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[Information on France] [1989]
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[Information on France] [1989]
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Lex Frieden Collection: Records on Disability Rights
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection: Donated Historical Materials
Collection/Office of Origin:
Frieden, Lex, Collection
Series:
International
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Countries
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Folder Title:
[Information on France] [1989]
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2
#34
Nov. 12th
FRI $89.00 17+55 12 day
a GUIDELINE
17- Attendant
$26 Nov. 18th SAT 32.25
19.50 +
3/4 day
9.75 attendant
1.50 attendant 1/4
Nov. 19th SUN 125.25
1.50 ( tlying time day
3.00. 3.00 Flying 12 day time
39.75 attendant
79.50 12 oby
Ground Transportation ?
Nov. 20 MON $238.50
159
79.50- attendant
238.50
Nov. 21 TUE $ 238.50
$ 159 + 79.50
NOV. 22 WED 1238.50
$159 77.50
$ 159+79.50