take jobs to help out. Did you, or anyone in your family do any of these things during the last 12 months because of added expenses due to your disability? CONTINUE Yes 1 68 GO TO Q. 58 No 2 56. (IF "YES" TO Q. 55) Who has done this? Yourself 1 -69 PLEASE CHECK Your mother or father 1 -70 AS MANY Spouse (husband or wife) 1 -71 AS APPLY Son or daughter 1 -72 Other relative : 1 -73 57. What were the expenses from? Medical or rehabilitation costs 1 -74 Other expenses resulting from disability 1 -75 (housekeeping, modifications in home, etc.) Other (SPECIFY) 1 -76 6 80 58. In the last year have you had any unusual END CARD 6 non-medical expenses 1 5 because of your dis- ability (expenses 59. (FOR EACH "YES") which would not have What was the total been as high if you expense for these had not been disabled? items in the last Yes No year? (ENTER BEST ESTIMATE) 1. Housing (e.g. more expensive resi- dence because of disability, 1 2 -6 $ 13-17 architectural modifications) 2. Transportation 1 2 -7 $ 18-21 3. Food (e.g. special diet) 1 2 -8 $ 22-25 4. Housekeeper 1 2 -9 $ 26-29 5. Child care 1 2 -10 $ 30-33 6. Attendant 1 2 -11 $ 34-38 7. Other (SPECIFY) 1 2 -12 $ 39-43 ANNUAL TOTAL $ 44-48 7 80 - 19 - END CARD 7 MANY THANKS FOR YOUR HELP. PLEASE KEEP THIS QUESTIONNAIRE UNTIL YOU ARE CONTACTED. YOU WILL RECEIVE A LETTER OR TELEPHONE CALL IN THE NEXT WEEK OR SO. STUDY OF CRITICAL INCIDENTS Background information research number disability age sex marital status living arrangement activities level of education sources of financial support Status at onset of disability age marital status living arrangement activities level of education employment experience financial status (independent, dependent on parents, etc.) ACTIVITY TIME ELAPSED IMPORTANCE SINCE ONSET OF ACTIVITY OF DISABILITY 1. admission to rehabilitation hospital 2. first awareness of others whose injuries are long-term or permanent and their reactions 3. first discussion acknowledging possibility of less-than-complete return of function 4. prognosis conference 5. acceptance of prognosis 6. first attempt to communicate emotional reaction to injury 7. first time to sit up in wheelchair 8. first attempts at ADL activities 9. first assessment of appropriateness of old goals and establishment of first new goal 10. first pass to go into the community with friends or family 11. first time to feed self 12. first time got dressed up ACTIVITY TIME ELAPSED IMPORTANCE SINCE ONSET OF ACTIVITY OF DISABILITY 13. first return home after discharge 14. first social acknowledgment of per- manent handicap 15. first meal in public 16. first encounter with old friends and associates 17. first rejection by an old friend or significant other person 18. first rejection by peer group 19. first withdrawal from close relation- ship (breaking engagement, decision to divorce, etc.) 20. first new social relationship after discharge 21. first time family has responsibility for personal care (catheter and bowel program) 22. rearranging room to accomodate new equipment (hospital bed, wheelchair, etc.) 23. ramping own home or making other modifications 24. first clinic appointment after discharge 25. first architectural barrier ACTIVITY TIME ELAPSED IMPORTANCE SINCE ONSET OF ACTIVITY OF DISABILITY 26. first ballgame 27. first dance 28. first time to attend church 29. first shopping trip 30. first movie 31. first visit to club 32. first party 33. first physical participation in sports activity (swimming, fishing, etc.) 34. first card game or other activity involving fine finger activity 35. first trip 36. first use of public restroom 37. first return to school or job 38. first job interview or first application to attend school 39. first accident (bowel, urinary) outside of living situation 40. educating old and new acquaintances about bladder and bowel incontinence ACTIVITY TIME ELAPSED IMPORTANCE SINCE ONSET OF ACTIVITY OF DISABILITY 41. first response to child's question regarding disability or wheelchair 42. first explanation of needs, either to ask for help or to keep from receiving unneeded help 43. first time asked stranger for help push up curb door pick up something emptying leg hag up steps eating 44. first time asked friend for help male female 45. first discussion of sexuality 46. first flirtations outside of hospital 47. first date 48. first sexual experience ACTIVITY TIME ELAPSED IMPORTANCE SINCE ONSET OF ACTIVITY OF DISABILITY 49. first planning to move out of parents' home 50. first independent living situation 51. hiring first attendant 52. losing first attendant 53. first admission to nursing home 54. first time to stay alone 55. first time to stay with attendant 56. first time out overnight with friends 57. first time drove car 58. first "set back" 59. first pressure sore 60. first infection 61. first episode of dvsreflexia 62. first emergency 63. first time upset chair ACTIVITY TIME ELAPSED IMPORTANCE SINCE ONSET OF ACTIVITY OF DISABILITY 64. first mechanical problem with wheelchair 65. first time to get dirty hands from wheelchair 66. first difficulty with personal grooming 67. first handshake 68. first attembts to maneuver on carpet or other new surfaces (grass, etc.) 69. first attempt to switch on TV, radio, any appliance 70. first use of telephone 71. first attemnt to prepare food 72. first look into full length mirror 73. first photograph 74. first time associated socially with other disabled persons 75. first joking about disability-related situations (wheelchair out of control, "crip jokes", etc.) 76. first realization that shoes do not wear out; first purchase of new shoes ACTIVITY TIME ELAPSED IMPORTANCE SINCE ONSET OF ACTIVITY OF DISABILITY 77. first responsibility for personal finances 78. first negotiations with agency for financial support (TRC, DPW, etc.) 79. first paycheck 30. first attempt at new activity not learned at hospital (transferring into bed, etc.) 81. first time skipped suppository 82. first time skipped corset 83. first time skipped medications 84. first time requested a different orthotic device or piece of new equipment 85. first time excluded from activity by family or friends because of physical limitations 86. first decision to marry 87. first decision to have a child City of Houston Health Department West End Health Center 190 Heights Boulevard Houston, Texas 869-5951 Ext. 305 Hours: Mon. thru Fri. 8:00 AM - - 4:00 PM Fee: No charge Harris County Hospital District Baytown Clinic Words 807 W. Sterling Baytown, Texas 427-0541 or 422-9622 Hours: Mon., Wed., Fri. 8:00 AM - 4:30 PM About Fee: Sliding scale St. Vincent's House 2817 Post Office Galveston, Texas Venereal 783-8521 Hours: Mon. thru Fri. 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM Sat. 10:00 AM - 1:00 PM Fee: No charge Disease 4C's Clinic 1208 Oak Street La Marque, Texas 938-7221 Hours: Mon. thru Fri. 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM Fee: No charge CITY OF HOUSTON HEALTH DEPARTMENT VD is the commonly used abbreviation for the Symptoms of syphilis in men and women appear in At the current rate of infection, nearly one out of every venereal diseases, those diseases spread from three stages. four people in the United States could contract VD person to person by intimate sexual contact. First stage: sometime during their life. A person can have both VD is not spread by water, food, air, toilet seats, The first sign of primary syphilis is a painless sore called gonorrhea and syphilis at the same time. It is possible to contract VD more than once, since there is no immunity door handles, drinking fountains or eating a chancre (pronounced shanker). It is most often found utensils. The two most prevalent venereal dis- on or around the sex organs and usually appears from 14 against the disease. A major research program is now underway to find an effective vaccine against syphilis, eases are gonorrhea and syphilis. to 21 days after contact with an infected person. A but the vaccine is still years away. chancre will go away by itself without treatment, but this does not mean the disease is cured. Tests for VD do not take much time and do not cause a great deal of discomfort. In most instances, VD is easily GONORRHEA Second stage: cured. However, "do it yourself" cures or drugstore Gonorrhea (commonly called "clap") is caused by a Secondary syphilis may appear from 6 weeks to 6 remedies do not work. Syphilis and gonorrhea can be germ called gonococcus. Symptoms of gonorrhea usu- months after contact with an infected person. A rash completely cured if treated early by a doctor. People ally appear 2 to 6 days after contact with an infected may appear on parts or all over the body. Sores in the who think they have been exposed to VD or have ques- person. mouth, sore throat, falling hair and fever may also tionable symptoms should discuss it with their personal appear. In a man: physician or visit their local health department. Third stage: The first symptom is usually a burning pain when urinat- ing and a discharge of whitish pus from the penis. Once the early symptoms of syphilis go away, the dis- ease may become dormant for many years. During this In the Houston-Galveston area there are sev- In a woman: latent or hidden stage, an infected person is usually eral clinics where you can get confidential VD Females may have no signs of gonorrhea or they may be unaware of the disease. examination and treatment services at no cost so slight that they go unnoticed. How transmitted: or for a sliding scale fee. These clinics are: How transmitted: Syphilis is transmitted through intimate bodily contact Gonorrhea is almost always transmitted by sexual con- with an infected person. tact with an infected person. How detected: City of Houston Health Department How detected: Central Clinic A blood test called a VDRL is used to detect the exis- 1115 North MacGregor There is no blood test for gonorrhea, although one may tence of syphilis. Pre-marital laws require that a person Houston, Texas be developed soon. At present, culture testing is used to has a negative blood test before a marriage license can 222-4201 detect gonorrhea. be issued. Many states require expectant mothers to Hours: Mon. & Wed. 8:00 AM - 8:00 PM How cured: have at least one blood test during pregnancy. Tues., Thur. & Fri. 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM Under proper medical supervision, gonorrhea can be How cured: Fee: No charge cured with antibiotics. Syphilis can be cured with penicillin or other antibiotics If untreated: even in the later or advanced stages. City of Houston Health Department Untreated gonorrhea can cause sterility, arthritis and If untreated: Lyons Avenue Clinic heart disease. A mother with gonorrhea can infect her Untreated syphilis can cause insanity, paralysis, blind- 5602 Lyons Avenue child at the time of birth. If untreated, the child may be ness, deafness, heart disease and death. An expectant Houston, Texas blinded. mother can pass syphilis to her baby even before the 675-7584 child is born. Syphilis can cause the baby to be stillborn Hours: Mon. thru Fri. 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM or physically defected. Pregnant women who think they Fee: No charge SYPHILIS may be infected should consult a physician very early in Syphilis is caused by an organism called a spirochete. pregnancy. Location and Hours of City VD Services Lyons Ave. Clinic 5602 Lyons Ave. 675-7584 Mon. thru Fri. 8 a.m.-4 p.m. West End Health Center 190 Heights Blvd. Give This To 869-5951 x305 Mon. thru Fri. 8 a.m.-4 p.m. Someone City Health Dept. Central Clinic You Love 1115 N. MacGregor 222-4201 Mon. thru Fri. 8 a.m.-4 p.m. Night Clinics Mon. and Wed. 4 p.m. to 8 p.m. VD City of Houston Health Department Communicable Disease Control 1115 N. MacGregor Information Houston, Texas 77030 Three Steps to End the VD infections may appear as a mild Step III Control the Epidemic! Epidemic persistent sore throat. Controlling gonorrhea: If you are Syphilis and gonorrhea can be caught Persons with anal, oral, or vaginal treated, it is your responsibility to advise infections of either diseases often have and passed by any type of sexual contact; all sex partners within the past 30 days to oral, anal, or vaginal. Caring for those no noticeable symptoms. Gay men and seek proper medical attention. you love requires you be informed about females should rely on regular testing. Controlling syphilis: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted diseases and take Step II Seek Regular Testing! complex disease, some individuals are the appropriate steps should the problem Living a varied sex life includes a certain infectious for only a few days while arise. higher risk of venereal disease infection others may be infectious for months. and carries a greater responsibility to Each case requires special attention to Step I Be Informed! protect your body through regular insure that all sex partners at risk seek All the venereal diseases are completely testing for both diseases every 90 days. prompt blood tests and preventive curable. Know the symptoms and seek Regular check-ups insure early medication when necessary. The City prompt treatment should symptoms diagnosis and treatment, shortening the Health Department offers the free length of time you may unknowingly be confidential services of a trained appear; never seek treatment for a venereal disease alone. infectious to those you love. Oral and professional VD epidemiologist to assist Syphilis: anal cultures for gonorrhea are not you in advising those you love, insuring Any small painless sore or sores with routinely offered. If you need these that they receive proper attention and are raised usually hardened edges occurring tests, please request them from the handled with confidentiality, tact, and on the penis, mouth, rectum, or vagina; doctor. discretion. and any unusual body rash should be Reduce the probability of infection by suspect of syphilis and merits a test. using a condom (rubber), washing For Information and Assistance Gonorrhea: thoroughly before and after sex, Call the City Health Department Health Thick yellow to white discharge from urinating immediately after sex, and Advisory Staff 222-4201, or stop in at the penis, rectum, or vagina with or most importantly, insist that your partner one of the clinics. All services are without burning on urination; oral practice the above. strictly confidential and free of charge. Facts About Preventing VD Even though condoms (rubbers) have been ridiculed for interfering with the spontaneity and sensation of sexual activity, they can prevent the spread of venereal dis- eases. To be effective, a condom must be present on the penis during the entire time that the sex organ is in contact with the genital area, the anus or mouth. Care must be taken that it does not slip off and that its application is prior to foreplay and the first anal or oral penetration. Since it covers only the head and shaft of the penis, it does not provide protection for the pubic or thigh areas which may come in contact with secretions during sex. If used properly the condom can provide complete protection against gonorrhea and NSU and good protec- tion against syphilis, herpes and venereal warts. The condom provides no protection against pubic lice or scabies. Urinating and washing the genitalia and adja- cent areas with soap and water immediately following intercourse affords some protection against VD. For more information concerning the control of venereal diseases in the gay community, please call the City Health Department's Central Health Center at 222-4201 and ask for a health advisor. Examinations, treatment and VD control services may be confidentially obtained without charge at the follow- ing locations: Central Health Center 1115 North MacGregor 222-4201 Monday and Wednesday - 8:00 A.M. to 8:00 P.M. Tuesday, Thursday and Friday 8:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. Lyons Avenue Center 5602 Lyons Avenue 675-7584 Monday thru Friday 8:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. West End Health Center 190 Heights Blvd. 869-5951 ext. 305 Monday thru Friday 8:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. For Sexually Riverside Health Center 3315 Delano 526-4277 Monday thru Friday 12:30 P.M. to 4:00 P.M. Active People It's a Fact City of Houston Health Department For sexually active people it's a fact of life venereal be so slight that they go unnoticed. Occasionally, a diseases (VD) are communicable diseases almost al- vaginal discharge and a burning sensation during urina- ways spread by sexual contact. Because of the stigma tion may occur. attached to VD and other sexually transmitted diseases, myths and misinformation about them have flourished. Diagnosis and Treatment of Gonorrhea When VD is transmitted through gay sex the stigma is Gonorrhea can be diagnosed by microscopic analysis of compounded. The result is that myths and taboos are specimens taken from the urethra of the penis. A culture magnified, misinformation abounds and often moralis- test is the best method for detecting anal, pharyngeal and tic literature exaggerates the consequences of infection vaginal gonorrhea. When visiting a physician or VD to the point of frustrating enjoyment of a full, sexual life. clinic for a check-up you should ask for a rectal and Sexually active people do face an increased risk of throat culture if you think you need them. They are not infection. But, caring for those we love includes the usually performed routinely. An accurate blood test has responsibility of knowing about sexually transmitted not been developed to detect gonorrhea. diseases and preventing their spread. By dealing with Gonorrhea may be completely and quickly cured VD openly, we can soon eliminate the stigma associated without lasting damage to the body if diagnosed and with getting and passing VD and eventually eradicate treated soon after infection. Self treatment is dangerous the diseases and the risk of having sex. and often ineffective. Inadequate treatment may cause symptoms to disappear even though the disease can still Facts About Gonorrhea (CLAP) be spread to others as well as cause severe bodily dam- Gonorrhea is the most common venereal disease and can age. Treatment with leftover antibiotics may contribute be spread by oral, anal and vaginal sex. Initially it is a to the development of a resistant strain of gonorrhea. localized infection caused by the bacteria Neisseria Controlling the Spread of Gonorrhea gonorrhoeae which can affect the penis, rectum, mouth or vagina. The gonorrhea epidemic could be ended if all sexually active people will do two things: 1) get an examination Penile Gonorrhea every 90 days, or whenever symptoms are noticed, and 2) if you are treated be responsible for insuring that all Within 3 to 7 days after contact a thick whitish-yellow your sex partners within the past 30 days receive an discharge (pus) will occur from the penis accompanied by examination. Sex could be a whole lot better if the worry mild to intense burning during urination. However, some- of gonorrhea was removed. times a drip without burning or burning without a drip will occur. Any unusual or intense penile discharge or burning sensation merits a visit to a physician or local VD clinic. Facts About Non-Specific Urethritis Untreated penile gonorrhea can cause a form of prostatitis (NSU) (painful inflammation of the prostate gland), penile stric- ture (scared tissue inside the penis) and gonococcal Not everything that drips is gonorrhea. Non-specific epididymitis (intense irritation and swelling of the balls). urethritis or non-gonococcal urethritis as it is sometimes called, can be caused by a variety of sexually transmitted Anal Gonorrhea microorganisms or by chemical or physical irritation of Many people with anal gonorrhea have no symptoms. the urethral lining of the penis. Usually the precise cause When symptoms are noted, they include a mucous anal is not determined, therefore, the name "non-specific." discharge, intense rectal irritation, tenesmus (a feeling of Symptoms are very similar to gonorrhea with the incomplete evacuation after defecation) and burning dur- presence of whitish discharge from the penis and usually ing defecation or intercourse. Anal contacts of persons an itching rather than a burning sensation during urina- with penile gonorrhea should receive treatment since tion. As with gonorrhea, all sexual partners should be advised to have an examination. medical examination may not detect rectal gonorrhea and cultures are not dependable from this site. Facts About Syphilis Pharyngeal Gonorrhea (Gonorrhea of the Syphilis is caused by a microscopic bacteria called the Treponema pallidum which enters the blood stream and Throat) infects the entire body. It is transmitted by contact bet- Symptoms of oral gonorrhea usually are not noticed. If ween the infectious sores and rashes caused by the symptoms are noted, they include a mild to severe sore disease and the mucous membranes of the body such as throat, fever and chills. mouth, rectum, vagina and penis. Syphilis occurs in several stages. As it advances, it can cause blindness, Vaginal Gonorrhea insanity, crippling and death. It can be effectively As with anal and pharyngeal gonorrhea, those with treated at any stage, but the body develops no immunity vaginal gonorrhea may not have symptoms or they may and the disease can be contracted again and again. Incubating Stage of Syphilis infection until secondary symptoms appear 2 to 6 During the first 10 to 90 days after sex with an infected months after infection. person, the disease incubates within the body and no Body rashes ranging in appearance from chicken-pox symptoms are visible. A blood test will not detect the or measles-like rashes to darkened spots and bumps existence of the disease during this period. This is a under the skin are the most prominent symptoms of major cause of the syphilis epidemic because incubating secondary syphilis. The frequent involvement of the syphilis cannot be detected until it reaches the infectious palms and soles is an important diagnostic feature of stage. syphilitic eruptions. Mucous patches in the mouth and Even if an infected person informs recent sexual part- the tongue as well as infectious rashes in the anal-genital ners of their exposure, the contacts often consider them- region may occur. selves not infected when their blood test is negative and Constitutional symptoms such as headache, loss of no symptoms are noted. Some of these contacts will appetite, fever, sore throat and joint pains may precede develop the disease and unknowingly transmit it to or accompany the rash. Untreated rashes of secondary others months later. syphilis heal spontaneously after varying intervals, but The solution to this problem is preventative treat- occasionally relapse may occur and new eruptions may ment. All sexual contacts to early syphilis should be appear over a period of about a year. Any unusual body treated to prevent the disease from developing. This will rash merits an evaluation for syphilis. insure that they will not transmit the disease to others, thus breaking the chain of infection responsible for the Latent Asymptomatic Syphilis syphilis epidemic. Latent syphilis is the stage during which no symptoms Primary Syphilis are are visible. This may occur as a symptomless period between the appearance of primary and secondary le- From 10 to 90 days (average 3 weeks) after contact with sions, or after secondary symptoms have disappeared an infected person, a sore or "chancre" develops at the and before damage occurs to vital body systems. Per- site where the syphilis germ enters the body. The sons with latent syphilis are not infectious to others chancre usually begins as a painless red swelling, which except for pregnant women who may sometimes pass becomes eroded to form a small ulcer varying in size the infection to their unborn children. from one quarter to three quarters inches. The course of untreated latent syphilis is variable. It A chancre has firm hardened edges and often in- may remain latent for a lifetime with no ill effects, or it creases from one to several sores. The surface of may be followed in a few years or as long as 40 years by chancres exudes serum that contains large numbers of the damaging effects of late syphilis lesions. If the spirochetes. Sex contact that exposes others to this type disease is discovered during the primary, secondary or of sore should be avoided. Lymph nodes closest to the latent stages, or before 3 to 5 years after infection, chancre are often enlarged and firm but usually painless. syphilis can be easily and completely cured. When a chancre develops on the penis, it is more likely noticed than if it appears in the mouth, throat or Diagnosis and Treatment of Syphilis rectum. Rectal syphilis lesions produce few or no symp- Incubating syphilis cannot be detected by symptoms or a toms unless secondarily infected with bacteria. When blood test. During this stage, all sexual contacts to an this occurs, symptoms are similar to gonorrhea with infected person should receive preventive treatment to whitish or bloody discharge, burning on sexual inter- keep the disease from developing and being transmitted course and defecation, and intense irritation of the anal to others. opening. Primary, secondary and latent syphilis can be diag- Should a chancre occur on the lips or inside the nosed by a VDRL blood test or any of several other tests. mouth, it often resembles a gum boil or cold sore. Throat A darkfield examination (microscopic examination of lesions are often not visible and cause little or no dis- samples from either primary or secondary lesions) of comfort. A vaginal chancre often goes unnoticed unless suspicious skin eruptions can identify the disease in its it occurs on the outer lips of the vagina, in which case it earliest stages. is recognizable as an open, reddened sore with slightly Syphilis can be quickly and completely cured by hardened edges. Since a chancre of primary syphilis can specially prepared penicillin. If a person is allergic to resemble several common ailments and soon disap- penicillin, other antibiotics prescribed by a physician are pears, some infected people ignore the symptoms and do effective. Syphilis is comparatively easy to treat, gener- not seek treatment. ally requiring only a few shots and follow-up blood Secondary Syphilis tests. Many gay people infected with syphilis never notice the The Control of Syphilis primary symptoms, especially when they occur in the Syphilis can be controlled if all persons exposed to the anal passage. Therefore, they may not discover their disease are alerted to the possibility of infection and advised as to what medical care is needed. To assist in this Facts About Hepatitis effort, the City of Houston Health Department provides the services of professional VD epidemiologists (experts Infectious hepatitis (type A) and serum hepatitis (type B) in determining the source and spread of diseases) who are can be acquired by close intimate contact, such as during trained in all the medical and social aspects of syphilis. sexual relations. There is a greater risk of acquiring type You and a trustworthy VD epidemiologist can work A hepatitis from close contact. In most instances a person together to make sure that your sex partners receive an may not know they have been exposed since an infected examination in a confidential manner. You can be certain sexual partner may not appear ill at the time of contact. that those you care about will be tactfully and discretely Initial symptoms of hepatitis are vague and non- informed of the danger to their health, while at the same specific but may include loss of appetite, fever, muscle time insuring your anonymity and reducing the possibility aches and pains and fatigue. If jaundice (yellow discol- of reinfection. oration of the skin and whites of the eyes) occurs, the In the gay life-style where partners may remain virtu- diagnosis is usually readily apparent. ally anonymous, some sex contacts to infectious syphilis There are no drugs which cure hepatitis but gamma cannot be identified. Therefore, sexually active people globulin injections can prevent or reduce the severity of should have their blood checked for syphilis every 90 type A. There is no effective preventative for type B. Your days. This will insure early diagnosis and treatment and physician can advise you on whether you should consider will reduce the time the disease may be unknowingly receiving gamma globulin routinely every 4 to 6 months. transmitted to others. Facts About Venereal Warts Facts About Crabs Both men and women can develop warts in the anal or genital region. There is evidence that these warts are Crabs (pubic lice) are pin head sized insect parasites that caused by a virus similar to that which causes warts on live in the hairy parts of the body, usually around the other areas of the body and that the virus is transmitted by genitals. Some people have no symptoms while others sexual activity. experience intolerable itching. Crabs are passed by physi- In moist areas such as in or around the vagina and anal cal contact during sex or by coming in contact with canal, the warts are generally small, cauliflower-shaped infested bedding, clothing or towels. pink or reddish growths. One or more may appear Kwell lotion, prescribed by a physician, is effective but instructions should be followed to eliminate both the together. On the outer vaginal lips and the shaft of the penis, they are harder and look more like ordinary warts. crabs and thier eggs. Sex partners and roommates should It is very important to get treatment early, because be treated at the same time to avoid reinfesting each other. venereal warts can spread and become more difficult to treat, especially in the anal canal or vagina. Facts About Scabies Facts About Herpes (Genitalis Type 2) Scabies are tiny mites which burrow under the skin and Herpes is another skin condition caused by a virus which cause sporadic itching, which usually gets worse at is closely related to the one which causes cold sores. The night. They're passed by skin contact with an infested exact nature of the transmission of this virus is not known, person. The main symptoms are raised areas or red but it is thought to be spread by direct contact with an bumps that resemble mosquito bites that do not go away. Kwell is effective medication, but as with crabs, sex infected person. From 2 to 12 days after infection, one or several vesi- partners and roommates should be checked and treated at the same time to avoid reinfesting each other. cles (blisters) may appear on or around the genitalia. In persons infected for the first time, fever, headache, en- larged lymph nodes (swollen glands) and general sick feeling may occur. These symptoms may last from 1 to 3 Dangers of Using Foreign Objects in weeks but may be extended by secondary infection. Recurrent infections are due to the virus' ability to lie Sexual Activity dormant in the skin and multiply as a reaction to certain Some people are not aware of the hazards of introducing stimuli both known and unknown. Herpes genitalis is a foreign objects or sex novelty items into any of the body self limiting disease, the primary infections clearing in openings, particularly the rectum, vagina or uretha during about 3 weeks and recurrent infections in 1 to 2 weeks. sexual activity. Tissue structure in these areas can be Locally applied compresses and antibiotic creams are easily damaged resulting in great pain and reduction in often prescribed to lessen the severity of symptoms. sexual enjoyment, not to mention permanent tissue dam- However, no really effective cure has been discovered for age. In some situations surgical removal of glass, metal, herpes virus. Prevention consists of avoiding sexual con- plastic, etc. has been necessary. The key word is caution tact with individuals who have the disease. if you use any type of foreign objects in sexual activity. 14282 ® psychology today JANUARY 1977 ONE DOLLAR MASCULINITY A special report describes the ideal man in terms of: Physical attractiveness Success in business Intelligence Self-confidence Capacity for love Sexual prowess 01 693088 MGU 8709T096 A418 NOV77 TX 77061 AUDREY S MIGUEL 8709 TEWANTIN HOUSTON Lancia Coupe. Everything you'd expect in a grand touring car that grew out of 70 years of international racing and car building experience. A test drive will confirm its high standards of engineering, performance, styling, comfort. Lancia. The intelligent alternative to the average and the overpriced automobile. LANCIA SEDAN LANCIA COUPE LANCIA HPE LANCIA SCORPION ANCIA The intelligent alternative. Lancia Scorpion, HPE Estate Wagon, Coupe, Sedan. Now at your nearest Lancia dealer. Call toll free (800) 447-4700 or in Illinois (800) 322-4400. WILLIAM L. ARTHUR LOVERS Alone DESTINATION DEIGHTON SHIRER KOESTLER of All Her Sex DISASTER VONNEGUT AND THIRTEENTH TYRANTS TRIBE Margaret fellers SPY JOURNEY THE Francine SLAPSTICK Letters du Plessix Gray 421 Pub 204 Pub 356 Pub 503 Pub 267 Pub 592 Pub 585 Pub 242 Pub 514 Pub price $15 price $7.95 price $12.50 price $8.95 price $8.95 price $15 price $12.50 price $7.95 price $12.95 Books America is reading 257 1876 by 449 THE DEEP GORE VIDAL by PETER BENCHLEY (Pub price $10) (Pub price $7.95) are in America's Bookstore, 150 BURR by 643 THE GRASS GORE VIDAL IS ALWAYS GREENER (Pub price $12.50) OVER THE SEPTIC TANK by ERMA BOMBECK BOOK-OF-THE-MONTH CLUB® 409 Pub Illustrated price $12.95 (Pub price $6.95) 623 MARRY ME by JOHN UPDIKE Terusalem Blind John Dean STERLING (Pub price $7.95) 526 P.E.T. IN 324 WHAT REALLY ACTION by DR. HAPPENED TO THE THOMAS GORDON CLASS OF '65? by (Pub price $10.95) MICHAEL MEDVED 401 Pub and DAVID price $8.95 and WALLECHINSKY Photographs (Pub price $10) Back A Account Ambition 233 Pub price $9.95 397 A MAN CALLED INTREPID: The The Saul Secret War by WILLIAM STEVENSON Photos & Maps Final Bellow (Pub price $12.95) Days louse Years ANOVEL OF 1896 JAWORSKI 646 NORMAN THOMAS The Last Idealist by 629 Pub W. A. SWANBERG ARLBERNSTEIN price $11.95 Illustrated (Pub price $14.95) 395 Pub 636 SINGIN' AND price $11.95 You are invited to choose 181 Pub SWINGIN' AND price $7.95 GETTIN MERRY 307 ALL THE LIKE CHRISTMAS PRESIDENT'S MEN by MAYA ANGELOU by CARL BERNSTEIN (Pub price $8.95) and BOB WOODWARD Photographs ANY FOUR 190 A SEA-CHANGE (Pub price $10.95) by LOIS GOULD (Pub price $6.95) 566 ROOSEVELT AND of the books shown here Ordinary CHURCHILL 1939-1941 197 THE NEW The Partnership That YORK TIMES BOOK Saved the West by OF HOUSE PLANTS JOSEPH P. LASH FOR ONLY $1 by JOAN LEE FAUST Photographs Illustrated (Pub price $12.95) Edwin (Pub price $9.95) 635 EASY PLANTS THE SUGGESTED TRIAL: You simply agree 176 MOSHE DAYAN: FOR DIFFICULT to buy four Club choices within a year at substantial Story of My Life by PLACES in apartments, savings on most books you choose. MOSHE DAYAN homes and offices (Pub price $15) by JACK KRAMER Illustrated (Pub price $6.95) J UST glance at these titles and you'll see many of 334 FROM JULIA the best books by many of the world's outstanding MICHEL CHILD'S KITCHEN by authors. Exciting, important new books like these - GUERARD'S JULIA CHILD STRK ACIVILE 622 Pub read and discussed by intelligent people all over the CUISINE Illustrated price $8.95 country are regularly offered in America's MINCEUR (Pub price $15) Bookstore the Book-of-the-Month Club. And for 616 THE ACTS OF shoppers who appreciate convenience as well as BOOK-OF-THE-MONTH CLUB, INC. excellence, there's no better place to find both - and Camp Hill, Pennsylvania 17012 7-A150-1 KING ARTHUR AND HIS NOBLE KNIGHTS From the Winchester save money, too. As a beginning member. you may Please enroll me as a member of the Book-of-the- Month Club and send me the four volumes whose 644 Pub Mss. of Thomas Malory choose any four of the books included here for numbers I have indicated in the boxes below. I price $12.95 and Other Sources by only $1. If you continue past the trial period, you'll go am enclosing my check or money order (no cash, JOHN STEINBECK 201 MEN, MONEY on saving money on the Book-of-the-Month Club's please) for $1. as payment for all four volumes. Edifed by I agree to purchase at least four additional Selec- & MAGIC: The CHASE HORTON unique Book-Dividend plan a sensible way to tions or Alternates during the first year I am a Story of Dorothy (Pub price $10) build a superb home library and save 70% or more member, paying in most cases special members' Schiff by JEFFREY on publishers' list prices. prices. My membership is cancelable any time POTTER. Photos 170 FINDING after I buy these four books. A shipping charge (Pub price $9.95) MY FATHER: One is added to all shipments. Man's Search for INDICATE BY NUMBER THE FOUR BOOKS YOU WANT 541 LYNDON Identity by SOME OF THE BENEFITS OF MEMBERSHIP JOHNSON AND THE ROD MC KUEN AMERICAN DREAM Photographs by DORIS KEARNS (Pub price $7.95) In addition to getting four books need do nothing-it will be shipped (Pub price $12.50) for $1 when you join, you keep to you automatically. 446 AGAINST OUR saving substantially on most of the If you do not want the Selection- books you buy. or you'd like one of the Alternates Name 50 625 THE CRASH WILL: Men, Women And these are true savings be- or no book at all-simply indicate (Please print plainly) OF '79 by and Rape by cause every book offered is identi- your decision on the reply form PAUL ERDMAN cal to the publisher's edition in enclosed with the News and mail Address SUSAN BROWNMILLER Apt content, format, size and quality. (Pub price $8.95) (Pub price $10.95) it so we'll receive it by the date You'll learn about the coming specified. Selection and Alternates in the If, because of late mail delivery City Book-of-the-Month Club News®, of the News, you should receive a Prices shown are publishers' U.S. a literary magazine sent to you Selection without having had 10 prices. Outside the U.S., prices are fifteen times a year (approximately days to decide whether you want State Zip every three and a half weeks). generally somewhat higher. it, that Selection may be returned If you want the Selection, you at Club expense. ENCLOSE CHECK OR MONEY ORDER NOW A TUMMY TELEVISION THE WHOLE FAMILY CAN GET A BELLYFUL OF. CC My how we've grown! Time was when we made a Tummy Television barely big enough for one person to watch. Now we have a black-and-white portable that's all of 13" (screen measured diagonally). And since it's 100% solid state, has a glare-free screen for indoor/outdoor viewing and an energy-saving system that shuts the power off completely when the set is not in use, we expect the biggest problem you'll ever have is agreeing on which program to watch. INTRODUCING OUR 13" PORTABLE "IT'S A SONY." 01976 Sony Corp. of America. SONY is a trademark of Sony Corp. Model TV-131 Black and White Portable. TV picture simulated. psychology today ® JANUARY 1977/VOL. 10, NO. 8 THE MAGAZINE OF HUMAN EXPERIENCE 34 66 19 Men and Women Report Their Views The Artificial Boundary Psychology and the Arts on Masculinity between Self and Family by Silvia Feldman by Carol Tavris Family therapist Salvador Minuchin Two new foreign movies show us 28,000 Psychology Today readers talks with Mary Marcus about the different sides of childhood. report that the macho frontiersman need to treat troubled individuals in is fast fading as the model of the the context of their families. 20 perfect American man. 68 News Line The Benefits of an by Jack C. Horn 44 Incomplete Education The life-sustaining benefits of The Fascinating King Named Kong A sketch of Salvador Minuchin. marriage; how children view the by Mark Rubinstein elderly; and other items. The great ape's story moves us by 76 retelling some fundamental myths of Women Executives in the 84 human history. Old-Boy Network Books by Margaret Hennig and Anne Jardim Reviews by Thomas Tutko, Niles 50 A female corporate star must learn Newton and William A. Nolen The Image-Freezing Machine the informal rules of business The seamier side of professional by Stanley Milgram behavior that men take for granted. sports; an ambivalent view of Photography, now as much a part of 80 motherhood; and the poetry in the human nature as man's opposable How to Make Room at the Top human body. thumb, overcomes the limits of by Margaret Hennig and Anne Jardim memory. 109 94 Classified Advertising and 59 A New, Fast Therapy for Depression Reprint Information City Families by Aaron T. Beck and Maria Kovacs Stanley Milgram discusses Roslyn Depressed people can learn to see Cover photography by Banish's exacting photographs of themselves as winners instead of Peter Angelo Simon families in London and Chicago. losers. 4 Letters 14 Up Front: When Should You Trust a Politician? by Amitai Etzioni PAGE 76 PAGE 44 PAGE 94 Please direct SUBSCRIPTION CORRESPONDENCE orders, changes of address, etc., to Psychology Today, P.O. Box 2990, Boulder, CO 80323. When changing address, please allow 6 weeks advance notice, including old address (use address label from latest issue) along with new address. ALL EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE should be directed to Psychology Today, One Park Avenue, New York,10016. EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTIONS must be accompanied by return postage and will be handled with reasonable care, however publisher assumes no responsibility for return or safety of art work, photographs, models, or manuscripts. COPYRIGHT © 1976 BY ZIFF-DAVIS PUBLISHING COMPANY, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PSYCHOLOGY TODAY is published monthly by Ziff-Davis Publishing Company. Hershel B. Sarbin, President; John R. Emery, Senior Vice President-Finance and Treasurer: Charles B. Seton, Secretary: principal offices at One Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016. All rights reserved. Second-class postage paid at New York, N.Y. and at additional mailing offices. Advertising Offices: One Park Avenue, New York City 10016, (212) 725-3900; Midwest Advertising Representatives-Philip Davis, 233 North Michigan, Suite 1607. Chicago, III. 60601, (312) 565-1717; Martin Toohey, 2300 West Big Beaver Road, Troy, Mich, 48084, (313) 649-1950; West Coast Advertising Representatives-Michael McDonald, 9025 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills, California 90211, (213) 273-8050; Southeast Advertising Representatives-Miller and Tillman, 130 West Wieuca Road, N.E., Atlanta, Ga. 30342, (404) 252-9588. RATES: One-year subscription for U.S., $12.00; U.S. possessions and Canada, $15.00, all other countries $17.00 cash orders only. payable in U.S. currency. PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 3 letters 'Maybe We Could Have Joined Today that chooses to blame it all on environ- It is hard to blame one single person for what Together to Find an Answer" mental plus societal plus physical factors, ig- happened in Steven Karagianis' case but I'm After reading Patricia Sullivan's "Suicide by noring and deriding the powerful and evidently sure if there had been someone who could Mistake" (October) I come away feeling the present intrapsychic factors. have made a positive decision, instead of pas- same rage again. All the psychologists, well- Mary Pearlman, M.D., Madison, Wisc. sing the problem from one indecisive mind to intended teachers, and persons in authority the next, Steven would be with us today. Sul- over this boy were unable to help him. If only When I finished "Suicide by Mistake," tears livan's article makes one aware of the loss of once one of the people I sought for help for my rolling down my face, I felt I knew Steven Ka- dignity and the complete demeaning of a son had said, "I don't know the answer," in- ragianis as a personal friend. strong young man, who was forced to take his stead of playing God, maybe we could have Jon Addis, Wichita, Kansas most precious gift, his life. joined together to find an answer among us. Richard Denton, Yonkers, N.Y. Carol Betts, Bothell, Wisc. hether the failure be at the school, the court, the local police station, or in the home is irrele- Our 22-year old son took his life recently and ehumanizing institutions, i.e., prisons and vant. Rather than nurturing our young so they there are many parallels between his and psychiatric hospitals, can be the most detri- may find their own individual niches as adults, Steve Karagianis' lives. Our son appeared to mental environments in which to place a suici- we leave them to expend their energies bat- be a normal, healthy, active tot. In kinder- dal individual (from David Reynold's book, tling the legacy of a hopelessly outdated social garten, however, the labeling started: "imma- Suicide: Inside and Out). Perhaps if therapists system. ture," "slow learner," "behavior problem," and crisis counselors were actively employed Brian D. Wener, Concord, N.H. "nonconformist." We were concerned and, by all prisons and county jails, tragedies, such over the years, we tried many things: exercise as the Steven Karagianis case, could be pre- I feel that the justice system treats individuals programs with an eye specialist, private tutor- vented. as nonexisting. With a little more compassion, ing with a reading specialist, short-lived Ritalin Joan Blumenberg, M.A. Candidate the Karagianis tragedy might not have hap- therapy, private schooling. Eventually he drop- in Art Therapy, Immaculate Heart College, pened. ped out. He held a variety of odd jobs and Encino, Calif. Richard Drake Jr., St. Paul, Minn. there were beer drinking, marijuana, reckless driving, an unsatisfactory relationship with his I would like to know how "sharing a six pack of uicide by Mistake" should be "Suicide by girl friend. Then, after a weekend of marijuana beer and a pint of brandy" while engaged in Label." and drinking [and after watching an episode driving constitute good judgment and "going Alexander G. Bartlett, San Francisco on Baretta in which the "hero" jammed a gun straight"? Without doubt Steven Karagianis under the chin of an adversary and said, "I'll was tangled by unneedfully stringent laws, of Steven's major problems was his in- blow your brains out'], he killed himself and human error and lassitude, and bureaucratic ability to read. It would be much more effective was found with a 410 between his knees with bungles. And without doubt there are neither in some cases if caring individuals could tutor the barrel under his chin. sufficient moneys, nor personnel, nor govern- persons with learning disabilities. They could We ask ourselves day after day, what more ment wish to provide American citizens with give needed attention and encouragement could we have done to make life rthwhile for proper prophylactic education, medical and and genuine affection as well. our beloved son? All of us have failed miser- psychiatric care. These facts are heart-rend- Cindy Drew, Burbank, III. ably to meet the special needs of a special ing to most of those who work in the field. But human being. Somehow we are missing the there is no excuse for an article in Psychology Psychology Today ADVERTISING DIRECTOR. Donald Reis Ziff-Davis Publishing Company ADVERTISING MANAGER, Joseph Benjamin Hershel B. Sarbin PRESIDENT VICE PRESIDENT & PUBLISHER. Gerald G. Hotchkiss TRAVEL MANAGER Sy Sarnoff Furman Hebb. EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT EASTERN REPRESENTATIVES Art Bobrick Marilyn Bond. John R. Emery. SENIOR VICE-PRESIDENT FINANCE and Joseph Kerwin. Jerome Koffler. Charles McDermott. TREASURER EDITOR. Wesley First Ronald Scher Phillip T. Heffernan. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT. MARKETING MANAGING EDITOR. David Maxey CHICAGO MANAGER. Philip Davis Edward D. Muhlfeld. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT. SPORTS DIV. ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITOR Patrice Horn DETROIT MANAGER, Martin T. Toohey Philip Sine. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT ART DIRECTOR, Neil Shakery WEST COAST MANAGER Michael McDonald Frank Pomerantz. VICE PRESIDENT, CREATIVE SERVICES SENIOR EDITORS. Idamae Brooks (Copy). SOUTHEASTERN REPRESENTATIVES. Mike Miller. Tommy Jack C. Horn. Berkeley Rice Arthur W. Butzow. VICE PRESIDENT, PRODUCTION Tillman MANUSCRIPTS EDITOR, Mary G. Marcus OFFICE MANAGER, Cynthia Kershner Lawrence Sporn. VICE PRESIDENT. CIRCULATION CONSULTING EDITOR, Sam Keen STAFF Enna Baietti. Eileen Danville. Naomi Gonsky. Mary George Morrissey. VICE PRESIDENT ASSOCIATE EDITORS. Colin Campbell. Daniel Goleman G. Hall. Pamela Pittrell. Dana Stoddart. Sydell Yablon Sydney H. Rogers. VICE PRESIDENT ASSISTANT EDITORS, Sherida Bush. Jody Gaylin Sidney Holtz. VICE PRESIDENT ASSOCIATE ART DIRECTOR. Basil Pao Albert S. Traina. VICE PRESIDENT Association of Psychology Today Editors ARTIST, Joel Reinleib Philip B. Korsant, VICE PRESIDENT Jacques Mousseau. France: Psychologie: Paris ART ASSISTANT Nanelle Napp Paul H. Chook, VICE PRESIDENT MARKET PLANNING G. Martinelli. Italy: Psicologia Contemporanea. Florence STAFF Katie E. Bailey. Linda G. Botts. Tiara Pestel Charles B. Seton. SECRETARY Siegfried Brockert. Germany: Psychologie Heute. Weinheim CORRESPONDENTS Susan W. Byrne. Margie Casady Micki Fingerhut. Robert W. Glasgow. Gary Gregg. Richard Holme. Great Britain: Psychology Today. London William Ziff. CHAIRMAN Carole Wade Offir Manuel Guerrero. Spain: Psicologia Dosmil. Madrid W. Bradford Briggs. VICE CHAIRMAN Permissions: Material in this publication may not be reproduced in any form without permission. Requests for permission should be directed to: Jerry Schneider, Rights and Permissions, Ziff-Davis Publishing Company, One Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016. 4 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 Introducing Fact Menthol. The low gas, low 'tar'. You might not know it, but cigarette smoke is mostly gas-many different kinds. Not just 'tar' and nicotine. And, despite what we tobacco people think, some critics of smoking say it's just as important to fact: cut down on some of the gases as it is to lower 'tar' and nicotine. 20 CLASS A CIGARETTES No ordinary menthol cigarette does both. But Fact does. Fact is the first menthol cigarette with the revolutionary Purite™ filter. And Fact reduces fact: gas concentrations while it reduces 'tar' and nicotine. Fact is the first menthol cigarette Read the pack. It tells how with Purite granules. you get the first low gas, low 'tar' The selective filtering agent. Selective. smoke with good, menthol taste. That means it reduces specific And that's not fiction. gases in smoke that taste bad. That's a Fact. Without removing the elements that taste good. So, for the first time, you get low gas, low "tar," and satisfying taste in a menthol cigarette. Fact: The low gas, low "tar." Available in regular and menthol. Fact Menthol: The low gas, low 'tar.' Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health. Regular, 14 mg. "tar," 1.0 mg. nicotine; Menthol, 13 mg. "tar," 1.0 mg. nicotine, av. per cigarette, by FTC method. ©B&WTCO 1stPlace to look in every HANDBOOK The OF DAVID C. McCLELLAND Therapist's OF The Therapist's Handbook Handbook DAVID C McCLELLAND POWER THE INNER MeatmentMethods of by A.C. Robin Skynner GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Edited by THE Benjamin B. Wolman massive, the one handbook volume Saves your two fingertip: decades hours I edited by Benjamin B.Wolman Complete coverage: the best work Fast reference: Important clinical "A towering intellectual by the best minds from the recent all current work on a topic achievement" past to the present clinical procedures of increasing concern Behavioral Science Book Service (Publishers' prices shown) the 78160. THE SEXUAL EXPERIENCE. Edited by Ben- jamin Sadock, M.D., Harold Kaplan, M.D., and Alfred Depressionand RESEARCH experience METHODS TO Families Interpretation Parenting Freedman, M.D. An unprecedented contribution to the SOCIAL literature of sexuality. Forty-seven of the most knowl- RELATIONS OF edgeable and experienced authorities present every as- pect of sexual behavior from marriage and medicine to Claire Selliz Schizophrenia legislation and the women's movement. Counts as 2 of your 3 books. $25.00 Stuart W Cook 70710. PROGRESS IN PSYCHIATRIC DRUG TREATMENT, Vol. 2. Edited by Donald F. Klein, - THE M.D. and Rachel Gittelman-Klein. The latest volume in this exciting series brings together the most recent and 35850. BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION AND pertinent articles on clinical psychopharmacology. 41955. DEPRESSION AND HUMAN EXISTENCE. FAMILIES/BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION AP- Scholarly and practical. Counts as 2 of your 3 books $27.50 Edited by E. James Anthony, M.D. and Therese Be- PROACHES TO PARENTING. Two distinguished nedek, M.D. A lively multi-disciplinary exploration of and timely works on behavioral approaches to parenting 60611. MARRIAGE CONTRACTS AND COUPLE depression. $17.50 and family units. Superb commentaries and important THERAPY: Hidden Forces in Intimate Relation- conclusions on these major and rapidly changing issues ships. Clifford J. Sager, M.D. The function of expecta- 49261. THE FRONTIER OF BRIEF PSYCHO- of the 1970's. The set counts as 2 of your 3 books. $27.00 tions and promises in marriage, and of how these "con- THERAPY. David H. Malan. Well-documented ac- 82150. SYSTEMS OF FAMILY AND MARITAL tracts" can be used effectively in therapeutic interven- count of the effectiveness of brief psychotherapies and PSYCHOTHERAPY. A. C. Robin Skynner. This tion. $15.00 their capacity to help achieve genuine recovery, based on 20 years experimentation with "radical" psycho- superb new introduction to therapeutic work with 72985. PSYCHOTHERAPY OF THE BORDER- dynamic interventions. $19.95 families and couples is richly illustrated with explicit LINE ADULT. James Masterson, M.D. "A major case materials and clinical guidelines. 'Definitely be- contribution to the psychiatric and psychodynamic 36284. BIOFEEDBACK AND SELF-CONTROL. longs in the library of all family therapists. -Donald literature a profound and literate essay on theory and Volume IV (1975). Edited by T. X. Barber et al. The A. Bloch, M.D. $17.95 practice. -Donald B. Rinsley, M.D. $17.50 latest volume in this exciting series. $18.50 6 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY, JANUARY 1977 for the essential and exciting books area of the behavioral sciences- DIAGNOSTIC MARRIAGE CONTRACTS The Frontier AND PSYCHOLOGICAL Psychiatric COUPLE THERAPY TESTING Dictionary Psychotherapy of FOURTH EDITION HIDDEN FORCES IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS LELAND E. HINSIE, M.D. ROBERT J. CAMPBELL, M.D. DAVID RAPAPORT. and MERTON MAFER Revised Edition Robert Holt D.H. Clifford J. Sager, M.D. Malan The essential handbook Most authoritative A powerful new the surprising one-volume reference therapeutic tool results of in the field short-term therapies 35930. THE BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT OF Take any 3 56140. INTERPRETATION OF SCHIZOPHRE- ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND PAIN. Edited by Park O. Davidson. Significant contribution to the NIA. Silvano Arieti. A completely revised and expanded behavioral assessment and treatment of anxiety, depres- edition of Arieti's monumental work. Winner of the sion, and pain. An impressive example of the scientist- (values to $72.45) 1975 National Book Award for the Sciences. "Highly informative, stimulating, and useful in clinical prac- practitioner approach. $13.50 tice. Hamburg, M.D. $22.50 35551. BASIC PSYCHOPATHOLOGY/PRIMER FOR THE NONMEDICAL PSYCHOTHERAPIST. all for 54365. HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN: Diagnosis and Management. David J. Safer, M.D. and Richard Two outstanding handbooks-clear, practical informa- P. Allen, Ph.D. A major new volume on the manage- tion for diagnosing and evaluating mental disorders. The $17.90 only $3.95 ment and treatment of hyperactivity, focusing on the 2 count as one book. real-life concerns of parents and teachers. An important new work for all who diagnose, treat, or raise hyperac- tive children. $13.50 OF ANXIETY, BEHAVIORAL DEPRESSION MANAGEMENT if you will join now for a trial period and take only 3 more books-at member 43890. EGO DEVELOPMENT. Jane Loevinger. Jane I Loevinger's brilliant new work compelling and lucid MULTI. discount prices-over the next 12 months. synthesis of ego development and various related theories. "One of the landmark studies of this or any decade. '-Mardi J. Horowitz, M.D. $17.50 52300. HANDBOOK OF GENERAL PSYCHOL- 84000. THE THERAPIST'S HANDBOOK: Treat- OGY. Edited by Benjamin B. Wolman. The first general ment Methods of Mental Disorders. Edited by Benja- psychology handbook published in over two decades. The contents include the best that has been thought and min B. Wolman. This comprehensive new guide to said in the psychological present or recent past. today's clinical procedures is an essential reference for all therapists. $22.50 Harry F. Harlow. Counts as 2 of your 3 books. $49.95 42200. DIAGNOSTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST- 73920. RESEARCH METHODS IN SOCIAL RE- ING. David Rapaport, Merton Gill, and Roy Schafer. LATIONS. 3rd Edition. Claire Selltiz, Lawrence S. (Revised Edition by Robert R. Holt). The essential hand- DEVELOPMENT NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL Progressin book for clinicians. $22.50 Jane Loevinger Psychiatric Wrightsman, and Stuart W. Cook. Emphasizes multiple methods and the immediate applications of research. 70840. PSYCHIATRIC DICTIONARY. Fourth Edi- Drug Treatment Clearly explains fundamental aspects such as purposes tion. Edited by L. E. Hinsie and R.J. Campbell. The and principles, report writing, ethical questions, discov- best and most comprehensive one-volume reference ery and validity. $14.95 work-in the field. $22.50 69620. POWER: The Inner Experience. David 63225. MULTIMODAL BEHAVIORAL THERAPY. McClelland. Brilliant and provocative new analysis of Arnold A. Lazarus. A stimulating and multifaceted pre- the power motive, which seeks to correlate human striv- sentation of the technique and practice of behavior ing with Freudian and Eriksonian developmental therapy. The latest work by the noted therapist. $12.95 stages. $15.95 72860. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND CHILD DE- 64040. NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESS- VELOPMENT: Research and Treatment. Edited by MENT. Muriel Deutsch Lezak. Invaluable, comprehen- If reply card is missing, please write to Be- Eric Schopler and Robert Reichler. Twenty-five au- havioral Science Book Service, Dept. 1-5AP, sive source book of neuropsychological research and thorities on biological and behavioral development in practice, including detailed descriptions of assessment Riverside, N.J. 08075 to obtain membership in- children present an exciting and beautifully integrated formation and an application. procedures utilizing a broad variety of tests. $16.95 exploration of developmental deviation. $22.50 "Let's do something effective to enable released convicts to earn a living honestly." true cause of these failure-prone individuals. offender be taught a marketable skill and then and Peep and Pragmatic Materialism [Name Withheld] turned loose? Robert W. Balch and David Taylor did a com- Nonviolent criminals who commit victimless mendable and honest job of portraying the Prisons, Rehabilitation, and Recidivism crimes should probably not be incarcerated, Two. ("Salvation in a UFO," October) However, I am currently incarcerated in one of Ohio's but it is high time we wake up to the fact that not having met Herff and Bonnie in Southern newest maximum-security prisons ("Prisoners all criminals, nor even most, are rehabilitable. Oregon in around 1972, I would disagree with Can Be Rehabilitated-Now," by Sol A "second offense" should rarely exist in an in- the statement, "Bo was articulate, witty, and Chaneles, October). The structure is new, but telligent society for armed robbery, man- charismatic." would substitute the word "gar- rehabilitation is something that somehow was slaughter, murder, or any other violent crime. rulous." And, since charisma is not an acquira- forgotten. There are three college-level pro- Paul A. Jones, Teacher-Counselor, Bushy ble trait, I would have to disagree totally with grams that offer much for the prisoner desiring Mountain State Penitentiary, Knoxville the authors on this point; my own conclusion is higher education, but what's one to do if he that the Followers were in a mood to follow any- would like to learn some vocational trade? Society needs to be safeguarded against one who had the audacity to try and lead them. Does the prospect of becoming a short-order dangers to it. The public safety is the grounds The bottom line of the article, in which Peep cook sound inviting, or a shoe repairman? for defense spending, for departments of sani- wins money from a slot machine, and says, There are a few more menial vocations that we tation and public health, for traffic laws, for li- "Look, see how the Father is letting us win," are offered and, in my eyes, these programs censing of physicians, etc. This one purpose is convinced me that the authors had seen past defeat the purpose of rehabilitation. the most important single principle for govern- the façade of the religiosity to their real core of M. Ray Wylie, Lucasville, Ohio ment. Then, let's give up punishment and re- pragmatic materialism. form and rehabilitation except for special, The yet unanswered question as to whether The research on insight-oriented psycho- restricted, minor situations. Instead, let's pro- the Two were a hoax appears to baffle the au- therapeutic programs in prisons has not sup- ceed on the basis of safeguarding society thors as it did me. If they are a hoax, their mo- ported their effectiveness in reducing from those preying upon the innocent by sim- tives will become understandable; if they are recidivism. Indeed, there is much cogent the- ply sequestering or segregating them apart not a hoax, we'd have to say that they are just oretical support that would lead us to expect from society, permanently or semiperma- about as "normal" as the rest of us-just that such programs cannot work in prisons as nently. Absolute life sentences would be per- slightly more uninhibited in showing the con- we know them today. The practice ought not to manent; absolute 30-year sentences would be tradictoriness of human nature. be continued, and rehabilitation efforts should semipermanent. Instead of prisons, let's more Howard Hutchison, Brookings, Oregon be concentrated on vocational training and humanely put them in prison camps or some education. isolated place to live in their own ways, regard- The activities of the group are strongly remi- Stephen E. Schlesinger, less. And let's do this after perhaps the third niscent of Arthur C. Clarke's story, "Child- Department of Psychology, SUNY, Buffalo serious offense. hood's End." But let's also do a couple of other things. (1) John Gold, R.N., Springfield, Mass. Chaneles ignores several important factors, Instead of sending first offenders off to prison, such as: which serves as an undergraduate school for If Joan Culpepper really learned that, "Until 1. While it may be true that society is respon- crime, for periods of even a year to five years, man, the human, acknowledges his Christ sible to a large extent for producing criminals, let's give them a deeply frightening experience within, he will be bound by a cocoon of his and an intelligent and humane society should of prison for no more than three months. (2) human nature. Only when he overcomes all the attempt to eliminate these conditions, it also Let's do something effective on a national paths and all the teachers will he be able to fly remains highly unlikely that crime will ever be scale to enable released convicts to earn a liv- free as the beautiful butterfly envisioned by Bo eliminated entirely. ing honestly-perhaps a government work and Peep in their philosophy." Then Bo and 2. The word rehabilitation means "to restore corps as employment of last resort. Peep accomplished more than most clergy do to a former state," and if used in this sense it S. Lee Hubbell, All Souls First in a lifetime. may be a realistic approach with former law- Universalist Society of Chicago George C. Anderheggen, abiding citizens who have made a "mistake." M. Div., Newtown, Conn. However, there are many criminals who, be- cause of environmental or other reasons, have SOCIAL ISSUES AWARD Yes, the UFO people certainly are for real. never learned to respect the rights and feel- Psychology Today is pleased to announce the They illustrate that very real experience of all of ings of others nor the need to comply with the winner and runner-up in the 1976 Social us, the wait. Beckett's play, Waiting for Godot, expectations of society. To turn these people Issues Award competition for the best social is a classic because it recognizes that every- loose in great numbers SO that they can con- science doctoral dissertation concerning an body is always waiting for something. The fol- tinue to commit crimes as is presently being important social problem. The winner is Reid J. lowers of Bo and Peep are different only done is sheer stupidity. Daitzman of the University of Virginia Hospital because they chose to wait without reserva- 3. It is pointless to state categorically that for his dissertation entitled, "Personality Cor- tion, abandoning their earthly attachments in punishment either is or is not a deterrent to relates of Androgens and Estrogens." He will full view of the public, taking the full risk while crime. One thing is certain-while imprisoning receive $1,200. The runner-up is Michael J. the rest of us realistically prepare for failure. someone may not prevent his first offense, Saks of Boston College for his dissertation en- Linda Mickle-Marks, Atlanta keeping him there will certainly tend to prevent titled, "Jury Decision-Making as a Function of the second, third, and fourth. Group Size and Social Decision Rule." He will Maybe Bo and Peep are, in fact, doctoral can- 4. The idea that prisoners should have a receive $500. The Social Issues Award is CO- didates investigating the limits of human- legal right to rehabilitation is interesting. And sponsored by the Society for the Psychologi- group gullibility. what about victims? I am curious as to whether cal Study of Social Issues and Psychology Dale J. Hyland, St. Petersburg, Fla. Sol Chaneles would be SO kindly disposed to- Today. ward all criminals if he had experienced hav- "Absolute Solutions" Substituted for ing a five-year-old daughter raped and "Possible Implications" tortured to death. Would he just wish that the "Newborn Babies See Better than You Think" 10 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 "The opponents of the death penalty do not trust the democratic process." by Daphne M. Maurer and Charles E. Maurer the use of general anesthesia in infants. It also "questionable." Many ophthalmologists ques- (October), took a very difficult subject and, in neglects all the current research on maintain- tion operating so soon-and many others general, presented it quite well. There were ing the integrity of binocular cortical cells question delaying. Stereoscopic vision aside, some statements, however, in the box entitled: through functional rather than surgical means. they think infants take the surgery better. "Diagnosing Strabismus: How Soon Should a Unfortunately, the authors made the mistake Baby's Eyes Converge?" that cause concern. of confusing and finally substituting "absolute The Death Penalty First, the authors should never have written solutions" for "possible implications." Justice Thurgood Marshall ["The Death that "After a few years of disuse (an) eye Elliott B. Forrest, O.D., Co-Director, Penalty and Public Knowledge," News Line, usually goes blind." I'm sure the authors real- Infants' Vision Clinic, University Optometric September], says that the death penalty is ize that what occurs is a decrease in central Center, State College of Optometry, SUNY, constitutionally invalid because it is excessive vision only. The term "blind" is not only inaccur- New York City and the American people are not fully informed ate in this case, but can be unnecessarily as to its purposes and its liabilities. alarming to a lay person who may associate it Daphne M. Maurer and A law may be unwise and undesirable and with no vision at all. Charles E. Maurer Reply: still be well within the constitutional power of Second, the authors state that if "surgery is First, we were talking about congenital the government. The one thing that seems per- done before school age it prevents loss of strabismus, or strabismus that develops dur- fectly clear to me is that those who have strong sight." If it were only that simple. Muscle surg- ing infancy. Either can cause more damage emotional opposition to the death penalty are ery is performed purely in an attempt to align than strabismus that develops later. In the unwilling to submit the issue to the elected rep- the deviating eye (or eyes) to some degree. It case of congenital strabismus, often an un- resentatives of the people. In a democracy cannot insure that the eyes will be perfectly used eye can detect no more than light from these are the people to legitimately decide the straight or that the brain will automatically dark, or gross movement. If strabismus de- issue. The opponents of the death penalty do begin to use both eyes together as a team. velops after birth but during the first 18 months, not trust the democratic process. Third, the authors state that "to save ste- then an unused eye usually retains no more Robert H. Gibbs, Lake City, Tenn. reoscopic vision the surgeon must operate than 10 percent of normal vision. Spectacles while a child is only a year old." This ignores will not help. For practical purposes, and le- Willing Victims the questionable percentage of surgical suc- gally, the eye is blind. Jack Horn's apparent inability to decide why cess in this age group, the possible need for Second, of course surgery doesn't always there were different findings in Texas and New more than one operative procedure, the inher- work. No surgery always works. We thought ent risks involved in the surgery itself as well as that too obvious to need spelling out. Finally, eye surgery on infants is indeed Introducing the B-I-C Electronic Drive 1000. With two motors. Electronic controls. "Pause cueing." Remote control. And a waiting list a mile long. Sorry about the waiting list, but when you see it you'll understand. Here you have a purist's tone arm and superb playback in a "bee eye cee" belt drive unit which we believe promises better long-run performance than a direct drive unit. At about $279, we think it's irresistible. See what you think at your high-fidelity dealer's. You'll find our 5 turntables folder there. Or write to British Industries Co., Dept. IM, Westbury, N.Y. 11590. 5 Turntables ©1976 British Industries Co., A Division of Avnet Inc. PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 11 "New Yorkers learn at an early age what can happen if one refuses a stranger's request." York is understandable [News Line, Septem- Pietie, 1588. Perhaps we have one more exam- would lessen the burden of people trying to ple of the artist discovering something of prac- fulfill all the needs of one person. ber]. However, he ignored the fact that the ear- lier New York experiment was conducted with tical value before the advent of modern Pat Kunkler, Augsburg, West Germany a mere 20 subjects as opposed to 274 in the science. Texas experiment. Isn't it possible that the use John Mitcheltree, Salt Lake City, Utah Benefits of Beauty of such a small number of subjects skewed the Have you ever seen a beautiful corpse? In their results? Carrying School Books article about the benefits of being beautiful Penny R. Millson-Martula, Chicago The authors went to amazing lengths to instill a ["Beauty Can't Be Beat," September], Glenn bit of profundity to their observations ["Girls, Wilson and David Nias failed to adequately de- It is obvious why those New Yorkers were Boys and Books," August]. The explanation is fine beauty and erred in their contention: "Per- eager to empty their pockets [ "Wide Open clearly that girls carry home more books! sonality hardly counts at all." Life and Spaces Breed Unwilling Victims," News Line, Bonnie Reagan, Springfield, III. personality define beauty, not physical at- tributes. Researchers in the field of nonverbal September]-they learn at an early age what can happen if one refuses a stranger's I have found in my 16-plus years of carrying communication are finding the beauty or ugli- request. books that if I am carrying a purse, it is much ness within us, our personality, is reflected un- Rose Motyczka, Roselle Park, N.J. more comfortable to place the purse on top of consciously in our gestures, postures, and my books and cradle the whole kit and caboo- facial expressions. A body no matter how well Words and Music dle than it is to use one arm to carry books and proportioned, a face no matter how finely Melodic Intonation Therapy ["Putting Words to one to carry my purse. The compact stack is sculptured cannot hide a troubled personality. Music Can Help Stroke Victims.' News Line. much less hassle to handle. The ugliness within us can easily erode what September] is not SO new. William Byrd knew Sharyn S. Belk, San Antonio, Texas physical attractiveness we might possess. about it 400 years ago. From his "reasons Whenever I look for beauty in a person I look briefly set downe to perswade everyone to Choosing Your Baby's Sex at the eyes first, for the eyes more than any learne to sing 4. It is a singular good So what's wrong with more males being born other feature reveal a person's inner beauty. remedie for a stutting & stammering in the ["What Happens When We Get the Manchild Have you ever seen eyes that smile more than speech. 5. It is the best meanes to procure a Pill?" August]? The answer to the most obvious parted lips? If you haven't, then you have miss- perfect pronunciation & to make a good Ora- problem is polyandry. The results would in- ed something beautiful. tor. The "Reasons" are printed in Byrd's clude a much smaller population and I think it Don Oakland, Clintonville, Wisconsin Psalmes. Sonets & Songs of Sadnes and The Name Game Mary Marcus comes down too hard on us bearers of uncommon given names ["The Power of a Name," October]. She seems to The Minox® 110S, perpetuate the common confusion between a name's frequency and its popularity. The two sophisticated but uncomplicated. are related but not the same. Current literature implies that a name is unpopular because it is uncommon. A name probably becomes un- The Minox 110S has a unique exposure. And the f/2.8 lens is popular because of prejudiced associations combination of features found on no superbly sharp. built up by adverse media exposure. The other pocket camera. But for all its advanced media avoid insulting the majority with com- It has an automatic electronic engineering, The Minox 110S is still mon names. And parents avoid giving their shutter that makes it a cinch to take a true pocket camera. It's only children names for which negative associa- properly exposed photos, with speeds 5 X 2 X 1", and weighs five ounces tions have been established. On the other from 1/1000 to 4 seconds. You - less than any rangefinder pocket hand, an uncommon name receives favorable control the aperture. Rangefinder camera. media exposure and immediately becomes focusing from 2 feet to infinity. And for For the name and address of very common as parents rush to bestow the correct flash exposures, the aperture your nearest Minox dealer, contact unusual, beautiful name upon their offspring. is coupled to the rangefinder. Minox U.S.A., division of E. Leitz, Inc., Some developments in Ann Arbor over the The brightline viewfinder has Rockleigh, N.J. 07647. Dept. 01. past three years may show some new fads and automatic parallax compensation. It displays the aperture setting and Minox U.S.A. antifads. Tanya, a moderately popular name for girls three years ago, has almost dropped warning lights for long or over- out and Patricia disappeared completely. Meanwhile Jamie and Lindsay have increased dramatically over the past year. Patty Hearst and the Bionic Woman are both having their effects. Cleveland Kent Evans, Ann Arbor Psychology Today welcomes letters from read- ers. All letters are necessarily subject to edit- ing for length, style, and grammar. Except in extremely unusual circumstances, unsigned letters will not be published. The Letters de- partment constitutes the readers' forum, and all shades of opinion are most welcome. 4726R 12 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 Chevy Chevette 43 MPG 31 MPG EPA HIGHWAY EPA CITY ESTIMATE Smile: You've just read the And keep on smiling, there's And over 6,000 Chevy highest EPA estimates for any more. dealers everywhere. car built in America. Ever. Chevette has more head If 43 and 31 are your kind Chevy Chevette with room than many mid-size cars. of figures, stop by a Chevy available 1.6-litre engine and More horsepower this year. dealer soon. standard manual transmission. A hatchback that opens up He has some more numbers EPA figures are estimates. The mile- over 26 cu. ft. of carrying space. you'll like too: Chevette's age you get will vary depending on One of the tightest turning price. your type of driving, driving habits, circles of any car in the world. car's condition and available equip- A diagnostic connector for ment. In California, EPA figures are quick electronic service checks. lower. A service manual written for do-it-yourselfers. GSKY A unitized body that's corrosion-protected. BIGSKY RALLY 16 1 lt'll drive you GM happy. EXCELLENCE PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 13 FREE WRITING up front APTITUDE TEST Self-improvement begins with self-expression saying what you think and feel in words BY AMITAI ETZIONI that stimulate, motivate, inspire. The ability to write opens worlds of possibilities to you for personal gratification and profit. We've created WHEN SHOULD YOU TRUST a unique test to determine your ability to write A POLITICIAN? with yawns, "Yeah, why don't you just do professionally. Send for our FREE WRITING APTITUDE TEST TODAY. No obligation. No salesmen will call. S tudies show that the majority of Amer- some of it," and Bronx cheers, office icans, as many as 61 percent in 1976, seekers would soon find the politics of Writers Institute, Dept. 29-01-7 feel politically alienated. The ranks of the promises less tempting. This is not to sug- 100 Mamaroneck Avenue, alienated have more than doubled over gest that we adopt the attitude that pol- Mamaroneck, N.Y. 10543 the last 10 years, to the degree that we iticians are all the same. Instead, we as now congratulate ourselves when 55 per- citizens must increasingly learn to PUBLISH YOUR BOOK IN 90 DAYS cent of eligible voters bother to go to the choose among politicians according polls. The turnout in the Carter-Ford con- to what they have actually delivered. Wanted: book manuscripts on all subjects Expert editing, design, manufacture and test looked large only because the pre- Unfortunately, it is not enough to dis- marketing-all under one roof. Completed books in 90 days: Low break-even. Two FREE dictions about voter apathy were so regard words and focus on deeds. Politi- books and literature give details, costs, suc- cians are learning that the public is cess stories. Write or phone Dept. 360 despairing. Exposition Press, Inc., 900 So. Oyster Bay Even those who belong to the unalien- finding mere words wearisome; they are Rd., Hicksville, N.Y. 11801 (516) 822-5700 ated minority at least occasionally feel left honing the craft of the pseudoact. Again out of things; sense that what we prefer and again, laws are passed to please doesn't count much in affecting the public opinion, but thereafter are only FREE! CONSUMER SERVICE DIVISION CATALOG course of the nation; realize that the rich sporadically or weakly enforced. Includes a wide variety of products associated with get richer and the poor get poorer and Thus, most Americans know that the the special interests of readers of Ziff-Davis maga- that the people who run Washington are Food and Drug Administration tests new zines-Psychology Today, Popular Photography, Stereo Review, Popular Electronics, Boating, Flying, Car and out of touch with the rest of the country- drugs and foods before they are mar- Driver, Cycle, Skiing. all common symptoms of alienation. keted. Few realize that thousands of Send for your free catalog today. Consumer Service Div., 595 Broadway, N.Y. N.Y. 10012 The nation's politicians are the prime chemical combinations used daily in myr- target of disaffection. Over recent years iad products and compounds have not they have time and again been caught been tested and that often it takes years PLANNING TO red-handed abusing their authority for for elements proved dangerous in animal personal advantage, to promote special studies to be removed from the market. MOVE? interest groups, and to violate citizens' Another political device is to launch a rights by breaking into their medical rec- program but provide it with inadequate ords, conversations, homes. No wonder funding, manpower, or administrative the question of integrity was a major competence. We must therefore learn to Let us know 8 weeks in advance so that you won't miss a single issue of PSYCHOLOGY theme of the 1976 elections, with two out fix our eyes on actual results. Was vandal- TODAY. of every three Americans expressing dis- ism reduced? Crime curtailed? The air Attach old label where indicated and print new address in space provided. Also include trust in the government. cleaned up? We must ration our ap- your mailing label whenever you write con- Now that a fresh batch of politicians is plause-and votes-carefully, to those cerning your subscription. It helps us serve you promptly. taking office, how is one to tell whether who promise less and do more. Write to: P.O. Box 2772, Boulder, CO 80323, they will really care about our needs? It is not that politicians are simply giving the following information: Change address only The first step we must take is to dis- fakers. Faced with numerous pressures, Extend my subscription ENTER NEW SUBSCRIPTION count, and express our disapproval of, they find that the policies they SO readily 1 year $12.00 Payment enclosed (1 extra BONUS issue) political hyperbole. Politicians jack up our promise us are expensive and difficult to Allow 30-60 days for delivery. Bill me later aspirations, through unrealizable prom- put into practice, and that passing a law ises, only to dash them later and deepen or launching a program is much easier NEW ADDRESS HERE 0400 our frustrations. American politicians be- than seeing to it that either the law or Name lieve they are called upon to ooze a thick program is implemented. please print layer of hyperoptimism. Treating the pub- Only when promises and "initiatives" Address lic like simpletons, they promise to "eradi- yield little political mileage will politicians City cate poverty," "eliminate crime," "clean find it rewarding to invest more of their State Zip up the environment," "get jobs for all who efforts in the hard work of thinking Additional postage per year: For Canada add $3 For countries outside U.S. and Canada, add cash in U.S. currency only seek them.' Politicians solemnly through, working out, testing and contin- pledge to keep America strong milit- uously redesigning programs aimed at AFFIX OLD LABEL arily, pay for new programs, and bal- overcoming our real problems and meet- If you have no label handy, print OLD address here. ance the budget. ing our deeper needs. Name please print Citizens who become entranced by Address these melodies encourage politicians to Amitai Etzioni is professor of sociology at Co- lumbia University and Director of the Center for City keep striking resonant chords falsely. If Policy Research. His main work is The Active Zip more Americans would meet such music Society. State 14 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY, JANUARY 1977 "I figured any company that could outfox IBM was my kind of company." "If you want to move up, you'd the Action Line™ for work groups better work for a company that's to big central systems. They've on the move. Which is why I even recently entered the auto- stopped selling life insurance and matic typewriter field to provide started selling Lanier dictating complete input/output word equipment. processing capabilities. "The life insurance market was pretty well saturated. There "I had an income goal and a wasn't much room for growth. It supervisory goal, and I've took years to really get ahead. surpassed them both." "I was ready for a change, but "I found out right away that it had to be a place with a future, Lanier is a company where you're where you could make your mark judged on your results. And one quickly. Clyde Marshall, where you can get results-fast. Lanier Business Products, "Lanier didn't tiptoe into the Los Angeles "I wanted to be a supervisor within two years. I made it in one. market-they took it over." "A career counselor recommended recession. Very conservative I wanted to double my income Lanier. He said it was a fast- times. A lot of people were cutting this year. I tripled it. I worked for growing, dynamic company in a back, including Lanier's competi- these things 10 hours a day, five tors. Not Lanier. They were too even six days a week. But the real growth industry. I didn't just busy expanding their sales force, point is, the opportunity was take his word for it, though. I did a little homework. hiring new management, tripling there." their promotional budget. And it's still there. Now more "I found out some interesting things about Lanier. Like how "And I was impressed by the than ever, Lanier needs good big investment Lanier makes in people. People who know what they had tripled their sales in the last five years. And how there's a their people. Their training pro- they want and how to get it. huge, untapped market for dictat- gram is the most comprehensive People who can handle respon- I've ever seen. sibility. ing equipment-12,000,000 busi- Maybe you're one of those ness and professional people are "When your company brings people. If you think so, call our nonusers simply because they out seven products in just personnel director, John Hegarty, don't know how it can help them. "It all added up to the kind of four years, you've really got toll-free at (1-800) 241-1706, and situation I'd been looking for. something to sell." talk it over. "Having a full line of high-quality "I said to myself, here's products makes a big difference. a company with guts." People recognize Lanier's tech- LANIER® "When I went to work for Lanier, nological leadership. From the LANIER BUSINESS PRODUCTS, AN OXFORD INDUSTRY it was the height of the 1974-75 Pocket Secretary™ portable to An equal opportunity employer. PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 17 THE ITALIANS ST OR T. EROUX EROUX Regal Family of EROUX Regat Emily of Liqueurs CIMPORTED LEROUX IMPORTED AMARETTO LEROUX DITORINO LEROUX SAMBVCA IMPORTED ITALIAN LIQUEUR CHOCOLATE 1 AMARETTO Liqueur Ah those Italians. They love their after-the-meal delights. Like Leroux Sambuca. Imported from Italy, Leroux Sambuca tastes like anisette. But just a trifle more flavorful. Drink it like the Italians do. With a coffee bean floating on top. You simply chew the bean and sip the Sambuca to revel in the bittersweet taste of Italy. Leroux also brings you something spectacular: Chocolate Amaretto. The luscious subtlety of Amaretto plus a touch of chocolate. And finally imported Amaretto di Torino, the traditional Amaretto. The pride of the Italian table. For three other treats from Leroux, all imported from Europe, try Fraise de Bois, Cognac with Orange, and Cherry Karise. For a free Leroux Cocktail and Cooking Recipe Folder, write to: Leroux Recipe Offer, P.O. Box 956, Madison Square Station, N.Y., N.Y. 10010. EROU Leroux Liqueurs, 49 to 84 Proof. General Wine & Spirits Co., N.Y., N.Y. 10022. Royal Family of International L ROUX From France, Italy, U.S., Austria, and Denmark. psychology and the arts BY SILVIA FELDMAN SMALL CHANGE end, it easily passed the censor's eye. a peasant draws an elegant watch from Directed and produced by After years of fascism, stories about de- his shabby pocket. Sometimes an image Francois Truffaut pression and morbidity must have be- stands alone, in a kind of shorthand. A (New World Pictures) come the norm. And what can a crazy lit- burst of lights in the darkness is only ex- tle girl's fantasies have to do with politics? plained in the next scene: it was a THE SPIRIT OF THE BEEHIVE Yet this is a highly political film. It uses shootout, because you see the victim's Directed by Victor Erice allegory to illuminate the poisonous con- body. Then there are long moments when Produced by Elias Querejeta S.A. sequences of repression and terror on the camera focuses in silent witness: for (Janus Films-Kino International) the quality of Spanish life: on the coun- 10 minutes we watch a woman's face on a tryside, which has remained barren and pillow, pretending to be asleep. Through C hildren are endlessly willing: that's ruined: on the economy, which continues shadows and sounds we know her hus- why they're SO lovable. Recently Hol- to operate on a survival level; on litera- band is undressing and getting into bed lywood has been exploiting this mal- ture, which is morbid and confused: on beside her. When all is quiet her eyes leability in new and imaginative ways, art, which is nonexistent except as re- open and stare into the darkness. Every- and with great commercial success. Au- storation of the dead past: and on educa- thing necessary has been said about diences of The Omen are deliciously tion, which is shockingly old-fashioned, their estrangement and feelings of shocked to discover that a beautiful baby out of touch with the rest of the world. isolation. boy really is the devil. In Bugsy Malone Peoples' lives are seen as humdrum, On the simplest level. this is a story prepubescent youngsters cavort in adult exhausted, unthinking, unquestioning, about a little girl's growing conscious- drag through every childish cliché of the and circumscribed ("like drones in a ness of danger and death. Her aware- romance-glamor-gangster movies of the beehive"). Family members are de- ness opens up in a series of small shocks. 1930s. Their fresh beauty, naiveté and tached, uncommunicative, and little chil- First she sees the movie Frankenstein. in sincerity shine through the tired old dren grow up like plants that are stunted which a man inexplicably kills a little girl script. almost making sated audiences in the dark, distorted by terrors no one will much like herself and then is killed him- feel young and innocent again. talk about. self. Her father takes her for a walk. warn- Meanwhile some new foreign movies The film is highly symbolic, and experi- ing about the dangers of poison show the real life. even the real inner life, encing it is like working an interesting jig- mushrooms, and she hardly can dis- of children. François Truffaut's Small saw puzzle: slowly the whole picture tinguish them from the others. Finally she Change is outstanding among them. He emerges. Artifacts are juxtaposed to de- asks her emotionally distant mother for has always been especially sensitive to scribe a character's past and present life; some reassurance. She is told there childrens position of powerlessness (the never is any danger for a good little girl." semiautobiographical 400 Blows) and But who can be good all the time? their need for sensitive support from The parents are preoccupied and es- adults (The Wild Child). In this movie tranged, like displaced persons in their about normal. everyday home and own country. A disturbed older sister school life. he responds to the child that teases her, encourages her to flirt with lives in all of us. at every age. We are all danger and death and pretends to talk to the same emotionally, he observes. We spirits. She has no friends, no meaningful always need intimacy, acceptance, and education. Hers is a joyless world. barren love. We need the freedom to express of natural beauty, friendship or culture. ourselves and to explore the world from She has no one, nothing to relate to. infancy right through old age. Whether In this isolated atmosphere her ap- we are mean. generous, spiteful, sexy, prehensions grow. She finds a stranger. loving, or foolhardy seems to depend makes him her own Frankenstein monster most on one factor-our luck in family life. and tries to placate fate by bringing him Anecdotes about children that convey gifts of food and clothes. When he is killed this message must be extraordinarily dif- for stealing these things she gives up the ficult to direct successfully. Truffaut has struggle to make sense of the real world managed to transform the triviality of or- and retreats into fantasy. "It is as if we dinary life into high adventure, romance, don't exist," says her mother. A child's and fun. sanity, says the director, is the ultimate In dramatic contrast, the darkly beauti- victim in a despairing society. ful. moody. slow-moving Spirit of the Beehive explores the pathology of child- Silvia Feldman is a psychotherapist with a pri- hood. Made four years ago in Spain, as vate practice on Long Island She wrote Peak Franco's regime. was nearing its weary Sex (Fawcett) with Eli Feldman. PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 19 NEWSLINE Jack C. Horn, Editor NO, IT JUST IS IT TRUE SEEMS THAT MARRIED LONGER, MEN LIVE LONGER THAN BACHELORS? Neal Adams Mortality desirable, those who don't marry are con- constricted and frustrating." Women The Life-Giving Properties sidered odd. This puts them under vari- therefore derive fewer of the benefits con- of Marriage ous kinds of social pressure and stress ferred by marriage, and are exposed to Virtually every writer about humor from that gradually wears them down less harm outside it. Sigmund Freud to Woody Allen has physically. Kobrin and Hendershot tested Gove's agreed on one point. Most good jokes are The third explanation ties long life to ideas by comparing how nonmarried funny, in part, because they express a marriage through the concept of "social people fare under living arrangements basic truth. That's one reason the ancient solidarity," an idea that has been ex- that approach or depart sharply from two-liner quoted above isn't very funny. plored recently by sociologist Walter those of married life: living with a family as Married men, and women too, do live Gove. Married people live longer, he its head; living just as a member of a fam- longer. wrote, because "the unmarried live a rela- ily; or living alone. Sociologists and others have ad- tively isolated existence that lacks the If Gove is right about the importance of vanced various explanations for this fact, close interpersonal ties that are a key social ties to long life, unmarried people but most are variations on three basic factor in maintaining a sense of well- who live with relatives should live longer ideas. Frances Kobrin and Gerry Hen- being." than those who live alone. And if marriage dershot of Brown University summarize Women live eight years longer than does more for men than for women be- them this way: men, on the average, but the difference is cause of the men's higher status in the re- Marriage doesn't really protect, it se- much less between married men and lationship, unmarried men who head lects. Married people live longer, they married women. Gove has an answer for families should live longer than those who say, "because people who are unlikely to this, too. Single women "are apt to have are simply part of a family. Kobrin and live long are also unlikely to marry or stay stronger ties to family and friends" than Hendershot put it this way: "Ties may married." unmarried men, while "married women, be good, but how good depends on Since most people consider marriage compared to married men, find their roles which end of the rope one is on." 20 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY, JANUARY 1977 Accutrac. The turntable with eyes. What's more, it can do this by cordless remote control, even from across the room. The arm your fingers never have to touch. Since Accutrac's tonearm is electroni- cally directed to the record, you never risk dropping the tonearm accidently and scratch- ing a record, or damaging a stylus. And, since it cues electronically, too, you can interrupt your listening and then pick it up again in the same groove, within a fraction of a revolution. Even the best damped cue lever can't provide such accuracy. Or safety. THE E 1 What you hear is as incredible as what you see. Because the Accutrac servo-motor which drives the tonearm is decoupled the Introducing Accutrac. instant the stylus goes into play, both hori- The only turntable in the world zontal and vertical friction are virtually elimi- that lets you tell an LP which selections nated. That means you get the most accurate you want to hear, the order you want to hear tracking possible and the most faithful them in, even how many times you want to reproduction. hear each one. You also get WOW and flutter at a com- Sounds like something out of the 21st pletely inaudible 0.03% WRMS. Rumble at century, doesn't it? Well, as a result of -70 dB (DIN B). A tracking force of a mere Accutrac's electro-optics, computer program- 3/4 gram. And tonearm resonance at the ming and direct drive capabilities, you ideal 8-10 Hz. / can have it today. The Accutrac 4000 system. When you Just imagine you want to see and hear what it can do, you'll never be hear cuts 5, 3 and 7 in that order. satisified owning anything else. Maybe you even want to hear cut 3 twice, because it's an old favorite. Its father was a turntable. Simply press buttons 5, 3, 3 again, Its mother was a computer. the then 7. Accutrac's unique infra-red beam, located in the tonearm head, scans the record surface. Over the recorded The Accutrac:4000 portion the beam scatters but over the smooth surface between selections the infra-red light is reflected back to the tonearm, directing it ADC A to follow your instructions. ADC Professional Products Group. A division of BSR (USA) Ltd. Route 303. Blauvelt, N.Y. 10913 NEWSLINE The sociologists examined a national "sad because I'll be dying soon." cross-section of 20,000 individuals who Part of the study involved showing the died between the ages of 35 and 74. They children four photos of men representing separated this sample by age, sex, mari- various ages. Youngsters at every age tal status, and living arrangement, and level were able to point out the oldest compared their mortality rates. man. Nearly half the kindergartners and Among nonmarried men, those who all the older children could arrange the are the heads of families live longest, fol- pictures in order of age, but those youn- lowed by men who live in a family without ger than nine had trouble assigning real- being its head. Living alone is far and istic ages to the men. Fifty-eight percent away the worst situation. Solitary men of the students said they liked the young- have a mortality rate 94 percent higher est man best. than that of married men, compared to a As a result of the study, the researchers rate of 40 percent higher for nonmarried have developed a curriculum that will family heads. help young children deal with old people The pattern for nonmarried women realistically. -Jody Gaylin starts out the same-it's best to be head Mandy Crosby Age Five Jantz and Seefeldt are associate pro- of a family-but then it changes. The sec- fessors, Department of Early Child- ond-best mortality rate is found among hood/Elementary Education, University women who live alone, and the worst sit- Maryland's Center on Aging asked 180 of Maryland College of Education, Col- uation for a nonmarried woman is living children questions about old people. lege Park, Md. 20742. as part of a family she doesn't head. The There were 20 children at each age level mortality rate among these dependent from three to 11 years old. They were stu- Safety women is 100 percent higher than that of dents at schools near Washington, D.C., Sermons and Hassles: married women, compared to just 19 per- but came from urban, rural, and farm the Seat-Belt Fiasco cent higher for nonmarried women who backgrounds. Attempts to encourage drivers to use head a family and 27 percent for those Richard K. Jantz and Carol Seefeldt, seat belts through television, radio, and who live alone. who directed the study, found that gener- print ads-as in the "Buckle Up for Kobrin and Hendershot agree with ally the only elderly people the children Safety" campaigns of a few years ago- Gove that social ties and social status could name were family members. Asked have been a flop, says researcher Leon combine to protect married people. Mar- about the elderly, the children typically Robertson. He cites one study that used riage provides social ties for both sexes, replied with physical descriptions: "They a split-cable television system to show they say, but "married men are more are wrinkled up," "they have gray hair," public-service messages urging seat- favored than married women because of "they are short," "they talk funny," "they belt use to half of its audience, while the their status. Among the nonmarried, men have heart attacks at 90 and die,' or "they other half saw no such messages. The are likely to have social status, even if have sprained backs and arthritis." messages were shown 943 times, in they are not family heads, but they may The youngsters seemed somewhat prime time, over nine months, the equiv- lack social ties. Women are likely to have ambivalent about old people, describing alent, says Robertson, of a $7 million social ties, even if they live alone, but they them as rich, good, and friendly while campaign if shown nationally. During this may lack social status. So it is the men also saying they were sick, ugly, sad, and period, as well as before and after, daily living alone and the doubly dependent mean. The kids had difficulty thinking of observations were made throughout the women who are most disadvantaged in specific activities they might do with or for city to see how many people were using mortality relative to others of their sex." old people and usually gave general re- seat belts. The drivers were not aware of -Jack Horn sponses. The children often mentioned the study; those in the cable TV groups Kobrin and Hendershot presented helping the elderly: "I help them cross the were identified through their license their paper at the 1976 meeting of the street, stay with them in case anything plates. Comparison of the groups American Sociological Association. They goes wrong." showed that the television campaign had are both at the Department of Sociology, Rural, farm, and younger (kindergarten no effect at all on seat-belt use. Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912. to third grade) children had more active Stronger techniques have been used contacts with old people, such as going to prod the recalcitrant driver, such as the Attitudes to the store, fishing or swimming, than did buzzer-light reminder system installed in A Child's Eye View older children. most of the cars manufactured for sale in of the Elderly Only 11 percent of the youngsters had 1972 and 1973. But, according to another Most children have little contact with old anything good to say about the prospect study, this system did not increase seat- people. Their grandparents may be thou- of growing old themselves. The older chil- belt use either. Finally, new-car buyers sands of miles away or in nursing homes dren were the most positive about aging; found that after August 1974, their cars seldom visited. As a result, young chil- black and rural children were more nega- would not start unless front-seat pas- dren's feelings about the elderly and tive than white or town children. Most of sengers were belted in. This "interlock" about getting old tend to be negative and the kids said that when old, they would system was required by law. At first, belt stereotyped. feel "depressed," "awful," my face will use with interlock systems was estimated Four researchers at the University of feel crinkled, my eyes will feel blurry," at about 60 percent. But in the spring of 22 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY, JANUARY 1977 KAREN KYRE LEAH MOELLER GIBBONS JONES switched from switched from switched from Right Guard Sure to Ban Basic Arrid Extra Dry to Ban Basic® because: to Ban Basic because: regular It was a spray Gillette ARRID because: It does keep scent and it was It's easy me drier non-aerosol " to use RIGHT® EXTRA DRY, it works better GUARD SURE dry anti-perspirant spray ToBeSure anti-perspirant SUPER DRY long lasting anti-perspirant & deodorant JEAN STAFFORD DEBBIE COONEY PARKER MORSE switched from switched from switched from Secret to Dial Soft & Dri Ban Basic to Ban Basic to Ban Basic because: because: because: I like the fact I really like It went a lot DRY that it wasn't the smell of it further. an aerosol " 'round the clock protection FORMULA It satisfies me " SCENTED It's worth it" Secret dial ANTI-PERSPIRANT Soft ANTI-PERSPIRANT Non-sting Anti-Perspirant Let someone who switched to Ban Basic from your aerosol NEUTRAL SCENT REGULAR SCENT tell you why. ban basic Ban Basic NON-AEROSOL ANTI-PERSPIRANT SPRAY NON-AEROSOL ANTI-PERSPIRANT SPRAY Effective. Very Economical. 1976 Bristol-Myers Co. And Non-Aerosol. The spirit of Marlboro in a low tar cigarette. Marlboro Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health. 13 mg"tar" 0 8 mg nicotine av. ner cinarette ETC Benort Anr'76 AND Marlbor FINE TOBACCOS FILTER ights CIGARETTES PM INC Marlboro LIGHTS Lighter in taste. Lower in tar. LOWERED TAR & NICOTINE And still offers up the same quality that has made Marlboro famous. NEWSLINE 1975, a survey of drivers in four metro- forcing changes in behavior. blacks. Fewer than five percent of the five politan areas showed that seat-belt use -Sherida Bush million American Weight Watchers are with these systems was down to 33 per- Robertson is in the Research Depart- men. Rockwell says that men's reluc- cent. And enough car buyers were irri- ment of the Insurance Institute for High- tance to join may have something to do tated by these built-in reminders to get way Safety. with male body image, because "of 10 fat Congress to pass a federal law banning women, nine will admit that they are fat interlock and continuous buzzer-light Health and see themselves as fat, whereas this systems. Watching Weight Watchers is only true of three out of 10 fat men." She Robertson believes media campaigns around the World adds that men may hesitate to join Weight and reminder systems cannot succeed in Weight Watchers is a highly organized Watchers because "they often cannot getting the driver to change his habits by program, founded in the United States in control their diet, since buying and cook- adding another inconvenience to his list 1963 to help fat people lose weight ing food is done by their wives. The of everyday hassles. He says safety mea- through weekly group meetings, weigh- Weight Watchers group in Finland has 12 sures have taken the wrong tack: con- ins, lectures, and lists of forbidden and men out of 66 members-and 11 of the sumers have been needlessly badgered required foods. The program has helped men do their own cooking. by slogans, buzzers, lights, and inter- many people, but although obesity cuts Weight Watchers classes are most locks while alternative passive ap- across class, sex, nationality and color, common in rich industrial countries such proaches were left on the shelf." One Weight Watchers doesn't. as Canada, Brazil, Britain, Scandinavia, approach he recommends is installing air When sociologist Joan Rockwell exam- the United States, Israel, Australia, and cushions in cars. They inflate automat- ined the Weight Watchers program in New Zealand. Weight Watchers around ically and have been shown to prevent England, the United States and Denmark, the world have small variations in their injury in severe crashes. He also recom- she discovered that while members ways of doing things. Apparently Swed- mends removing trees, poles, and other ranged in age from children to grand- ish and German members rarely speak solid roadside structures, or modifying mothers, they were overwhelmingly mid- out at meetings, while Danes chatter man-made structures to collapse when dle class, white, and female. In a British freely. British members can miss two hit by a car. Changes such as these, says class, Rockwell saw no Pakistanis or Af- meetings out of 26 without paying, but Robertson, may be a lot more effective in ricans; in a Danish class no Greenlan- Americans and Danes may not, except in reducing injury than strategies aimed at ders, and in an American class, no the case of illness. Rockwell was given three different The Potion of Love. weight goals in three different countries that varied as much as eight pounds. An- other difference, Rockwell noted, was in It began in Saronno 450 years ago. that all-important procedure of reporting Did the beautiful, young widow create weight losses or gains. Part of the Weight the original Amaretto di Saronno as Watchers ritual involves cards on which a a thank-you for her portrait? Or as a person's weight each week is noted, with gift to express affection for the artist, the gain or loss from the previous week. In Bernardino Luini? England, cards showing a gain-plus Something to ponder tonight, as cards-are not read out loud. In the you discover United States they are, along with offers its intriguing of help and questions about what went flavor and wrong during the week. In Denmark, loss provocative and total loss from the beginning are an- bouquet. nounced each week. So if only a person's total loss is mentioned, everyone knows that person gained weight. One aspect of Weight Watchers is universal, however. Everyone at the meeting applauds when someone loses weight, no matter how minuscule the amount. -Jody Gaylin The article appeared in New Society, Vol. 37, No. 720, 1976. AMARETIO The Brain The Way You Write Is SARONNO® All in Your Brain Amaretto di Saronno. ORIGINALE The first thing most of us noticed about LIQUEUR PRODUCED BY ILLVA SARONNO ITALY left-handed children in school was that The Original Amaretto. SEPROOF they wrote funny. Many held their pencil From the Village of Love. or crayon in a strange, hooked way that put their hand above the line as they 56 Proof Imported by Foreign Vintages. Inc Great Neck Y © 1975 26 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 An Illustrated Guide To Successful Human Relations COLUMBIA HOUSE BOOK SERVICE Understanding Human Behavior UNDERSTANDING Terre Haute, Indianna 47811 Please send me at once, as a FREE gift, Volume I of Understanding Human Behavior-plus two self-scor- ing "Personal Analysis" tests-with no obligation to buy anything, ever. As a subscriber, I will be notified HUMAN BEHAVIOR in advance of all future shipments and may reject any shipment or cancel my subscription simply by notifying you before the shipment date indicated on the invoice accompanying my advance shipment notice. Also, if not delighted with any volume after TAKE FREE 10-day examination, I may return it at YOUR understanding humar expense and owe nothing. If you do not hear from me after I have received VOLUME 1 my FREE volume, you will send me Volume 2 next month, Volume 3 the following month, and the re- maining volumes the month after that. With each vol- FREE ume, I will also receive two new self-scoring "Personal Analysis" tests. If I decide to keep any of the vol- umes, I will be billed at the rate of one volume per month until they are paid for at the amazingly low price of only $4.98 per volume plus delivery. I understand I am free to cancel any time. Even if with no obligation I accept no other volumes, Volume 1 is mine to keep to buy even one absolutely free. 059394 additional volume Name Scoring (Please Print) Tests EXTRA BONUS a 12-page "Personal Analysis." Two PSYCHOLOGY TODAY Address City self scoring tests on Analyzing Your Dreams and How Well Do You Cope With Stress. Both tests are FREE! State Zip 7395/Z855 An Illustrated Guide To Successful Human Relations TAKE / UNDERSTANDING HUMAN.BEHAVIOR VOLUME 1 FREE human be understanding havior Each volume is hardbound, big 9"x12" with 120 pages in color. FIRST CLASS Permit No. 1050 Terre Haute, Ind. BUSINESS REPLY MAIL No Postage Stamp Necessary if Mailed in the United States Postage will be paid by UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR 1400 North Fruitridge Avenue Terre Haute, IN 47811 11 SEX, LOVE, HATE, ANGER, SADISM, HAPPINESS, DEPRESSION, ANXIETY. At last, clear, straightforward answers to your most disturbing questions INTRODUCING UNDERSTANDING Kinsey, Masters & Johnson, Contemporary Sexuality HUMAN BEHAVIOR understanding bewing ucang vewny ueumi Buipumajapun An extraordinary new illustrated library designed to deepen understanding of yourself and others, and guide you to greater success in human relationships. Today, almost everything in the ntire range of human behavior has been scientifically ob- served, described and analyzed. Yet, few of us have the time or patience to fully explore understanding.jor what we need to know to cope with our prob- lems and improve our relationships with others. Now, at last, there is a way: Understanding Human Behavior. Here is a new 24-volume TAKE VOLUME 1 library that answers your most complex, per- sonal questions in clear, straightforward lan- guage. It was written and researched by distinguished scientists and educators to help you and your family deal more successfully with the everyday challenges of person-to- FREE person relationships. Answers to your questions on with no obligation to buy even Freedom in Marriage, Homosexuality, one additional volume. Superstition, Medicine and "Faith Healing," Creativity, Sexual Behavior, Woman's Role in Marriage, Compulsive Eating, Delinquent Ad- olescents, Magic and the Occult, Habitual Your FREE volume is hardbound, big 9" X 12" with 120 pages in full color and con- Latecomers, Pornography, Compulsive Neat- tains: What your dreams mean Sexual At- ness and Sloppiness, Addicts, Success and traction-including "body language" Freud Failure, Loneliness and Bereavement, Hyp- & Sexuality Territory and Defense How nosis, Alcoholism, and much more. Necessary is Aggression Looks-what men Plus practical help and women really "see in each other" Jung on the relationships between man, myth, To help you apply the valuable knowledge and mental health Stress-how to recog- you'll gain from the library, these regular Volume I FREE, plus extra bonus nize the signs and control them Introvert/ features are yours with each volume: Extrovert-learn which you are Choosing Send now and with your free volume you'll Partners and more! Self-improvement. Self-teaching program receive a 12-page "Personal Analysis," includ- for improving your memory, learning to read ing two self-scoring tests (Analyzing Your faster, developing problem-solving skills and Dreams and How Well Do You Cope with the capacity for lateral thought. Stress?), plus 4 separate scoring sections for All You Want to Know About. A no-holds- your family and friends. There's also a priv- Self-Scoring barred Question and Answer series on such ate analysis section so you may learn how an Analysis tests important subjects as contemporary sexual expert views your response. Sending for the behavior; and drugs - their uses and abuses free volume and free bonus does not obli- in modern life. gate you to buy anything. So read the details of this free offer in the coupon and fill it out and mail it, today. EXTRABONUS Included with each volume of UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR is an additional 12-page booklet, with two different self-scoring per- sonality tests. The booklet includes space for four sep- arate persons to test and score themselves. Failure, Loneliness, Freud & Sexuality Troubled and Hostile Children The Mind of a Murderer Stress comes in a and Bereavement hundred disguises PSYCHOLOGY TODAY, JANUARY 1977 29 Living the active life with Bausch & Lomb SOFLENS Contact Lenses (polymacon) Ed Vannelli, training director for a large insurance company, has worn soft contact lenses Find out if you can wear for nearly five years. He tried SOFLENS Contact Lenses, hard lenses first, but they felt scratchy and popped too. Have your eyes out a lot. Now Ed works and examined and ask your eye plays tennis, too, doctor. He will decide, wearing his soft based on the health of your contact lenses. eyes, the vision correction they need and the way you work and relax. Kathy Morelli, who works for Ed as editor of the Contact lenses, for example, insurance agents' publica- should not be worn while swim- tion, is a hard lens dropout, too. "They really felt rough," ming, sleeping or in the she says. Thanks to Ed, Kathy presence of irritating vapors. wears SOFLENS Contact Avoid exposing lenses to Lenses for work, for her cosmetics, lotions, soaps, special hobby, macrame, and creams or hair sprays. Your for her favorite sport, bowling. eye doctor will see that you enjoy the full benefit of soft contact lenses by giving AI Plueddemann, division you simple instructions manager of the insurance for lens wear and care. company, wore glasses for years, but they "fogged up" and bothered his golf game. Everyone should have Two years ago, he asked his a professional eye doctor for soft contact examination regularly to lenses, planning to use them protect the priceless for sports and the glasses miracle of sight. Should you for work. To Al's surprise, ever have any problems soft contact lenses proved with your eyes, consult so easy to wear, he uses your eye doctor them for both. immediately. Sandra Nourse is a fire insurance underwriter and spends hours Send for free contact lens scrutinizing photos and appli- information: cations. She hated wearing Bausch & Lomb, Room 101-PT, glasses in the office, and Rochester, New York 14602. hard contact lenses made her eyes feel "itchy." Then, like Ed, Kathy and Al, Sandy switched to soft contact lenses. Now she's happy with the "natural look" at work and in her BAUSCH & LOMB social life. SOFLENS*DIVISION *A registered trademark of Bausch & Lomb Incorporated for polymacon contact lenses made of 61.4% poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and 38.6% water when immersed in a sterile solution of 0.9% sodium chloride, U.S.P. 30 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 NEWSLINE wrote. If we were observant, we also need to write from left to right, a cramped, tools, crafts, arts, and writing. noticed that other left-handers wrote the into-the-body movement for a left-hander. Four researchers from the Bernard W. "right" way, with their hand under the line. Levy and Reid call attention to two facts Schlesinger Foundation in New York City Brain researchers uncovered a similar which make this explanation unlikely. In have completed a study that suggests split when they investigated which brain the first place, a few right-handers use that a thumb-opposition test will help psy- functions are handled by the right and left the hooked style. Second, writing in chiatrists with a troublesome diagnostic cerebral hemispheres. They found that Hebrew goes from right to left, yet in Is- problem-distinguishing between per- the relationship was quite simple as long rael nearly all right-handers position their sons suffering from unipolar recurrent de- as they stuck to right-handers. The left hands in the American style and many pression and bipolar manic-depression side of the brain handles language inte- left-handers use the hooked posture. This (a condition which may have the manic gration, while the right specializes in suggests that brain dominance rather phase only, or both manic and depres- mental imagery and spatial relationships. than learning or convenience is responsi- sive symptoms). Fewer than one right-hander in a hundred ble for the writing style. -Jack Horn The researchers used the thumb-op- has the opposite specialization. The article appeared in Science, Vol. position test with groups of normal When the researchers turned their at- 194, No. 4262. individuals, manic-depressives and re- tention to left-handers, this neat general- ization crumpled. About 60 percent followed the right-handed pattern; the rest went their own way, showing reverse specialization. They controlled language through the right hemisphere and visu- ospatial functions with the left. University of Pennsylvania psychol- ogists Jerre Levy and Marylou Reid believe that the combination of writing style and hand preference offers a simple way to tell which hemisphere controls which functions among southpaws and the occasional right-hander who writes upside down. They tested 73 students for cerebral specialization, using standard tachistoscopic tests that enable an ex- perimenter to present verbal or spatial messages to one brain hemisphere at a time. By comparing how well each side The Brain current depressives. About half the nor- does on each test, the experimenter can The Favorite Thumb mal group was pure-dominant (right- tell which hemisphere is dominant for Human beings are not only right-handed handed and right-thumbed, or left- language and which for spatial or left-handed, but also right-thumbed or handed and left-thumbed) and half was relationships. left-thumbed. Surprisingly, the two prefer- cross-dominant (right-handed and left- The 73 students included 24 right- ences aren't the same. About the same thumbed, or vice versa). More than four- handers who wrote in the usual way, one number of right-handers are left- fifths of the manic depressives were pure who wrote the hooked way, 24 left-hand- thumbed and right-thumbed. dominant, while two-thirds of recurrent ers who wrote the usual way, and 24 left- To determine thumb preference, you depressives were cross-dominant. handers who wrote upside down. Levy measure how directly a person can touch This pure-dominance/cross-domi- and Reid found that among the 24 left- the pad of his little finger with the pad of nance difference among people with dif- handers who wrote normally and the one his thumb. Ideally your thumbnail would ferent mental disorders corresponds to right-hander who had a hooked writing be 180 degrees from the nail of your little what happens in otherwise normal peo- posture, the right hemisphere was spe- finger, but few people can achieve this. ple when only one hemisphere of the cialized for language, and the left for spa- Most people's thumbs are different, one brain is functioning. For a long time brain tial relationships. For the 24 normal- rotating perhaps 160 degrees, the other researchers could study one hemisphere writing right-handers, and 21 of the 145 degrees. The difference in rotation in isolation only when a patient had suf- hooked-hand left-handers, the special- between one person's thumbs may be as fered severe damage to one hemisphere ization was reversed. Among the three much as 45 degrees. The preferred through accident or disease. Recently, hooked-hand left-handers who didn't fol- thumb is that which makes the most di- researchers have produced the same low the rule, the researchers said, the dif- rect contact with the little finger. effect, temporarily, by injecting an anes- ferences in scores for the two abilities The rotating thumb was a big evolution- thetic into an artery carrying blood to one were SO small that they could be ex- ary advance. Only the human animal is side of the brain. Anesthetizing the left plained by minor testing errors. able to move the thumb SO far in opposi- hemisphere, which controls language in One popular explanation for the tion to the other fingers, a physiological most people, produces depression and hooked writing posture among left-hand- quirk which produced the grasping hand immobility on the right side of the body. ers is that it develops in response to the and made possible the development of Blocking out the right hemisphere pro- PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 31 NEWSLINE duces a manic-elated state together with more hesitant and uncertain as he grows. substance-later called the H-Y anti- immobility of the body's left side. By becoming the same size as his gen-in the males that stimulated an anti- The similarity of physical and emotional friends, he has lost his uniqueness and body in the females. Wachtel and his factors uncovered in the hand prefer- must struggle to find a new identity. associates subsequently. showed that ence/thumb preference tests of psychot- Only half the supply of hormones without this antigen, which was made or ics to the result of anesthetizing the right needed is available in the United States controlled by a gene on the Y chromo- or left hemispheres in normal people sug- today. It is extracted from the pituitary some, masculine traits did not develop. gests to the Schlesinger researchers that gland of cadavers, and about 50 pitui- The germ cells in a man's testes each "bipolar manic depression and unipolar taries are needed to treat one child for contain an X and a Y chromosome. The recurrent depression may be linked, the one year. The treatment lasts five to 10 cells split to form two sperm cells, one former to the right hemisphere and the years on the average. bearing an X, the other a Y. The scientists latter to the left As a result, the thumb- In countries where regulations about speculate that sometimes the gene re- opposition test can help doctors dis- donors are less strict, the supply of pitui- sponsible for masculinization may de- tinguish between the two disorders. taries is greater and growth hormones tach itself and link up with an X -Jack Horn are available on a prescription basis. In chromosome or even a nonsex chromo- Erica Metzig, Steven Rosenberg and the United States, the hormone is avail- some. The result would be sperm bearing Mark Ast are at the Bernard W. able only from the National Pituitary an X and the hidden male gene, and Schlesinger Foundation, 217 Haven Ave., Agency. Because of its scarcity, it is given sperm bearing a useless Y chromosome. New York, N.Y. 10033. Stephen Krashen is only until the patient reaches a height of That would explain the presence of male now at the Department of Linguistics, five feet. traits in XX hermaphrodites. University of Southern California, Los An- Hintz and others hope their work with a Wachtel tested seven individuals, geles, Calif. 90007. substance called somatomedin will make aged two to 46, who had XX chromo- growth therapy more effective and more somes. Three of them were true her- Medicine available. Somatomedin is a middleman maphrodites with partially developed Hormones and in the therapy; it is stimulated by the male and female genitals; the other four Normal Height growth hormone and in turn it influences had masculine genitalia but some female A child who is abnormally short is often bone and cartilege to grow. By studying sex traits, such as high-pitched voices, the butt of his playmates' jokes. If his how somatomedin interacts with tissues no facial hair, or enlarged breasts. All small stature is inherited, there is not and cells, the researchers hope to learn seven showed the H-Y antigen. much he can do. Very occasionally, why they grow. And since somatomedin The presence of the H-Y antigen in though, people are unusually small be- is a smaller molecule than the growth hor- these individuals suggests that Y chro- cause they lack growth hormone. Doc- mone, it should be easier to synthesize mosome material exists in their cells. In- tors can supply that hormone to children once they learn its structure. -Jack Horn deed, the cells of two of the people did to help them grow to more nearly normal Hintz is an assistant professor of pedi- show a Y chromosome, or at least a piece heights. atrics at Stanford University Medical Cen- of it, transposed onto an X chromosome. Only one abnormally small child in a ter, Stanford, California 94305. The scientists believe that testing for hundred can be helped by hormone the H-Y antigen is the best clue to the therapy. Ten percent have some illness Sexual Traits presence of a Y chromosome or its sex- that causes their shortness and the other The Mystery determining gene, because even with the 89 percent are short due to heredity. "At of Hermaphroditism latest and most refined techniques, our present state of knowledge," Stan- For years scientists have wondered what pieces of the Y chromosome are difficult ford endocrinologist Raymond Hintz causes hermaphroditism, the condition in or impossible to detect. says, "there is no hormone that is going to which people possess a mixture of male Scientists still are not sure why some make someone bigger than their own and female sex traits or even anatomical XX people appear to be male, while oth- genes dictate." structures belonging to both sexes. Tests ers have ambiguous genitals. And no one It's important that those who can be have revealed that hermaphrodites carry knows conclusively whether the Y sex- helped start treatment early, since two X chromosomes, like women, rather determining gene is always the basis of chances of a good response diminish than one X and one Y as men do. Why, hermaphroditism. More studies are nec- after the age of 10. Even when treatment then, do hermaphrodites show male as essary to determine whether a Y-linked is started before then, some children de- well as female sexual characteristics? genetic factor or perhaps even an occa- velop antibodies that work against the Stephen Wachtel and a team of re- sional environmental factor might cause effect of the hormone. According to Hintz, searchers at Memorial-Sloan Kettering hermaphroditic sex differentiation in about eight children out of 10 who start Cancer Center believe that a single gene, some people. -Jody Gaylin treatment respond to it. normally found on the Y chromosome, The report appeared in the New Eng- When children do respond, their par- may hold the answer. land Journal of Medicine, Volume 295, ents and playmates have two reactions to In experiments during the 1950s scien- Number 14. watch out for-King Kong and Sweet Lit- tists noticed that female mice rejected tle Me. Sometimes the child becomes skin grafts from genetically identical male Note to professionals: to submit news items on very aggressive and picks fights with mice. Grafts from female to male or research or applied behavioral science, write everyone in sight. Or he may find it hard among mice of the same sex were not re- Patrice Horn, News Editor, psychology today, to change his body image, and become jected. This suggested the presense of a One Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016. 32 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 There's a smooth way to get away from harsh taste. Only KOOL has the smooth taste of extra coolness. Come up to KOOL. 20 CLASS A ECIGARETTES= 20 CLASSA CIGARETTES: KOOI KOOL SUPER KOOL Super Longs KOOL KINTE = Filter Kings MILD MENTHOL FILT MILD MENTHOL SUPER LONGS KINGS Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health. Kings, 17 mg. "tar," 1.3 mg. nicotine; Longs, 17 mg. "tar," 1.2 mg. nicotine, av. per cigarette, FTC Report Apr. '76 ©B&WT CO. Men and Women Report Their Views on MASCULINITY According to 28,000 Psychology Today readers, the macho frontiersman is well on his way out as the model of the ESE perfect American man. But he isn't gone yet, and men have more trouble defining the new male than women have. by Carol Tavris psychology today JANUARY 1977 he Hemingway hero is on T cause they are younger, more affluent, useful it was to fill out the survey to- the way out. Today, the ideal less religious, better educated, and more gether, but some learned more than man combines self - confidence, liberal (see box), but for just these rea- they expected. "His responses aren't success, and the willingness to sons we thought that if anyone were just a surprise to me-they're a shock. fight for his family and beliefs with wondering about the state of American He thinks sexual fidelity is not at all im- warmth, gentleness, and the willing- masculinity these days, they would be. portant for either sex, while I think it is ness to lose. Volunteer surveys are rarely represen- essential for both! What's worse is that I The macho male who is tough, strong, tative of the American public, because doubt that we'll be able to talk about aggressive, and has many sexual con- only the people who are especially inter- these discrepancies. Oh dear." But this quests is not admired by either sex. ested in the subject take the time and wife wrote later to amend her predic- Men and women are reaching for the effort to respond. In the case of a tion. "We did talk about the discrepan- androgynous ideal, but they haven't masculinity survey, this bias may have cies, and it was not only interesting, but quite caught it. Both sexes support the operated to draw more nontraditional fun." idea of "men's liberation," the efforts to respondents. "So why do I spend an The meanings of masculinity. The criteria liberate men from their emotional strait hour and 13 cents to fill out and mail the for manhood in this society are in a jackets. Men want to be more warm and questionnaire back?" wrote a young muddied state, which explains the diffi- loving than they feel they are, and minister from Georgia. "Because I feel I culty many respondents had in trying to women want their men to be more gen- must, to say very loudly, I'm tired of decide whether men are, or should be, tle, romantic, and expressive than the American male stereotypes! I have a different from women in personality men themselves do. beard, two biceps, a penis AND I'm ca- and ability. Many hew to the humanist Generally speaking, women are much pable of showing warmth, sharing line that there is no such thing as mas- more admiring of their men than the housework, and shedding a tear. Why culinity or femininity, just humanity. "I men are of themselves. are SO many men threatened by that feel that being either masculine or femi- Masculinity is harder for men to de- combination of characteristics?" nine is having the guts to be yourself," fine than for women. Women know it Several women wrote to say they had one man wrote. But others, in transition when they see it, and they consider tried to get their threatened husbands to from one set of standards to another, their men more masculine than the fill out the survey, but couldn't budge were uncertain and ambivalent. One men themselves do. them. "My husband said that answering fellow couldn't decide whether it was Masculinity today is a set of admirable surveys wasn't masculine," wrote one. OK or chauvinistic to be turned on by a qualities, appropriate for women too, Another added, "my husband, who good-looking woman: "I tend to think rather than a set of merit badges that views himself as liberal and is pro- of myself as a liberated humanist, but must be earned and rewon. Most people women's lib, didn't think it would be my gut reactions when I'm with a beau- don't think men have to prove their very important for him to see my re- tiful woman often tend to be distract- manhood any more in daring feats of sponse sheet or take the survey since, he ing. I am not talking about simple faucet-fixing or hand-to-hand combat. said, he is a man and a man knows more sexual attraction, although that is cer- These findings, and others, emerged about masculinity. In the words of Ms. tainly a part of it. I feel that the rest is from a survey David Pope and I designed magazine, CLICK." culturally induced, and I'd like to get rid for the readers of Psychology Today. This preliminary report compares the of it. I have not yet reconciled this con- Much attention has been devoted to answers of men and women to a number flict within myself." women's rights and roles in the last de- of key topics: personality traits; experi- For others the conflict involved role- cade, and we felt it was time to give men ences with love, sex, work and family; related behavior rather than feelings. a chance to express their side. The sur- and the range of ingredients that could One man bravely began a letter assert- vey was addressed to readers of both be considered part of masculinity or the ing that "When I open the door for a sexes, so we could see whether men and male role. Naturally we couldn't in- woman, or help her with her coat, or women agree on what makes a "real clude all of the nuances that people con- manage her chair, or open a tightly man," and what traits, if any, dis- sider masculine or feminine, and closed container, I feel that I am defi- tinguish such a creature from a real readers reminded us of the omissions. "I nitely masculine. I am the man, domi- woman. look at the way a man uses his hands," nant and superior." But by the end of the An equal number of men and women said one reader. "Nervous indecisive letter he was saying, "Actually I feel it is filled out the questionnaire, a total of movements are unmasculine to me." important that women begin doing 28,000 in all. People with a wide range "A man's voice and mannerisms influ- these types of things in the presence of of opinions gave us their views on mas- Jan Cobb ence me," wrote another. "I hate prissy men. After all, they'd do it anyway if a culinity. Psychology Today readers are gestures." man wasn't around." not typical of the average American be- Many couples wrote to tell us how To begin with, we gave readers a list of PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 35 traits and asked how important each as a sign of masculinity. But the women many letters. The ideal men are strong one was to their concept of the ideal are greedy. They don't just want a man but gentle, tough on the outside and soft man, and then again for the ideal who is merely sweet, thoughtful, lov- on the inside, able to express emotions woman, on a scale from "not at all im- ing, gentle, and faithful; they also rate but not a slave to them. "My husband portant" to "essential." The traits in- being successful at work more heavily treats me like a lady to the world he is cluded some that were traditionally than men do (66 percent to 54 percent). assertive, self-confident, but he is very male, such as competitive and strong, "The more successful a man is at his able to show his fears and uncertainties some traditionally female, such as soft chosen profession, the more masculine to me in private." "Although my hus- and loving to children, and some desira- I find that man," one woman said, but band feels least masculine when he is ble but sexually neutral, such as self- amended her remarks to say that the home with the family, I feel the op- confident and intelligent. Readers re- profession could be anything from chess posite. He is strong and powerful in the garded only a few of these traits as es- or gardening to medicine and big busi- business world all day, but when he sential for men-and essential for ness. To be fair, more women thought comes home and sometimes stays up all women, too. Almost everyone felt that job success was important for their sex, night nursing our sick children-the a real man and a real woman stand up too (60 percent to 41 percent of the men). concern, gentleness, and love he shows for their beliefs, are willing to fight and The androgynous combination of are no less masculine." defend their families, and are able to traits that women like turned up in It may seem that women are putting love. About 40 percent thought that an impossible load of requirements on self-confidence was essential for both. men, but I think it is more likely that PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS Half of the women thought intelligence % women define masculinity in terms of was essential for both sexes, but for Age Men Women whom they love, not an ideal they seek. some reason only a third of the men did. Under 20 12 21 They do not fall in love because a man is There was no single trait that readers 21-25 29 31 masculine; they decide a man is mas- overwhelmingly applied to men but not 26-30 23 20 culine once they are in love. Possibly for to women, or vice versa. Men were 31-35 14 11 this reason, the women seem more cer- more likely than women to think the 36-45 11 tain of their men's masculinity than the 12 ideal man is competitive (38 percent to men themselves are. Women were more Over 45 10 6 27 percent) and take risks (34 percent to likely to say their husbands or partners 25 percent). But neither sex thought Marital status were "more masculine" than average men should be especially aggressive; Never married 52 49 (44 percent to 29 percent), while the only some 30 percent thought this trait Married, first time 30 27 men were more likely to feel they were was essential or very important. Remarried 6 7 just average in masculinity (58 percent Some traditional images linger, Divorced, widowed 12 17 to 48 percent). though. Men thought physical attrac- Next, we asked men to evaluate Education tiveness was more important to their themselves on each of the characteris- ideal woman than to the ideal man. Professional degree 25 16 tics in the "ideal man" list, and for More men than women, though not a Some grad school 12 10 women to evaluate their husbands or majority of either sex, felt that "real" College degree 20 19 current partners. More women describe men should be more competitive, ag- Some college 32 39 their lovers as aggressive, physically gressive, strong, and successful at work High school or less 11 16 strong, competitive, self-confident, and than women. But the large proportion of successful at work than the men de- Political views men who believe that masculinity re- scribe themselves. Women also gave quires warmth, gentleness, and ability Very liberal 25 27 men more credit for being soft, warm, to love suggests that they are not your Liberal 31 37 gentle, good-looking, and good lovers. traditional machos, at least in theory. Moderate 26 25 However, there is a considerable gap be- If men are rejecting the John Wayne Conservative 14 10 tween everyone's ideal man and the re- model of masculinity, however, they Very conservative 4 1 ality, especially in the qualities of seem less sure than women about what warmth, gentleness, and romanticism. Religion should replace it. More women than For example, 86 percent of the women men said they know the essential or Atheist, agnostic 31 25 want a gentle man, but only 55 percent very important ingredients of mas- Protestant 30 36 say they have one; 68 percent of the culinity. They admire men who are ro- Catholic 22 21 men say their ideal man is gentle, but mantic (66 percent said this trait was Jewish 6 6 only 42 percent describe themselves essential or very important, compared Other 11 12 that way. to 48 percent of the men), warm (89 per- Men may have rated "being a skilled Income (personal) cent to 68 percent), gentle (86 percent to lover" as less essential to masculinity 64 percent), able to cry (51 percent to 40 None 6 16 than women did out of insecurity, but percent), and even soft (48 percent to 28 Less than $5,000 22 29 they need not worry. Almost half of the percent). They are also more likely than $5,000 to $9,999 19 25 women said that being a good lover was men to think that a real man is a skilled $10,000 to $14,999 19 19 highly characteristic of their men, but lover (48 percent to 38 percent) and to $15,000 to $19,999 16 7 only a fourth of the men felt this was believe that sexual fidelity is very im- $20,000 to $29,000 12 3 true of themselves. One young woman portant (67 percent to 42 percent). Nei- More than $30,000 6 1 said that her first two lovers had been ther sex regards many sexual conquests young, inexperienced, and impetuous. 36 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 How important or unimportant IDEAL MAN IDEAL WOMAN SELF MATE is each of the following traits to Men Women Men Women Men Women your concept of the ideal man Percent saying trait is "very important" Percent of men Percent of women and the ideal woman? or "essential" to ideal: saying trait is saying trait is "highly characteristic" "highly characteristic" of themselves: of their spouse or lover: Intelligent 71 84 70 83 - - Self-confident 86 86 76 87 32 43 Physically strong 19 21 4 7 15 37 Tall 7 11 4 2 39 40 Physically attractive 26 29 47 32 21 50 Successful at work 54 66 41 60 40 53 Competitive 38 27 18 22 26 33 Aggressive 30 28 16 21 16 23 Takes risks 34 25 21 26 21 25 Stands up for beliefs 87 92 82 90 57 58 Fights to protect family 77 72 72 70 59 52 Able to love 88 96 92 97 54 60 Warm 68 89 83 88 40 54 Gentle 64 86 79 86 42 55 Soft 28 48 63 62 16 25 Romantic 48 66 64 67 33 34 Able to cry 40 51 50 58 - - Skilled lover 38 48 41 44 25 46 Many sexual conquests 5 4 4 5 — - Sexually faithful 42 67 56 66 45 57 If she had stayed with them, she wrote, more important to a woman's sexual different ways. I would not exchange "I would truly have a low opinion of sex satisfaction than the women said it was my husband's gentleness and concern and men." But then she got an "older" for them. (This finding does not come for my lover's aggressiveness or lover, who had reached the ripe age of from different experiences, by the way. egoism." 30, and her life changed. "He went to Both men and women had had about the Beneath the egalitarian surface, some great lengths to see that I was happy," same average number of sexual part- traditional rumblings can be heard. A she reported. "What a difference! Thank ners, so the women's evaluations are minority of respondents of both sexes God for masculinity. Maybe it comes not a matter of "they don't know bet- thought physical strength was more im- with age?" ter.") Men can relax. The controversy portant for men than women, and we Male insecurity, and female admira- depends more on the eye of the beholder got some personal accounts that would tion, reappeared in several sexual ques- than the size of the organ. have pleased Sam Peckinpah. A young tions. The men modestly said their Liberated ideals, unliberated desires. One man wrote about saving his girl friend penis size was merely average, but the respondent explained that the question- from two wild dogs when the two had women said their husbands were larger naire had made her aware of conflicts gotten lost in a forest. "My girl friend than average (average: 66 percent of the about masculinity. "I had tended to ide- was very frightened that they would at- men, 56 percent of the women; larger alize traits such as gentleness and tack us, and tried to run but couldn't. I than average: 19 percent of the men, 38 warmth, indicating that they were vital had to push her toward the woods. I percent of the women). The men, worry- to masculinity. But when I reflected on stood there as she ran, drew my knife, ing, tended to think that penis size was one intense relationship, it was the and knew that I would try to kill those traits I had minimized on paper that had dogs if they attacked. At that moment, I aroused me in fact: pride in physical felt totally masculine, instinctive, and Percent saying trait is highly characteristic of strength, competition in sports, and his unafraid. I was in the paratroopers and themselves (men) or their husbands/current partner (women): constant awareness of being masculine. have been in combat, but for some rea- I think what I've found is that my feel- son this experience was extremely ex- Men Women ings still lie in the deepest of traditions. hilarating." Similarly, a young woman While I will continue to assert myself as wrote how her boy friend's strength and Physically attractive 21 50 powerful in my own right, I'll always calm saved them when they got lost on Aggressive 16 23 revel in my dreams of someone tall, a hiking trip: Physically strong 15 37 dark, and handsome, to open doors and "I was petrified. It was pitch black, Competitive 26 33 protect me forever." Another woman and we had wandered off the trail Gentle 42 55 solved her ambivalence by marrying a Somehow he got us out of there alive; Soft 16 25 gentle, yielding, affectionate man and I'll never know how. During the whole Warm 40 54 taking a dominant, aggressive, muscu- ordeal, he appeared calm and totally in Romantic 33 34 lar man as a lover. "I need both of these command of the situation. His reas- men," she wrote, "each fulfilling me in surances kept me calm, even when I fell PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 37 over a slight drop into a hole. Alone, I "the times I have felt really masculine would have probably curled up into a have been in Vietnam during a fierce ball and spent the night there, too ter- A male nurse said that firefight, where we were vastly out- rified to move." Another woman who numbered and won; the other was my admired the "in command" male, de- many people assume he is first parachute jump." Another said his scribed her husband's struggle to save homosexual, or at best most masculine experience occurred his fishing boat in the face of a thun- unmasculine. A male when he rescued a woman from being derous storm. "His masculinity was ap- elementary-school teacher mugged. parent because of his physical strength Fewer than 10 percent said they felt a and daring, self-confidence and com- said it took several man would lose his masculinity if he mand of the situation," she wrote. years before female were in a traditionally female occupa- The manly show. Possibly because so few teachers accepted him tion, such as nurse, model, nursery- couples get lost in the woods or need to school teacher, dress designer, or inte- as "a real man. fight dogs and things that go bump in rior decorator. Respondents were even the night, many men have few be- reluctant to say that men lose their havioral criteria by which to judge their masculinity if they don't work at all, masculinity. We asked male readers that is, if they live on welfare, drop out when they feel most masculine. It fair was that this woman, who led a very of the system, or stay home as house- turned out to be a tough question. One full and varied sex life, was able to give husbands. The only occupations that young man, struggling with definitions, me a tremendous sense of masculinity would make a substantial number of said "masculinity is an illusive quality. because she made me feel very special, men (under 20 percent) doubt a man's Sometimes I mistake showing off for very masculine, very 'sexy' when I slept masculinity were prostitution and go- it." Other men feel that masculinity is with her and those were new feelings to go dancing, and the only occupation a the show: spending money on women, me. The affair was short-lived but in large group thought should be restricted saying something witty or important to that time she taught me to be confident to men was armed combat (30 percent of impress others, playing the role of about myself and I think I can honestly the men and 37 percent of the women). teacher, accomplishing a task others say that since that time I have never However, men who worked in non- said was impossible. Some said they feel doubted my masculinity or felt inferior. traditional jobs had another perception masculine only in public, when the con- Nor do I feel I have to seduce every of the matter. A male nurse said that cern about behaving "like a man," and woman I meet. I am confident of my many people assume he is homosexual not behaving "like a homosexual," own sexuality and therefore, my or at best unmasculine. A male elemen- takes over. "I usually don't become masculinity." tary-school teacher said it took several aware of my masculinity," wrote one Another group of men (23 percent) years before he was accepted by the man, "except perhaps in the art of felt most masculine when they were in- female teachers as "a real man." And a drinking lots of liquor. I feel that be- volved in work, defeating an opponent, minister observed that "my profession cause I don't drink as much as the other achieving a major goal, or in competi- has never been traditionally seen as a guys, that there might be some doubt if I tion. For these men, masculinity was manly occupation. Therefore I have al- am a 'real' man." earned, a struggle to overcome barriers tered my concept of masculinity rather For such men, masculinity is a matter and to prove something to oneself or than question the masculinity of the to be established against other males. others. "I became certain of my mas- ministry." But for others, masculinity emerges in culinity," wrote one, "by becoming an Of arms and the man. If work doesn't de- relations with women. About one- accomplished football player after re- fine masculinity, maybe aggressiveness fourth of the men felt most masculine peatedly being told by both coaches and does. I noted already that most respon- in sexual contexts, wooing a potential friends that I was too small." "Learning dents did not consider aggressiveness to partner or making love. For example, to box (prize fight) as a youngster and be a desirable or essential masculine one married man wrote about meeting a winning a lot of medals helped me feel trait, but they were ambivalent about woman who was very attractive to him masculine," an older man said, "but its use. We asked readers what a man and desirable to other men, and who ex- making hard decisions in life made me should do if a stranger 1) accosted or in- pressed an interest in having sex with convinced of my masculinity." sulted his wife, and 2) provoked him to him. Nothing happened, "but this made Being and doing. Many writers, includ- anger. Men and women disagreed in me feel really masculine, and led to the ing Margaret Mead and Norman Mailer, their replies. In the first situation, more realization that I could be attractive to have observed that women acquire a women than men thought the woman women in a truly masculine sense- feminine identity simply by being, but should handle the matter (26 percent to giving me a confidence I have had ever men must earn masculinity by doing. nine percent), but almost twice as many since." A similar experience happened Masculinity, in this view, is precarious men as women were ready to hit the guy to a traveling salesman, who wrote: because it has depended on a man be- (19 percent to 10 percent). In the second "I had never been particularly accom- having in certain "male" ways and not situation, the men wanted to argue with plished with women and although my behaving in "female" ways. the insulting stranger, but the women wife was not a demanding person, I Most of the respondents disagreed wanted them to ignore the pest. thought of myself as a poor bed partner with this standard. Only a few men, for One woman specified a whole set of to her and wanted to know if it was be- example, felt most masculine in the circumstances that would determine cause of me or her. I met and had a brief context of fighting or war, the tradi- what her man should do. "If a man ver- relationship with a divorced| woman] tional means of earning male merit bally attacked me, say in a restaurant, I What was SO memorable about this af- badges. A young married man said that would want my husband to ignore him. 38 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 ^uthentic ^utograph^ A Very Special Investment Sam Houston 1793-1863 Men like Sam Houston, Stephen Austin and Santa Anna were an independent, courageous, special breed whose ideals and deeds continue to live through the letters, bills, commissions, grants, and public and private papers they left as their legacy to America. The Franklin Autograph Society now makes it possible for you to own an actual signature penned by the hands which shaped our destiny. Each autograph and the one-of-a-kind document upon which it appears is fully authenticated for the proud possessor to acquire and preserve for the increasing value the future invariably brings. Here is an extraordinary opportunity to purchase from our large collection of original autographs of history's greatest statesmen, presidents, scholars, scientists, heroes and heroines. All autographs are museum-quality framed, presented with photographs or line engravings of the signer, in a handsome velvet matte enclosed by an appropriate frame, and accompanied by a Certificate of Authenticity. PARTIAL LIST OF CURRENT SELECTIONS Prices begin at $200.00. We honor special requests whenever possible. John Q. Adams Benjamin Franklin Marquis de Lafayette Theodore Roosevelt Stephen Austin George III Robert E. Lee Santa Anna Benedict Arnold U.S. Grant Abraham Lincoln George Bernard Shaw Andrew Carnegie John Hancock Dolley Madison John Phillip Sousa Enrico Caruso Patrick Henry James Madison Charles P. Steinmetz James Fenimore Cooper Sam Houston James Monroe Harry S. Truman Charles Darwin Andrew Jackson Napoleon George Washington Thomas Edison Thomas Jefferson Pablo Picasso Anthony Wayne Albert Einstein Francis Scott Key August Rodin Daniel Webster The FranklinAutographSociety P.O. Box 389 Lansdale, Pennsylvania 19446 (215) 362-0976 For those who wish to share their acquisition with Please send free information on your collection of Authentic Historical another, we will enclose a Gift Card Addressed Autographs. according to your instructions. Enclosed find $1.00 for catalogue of autographs including descriptive literature and price list. Many other items in the current catalogue include $10.00 enclosed for membership in the Franklin Autograph Society, selections from the following: European Royalty; subscription to Newsletter/Catalogue. (Membership applies to purchase.) U.S. Presidents; Supreme Court Justices; Civil War NAME: Leaders; Signers of the Declaration of Independence. ADDRESS: CITY: STATE: ZIP: HOU 11/1 What our agents lack in media money, they make up in media brains. F.L. "Gus" Cooper, Vice President, "That alone was enough to convince them, but New York Life Insurance. then we brought out the clincher. "Compared to standard practice in the insurance "With Magazine Networks, we said, it's actually business, the total annu- possible for agents at the al amount of co-op local level to run ads in money we provide the the kinds of prestigious top half of our 10,000 magazines formerly agents makes us one of available only to corpo- the most cooperative rations on the national companies around. level. "But let's be honest. "In Time, News- "No matter how week, Sports Illustrated, slowly or quickly or U.S. News & World how often we count out Report. an individual agent's "All in convenient, co-op allowance, he efficient groups. (often she) doesn't have "All in the precise a great deal of money to upscale geographic, maneuver with. demographic and "Individually small psychographic combi- budgets notwithstand- nations you want to hit. ing, our agents do re- "What else can I markably well. say? They listened. It's "Because while a success. New York Life doesn't "Two years ago, help them spend big, we Magazine Networks do help them spend published 10 pages of smart. our agents' co-op adver- "Working with the tising. Last year, 41 pages. Compton media depart- And this year, we expect ment, we try to show our agents to double our agents ways we even that. think they can wisely "One thing's sure. invest their admittedly limited advertising dollars. We doubt that our agents will ever voluntarily give "At one time or another, nearly every conven- up their ads in Magazine Networks. tional co-op medium has been used. "And why should they? "Yet the idea that seems to be growing fastest is "For as little as $10 a page per agent, where else the one that's the boldest and most innovative. could they spend SO little yet spend SO smart?" "Cooperative" co-op ads. If you could use a little co-op help, or just have "Instead of one agent per ad, up to 25 agents per a crying need to avoid waste, find out what Magazine ad. Each agent with photo, name and phone number. Networks can do for you. Call Jim Armstrong, "Each ad presented in a medium as bold and as (214) 526-4570. innovative as the idea itself. "Magazine Networks. "Magazines, we told our agents when we pre- Magazine Networks sented the idea, reach your best prospects. Business The most precise way to buy the most precise medium. people. Upscale family people. And with magazines, you reach them powerfully and build your own MN prestige within the community. Create 'instant con- fidence, if you will. 1976 Media Networks. Inc., 600 Third Ave., New York. New York 10016 HOU 11/2 GIGANTIC GAINS from psychology today Save up to 60% on this wide-ranging collection of "WHERE current best-sellers in psychology DIDI MAKING women and other welpott visions judy dater SEXUAL AWARENESS COME FROM? WHAT'S HAPPENING Encyciopedia Psychology 05232 MAKING LOVE: How to Be 04337 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSY- 03929 SEXUAL AWARENESS, by 04317 WOMEN AND OTHER VI- 04314 "WHERE DID I COME Your Own Sex Therapist, by Pa- CHOLOGY. Edited by H.J. Ey- Dr. Barry W. McCarthy, psychol- SIONS. Photographs by Judy FROM?" tricia Raley. Foreword by David senck, Professor of Psychology, ogists Mary Ryan and Fred A. Dater and Jack Welpott. Over 100 04315 "WHAT'S HAPPENING TO E. Scharff, M.D. A beautifully il- London University. A practical Johnson. Fully illustrated by Pat evocative photographs show the ME?" lustrated, totally private pro- tool for professional and lay- Maloney. A practical guide for "teminine mystique" in all its gram that helps you achieve a Written by Peter Mayle. Illus- man, this readable 3-volume set achieving greater sexual satis- complexity. Most of the women trated in full color. The facts of more enjoyable sex life-with- contains the best scholarship faction. Rich in technique, this were strangers found in cafes, life for parents to share with out resorting to an outside and counseling of 300 contribu- useful handbook gives step-by- banks, shops and on the streets. therapist. Written in easy-to- children 7-8 years old through tors from 22 countries. Deals step exercises for each area Some are artists, others house- read language, this enlighten- the early teens. The texts are in- with such immediate concerns covered: self-exploration, geni- wives. Whether clothed or naked, ing work covers fantasy, formative and factual, pre- as child psychology, drug de- tal touching, enhancing vaginal these women reveal-in frank, sented with honesty and humor. arousal, orgasm, impotence, pendence, mental care, the role response, increasing potency, sometimes even unflattering Delightful cartoon illustrations. masturbation, sex and aging, of sexuality,vocational guid- learning ejaculatory control, poses-the truth about their Pub. Price $7.95 ea. pornography, everything you ance, plus information on med- oral-genital stimulation, much lives, their emotions, their YOU PAY $7.50 ea. need to help you expand your icine, biology, sociology, anthro- more. The emphasis throughout sexuality. Pub. combined Price $15.90 sexual horizons. 325 pp. 200 pology. 3 volumes. 5,000 en- is on mutual respect and total Pub. Price $14.95 04316 SPECIAL COMBINED photographs. tries, 1248 pp. sensual enjoyment. YOU PAY $11.95 Pub. Price $14.95 PRICE FOR BOTH, $10.95 Pub. Price $75.00 Pub. Price $8.95 YOU PAY $13.95 YOU PAY $39.95 YOU PAY $7.95 MEDITATOR'S SPECIAL-3 VOLUMES 04408-YOU ARE NOT ALONE: Understanding and Déaling with 02384-PSYCHOLOGY TODAY: An Introduction. The most au- Mental Illness. By Clara Claiborne Park with Leon N. Shapiro, thoritative and comprehensive introduction to psychology ever 03896-TM: Discovering Inner Energy and Overcoming M.D. This first and only practical guide to dealing with mental published. 38 distinguished contemporary psychologists con- Stress. By Harold Bloomfield, Michael Cain and Dennis Jaffe. A illness discusses every disorder from dyskensia to anxiety neu- tribute their knowledge to explain memory, group therapy, sexual nationwide best seller, "the most intelligent of the books on rosis, along with current treatments and services. behavior, the brain, instinct, much more. 1000 illus., 750 in full meditative technique revealed so far"-Washington Post Pub. Price $15.00 YOU PAY $9.95 color. Pub. Price $8.95 YOU PAY $7.95 Pub. Price $14.95 04359-TOTAL SELF-KNOWLEDGE, by Dr. Ernest Dichter. This YOU PAY $6.95 04321-THE MEDITATION DIET, by Richard Tyson, M.D. with book invites you to play a new game-know yourself better. The Jay R. Walker. Take inches off your body by taking the stress only rule: be honest. 04336-PASSAGES, by Gail Sheehy. A bestselling and very prac- (and emotional eating) out of your life with this simple tech- Pub. Price $11.95 YOU PAY $8.95 tical book on how to prepare for and deal with the predictable nique based on extensive research. crises that all of us pass through in adult life. Covers problems Pub. Price $7.95 YOU PAY $7.25 04196-HOW TO MAKE IT WITH ANOTHER PERSON, by Dr. unique to the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, etc. Richard B. Austin. From self-help quizzes to simple exercises, Pub. Price $10.95 YOU PAY $8.50 05231-HAPPINESS: The TM Program, Psychiatry and En- the techniques used in Dr. Austin's own practice will help you lightenment. By Harold H. Bloomfield, M.D. and Robert B. Kory. choose-and achieve-the type of intimacy that is best for you. Pub. Price $8.95 04360-WOMAN'S ALMANAC: 12 How-to Handbooks in One. Introduction by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. How the classic com- YOU PAY $7.95 Compiled and edited by Kathryn Paulsen and Ryan A. Kuhn. From plaints of anxiety, tension, insomnia, marital strife, adoles- 03930-PEOPLE-READING: How We Control Others, How They fixing a car to defending against rape, here's everything you cence, can be resolved-quickly and inexpensively-through the TM program when psychotherapy and other programs fail. Control Us. By Dr. Ernest G. Beier and Evans G. Valens. The need to know about the mind and the body, about earning a Pub. Price $8.95 YOU PAY $7.95 brilliant new way to find exciting possibilities in your personal living or running a home. relationships, your career, and in the way you view yourself. Pub. Price $12.50 YOU PAY $9.95 Combined Pub. Price $25.85 Pub. Price $8.95 YOU PAY $7.95 04050-HYMNS FROM THE RIG-VEDA. Translation and Sanskrit 05405 SPECIAL COMBINED PRICE FOR ALL 3, $19.95. 04245-PERMANENT WEIGHT CONTROL: A Total Solution to the calligraphy by Jean Le Mee. 94 beautiful photographs by Ingbert Dieter's Dilemma. By Michael J. Mahoney, Ph.D. and Kathryn Gruttner. 111/2" X 83/4". The timeless Hindu wisdom that embod- Mahoney, M.S.W., M.S. How changing your behavior patterns can ies the laws of the universe itself, and has been passed down HIGHEST SAVINGS OFFERED! help you take pounds off safely and keep them off permanently. over the centuries through an elaborate oral tradition. Pub. Price $7.95 YOU PAY $6.95 Pub. Price $12.50 YOU PAY $6.95 04239-THE PLEASURE BOOK, by Julius Fast. The best-selling author of "Body Language" invites you to try dozens of irresisti- ble ways of deriving greater pleasure from your body and mind- ziff-davis BOOKS BY MAIL (A Psychology Today Readers' Service) P.O. Box 953 02384 04245 from travel to sensory awareness. 04336 Pub. Price $8.95 YOU PAY $3.95 Hicksville, New York 11801 03829 04275 04337 04276-OWN YOUR OWN LIFE: A Distinguished Psychiatrist Please rush me the books whose numbers I have circled at right. Minimum order: $5.00 Tells How He Changed, How His Patients Changed, and How I enclose my check for the full amount (make check payable to Ziff-Davis Books by 03896 04276 04359 You Can Change. By Richard Abell, M.D., Ph.D., with Corlis Mail). Abell. Utilizing transactional analysis, non-verbal commu- Charge my: 03929 04314 04360 nication and Gestalt therapy, here is a book of hope and American Express Diner's Club BankAmericard Master Charge reassurance. 03930 04315 04408 Pub. Price $9.95 Acct. # YOU PAY $3.95 Expiration Date Master Charge Interbank # (4 #s over your name) 04050 04316 05231 04275-THE YOU THAT COULD BE, by Dr. Fitzhugh Dodson. A workable, self-actualizing program to help you break through FREE GIFT BOOK a $7.95 value - with order for $12.00 or more! 04196 04317 05232 social strictures and become an adventurous, unself-con- Name scious person. 04239 04321 05405 Pub. Price $8.95 (please print) YOU PAY $3.95 Address Apt. 03829-THE ULTIMATE ATHLETE, by George Leonard. How to Add $1.10 postage & handling to discover the joys of the athletic experience-and find that City State all orders. Zip playing the game is more important than winning. PT-177 Residents of Calif., Colo., Fla., III. Pub. Price $8.95 YOU PAY $3.95 Signature Mich., Mo., N.Y., D.C., and Tex. add applicable sales tax. PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 41 But if he said something that was totally can't wait. I believe in love, absolutely. inexcusable, and quite loud, I would But in the meantime, rather than go hope my husband would punch him. If The respondents do not crazy with loneliness, I will succumb he physically attacked me, I would be so for sex." like the idea of embarrassed if my husband didn't We found no differences among these punch him! But I definitely do not think violence much, but they groups in demographic factors-age, ed- fighting is an expression of manliness. I aren't strangers to the ucation, occupation, income, birth hate fist fights, but in the above situa- order, or religion-or in the importance tion I feel that it would be right." experience. Sixty percent they place on such life dimensions as Respondents do not like the idea of of the men have at least work, money, love, and sex. In some personal violence much, but they aren't occasionally hit another matters, the interesting differences strangers to the experience. Sixty per- were not between exclusive heterosex- man in anger, and 40 cent of the men have at least occa- uals and exclusive homosexuals, but be- sionally hit another man in anger, and percent have hit a woman. tween men who had hadno homosexual 40 percent have hit a woman on occa- experience and those who had, e.g., the sion, though few men say they punch ei- exclusive heterosexuals were less likely ther sex regularly. Women were more than men in any category of homosex- likely to have hit men than the other conquests, they were divided on ual background to value the ability to way around-65 percent of them have whether it requires heterosexuality. cry, and more likely to value com- struck a man in anger-and, moreover, Seventy percent of the heterosexual res- petitiveness, as masculine traits. they are more likely than men to feel pondents think that homosexual men Homosexual men regard themselves just fine about hitting a member of the are not fully masculine, although on as less masculine than average (40 per- opposite sex (32 percent to 17 percent; most issues in the survey heterosexuals cent, compared to seven percent of the half said the experience was "under- and homosexuals did not differ. heterosexuals), and more feminine than standable under the circumstances, but Heterosexuality and homosexuality average (36 percent to 19 percent). In I would not do it now," and the rest are are not either-or categories; as Kinsey terms of the stereotyped image of mas- sorry they did it). found out, "the world is not to be di- culinity, their evaluation is true: homo- Homosexuality and masculinity. While vided into sheep and goats." In describ- sexual men were much less likely to use most of the respondents did not believe ing their sexual preference, 68 percent violence, in their own experience or in that masculinity requires many sexual of the men said they were exclusively the hypothetical stories; much less heterosexual; 18 percent said heterosex- likely to own guns (40 percent of the ex- ual, but had had homosexual experi- clusively heterosexual men own a gun, ences; six percent said they were compared to only seven percent of the bisexual; five percent said they were ho- Men: When a man provokes you and makes exclusively homosexual); much less mosexual but had had heterosexual ex- you very angry what are you most likely to do? likely to follow sports or participate in Woman: When another man provokes your periences; and three percent were them. By self-report, the homosexuals' spouse or lover, what would you like him to do? exclusively homosexual. We compared antimacho inclinations began in child- the attitudes and experiences of these hood. The greater a man's commitment Hit him. 8 4 five groups, to see whether and how to homosexuality, the more likely he Threaten to hit their concepts of masculinity differed. was to report being ridiculed as a child him. 8 4 Generally the groups agreed on the for being a sissy: 27 percent of the ex- Argue with him. 45 28 traits of the ideal man, with several ex- clusively heterosexual reported such Make a joke of it. 5 10 ceptions. The more homosexual experi- ridicule, 44 percent of the heterosexuals Ignore him. 24 40 ence a man had, the more likely he was with some homosexual encounters, 62 Leave the scene. 10 14 to think physical attractiveness, percent of the bisexuals, 56 percent of warmth, and intelligence are essential the homosexuals with heterosexual ex- to a "real man." Homosexual men were periences, and 71 percent of the ex- Men:If a strange man deliberately accosted or also far more likely to say the ability to clusively homosexual. We found, insulted your wife or lover, what whould you be love was essential to masculinity (78 to significantly, that the men most wor- most likely to do? 59 percent of the heterosexuals) and ried about being thought homosexual Women: If a strange man deliberately ac- they placed greater importance on sex- were not the exclusive heterosexuals, costed or insulted you, what should your ual fidelity (55 to 44 percent). but the heterosexual men who had spouse or lover do? % But homosexual men were more had an occasional homosexual en- Men Women likely than heterosexual men to say counter. Hit him 19 10 they had never been in love (22 percent Homosexuals are as diverse in their Threaten to hit to three percent) and to have had many attitudes about masculinity as hetero- him. 18 14 more sexual partners (33 percent of the sexuals are, though by virtue of their Argue with him. 31 28 homosexuals had had more than 100 minority status they tend to be more po- Make a joke of it. 5 5 lovers, compared to two percent of the litically liberal and more in favor of Ignore him. 13 12 heterosexuals). As one homosexual men's-and women's-liberation We Let the woman wrote, "I've found homosexuals to be got letters from some who felt un- handle the matter. 9 26 relatively notorious sexually, with the masculine and wanted to be heterosex- Leave the scene. 5 5 heteros coming up fast. We all want the ual; others who were strong and certain same thing: sex with love. But too often (Continued on page 82.) 42 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 The for TREASURES OF TUTANKHAMUN The elegant solid gold funerary mask of the boy-king Tutankhamun. One of fifty-five treasures on display from King Tut's fabled hoard. National Gallery of Art New Orleans Museum of Art Seattle Art Museum Washington, D.C. New Orleans, Louisiana Seattle, Washington November 17, 1976-March 15, 1977 September 15, 1977-January 15, 1978 July 15, 1978-November 15, 1978 Field Museum Los Angeles County Museum of Art Metropolitan Museum of Art Chicago, Illinois Los Angeles, California New York, New York April 15, 1977-August 15, 1977 February 15, 1978-June 15, 1978 December 15, 1978-April 15, 1979 This exhibition, organized by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, is made possible through the assistance of the National Endowment for the Humanities and Exxon Corporation. EXXON un and THE FASCINATING KING NAMED KONG BY MARK RUBINSTEIN NEARLY 43 YEARS AFTER ITS RELEASE in myth that Sigmund Freud helped eluci- women or makes them his brides, no 1933, Hollywood is remaking the film date as long ago as 1913. one seems to know. classic King Kong. It may seem odd that The film opens as Carl Denham, an The natives worship and fear Kong. such a blatant fantasy should succeed SO entrepreneur and filmmaker, is search- They dress themselves in ape costumes, admirably where others of the same ing for a woman willing to join him on a mime him, and chant and dance ritu- genre have failed. But King Kong voyage to a remote corner of the world alistically. Evidently Kong does some- touches us as few films can, for its where they will make a mysterious thing for them in return: he refrains dreams are deeply embedded in the indi- film. He happens upon Ann Darrow, from breaking down the massive wall vidual and collective human psyche. whom he rescues from an angry fruit- the natives have erected between him The ease with which the film draws vendor whose wares she has just tried to and their village. The film also implies the viewer into its surreal world is steal. that Kong protects the village from partly due to its technical wizardry. Denham feeds her and promises star- other large predators (dinosaurs, ptero- King Kong was the first good film to ani- dom, and she becomes a ready partner in dactyls) that inhabit the island. mate miniature models by means of his scheme. Denham's ship and its ad- The natives clearly regard Kong as a stop-motion photography, and to use venturous crew set off for a desolate and totem animal, and it is here that the rear-process and superimposed images. forbidding part of the world, where heart of the mythology of King Kong The film's use of Arnold Bocklin's maca- everything familiar is lost behind roll- resides. Freud, in his book Totem and bre painting, "The Isle of the Dead," to ing banks of mist and fog. Taboo, speculated that aboriginal man represent Skull Island, the home of The beast-god. They drop anchor off lived in small hordes or clans within Kong, accentuates the dreamlike Skull Island, which looms out of the sea which the oldest and strongest male quality. So does Max Steiner's lush mu- to the accompaniment of throbbing na- took as many wives as he could, and sical score. tive drums. The explorers discover that jealously guarded them against other But the key to the film's immense the natives are engaged in a primitive men. By driving out or killing the oth- Eraldo Carugati popularity is that its various elements and frightening ritual-the sacrifice of a ers, this jealous father established him- combine to form a colossal, universal young woman to the great ape Kong. self as head of the horde. The younger myth about human history, religion, so- These sacrifices seem to propitiate the males then wandered off, and, by find- ciety, the family, and sexuality. It is a beast-god, but whether he devours the ing partners from other clans, were able PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 45 Power to Possess Hitherto closely guarded secrets used by many of the greatest men and women in recent history to become rich and famous are now YOURS! The Personal Magnetism Systems of Edmund Shaftesbury Now, "Instantaneous Personal Magnetism" eas- ily be developed to bring you all the things you MAGNETISM have always wanted in life - fortune, fame, friends, OPERATIONS fine clothes, pleasure cars, a beautiful home, the means to culture and travel. Dame Fortune pays her rewards to men and women who DARE! Today, with everyone fighting for "pelf, position, and power," you must be bold if you are to lay hold of the things you want. Most people don't Instantaneous Personal Magnetism DARE get a "Magnetism Course". That's what gives Now published all in one you a tremendous advantage when you get one because few of the people with whom you deal Big Magnificent Volume know the secrets it contains. in your idea of what gets them. power of Personal Magnetism. But we do not claim that a "Magnetism It really isn't master brains, super-shrewd- Doctors - Every successful physician Course" will make you financially rich ness or marvelous foresight. It is a certain needs to have finely controlled and well- "overnight". Although you will surely reap mysterious element that is the greatest developed Personal Magnetism. Reports abundant rewards in cold cash, here are force known to mankind and it is called from 12,624 doctors acknowledge that some other phases of good fortune and "Personal Magnetism". our system has been the main cause wealth that will be yours: "Instantaneous Personal Magnetism" is for their rise from mediocrity. You'll seem different from commonplace a book for the individual who thinks it Businessmen and women - Where pa- people around you. There will be a snap isn't in him to make good. This book trons may exercise choice in their deal- and sparkle in your eyes, an enlivened will quickly show him he is wrong and ings, Personal Magnetism is most effec- soul behind them. Vivacity will be in your give him the methods to prove it. tive. More than 400,000 persons in the actions, hearty good fellowship in your laugh, a vibrant bearing to your body- The book is written SO that the lessons past 45 years have attained success as steady nerves will control every motion. can be easily mastered by persons of a result of Personal Magnetism. A subtle magnetism will electrify your any degree of learning and put to prac- The book actually defies complete des- voice, your touch, your look. Clever busi- tical use immediately. Society is a great cription. It is a singular revelation that ness plans will clamor for adoption. It field for the exercise of the powers of casts a spell over all who open it. You will become easier to think, to reason attraction. A young man or woman who must get it, read it, and live it. That's the and to play. Your brain will flash forth posesses the actual charm of Personal only way - the quick way to get marvel- bright ideas and become your bidding Magnetism, even if poor or inexpensively ous results. servant. An admirable manner of meet- dressed, will not be ignored or treated Try "INSTANTANEOUS PERSONAL MAG- ing people will be yours. Rare astuteness with indifference. NETISM" without risk for a few days and in financial transactions will unfold. Phys- Even the book itself is magnetic. In one see if it doesn't immediately change ical well-being will give sure foundation of many instances, a person who owned your ideas, thoughts, and actions! for highest mental powers. a copy of this book of Personal Magne- You must be pleased when you accept Edmund Shaftesbury had developed this tism was spending a few weeks at a fash- this order or you get your money back if course in private while he was engaged ionable summer hotel. He left the book you return the book at any time. There's as a reporter, correspondent, writer, then on a table for a few days and learned no risk - no use waiting - nothing to author and had encountered a great that nearly four hundred other guests worry about and everything to gain. Your many people. With his keen insight he had obtained the address of the pub- copy is ready; just send for it. was able to analyze the causes that lishers and had ordered the book. In made people great. But what he taught another case, a physician kept a copy Pelton Publishing Corp. Dept. A in private to his now famous students on the table in his waiting room. In the Box 686 Montclair, N.J. 07042 who later startled the world with their course of time more than two hundred ©1926 achievements, YOU can now get in print! of his patrons procured the address and Pelton Publishing Corp. Dept PT-I ordered copies for themselves. The basic principles of what Shaftesbury Box 686 Montclair, N.J. 07042 taught in private the advice, the coun- Omitting all these persons who received I want a copy of the 400-page "Instan- sel, even the methods he taught them private teaching and looking only to taneous Personal Magnetism" contain- together with hundreds of startling new those who secured help solely from ing Shaftesbury's 73 private lessons in Per- ideas and discoveries he has since made reading the book, we find some of the sonal Power. If I am not satisfied I will are included in this course. following results: return the book to you at anytime for Perhaps like many other people you were Ministers Over 2,781 pastors in small refund. not exposed to the proper environment churches improved themselves, their tea- I enclose $19.95 as payment in full. that would lead you to all these benefits ching and effectiveness, and compen- Name or maybe false thinking made you be- sation. lieve you weren't "cut out" for them. Lawyers - All of no less than 7,793 at- Address Maybe you thought you just couldn't tourneys who started at the bottom rose have them But you were wrong! And to the heights of success, even to be- City & State Zip here is the reason why: you were wrong come great leaders. Each owes it to the 46 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 Copyright RKO Radio Pictures to prevent inbreeding. Freud borrowed sense of guilt for having slain the father father) and on subsequent prohibitions this idea, by the way, from Charles Dar- and to insure that his spirit would not against incest and aggression. Similarly, win, who emphasized its biological seek retribution. They therefore created religion developed from the need to ex- aspects. a totemic system by which some ani- piate the common sense of guilt. The At some point, Freud suggested, the mal was chosen to be a substitute for whole process, tragic and violent as it expelled sons banded together to the slain leader. The animal's life would may have been, served to promote the murder and eat the primal father, be protected and treated as sacred. Even- survival and increasing civilization of thereby ending the father-dominated tually, the totem animal and father the society. horde. Devouring the father also al- would become a tribal god. One further element in this theory is lowed each son and brother to identify Totemic religions and their deriva- essential. Freud held that each indi- with the father, to share a portion of his tives attempt to assuage guilt and ap- vidual repeats part of the collective ex- strength. pease the primal father through obei- perience in relation to his or her own But the murder of the patriarch posed sance. As Freud pointed out, however, parents. Just as in the ancient horde, the a new problem. Once the brothers iden- religions are ambivalent. The sons' child wants to possess the parent of the tified with the father, they were all sense of guilt at their defiance was nev- opposite sex to the exclusion of the rival rivals for the women. This impractical er obliterated and, according to the parent of the same sex. Later, by re- and dangerous situation could have de- deeply rooted law of retaliation, the nouncing such Oedipal strivings and stroyed their new social organization. murder could be atoned for only by the coming to terms with the imprac- And so, to insure group harmony and sacrifice of another human life. In ticality of such incest, the child comes survival, they prohibited marriage to Christianity, for instance, man's origi- to identify with the same-sex parent women within the clan. Marriage could nal sin was an offense against God the and seeks marital fulfillment with a only take place outside the extended Father, and man could redeem himself spouse who may resemble the orig- family. Sexual relations with women of only by the sacrifice of Christ, God the inally desired parent. the same clan were now considered in- Son. Thus each person's development re- cestuous and forbidden. Freud maintained, then, that human flects or copies part of the social de- Religions are ambivalent. The members society was founded on a common velopment of the human family, and of the clan also needed to assuage their criminal deed (the murder of the primal each one of us must deal with some of PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 47 the same issues in the nuclear family as did the members of the primal horde. It should be clearer now, at least to those who have seen the movie of 1933, why the story of King Kong has the power to move us the way it does. It not only retells certain basic myths of human society and religion, but it also recounts stories of our own childhood passions and development. As the story unfolds, the high priest of the Kong totem clan offers to make a trade with the explorer Denham in order to possess the "golden woman," Ann Darrow. Denham refuses, and SO the natives steal aboard the ship and seize her. They offer her in sacrifice to the totem beast-god, trussing her to two large stakes within the confines of the wall. Then they summon Kong by beat- Copyright RKO Radio Pictures ing a large gong. We hear a thunderous roar and Kong appears. He leers at Ann Darrow and makes off with her to the remote re- ing that the photographers with their zoned with the message, "King Kong gions of the island. flashbulbs are hurting Ann Darrow, Died For Our Sins." Protective and possessive. The music Kong strains against his bonds and tears Collective sin. This film distills cen- races as Denham, Ann's lover Jack Dris- himself free. He smashes his way turies of developing religious myth. On coll, and other crew members give through the building and emerges in the Skull Island we are in a primitive chase beyond the wall, and as the action streets of Manhattan. Once again the totemic world of sacrifices to the primal progresses it becomes apparent that we natives scatter as Kong bursts through father. On Manhattan Island, although are somehow moving backward in the the wall. Kong is still the totem animal and again stream of time-that Skull Island is a But Manhattan is not an island where represents the slain father, he is also dreamlike land where time stands still. time has stopped, and his battles, something more. He becomes the sacri- Kong battles a Tyrannosaurus rex, a though similar to the ones on Skull Is- ficial object itself-the God-Son whose giant snake, and a pterodactyl. The ape's land, are with machines instead of with martyrdom is meant to atone for the Cyclopean size and power, and his abso- Mesozoic creatures. He pummels an el- original collective sin against the father. lute determination, make him a godlike evated train as he once did the snake. He This progression from Skull Island to and indomitable figure in his primeval finds Ann Darrow, abducts her, and Manhattan Island reveals mankind's re- world. takes her to the highest peak on the is- lationship to the primal father and the During this part of the narrative, land-the Empire State Building. (In the evolution of his religion. Kong saves Ann from the snake and the remake of the film, he will straddle the It should not perplex anyone that this pterodactyl. He is protective and pos- twin towers of the World Trade Center, creature represents at different times sessive. But while Kong is battling the the newest temple of technological the primal father, the substitute totem ptetodactyl at the entrance of his cave, achievement.) But steel birds that spew animal, and finally the son. Multi- Jack rescues her, and they make their fire and bullets mortally wound the faceted symbolism of this sort is typical way back to the native village. Wild giant ape. He manages to tear one of the of mythology, fable, dream, and re- with rage, Kong thunders after them planes apart, as he did the pterodactyl. ligious allegory. King Kong is all of and shatters the door of the wall that But with his strength ebbing, Kong these. The issues of sacrifice and obe- has separated him from the village for SO looks longingly at Ann Darrow and dience, power and possession, sin and long. He destroys everything in his path carefully places her aside. It is the most atonement all converge in the same before Denham finally overcomes him touching scene of the film. Surrounded timeless dreamscape. In a hallucinatory with a gas bomb. by the buzzing planes, he flails at them condensation of time and place, the film Modern technology has conquered until he plummets to his death. portrays man in both primitive and con- god and beast. As in Freud's version of this universal temporary form, in the primal jungle Denham removes Kong from the pre- myth, the savage primal father becomes and in the modern city, endlessly strug- history of Skull Island to modern-day deified. The tyrant of Skull Island, bent gling with the massive archetype, King Manhattan Island, a move that spans on the abduction and possession of the Kong. millions of years. Once safely back in woman, is martyred before our eyes at As with all myths and fables, King civilization, he decides to display his the top of the modern world. He emer- Kong has other layers of meaning than prize for all to see. Kong is chained to a ges as a godlike and unbegotten giant the one I have described. Some critics great chromium cross, and the crowd whose fate is that of crucifixion, en- see it as a tragedy of human beings un- gasps at his sinewy, helpless form. This circlement, and slaughter. Our sympa- leashing environmental forces they do crucifixion is clearly reminiscent of the thy is real. So is our contrition, which not understand. Both men and nature crucifixion of Christ. Suddenly, think- may account for the T-shirts embla- (Continued on page 111.) 48 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 GM Beloved Skinflint. BUICK SKYLARK. Time was, any car you called windows and trunk. In short, Skylark constantly rewards skinflint' was about as loveable as an attic fan. On the your emotions: elegant fabrics here, cut-pile carpeting other hand, any car you loved usually asked frequent there - everything from shiny lacquer paint to squarish demonstrations of your affection in gas stops and the European lines. cost of ownership Yet for all its ability to charm the heart, Skylark is a But now there is Buick Skylark. It's one automobile pillar of practicality to own that appeals to both your car-loving and budget- Consider mileage. According to EPA estimates, a watching instincts at the same time. Skylark with standard V-6 engine, available automatic Step inside. If you've specified the custom trim transmission, and standard 2.56 axle ratio, achieves that's available, you'll find the seats clothed in rich velour 27 miles per gallon on the highway, and an equally with thick foam bolsters for backs and shoulders. impressive 17 in the city. Naturally your mileage may Take the controls. Notice how the switches and vary, depending on how and where you drive, the gauges come readily to hand and eye. As an added condition of your car, and its equipment (California touch, the speedometer is graduated in km/h as well EPA figures are lower). But anytime you can combine as mph. mileage of that sort with the magic we just described, Bring it to life. Underhood there's an innovative and get it all for a purchase price that's within reach of little gem of a V-6-Buick-made, of course. all but the most austere budgets, well, it makes Skylark Set it in motion. The ride is firm but supple, and the well worth considering, whole car is solid and agile on its feet. Notice how quiet doesn't it? You know it is, too-there's an abundance of sound-deadening it does. insulation because, after all, Skylark is a Buick. Skylark is at your From here, nothing much left to do but enjoy the BUICK Buick dealer. In Coupe, options that are available. Like a Delco AM-FM stereo Hatchback and Sedan and tape. Or factory-installed CB, Or electric door locks, body styles. The IMAGE-FREEZING MACHINE Photography has become as much a part of human nature as man's opposable thumb. It overcomes the limits of memory. A distinguished social psychologist examines how picture-taking affects human behavior. by Stanley Milgram PHOTOGRAPHY DESERVES MORE attention is the "individuating" device par excel- able to public scrutiny than the brain. from the psychologist than, say, the act lence, always recording a particular Painting and drawing were the first so- of tying our shoelaces. Photography is a person or thing. By permanently docu- lutions to the problem. But depicting technology that extends two psycholog- menting the action, the photograph im- images on the wall of a cave, or papyrus, ical functions: perception and memory. plies the polar opposite of anonymity silk, or canvas required a special talent, It can thus teach us a good deal about and accordingly enhances social which only a few possessed. how we see, and how we remember. But control. Photography allowed anyone to it can also teach us a good deal more. Evolutionary developments. The habit of freeze a moment of visual experience, The challenge is to identify psychologi- taking pictures is now so widespread, and thus to augment his memory, to cally interesting components of pho- we forget how recent it is. Two hundred preserve it beyond his own lifetime, and tography, and to deepen our years ago, only a talent for drawing and to show others what he saw. To a psy- understanding through analysis and painting would allow a person to make a chologist, this new capacity to fix and experimentation. visual record of what he saw. By the end externalize visual experience imme- One may inquire, for instance, into of the 19th century, anyone could do it diately raises the question of what peo- the effects of a camera's presence on so- with the aid of a simple rectangular box. ple choose to render into permanent cial behavior. To study this, one of my He looked into a small ground-glass photographic images. students, Maya Heczey, recently com- window, framed the picture he wanted, In principle, the camera could be used pared the size of contributions to a med- and pushed the shutter. Kodak did the to record any visual event: stars, lakes, ical charity made by individuals who rest. garbage, loaves of bread. But over- are photographed as they donate and The best way to grasp the human sig- whelmingly, what people wanted to re- those who are not. She found that in the nificance of photography is to think of cord were images of themselves and presence of the camera, people give sub- camera, film, and tripod as evolutionary their loved ones. The growth of portrait stantially more money. In another ex- developments that are as much a part of photography in the 19th century is as- periment, she also found that antisocial human nature as man's opposable tonishing, even by today's standards of behavior was inhibited; substantially thumb. Human sensory and informa- rapid technological exploitation. The more automobiles come to a halt at a tion-storing capacities have limits, for 19th century absorbed photography stop sign when a person is taking pic- visual images are incompletely stored with a voracious thirst that revealed the tures at the intersection, than when a in memory, often in a highly sche- extraordinary need for an image-freez- person is present but has no camera. matized form, and subject to decay and ing machine. The process was scarcely Both experiments touch on the degree distortion. Photography is one way to known before 1839; in 1849 a hundred to which people feel accountable for overcome these limits. thousand daguerreotype portraits were their actions, and how this affects their Moreover, memory is private. It re- made in Paris. By 1860 New York City behavior. At one extreme, a person may sides in the neural structure of the indi- claimed more than 50 photo-portrait perform an act unobserved by others. vidual, and does not directly take the studios. Although some photographers But even behavior performed in the pre- form of an external object that others made a living by taking and selling pic- sence of others has a transitory quality. can see. When each person dies, all the tures of faraway places, the business It happens, then disappears. The camera images stored in his brain vanish, along end of the enterprise rested on portrait David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson The Museum of Modern Art carries the documentation of the act with all the other information he pos- photography. That is what people beyond the situation in which it was sesses. The perishability of our visual wanted most of all. carried out. It thus alters levels of ano- experience led men to place it on some- To understand how special this fact is, nymity and responsibility. The camera thing more permanent and more avail- consider that when the technical means 50 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 (n) X, OF for recording auditory events became buy outside a famous landmark are no about its nature. A photographer takes a possible later in the century, there was substitute for the pictures one has picture. He does not create it or borrow no such rush to record one's voice. In- taken, even if the quality of the com- it. A tourist travels to a foreign country, stead, people wanted recordings of im- mercial product is superior to one's sees a peasant in the field, and takes his personal cultural objects, mainly own. It is seizing the image through picture. I find it hard to understand music. one's own act that seems uniquely wherein the photographer derives the While the recording of sound depends satisfying. right to keep for his own purposes the on performance, visual recording does The act of taking a picture, like the image of the peasant's face. "Give it not. A person may remain passive and act of seeing, occurs in a broad range of back, give it back," the peasant might still be recorded by the camera. This human situations. No matter what the cry, "it's my face, not yours." contrast between the passivity of pho- subject, it always involves some sort of It is convenient for photographers to tography and activity of sound record- exchange. First, there is the trade-off be- carry on their activities with the as- ing reaches down to the very origin of tween the passive enjoyment of a sumption that individuals give their the physical energies underlying the unique moment, and the active process tacit assent to being photographed. (I two processes. The energy for a voice of photographing it. The man who sees a am referring not to the use of the photo- recording originates in the activity of graph, which is bound by legal con- the speaker, but the energy for a photo- straints, but to the act of photographing graph of him is external in origin, mere- others, which is considerably less con- ly light that bounced off him. You can trolled by law.) In order to study how photograph a corpse but cannot record it on cassette. The potentially passive na- The English language people feel about giving away their im- age, my students and I recently went ture of photography colors the entire into the streets of midtown Manhattan is blunt about the process. It means the camera captures and, camera in hand, asked more than a what one is, a state of being. nature of photography. hundred strangers: "May I take your Mechanical truth. The viewer is part of A photographer picture?" If asked to explain his mo- the process of photography. As we look takes a picture. He does tives, each student answered simply, at photographs, psychologist Rudolph not create it or "I'm interested in photography." Of the Arnheim has pointed out, we see them people we approached on 40th and 42nd through a special attitude that colors borrow it. How do people Streets, 35 percent allowed us to take our response to them. Unlike painting, feel about giving away their picture, while 65 refused. Hands in which we know that every detail is their image? went up over faces, people scowled, or created by the painter, the photograph is walked hurriedly, reminding us that the interpreted as the product of a mechan- act of photographing has given rise to a ical process. As soon as the camera set of gestures that never existed before clicks, images within its view are en- the camera. Presumably, before the coded onto the film without further press photographer came on the scene, human effort. Details may be recorded beautiful scene and has his camera, criminals rarely held their hands over without any necessary intention on the stops to take a picture; but the pho- their faces or wrenched their faces into part of the photographer. Indeed, he may tographic act may interfere with his contorted positions when arraigned. discover things in his picture he was not fully savoring the experience. He must Photography has created an entirely aware of at the time he took it. For the interrupt a spontaneous set of activities new choreography of human body camera provides a mechanical and ex- and divide his attention between enjoy- movement. haustive rendering of visual surfaces, ment of the scene and the mental set In Bryant Park, the population divided within the range of its technical capaci- needed to photograph it. The moment is evenly into those who assented and ties. This directness and infinite in- devalued as he trades the full value of those who refused. Females seemed less clusiveness confer on photographs a the present experience for a future rec- willing than males to have their pic- high degree of credibility. We are more ord of it. tures taken. The willingness of people likely to believe that an object depicted Human activities, such as travel, to have their pictures taken interacts in a photograph really existed than, say, come to be transformed by pho- subtly with mood, temperament, and an object depicted in a painting. The tographic possibilities. We seek out the exact pose and circumstance of the truthfulness of the camera is not, of places not only for their beauty, but be- potential subject. Of the six people course, guaranteed by this fact. Photo- cause they are suitable backgrounds for lounging on the grass whom we ap- graphs can be faked, or they may be un- our pictures. A group of tourists, cam- proached, five agreed to have their pic- representative of what they purport to eras hanging about their necks, sees tures taken, an impressively high depict. But even here, if we examine the their arrival at the Eiffel Tower as the proportion. photographs carefully enough, some de- consummation of a photographic quest. One thing is clear. The culture of pho- tail in the photograph itself may belie The place comes to be subordinate to its tography is so widespread, and the nor- the photographer's claim. photographic potential. The value of a mality of taking pictures so deeply Urges and exchanges. People possess a vacation depends not only on our expe- rooted, that everyone understood what photographic urge, an enormous desire riences, but on how it all comes out on it meant to be photographed, and all to fix the image of things in a form they film. took the request in stride. can later consult. And it is, for many The photographing act is best seen as The importance of this fact can be un- people, an urge to fix the image through an exchange when we photograph other derstood only in comparison with other their own efforts. The pictures one can people. The English language is blunt requests one might make. For example, 52 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 Alice Hampton couldn't put this book down for four weeks. Can the Mayflower Moving Kit be that fascinating? Alice and thousands of other readers can be wrong. It is helpful. From thirty days before you move, right up until you arrive in your new home. The Kit goes through the whole moving process, day by day. Labels, cards, charts, and other thrill- ing stuff. Listen, don't laugh. When you move, you need all those things. You need to notify the post office, inform utilities, cancel services. You need to pack and label "don't load" and "load last" cartons. You need to evaluate and inventory everything you're moving. When you're working from the Mayflower Moving Kit, you can't forget anything. All the forms and checklists are right there. Does it matter who moves you? Sure. The better the mover, the better the move. We've been moving people safely for 48 years. And, of course, we hope you'll be prompted to call us. But we give the Kit to anyone who needs it, without obligation. MOVING MayHower No romance, no violence, no plot. Just a happy ending: You and your family, safely moved. You almost can't go wrong when you move by our Moving Kit. It's free. Send for it today. Mayflower Dept. PT P.O. Box 107B Indianapolis, Indiana 46206 Send me my free Mayflower Moving Kit right away. It's free. NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP APPROXIMATE MOVING DATE a few years ago our class went into the for five minutes, and observers counted another study, our two experimenters New York subway. Each student stood the people who interrupted the line of abandoned their camera and started in front of a seated passenger, and asked: sight between camera and subject, and playing ball from one-half, three-quar- "May I have your seat?" However triv- the people who changed course to walk ter, and four-quarter positions on the ial the request may seem, it is ex- around it. Next, the photographer 42nd Street sidewalk, lobbing and roll- tremely difficult for us to utter, and moved back until pedestrians could just ing the ball to each other. This time impossible for some. squeeze through by using the remaining there was far less respect for the rela- But the act of asking to photograph quarter of the sidewalk and again held tionship, and, when three-quarters of another flows naturally and is self-justi- the camera to her eye for five minutes. the sidewalk was blocked, 91 percent of fying. It is part of a shared culture. Per- Finally, she moved all the way to the the pedestrians walked through, com- haps in our culture we are profligate curb so that there was no way a pedes- pared to 31 percent when a photograph with our images because we feel the trian could pass without breaking the was being taken. photographer does not really take them line of sight, except by ducking, wait- Passersby also muttered that the pair from us but simply reproduces them, a ing, or walking into the street. had no right to play ball on midtown form of visual cloning in which the orig- The results speak well for the respect sidewalks. But such a remark was never inal is not diminished even while mul- made when the pair was using a camera. tiples of itself are created. This suggests that many activities, such Every culture varies in the degree to as playing ball, are only deemed proper which it is camera-shy. In Peru, the In- when confined to a particular place: a dian women run away when you aim the camera at them, and they look at There is a "privileged school yard, a park, etc. But there is no such definition for the act of taking a you suspiciously if you even finger your space" between a picture. Indeed, we work the other way. camera. Maybe they are right, and the photographer and his Any place is considered appropriate for custom of letting strangers take our pic- subject. The taking a picture, unless the photographs tures bespeaks an inexcusable indif- violate sanctity or privacy, as in a fu- ference to our own image. No one reluctance of others neral parlor or brothel. knows what the tourist with the camera to violate the Research needs. An important set of psy- will do with one's image. Maybe when line of sight measures chological questions concerns the way he gets back home, he will laugh at it, the legitimacy in which a person learns to take photo- use it for darts, or as a stimulus for graphs. Although children, for example, they ascribe to the bizarre sexual experiments. are reported to have a clear, naive vision Social rules. Even the most mundane oc- photographic act. of things, imbued with wonder and casion for taking a snapshot involves us freshness, the fact is that there are no in a relationship, and moreover, it is a great photographers who are children. relationship that others perceive and in Perhaps we have simply not placed the some degree respect. For we don't just camera in a child's hands at a suffi- take photographs. The activity is cir- shown the photographic relationship. ciently early age, but I am skeptical of cumscribed by certain social rules that Ninety percent of the pedestrians re- this argument, having seen large num- are widely shared, even if they are im- spected the line of sight in the first con- bers of photographs taken by my own plicit. People will exert some effort, for dition, 69 percent in the second, and 37 children. On the whole the freshness, example, to avoid interfering with the percent did so even when the entire and even artistry, we often find in chil- relationship, and their efforts can be sidewalk was blocked. It should give dren's drawings do not translate into measured. photographers heart to note that to their photographic view. Psychologists We know, for example, there is a avoid breaking the line of sight, a third have studied children's drawings for "privileged space" between the pho- of the New Yorkers detoured into the many years now, and find that the draw- tographer and his subject, a line of sight, street, waited, or ducked very low. ings change systematically with age, and it possesses a certain degree of in- We did not know whether pedestrians and can often tell us a good deal about violability. The reluctance of bystan- were respecting the relationship be- the mental processes of the child. If we ders to violate the line of sight measures tween the subject and the photographer, gave every two-year-old a camera, and the strength and legitimacy that they or whether their respect was for the act studied the pictures he took over the ascribe to the photographic act. of taking a picture. To find out, we sub- span of a lifetime, we might learn a great Our initial experiments on this topic stituted an inanimate object for the deal about the child, and about the were carried out on a major New York human subject, and performed the same growth of his photographic skill as he City thoroughfare (42nd Street between line-of-sight variations. A far greater matures. Perhaps there are Piagetian Fifth and Sixth Avenues). The street is number of pedestrians violated the line stages of development that would be re- characterized by heavy pedestrian flow, of sight when the photographer was tak- vealed through a study of children's and the sidewalk is conveniently ing a picture of a rubber ball instead of photographs. There might be a systema- marked off into four lanes. another person. So the social relation- tic shift in what he photographs, and The person to be photographed posed ship definitely played a part in strength- how he photographs it, comparable to along the inner wall of the street, the ening the inviolability of the line of systematic stages in the use of language Bryant Park gate. Another student sight. and thought. stepped back, half way across the side- We wondered whether any activity There is another side to the relation- walk, and held a camera to her eye as if involving two people, not just photogra- ship of photography and human de- to take a picture. She held the camera phy, generated a similar deference. In (Continued on page 108.) 54 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY, JANUARY 1977 WAIT'TIL I FINISH MY SARATOGA Enjoy smoking longer without smoking more. Rich, full-flavored Saratoga 120's give you extra smoking time and extra smoking pleasure. SAR, SARATOGA SAI And they cost no more than 100's. Regular or SARATOGA menthol, crush- proof box. SARATOGA 120 120's 20 CLASS FILTER CIGARETTES S STATE Saratoga 120's © Philip Morris Inc. 1976 Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health. 18 mg. 'tar,' 1.1 mg. nicotine av. per cigarette, FTC Report Apr: 76 55 Old Faithful. Good Old Faithful. Always got you where you were going. Always did it eco- nomically. A whole generation of Ameri- cans grew up with Old Faithful. And now, 27 years and 33 million cars later, it's still a symbol of dependability and economy. Now there's a car that's just as reliable and economical as Old Faithful ever was. It's New Faithful. The 1977 VW Rabbit. With engineering SO advanced that auto- motive experts have hailed it as the kind ©VOLKSWAGEN OF AMERICA, INC. New Faithful. of car Detroit will be building in the 1980's. unsprung weight, for better road holding. tion and optional equipment.) The Rabbit has a new fuel injection sys- New Faithful lives up to Old Faithful's Dependability and economy. That's tem, so it starts up quick as a bunny. reputation for economy, too. Because it what Old Faithful gave a whole genera- Springs like one, too. 0 to 50 in just 7.7 sec- has fuel injection, you can use the most tion of Americans. And that's what New onds. The Rabbit also has advanced engi- economical grade of gas.* But you won't Faithful is giving a whole new generation neering features like negative steering roll have to use it very often. Rabbit gets 37 of Americans. radius to help maintain directional stabil- mpg on the highway, 24 in the city. (That's New Faithful. The 1977 VW Rabbit. ity in the event of a front-tire blowout; EPA's estimate for manual trans- rack-and-pinion steering for more direct mission. Your actual mileage maneuvering and better road feel; and an may vary, depending upon your independent stabilizer rear axle, low in Rabbit driving habits, your car's condi- More Volkswagen from Volkswagen *California excluded. To most people my diamond says I'm engaged. To me it says I'm in love. People look at my ring and automatically think of the ceremonies-the parties, the showers, the announcements. But Gary and I well, we're private people. Our idea of a celebration is driving up to the lake and having a picnic with the squirrels. My diamond has a very personal meaning, too. It symbolizes all the private feelings we share together; all that goes into making our relationship special, different from everyone else's. I know to the world it says we're getting married. But to me, it says why. A diamond is forever. To give you some idea of diamond values, the half-carat ring shown here (enlarged for detail) is worth about $900. Diamond values will vary according to color, clarity, cut and weight. Ask your jeweler for the free booklet, "A Diamond Is Forever." De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd. CITY FAMILIES Britons and Americans talk about their own images, frozen forever on film. TEXT BY STANLEY MILGRAM/PHOTOGRAPHS BY ROSLYN BANISH In 1973, Roslyn Banish, a Chicago-born ground, and pose. Upon returning to the me focus on the psychological issues photographer, received a grant from the United States, Banish photographed a they raise, touching on the photogra- Arts Council of Great Britain to photo- cross-section of Chicago families to pher, the subject, and the viewer. graph London families. She concen- serve as a comparison to her London Photographic portraits are best seen trated her work in a small but hetero- study. Later, the families were inter- as the product of a social relationship. geneous neighborhood of central viewed, and encouraged to comment on How a portrait comes out will depend London, recruiting families through their family portraits. not only on the person photographed, notices placed on bulletin boards. The Photography is rich in its psychologi- but on the photographer. When we ex- families, photographed in their homes, cal overtones. Rather than discuss the amine Banish's portraits and contrast were free to select their clothing, back- esthetics of Banish's photographs, let them with, say, the portraits by Diane Fiona and David Sturdy, archaeologists, London. Chil- dren: William, Torrold. Fiona Sturdy: I think we look slightly goofy. It's obvious we're archaeologists or something, isn't it? From the bro- ken pot. We collect things, but a bit of a mixture. Nothing particularly good. David Sturdy: Nothing particularly good, my foot. There's nothing desperately grand, but it's all quite interesting. Fiona Sturdy: None of those things are museum pieces. David Sturdy: The Greek altar is, vaguely. Fiona Sturdy: I suppose my idea of museum piece is what one would find in a national museum like the British Museum. David Sturdy: You should have grown up in the provinces. Fiona Sturdy: My standard of museum pieces is so high, knowing what's in the cupboards of the British Museum. From CITY FAMILIES CHICAGO AND LONDON by Roslyn Banish. Copyright 1974. 1975, 1976 by Roslyn Banish, Reprinted by permission of Pantheon Books. a division of Random House. Inc Arbus, we see that the psychological certain quirkiness, while in Banish's tor permeates the pictures and gives consistency in the faces of many diverse portraits, a genial dignity informs the them cordiality and warmth. individuals must be due to the pho- pictures as if she allowed her subjects to But even people trying to look their tographer's capacity to induce a certain present themselves with all their illu- best must work with the materials at attitude or expression in the subject. A sions intact. their disposal and under conscious con- subtle psychological relationship exists A strong self-presentational energy trol. Close scrutiny of the inadvertent between photographer and subject, in flows from Banish's subjects. Her cam- gesture, the unintended clue, or the bio- which the photographer plays a part in era is in no sense an intruder; the sub- logically ineradicable detail adds creating the faces he or she photo- jects greet it as they would an invited another level of meaning to the photo- graphs. Diane Arbus' subjects display a guest. This response to a welcomed visi- graphs. In this sense, photographs often Mary Smith, London. Children: Sara, Rosemary, Christo- pher, Michael, Susan, Joan, John. Mary Smith: I don't know. They all look like they're going to be shot. I had an operation then, didn't I? Everybody says I look much better now. And I put on weight since then as well. For five years I was in and out of hospital, for thrombosis. Sometimes I wasn't even out for three months and I was back in again. Oh, I've done very well now. Annette and Bill Campbell, Chicago. Annette Campbell is a planner for a government commission: Bill Campbell is a public-relations worker for a government agency. Annette Campbell: I'm really pleased with the photo- graph. It has so many of the things that are a part of us in it. It looks like something we would have had commissioned. Teresa Ostimer, clerk, Chicago. Child: Bridget. Margaret Bill Campbell: The room is kind of an extension of us. Peterson, her mother, volunteer worker. That's why I dig it. Like these things are things that are Teresa Ostimer: Well, it looks like we're close. You know, really part of our lives. And they really tell kind of a story three generations right there. about us. Like the picture in the background on the left is Margaret Peterson: It's a homey picture. one my mother painted from a picture she saw in National Teresa Ostimer: It looks like we're not too made up. Well, Geographic. we got prepared for the picture, but it wasn't like we over- Annettè Campbell: And the other picture, on the right, is did it. It's just like us. Right here. something that I contributed to the household after we got Margaret Peterson: I didn't expect to get in the picture at together, as well as the pottery with the dry leaves. That all. Remember? I was sitting in the kitchen and you asked was always one of my favorite pieces, and to have it in- me to come in for the last picture. cluded in the picture is kind of special. capture more than the subject, or even her uniformed husband, who in turn father is the tragic meaning of the the photographer, intends. clutches the baby; the trio forms a com- picture. This is especially true when groups of pact family knot. In contrast, Mrs. Photographs project many meanings people are shown in a photograph, for Smith and her seven children stand, beyond the intentions of the subjects. relationships are often expressed hands to their sides, in isolation, as if Mrs. Peterson comments that the por- through gesture and body orientation. A bereavement and her illness have splin- trait is homey, but the viewer is most good first step in interpreting group tered the coherence of family life. This impressed by the biological connection photographs is to look at the hands. photograph also reminds us that what is among the three family members, and Where are they? Whom do they touch? absent from a photograph may be as sig- the inevitability that Bridget, the child, Mrs. Trotter's fingers affectionately jab nificant as what is present. The missing will one day grow to be like her grand- Lily and Thomas Walton, Chicago. Thomas Walton is a re- tired bus driver. Thomas Walton: Oh, yes. I think it's a very good picture of both of us. Yeah, I think strangers would get the right idea about us. Don't you? That's the way I usually dress. The bobby? Well, that's a London bobby. I bought that in London on me way back last time I was there, which is three years ago now. Doris and Jim Armour, London. Jim Armour is an accountant. Jim Armour: I didn't realize I looked so damned old. That's what beats me. My wife looks all right, but I look like a bloomin' old man. Strangers would think I'm a retired old so-and-so and I had a very charming young wife or some- thing I've never even looked in the glass and thought I Ann and Mick Mundy, London. Mick Mundy is a transport looked as bad as that. The dog comes out well. driver. Children: Angela, James, Simon. Doris Armour: I'm pleased with the way it turned out. You Ann Mundy: I don't think that really shows us. I mean it can see who the painting is, I think. It's the Queen Mother. looks as though I'm sort of standing there posed, all nice Well, she has a certain way of sitting, doesn't she, and for the photograph, not interested in the kids at all. And dressing that's typically her I've managed to do one Mick's down there with his arm around Angela, sort of painting a year for the past three years but there's been much more natural than I. so much else to do that I haven't done any since that. Mick Mundy: No, I disagree. No, I think in fact it portrays us pretty well. I think it's OK. Ann Mundy: The twins look so good there, don't they! So angelic and that. And they're not a bit like that, really. mother. Mr. Trotter has taken charge of but in their linkage to the objects that plicit about his surroundings: "The the baby, as perhaps befits a constable surround them. The Sturdy family room is a kind of an extension of us who prefers to be photographed cloaked chooses to pose before an oil painting, these things are really part of our lives. in the authority of his uniform. Mr. Ar- which gives a hint about social class, And they really tell kind of a story about mour clutches his dog, but expresses and archeological objects appropriate to us." The articles may also be seen as great reserve toward his wife. It is hard their profession. We are reminded of props, supporting the desire to project a to know if such interpretations are Holbein's portrait of George Gisze, a particular self-image. valid. 15th-century merchant who surround- Photographs also contain many la- The meaning of a photograph ed himself with the objects of his trade. tent meanings known only to the fam- emerges not only from the people in it, Mr. Campbell, of Chicago, is quite ex- ilies depicted in them. Perhaps a little Dorothy and Hiroshi Kaneko, Chicago. Masano and Motot- sugu Morita, Dorothy's parents. Dorothy Kaneko is a group worker; Hiroshi Kaneko is a carpenter. Child: Kevin. Dorothy Kaneko: The photograph looks like Japan rather than Chicago. Hiroshi Kaneko: I guess it's a good description of our family. But a couple of the girls are missing. And of course these are my wife's parents rather than my own. Dorothy Kaneko: What he means is in Japan usually the eldest son would be looking after his parents. Hiroshi Kaneko: According to Japanese custom, the oldest son had to take care of the parents. I mean, that was his responsibility. And, well, that kind of creates a little at- mosphere that I would say is for the betterment of everyone. Mary and William Harrington, Chicago. Mary Harrington is a cashier: William Harrington is a policeman. William Harrington: I don't like the way my feet are. Whether strangers could tell anything about our person- ality just from looking at the picture, I don't know. Question: Is the photograph at all misleading? William Harrington: The only thing is that I had my uni- form on. You wanted me in uniform. I usually work in civil- ian clothes. We do that so when we go into homes, we don't attract as much attention. Elizabeth and Andrew Trotter, London. Andrew Trotter is a policeman. Child: Sarah. Andrew Trotter: I like the photograph of myself in uniform. I think it isn't stilted. It is rather jolly, as we normally are. experiment will clarify this point. Each small. (Perhaps an ash tray in one corner cedure conscientiously, you will see reader should take a photograph from of the photograph was a gift from your that your photograph generates a dense his personal family album, one taken in uncle; perhaps the cigarette in the ash- web of connections, replete with emo- his home, and one that includes an ex- tray is only half smoked because you tional and biographical significance. panse of background detail similar to were trying to give up smoking when Next, ask an office worker to analyze that in Banish's photographs. the picture was taken; or perhaps a the same photograph; inevitably, he Next, using pencil and paper, begin to clock in the photograph indicates it is will view it through vastly impover- catalogue all the things you know about late afternoon, and you recall how you ished eyes. Finally, examine a photo- each object shown in your photograph; awaited the return of your daughter graph of yourself taken away from do not overlook any detail, however from school, etc.) If you follow this pro- home, in a motel room, or while visiting Patricia and Thomas James, Chicago. Thomas James is a Mary Pittman, nursery-school assistant and part-time col- federal judge. Children: Sarah, Susan. lege student, Chicago. Children: Carl, Janie, Jeanie. Thomas James: From the photograph, all that we could Mary Pittman: It's all together. The flowers are showing expect strangers to say about us is that we look happy. I and it just looks like a beautiful home. It looks like a per- don't think they could tell what we do for work or anything son who is trying to better herself. That's the way I look. like that. Well, trying to reach my goal in life. A working mother and Patricia James: The first time you photographed us, we going to school part-time trying to be a sole support. I love were wondering what was just going to happen. The sec- it. I really do. This is a family photo of just completely us. ond time we decided let's get dressed for it and have a nice This is art. family picture, all together, all dressed up. Thomas James: And if the girls are going to be in long dresses, I should be dressed too. And we enjoyed it! PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 63 VITAMINS FOR YOUR HAIR. Healthy hair is beautiful hair. Lustrous. Full. processed foods make it harder than ever to And hardy. But it doesn't get that way overnight. receive adequate vitamins and minerals. In fact, the condition of your hair was determined And hair grows seven times faster than body long ago below the surface of the scalp in the cells. So, general nutrition is just not adequate hair follicles. nor does it guarantee that you're getting the In these hair follicles a complex reaction specific hair vitamins and minerals. results in the formation of hair. But this reaction Before, the only answer to hair problems was can malfunction or even cease if the right extemally applied conditioners and messy oil ingredients aren't available. And your hair can treatments. But now you can supplement your become dull, lifeless and sometimes even fall diet and condition your hair internally with Head out or stop growing. Fortunately, though, Start Vitamins. Head Start is not a magical researchers have now determined that these baldness preventative. It acts from the inside to essential ingredients for hair growth are specific give you healthy hair on the outside with the vitamins and minerals. If you don't feed your most advanced formula based on the latest hair these nutrients, it can nutritional studies. No external shampoos or literally "starve" to death. conditioners can reach down to this crucial Based on these growth stage. And even if they did, findings, we HEAD they still wouldn't provide the developed Head proper nutrients. Start Vitamins. Head Start contains the START Head Start's vitamins and minerals feed your hair the eight vitamins and five minerals researchers VITAMIN food it needs for life. And beauty. say are essential for So let Head Start healthy hair. One daily love your hair on Head Start Vitamin helps the inside. And guarantee that you're getting these essential you'll love it on the nutrients. Because after all, our modern outside. Send me bottles of Head Start at $9.95 each PTH1/NH Name plus 75¢ for handling. I enclose my: Check Money Order Address Please charge to my: Mastercharge Interbank No. City State Zip HONOR master charge Mail to: THE TOLL FREE PHONE ORDERS. Mastercharge Account No. Cosvetic Labs 1-800-241-0611 P.O. Box 95543 BANKAMERICARD. Atlanta, Georgia 30347 Bankamericard Account No. C Cosvetic Laboratories Inc. 1976 64 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 Th most typical strategy for posing was to use a socially conventional face, and to express as much civic virtue as possible in the exposed moment. a tourist site. Count up the associations the photograph suggests. In the absence One experience, common to all elicited by each detail of the photo- of further evidence, we can merely ac- human beings in the 19th-century, led graph. In contrast to the garden of mean- knowledge conflicting testimony be- them to underestimate the truthfulness ings that bloom from the snapshot tween Mrs. Mundy and the photograph. of the camera. Not the artist's portrait, taken at home, you will find this one a Yet, if we are honest, we must admit which was limited to the well-to-do, desert. that the photograph exerts a compelling but the looking-glass. If you had never Through this procedure we begin to effect on our judgment. The power of had a photograph taken of yourself, the understand what it means to be home, photographs lies precisely in the diffi- best clue to what it would look like was not in a strange place, what photographs culty of repudiating them, even if they the reflection you had seen in the mir- capture, and how limited our com- have captured unrepresentative ror. And that is where the surprise came prehension of the photographs is com- moments. in. For individuals almost never reject pared to the understanding of the Shelley Duval of the University of what they see in the mirror, but hun- families depicted in them. Southern California and Robert Wick- dreds of daguerreotypes were angrily de- Roger Welch, examining some 19th- lund of the University of Texas have a nounced by men and women who knew century photographs, wrote that when "theory of objective self-awareness." It they were more comely than the image the people shown in the photograph argues that people become aware of in the photograph. They did not realize died, the memory of the occasion on their negative characteristics when that, before looking into a mirror, we which the photo was taken perished they are forced to focus on themselves. make psychological preparations that with them; only a few posed figures re- And a photograph forces one to confront keep us from affronting our own self- main, drained of all the feelings, memo- an objective view of self. But the prob- image. ries, and meanings that the deceased lem goes deeper, for if life forces upon us Even today, individuals constantly re- people perceived in the photographs. the need to choose, then photography ject unflattering snapshots, firmly be- The Sturdy family, the Campbells, forces on us the need to pose. lieving that they could never look as bad and the Waltons are shown in settings Exactly how to present oneself to the as shown. But such reactions rarely that contain a dense web of meanings camera has been a problem ever since come when one looks into a mirror. Per- for each family. Each object possesses an photography came into being. We all haps the old saying, "a mirror offers us a aura of biographical fact that only they make some adjustment as we take ac- thousand faces; we accept only one," fully understand. As outsiders, we see count of the person we are dealing with. contains the relevant wisdom. The only visual surfaces, and make a few Our facial muscles, hands, and posture camera, by freezing our faces at a par- connections based on the knowledge of are subtly altered as we speak to a child, ticular moment and from a, particular a shared culture. We must look at their a lover, or a judge. Even half-con- viewpoint, often gives us a face we photographs as we look on the face of a sciously we are able to adjust ourselves would prefer not to accept. But, faced person who is dreaming; we can exam- to act in a manner appropriate to the with a camera, we cannot make those ine the face as much as we like, but we specific situation. But the problem of instantaneous adjustments we use with cannot know the rich psychological the photograph is that, although it is the mirror: turning our heads, lowering content playing beneath the surface. taken in one situation, it may be seen by our eyelids, searching for the exact Banish went a step further than most many people and in many situations. angle that defuses an offending image. photographers by asking those pho- Our problem is to create a facial expres- Rather, we count on the photographer tographed to comment on their own sion that is of generic usefulness, and to function as an ego supporter and pho- pictures. In doing so, she entered dan- not useful merely for a narrowly defined tograph us as we would like to be pre- gerous waters. In confronting a photo- occasion. sented to the world. n graph, an individual is exposed to an The most typical strategy, par- objective view that is often strikingly at ticularly when photography was first For more information, read: variance with his or her own self-image. coming into general use, was to use a so- Akeret, Robert U. Photoanalysis: How to Interpret the Hid- Some pictures are objectively unflatter- cially conventional face, and to express den Psychological Meaning of Personal and Public Photo- graphs; Wyden, 1973, $9.95. ing. But what are we to make of Mrs. as much civic virtue as possible in the Banish, Roslyn. City Families: Chicago and London; Mundy's protest that the photograph is exposed moment. This attitude, plus Pantheon, 1976, paper, $7.95. not a bit like reality? She asserts that the technical necessity of holding a sta- Duval, Shelley and Robert A. Wicklund. A Theory of Objec- tive Self-Awareness; Academic, 1972, $14.00. the twins are not angelic as the photo- tionary position for many minutes, led Szarkowski, John. Looking at Photographs; New York: The graph shows, and that her husband is to the bland, stilted photographs which Museum of Modern Art, 1973, $17.50, paper, $9.50. not closer to the children than she, as were typical of 19th-century studios. Welch, Roger. "On Recorded History" in Tracks: A Journal of Artists' Writings; Vol. 1, No. 2. Spring, 1975. PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 65 The Artificial Boundary between SELF AND FAMILY Family therapist Salvador Minuchin talks with PT's Mary Marcus about the need to see troubled individuals in the context of their families. He finds an end to anguish in the play of forces between people too close to the forest to see the trees. Mary Marcus: In the past few years there emphasis on the psychodynamics of the tern governs events within a family? has been a great concern with the en- individual, the family setting was not Minuchin: For instance, in a family vironment. This interest extends from a completely disregarded. Traditional with an adolescent daughter who comes desire to preserve natural resources to a therapists stressed the importance of home late, experiments with drugs, is recognition that the environment, the parents in early childhood. promiscuous, and doesn't obey rules at whether natural, architectural, or so- However, once the child had adopted home, the father wants to impose a cial, influences our life. As a psychia- the parents' moral standards, the influ- curfew. The daughter complains about trist, do you see this concern reflected ence of the parents was minimized. The his control, and the wife criticizes his in the practice of therapy? idea that after a certain point the family rigid methods of discipline. The father Salvador Minuchin: Very definitely. no longer has direct impact, could be withdraws. The mother implores the Therapy always reflects the culture in maintained only in a culture that re- girl to behave, the daughter complains which the mental-health professional garded man as hero. If he's not, then it's about her intrusiveness, and the father lives. At last we understand that people clear that family members influence criticizes the mother's ineffectiveness. cannot survive by themselves, paying each other. This notion is the basis of The mother withdraws. The daughter no heed to their surroundings. The idea my approach to therapy. continues to misbehave. And the cycle of man alone, of man the hero, is a 19th- Marcus: In your new book, Families continues. century concept. The mythical cowboy and Family Therapy, you describe your Marcus: They probably can't see them- is a perfect example. He went out to the technique as structural family therapy. selves behaving in any other way. frontier and succeeded by his own Will you explain what it is? Minuchin: They cannot. Family pat- efforts. If the cowboy represents our Minuchin: The structural approach to terns put blinders on people. On all of concept of man, the important thing is families assumes that a family is more us. You are who you are in your context. to look at his personal characteristics, than the individual psychodynamics of That means that your relationship to not at his environment. But our percep- its members. A family runs by unstated your brother, your husband, your par- tions have changed. Today we worry rules that all the members understand. ents, your sister, and your children, about the purity of our air and our water, These implicit rules determine how, causes you and them to focus sharply on that we will run out of oil, and that our when, and to whom each of the family certain aspects of your life and let your tuna is full of mercury. And we must members relates. The sum of the rules other skills and possibilities lie idle, and also look at people in context. Family or patterns of interaction is what I call perhaps atrophy. Sometimes after peo- therapy is part of this new social the structure of the family. The struc- ple divorce, one of them meets someone ture organizes each person's behavior new, and that new person activates un- movement. Marcus: How does family therapy fit and his or her experience of reality. developed skills that the man or woman After a while, we are harnessed by our didn't even know he or she possessed. into this environmental approach? Minuchin: The relationship between patterns of interaction. They prevent The skills had been buried by the quirks other types of encounter with life and of his or her development. A therapist man and his environment begins at home. Everyone accepts the idea that with people. We have other possible can sometimes facilitate the activation parents influence their children, and, as ways of responding but we don't use of such unused skills. all parents know, children have tremen- them. Marcus: Family therapists obviously dous influence with parents. Even in in- Marcus: Can you give us an example see more than just one family member. Heather Cooper of the way in which an implicit pat- Does structural family therapy differ dividual psychotherapy, with its strong 66 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY, JANUARY 1977 PER COO R THE D HGA A sketch of Salvador Minuchin THE BENEFITS OFAN INCOMPLETE EDUCATION If Salvador Minuchin were not a psy- chiatrist and family therapist, he would be a playwright in the tradition of Pir- andello and Pinter. The Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic is Minuchin's theater. Families, like Pirandello's six characters in search of an author, come to the clinic to enact their dra- mas of daily life. Minuchin's goal, like Pinter's, is to make people aware of their rigid and destructive patterns of interaction. Then he goes beyond Pin- ter's efforts by helping people change. Like a playwright, Minuchin devises scenarios for family members that open up new possibilities of communicating. Minuchin is a pioneer of family therapy and he has made major con- tributions both to its theory and its technique. Unlike many therapists, he does not oversell his techniques, and any description of his accomplish- ments must be coaxed from him. His book, Families and Family Therapy, published in 1974, is already a classic in the field, and has been translated into several languages. Minuchin became known in the 1960s for his work with children of poor families, a group dismissed by the psychiatric establishment as un- Richard Alcorn suitable for tréatment. A recent breakthrough has been Minuchin's view of psychosomatic illness as a imperfect education to the Japanese were in Argentina. Being pushed symptom brought on and maintained practice of adding an imperfection to around makes people very aware of by the family. He has had tremendous an otherwise perfect piece of pottery, being constrained by society." success in treating illnesses such as thereby making the pottery even more After the war, Minuchin came to the uncontrolled diabetes, asthma, and prized. United States as a fellow in child psy- anorexia nervosa, which have resisted Shortly after completing his resi- chiatry with the Jewish Board of treatment by other therapies. dency in child psychiatry, Minuchin Guardians. He became interested in Minuchin, who was born in 1921, got went to Israel to fight in the 1948 war working with juvenile delinquents, and traditional psychiatric training in his of independence. pursued this interest when he returned native Argentina. He believes that his Zionism has strongly influenced his to Israel to spend three years working originality as a therapist is due to the philosophy and set the stage for his with children who had recently immi- deficiencies in his training. If one's rejection of traditional psychotherapy grated from Africa and Asia. training is too good, he says, one sim- and its concentration on the individual. He returned to the United States to ply adopts the ideas of one's teachers. "Being a Jew, a socialist Jew and a be trained as an analyst, and became Imperfect education leaves room for member of the Zionist movement," he director of family research at the Wilt- the flexibility of thought that is essen- says, "gave me a look at people con- wyck School for Boys in New York. tial to innovation. Minuchin likens an strained by their social niche as they Wiltwyck's students were mostly delin- 68 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 quent boys from slum families who from individual psychotherapy in any therapist can see how the unsatisfac- had to stay at the school until their other way? tory pattern is maintained and in what behavior improved. Traditional psy- Minuchin: The most significant way he can help change the pattern. chotherapy was ineffective with these change from the theory of individual Marcus: How does the intervention of children; as soon as they returned psychotherapy is the idea of systems. the therapist change a bad pattern? home, they resumed their delinquent Individual psychotherapy focuses ex- Minuchin: Many families come to our ways. Minuchin noticed that some clusively on the individual and creates clinic because one or more of the chil- families had two and three delinquent an artificial boundary between the per- dren are uncontrollable. We have found children and supposed that the fam- son and his context. Family therapy, on that if the child is uncontrolláble, his ilies must be contributing to the the other hand, emphasizes that people behavior is somehow being maintained delinquency. This led him to develop are members of a family social system by the family system. In one case, I his approach of working with families. and that they are influenced by and in- worked with a four-year-old son and his The children at Wiltwyck came from fluence the behavior of family mem- parents, and the boy continually got his poor families that were not ac- bers. A traditional therapist is like a mother's attention by misbehaving. customed to sophisticated verbal technician who uses a magnifying glass; The mother would tell her son to stop messages, so Minuchin developed the details of the field are clear, but he his objectionable behavior, but her di- many of the nonverbal communication sees only a tiny part of it. A structural rections were weak. The boy paid no at- techniques now standard in family family therapist, however, is like a tech- tention to her, and refused to obey until therapy. Out of his experience at Wilt- nician who uses a zoom lens. He can the father stepped in to control the wyck came Minuchin's first book, zoom in for a close-up of any member of child. It became clear that the ineffec- Families of the Slums. the family but he will see that member tiveness of the mother and the father's In 1965, Minuchin became director as part of a larger system. rigidity were part of a cycle and main- of the Philadelphia Child Guidance Marcus: How do the techniques used tained each other. The goal was to inter- Clinic, where he now trains family in therapy by individual and family rupt the cycle. therapists. He still sees several fam- therapists differ? To do this, I kept the father from ilies each week in therapy and Minuchin: Individual therapists see III- intervening too soon. I set a task for the devotes one day a week to writing his dividuals as the site of pathology and family: the mother and son were to play new book on using family therapy with label people as passive-aggressive per- together and the father was merely to psychosomatic illness. Despite a hec- sonalities, schizophrenics or inade- watch. The purpose was to make the fa- tic schedule, he still finds time to talk quate personalities. This practice ther see that the mother could control to a young boy in the elevator, to stu- implies that the individual is sick. Fam- the boy by herself. After about 15 min- dents in the corridors of the clinic's ily therapists believe that it is destruc- utes, the mother showed she could con- elementary school, and to the clinic tive to label the individual and more trol him if left alone. staff. Minuchin is curious about every- helpful to examine the family's ways of The next step was to deal with the one and everything, stopping people interacting. A family comes for therapy parent subsystem. I asked the child to in hallways, introducing himself and because of the ways that don't work. leave the room SO I could concentrate on asking what they are working on. Some of the transactions among the the parents' interaction. In their rela- Training family therapists is an es- family members have become rigid; tionship, the husband helped his wife sential part of Minuchin's efforts to they can focus on a problem only in a control their son. His control kept her carry his message to mental-health particular way. For example, suppose an down, however, just as her ineptitude practitioners. His enthusiasm is infec- adolescent boy is referred to therapy be- kept him dominant. That structure tious as he talks about the circuit cause he is shy and daydreams in class. needed to be changed if the child was to riders he sends into communities to An individual therapist would explore behave. Basically, I helped the husband spend six months introducing the the- the boy's thoughts and feelings about support the wife's competence by not al- ory and technique of family therapy. his present life, the history of his con- lowing him to take over her functions of Minuchjn himself spreads the gospel flict with his parents and brothers and child control, and I helped the wife sup- of family therapy by presenting papers sisters, and the intrusion of this conflict port the flexible and nurturant aspects at professional conventions, lecturing into the school setting. He would estab- of her husband's behavior and exercise at seminars, and traveling to foreign lish contact with the family and the more effective control of the child. To countries. He feels that he spends school, but he would rely mainly on the help the child, it was imperative to much of his time, like Don Quixote, boy's own statements. The family change three people. tilting at the dogmas of traditional psy- therapist, in contrast, would not rely on Marcus: How does your technique dif- chotherapy. While the practice of the boy's descriptions of his family; he'd fer from other types of family therapy? family therapy has grown tremen- watch the boy's interactions with them. Minuchin: Some family therapists dously in the last 10 years, it is still In family interviews, the therapist who were trained in the psychoanalytic practiced by only a small proportion of would observe the relationship of the tradition emphasize the individual dy- therapists. Minuchin is firmly con- boy and his mother, and note the namics in family therapy. For example, vinced, however, that family therapy mingled closeness and hostility. He such therapists as Donald Bloch, Nor- will become the dominant mode of might see that the boy rarely addresses man Paul, and Charles Kramer, see the therapy in the next decade. With the his father, or that when he talks to his family as a field, but are concerned with enthusiasm and effort that Minuchin father, he tends to do SO through his the problems and exploration of each of brings to his work, five years may be a mother, who translates and explains her the family members. They would say better bet. -Mary Marcus son to her husband. By looking at the that if the people within the family way in which the family interacts, the change, the family system will change. PSYCHOLOGY TODAY, JANUARY 1977 69 "Señor, there's only one way to order tequila." Ask Two Fingers what was found out what that "way" was. the best tequila. Heck, only a handful of folks He was known not to say a ever knew he had any other word. He'd just hold up two name but Two Fingers. IMPORTED IMPORTED fingers. An old lady in Carson City, Two That was mighty strange Nev., told us his last name was Fingers .Two behavior for a tequila man who Ortega. Claims she heard Honey, Fingers only had the first two fingers on the woman who always traveled TEQUILA TEQUILA his right hand. with Two Fingers, call him that during a tiff they had. GOLD However, once you got to know him and his Two Fingers The old lady's story is prob- Tequila better you understood ably not too reliable though. Her PRODUCTO what he was meaning. nurse said she babbles a lot. PRODUCTO "Stick those two fingers up. Two Fingers seems to have You're not going to get some of stopped making his tequila trips QUART that dime a dozen stuff!" Two without warning in the late 30's. Fingers once hollered at a non- He was the last of a breed believer in Albuquerque. and we'll probably never know The man soon became a his name for sure. His legend believer. A lot of folks in the late is fading pretty fast. 30's did because Two Fingers Luckily his tequila lives on. 1976. Imported and Bottled by Hiram Walker Tequila had a flavor you could All you have to do is hold up & Sons, Inc., Peoria, III., San Francisco, Calif. Tequila. 80 Proof. Product of Mexico. taste — even when you mixed it. two fingers when you order. "The way I make it," he'd You'll get your money's worth. grin. "That's the difference." At that point Two Fingers would clam up. No one ever MEXICO TEQUILA On the other hand, therapists like Jay times work with a family for two, three, Haley, Murray Bowen, and I deal with or four days, working all day. Usually families as sytems of individuals. We though, it is therapy once a week for a would say that if we can change the pat- "A family is made period of perhaps six months. terns of interaction among people, then up of the members of Marcus: Suppose the members of a the people will change. Setting up ex- the household. So, if family disagree about a single issue. tremes is unfair, but it helps in grasping Could a family therapist help them find the idea. In between these two major you have three aunts, and a quick solution to their problems? groups are probably the existential-ge- a grandmother under one Minuchin: Yes, a family therapist stalt people like Virginia Satir and Carl roof, then that is the would consult with the family in such a Whitaker. Family therapy is now a field family; that is the sig- situation. I had such a case the other in which people with different assump- nificant unit. If your day. A brother and sister were working tions try to make sense out of a very in the same business. They came to me complex field. family is one adult and because their relationship as brother Marcus: When a family comes into his parents, that is and sister was interfering with decision- your clinic, is there usually one particu- the significant system." making in the business. I will see them lar problem or is there a general feeling two or three times and clarify with that things don't seem to be going right them the difference between family and within the family? business contexts. The supportive and Minuchin: When families come, for balanced relationship that they have the most part, they come with one iden- work with social units. So, the question as brother and sister must change in tified patient. They will say, we are con- could be expanded to ask, do you treat the business situation to take account cerned about Johnny's not doing well in only families that have two parents, and of the hierarchical needs of the school or Karen's staying out late with the answer is, certainly not. A family is organization. her friends. Sometimes we get a more made up of the members of the house- Marcus: What kinds of people come for sophisticated family. They might say, hold. So, if you have three aunts, a family therapy? Are they the same peo- our family wants to come because we grandmother, and eight children under ple who go to traditional therapists- are unhappy or we don't communicate. one roof, then that is the family; that is the affluent, highly educated, and But, you move very, very fast from this the significant unit. If your family is highly verbal? rather vague feeling to the specifics. composed of one adult and his parents, Minuchin: Family therapy is good for Once you get the whole family together, that is the significant system. such people, but at the clinic we see the view of the problem expands. For ex- Marcus: Can you give me any idea of everyone. Probably 60 percent of our cli- ample, I treated a couple who had been how long family therapy generally ents are poor or working-class families married for a year. They had three chil- takes? and 30 or 40 percent are middle class. dren by previous marriages. The family Minuchin: In general, family therapy We use the same orientation and tech- came for treatment because the wife's lasts about six months. I usually work niques we have talked about with all of son was failing in school and was in- intensely with a family group for five or them. volved in petty delinquency. It became six months. But I also have patients Marcus: You have the reputation of clear that the mother and her son were whom I have been seeing for three years. being extremely successful with chil- resisting the intrusion of her husband in When some goal has been reached, I say, dren suffering from psychosomatic ill- the business of rearing the boy. During let's postpone our meeting for a month, nesses. What makes family therapy weekend visits, the boy's natural father and you can experiment with these more successful than other therapies in would encourage the boy's reluctance to changes. Or, I say, call me up in a month such cases? accept his stepfather's interest and au- and tell me if you really want to come Minuchin: I think we have been suc- thority. These problems are typical in in. I say to my patients, I'm your general cessful because we have looked beyond the formation of a new family. practitioner and you can always call me. the individual with the psychosomatic Marcus: Do you treat the nuclear fam- So, what about stopping now and call problem and have seen the involvement ily or do you bring in the grandparents, me if you need me. I have no contact of the whole family in the maintenance aunts, and uncles? with some families for five or six years. of such illnesses as uncontrolled di- Minuchin: A lot of family therapists Then, I may get a telephone call. The abetes, asthma, or anorexia nervosa. We work with three generations; it's be- child has left for college, and he's having have followed our psychosomatic pa- come a trend. I prefer to stick to the nu- a problem with his, girl friend or he's tients for five and six years after treat- clear family and to use the extended selling marijuana. The family regards ment, and in over 80 percent of our family only if they are involved with the me as a resource person. Since I've had patients the symptoms have not re- family daily, if they live nearby, or if all this very close contact with them, it turned. One of the nice things about they visit frequently. Work with ex- makes short interventions effective. working with such patients is that your tended families is very interesting; Marcus: What do you mean by seeing successes and failures are very clear-cut. when I've worked with them, I've been clients intensely? You can measure the behavior. Did the fascinated by how much people repeat Minuchin: Once a week for an hour or child lose six months of school over the the patterns of their parents and so. That is, for the most part, what fam- last year as he had been doing? Is he still grandparents. ily therapists do. Every once in a while, on steroids? Has she been hospitalized Marcus: Do you treat people without I'll have a family that comes from out of recently? When you work with general children? town for the weekend, and I'll spend problems of life, your successes and Minuchin: Certainly. Family therapists two days with them. Therapists some- failures are measured in much vaguer PSYCHOLOGY TODAY, JANUARY 1977 71 HE HAS INNER VISION terms, such as do they feel happier or do made up of a mother, father, and their they have a sense of well-being? diabetic daughter, we saw that the par- Marcus: When you work with patients ents' free fatty acid levels increased who have psychosomatic illness, do when they were alone together. After your techniques differ more from those the child came into the room, and the that you use with general family adults switched from their role as problems? spouses to their function as parents, Minuchin: No, not really, but the their free fatty acid levels decreased, therapist has more guidelines; we have while the psychosomatically ill child's found that families whose members level increased. In this family, the psy- have psychosomatic symptoms tend to chosomatically ill child played a vital be alike in certain ways. No matter how part in keeping the parents from open different the symptoms, the develop- conflict by presenting a focus for ment of psychosomatic illness is related concern. to three factors. The first is the child's Marcus: We have been discussing how physiological vulnerability; that is, he family therapy treats a person in the or she has a metabolic disorder such as context of his environment. Have we diabetes or an allergy, as in asthma. been emphasizing the significance of Whether physiological vulnerability ex- the family and neglecting the role of The Ancients called it ists in anorexia is not clear. Second, society? family functioning in families whose COSMIC CONSCIOUSNESS Minuchin: I don't think so. It would be members have psychosomatic symp- a mistake to see the family in isolation. There are no physical limita- toms is characterized by the overin- In the I Ching there is a saying that im- tions to inner vision the volvement of family members in each plies that the family has the power to psychic faculties of man know other's lives, overprotectiveness, rigid reach out and control the social context. no barriers of space or time. A ways of relating to each other, and an in- It says, "When the father is in truth a world of marvelous phenomena ability to resolve family conflicts. A father, and the son a son, when the elder awaits your command. Within third characteristic of these families is brother is an elder brother, and the the natural - but unused - that the child is usually involved in the younger brother a younger brother, the functions of your mind are dor- parents' conflict. The child may be used husband a husband, and the wife a wife, mant powers which can bring as an ally by one parent against the then the house is on the right way. about a transformation of your other or as a target for concern or blame When the house is set in order, the life. by both parents together. world is set in order, the world is estab- Know the mysterious world Marcus: How do you determine within you and learn the secrets lished on a firm course." But, families of a full and peaceful life! whether these characteristics are pres- do not create culture; they cannot es- The Rosicrucians (not a reli- ent in a family? cape the rules of the larger society. More gion) are an age-old brother- Minuchin: In the therapy situation, we accurately, the family provides the val- hood of learning. For centuries use our usual techniques and experi- ues and interpersonal rules out of which they have shown men and ence to assess family patterns. We also the family members weave the dramas women how to utilize the full- conducted a research project for several of daily living and interpret the world. ness of their being. This is an years in which we measured each factor As therapists, we need to accept the re- age of daring adventure but separately. We assessed physiological ality of the world around the family and the greatest of all is the ex- vulnerability by a pediatric evaluation. help families to find a viable way of ploration of self. Determine To find out how the family typically functioning in this social context. your purpose, function and functioned, we gave them a task to do, powers as a human being. such as planning a menu for the family Write for your FREE copy Mary Marcus joined the staff of psychology to- dinner. We told them to try to include of "The Mastery of Life" — day as Manuscripts Editor in July 1975. She each family member's favorite food and majored in psychology as an undergraduate Today! No obligation. No sales- that everyone must agree on the final at Connecticut College, men. A nonprofit organization. Address: Scribe L.C.D. choice of foods. We left the family alone then went on to the Uni- to work on this task and we videotaped versity of Connecticut where she earned a Ph.D. The ROSICRUCIANS them, with their permission, of course. (AMORC) in social psychology and The videotape allowed us to view the did her doctoral research San Jose, California 95191 U.S.A. family without interrupting their usual on attitude formation and SEND THIS COUPON behavior. To see if the child was in- change. Her other areas of interest are environ- Scribe L.C.D. volved in the parents' conflict, we The ROSICRUCIANS (AMORC) mental psychology, the San Jose, California 95191 U.S.A. monitored the free fatty acid levels in psychology of women, and psychology and Please send me the free book, The Mas- the bloodstream of family members the law. tery of Life, which explains how I may during a family interview. Free fatty For more information, read: learn to use my faculties and powers of acids are biochemical indicators of Minuchin. Salvador. Families and Family Therapy: Harvard. mind. 1974. $10.00. emotional arousal and the concentra- Minuchin. Salvador. Families of the Slums: Basic Books. Name tion of these acids rises within five to 15 1967. $13.50. Address minutes of emotional stress. For in- For reprints of this article, see Classified City State Zip stance, while monitoring one family Advertising. 72 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY, JANUARY 1977 MORTGAGE PROPERTY RECEPTS HOUSEHOLD The OF Gallery® Keep all your tax deductions handy and totaled Free. The Gallery of Homes "Homeowner's Tax Deduction File" is like having an accountant at home. With no effort, you keep track of all the deductions you are entitled to at tax time. This convenient and time saving file is available free from your participating Gallery of Homes broker. Complete the coupon and send for full details and your free "Homeowner's Tax Deduction File." Save time. Save tax money. Use the "Homeowner's Tax Deduction File." Act quickly while supply lasts. This offer expires March 1, 1977. SEND TO: THE GALLERY OF HOMES, INC. 1001 INTERNATIONAL BLVD., DEPT. GOH 121 The ® OF Gallery ATLANTA, GA. 30354 Name A National Network of Independent Brokers Address City State Zip This is a free offer and is not an inducement to sell or list real property and is void in states Telephone No. where prohibited. HOU 11/3 Would Seeing Your Employees Afflicted By It Daily Persuade You To Do Something To Combat Respiratory Diseases? Because they are not usually disfiguring, or even visible, diseases that affect the respiratory system - asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis, to name but a few - are too often overlooked or casually dismissed. They are merciless, pulmonary restricting incapacitators and killers just the same. Today, 15,000,000 of our countrymen suffer from just emphysema, chronic bron- chitis or asthma. Another fifteen million are infected with that affliction of a bygone era, the tuber- culosis germ. Three thousand still die from "the white plague" each year. Approximately eleven thousand of the women among us will die of lung cancer this year. Seven times as many of our men will die from it. But the females needn't feel superior - the gap is rapidly closing as they increasingly face the occupational and other breathing hazards men have lived with for years. ATTACK THIS INWARDLY GROTESQUE DISEASE WITH THE RESOURCES AT HAND. Make Breathing Easier a Priority Company Perquisite. Call 521-9561 for additional information. AUSTIN San Jacinto Lung Association. 2901 West Dallas P.O. Box 13584 Houston, Texas 77019 HOU 11/4 Overcoming Sexual Inadequacy A self-help series of cassettes designed to benefit individuals and couples in the privacy of their own homes-regardless whether they have a sex problem. AVAILABLE FROM psychology to cassettés in association with the HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE, a division of Instructional Dynamics, Inc., Chicago, III. These tapes provide a course in improving one's sextife, egardless of whether has a sex problem. Dr. Neiger incorporates information from his clinical experience the listener with a comprehensive, up-to-date course on what we know about sex, and how we can use that knowledge to improve our sex lives and overcome sexual difficulties uples and individuals can benefit from these sessions in the privacy of their own homes-either to cure sexual difficulties or to enrich an already satisfactory sexual relationship. For professional trainees, Dr. Neiger's insights and observations provide an invaluable demonstration of the methodology of the skilled counselor dealing with problems of sexual dysfunction. The complete series consists of 12 cassettes and provides 7 hours of commentary. Cassettes may also be purchased individually. *NOTE: See special price offer available for #s 512, 513 & 514 based on recommended group purchase. OVERVIEW/DOES SEX COME NATURALLY? as those which may be ineffective or even THE USE OF NOVELTY AND VARIETY An overview of the current state of knowledge on dangerous. #510 FOR SEXUAL ADEQUACY human sexual functioning, and how to work out sexual problems. #505 BODY EXPLORATION Dr. Neiger explains how variety can rekindle a dying fire-flirting, provocative behavior, How to employ pleasure techniques to explore HOW TO FIND YOUR SEXUAL POTENTIAL undressing, colored lights, candles, mirrors, your partner's body. Explicit descriptions of a pornography, differing sexual positions. #515 A guide to a better understanding of sexual needs series of exercises which help overcome and desires, discussing how different people psychological blocks to reaching full sexual THE LANGUAGE OF SEX have different sex levels, expectations, and potential. #511 sexual techniques. The necessity for open communication between #506 HOW MEN CAN RESTORE AND partners about sexual likes and dislikes. #516 SOME DAMAGING MYTHS ABOUT SEX AND MAINTAIN ERECTION ORGASM-AND THE TRUTH A discussion of sexual dysfunction and how to *References on these tapes are made to techniques Lovemaking is not always an ecstatic experience. alleviate them with exercises. #512* described on other titles in the series. It is recom- Dr. Neiger discusses sexual myths and truths (Group I- #s 509, 510, 511, 512 $31.85) mended that these tapes be purchased in the in a search for more effective sexual groupings indicated. If you wish to do so, these relationships. #507 HOW MEN CAN LAST LONGER IN LOVEMAKING/ groupings only are available at 20% discounted DIFFICULTIES IN FEMALE AROUSAL AND NEW FINDINGS ON HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE ORGASM prices shown. The effects of progressive sexual stimulation What to do about premature or early ejaculation and what happens physically and physiologically (99 out of 100 men can be cured). Reasons for during stimulation and orgasm. #508 female frigidity and sexual unresponsiveness, and Dr. Stephen Neiger, an internationally techniques to be used to alleviate the problem. SEX WITHOUT INTERCOURSE recognized authority on sex therapy, is #513* Director of the Behavioral Therapy Clinic, The advantages and appropriate use of (Group II--#s 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 513-$47.75) Lakeshore Psychiatric Hospital, Toronto, hand/genital and oral/genital stimulation, Canada, and co-editor of the Journal of pornography, fantasy, masturbation, and sexual VAGINISMUS AND OTHER DIFFICULTIES/ Sex Research. As founder and past chair- devices. #509 HOW TO BUY AND USE A VIBRATOR man of the Sex Information and Education How to prevent vaginismus, the convulsive Counsel of Canada, Dr. Neiger directed an SEX GADGETS/RELAX AND ENJOY IT cramping of the vaginal muscles. Use of a 8-year study program which rated many Sexual gadgets-their uses and abuses. A vibrator for the inhibited woman. #514* of the sex manuals now on the market. discussion of those which may be helpful, as well (Group III - #s 509, 510, 514, 515, 516 $39.80) Complete set-12 cassettes attractively packaged in a vinyl album, only $89.50, postpaid. (Outside U.S.A. $99.50.) Groups are priced as listed above and have been discounted 20%. Individual cassettes are $9.95 plus 50c each for postage and handling. 5 or more postpaid. (Outside U.S.A. $10.95 each postpaid.) ORDER THE COMPLETE SET OF 12 AND SAVE $29.90 FROM THE INDIVIDUAL PRICE. CHARGE YOUR ORDER TO YOUR AMERICAN EXPRESS, BANKAMERICARD, MASTER CHARGE OR DINERS CLUB ACCOUNT. PSYCHOLOGY TODAY, Consumer Service Division, Enclosed is $ 595 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10012 *. Institutional purchase orders are accepted only for orders of $10 or more. No purchase orders accepted from Please send Overcoming Sexual Inadequacy, complete set of 12 cassettes outside U.S.A. @ $89.50, postpaid (Outside U.S.A. $99.50). CHARGE: American Express Master Charge Please send the following individual cassettes (list by #) @ $9.95 plus 50c BankAmericard Diners Club each for postage and handling; 5 or more postpaid. (Outside U.S.A. $10.95 each, postpaid.) List groups by #s (I, II, III). Prices are as listed, postpaid. Account # (Outside U.S.A. add $5.00 per group.) Exp. Date Master Charge Interbank # (4 numbers above your name) TAPE # QUANT. TAPE # QUANT. TAPE # QUANT. Signature Print Name Address City State Zip *Residents of Calif., Colo., Fla., III., Mich., Mo., N.Y. State, D.C. and Texas add applicable sales tax. (Postage and handling charges non-taxable.) PT-17 WOMEN EXECUTIVES IN THE OLD-BOY NETWORK It is not enough for a female corporate star to be bright, able, and energetic. She must also learn the informal rules of business behavior that men take for granted. by Margaret Hennig and Anne Jardim WOMEN ARE STILL HAVING TROUBLE find- ecutives grow out of a distinctly male In contrast, women focus on short-term ing room at the top levels of corporate culture. Women who try to succeed in planning, with little concern for the management. The reasons for their dif- corporate management become aliens long-term implications. ficulties lie not only in their own femi- in this male environment. Take the case of a woman we'll call nine background, but also in the To study the problems of women in Helen, a $28,000-a-year executive in a masculine nature of the relationships management and to learn what impedes large New York company. Still in her among corporate executives. their progress, we interviewed more early 30s, Helen was bright, competent The women's liberation movement than 100 women working as senior ex- and aggressive. She had recently been has brought a sharp increase in public ecutives in business and industry. Based assigned to develop career advancement awareness of the ways in which women, on the results of our interviews, we de- programs for women. Helen's new job like blacks, have traditionally been op- veloped a questionnaire that we have gave her visibility at the senior levels pressed in our society. But despite the since used in our career-planning semi- of management, and her performance new awareness, and the passage of nars for men and women in manage- would obviously influence her future equal-employment opportunity laws, ment. More than 3,000 women and career. After six months on the job, dur- women are beginning to discover what 1,000 men have completed the ques- ing which she achieved considerable discouraged civil-rights leaders learned tionnaire by now, and the difference in success, Helen met with her boss, the in the 1960s: you can legislate against their responses provides a revealing per- executive vice president, to discuss her segregation, but you cannot legislate in- spective on the separate worlds of men progress. We sat in on the meeting. tegration. In other words, saying the and women in management. The executive vice president was an members of a minority can't be kept out Even for a question as simple as informal and perceptive man. He fol- does not mean they'll get in. "What is a job?" the differences in the lowed the discussion closely, raised a One of the clearest and most signifi- answers are striking. Women tend to number of important questions, and cant illustrations of the degree to which reply in terms of what they do from day was clearly committed to making the women are still excluded can be seen in to day. For them, a job is just something programs succeed. Finally, he said to the upper ranks of U.S. corporate man- to be done, a means of earning a living. Helen, "I think we now have enough be- agement. While women make up nearly Men tend to think of a job as a respon- hind us to justify a presidential policy 40 percent of the total labor force, they sibility to be met, a task to be completed statement to the organization. If you account for only 2.3 percent of those before going on to something else. give me a draft by Friday, I can discuss it earning more than $25,000. Women's responses lack this sense of with the president when I see him over The reasons for the striking absence the temporary, and this affects their the weekend." of women in senior management posi- ability to see themselves as ready to It was then late Monday afternoon. tions are far more complex than simple move on. Helen looked staggered and said, "I bias among male executives, or "fear of Jobs vs. careers. While men look upon a can't. I'm going to an out-of-state con- success" among women. While equal- particular job as part of a career, women ference on Friday." employment laws can regulate formal separate the two completely. For them, Her boss looked at her and then said, personnel policies, making those laws a job involves the here and now, while a very carefully, "Well, I wouldn't object work requires a knowledge of the in- career is somewhere in the future. As a to having it on Thursday." formal relationships that exist in cor- result, they develop different personal Helen said, "But the problem is, I'm porations. For the most part, these strategies from their male counterparts. making a presentation at the con- organizations were built by men and for Men tend to concentrate on achieving ference, and I'm going down on Thurs- men, and are now controlled by men. long-range goals. They recognize that day to rehearse the whole thing." The forms, rules, and styles of behavior what's in it for them now may conflict "Then make it Wednesday," he said. Kinuko Y. Craft and communication among their ex- with what they want over the long run. "But tomorrow is Tuesday, and I've 76 From the book THE MANAGERIAL WOMAN, Copyright 1976 by Margaret Hennig and Anne lardim, to be published by Doubleday 4) Company, Inc. got everything on my desk to clear up later career advancement. Women, on before I go." the other hand, see risk only in current "Look," he said, by now exasperated, terms-the threat of losing what they "it doesn't really matter how you ar- None of them talked have achieved SO far. range this. I want that draft by Friday." about the organizational Current risk for future gain. The trouble The meeting ended abruptly, and we environment. None with perceiving risk as a current threat left the room with Helen, who was mentioned the need to only is that it obscures the possibility of quite upset. "Can you believe this com- future danger. Women who see no dan- pany is taking the women's issue se- make her goals ger in the present tend to assume none riously?" she asked us. "Did you hear known and exists in the future. We can illustrate him? Drop everything. Forget about pri- to win support. this problem with the example of orities. Do what I say. And it's only a Donna, a recently promoted product draft, for God's sake!" manager in an old, established con- We asked Helen if she had any idea of sumer goods company. what she had just been offered, and had When we asked such questions, the re- Donna simply could not understand not heard. She had just been told, in plies were generally variations on a pas- how her new boss, an otherwise compe- effect, that her work had been good sive theme: "I was good at my work, and tent executive, could tolerate one of her enough to merit a stamp of approval by it just happened I was lucky Some- counterparts-an older, apparently in- the company's president. Translated one left at a critical point, and they competent fellow. "This guy comes in into official corporate policy, what she asked me to take over I had a boss who at 10 o'clock, and goes to the health club had set out to achieve would now be- believed I could do it." Somehow it had at three," Donna told us. "If you heard come a stated objective for every com- happened. They had worked hard, and him in a meeting you wouldn't know he pany manager. This meant her position had the luck to be chosen. was talking about the same products. would be solidified in the eyes of the Despite their history of passivity, al- But nobody says anything." If it were up management men with whom she had most all of the women we interviewed to her, Donna would fire him, retire him to deal, and her job would become that had an idea of where they wanted to be early, or do something else to get him much simpler. She might even have to in five years' time. Some could discuss out of there. But when she went to her meet with the president to discuss the their goals in terms of a specific job; oth- boss, he laughed it off, saying, "Good draft, and thereby become a recogniza- ers in terms of a functional area, or a par- old Joe. You've got to get to know him. ble face and name for him, one associ- ticular department; others in terms of He's been here much longer than I have. ated with competent performance. levels of responsibility and salary. When He knows his way around." Wasn't that long-run gain worth some we asked what factors they thought A few weeks later, we asked her boss extra work for a few days? Helen looked would be critical in achieving such pro- about this matter. "She's killing her- stunned. "My God," she replied. "I gress they picked those related to their self," he told us. "Joe's been around a never saw it." By concentrating on her own individual capacities-factors long time. He knows a lot of people, and current job, she neither saw nor heard they could attempt to control them- he's beginning to hear what she's saying. the cues that depend on a knowledge of selves. They cited hard work, increased She doesn't see the risk. She's going to how one moves up through the corpo- competence, and further training. They ruin herself." When we asked why he rate hierarchy. also mentioned the importance of de- didn't simply tell Donna that, he re- Somehow it just happened. Compared to veloping greater self-confidence, be- plied, "How can I tell her that Joe is men, women like Helen typically make coming more aggressive, and learning to where he is because the guy he went to their career decisions late, about the age delegate work more effectively. school with, went to college with, of 30 to 33, when they suddenly realize None of them talked about the orga- shares a vacation house with, and as far they are probably going to have to work nizational environment, an area in as I know may call every night, is our for the rest of their lives. In some cases which she could exert less control. marketing vice president? there was a sudden realization that they None mentioned the need to make her "If I told her, 'You're right. He's a enjoyed their work, and that it had a goals known and to win the support of loser. He's only here because he's got much more permanent meaning than bosses, peers and colleagues. None friends, it would be all over the division merely something to pass the time seemed to recognize that if she is not that I said it. I can't risk that. She's sim- while waiting for marriage or some- seen by others as the kind of person who ply got to learn. thing better. In many cases, unexpected should have a particular job, all the "I can't help thinking that somehow a praise by a superior provided the cata- competence in the world would not be man would have picked it up by now. lyst for these late career decisions. enough. Somehow a man would have figured Since the majority of these women Another crucial reason why women that Joe must have friends to have sur- had worked continuously since leaving tend to be less successful than men at vived so long. Or at least a man might go school or college, we wondered why corporate strategy can be seen in the dif- slowly until he found out. He wouldn't they had taken so long to make their ca- ferent ways they respond to risk. Men come on like a crusader. I can't justify reer decisions. We wondered what they see risk as loss or gain, winning or los- Joe to a crusader. Why should I? I want a had failed to see, think about and act on ing, danger or opportunity. Women see marketing career in this company, not a in the preceding 10 years, during which risk in entirely negative terms: loss, cause." men typically build the foundations of danger, injury, ruin. They see it as some- For Donna's boss, risk was not only in their careers. We wondered how these thing one avoids if possible. Men see the present, but out there in the future: women got where they were if they had risk as affecting the future; you take a a threat to his potential advancement. not thought of the long-term at all. gamble now in order to achieve some Donna never saw the career risk she was 78 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 EDUCATING BOTH HALVES THE presented by THE INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF HUMAN BRAIN KNOWLEDGE in cooperation with Instructor Feb. 19, PHOENIX A ONE-DAY SYMPOSIUM THAT and Advances in Instruction Del Webb's TowneHouse BRINGS TOGETHER THE NEW SCI- Feb. 20, DALLAS ENTIFIC DISCOVERIES ON THE BRAIN AND CONSCIOUSNESS; The Dallas Hilton AN UNDERSTANDING OF DIFFERENT LEARNING STYLES; AND EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR EDUCATING THE WHOLE Mar. 12, ATLANTA PERSON. Dunfey's Royal Coach The educational system, both past and present, has specialized in verbal Mar. 13, CHARLOTTE analysis and the teaching of reading, writing, and arithmetic. The scientific Radisson Plaza Hotel discovery that the functions of the human brain are divided, one half being responsible for language and linear thought, the other for spatial abilities and Mar. 19, MIAMI The Deauville Hotel comprehensive understanding, has confirmed the feeling of many educators that the emphasis on analytic techniques does not involve the individual's Mar. 20, NEW ORLEANS total capacities in learning. A system which does not also develop the innate The Braniff Place Hotel ability to perceive relationships and whole systems, cannot offer its students the education they require to comprehend the complex nature of the world and of themselves, an education for the whole brain. This symposium offers practical techniques within a scientific framework to PHONE REGISTRATION provide a new synthesis and a new understanding of the person and the AND INFORMATION: process of education. Call us TOLL FREE (800) 223-7640 PAUL if you are charging your BRANDWEIN registration fees to Master NAME: (Last) (First) (Middle) Charge, BankAmericard®, or ARE THERE RIGHT AND ADDRESS: (No. & Street) American Express, or if you LEFT BRAIN CURRICULA? want more information about (City) (State) (Zip) JEANNINE the program. PHONE: (Business) (Home) HERRON FEE: $45. OCCUPATION: EDUCATION AND Program for which you are registering: LEFT-HANDED PEOPLE MAIL REGISTRATION: PHOENIX DALLAS ATLANTA Please complete this form and CHARLOTTE MIAMI NEW ORLEANS ROBERT return it with fee enclosed (or FEE: $45. Check or money order payable to ISHK or charge to: with charge information) to: Master Charge ORNSTEIN BankAmericard® American Express TWO MODES OF JENNIFER DAY KNOWING AND ISHK, Room 2405 NO: INTERBANK NO: THE TWO HALVES 757 Third Avenue OF THE BRAIN New York, N.Y. 10017 EXPIRES: AUTH. SIGNATURE: PT TEACHING STORIES Check here if you wish to receive a hotel reservation card. PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 79 incurring, because there was no risk to probably make or break them for the tend to be considerate and helpful to her current job. next job. each other, while everyone else knows Cues, signals, and executive styles. As Women place much less weight on what the situation is? How can they be Donna's case also demonstrates, an- the demands and expectations of others. such hypocrites?" other major difference between men Women tend to say, "This is who I am- That's a revealing question. Corpo- and women executives involves style, like it or leave it." They generally have rate manners tend to be the manners of and the roles one must fill in a corporate little sense of playing the game, little a society whose members are bent both setting. The role of subordinate can be willingness to temporarily adopt a dif- on winning and on sheer survival. Until filled in a variety of styles: the helper, ferent style for reasons of self-interest. one has won, discretion is advisable. At the follower, the junior colleague, the How and when do men develop their the age of 12, little boys already know equal, or even the friend. How does one apparently greater flexibility of person- they need 10 others to make a football choose? ality, and their greater capacity for dis- team, whether or not they like them all. Men tend to focus on their bosses' ex- sembling? In their youthful team play, Women bring with them the manners pectations of them, while women tend boys learn how to put up with each of another society, one in which rela- to concentrate on their own concept of other, to tolerate each other and to use tionships tend to be ends in themselves. themselves. The difference can be criti- each other in ways that girls do not find As a result, women tend to fall into the cal. It means that men will necessarily as necessary. Later on, with this back- trap of emotional intolerance as typified be more alert to cues and signals from ground of shared assumptions and team by a remark such as "I don't like him, their superiors. The signals may con- experience, men learn to sit in corporate and I can't work with him." cern very small things such as how one meetings and to put up with each other To understand the difference between speaks or dresses; whether one appears to a degree that women often find in- the attitudes, styles and behavior of quick and clever or slow and reflective. comprehensible. As one asked us, men and women in management we Most men ask themselves, "What does "How can two men who dislike each must go back and compare their child- this boss want?" They know he can other intensely sit in a meeting and pre- hoods and youth. From an early age boys How to Make Room at the Top 1. Decide objectively whether you your colleagues, and with key 9. Ask yourself why you are so really want a career. Do you expect to individuals whose friendship could be vulnerable to criticism. Have you failed continue working whether or not you important in gaining subsequent jobs. to do something you should have are married, or have children? What 6. Try to establish an informal system done? Do you balance the criticism by do you want out of work? of relationships with other women in crediting yourself with all the things 2. Make a specific list of every job you the company. You can help each other you have done well? Try to realize that have ever held, including how well you identify job opportunities in other criticism is a necessary ingredient in did at each, and the skills, knowledge areas of the firm. Such a group can learning. When you're criticized, don't and experience you gained. also help identify bosses who are assume it's directed at you personally. 3. Make a five-year plan. Take a good particularly supportive of career 10. Are you having difficulty trying to look at where you want to be in five advancement for women. be a perfect employee as well as a years. What skills and experience will 7. When dealing with male perfect wife, or mother, or woman? you need, and what jobs must be held colleagues, don't try to engage in their Stop trying to separate the worlds of between now and then? Work out a male joking and camaraderie. Keep work and home. Discuss your job with detailed plan for progressing through your relations with them revolving your husband and your family. Make those jobs. Check the plan with your around job-related issues. Stress your sure they understand your boss, or someone else in a position to competence rather than your commitment to your career, and your give you a realistic evaluation of your personality. When dealing with men responsibilities at work. Try to reduce chances and knowledgeable advice who treat you as a woman rather than potential conflicts by setting clear on how to achieve your goal. as a fellow executive, try to bring the priorities for your life at home and on 4. Try to find ways to increase your relationship back to the task at hand. the job. Some jobs at home may have experience in planning, problem 8. Learn to control your emotions, and to be let go. Your husband or your solving and group leadership-all the way you express them at work. children might be able to take on more crucial skills for a successful career in Make a list of situations that caused responsibilities at home, or household management. Ask your boss to assign you to become emotionally upset. help could relieve you of some of the you projects that will give you such Describe what happened: did you cry, burden. experience, and then ask him to express anger, or become visibly 11. Stop waiting to be chosen, and criticize your performance. Read defensive? Look for patterns in these start letting people at work know what books on these subjects or take events. Did they occur when you were you want. Ask questions about courses in them, either in your criticized, or when you were promotions and job opportunities. company's in-house training program challenged? Was there some warning Start asking to take on new or extra or at a nearby business school. signal before each occasion? If so, projects that will give you a chance to 5. Study the informal system of learn to watch for those warnings and learn new skills. Stop being reactive, personal relationships that exists in then excuse yourself and go and start initiating. Start trying to take your company. Try to develop somewhere where you'll have a control of your career. relationships with a broad range of chance to compose yourself. -Margaret Hennig and Anne Jardim 80 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 learn that as men they must expect to informal pressures that influence pro- work to support themselves, and most motion-she will probably end up with likely a family. There is always the reas- just a job and no career. surance that men simply do certain Women bring with them In the competition for career ad- jobs, and have always done them. the manners of vancement in the ranks of today's cor- Only a small minority of girls grow up another society. porate management, men thus have a with this concern for jobs and career. In- As a result, they tend to clear advantage over women. They have stead, they learn to expect that some been trained to win, to do SO as mem- man will probably support them. Little fall into the trap of bers of male-dominated teams, and to girls' fantasies of the future nearly al- emotional intolerance: operate in an essentially male world. ways have a husband in them, since in "I can't work with him." This does not mean that women ex- most of their own families the fathers ecutives should necessarily become support the wives and children. Even more like men. We make no value judg- when the mother works, the father's job ments on the styles and standards of be- is usually more critical. some You learned that a team needs a havior required for success in corporate Men grow up knowing they will have leader You had to work with guys you organizations. But women who do want to work for the rest of their lives. They wouldn't choose as friends outside the to succeed in them must learn to assess are expected to, and prepare for it. They team You didn't get anywhere without more accurately and more concretely join organizations in which career 'ad- planning Once you knew the rules what they really want, how to go about vancement for men is customary, and you could bend them." getting it, and what the costs and re- their ambitions are naturally supported. In many ways, these responses de- wards will be. They must learn to recog- Women, on the other hand, grow up in scribe fairly accurately the manage- nize-as most men do-the reality of a cloud of ambiguity: will they work or ment environment in a corporation, and the way management functions. They won't they? If they do, for how long? the skills required for survival and suc- must either adjust to that reality or pay Those who do work often end up in sit- cess in it. Boys begin to develop these the price. Only individual women can uations where career advancement for skills in an outdoor classroom to which decide for themselves whether their ca- women is the exception, where they girls traditionally have had no access. reers are worth the price. n have to prove by their performance that After years of practice, men bring these they belong. Far more than men, they skills with them to management situa- Margaret Hennig graduated from Simmons continually have to prove their serious tions where they are critical to job College in Boston, and earned her master's commitment to their career. performance. and doctoral degrees from Harvard's Gradu- ate School of Business Team play as management training. Small In both team play and corporate man- Administration. She boys learn about being members of agement, success at planning demands taught a seminar there on teams, and about winning and losing. an awareness of group weaknesses and career development for They learn that runners and blockers strengths. For both teams and manage- women in management, are both necessary, and that the guys ment, successful leadership requires and is now associate pro- fessor of management at with the imagination to plan and antici- the ability to anticipate problems and to Simmons. pate become the team leaders. A team be ready with alternatives. As team Anne Jardim, a native can be a place to hide, a place to learn members, men have already learned the of Guyana, is a graduate about survival, about how to stay on, ground rules for relationships among of the London School of Economics. After a how to get another chance. Above all, their mostly male colleagues in man- brief diplomatic career, she joined the faculty at Harvard Business boys learn the importance of winning as agement. They have learned how to op- School, where she taught a team, not as an individual. erate in a subtle network of lateral a seminar on the psychol- The great majority of girls share nei- relationships with fellow team mem- ogy of leadership and ther the experience nor the lessons that bers: a relationship that depends on collaborated with Hennig on a research study of most boys learn from games like foot- friendship, persuasion, favors, promises women's career develop- ball, baseball and basketball. The popu- and, as Donna failed to sense, on con- ment. Their work led to lar sports for girls, such as tennis, nections with people who already have their selection as codi- swimming, and gymnastics, stress indi- influence. They have already become rectors of a new Graduate conscious of how they are seen by their Program in Management at Simmons. This ar- vidual rather than team performance. ticle has been adapted from their book, The Much more than boys, girls learn to play team members: as a winner, a member Managerial Woman, published this month by at sports according to the old adage, "It's of "the club," or as a potential loser. Doubleday. For more information, read: not whether you win or lose, but how As we have learned in our interviews Douvan. Elizabeth and Joseph Adelson. Adolescent Experi- you play the game." and classes, and in our discussions with ence; Wiley. 1966. $12.00. Horner. M.S. "Femininity and Successful Achievement: In our management seminars we male executives, many women in man- Basic Inconsistency" in Feminine Personality and Conflict. asked the men to think back to the time agement unconsciously convey, Judith Bardwick. et al., Brooks-Cole. 1970. $3.50. they played team games like football, through their attitudes and behavior, Maccoby. Eleanor E. and Carol N. Jacklin. Psychology of Sex Differences: Stanford University. 1974. $18.95 and to recall what it was like and what the image of being content with just a Super. Donald E. Vocational Development: A Framework for they remember learning as members of job instead of a career. If a woman shows Research; Bureau of Publications. Teachers College. Co- lumbia University. 1957, $4.25. the team. Varying only in form, they that the quality of relationships is her consistently gave similar answers: "It most important priority; if she has no A Psychology Today Cassette "How Women was boys only team work competi- clear career objectives; if she focuses Accept Success" by Lois Hoffman is available @ $7.95 (Outside U.S.A. $8.95). Order from tion cooperation It gave you a sense her energies on current job perfor- Consumer Service Division, 595 Broadway, of belonging you win some, you lose mance; if she remains oblivious to the New York, New York, 10012. PSYCHOLOGY JANUARY 1977 81 Masculinity (Continued from page 42.) teria of masculinity, and women are re- These egalitarian males want to believe about their masculine identity. "I be- lying less on marriage and children as they are doing their share of domestic lieve that the average person hasn't the the main criteria of femininity. In this duties, but the realities may be closer to least idea of what or who is a homosex- sample, for instance, both sexes were the traditional ways. ual," wrote one man, "except for the equally likely to agree on the important The sexes have different perceptions stereotypical effete male, which really aspects of their lives, in this descending on another matter, a little item we put isn't true. I've known many very 'mas- order: love, job, sex, recognition, mar- in at the last moment. When you are culine' men who were exclusive homo- riage, money, religion, and power. This driving with your spouse or lover and sexuals-and the only passes I've ever is new. In the olden days, men would lose your way, what are you most likely had made at me have always been by rank work, money, recognition and to do? (Women responded in terms of married men. Interestingly enough it is power as much more important than what their men were likely to do.) Half this type of person who always makes it the softer side of life, quite the opposite of the men said they would ask for direc- a point to either make a crude joke of women. tions themselves, but only one-fourth about 'queers' or is extremely disdainful But equality does not mean same- of the women said their men would do of homos." ness. Men and women still want some such a reasonable thing. Men either The new masculinity. Respondents sup- differences to remain, and the lag be- keep hunting by trial and error, the ported the women's liberation move- tween changing external conditions and women said, or the women in despera- ment, but they also overwhelmingly changing beliefs means that people will tion finally ask for directions. Which think that men could use some liberat- be caught in uncertainty for a while. For sex is more accurate? Why masculinity ing too (72 percent of the men, 74 per- example, many female respondents still precludes asking for directions baffles cent of the women). Not because of the want to look up to their men. We asked me, unless it's a genetic throwback to confining pressures of the male role, men how acceptable it would be to the age when men couldn't stop to ask surprisingly; the majority of the respon- them if their wives or lovers were more while hunting saber-toothed tigers. dents disagreed that "the respon- intelligent than they, earned more Today there are as many styles of mas- sibilities of work and supporting a money, or were more famous. We asked culinity as a man could want, and it family give men less freedom of choice the women how they would feel about even appears that the machos and the than women have" (52 percent of the earning more money or being more in- feminists are becoming more tolerant of men, 62 percent of the women). On the telligent and famous than their men. each other. The next report will con- contrary, about half of the respondents The men were more likely than the trast some of these styles, and also ex- think that neither sex is better off than women to say such situations would be plore some of the background factors the other in this society, and most of the "totally acceptable" to them. Forty-five and current experiences that are related rest think men have the advantage. percent of the men but only 27 percent to different meanings of masculinity. Men's liberation, to these readers, has of the women would find the woman's For the moment, here is one reader who more to do with emotional issues than greater intelligence "totally accept- illustrates how much standards of mas- economic ones. "I think men quit grow- able," and 18 percent of the men and 36 culinity have changed in this century: ing emotionally at five," one woman percent of the women would find it un- "In 1910, when I was born, I was living wrote. "They need to be taught to feel. acceptable. Curiously, both sexes said in an era when men were really men, Bringing home a good income isn't the woman's great fame and fortune compared to whom modern examples of enough." A man explained, "Ste- would be easier to accept than her masculinity seem like a bunch of pan- reotypic ideas about masculinity in the greater intelligence, possibly because sies. In those times to my young eyes, 1950s were to a great degree my undo- the former situation is less probable women were mostly a pain in the neck, ing. My inability to develop along rou- than the latter. Almost 90 percent of the and the males' main interest in them tine lines had a lasting, negative effect men said it was acceptable for their was to catch a glimpse of their ankles as on my self-esteem." Another man wives to earn more money, but very few they walked up or down stairs, but I thought that women presently are more wives actually do earn more. We can't never understood why. Women could liberated than men; women merely tell from these answers, unfortunately, never keep a confidence but were in- have to endure discrimination in jobs whether men really would be more at curable tattletales, which was of and family, but men are more discrimi- ease than women in these situations, or utmost disgust to any men, who were nated against in emotional needs. "I whether the women know the men bet- strictly honorable in all their dealings. suspect that women have always been ter than the men admit. How the world has changed!" more internally free of their role than Some evidence for the second inter- men," said another man. "Men's slavish pretation comes from other questions. Carol Tavris, a social psychologist who writes about behavioral science for the general pub- inhibitions keep them within the con- Women want to look up to their men, lic, was for eight years an editor of Psychology fines of a given role, resulting in defen- yes, but not while they are scrubbing Today. Tavris earned her sive egotism, practically forcing women the floor. The men are more likely to say Ph.D. in psychology from to humor their rigidness." they share housekeeping and routine the University of Michigan in 1971. Her Ph.D. thesis The fact that more men and women childcare 50-50, but the women dis- was a survey of attitudes believe in sexual equality is not a ran- agree with that perception, saying they toward the issues of dom or accidental event. It has its roots do most of it, and that while their hus- women's liberation. Next in the changing nature of family and bands approve of their working, they spring, Harcourt, Brace, work in this country; both sexes are de- would not make personal adjustments Jovanovich will publish The Longest War: Under- ciding that two roles are better than to help them out. Men are also more sat- standing Sex Differences, which Tavris wrote one. Men are becoming less obsessed isfied with the division of labor than with Carole Wade Offir. with work and success as the main cri- women (49 percent to 34 percent). For reprints, see Classified Advertising 82 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 Magnetic Video Corporation Industrial Park Court, Farmington, Michigan 48024 THE CLASSICS For The Discriminating Music Lover" For those who insist on the very best Magnetic Video proudly presents the world's most cherished music performed by Europe's leading ensembles. conductors and virtuoso soloists. This classical library offers 24 music masterpiece selections. each on a premium (2) two record or double length tape. Magnetic Video Corporation is SYMPHONY unsurpassed in quality music recording and backs this with an unconditional satisfaction guarantee. This collection is not sold in stores. available exclusively through Magnetic Video for immediate shipment. This is not a club, you have no future obligations or hidden extras. Magnetic Video will pay the tax. handling and freight charges. Order today. The individual cost of records or tapes is the same. $6.98 per selection. The entire library, a collector's item of 24 selections is only $115.00 complete, a savings of $52.52 over the purchase of individual selections. If you wish to own the entire library and would like deferred billing, we will bill you in 12 monthly installments of $12.50 each. A total cash price of $150.00. Please include $12.50 the first monthly payment with your order 1) BACH 9) TCHAIKOVSKY 17) HAYDN Violin Concerto in A Minor Symphony No. 6 in B Minor Symphony No. 94 "The Surprise Concerto w/Harpsichords & Orchestra "The Pathetique Symphony No. 101 "The Clock Violin Concerto in E Major Eduarde Lindenberg Conducting Fantasia in C Major Alfred Scholz Conducting The Vienna Opera Orchestra The South Germany Philharmonic The Nuremberg Symphony Alfred Scholz Conducting 2) BACH 10) TCHAIKOVSKY WORDSWORTH 18) LISZT Symphony in G Major Serenade for Strings in C Major Piano Concerto No 2 Symphony in B Major "Prelude" w/Orchestral Accompaniment Hungarian Rhapsody No. 6 Orchestral Suite No 2 Alfred Scholz Conducting Symphonic Poem "Tasso Hanspeter Gmur Conducting The South Germany Philharmonic Rato Tschupp Conducting The Bamburg Symphony James Alexander Gordon/Narrator The Nuremberg Symphony 3) BEETHOVEN 11) STRAUSS 19) MOZART Piano Concerto No. I in C Major Waltzes From Vienna's "Waltz King Symphony No 35 in D Major Piano Concerto No. 2 in B Flat Major Voices of Spring/Blue Danube Divertimento in D Major Rato Tschupp Conducting Gypsy Baron/Morning Papers/Vienna Woods Divertimento in F Major The Nuremberg Symphony Michael Raucheisen Conducting Alexander von Pitamic Conducting Hanae Nakajima/Pianist The Vienna Promenade Orchestra The South Germany Philharmonic 4) BEETHOVEN 12) BEETHOVEN 20) SCHUBERT Piano Concerto No. 5 "The Emperor Symphony No 6 "The Pastoral Symphony No 2 in B Flat Major Seven Bagatelles Polonaise in C Major Symphony No 3 in D Major Rato Tschupp Conducting Edward Lindenberg Conducting Urs Schneider Conducting The Nuremberg Symphony The Vienna Opera Orchestra The Nuremberg Symphony Hanae Nakajima/Pianist Ernst Groschel/Pianist 5) MOZART 13) BEETHOVEN 21) SCHUBERT Eine Kleine Nachtmusik Triple Concerto in C Major Quintet for Piano and Strings "A Little Night Music Coriolan Overture in C Minor "The Trout Symphony No 40 in G Minor Egmont Overture in F Minor Heinz Bossert/Leader Carlo Pantelli Conducting Zsolt Deaky Conducting The Salzburg Mozart Quintet The Nuremberg Symphony The Nuremberg Symphony Vienna Orchestra 6) SAINT-SAENS RAVEL 14) BEETHOVEN 22) SCHUMANN BRAHMS Carnival of the Animals Violin Concerto in D Major Symphony No I Springtime Miroirs (Mirrors) Sonata No. 14 "Moonlight Sonata Academic Festival Overture Urs Schneider Conducting Zsolt Deaky Conducting Tragic Overture The Nuremberg Symphony The Nuremberg Symphony Urs Schneider Conducting Hanae Nakajima/Pianist Wilhelm Klepper/Ernst Groschel/Solo The Nuremberg Symphony 7) SCHUBERT 15) CHOPIN 23) STRAUSS Symphony No 4 in C Minor Keyboard Classics Waltzes from Vienna's Waltz King "The Tragic "The Military Black Keys Study Roses From the South/Lemon Trees Symphony No 5 in B Flat Major Prelude in D Flat/"The Raindrop Radetsky March/Pleasures of Life Alfred Scholz Conducting Polonaise Michael Raucheisen Conducting The South Germany Philharmonic Alan Schiller/Pianist The Vienna Promenade Orchestra 8) SCHUBERT 16) HAYDN 24) DE ALBA Symphony No 8 "The Unfinished Symphony No. 97 in C Major Fingers of Gold" Moments Musicaux Symphony No. 104 Romance/Olvido/Mi Viejo Olivo Alexander von Pitamic Conducting "The London" Lagrima/Balcon Gaditano The South Germany Philharmonic Zsolt Deaky Conducting Tu Sonrisa/Mi Favorito/Arroyuele Ernst Groschel/Pianist The Nuremberg Symphony Juanillo De Alba/Acoustic Guitar To: MAGNETIC VIDEO CORP., Industrial Park, Farmington Hills, Michigan 48024 GUARANTEE The simplest and most comprehensive guarantee in the industry: Listen to our music if you are not 100% satisfied, return it for a complete refund. NAME 1 7 13 19 INDIVIDUAL SELECTIONS I wish to order individual selections as indicated on the coupon. I have enclosed ADDRESS 2 8 14 20 $6.98 for each selection ordered. 3 9 15 21 CITY ENTIRE LIBRARY $115.00 I want the entire library at the cash price. I have enclosed $115.00 which is 4 10 16 22 the cash price complete. You will ship the library and include the free carrying case. STATE ZIP 5 11 17 23 ENTIRE LIBRARY $150.00 I wish deferred billing. I have enclosed $12.50 as the first months payment. 6 12 18 24 I understand you will bill me $12.50 per month for 11 more equal installments. This brings the total cash SIGNATURE PLEASE CHECK ONE price to $150.00, and includes free carrying case. PHONE AGE 8-TRACK *This library is available in reel-to-reel for the purists. Priced at $10.00 per selection and $165.00 for CASSETTE the entire library. MASTERCHARGE CARD # L.P. RECORDS BANKAMERICARD REEL TO REEL* C MAGNETIC VIDEO CORP. FREE With the entire library order you DINERS CLUB EXP DATE will receive, as a free bonus, a TODAY. CARTE BLANCHE JANUMARYSOME carrying case for storing TOLL FREE 1-800-447-4700 24 hours. Orders for the "Classics" will be accepted if you use the toll free number AMERICAN EXPRESS your tapes or records. This case and one of the charge cards listed on the coupon. No COD orders. has a retail value of $15.00 books even mentions a university president whose aim is to develop a college "that the football team can be proud of." Overzealous fans will get a disturbing view in Roberts' accounts of some of their biggest heroes. Coach Woody Hayes of Ohio State comes off as a wind-up Gen- eral Patton. Wilt Chamberlain, we dis- cover, believed and supported Richard Nixon-the man who liked to diagram pass plays that could only have been in- tercepted. Pro football-player Bill Glass, baseball-player Steve Garvey, and vari- ous college basketball coaches not only talk to God about their sports but get de- tailed answers on such matters as recruit- ing and Christian victory. Indeed, one whole chapter, "Jesus Christ-Super- star," elaborates our athletic culture's bizarre union of violence and religion. On Roger Huyssen Sunday mornings (both from sports-lov- ing preachers and born-again athletes), it's all brotherly love and turn the other cheek; but by Sunday afternoon the mes- FANS! HOW WE GO CRAZY between TV games is in for a shock. The sage is rock-em, sock-em, and break OVER SPORTS book is funny in places and scandalous those bones. by Michael Roberts elsewhere, yet the most important pas- Death wish. Violence has become such The New Republic Book Company, Inc., sages are probably going to hurt. There an integral part of some sports that we $8.95 will be fans who feel like the little boy con- accept it as a strategy, as part of the Reviewed by Thomas A. Tutko fronted with the Black Sox scandal: "Say game rather than a disruption of the it ain't so!" But it is so. Roberts is convinc- game. Roberts makes this clear in A S athletics in America take on more ing on that score. "Hockey Means Never Having to Say prestige, and as they come to touch Field of carnage. He sees big-time You're Sorry," where he describes how our lives more intimately, the desire for in- sports as a barometer of society. The ba- the game has led to several deaths and a side information is swiftly becoming a rometer is dropping foully, as evidenced number of court cases. Boxing can be passion. Like voyeurs, the fans hunger for by the increasing destructiveness of just as barbaric, except that the brain more and more detailed books, more sports, the exploitation, the disillusion- damage typically happens in smaller in- exposés of the world of sports. And writ- ment, and the pain. Many individuals and crements, namely with each hard blow to ers have been trying to meet the demand. institutions contribute to this unhappy the head. Evel Knievel, meanwhile, may Jim Bouton in Ball Four and Jerry Kramer mess, and Roberts exposes most of not have fulfilled his own death wish but in Instant Replay caught the nation's them. Politicians, businessmen, clergy- he has been a fine example to others who sports figures in the dugout and the men, schools, and colleges-as well as have attempted to fulfill theirs, and in dressing room. Leonard Shecter in The coaches and athletes-are all, appar- some cases succeeded. Jocks and Dave Meggysey in Out of Their ently, helping to turn a potentially noble One clear message of this book is that League proceeded into the shower and activity into a field of carnage and fakery. the traditional values of sportsmanship, the bedroom. There is no stopping the Legislators will change laws and officials trying your best, playing the game, and flood of books. There is no stopping the will bend them in order to meet the needs building character have all been aban- procession, either, and at last Michael of the sports establishment. Businesses doned in favor of the craze to win. And the Roberts in Fans! How We Go Crazy Over looking for government contracts give craze has affected players, teams, and Sports has caught the jocks in the john. tickets away in exchange for favors. Col- spectators. Another message: although Has he gone too far? Probably not. This leges can be remarkably cynical in their we can choose to be either artistic or bar- book isn't just an angry dump on sports attempts to recruit the best high-school baric through sports, we seem to have and it isn't just a nasty peek into the lives athletes; besides the usual clot of lies, de- chosen barbarism, delighting in an ugly of Sunday-afternoon celebrities. It's more ceptions, and cash, some colleges also side of human nature. Still another ob- incisive, and much more disillusioning. take advantage of young women who are vious message: our competitive society The sports addict expecting a literary fix happy to make their contribution. Roberts apparently offers many individuals so lit- 84 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 FACES IN THE NEWS TIME TIME This portfolio of 2,810 TIME cover paintings and photographs TIME TIME .YOURS FREE TIME with a subscription to TIME 1924 FACES IN THE NEWS-remarkable men A GALLERY OF 2810 TIME COVER PAINTINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS and women who, for better or worse, cap- 1932 tured the world's attention and imagination. Some burst briefly and powerfully into the 1948 THE news, but soon slipped from sight. Some tough Truman influenced the way we think, feel, and live. the Dewey successfully Some changed the course of history. When UNITED perjury Kinsey Hiss Olympics pursued S you remember their faces, you can't help TIME feeling affection, or wonder, or rage, or TIME TIN laughter, or sadness. FDR, Churchill, Hitler. TME Ghandi, Einstein, Freud. Brando, Chaplin, 1958 Monroe. Would you still recognize Dizzy TIME TIME Dean, Dag Hammarskjold, Gertrude Stein? The US UNDER the TIME 1 10 per Furope TIME And how about Charles Lindbergh, the versecres TIME TIME Algena TIME Dionne quints, even AI Capone? 1 I You'll find them all in this exciting collec- TIM TIME TIME tion of TIME covers-reproductions of TIME TIME 2,810 covers from the very first issue in TIME TIME 1923. This strikingly handsome 56-page TIME TIME 1E portfolio is offered to you free with your TIME TIME TIME TIME subscription. TIME TIME Today's TIME continues to chronicle the TIME TIME TIME events, trends and ideas that affect our lives. TIME It brings you the story of the whole world's TIME TIME week. Each new issue gives you a vivid pic- ture of the world's most important-to-watch TIME TIME TIME TIME people and what they're like-not only from ME TIME what you see on the cover, but on each and every page inside. You'll find informative, scrupulously researched stories from every IME TIME TIME TIME TIME corner of the earth the newest develop- ments in everything from movies to medi- TIME cine, law to literature, human behavior, sports, and the economy. TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME SKY You can subscribe for anywhere from 25 to TIME 100 weeks for only 50¢ an issue (TIME is $1.00 a copy on newsstands, 50¢ by regular TIME subscription). You will receive FACES IN TIME TIME TIME THE NEWS as our gift as soon as we receive TIME TIME TIME TIME TIM TIME LAS payment for your subscription. But you need send no money now. Just mail the postpaid card. TIME TIME TIME If someone has already taken the card, just TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME write TIME Magazine, 541 North Fairbanks TIME Court, Chicago, III. 60611, or call toll-free 800-621-8200. (In Illinois: 800-972-8302.) TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME Act now! TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME Offer subject TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME E M to cancellation at any time. Actress Geneviève Bujeld tle that they are reduced to feeding off must try to find that old-new road. more acute by the moments of passion- teams and sports heroes for their deep- Thomas Tutko is professor of psychology at ate love, delight in my children's spirited est fulfillments. It seems a fairly mag- San Jose State University and a director of the bodies and minds, amazement at how gotlike existence. Institute for the Study of Athletic Motivation. they went on loving me in spite of my What Roberts does not touch on, and failures to love them wholly or selflessly." what we are left wondering about, is why OF WOMAN BORN Her husband was a "sensitive, affec- people become SO obsessed with sports by Adrienne Rich tionate man who wanted children" and in the first place. How can any reasonable W.W. Norton& Company, Inc., was willing to help. But his help too often human being identify with a basketball $8.95 seemed an act of generosity. It was his player, for example-with a freakishly tall Reviewed by Niles Newton professional life that was supposed to be man in gaudy underwear? Because he O f Woman Born is subtitled "Mother- the real work of the family; her struggles can put a leather sphere through a metal hood as Experience and Institution," as a writer were a luxury that cost the fam- hoop better than most people? It's pretty but what the book really discusses is cer- ily the price of household help. strange when you think about it. How can tain feelings of ambivalence toward "Had yourself spayed?" A turning point a normal weekday jobholder become, childbearing and child care, and the evils in her life came when she got pregnant figuratively, a raging mass of flesh each of patriarchy. The book recognizes the with an unintended child-her third. She Sunday, as 11 men in armor try to push a unique importance of the mother since all made arrangements to be sterilized im- pig's bladder 100 yards through 11 other males and females are "of woman born" mediately after the birth. Tubal ligation men who are trying to stop them? and the first major experience of a baby's was a pioneering act in the 1950s. She It seems that we care SO little for our- life usually comes from the mother. still remembers her husband asking selves that we can't find healthier enter- The author's reactions to her own moth- whether she was sure she might not feel tainments. The situation is a shameful erhood illuminate her generalizations. "less feminine" once she was sterilized. irony when we consider what athletics, at She writes: Twenty-four hours after the birth of her their best, can mean to a person and a for a long time, I avoided this jour- last child, after she woke up from the op- culture. Sports can be a royal road to per- ney back into the years of pregnancy, eration, a young nurse said, "Had your- sonal growth and development-phys- childbearing, and the dependent lives of self spayed, did you?" It was an ugly ically, socially, and psychologically. What my children, because it meant going experience. we need, I think, is a movement of some back into pain and anger that I would The physical aspects of childbearing kind that will help us discover the latent have preferred to think of as long since were\at times actually repugnant to "jock" in all of us. For there's an athlete resolved and put away I could remem- Adrienne Rich. Her reactions to figures of inside nearly everyone, and not a specta- ber little except anxiety, physical weari- prehistoric mother-goddesses, which tor but an Olympian. Roberts has por- ness, anger, self-blame, boredom, and emphasized enlarged breasts and stom- trayed, very impressively, just why we division within myself: a division made achs, were initially those of "distaste or profound ambivalence." Later, she Chris Callis learned to see them as symbols of "power" and "integrity" and "absolute nonfemininity." The cycle of physical ma- ternity begins with sex, SO it is not surpris- ing to have the author comment, "physical pleasure, even in sex, was problematic to me." The ambivalence in her own life con- tinues when she mentions the pleasure of suckling each of her babies; yet she feels deep resentment at "being uprooted from already meager sleep to answer a childish nightmare, pull up a blanket, warm a consoling bottle, lead a half- asleep child to the toilet." Eventually, the seeming nightmare of her children's early lives was over, and her sons grew old enough SO that she could talk with them as equals. "To- gether," she reports, "we lived through my leaving the marriage and through their father's suicide." But, "for years I be- lieved I should never have been anyone's mother." Rich blames the male establishment for women's suffering. Her theories are best put in her own words, for she writes eloquently on the subject: "The cross-cultural global domination 88 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 of women by men can no longer be either ternal reactions. They are the experi- power-struggles, and ambivalence to- denied or defended. When we acknowl- ences of oppression, whether threatened ward childbearing, child care, and men. edge this, we tear open the relationships, or suffered directly: Admittedly, almost all mothers have had a tangle of lust, violence, possession, "Rape and its aftermath; marriage as some experience that could trigger simi- fear, conscious longing, unconscious economic dependence, as the guaran- lar feelings. What I find SO strange, as a hostility, sentiment, rationalization: the tee to a man of 'his' children; the theft of mother of four and as a long-term wife, is sexual understructure of social and politi- childbirth from women; the concept of the that the positive side of motherhood is SO cal forms." And again: "The patriarchal 'illegitimacy' of a child born out of underrepresented. institution of motherhood is not the wedlock; the laws regulating contracep- To me, the temporary pains and incon- 'human condition' any more than rape, tion and abortion; the cavalier marketing venience of childbearing and rearing are prostitution, and slavery are." Or, "We of dangerous birth-control devices; the far outweighed by the warm physical, must remember that a father is simply a denial that work done by women at home emotional, and intellectual interchange male who has possession and control of a is a part of 'production'; the chaining of between mother and child. Many mothers female (or more than one) and her women in links of love and guilt; the ab- with whom | have had close contact offspring." sence of social benefits for mothers; the (though not all of them) would agree. Experiences of repression. She speaks inadequacy of child-care facilities in most Many of us see our husbands, moreover, sardonically as well: "When we think of parts of the world; the unequal pay not as ogres engaged in a power struggle motherhood, we are supposed to think of women receive as wage-earners, forcing with us but rather as partners in creating Renoir's blooming women with rosy chil- them often into dependence on a man; a home that meets the emotional needs of dren at their knees, Raphael's ecstatic the solitary confinement of full-time all its members. Besides, husbands can madonnas, some Jewish mother lighting motherhood'; the token nature of father- be fun in bed. There is SO much potential the candles in a scrubbed kitchen on hood, which gives a man rights and priv- for enjoyment in the female body, with its Shabbos, her braided loaf lying beneath ileges over children toward whom he three interpersonal reproductive acts a freshly ironed napkin." assumes minimal responsibility; the psy- (coitus, birth, and breast feeding) that She emphasizes, however, that pa- choanalytic castigation of the mother; the being a woman and mother can be pro- triarchy, although invisible, still shapes pediatric assumption that the mother is foundly satisfying and interesting. And women's relationships with their children inadequate and ignorant; the burden of this is true despite the measurable dis- and suggests that women should keep in emotional work borne by women in the crimination that exists in regard to pay mind precisely what kinds of institutions family." and work opportunities outside the home. and experiences may influence their ma- Rich's book is full of hate, resentment, Rich's book gave me an understanding This unique four-disc album is interest- Stereo Review's FREE BOOKLET INCLUDED. The accom- sights and understanding of his many ing, easy to comprehend, and instructive. panying booklet is a valuable comple- Guide to years of experience in bringing music to It is the first project of its kind to ment to the album. It presents David listeners as well as advice on how Understanding approach the understanding of music Randolph's straightforward professional you can make the best use of the album. through its basic elements: rhythm approach to music, and shares the in- Music melody harmony texture. What you need to know Written and narrated exclusively for FIRST TIME EVER OFFERED Stereo Review by David Randolph, Music to increase your listening pleasure Director of the Masterwork Music and The Guide to Understanding Music has been several years in the planning and produc- David Randolph Art Foundation, this fascinating set of tion stages to assure that it would be as complete, as up-to-date, and as effective a stereo records will help you become a presentation of its subject as possible. The exclusive four-disc recording is now ready, more sophisticated, more knowledgeable available for the first time through Stereo Review. The special low price is just $21.98, listener-and a more completely satisfied postpaid, for all four 33½ rpm stereo long-play records, a price made possible by the one as well. It will give you an "ear for availability of the consultative and production facilities of Stereo Review and its staff. music" you never thought you had. Under ordinary auspices, a work of this nature and importance would cost much more. In the GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING MUSIC, David Randolph first discusses, by means of recorded narration, how the composer uses and unifies all the basic SPECIAL SCHOOL AND LIBRARY OFFER musical elements. After each musical Of particular importance is the role the GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING MUSIC point is made in the narration, a musi- Stereo Review is cal demonstration of the point under can play as a teaching tool for music departments in schools throughout the discussion is provided. Thus you become country. Orders for 3 sets or more are available to schools and libraries at the a part of the creative musical process by SPECIAL DISCOUNT PRICE of only $19.78 per album, a savings of 10% off proud to listening, by understanding, by seeing the regular price of $21.98. This special quantity price is also available to how music's "raw materials" are em- individuals and organizations who may have a need for more than one album. announce an ployed by composers and performers to Schools may submit orders on standard purchasing forms. attain their highest level of expressivity important and communication through musical form. FOUR LONG-PLAY STEREO RECORDS: new set Record I-The Elements of Music. 1. Ziff-Davis Service Division, Dept. R, 595 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10012. Rhythm, 2. Melody, 3. Harmony, 4. of recordings Texture. Please send the Guide To Understanding Music @ $21.98, postpaid Record II-Sense and Sensation in ($26.98 outside U.S.A.). PTI7R created to help Music. (The Instruments of the Orches- Please send (3 or more) Guide To Understanding Music tra.) How Music is Unified. albums @ $19.78 each, postpaid ($24.00 each outside U.S.A.). Record III-Form in Music. Words and you Enclosed is $ (Residents of Calif., Col., Fla., III., Mich., Music. Mo., N.Y. State, D.C. and Tex. add applicable sales tax.) expand your Record IV-Can Music Tell a Story or CHARGE: BankAmericard Paint a Picture? The Interpretation of Master Charge Music. American Express Diners Club understanding The GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING MUSIC Account # Exp. Date contains of music. Master Charge Interbank # OVER 200 MUSICAL EXAMPLES which (4 numbers over your name) have been carefully chosen from among Signature thousands of recordings by major record companies as the best illustrations of Print Name musical points made in the recorded Address narration. In addition, supplementary musical demonstrations were specially re- City State corded for this album. Zip PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 89 of the depth of feeling behind another and psychophysical aspects of reproduction stomach contracts, squeezing, battering, point of view toward motherhood. It is un- and childbearing. Of Woman Born is a selec- bruising its contents in an orgy of tritura- doubtedly true that there is a segment of tion of the Psychology Today Book Club. tion. No stung horse shudders and rears American women who do feel about men SO mightily." and motherhood the way she does. She is Essay on the skin. Richard Selzer is a to be recognized for her frankness and surgeon-poet. Unlike physician-poet her ability to vividly convey these William Carlos Williams, Selzer does not emotions. write poetry but poetic prose. I assume (and hope, for the sake of his patients) Niles Newton is a professor in the department of psychiatry at Northwestern University Medi- that in the operating room his surgical na- cal School. Both as teacher and researcher, ture is in the ascendancy. But when he her chief interests have been the psychosocial writes of the human body, it is the poet who picks up the pen. Here, for example, is the opening paragraph of his essay on the skin; "I sing of the skin, layered fine as baklava, whose colors shame the dawn, at once the scabbard upon which is writ our only signature, and the instrument by which we are thrilled, protected, and kept constant in our natural place. Here is each man bagged and trussed in perfect amiability. See how it upholsters the bone and muscle underneath, now accenting the point of an elbow, now rolling over the pectorals to hollow the grotto of an armpit. Nippled and umbilicated, and perforated by the most diverse and mar- velous openings, each with its singular rim and curtain. Thus the carven helix of the ear, the rigid nostrils, the puckered continence of the anus, the moist and sensitive lips of mouth and vagina." The reader will find that the Archives of Der- matology contain no articles written in that particular style. What Selzer has done, in this remarka- ble collection of essays, is to translate medical jargon into English, not simply to explain the body to us but to help us per- ceive its essence. From Mortal Lessons the lay reader will not only learn about the Anita Siegel art of surgery and about the various parts of the body, but he will enjoy the pleasure of reading a most remarkable stylist. Any- MORTAL LESSONS: NOTES ON THE knew anatomy might describe it: "In re- one who appreciates good writing will en- ART OF SURGERY pose, the stomach is a J-shaped flaccid joy Mortal Lessons almost as much for by Richard Selzer sack, and it thus follows that there is a the way it is written as for what it has to Simon and Schuster, $8.95 greater and a lesser curvature. Above is say. Reviewed by William A. Nolen the cardia, below the pylorus. In the mid- Too much about corpses. I must warn dle is the capacious antrum through the reader, however, that though there is ichard Selzer is a surgeon. Like other which food traverses an imaginary chan- humor as well as beauty in the book (e.g., R well-trained surgeons, he knows not nel, the magenstrasse. Two layers of Selzer's description of Benjamin Franklin only the anatomy of the human body but muscle, one longitudinal, the other circu- standing on his head to void whenever a also how its organs function. He could, if it lar, envelop the stomach. These muscle bladder stone blocked his urethra), there suited his purposes, name each artery layers, aroused by the presence of food is also some material that struck me as that supplies blood to the stomach, de- in the antrum, are thrown into vigorous morbid. His chapter on the corpse, for ex- scribe the route each vein takes as it contortion. Waves of peristalsis erupt in ample, told me more about the dead leaves the stomach on its way to the liver, the cardia and ripple downward to spend body than I cared to know. In fact, I tell us how many quarts of hydrochloric themselves at the pylorus. Ridges are couldn't bring myself to read this essay acid the stomach secretes every 24 raised, indentations cut, as this fierce en- through when it first appeared in Esquire, hours. However, in Mortal Lessons he ergy is transmitted from cell to cell, ad- nor could I force myself to read it in this gives us none of this information. Instead, vancing upon the tissues in a broad front, book. Yet I am a surgeon and, like most he tells us of the stomach as a poet who engulfing them. The whole corpus of the (Continued on page 103.) 90 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 The Code Has Been Broken! What is really real? by ESSAEi Experimental psychologist LeShan's groundbreaking book about four kinds J. Krishnamurti of reality: Sensory, Clairvoyant, TRANSCRIPTS Transpsychic, and Mythic, explains how your mind can encompass them all. J. Krishnamurti Advance Collectors Codex COMMENTARIES ON LIVING Ist series The Most Revolutionary ALTERNATE Discovery Of Our Age REALITIES Edited by 8A1**8**1 A new system of self-transformation created out of the Dead Sea Scrolls Secret. oral teachings never before found in print decoded by recent Typtographic The Search for the Full Human Being research. BOOKSHELF By LAWRENCE LeSHAN The Transcripts not only explain why the Essenes and Therapeutae were able to heal and live to ages ex: $7.95 at bookstores. EVANS ceeding 100 years. but show how teachers such as Jesus attained superior intelligence. worked miracles and com- muned with God. Theory and techniques on over 40 disciplines MAKE ANYONE for body. emotion and mind development are also included Teachers. scholars. doctors report calculable ben- DO ANYTHING efits: "Intelligence improved." Altered states of con- A QUEST BOOK $2.25 sciousness a living reality This is the secret of secrets." YOU MENTALLY COMMAND- "Explains the power of Christ." WITH YOUR MIND ALONE! 3 books that transcend the psy- Our purpose is to provide the conditions and op- Silently command, control, dominate anyone. Say chological portunities for learning the system. This 40-day program nothing, watch even perfect strangers do what you includes 10 hours of oral teachings on cassette tape and a wish willingly and cheerfully. Absolutely uncanny! Awe-inspiring details revealed in SUCCESP Commentaries 300-page hard bound text for easy study fully illustrated. Manual Review Folio. Send $1 for postage and Write today and share in this exciting research handling. on Revolutionary Codex II SCHOOL OF SUCCESS SCIENCE Box 505, Div. K 86 New York City 10017 Living DECODED NEW TESTAMENT The original Gos- Series 1, 2 and 3 pel of Christ was not a book but a NOTE: These books are not a System of per- psychological crutch. Indeed, sonal regenera- ERICH FROMM'S Krishnamurti can help you take tion and illumi- ONE STEP BEYOND your psyche. nation transmit- vital sequel to You will stretch your mind to ted orally. Lost its limits until your mind is tran- during the perse- "The Art of Loving" cutions. it was never passed down to the organized scended — the effect is similar Church. Now with publication of THE DECODE D to that produced by a Zen koan NEW TESTAMENT. the Lost System Christ is TO HAVE - and you can comprehend the clarified for the first time in centuries. By Gene truth behind paradox. Savoy. the Bible scholar most closely associated with the emerging New Christianity In question and answer format, OR TO BE? one of the great thinkers of our INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY OF CHRIST time speaks about our hopes, our ACADEMY FOR RELIGIOUS ARTS AND SCIENCES fears, our illusions, our beliefs, 100 NORTH ARLINGTON A major humanist manifesto that and in the simplest language POST OFFICE BOX 3279 dramatically shows that man seems to pierce to their roots. RENO, NEVADA 89505 must make the choice between He speaks about wealth - love Please send me the following: "having," which is the root of lust dreams chastity - loneliness Hardbound Essaei Transcripts, tapes, for power, and "being," which anger - satisfaction - boredom and gift copy of The Decoded New is the root of productive activity jealousy - security - hope - the Testament for only: $135.00 or else face catastrophe. pursuit of power - death - medio- crity self-pity. Printed Transcripts only: $ 69.50 Cassette Tapes only: $ 69.50 Volume 50 in World Perspectives, "The sheer simplicity is breath- planned and edited by Ruth Nanda The Decoded taking." Anne Morrow Lindberg New Testament Anshen $ 39.50 Selected by the Literary Guild, Psychology "The insight, spiritual and poetic Enclosed find my U.S. Tax Deductible Today, Behavioral is as simply expressed as it Contribution for the amount of: Science, Library of is searching in demand." Times $ Human Behavior, and Literary Supplement (London) Charge my: BankAmericard PT Psychotherapy & Social Series 1: 254p. $2.25. Series 2: Science books clubs Master Charge 242p. $2.95. Series 3: 312p. $1.75 2nd printing $8.95 Card No. Exp. Date at bookstores At bookstores or postpaid prompt- Name ly from Quest Books Dept. PT 306 W. Geneva Rd. Wheaton, III. 60187 Address City (Request a Quest catalog. No State Zip Harper Row charge. No order necessary) - Allow 6 Weeks For Delivery 1817 (Add $4.00 For Air Postage) 91 A COMPLETE NEW SELECTION OF psychology today Therapists, counselers, teachers, and students will THERAPY FOR SEXUAL PROBLEMS Joseph LoPiccolo find these authoritative interviews and lectures Dr. LoPiccolo talks about the sex therapy program for enhancing sexual relationships of couples now useful in a variety of therapeutic and instructional in operation at the Sex Therapy Clinic at Stony Brook. #39 situations. Individuals will find them significant MEDICAL USES OF HYPNOSIS-Stephen Black A review of the values and limitations of hypnotism as a means of increasing their knowledge and in the treatment of psychosomatic illness, by the former Director of the Psychophysiological expanding upon particular interests. Research Unit, London. #525 PARENT EFFECTIVENESS TRAINING Thomas Gordon See CHILDREN #8 MEDITATION CHILDREN THE RESPONSIBLE WORLD OF FLOW AND MINDFULNESS-Daniel Goleman VIOLENCE AND THE TEENAGER-Derek Miller REALITY THERAPY-William Glasser How to make any activity, even daily chores, a With wit and deep insight, Miller explores what William Glasser, the father of Reality Therapy, pleasure. Dr. Goleman instructs in mindfulness, the occurs when the capacity to recognize teen-agers as outlines the steps involved in applying his principles meditation that lets things flow. #42 humans beings is temporarily lost. He discusses to the problems of patients, classrooms, DEEP RELAXATION-Daniel Goleman what happens when teenagers are dehumanized institutions, and your own personal life. #27 Relax away your tension. Dr. Goleman leads you and what chances we have to alter the current through a deep relaxation procedure that you can trends. #46 SEX learn and do on your own. #43 CHILD ABUSE- Robert Burt Prof. Burt discusses the social, legal, and moral MARRIAGE THERAPY-Joanne and Lew Koch MEDITATION-Daniel Goleman definitions of child abuse and society's See THERAPY #44 Dr. Goleman tells how to do an easy, basic meditation technique. He also talks about the responsibility to the abused child. He explores THERAPY FOR SEXUAL PROBLEMS Eastern origins of meditation and discusses whether it is possible to recognize a child abuser, Joseph LoPiccolo common problems of beginners. #36 whether there are methods of prevention, and See THERAPY #39 the ramifications of this pertinent problem. #48 A SCIENTIFIC VIEW OF MEDITATION FEMALE SEXUAL RESPONSE TO EROTICA Robert Ornstein CHANGING ROLES OF STUDENTS Julia R. Heiman A discussion of whether meditation suppresses Elizabeth Douvan See EDUCATION #49 Dr. Heiman discusses new techniques for measuring ordinary thought so that other functions of the mind EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN female sexual response, and what experiences and can appear, and if there is a physiological basis Joan B. Kelly fantasies enable a woman to achieve more complete for this concept. #529 Dr. Kelly, who conducted one of the first studies sexual fulfillment. #40 on the effects of divorce on children, discusses her SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION RELATING TO research and what she and others have found BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION PHYSICAL DISEASE-Diane Fordney-Settlage on how to help children with divorced parents. #38 Dr. Settlage talks about alternatives and the WEIGHT CONTROL-Michael Mahoney PARENT EFFECTIVNESS TRAINING potential for relearning when a sexual partner has Dr. Mahoney shows that to control weight perma- Thomas Gordon suffered the partial loss of use of his or her nently, one must focus on behavior, not diets. #37 The author of the acclaimed book of the same body. #41 name gives his views on child rearing and what he FAMILY LIVING SERIES sees as its goals and principles. A very open OVERCOMING SEXUAL INADEQUACY Dr. Gerald R. Patterson and Marion Forgatch and intelligent approach to parenthood. #8 Stephen Neiger In this series of five tapes, clinical psychologist THE PYGMALION EFFECT: WHAT YOU EXPECT A self-help series of cassettes designed to benefit Gerald R. Patterson, one of the foremost experts in IS WHAT YOU GET-Robert Rosenthal individuals and couples in the privacy of their the field of behavior modification, explains how own homes regardless of whether they have a sex See EDUCATION #12 families can use techniques developed by behavior problem. Dr. Neiger incorporates information therapists to improve relationships at home. Dr. COMPENSATORY EDUCATION from his clinical experience to provide the listener Patterson focuses on child-rearing practices, but he Seymour Feshbach See EDUCATION #21 with a comprehensive, up-to-date course on what also teaches adults how to air grievances, settle we know about sex and how we can use that disputes, and communicate more openly with each WOMAN knowledge to improve our sex lives and overcome other. Each tape defines a single technique, sexual difficulties. Couples and individuals can discusses its uses, and through example, tells HOW WOMEN ACCEPT SUCCESS benefit from these sessions either to cure sexual listeners how to employ it. Complete Set-5 Tapes Lois Hoffman difficulties or enrich an already satisfactory $39.75. (Outside U.S.A. $44.75). #S901 A discussion on how far women have come in the sexual relationship. This complete series consists of Tapes are also available individually as listed below conception of themselves, and the difficulties 12 cassettes and provides 7 hours of commentary. @ $9.95 each (Outside U.S.A. $10.95). they encounter from outside and within, in striving $89.50 (Outside U.S.A. $99.50) #S902 POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT to attain success. Prof. Hoffman contends that Cassettes in this series may also be purchased How to use reinforcers such as love and attention in women may tend to avoid achievement because of individually and are listed below. $9.95 each helping children change troublesome behavior. #500 their concerns about social rejection and loss (Outside U.S.A. $10.95). Order by #. *References on PINPOINTING AND TRACKING of femininity. #47 tapes #S 512, 513 and 514 are made to techniques described on other titles in the series. It is Teaches methods of observing and keeping track FEMALE SEXUAL RESPONSE TO EROTICA recommended that these tapes be purchased in the of behavior patterns. #501 Julia R. Heiman See SEX #40 groupings indicated. If you wish to do so, these TIME OUT groupings only are available at 20% discounted Time out means removing a child from a place or ABNORMAL/CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY prices shown situation that rewards him for acting up. This tape shows how to use time out. #502 AFFECTIVE PSYCHOSES: INTERVIEWS OVERVIEW/DOES SEX COMES NATURALLY?-#505 WITH MENTAL PATIENTS- George W. Kisker NEGOTIATION See MENTAL ILLNESS #530 HOW TO FIND YOUR SEXUAL POTENTIAL-#506 Negotiation shows how to agree on what problems ORGANIC BRAIN DISORDERS: SOME DAMAGING MYTHS ABOUT SEX AND really exist and how to go about solving them. #503 INTERVIEWS WITH MENTAL PATIENTS ORGASM-AND THE TRUTH-#507 CONTRACTING George W. Kisker NEW FINDINGS ON HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE Demonstrates the final step in the family living Interviews demonstrating chronic brain disorders #508 program, in which a family can actually write a caused by alcholism, senility and frontal lobe contract to change behavior. #504 SEX WITHOUT INTERCOURSE-#509 atrophy. #531 SEX GADGETS/RELAX AND ENJOY IT-#510 ROGERS/SKINNER DEBATE on Education and the DEATH, THE ENEMY-Edwin S. Shneidman BODY EXPLORATION-#511 See DEATH #19 Control of Human Behavior HOW MEN CAN RESTORE AND Carl R. Rogers and B. F. Skinner THERAPY MAINTAIN ERECTION-512* Edited by Professor Gerald A. Gladstein, (Group I-#s 509, 510, 511, 512-$31.85) Univ. of Rochester THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF RATIONAL- These debates between Carl Rogers and HOW MEN CAN LAST LONGER IN LOVEMAKING/ EMOTIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY-Albert Ellis B. F. Skinner provide invaluable insights into their DIFFICULTIES IN FEMALE AROUSAL differing views on free will, the causes of behavior, Dr. Ellis outlines the principles of rational-emotive AND ORGASM-#513* the importance of mental events, the effects of psychotherapy and illustrates their application to (Group II-#s 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 513-$47.75) environment, and the goals of psychology. The actual problems. #532 VAGINISMUS AND OTHER DIFFICULTIES/ 6-cassette set provides nearly 4 hours of dialogue MARRIAGE THERAPY-Joanne and Lew Koch HOW TO BUY AND USE A VIBRATOR-514* between Rogers and Skinner. The interchange of Marriage therapy is booming, but buyers must (Group Ш-#509, 510, 514, 515, 516-$39.80) ideas between these two outstanding authorities on beware, especially in sex clinics. The couple who THE USE OF NOVELTY AND VARIETY education and human behavior bring the subjects wrote The Marriage Savers tell what to watch out FOR SEXUAL ADEQUACY-#515 alive in a unique and vital way. Complete set- for and why some therapies get dramatic 6 Tapes $49.50 (Outside U.S.A. $55.00). #S900 results. #44 THE LANGUAGE OF SEX-#516 CASSETTES AVAILABLE FOR THE FIRST TIME Unit at Manchester College, Oxford, Hardy explores the field of extrasensory perception through a study of religious experience. #526 ALTERNATIVES TO MARRIAGE-Carl Rogers Dr. Rogers discusses marrying versus living together, why it is important to be your own person, DEATH the importance of deep communication, why the THE MYTH OF MENTAL ILLNESS family is a failing institution. #3 Thomas S. Szasz SELF-DESTRUCTION AND IDENTITY The controversial Dr. Szasz views mental illness POWER AND INNOCENCE-Rollo May Norman L. Farberow Farberow talks about the processes and influences as a disguise for moral and psycho-social problems A look at the types of power its uses and abuses, of living. #517 the reasons why we repress our power and of identity formation that make persons vulnerable to suicide. Using case histories, he describes FAMILY DYNAMICS AND SCHIZOPHRENIA what happens when we don't admit we have power. the risk for both sexes in adolescence, middle age, Jerry Higgins May's concern over our increasing apathy to violence is also discussed. #15 and old age. #519 Higgins examines how the family group is related to the schizophrenic child, and how the development NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION DEATH, THE ENEMY-Edwin S. Shneidman of the child is contingent upon the type of family Ernest Beier & James Gill A noted thanatologist examines death and dying. organization. #520 Body language, gestures, facial expressions, and He explains why suicide notes are usually boring, other kinds of non-verbal "speech" form a rich why people are incapable of writing their own SCHIZOPHRENIA: INTERVIEWS WITH language. Two psychologists show how this silent epitaphs, and why death really exists only for MENTAL PATIENTS-George W. Kisker language reveals feeling, and suggests why our survivors, not for those who die. # 19 Interviews with reactive schizophrenics illustrating non-verbal messages are not always consistent disjointed thinking, paranoia, persecution EVERYDAY HEROICS OF LIVING AND DYING with our verbal ones. #24 Ernest Becker complexes, delusions of grandeur. #521 NEW MIND, NEW BODY-Barbara B. Brown Winner of the 1974 Pulitzer Prize for The Denial Bio-feedback comes of age. No longer just a of Death, Dr. Becker speaks from his hospital bed EDUCATION toy of the scientist, bio-feedback promises to make shortly before he died of cancer. He lucidly CHANGING ROLES OF STUDENTS dramatic improvements in our physical and explains his profound theory that the fear of death mental health. #32 is behind much of the creativity in human culture Elizabeth Douvan and the heroism of individuals. These are some Dr. Douvan stresses how male and female sex Individual cassettes are $7.95 each, unless other- of this brilliant man's last and most moving words roles affect all aspects of school life. Recent studies have shown that the way society socializes boys wise noted. Add 50¢ per cassette for postage about our endless effort to transcend death's inescapability. #29 and girls has negative effects on their adjustment and handling; 5 or more, postpaid. Prices for and well-being during the school years. #49 complete sets are shown next to catalog num- COPING WITH DEATH AND DYING bers and include postage and handling charges. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross DIALOGUE ON AMERICAN EDUCATION Outside U.S.A. individual cassettes are $9.95 Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross is the leading authority Ralph W. Tyler and John I. Goodlad on dying. In these 5 cassettes she draws on This series is a study of innovative movements each, postpaid, unless otherwise noted. more than a decade of her own experience at the in 20th century American education. It traces bedside of many hundreds of dying patients. historical trends and developments, and suggests CHARGE YOUR ORDER TO YOUR Three tapes detail the stages of adjustment to dying major issues and problem areas most likely to AMERICAN EXPRESS, -Fear of Death; Verbal and Non-Verbal Symbolical confront the field during the remainder of this Language; Stages of Dying: Denial, Pseudo-Denial, century. The series can be used for in-service BANKAMERICARD, MASTER CHARGE Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance or training programs for teachers and principals, as OR DINERS CLUB ACCOUNT. Resignation. The fourth tape describes how children part of a staff-development program with interested face death, and in the fifth tape, Dr. Kübler-Ross teacher and parent groups, and as supplementary discusses the needs of the family and friends material for college or university work. Complete PSYCHOLOGY TODAY PT 1-77 of someone who dies suddenly. These tapes will Set-4 Tapes $40 (Outside U.S.A. $45) #S904 Consumer Service Division assist individuals and families to face the loss of a 595 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10012 loved one with greater understanding. Complete THE PYGMALION EFFECT: WHAT YOU EXPECT Set-5 Tapes $39.95 (Outside U.S.A. $44.95) #S903 IS WHAT YOU GET- Robert Rosenthal Please send the following cassettes (indicate Group How teacher expectations affect student Number if ordering specified groups in "Overcoming CONSCIOUSNESS performance: new research on the role of Sexual Inadequacy" series): non-verbal cues. #12 FLOW AND MINDFULNESS-Daniel Goleman Tape # Quantity Tape # Quantity DEPRESSION Tape # See MEDITATION #42 Quantity DEEP RELAXATON-Daniel Golèman See MEDITATION #43 HOW TO HANDLE DEPRESSION Frederic F. Flach MEDITATION-Daniel Goleman Dr. Flach discusses all aspects of depression, its See MEDITATION #36 effects on family life, its relationship to alcoholism, DREAMS AND DREAMING-Christopher Evans and its prevention and treatment. 2 Cassette A lucid presentation of the Evans theory of the Set-$15.00 (Outside U.S.A. $18.00) #S400 function of dreaming. Evans discusses the need for sleep, his theory of dreaming and how an LEARNED HELPLESSNESS understanding of sleep disorders may provide Martin E. P. Seligman insight into mental illness. #523 Research on helplessness in animals provides a ZEN: THE ETERNAL NOW-Alan Watts new view of the problem of human depression. Dr. Add 50c each for postage and handling for individ- Zen is the spiritual path for tens of thousands of Seligman discusses how depression may be ual cassettes; 5 or more postpaid. Prices for sets caused and what can be done to treat it. #14 people. One of the foremost Zen teachers describes include postage. Outside U.S.A. individual cassettes it effectively. #527 MISCELLANEOUS are $9.95 each, postpaid, unless otherwise noted. GURUS, DISCIPLES & ASHRAMS-Peter Brent Having travelled widely in India, Peter Brent, the PSYCHOLOGY AND THE POLICE-Morton Bard Enclosed is $ Institutional purchase author of two books relating to the subject, provides Dr. Bard's research show how training in orders are accepted only for orders of $10 or an account of his time in ashrams and his work human-relations skills can make police officers more. No purchase orders accepted from outside with gurus in different parts of that country. #528 more effective in law enforcement while improving U.S.A. A SCIENTIFIC VIEW OF MEDITATION their rapport with the community. #35 Robert Ornstein See MEDITATION #529 CHARGE: HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY-Charlotte Buhler MEDICAL USES OF HYPNOSIS-Stephen Black Presentation and clarification of the concepts, AMERICAN EXPRESS MASTER CHARGE See THERAPY #525 cultural significance, and meaning of humanistic BANKAMERICARD psychology to the individual. #518 DINERS CLUB ESP VERTICAL THINKING: ITS DEFINITION, PURPOSE AND METHODS-Edward de Bono Account # Exp. Date ESP IS ALIVE AND WELL-Stanley Krippner Dr. de Bono describes his methods for teaching Are some persons clairvoyant? Is mental telepathy people how to think creatively and solve Master Charge Interbank = really possible? Parapsychologist Krippner problems. #522 describes the research being conducted on (4 numbers over your name) BIO-FEEDBACK: parapsychological phenomena, analyzes the results of experiments, and explains why the findings THE CONTROL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES Signature lend strong support to the contention that telepathy, Joe Kamiya and Robert Ornstein precognition, clairvoyance, and psychokinesis do These two pioneers in the field talk about the in fact exist. #45 theoretical and practical implications of Print Name bio-feedback training in which persons are taught to control their own internal processes to enable Address MENTAL ILLNESS them to reach higher levels of consciousness or states in which alertness and abilities are AFFECTIVE PSYCHOSES: INTERVIEWS increased. #524 City State Zip WITH MENTAL PATIENTS-George W. Kisker A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO RELIGION Interviews illustrating manic-depressive psychosis, Sir Alister Hardy *Residents of Calif., Colo., Fla., III., Mich., Mo., N.Y. involutional melancholia, agitated depression. - #530 Director of the Religious Experience Research State, D.C. and Texas add applicable sales tax. (Postage and handling charges non-taxable.) JANET H., AN ATTRACTIVE 29-year-old People with depression suffer from a people do not respond to drugs, some divorcée with a bright and lively young sad, low mood. They complain of loss of suffer side effects. Others refuse medica- son, came to the Mood Clinic at the appetite, impaired sleep, reduced sexual tion for personal reasons. Psychoanalytic Hospital of the University of Pennsyl- interest, fatigue, and aches or pains. De- and other therapies have been available to vania in a desperate state. She com- pressed people often lose motivation depressed people for quite a while. How- plained of a pervasive sense of sadness and interest. They have difficulty in car- ever, they have not been proved effective and hopelessness and of recurring rying out customary responsibilities for treating depression. We at the Mood thoughts of suicide. She had lost inter- and they have problems with con- Clinic, along with researchers elsewhere, est in her friends and family and could centration and memory. Above all they have been looking for an effective short- think only of past failures, present prob- think negatively about themselves. term psychotherapeutic treatment for de- lems, and future suffering. She de- They view the world as cold and inhos- pression. We have developed a short-term scribed herself in negative terms and pitable and feel that things cannot and surprisingly successful psycho- was preoccupied with her presumed in- improve. therapy for treating depressed outpa- adequacies as a mother and, formerly, as Some depressions are relatively mild, tients like Janet. a wife. She blamed herself for being but others require hospitalization. We began investigating the psychol- weak and overly dependent on others, Some come on rapidly, while others de- ogy of depression in the late 1950s. for her lack of energy and her fatigue, as velop in a slow and insidious manner. Guided by Freud's statement that the well as for not being able to remember Most doctors treat depression with dream is the "royal road to the uncon- all the things she was supposed to do. tricyclic drugs (so-called because of scious," we analyzed the dreams of hun- She worried excessively, awakened at their molecular structure) such as Elavil dreds of depressed and nondepressed three or four each morning and could not and Tofranil; lithium carbonate; and people. We found that the depressed go back to sleep. She had lost 15 pounds. electroconvulsive therapy. The choice people dreamed of situations in which Depression like Janet's has been known of treatment depends on the patient's they were frustrated, humiliated, re- for thousands of years. This distressing symptoms. In the past, antidepressant jected, deprived, or punished. A typical human experience is described in man's drugs were used primarily for patients dream was: "I inserted a coin into a earliest records, including Egyptian who were hospitalized, but now they Coke machine and all I got was fizz-no manuscripts, the Old Testament, and are extensively prescribed for depressed syrup." Another depressed person the writings of ancient Greek physi- outpatients. Lithium carbonate, a natu- dreamed that he bought a pair of shoes cians. A recent publication of the Na- rally occurring salt, has been used pri- for an important occasion and, just as he tional Institute of Mental Health says marily for manic-depressive illnesses, was getting dressed, discovered that that depression rivals schizophrenia as which constitute about five percent of both shoes were for the same foot. Janet the "number one mental health prob- all depressions. Recently, however, doc- had recurring dreams of being deserted lem." According to several studies, tors have prescribed lithium for certain by her parents and rejected by her seven to 15 percent of the general popu- forms of recurrent severe depression. friends. In her dreams she saw herself as lation suffers from depression at any one Many investigators are concerned that inept, ugly, or diseased. time, with up to 70 percent of college lithium, which is potentially dangerous Recent studies by Peter Hauri at freshmen affected by symptoms of the and is effective only in certain types of Dartmouth have shown that the same illness. Further, statistics over the past depression, has acquired an unwar- unpleasant dream themes persist even decade show that suicide, often a by- ranted reputation as a cure-all. after a person recovers from depression. product of depression, is the second lead- Antidepressant medication, though Thus the dream mirrors a person's ing cause of death among people 15 to 24. popular, doesn't work for everyone. Some chronic predisposition to view his A New, Fast Therapy for DEPRESSION BY AARON BECK AND MARIA KOVACS Jettrey S 94 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 LET YOUR MIND SOAR THE GOLORS INGUAGE THE OF FESLINGS OF LOVE 05140 Pub. Price $6.95 David Viscott,M.D. TRANSTHER PERSON T BE MAKING A PSYCHIATRIST 05201 Pub. Price $8.95 1% Joel Friends COMPLETE Kovel How Power The ToMake It How Compony Perkeep GILLIES Liberated Sex The Another With Loved Person TO 05242 Pub. Price $8.95 Author DR. of ALDERT ELLIS "The Art and Science Getting Close Close 04414 Pub. Price $10.00 Dr. Richard B. Austin W.W. Broadbent,M.D. 04196 Pub. Price $8.95 05141 Pub. Price $6.95 People-Reading 05240 Pub. Price $12.95 Huw TM DISCOVERING AND AND AND AND AND AND Y Eastem smithe OVERCOMING ERROUREOUS THE The and Personal Freedom these until what Michael I YOUR ERRONEOUS ZONES Birth M.I. I Personal Freedom I / Order 0 03896 Pub. Price $8.95 03930 Pub. Price $8.95 SECURITY DR. WAYNE W. DYER SHOULD Mindled Bobert Ornstein Factor 05138 Pub. Arthur Deikman, M.D. 05167 Pub. 05399 Pub. Price $6.95 Price $6.95 Price $9.95 - // / / / / Effective practical loving BODY HOT HOW to SPOTS TO SURVIVE 05414 Pub. Price $7.95 JOAN BECK THE LOSS OF A LOVE 58 THINGS TO DO WHEN THERE R. DALE GUTHRIE IS NOTHING TO BE DONE Melba Colgrove Ph.D., H. M.D. Peter 05199 Pub. Price $8.95 05195 Pub. Price $8.95 04432 Pub. Price $5.95 Any 4 books only $3.95 plus shipping & handling with membership in the Psychology Today Book Club. Values to $50.85! To order please use attached card. If card is missing, write Psychology Today Book Club, P.O. Box 4523, Des Moines, lowa 50336 GAIL SHEEHY Predictable Orises ASSERTING THEFACTS R.D.LAING Practical Guide for Positive Change eLF main trank ann technique Essay in Feelings Facts,and Fantasy 04336 Pub. Price $10.95 05206 Pub. Price $8.95 04265 Pub. Price $7.95 DEALING Are WITH A Guide MENTAL for MENTAL ILLNESS PDA* Not HAPPINESS The Patients. Families, Breaking Alone Doctors to Live a Enlightenment Psychiatry Better Now Life Harold Hobert B. Kory M.D. Permanent Control Solution Power! with by CLARA LEON CLAIBORNE PARK PersonalDeath Awareness Deters $ the de and WILLIAM PROCTOR / INTRODUCTIONS MAHARISHI HOW TO HOW TO 04408 Pub. Price $15.00 05244 Pub. Price $7.95 I KORDA 05231 Pub. Price $8.95 04245 Pub. Price $7.95 04204 Pub. Price $8.95 Rod Freedom SÉLIF- Compulsion KNOWLEDGE How to liberate I do I yourself from the uptight obsessive 1 patterns of living 1 : that rob you of you peace of mind search for Dr. Ernest Dichter Cammer, M.D. Author of Depression 05315 Pub. Price $7.95 04359 Pub. Price $11.95 05234 Pub. Price $8.95 Our therapy attempts to identify negative and unrealistic thoughts. world and himself in a negative way. a person's distorted ideas, interpreta- questions about Harold's call: "What Gross distortions. In our clinical inter- tions, and attitudes-in other words, reason did he give for breaking the views, depressed patients often de- his cognitions. date?" Janet replied, "He said an impor- scribed themselves as losers. They felt Recently at the Mood Clinic we tant business deal had come up that they lacked key attributes they consid- treated depressed outpatients with ei- needed his attention." The therapist ered essential for reaching important ther antidepressants or with our short- asked, "Is there any reason to doubt his life goals. A successful salesman felt he term psychotherapy. We randomly as- sincerity? Has he been honest with you had lost his ability to appeal to custom- signed 41 depressed patients to two in the past?" Janet answered, "Yes, in ers; a writer believed he had lost his tal- groups. For 12 weeks, 19 received cogni- fact one of the things I like most about ent; an attractive woman who had tive therapy, meeting with a therapist him is his sincerity. That's what was always traded on her personal ap- for 45 to 50 minutes at least once a wrong with my husband-I could never pearance began to think that she had be- week. The remaining 22 took anti- tell whether he was lying or telling the come old and ugly. We discovered that depressant drugs and saw the psychia- truth. Did he sound affectionate or re- even though the depressed people trist only briefly each week. Although jecting on the phone?" asked the thera- showed some diminution in business patients in both groups improved dur- pist. "I guess he sounded affectionate, ability, creativity, or personal attrac- ing the 12 weeks, those who underwent but I guess I didn't believe it," Janet tiveness, their conclusions represented cognitive therapy made substantially replied. The therapist then asked, "Did gross distortions of reality. Janet, for ex- more progress. Fifteen of the 19 people he indicate that he wanted to see you ample, called herself a bad mother de- in the cognitive-therapy group were no again?" Janet answered, "Oh, yes. He spite evidence to the contrary, and longer depressed, according to standard said he'd call me again today." As Janet berated herself for making mistakes. scales that measure the illness. Among began to regain her objectivity, her sad- She believed that she could never enjoy the patients who received drugs, five ness started to disappear. life again and reacted to every problem were no longer depressed and another This exchange illustrates an impor- as though it were insoluble. six showed partial improvement. Re- tant feature of cognitive therapy. Under We felt that if a patient like Janet were searchers at the University of Toronto, the guidance of the therapist, a patient guided to regard herself, her experi- Michigan State University, and Queens examines the connection between his ences, and her future more realistically, University in Canada have reported interpretation of an event and his subse- the other symptoms of her depression similar success with cognitive therapy. quent bad feelings. He then tries to find might lessen. If she were to see herself John Rush at the University of out whether his negative conclusions as a winner instead of a loser, she might Oklahoma Medical School and Brian are based on facts. Janet discovered that feel better. Shaw at the University of Western On- on this and similar occasions, she un- In a series of experiments we found tario are adapting this therapy to the necessarily read rejections into neutral that when a depressed person had a needs of people of varying socioeco- situations. Janet's tendency to distort number of successful experiences, he nomic and educational backgrounds. For the reactions of others apparently de- began to perceive himself more some patients, it would appear that veloped early in her life, when her positively. For instance, after a success- cognitive therapy works better than mother repeatedly rejected her. After ful performance on a card-sorting task, drugs. Janet broke up with her husband, she be- patients began to feel more competent Broken date. In our initial interviews came increasingly self-critical and and also rated themselves as more at- with a depressed patient, we try to show began to see even her best friends reject- tractive, more sociable, and more op- him that what he thinks determines ing her as her mother once did. timistic than before the experiment. what he feels. In an early therapy ses- Exaggerated disappointments. Rejec- Our therapy attempts to identify the sion, Janet told about a call from her tions, criticisms, and disappointments negative and unrealistic thoughts cen- boyfriend canceling a date. She said this happen to everybody, but most people tral to depression and to help the person depressed her. When she hung up the do not become unduly depressed by correct them. By using a combination of phone, she thought, "Harold is rejecting them. Janet's response shows the de- verbal and behavioral techniques, we me again. He doesn't care. Why can't I pressed patient's tendency to exaggerate have found that as a person learns to satisfy him? What's wrong with me? I disappointments, to overgeneralize think more realistically, to approach his can't get along with any man. I'll never criticisms, and to recall only unpleasant problems with more perspective, and to be happy." As long as Janet interpreted incidents. Like most depressed people, look at his future more objectively, his the call in a negative manner she would Janet never stopped to ask herself mood improves, while other symptoms feel and act depressed. It was not the whether her pessimistic ideas really such as loss of appetite and insomnia di- broken date that upset her, but the made sense. minish. We call our treatment cognitive meaning she attached to it. In cognitive therapy the patient keeps therapy because it is aimed at correcting The therapist asked Janet a series of a diary. By writing down her thoughts 100 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 How to Wake Up the Financial Genius Inside You "Millionaires Are Not 100 Times Smarter Than You, They Just Know The Wealth Formula" Millionaires are not 100 or even 10 times without cash, but by the time the deal was smarter than you, but it is a fact that million- complete, he had $5,000 cash in his pocket aires are making 10 to 50 and even 100 times to boot. more than you. I also showed him how to buy a $26,000 Are these wealthy people working that property for $75 down. much harder than you? No way! You, or anyone, can do exactly what I If you are working only 20 hours a did, or my close friends have done; in fact, week, it would be physically impossible. you may well do it better. (I began doing this (There are only 168 hours in a week, no one in my spare time only). gets more.) It doesn't matter where you live or the These questions used to really stump me. size of your town or city, my formula will That was six years ago. MARK O. HAROLDSEN show you exactly how to: My wife and I then lived in Denver, Col- 32 Year Old Millionaire Buy income properties for as little as orado, at 2545 South High Street. We paid $100 down. $135 a month rent for a cramped, tumbled thods I had been shown. The results were Begin without any cash. down house. My wife was expecting our amazing. I couldn't believe how easy it was, Put $10,000 cash in your pocket each second child and we were flat broke. I felt in fact it seemed too easy. time you buy (without selling property). desperate and forced into a corner. I had to But then I met an elderly lady (83 years Double your assets every year. borrow $150 from my father and another old) who, although not very smart, has made Legally avoid paying federal or state in- $150 from my father-in-law just to buy the $117,000 using the same formula. come taxes. groceries and pay the rent. If that wasn't I then figured my beginning wasn't Buy bargains at 1/2 their market value. enough, I was several thousand dollars in luck. Allow you to travel one week out of debt. For three and one half years, I worked every month. Things are much different now. Last hard to refine and improve on the formula When you send me a check or money year I could have retired and lived off the in- that I had been shown, so that it would be order for $10, I will send you all my formulas come of my one million dollars in real estate easy to get quicker results. and methods, and you are free to use them holdings. (Incidently, almost all of the in- As I did this, my assets multiplied very anywhere and as often as you would like. come from the real estate is tax free). rapidly (160% per year) to the point that I Now if you were a personal friend of Since I had worked 20 to 40 hours a didn't have to work any longer. mine, I know you would believe me and not week, I know that I didn't work even 10 I guess I am bragging now, but I did start need any kind of guarantee, but since you times longer or harder than you. And with spending alot of time in our back yard pool, don't know me personally, I will guarantee my C-average from Ames High School (lo- traveling around the country, and doing a that you will be completely satisfied and that cated in Ames, Iowa). I'm quite certain that lot of loafing. my formula will work for you if you apply it. I'm not any smarter than you. Then one day a friend asked me how he If for any reason you are not satisfied or If hours, efforts, or brains are not what could do what I had done. change your mind, send the material back and separates the rich from the average guy who So I began to outline the formula I will quickly refund you $10.00. is swamped with debts and very little income, that I had improved to show him really how You may well ask, why am I willing to then what is? simple it was, and how he could do the same share my formula for wealth? Well, because I learned the answer to that question thing. many of you will probably seek further con- from an old fellow in Denver. This fellow By the next time he approached me, I sultation and direction from me as your worked in a drug store stocking the shelves. had written almost a complete volume on the wealth rapidly grows and my consultation Very few people knew that he had $200,000 easy way for him to copy my results. fee of $75.00 an hour adds to my fortune. in the bank, all of which he had earned I wrote this in simple, straight forward But you shouldn't care if I profit as starting from nothing. language so anyone could understand it. long as you profit. And I guarantee that you Within a year after meeting him, I was This time my friend's questions were will. told and shown the same thing by a young very specific. (He had already begun buying There is one small catch; you will have man who had recently earned over a million properties with the formulas I had been giving to apply some effort in order to get results dollars. By this time, I began to realize that him). Now he had a property he wanted to from my formulas. But of course, nothing what I was being shown was truly a remark- buy, but was out of cash. How could he buy worthwhile comes without some effort, but able and workable way to grow rich. it? let me assure you your efforts will be re- I began to apply the principles and me- I not only showed him how to buy warded beyond what you believed possible. REFERENCES 30 DAY FREE TRIAL Community Bank & Trust, 940 W. South Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah MARK O. HAROLDSEN, INC. For FAST SERVICE-C.O.D. or Credit Card Buyers Zions Bank & Trust, 1 South Main Street, Salt Lake City, Utah Tudor Mansion Bldg. Call Toll Free (24 hours a day, 7 days a week) Charles F. Huber, Certified Public Accountant, 220 South 2nd East, Suite 101, Dept. E-604 1-800-325-6400 Salt Lake City, Utah 4751 Holladay Blvd. Missouri Residents call 1-800-342-6600 I HEREBY CERTIFY THAT ALL THE ABOVE STATEMENTS ARE Salt Lake City, Utah 84117 TRUE AND FACTUAL TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE AND THAT I HAVE KNOWN MARK 0. HAROLDSEN FOR MORE THAN Mark, I am sending you $10.00 only on the condition that you guarantee I will be com- FOUR YEARS. DURING WHICH TIME HE HAS ACCOMPLISHED pletely satisfied and that you will send my $10.00 if for any reason I change my mind THE THINGS HE HAS INDICATED ABOVE. and send the material back within 30 days. Further, you agree to send the material to me BRUCE M. HALE NOTARY PUBLIC the same day you receive my check or money order so I can expect to receive your formulas within 7 to 10 days. Upon these conditions, here is my $10.00. (Upon request, a notorized signed statement will be sent to you, certifying all statements and the money back guarantee.) Name (Mr. Haroldsen has lectured to many and varied groups on his methods and for- mulas, but never before now have all of these been available. They are now avail- Address able through this ad, or at the place of his lectures. City State Zip © MARK 0. HAROLDSEN 1976 whenever she felt especially sad or de- low mood was related to her negative thinking; next to help him substitute spairing, Janet learned to identify her thoughts, and that by changing her appropriate interpretations for his self-criticisms and to challenge them. thinking she could improve her mood. faulty thinking; and finally to identify For example, she often thought she was Eventually she was able to overcome and correct the basic unreasonable as- a terrible person because, according to her selective recall for failure and sumptions that cause his distorted ap- her, "I am dumb, I am lazy, Iam fat, I am unpleasantness. praisal of reality. dependent, and I can't finish anything." Inflexible standards. Cognitive therapy is Cognitive therapy has wider applica- She rated her degree of belief in each of not over once a person can pinpoint his tions than simply treating depression. these statements as close to 100 per- misinterpretations and correct them. To Proceeding according to these steps, cent. She then questioned the objective maintain a lasting improvement, he therapists have successfully helped peo- basis for each of these conclusions. For must work on the factors that predis- ple with disorders such as anxiety, pho- example, she asked, "What evidence do pose him to depression. He must rec- bias, obsessive-compulsive reactions, I have that I am dumb?" and responded ognize the basic attitudes that form the psychosomatic disorders, obesity, and with, "If I am so dumb how could I have foundation of his negative interpreta- irrational anger and aggression. The worked for years as an executive secre- tions. We call these deeply ingrained at- techniques of cognitive therapy are tary?" After five or six sessions Janet titudes "silent assumptions," since a easily adapted to everyday life. We be- spontaneously challenged her self-de- person generally is not immediately lieve that with these techniques, most feating thoughts. She continued the in- aware of them. They often take the form people can learn to deal effectively with ternal dialogue until she reached a of either/or premises, such as "either their unreasonable anxiety, anger, or realistic conclusion that she could I'm popular with everybody or I'm a sadness. U believe. total failure." A depressed person either At times we also use a mastery and has incredibly high expectations for Aaron T. Beck received his M.D. from Yale Uni- pleasure log, a notebook in which the himself or else he judges his perfor- versity School of Medicine. He graduated from patient writes down his activities as mance by unreasonable, inflexible stan- the Philadelphia Psychoanalytic Institute in they occur and decides whether or not dards. When feels he isn't living up to 1958. Beck is a professor of psychiatry at the Uni- they constitute an accomplishment or a his unattainable goals, he shifts into the versity of Pennsylvania reason for satisfaction. When Janet negative thinking characteristic of de- School of Medicine and started her mastery and pleasure log she pression and tells himself, "I am a flop" has been a member of the discovered that she was accomplishing or "I am unlovable." psychiatry department there since 1954. He is much more and having more pleasant Cognitive therapy works first to un- President of the Society experiences than she had realized. She cover a person's negative distortions; for Psychotherapy Re- began to recognize that her persistent then to show him the fallacy in his search and Director of the Mood Clinic at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Maria Kovacs was born in Budapest, Hungary. She ON MARCH 26, received her Ph.D. in 1971 from the University of Pennsylvania and did a THE BEACH year of postdoctoral internship in clinical psy- chology at the Norristown OPENS State Hospital. Kovacs is an assistant professor of psychology in psychiatry AT ASPEN. at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Associate Director of the Mood Clinic. For more information, read: When spring busts out all over and your fancy turns to golf and tennis, remember Beck. Aaron T. Depression: Causes and Treatment: Univer- you've got all summer to do those things sity of Pennsylvania. 1972. $12.50; paper. $4.45. Beck. Aaron T. Diagnosis and Management of Depression: and turn your thoughts instead to the University of Pennsylvania. 1973. $8.50. delights of skiing Aspen in the Beck. Aaron T. Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disor- springtime: low rates and plenty of ders: International Universities Press. 1976. $15.00. rooms in the inns. Not to mention Ellis. Albert. Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy: Lyle the joy of soaking up the sun and Stuart. 1962. $12.00 gloating in the fact that you're Mahoney. M. J. Cognition and Behavior Modification: Bal- linger: 1972. $14.50. a good thousand miles from Raimy. Victor. Misunderstandings of the Self; Jossey-Bass the nearest shark scare. For 1975. $12.50. rates and reservations, write Aspen Reserva- For more information on depression, a two- cassette series, "How to Handle Depression" tions, Inc., Dept. T, by Dr. Frederic Flach, author of the best-selling P.O. Box 4546, Aspen, book The Secret Strength of Depression, is Colorado 81611 or available from Psychology Today Cassettes. call 303-925-4000. ASPEN Send $15.00 (outside U.S.A., $18.00) to Con- sumer Service Division, 595 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10012. AMERICAN Cards Welcome THERE'S ONLY ONE ASPEN. EST. 1879. For reprints of this article, see Classified Advertising. A Joint Venture of Aspen Skiing Corporation and Aspen Highlands Skiing Corporation Books (Continued from page 90.) Although The Mentality of Apes was first TRIBE (Random House, $8.95) he pre- surgeons, performed dozens of autop- published half a century ago, the be- sents the history of the people he be- sies and dissections of human bodies in havior of Grande, Chica, Nueva, Sultan, lieves are the forebears of many modern my student days. I know what Selzer says and the other tool-using chimps makes Jews: the fierce Khazars, a central Asian is true (at least as far as I read) but I don't fascinating reading today.-E.H. nomadic tribe that converted to Judaism. want to read about it. I suspect that this The kingdom of Khazaria flourished from essay on the corpse and the one on abor- BETRAYAL (Giniger/Stein and Day, $8.95) the seventh to the 11th century and held tion, which I read-twice-and recom- by Lucy Freeman and Julie Roy, tells the sway from the Caspian to the Black Sea, mend strongly, may be too explicit for story of Roy's successful suit against her from the Caucasus to the Volga River. The most readers. psychiatrist. Despondent, given to crying powerful Khazars separated the Chris- Other essays deal with smoking, bald- jags and eating binges, Julie Roy sought tian Byzantine Empire from the expand- ness, abortion and Chinese medicine; help and ended up in the arms of psychi- ing forces of Islam. Rather than align the book concludes with four essays, atrist Renatus Hartogs, who wrote an ad- themselves with either religious power, mostly light, which are reminiscences of vice column for Cosmopolitan magazine. the Khazar rulers, in the 10th century, Selzer's childhood. I enjoyed them. If I He persuaded Roy that weekly sex with converted to Judaism from the shama- were Selzer's editor, I think I would have him-sometimes for brief 10-minute vis- nism of their native Asian steppes. When scattered these last four articles through its, always at 10 dollars-was necessary the Khazar nation was overrun by Gen- the book, inserting them after essays like for her mental health. When Hartogs sud- ghis Khan's hordes in the 12th century, the one on the corpse, in an attempt to denly broke off the relationship, Roy's many Khazars emigrated west and north, relieve the depression that such pieces condition deteriorated. With the help of especially to Poland. Koestler culls the are likely to produce. In truth, the only jus- two lawyers she brought a successful scanty evidence on Khazar history to tification for including these reminis- legal action against Hartogs. The book trace the course of their empire, and his cences is their authorship. They are only describes Roy's background, her meet- thoroughness is convincing. However, tenuously related to the Mortal Lessons ings with Hartogs, the trial-including the evidence for his controversial thesis with which the book deals. courtroom testimony-and her victory. that Eastern European Jews descend Richard Selzer practices medicine in -J.G. from the Khazars is weak. He finally rests New Haven, where he lives with his wife his case, in part, on the absence of cer- and their three children. He has won liter- Most modern Jews, contends Arthur tain records-never a convincing way to ary acclaim for his essays, and his Koestler, are not descendants of the Jews explain the past when one's ideas con- awards are well deserved. of Biblical Palestine. In THE THIRTEENTH tradict accepted views. -D.G. William A. Nolen, who practices surgery in Litchfield, Minnesota, wrote The Making of a Surgeon, Healing: A Doctor in Search of a Mir- acle, and this year's Surgeon Under the Knife Even when your (Coward, McCann and Geoghegan). mouth is shut, BRIEFLY: your body Wolfgang Köhler, an architect of Gestalt psychology, was one of the first to realize speaks the high intelligence of the apes. During About where you've been. What you've World War I, when hostilities stranded him been through. The kind of person you are. in Africa, he studied chimpanzees inten- THE BODY REVEALS takes you beyond mere body language to show you how to sively, and his experiments changed our "read" body structure, posture and physique ideas about intelligence in both apes and -your own, and others. And it tells you about BOOKSHELF man. His pioneer study, THE MENTALITY OF the new body therapies-rolfing, patterning, APES (Norton Library Paperbacks, Live- bioenergetics, the Alexander and Feldenkrais techniques. THE BODY REVEALS: the indispen- right, paper, $3.95), which has just been sable guide to self awareness. Harper & Row/ reissued, describes, among other things, Quicksilver Books, Publishers. the problem-solving techniques used by Fully illustrated. Paper RD 139 $4.95 REVEALS THE BOOY a group of chimps to reach bananas that Köhler carefully placed beyond their At bookstores An Illustrated the Psychology of the Body reach. The chimps used sticks to pull the Harper Row 10E 53rd St.. New York 10022 1817 fruit through bars, piled up boxes SO they could reach suspended bananas, and generally behaved like human beings faced with a new problem. "Chim- panzees," writes Köhler, "manifest intel- ligent behavior of the general kind familiar in human beings," and he goes HECTOR PRESTERAND on to say that even the "least-gifted" of BY LILLY, M.D. his chimps showed marked intelligence, behaving in "specifically human" ways. PSYCHOLOGY TODAY, JANUARY 1977 103 Go a little crazy. 265744 * RAY CONNIFF 267187 CHICAGO X COLUMBIA Send In The Clowns COLUMBIA Another Rainy Day In NYC CHICAGO trademark 256487 WAR 266619* CONWAY TWITTY WHY CAN'T WE WR HIGH PRIEST BE FRIENDS MCA OF COUNTRY MUSIC 267021* MICKEY GILLEY'S 265140 JOHNNY MATHIS ONLY HAVE EYES PLAYBOY GREATEST HITS COLUMBIA FOR YOU 235952 JIM CROCE 265959 * STEELY DAN ABC I GOT A NAME ABC THE ROYAL SCAM 253005 * JANIS IAN 265926 Leonard Bernstein COLUMBIA Between The Lines COLUMBIA Age Of Gold 260836 * C. W. McCALL 265595 * JOE STAMPLEY EPIC MGM BLACK BEAR ROAD Sheik Of Chicago REDDY'S 256644 RAY CONNIFF TEST HITS 264408* MAYNARD FERGUSON COLUMBIA Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song COLUMBIA PRIMAL SCREAM 263871* SANTANA 257402* GLEN CAMPBELL COLUMBIA) CAPITOL RHINESTONE COWBOY AMIGOS 235739 MARIE OSMOND 261370 PAUL ANKA MGM LA PAPER ROSES Times Of Your Life 262071 MANTOVANI 266627 * RONNIE LAWS LONDON THE GREATEST GIFT IS LOVE BLUE NOTE PHASE FEVER 248690 * CHER 264499 FERRANTE & TEICHER MCA GREATEST HITS LA PIANO PORTRAITS 254912 * AEROSMITH 266049 * STEVE MILLER BAND COLUMBIA TOYS IN THE ATTIC CAPITOL FLY LIKE AN EAGLE 255562 * DONNY & MARIE 263491* WILLIE NELSON MGM OSMOND COLUMBIA The Sound In Make The World Go Away Your Mind 257980* ROY CLARK'S 263590 DIANA ROSS ABC DOT GREATEST HITS THEME FROM MAHOGANY (Do You MOTOWN Know Where You're Going To) VOLUME 249524 * BARRY MANILOW II 267336 * BOBBY VINTON ARISTA MANDY ABC Serenades Of Love 264416*THE STATLER BROS. 258905 BARBRA STREISAND MERCURY Harold, Lew, Phil & Don COLUMBIA LAZY AFTERNOON 236885 CARPENTERS 266478* JOHNNY CASH AND Columbia THE TENNESSEE THREE The Singles 1969-1973 COLUMBIA ONE PIECE AT A TIME House 262527 FREDDY FENDER 227371 JIM CROCE ABC DOT ROCK 'N' COUNTRY LIFE AND TIMES ABC Bad Bad Leroy Brown 260737 HELEN REDDY'S 264333 * OSCAR PETERSON BASF REUNION BLUES 268490 HELEN REDDY 265918 CARPENTERS 267310 * MERLE HAGGARD CAPITOL GREATEST HITS CAPITOL MUSIC, MUSIC CAPITOL MY LOVE AFFAIR A KIND OF HUSH WITH TRAINS 266270* 260695 * ERIC CARMEN 263749 MAC DAVIS MONTY PYTHON 252718* PETER FRAMPTON FOREVER LOVERS 264150 ROGER WILLIAMS ARISTA ARISTA ALL BY MYSELF COLUMBIA A&M FRAMPTON Live at City Center MCA VIRTUOSO NEIL DIAMOND WALTER CARLOS 256578 260984 TONY ORLANDO & DAWN 211565 264796 DON WILLIAMS 264481* MCA BY REQUEST TOM T. HALL ARISTA GOLD COLUMBIA GREATEST HITS DOT HARMONY MERCURY FASTER HORSES 239483 249870 ENGLEBERT MAC DAVIS * 252940 LINDA RONSTADT 222406 BARRY MANILOW I 260067* LINDA RONSTADT CAPITOL Heart Like A Wheel CAPITOL PARROT HUMPERDINCK'S ARISTA SILK PURSE BABY DON'T GET COULD IT BE MAGIC GREATEST HITS COLUMBIA HOOKED ON ME 249631 BOBBY VINTON 252379* GLEN CAMPBELL'S 252445 * THE LETTERMEN 255083 Z Z TOP 264564 * NILS LOFGREN LONDON ABC MELODIES OF LOVE CAPITOL GREATEST HITS CAPITOL All Time Greatest Hits A&M FANDANGO CRY TOUGH 264523 CHARLIE McCOY 260257 * SHIRLEY BASSEY 263657 * CLEDUS MAGGARD & 266460 * 263467 * JOHNNY WINTER JIMMY DEAN LA Good, Bad But Beautiful THE CITIZEN'S BAND MONUMENT Harping The Blues CASINO MERCURY I.O.U. THE WHITE KNIGHT BLUE SKY CAPTURED LIVE! 257345 255059 Bachman Turner Overdrive 261990* ROY CLARK 239855 MAC DAVIS 213538* PAUL SIMON HELEN REDDY Mercury FOUR WHEEL DRIVE HEART TO HEART COLUMBIA Stop And Smell The Roses COLUMBIA) Me and Julio Down by CAPITOL ABC DOT No Way To Treat A Lady The Schoolyard 249953 ANYA TUCKER'S 263558 * NARVEL FELTS 258970* ToM T. HALL 263541* JESSI COLTER 259523*ASLEEP AT THE WHEEL CAPITOL TEXAS GOLD COLUMBIA GREATEST HITS ABC DOT NARVEL THE MARVEL MERCURY GREATEST HITS CAPITOL JESSI 262980*THE GREAT TOMPALL * MARIE OSMOND 246330* Donny & Marie Osmond 222018 THE 5th DIMENSION 251462 259796 JOHNNY MATHIS MGM & HIS OUTLAW BAND MGM WHO'S SORRY NOW I'M LEAVING IT ARISTA COLUMBIA MGM Greatest Hits On Earth FEELINGS ALL UP TO YOU 263582 * SONNY JAMES 262907 * PHOEBE SNOW 264515 * FREDDIE HART 267229 JOHN DAVIDSON 253690 JIM NABORS 200 YEARS COLUMBIA SECOND CHILDHOOD & THE HEARTBEATS EVERYTIME SING A VERY SPECIAL COLUMBIA COLUMBIA OF COUNTRY MUSIC CAPITOL PEOPLE PUT TO MUSIC (20TH CENTURY) LOVE SONG A LOVE SONG 240382* PAUL SIMON IN CONCERT 250324 * THE BEST OF 252536 * HELEN REDDY 260018+ CRYSTAL GAYLE 263806 DAVID ALLAN COE COLUMBIA LIVE RHYMIN' CHELSEA WAYNE NEWTON-LIVE CAPITOL I AM WOMAN LA Somebody Loves You COLUMBIA Longhaired Redneck 252544 * THE BEST OF 260745 CAT STEVENS 259630 ARTHUR FIEDLER & THE 207324 258806 + OZEL ORIGINAL CAST POLYDOR BOSTON POPS PLAY ELAY CAPITOL NANCY WILSON A&M NUMBERS ARISTA GODSPELL NEIL DIAMOND SONGBOOK ALLA TURCA 265447 : BILLY JOEL 266106 * RASPBERRIES' BEST 264424*The Greatest Hits Of 265058 GEORGE SHEARING 263889 t EARL SCRUGGS TURNSTILES CAPITOL Featuring ERIC CARMEN BASF THE WAY WE WERE COLUMBIA COLUMBIA MERCURY JOHNNY RODRIGUEZ REVUE, VOL. II Available on records only Available on records and 8-track tapes only Get a lot of music. 11 records or tapes- $1.00 plus shipping and handling if you join the Columbia Record & Tape Club now and agree to buy This is the beginning of a fling. A crazy fling. 8 more selections (at regular Club prices) in the coming 3 years A fling filled with music. The music you love most. More music than you've ever been able 267849 BARRY MANILOW 267351 * DIANA ROSS' ARISTA to get at once. This One's For You MOTOWN GREATEST HITS 267195 NEIL DIAMOND COLUMBIA BEAUTIFUL NOISE Part One of the fling: you go over the list of 265223* AEROSMITH 265231 GLEN CAMPBELL albums shown here. And you choose the 11 you COLUMBIA ROCKS CAPITOL BLOODLINE 265645* NAZARETH A&M CLOSE ENOUGH FOR want most. Then mail the application card. ROCK 'N' ROLL 256099 THE CAPTAIN A&M & TENNILLE Part Two of the fling: your 11 records or Love Will Keep Us Together 265496* in Electric Light Orch. OLE-ELO 264390 LEONARD BERNSTEIN COLUMBIA NEW YORK PHILHARMONIC tapes arrive in the mail. Tchaikovsky Symphony No. 4 266403* CHARLIE RICH'S EPIC GREATEST HITS 240069 This, of course, is the part where you really REDD FOXX REDD FOXX AT HOME 265678 * The Alan Parsons Project TALES OF MYSTERY go crazy. You can tease yourself and play one a 20TH CENTURY & IMAGINATION 219477 SIMON & GARFUNKEL'S day. Or you can play them all at once in the COLUMBIA GREATEST HITS 264440* KISS CASABLANCA DESTROYER 224758 LYNN ANDERSON'S most incredible concert you've ever had in your COLUMBIA GREATEST HITS room. You can invite good friends over to share 265256 * NANCY WILSON CAPITOL This Mother's Daughter 232561 ANDY WILLIAMS 263814: the fun. And, of course, you can play them Greatest Hits, Vol. 2 LEE OSKAR 10 BLT again and again and again. 246868 JIM CROCE ABC MEMORIES HIS GREATEST HITS 266114* CONWAY TWITTY 11 hit albums for only $1.00, plus shipping MCA LORETTA LYNN 261859 BACHMAN TURNER FEELIN' Overdrive and handling. A crazy idea, perhaps. But it can HEAD ON 265983 * Charlie Daniels Band Saddle Tramp 260638 happen to you as a member of the Columbia EPIC CHICAGO IX COLUMBIA CHICAGO' GREATEST HITS BCHICAGO trademark 264903* STATUS QUO Record & Tape Club. Make it happen now CAPITOL Is There A Better Way? 263517 CAPTAIN & TENNILLE A&M SONG OF JOY 263632 SWEET CAPITOL GIVE US A WINK 252387 * THE BEST OF TAKE YOUR PICK CAPITOL NAT KING COLE 259184 LSIMON STILL CRAZY AFTER 262501 * JOHNNY RODRIGUEZ COLUMBIA ALL THESE YEARS MERCURY LOVE PUT A SONG IN MY HEART 263574*GRAND FUNK RAILROAD CAPITOL 230714 BORN TO DIE CARPENTERS NOW & THEN 260752* KRIS TOFFERSON RECORDS OR CARTRIDGES OR CASSETTES OR REEL TAPES MONUMENT WHO'S TO BLAME 110262 * THE PLATTERS AND WHO'S TO BLESS MERCURY Encore of Golden Hits Simply mail the application together with check or money 263483* LYNN ANDERSON order for $1.86 as payment (that's $1.00 for your first 11 THE BEST OF COLUMBIA All The King's Horses 259911 * RAY CONNIFF 267831 BACHMAN TURNER LOVE WILL MERCURY COLUMBIA selections, plus 86¢ for shipping and handling). OVERDRIVE KEEP US TOGETHER 263509* MOE BANDY Every four weeks (13 times a year) you'll receive the COLUMBIA HANK WILLIAMS. 261412* ToM JONES 263731 * DONNY & MARIE YOU WROTE MY LIFE MEMORIES DON'T LEAVE Club's music magazine, which describes the Selection of POLYDOR FEATURING SONGS FROM THEIR TELEVISION SHOW PARROT LIKE PEOPLE DO the Month for each musical interest plus hundreds of alternates from every field of music. In addition, up to 255109* ANITA BRYANT 259689 ART GARFUNKEL 254102* FREDDY FENDER WORD six times a year you may receive offers of Special Selec- All-Time Favorite Hymns BEFORE THE BREAKAWAY ABC DOT COLUMBIA NEXT TEAR DROP tions, usually at a discount off regular prices. 208868 Johnny Cash Portrait If you wish to receive the Selection of the Month or the 266486* MEL STREET'S 264044 * Greatest Hits = THIN LIZZY Special Selection, you need do nothing-it will be shipped GRT GREATEST HITS MERCURY JAILBREAK automatically. If you prefer an alternate selection, or none 264267 * CHICK COREA at all, simply fill in the response card always provided 264663 BEVERLY SILLS 259895 BARRY MANILOW POLYDOR ANDRE OSTELANETZ THE LEPRECHAUN TRYIN' TO GET and mail it by the date specified. COLUMBIA ARISTA PLAISIR AMOUR THE FEELING You will always have at least 10 days in which to make 239525 BARBRA STREISAND 263533* MELISSA MANCHESTER your decision. If you ever receive any Selection without 265991* RAMSEY LEWIS COLUMBIA THE WAY WE WERE BETTER DAYS & ARISTA COLUMBIA SALONGO HAPPY ENDINGS having had at least 10 days in which to decide, you may return it at our expense, for full credit. SELECTIONS WITH TWO NUMBERS ARE 2-RECORD SETS OR 231084 CHARLIE RICH DOUBLE-LENGT TAPES, AND COUNT AS TWO SELECTIONS Your own charge account will be opened the selec- EPIC Behind Closed Doors - WRITE EACH NUMBER IN A SEPARATE BOX tions you order will be mailed and billed at regular Club prices, which currently are: 8-track tapes and cassettes, 232603-232604* DICK CLARK 264507 * OUTLAWS BUDDAH 20 YEARS OF 262311 PETER FRAMPTON $6.98 or $7.98; reel tapes, $7.98; records, $5.98 or $6.98- ROCK N ROLL 262312 ARISTA LADY IN WAITING A&M Frampton Comes Alive! plus shipping and handling. (Multiple unit sets and Double 212654 Selections may be somewhat higher.) BOB DYLAN 215061 * THE BEST OF 212655 Greatest Hits, Vol. 2 260182 Earth, Wind & Fire ROGER MILLER COLUMBIA COUNTS TWO 260183 After completing your enrollment agreement (by buying Mercury Little Green Apples Gratitude COLUMBIA 8 selections within 3 years), you may cancel membership 203893* OF HANK WILLIAMS at any time. If you decide to continue, you'll be eligible for 261933 * JANIS IAN 203894 261677* LAWRENCE WELK AND HIS ALL TIME GREATEST HITS MGM 261678 MUSICAL FAMILY 200 YRS. our generous money-saving bonus plan. Act now! COLUMBIA AFTERTONES RANWOOD OF AMERICAN MUSIC 259788 KISS Columbia 263111* 10cc 259789 252361 * BEACHBOYS CASABLANCA ALIVE! if the application is missing, please 252362 MERCURY HOW DARE YOU! ENDLESS SUMMER House CAPITOL COUNTS AS TWO write to Columbia Record & Tape Club, 1400 North Fruitridge Avenue Dept. 5CE/WB, Terre Haute, Indiana 47811 246736 BOBBY GOLDSBORO'S Terre Haute, Indiana 47811 252841 MANTOVANI 254110* C.W. McCALL 246737 LA 10th ANNIVERSARY ALBUM 252842 All Time Romantic Hits MGM WOLF CREEK PASS COUNTS TWO London Phase 4 COUNTS TWO 267302 JESSI COLTER 263400* BOZ SCAGGS 262048* * CAPITOL Diamond In The Rough 266023 JOAN BAEZ * SONS OF CHAMPLIN 266437 * COLUMBIA SILK DEGREES 262049 A Circle Filled With Love FROM EVERY STAGE THE BEST OF ARIOLA 266438 AMERICA A&M MERCURY ROD STEWART 249813 BURT BACHARACH'S 256560 CAT STEVENS 223404 A&M 255638 THE CARPENTERS ROY ORBISON GREATEST HITS GREATEST HITS 249789 223405 -Time Greatest Hits THIS IS THE 249780 HORIZON [MONUMENT] COUNTS THRESHOLD MOODY BLUES TWO 263855* JOE WALSH 266056 * NATALIE COLE ABC 266015 AMAZING RHYTHM ACES 254839+ FRANK SINATRA 216655 JOHNNY MATHIS RECORDED LIVE CAPITOL Sophisticated Lady 254830 ABC What is This Thing Called Love TOO STUFFED TO JUMP 216656 All-Time Greatest Hits CAPITOL The Night We Called Day COUNTS TWO 262998* MAHAVISHNU ORCHESTRA 264614 * C. W. McCALL 246348 SONNY & CHER 254821+ JOHN AUGHLIN FRANK SINATRA 259002 COLUMBIA INNER WORLDS POLYDOR WILDERNESS MCA 254822 Grand Funk Railroad GREATEST HITS MY ONE ONLY LOVE 259003 CAPITOL SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY Caught In The Act CAPITOL COUNTS TWO 133/S77 Selections marked with a star are not available in reel tapes +Available on records and 8-track tapes only PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 107 Photography (Continued from page 54.) tant than so-called subconscious ones. to what degree events that exist in pho- velopment. The individual learns not Photographic inkblots. Photographs can tographs will exert an effect on the only how to take pictures, but also how constitute an important psychological world outside it. For example, if we stop to appear in them, that is, to pose. In- document about an individual. Robert two strangers on the street, ask them to fants, we know, are not self-conscious Akaret's book Photoanalysis shows how pose momentarily, and take a picture, about cameras. They do not know what far one can go in interpreting the psy- has the photograph created a bond that the camera is for, and this innocence al- chological meaning of individual previously did not exist? If the photo- lows us to capture their naive actions. snapshots. But one can also use the ag- graph is circulated to others, will the But a child learns quickly, and by five or gregate of photographs in an indi- two individuals accidentally brought six may not be able to stand in front of a vidual's possession as an index of his together in a photograph tend to be camera without grimacing, and feeling psychic life. First, people ordinarily treated as a pair? Does the photograph ill at ease. In most individuals, this photograph only what interests them. If act on the real world, and begin to shape awkward feeling is gradually brought we examine the photographs a person it? under control of an adjustive re- has taken during his lifetime, we will be Events that happen in photographs sponse-a pose. Studying how poses able to discern the things that were im- may exert a devastating power. House change over time, in different social portant to him, and those that were not. detectives have known this for years. A classes, in different cultures, and It is probably as good a measure as we photograph showing a politician shak- through the growth and maturation of have of his enduring emotional ing hands with a Communist Party offi- the individual is a first-class problem concerns. cial can kill his chance for reelection, for research. My colleague, Stuart Albert, has sug- even when the photograph is faked. One of the most challenging areas for gested that we examine the content of Or, consider a more typical case. An research deals with the psychological family photo albums to see which aspiring young lawyer gets to see Presi- characteristics of the professional pho- events are recorded, and which are not. dent Carter for five minutes. A photo- tographer. Freudian psychologists He believes that most photographs graph is taken of the two men chatting. might say that the profession of pho- show people during rapid change and The lawyer proudly hangs it behind his tography is a sublimated form of voy- growth, thus explaining the prepon- desk. The image-freezing machine has eurism, and underlying every lifelong derance of photographs of children and done its work. Clients see the photo- commitment to photography is some the concentration of those photos dur- graph, are impressed, draw inferences. remnant of the desire to catch a glimpse ing the first few years. Their families The lawyer need never mention the of the primal scene, sexual intercourse construct a fairy tale in photo albums. photograph. It resoundingly speaks for between one's parents. Like the little They record only the happy moments: itself, a powerful new element in the boy peeking at that special scene, the birthdays, bar mitzvahs, weddings, and lawyer's career. The lawyer has learned photographer positions himself to view vacations. The resulting pseudo-narra- through personal experience what the event, not to intervene in it, but tive highlights all that is life-affirming prophets of photography have long sus- merely to register it. and pleasurable, while it systematically pected. A photograph not only records We need not take this interpretation suppresses life's pains. For most con- events. It creates them. seriously in order to acknowledge that a temporary families, this album is the good photographer does require an ex- only narrative of its history, having sup- Stanley Milgram received his Ph.D. from Har- traordinary balance of passive and ag- planted the family Bible, which in ear- vard in 1960. He is a professor of psychology gressive tendencies. He needs the lier times contained a record of births, at the Graduate Center of the City University of aggressiveness to intrude himself into a deaths, and marriages. New York, where he also Another set of questions concerns the served as head of the situation where he is often irrelevant, doctoral program in so- and sometimes unwanted. He takes photographs themselves, and the reality cial psychology. While photographs of funerals, accidents and they create. Photographs are often teaching at Yale, Milgram griefstricken moments, as a thief treated as compelling and incontrover- examined the degree to snatches diamonds. At the same time tible evidence that the events depicted which ordinary people the photographer must remain passive, in them actually happened. Beyond will comply with orders that go against their con- keeping himself receptive to the images this, the photograph creates a new real- sciences. Photographer presented by the environment and let- ity, valued in and of itself. We all know Henri Dauman gave Milgram his first oppor- ting them enter his camera. Without the joke about the grandmother travel- tunity to write about the psychology of pho- overstating the case, we note how easily ing with her grandchildren. A fellow tography and Milgram taught a graduate seminar on photography at City University with photography became a highly sex- passenger remarks on how attractive Harry Beilin. ualized activity in Antonioni's film, the children are. The grandmother re- For more information, read: Blow-Up. To the working photographer, plies: "That's nothing, let me show you Akeret. Robert U. Photoanalysis: How to Interpret the Hid- none of these factors will seem par- their pictures." den Psychological Meaning of Personal and Public Photo- graphs; Wyden. 1973. $9.95. ticularly important, since he is preoc- For years, we eagerly awaited the offi- Arnheim. Rudolph. "On the Nature of Photography" in cupied with making a living, trying to cial Chinese Communist May Day pho- Critical Inquiry. Sept. 1974. Vol I. pp. 149-161. Becker. Howard. "Photography and Sociology" in Studies in please his clients and turn a profit, wor- tograph to see who was photographed the Anthropology of Visual Communication. 1974. Vol. 5. pp. rying about competition and his integ- alongside Chairman Mao, and who had 3-26. rity, wondering whether to fake a news been displaced. The official photograph Newhall. Beaumont The History of Photography; Museum of Modern Art. 1972. paper. $6.95. photograph, or whether to lend a hand not only reflected a political reality, it Sontag. Susan. "Photography" in New York Review of to a suffering accident victim or sim- solidified that reality and became an Books. October 18. 1973. November 13. 1973. and April 18. 1974. ply to photograph him. These con- element in it. For reprints of this article, see Classified scious conflicts are no less impor- All this makes the researcher wonder Advertising. 108 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 M rketplac NON-DISPLAY CLASSIFIED: COMMERCIAL RATE-For firms or individuals offering commercial products or services. $4.60 per word (including name and address). Minimum order 15 words ($69.00). Payment must accompany copy except when ads are placed by accredited advertising agencies. Frequency discounts: 5% for 6 months; 10% for 12 months paid in advance. READER RATE-For individuals with a personal item to buy or sell (Situation Wanted, etc.), $2.70 per word (including name and address). no minimum! Payment must accompany copy. DISPLAY CLASSIFIED: 1" by 1 column, $335.00; 2" by 1 column, $670.00; 3" by 1 column, $1,005.00. Column width 2-1/4". Please inquire for frequency discounts. GENERAL INFORMATION: First word in all non-display classified ads set in caps at no extra charge. ALL copy subject to publisher's approval. All advertisers using Post Office Boxes in their address MUST supply publisher with permanent address and telephone number before ad can be run. Ads are not acknowledged. They will appear in first issue to go to press if received after closing date. Compute rate for a PSYCHOLOGY TODAY box number at 8 words. Closing Date: 15th of the 2nd month preceding cover date (for example, March issue closes January 15th). Send order and remittance to: Classified Advertising, PSYCHOLOGY TODAY, One Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016, Attn. Hal Cymes. STRESS CONTROL Handbook describes HOWS of stress ART AUTOGENIC SYSTEMS, INC. management for job and personal application. Send $3.00. Recognized leader in the field of biofeedback 2956 Stonegate Trail, Atlanta, Georgia 30340. technology. offering superior instrumentation. "GETTING STARTED IN STAINED GLASS" 50 cents plus Recommended by the nation's leading researchers WRITE AND PUBLISH your own book. Market it worldwide! and clinicians. EEG (Brain Wave), EMG (Muscle) Free details. Associates, Box 212-PT, Stoneham, catalog. Whittemore, Box 2065 BT, Hanover, Mass. 02339. and other forms of instrumentation available. Massachusetts 02180. A.S.I. for clinical, research and training applications. PSYCHOLOGY TODAY INDEXES. Volume IX now avail- ASSOCIATIONS Write to Dept. P able. Complete index to all editorial material and an essen- 809 ALLSTON WAY BERKELEY, CALIF. 94710 tial companion to your magazine collection. All past TEL.: (415) 548-6056 editions also available, any edition $2.00 per copy, set of INTERNATIONAL PRIMAL ASSOCIATION, INC. informa- nine (Vol. I thru IX) for only $16.50. Order by volume tion about membership, conventions, publications, thera- number and enclose 25 cents per order for postage. pists. 15 East 40th Street, New York, NY 10016. AQUARIUS ELECTRONICS INDEX, Box 2228, Falls Church, VA 22042. "AN OVERVIEW OF FEMALE SEXUALITY.' Free from Pioneers in biofeedback since 1969. The WOMEN POETS students from California publishing American Humanist Association, Dept. PT, 602 Third "leaders" have been following us ever Women's Poetry Antholgy. Small fee aids project. Submit 5 Street, San Francisco, CA 94107. since. EEG, EMG, GSR and skin temperature poems by February 15. Kathy Brindle, P.O. Box 1501, San measurement and feedback systems. Francisco, CA 94115. AUDIO 32191PA Albion Ridge Road SEX BOOKS, Free Catalogs. Bookvendor, PT-1, 5491 Albion, California 95410 Mantua, San Diego, CA 92124. AMAZING self-hypnosis record releases fantastic mental Telephone: (707) 937-0064 DISCIPLINE Without Punishment in Schools: Hard-Headed power. Instant results! Free trial. Write: Forum (AA1), 333 Humanism. System and Training Manual. $3.00. Effective- North Michigan, Chicago 60601. ness Training Assoc., R 2, Baldwin, MI 49304. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES TAPE LIBRARY Leading BIOFEEDBACK: High Performance EEG, EMG instru- psychologists and psychiatrists discuss psychotherapy, ments. Assembled or low cost kit form. Write for complete COLLEGES & UNIVERSITIES schizophrenia, drugs, behavior therapy. etc., on cassettes. specifications. EDC, Box 9161, Berkeley, CA 94709. Over 800 tapes for sale or rental. Free catalogue. B.S.T.L., BIOFEEDBACK TRAINING is now easier and faster with 545 Cedar Lane, Dept. 556, Teaneck, NJ 07066. the NEW mode! 107B. FREE Literature. PARAGON Instru- Ph.D. Non-traditional Programs. Chartered and licensed by SELF-HYPNOSIS. 90 minute cassette developed by Dr. ments, Box 4, Rochester, New York 14601. state. HEED UNIVERSITY, Box 311, Hollywood, Fla. 33020. Tom Yarnell, Clinical Psychologist, teaches you to go into ADULT DEGREE PROGRAM for self-motivated adults. trance by yourself. Booklet of useful suggestions (pain BIORHYTHMS Two-week residencies in Vermont or California alternate control, weight loss, smoking, concentration, self-confi- with 6-month home study projects under faculty super- dence, insomnia, etc.) included. $9.95. DEEP RELAX- vision leading to fully accredited B.A. Also unusual Resi- ATION. 60 minute cassette by Dr. Yarnell. Complete in- YOU CAN CALCULATE your own Biorhythms easily, using dential, Graduate and Teacher Certification programs structions not a lecture. $9.95. ASSERTIVE TRAINING. BIOLATOR Send $3.50. Brobdingnag, Lantzville, B.C., available. Approved for payment of Veterans benefits. Four hour cassette program by Dr. Yarnell. $39.95. Master Canada VOR 2H0. U.S. Inquiries. Write: Box 14, A.D.P., Goddard College, Plainfield, Charge and BankAmericard accepted. Order now. Free Vermont 05667. Goddard College admits students of any Catalogue. Psychological Services, 936 Courthouse Road, COMPUTER BIORHYTHM CHART Complete Year. Send race, color, nationality, sex or ethnic origin. Suite 3B, Gulfport, MS 39501. $4.00 and birthday to: Conceptron, P.O. Box 340, Delorimier Station, Montreal, Canada H2H 2N7. U.S. PSYCHOLOGY GRADUATE STUDY? We'll locate 6-10 WHY SUFFER? TENSION HEADACHE INSOMNIA - Inquiries invited. compatible schools, Fee $25.00. Information free: Send SMOKING HABIT. Three incredible cassette tapes by Dr. long, self-addressed stamped envelope. GAAP, 96 High, Arnold Lazarus, internationally famous psychologist, who Acton, Massachusetts 01720. will guide you to overcome Tension Headache, Insomnia, BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS Ph.D., PREREQUISITE Accredited Masters, Residency or Smoking. Send $9.95 for one, $17.95 for two, $23.95 for - two summers. Catalogue $2. National University, 1919A all three, to RDL, Box 410, Valley Stream, N.Y. 11582. South Grand. St. Louis, MO 63104. FREE BOOK. Prophet Elijah Coming Before Christ. WAREHOUSE PRICES on stereo equipment, car stereos, Megiddo Mission, Dept. 60, 481 Thurston Road, Rochester, THE ILLINOIS SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL typewriters, manual and electric, all major makes. Expert N.Y. 14619. PSYCHOLOGY offers applicants with Bachelor's or consultation. Factory sealed, fully warranted, fast delivery. Master's degrees an integrated program of theory, training Catalogue and prices. FANTASY SOUND SYSTEMS, INC.. and practice in clinical psychology. Centrally located in 187 N. Main St., Milltown. New Jersey 08850. PUBLISHER'S OVERSTOCKS, downtown Chicago. Trimester schedule begins Septem- ber, 1977. Catalog available. Write: Admissions Director, "LEARNING ABOUT ME Room 1718, 14 E. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL 60604. AND THE WAY I MOVE" remainders, imports and reprints on all subjects, An activity and participation record the art, history, biography, fiction, etc., 2,000 LEYSIN AMERICAN SCHOOL Above Lake Geneva. unique recorded achievement for early childhood! titles! If you buy books you should see our big Switzerland. Co-ed. Boarding. University Preparatory Studies, Grades 9-12. College Testing and Advance Place- Containing the most revolutionary educational con- catalog of bargains. Write today for a free copy: cepts in the areas of body movement, motor ment. International Faculty. Small classes. Curriculum development and physical coordination. Self- Hamilton, 30-5 Chambers, Danbury, Ct 06810 related tours. Winter sports. QUALIFIED STUDENTS MAY motivating, self-determining goals, individualized TAKE COURSES FOR CREDIT AT AFFILIATED AMERI- learning-developed by Mrs. Constance Duchin, a CAN COLLEGE OF SWITZERLAND. Write or phone: Han leading educator and authority in her field. Ten skill- HAVE YOU BEEN TOUCHED YET? Noted psychologist P. Spengler, 330 East 49th Street, New York, NY 10017 fully written musical singing activities created to (212) 355-2219. develop and promote growth in physical skills Nathaniel Branden says: "For those interested in a sensi- -walking, jumping, skipping, hopping and running, tive, well-informed and highly practical discussion of WORK-BASED B.A., M.A., Ph.D. for motivated people. Indi- etc. contemporary songs with clever, easily issues and problems in the area of human sexuality, I vidualized competency-based professional development. understandable words encouraging children to heartily recommend Touch." Touch; the new monthly No residency. Previous credits accepted. Professional ex- move with both words and music. The recording is a magazine that treats sexuality in a new perspective. Sub- perience evaluated. Self-tailored learning plan integrated refreshing change and is geared to young scribe Now only $10 a year. 2439 PT, 4th St., Santa children. (From a review in INSTRUCTOR.) into your job and professional life. Meets YOUR needs and Guaranteed to elicit a positive response. Monica, CA 90405. personal career goals. Guided by highly qualified members Send $6.25 for an album, or $7.25 for a tape cassette to: FREUD, Breitner, Kafka Selections. Box 9, N.Y. 11548. of your chosen profession. Begin anytime. For more infor- ULTRA SOUND RECORDS mation, write OPEN UNIVERSITY, 7710 Carondolet Ave., Box 272, Merrick, N.Y. 11566 St. Louis, MO 63105. (314) 727-6100. IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT INTERNATIONAL GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BEHAVIORAL In order to launch the IOTGA movement (non-religious) SCIENCE (International Graduate University), Ph.D pro- BIOFEEDBACK INSTRUMENTS which will accomplish the INCEPTION OF THE GOLDEN grams Psychology, Behavioral Sciences. Two resident AGE prophesied for the 20th century, YOU must study, summers Florida or Switzerland campus, plus Contract without obligation to buy, 3 discoveries. Therefore, re- studies. Catalog $1. Suite 1 P, 205 West End Ave., NYC turn the book BEYOND THE FRAMEWORK OF MODERN ALPHA/THETA/EEG BIOFEEDBACK. Precision Perform- 10023. THOUGHT, within one month and the $5.20 you send to ance, Quality 5 Year Guarantee. Efficient Design The New World Publishers, P.O. Box 10437, Balto., Md. ALTERNATIVE Ph.D. PROGRAM for the full-time profes- Relatively Inexpensive. M.O.E., P.O. Box 2693, Santa Cruz, 21209, will be refunded. sional. WALDEN UNIVERSITY, Room L, 801 Anchor Rode CA 95063. (408) 423-9271. Drive, Naples, Florida 33940. PSYCHOLOGY TODAY JANUARY 1977 109 FRANCES BRADFORD AND ASSOCIATES announce the MEET YOUR IDEAL MATE. Computer matching nation- EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES opening of their offices in San Francisco. The Bradford wide. Only $18 FREE Questionnaire. "TEAM", 1270 Corporation, Intensive Psychotherapy, 1168 18th Street, Broadway, NYC 10001. San Francisco, CA 94107. (415) 431-7676. LESBIAN Communications and Contacts, discreet nation- OWN a Profitable Business only $2.95 for information. Ala WINDYFARM PRIMAL FEELING PROCESS. in a rural wide introductions between sisters. The League, Box Swanda, 506 Chartres, New Orleans, LA 70130. environment. Free Brochure: Box 560, RD 5, Flemington, 2143P, Darien, Conn. 06820. (203) 359-3141. New Jersey 08822. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. The Center for Afro-Ameri- YOUR CHARACTER ANALYSIS - fun and useful — $25.00 can and African Studies is seeking a Lecturer for the INSTRUCTION with front and side portraits to Profiles, Jensen Associates, Academic Year 1976-77 (with possible extension) to offer Inc., Box 58344, Houston, Texas 77058. courses in Psychological aspects of Black Studies (Family, WANTED Persons interested in Interracial relationships. Urban, Religion, Education). Salary negotiable. Applicants GRE GMAT LSAT - MCAT PREPARATION. Review For information send name, address, Box 1180-PT, Middle- must have earned Doctorate and some Teaching experi- Center, Suite 604, 565 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10017. town, CT 06457. ence. Send inquires to Dr. O.L. Edwards, Center for Afro- (212) 490-2167. CONDOMS FOR MEN - All leading brands featuring American and African Studies, University of Michigan, Ann COLLEGE DEGREES BY MAIL. Get Bachelors, Masters, TEXTURE PLUS™ with "pleasure dots BOLD 45ᵀM Arbor, MI 48109. A Non-Discriminatory Affirmative Action Ph.D's the easy way, at low cost, without attending any world's only color condom with texture. Trojans and Employer. classes at all! Free revealing details. Counseling, Box 389- Stimula. Three samples: $1. Economy sampler, 22 YP1, Tustin, California 92680. condoms: $5. Free illustrated catalogue with each order. EMPLOYMENT INFORMATION COLLEGE DEGREES BY MAIL! Legal, accredited Plain package to protect your privacy. Satisfaction guaran- BACHELORS, MASTERS, DOCTORATES. Low Cost. Free teed or your money refunded. POPLAN, P.O. Box 400, Information, Box 562, Orange, California 92666. Dept. CPT-1C, Carrboro, NC 27510. OVERSEAS JOBS Now Hiring, High Pay. All Occupa- ARE YOU TENSE, Edgy, Easily Upset, Sleeping Poorly, tions, Transportation. Computerized reports $2.00. PERSONALS Worrying Unnecessarily. RELAXATION-PLUS CAN HELP. TRANSWORLD, International Airport, Box 90802-PF, Los Modern technique. No Gimmicks. Two relaxation programs Angeles, California 90009. on sixty minute cassette in soothing voice of experienced AUSTRALIA- NEW ZEALAND, WANT YOU!!! 50,000 jobs! HETERO, BI, GAY; SINGLES, COUPLES, TRIPLES. Court- therapist. Written instructions explain how simple daily Paid Transportation! Latest information $2.00. Austco, Box ships/ Players/ Swingers. Date from One Hour, Any town, practice helps achieve relaxation and composure. Send $10.00 for complete package. RELAXATION-PLUS, Box 3623-PF, Long Beach, California 90803. America. Thousands Successfully Matched. (GIRLS: No Charge, Anonymity). Call (deductible) TRUSTWORTHY 263T, Stn. H., Toronto, Canada. U.S. Inquiries. EMPLOYMENT!!! U.S.!! Foreign! Skilled, Unskilled, Equal (212) 359-6273, Any Time. Opportunity, All Fields. Directory, Application, Resume In- structions $3.00. National Information, Department 211, 422 "DATE WITH DIGNITY" Professional Matching Since 1968. I'M ALIVE ALPHANETICS Washington Building, D.C. 20005. Discretion Assured. (817) 921-0281 Anytime. Seminary Hill - Drawer 6765, Fort Worth 76115. AT LAST! Showed the way! OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT - Now Available Worldwide!!! AMERICAN-MEXICAN INTRODUCTIONS. "Free" Details. All Occupations!! $12,000 - $60,000 + Free Transporta- Twice as awake much Alphanetics is a simple yet tion!! Latest Printouts $2.00. Jobworld, 6311-PT Yucca, Los World, Box 3876-PSY, San Diego, CA 92103. more aware and CONFI- scientifically proven system DENT. Because I know to achieve a fuller, richer Angeles, California 90028. GET RICH with Secret Law that smashes debts and brings where I'm going and life by calling on your own limitless unused Mind- you $500 to $5 Million cash. Free report! Credit 4K1, 333 how to get there. TEACHERS-ADMINISTRATORS. Current school college power! North Michigan, Chicago 60601. For FREE fascinating revelations write: openings list in US $5.90; EISQ. Box 6622, HANDWRITING ANALYSIS IN DEPTH. $10.00 and sample DJG LIFE DYNAMICS FELLOWSHIP, P.O. Box 418 Newton, Mass. 02162. Dept. 2935 CHILLON WAY, LAGUNA BEACH, CA 92652 to Elisabeth King. 41 E. 29th St., New York 10016. TEACHER INFORMATION EXCHANGE - the most com- prehensive publication of its kind - publishes monthly 60- DISEASE AND BIRTH CONTROL products for men. Write DATES GALORE! Meet Exciting singles-anywhere. For 90 pages of current school/university vacancies (U.S. and for free information. Distributor Sales, Dept. 19, Box 6041, free application, call DATELINE, toll-free anytime (800) Kansas City, Missouri 64110. Canada). $44/12 months, $30/8 months, $16/4 months, $6/1 451-3245. month. Box 306-P, Bainbridge Island, Wash. 98110. ADULT DATING! Meet swingers, singles! Men, women! JAPANESE GIRLS MAKE Wonderful Wives. We have large Nationwide service! Free folder: Box 3-PT, Raritan, NJ number of listings. Many interested in marriage. Only $1.00 08869. brings application, photos, names, descriptions, question- PARAPSYCHOLOGY TAROT COLOR CATALOG. Send 25 cents. U.S. Games aire, etc. Japan International, Box 156-PT, Carnelian, Bay, Systems, Dept. PT, 468 Park Ave. South, N.Y. 10016. California 95711. PARAPSYCHOLOGY. Complete Study Course. Certificate. FART PROUDLY! Ben Franklin's 1780 Comedy essay. 8-1/2 AMAZING HIGH-LEVEL information from trance state sim- Free Information. American Parapsychological Research X 14, $3. Poco Photo, Box 1620, Hollywood, CA 90028. ilar to Cayce. Cosmic Awareness Communications, P.O. Foundation, Box 5395AD, Sherman Oaks, Calif. 91413. Box 115-P, Olympia, Washington 98507. JAPANESE FRIENDSHIP for refined gentlemen! Lovely photographs, information, $1.00. Inter-Pacific, Box 304-P. SWEDISH girls seeking freethinking men! Photos, details Birmingham, Michigan 48012. $1.00. Sweden International, P.O. Box 7425-PT, Chicago, GAMES IL 60680, U.S.A. MAKE FRIENDS WORLDWIDE through international cor- respondence. Illustrated brochure free. Hermes, Berlin 11, MATRIMONIAL CATALOG, 1000 beautiful ladies photos Box 17/35, Germany. 5.00. Intermate: Box 12, Toronto M4A 2M8 U.S. Inquiries or FOAM Encounterbats Biofeedback, Games, Books and Box 737, Ft. Lauderdale 33302. other Psychology Aids. Catalog 25 cents. Uniquity, Box LEARN WHILE ASLEEP! Tapes, books, kits! Strange catalog free! SLRA, Box 24-Y, Olympia, Washington 98507. UNIVERSITY DEGREES BY MAIL! Bachelors, Masters, 990-P9157, Venice, CA 90291. Ph.D.'s Free revealing information. Counseling, Box NONRESIDENT DEGREES! HONORARY DEGREES! 389-PY13, Tustin, California 92680. Nationwide Faculty. Catalog: $3. UNITED STATES GROWTH CENTERS UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Box 4552-PT, Washington, MEET SEXUALLY FREE Couples, single women/men. D.C. 20017. Thousands participating all 50 states. Call ASFM in California (213) 654-4336, in NYC (212) 682-2177. THERAPY OF PRIMAL FEELINGS-complete primal pro- GAYS/BI-SEXUALS meet discreetly through GSF, nation's cess now offered at low cost. EVOLUTION INSTITUTE, Box 2023, Orange, California 92669. (714) 542-3782. INSTANT MEMORY largest organization. In NYC call (212) 682-2024, California (213) 654-3491. The new way to remember A PRIMAL ALTERNATIVE IN LOS ANGELES. Feeling A short, simple method of acquiring a powerful Training Center, 6086 Comey Ave. 90034. (213) 933-8701. memory. No memorization, no keywords. Re- THE PRIMAL INSTITUTE - EAST. Dr. B.P. Mcinerny, lease your photographic memory. Learn "how" FORGET FORGETTING! you remember, "why" you forget. Discover your Director Certified Primal Therapist, 9059 Gaither Rd., natural ability to recall everything. Send for Scientific documentation proved brand new memory discovery of Gaithersburg, MD 20760. (301) 977-4770. THE PRIMAL IN- free information to: much-headlined expert (TIME, NEWSWEEK, NY TIMES) ranked far STITUTE OF SAN FRANCISCO, Robert Lynn, M.S.S.W., INSTITUTE of ADVANCED THINKING 845 Viade la Paz, Dept. PT, Pacific Palisades, CA 90272 above ALL other methods in speed, photographic & auditory re Director Certified Primal Therapist, 30 Tanforan Ave., So. call, ease, permanence. practicality. Notarized testimony: Yale San Francisco, CA 94080. (415) 871-2496. Only Janov trained PhD prof., Stanford trained PhD scientist, Georgetown approved facilities offering Primal Therapy other than the HANDWRITING ANALYSIS. Send $10.00 plus sample. Hyp. trained PhD linguist, Etc., Etc. Users experience up to 400% gain Los Angeles Institute. Mot. Research Clinic, 11101 N.E. 8th, Bellevue, Washing- in 2 weeks (documented). Inquire (before you forget!): ton 98004. ACHIEVEMENT-ULT, 324 So. First, Alhambra, CA 91802. ASHEWOOD Real and complete primal process. Centers in Woodstock and Greenwich Village, N.Y. ADOPTED? Seeking information about your biological Inquiry: P.O.B. 267, Woodstock, N.Y. 12498. (914) 679-7244; parents? We can show you how to search. Send $5 for (212) 255-4392. "Guide-lines for Searching". Adoptees Information LATIN AMERICAN GIRLS appreciate their men. Let us Service, Inc., P.O. Box 2087, Mount Vernon, New York introduce you to a dark-eyed, unspoiled beauty. For com- PRIMAL PROCESS Intensive; individual follow-up. Sliding 10551. plete application package and photo selection, mail $2.00 Scale. CENTER WITHIN, 20 Mather, San Anselmo, CA to: Maria Garcia, Box 80801P, San Diego, Calif. 92138. 94960. (415) 456-4588. THE WISHING WELL, a national mini-magazine is an alter- native to the Well of Loneliness; now helping THE CENTER FOR FEELING DEVELOPMENT offers the Lesbian/Feminist reach others with similar lifestyles. P.O. TIRED?Try our astound- Concentrated Energy primal process as a vehicle to a deeper, more expressive Box 1711, Santa Rosa, CA 95403. life. Box 94, Holicong, PA 18928 (215) 794-8261. ing anti-fatigue food Desi-Cates™ COLLEGE DEGREES BY MAIL. It is honestly possible to supplements, New by Alacer THE BERKELEY CENTER offers primal process with earn a legitimate, accredited bachelors, masters, or docto- reasonable fees. 1925 Walnut St., Berkeley, California rate from well-known universities without taking any tradi- Satisfaction or Money back. Only $8.95 for 225 94704. (415) 548-3543. tional courses whatsoever, often at surprisingly low cost. tablets at Health Food Stores, or send check, plus YOUR PSYCHE REJUVENATED - THROUGH ALPHA- Free details from Dr. John Bear, P.O. Box DM 646, 45080 54c tax (if in Calif.) for UPS ppd shipment. NETICS! Easier, more effective method of self- Little Lake Street, Mendocino, California 95460 or call Toll programming, mind control and relaxation. Details FREE. Free 800-325-6400. (In Missouri 800-342-6600). ALACER CORP. Box 6448, Buena Park, Ca. 90622 Life Dynamics Fellowship, Box 418-DGF, 2935 Chillon VIBRATORS ARE OBSOLETE ACCU-JAC® for Way, Laguna Beach, Calif. 92652. Men/Women simulates Nature's massaging method! FREE SINGLE BOOKLOVERS gets cultured, single, widowed or VULNERABLE is Beautiful. Primal Feeling Center of New brochure. Giant catalog, $3. Funways, Box 9691-P, North divorced persons acquainted. Nationwide. Write: Box AE, England, Inc., 70 Nashua Street, Milford, NH 03055. Hollywood, California 91609. Swarthmore, PA 19081. 110 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS DULCIMERS, BALALAIKAS, harps, sansas. Kits and fin. Free catalog. 8665 W. 13th Ave-PT, Denver, Colorado 80215. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES OPERATE your own profitable Human Relations Success groups. Free brochure. PAT, Box 2446-C, San Leandro, CA 94577. NEW LUXURY CAR without Cost. Free Details! Codex-ZZ, Box 6073, Toledo, Ohio 43614. SITUATIONS WANTED EXPERIENCED COUPLE seeks shared position, west coast conference/growth center management. References. C&RK, Box 8, Corbett, Oregon 97019. SERVICES LIBRARY INFORMATION RESEARCH by professional librarians. All fields. Box 8202, Pittsburgh, PA 15217. SUMMER PROGRAMS Copyright RKO Radio Pictures ANNOUNCING A WORKSHOP. Combine group dynamics and cultural studies in Costa Rica, Central America isolated at Playa Hermosa on the Pacific Ocean, climate ideal, private home, fifteen per session, "rough it". Ses- sions: June 19-July 2; July 17-30; August 14-27, 1977. King Kong (Continued from page 48.) clothing and sniffing the shreds of her $1200.00 plus travel. INQUIRES: Applied Psychological As- sociates, 803 East 70th Street, Savannah, Georgia 31405. are almost destroyed in the process. garment. Several years after the film's COLORADO ROCKY MOUNTAIN SUMMER. Fun and Others interpret this Depression-era release, the scene was snipped by the learning. Individualized program for girls and boys 9-18. Horses, pool, yoga, ranching, 300 acres. Catalog. C.P. film as social criticism. Thus the cap- censors because it was considered too Arnold, Lazy A Ranch, Gold Hill, Boulder, Colorado 80302. italist Denham, in his greed for profit, overtly sexual. Kong is not depleted of endangers Ann Darrow, exploits nature his strength by his love. It is his primal TRAINING PROGRAMS ruthlessly, upsets the primitive har- fate to battle for the woman and to be mony of Skull Island, and nearly de- defeated by men who individually could MONTESSORI TEACHER TRAINING Begins June 22. Montessori expanding. MMTTC, 1010 West Chicago Ave., stroys Manhattan when his captive never match him. Chicago, IL 60622. rebels. A somewhat similar theory de- At bottom, King Kong is the myth of picts the film as an allegory of racism. the primal father, his struggle, and his TRAVEL All these interpretations are worth death. It grips adults as tightly as it grips thinking about. None of them actually children because it goes to the core of UNSTRUCTURED CARIBBEAN. Virgin Island wind- contradicts the Freudian theme. jammers, cosmopolitan country-clubs. From $387 our individual and collective experi- including air. VIB Tours, "the Casual Ones." (212) 661- There is at least one other interpreta- ence. The new version of this popular 5040, 244 East 46 St. NYC. Also, earn Travel Discounts selling VIB. tion of this cinematic myth. The apoc- myth will resurrect Kong to live through ryphal Arabian proverb that precedes his agony once again. The crowds will REAL ESTATE-FOR RENT the film reads: "And the Prophet said- no doubt be large, and each of us will And lo! the Beast looked upon the face bring to the theater that portion of inner PUERTO RICO. Luquillo beach house. 3 bedrooms. For of Beauty. And it stayed its hand from being in which the small child still rent weekly. Edward Pinney, 148 E. 78 Street, New York killing. And from that day it was as one lives, and where Kong's struggle still City 10021 (212) 879-8870. dead. The screenwriters are implying smolders. MISCELLANEOUS that Kong's downfall is due to his inter- est in a woman, an interest that will Mark Rubinstein practices psychiatry and psy- GOLD, Silver, platinum, mercury wanted. Highest prices render him impotent and lifeless. This chotherapy in New York City. He received his paid by refinery. Ores assayed. Free circular. Mercury Terminal, Norwood, MA 02062. interpretation, I believe, is based on the medical and psychiatric training at the State ancient fantasy that sexual intercourse University of New York's will deplete a man of all his powers, as Downstate Medical Cen- REPRINTS AVAILABLE in the Samson and Delilah myth. We ter, where he is presently on the faculty as clinical Reprints of designated articles in this should remember, though, that Delilah assistant professor of issue are available at 60¢ each (70¢ out- side U.S.A.). Minimum order is 6 reprints. consented willingly to Samson's ad- psychiatry. He is actively Order from Psychology Today, Consumer vances; in fact she wanted to beguile involved in the teaching Service Division, 595 Broadway, New York, him. This is not the case with Kong and of medical students and N.Y. 10012. Be sure to indicate title and psychiatric residents. quantity desired and enclose your remit- Ann Darrow. She never consents to his Rubinstein has written a tance with your order. Please add 25¢ per order to partially cover postage and advances and he never succeeds in satis- number of professional papers and is the handling charges. Institutional purchase fying his sexual interest in her. coauthor of The First Encounter: The Begin- orders are accepted only for orders of $10 or more. No purchase orders accepted from His interest, by the way, is certainly nings of Psychotherapy, with William A. Con- outside U.S.A. Residents of Calif., Colo., sexual. This is apparent in the original sole and Richard C. Simons (published by Fla., III., Mich., Mo., N.Y. State, D. C. and Jason Aronson, Inc., 1976). The author has for Texas add applicable sales tax. (Postage version of the film. On Skull Mountain, several years maintained an interest in the psy- and handling charges non-taxable.) before battling the pterodactyl, Kong chological foundations of popular culture. was shown peeling off Ann Darrow's For reprints, see Classified Advertising PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 111 COMING IN PSYCHOLOGY TODAY The New Science of Genetic Self-Interest Sociobiologist Irven DeVore talks with Scot Morris about the selfishness built into our genes. It is not the survival of the fittest that humans and other animals strive for; it is for the reproduction of the individual's genes. The Busy, Purposeful World of a Baby Infants aren't as dumb as they seem. A baby knows who he is before he has the language to tell us SO. He reaches deliberately for control of his environment, especially his parents. Sweaty Palms in the Control Tower Air-traffic controllers at Chicago's O'Hare field wrestle like pilots in combat with 1,900 flights a day. The job of juggling airliners and making snap decisions on which lives depend exacts a steep toll in stress- related diseases, nightmares, and acute anxiety. Workers Can Set Their Own Wages-Responsibly Fixing their own wages and benefits can increase employees' satisfaction and support for a company's goals. Some managers are now proving that this heretical idea will work. Social Psychologists: Benign Con Artists Dance Therapy Who Wouldn't Help a Lost Child? You, Maybe. 112 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. JANUARY 1977 © 1977 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Play it your way. Mix your martini with white rum from Puerto Rico. Instead of marching to the That's because every drop of white same old tune and mixing your rum is required by Puerto Rican martini with gin or vodka, strike law to age for at least a year. an original note and make yours White rum exerts its civilizing a white rum martini. influence on all of your favorite There's enough in common mixers, smoothing out every drink between all three martinis to from the screwdriver to the gimlet. make the transition to white rum No wonder 84% of all the rum an easy one. And there's enough sold in the U.S. comes from difference to make the change Puerto Rico. worthwhile. Mix your next martini with white White rum from Puerto Rico rum. It's a great way to has a distinctive smoothness that make music together. sets it apart from gin and vodka. PUERTO RICAN RUMS White rum martini For free "White Rum Classics" recipes, write: Puerto Rican Rums, Dept.L-21, 1290 Avenue of the Americas, N.Y., N.Y. 10019. ©Lorillard, U.S.A., 1976 True slashes tar in half! Down to only Down to only 5 mgs. tar per cigarette. 100 mgs. tar per pack. 5MGS.TAR TRUE 5MGS TAR 05 NICOTINE And a taste worth changing to. Think about it. Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health. Regular: 5 mg. "tar", 0.5 mg. nicotine av. per cigarette, by FTC Method.

nara / coll_gb-lfc / doc

Sexuality Questionnaire [1974-1977] [1]

ID: 372426321
Type: document

Citation Image

Metadata

id	372426321
sourceUrl	https://catalog.archives.gov/id/372426321
contentType	document
collections	Lex Frieden Collection: Records on Disability Rights Printed Materials
iiifBase	https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/bush/gb-lfc/printed_materials_68884689/reference_materials/41-dhm-frieden-prnt_mat-refrenc_mat-52160-005_372426321.pdf
thumbnailUrl	https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/bush/gb-lfc/printed_materials_68884689/reference_materials/41-dhm-frieden-prnt_mat-refrenc_mat-52160-005_372426321.pdf
largeImageUrl	https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/bush/gb-lfc/printed_materials_68884689/reference_materials/41-dhm-frieden-prnt_mat-refrenc_mat-52160-005_372426321.pdf
imageCount	1
hasImages	yes
source	import

Additional Source Fields

url	https://catalog.archives.gov/id/372426321
naId	372426321
levelOfDescription	fileUnit
recordType	description
ocrSource	nara-archive

Pages

Page 1 OCR

Survos folio item chat

Ask the Scholar

Scholar Source Context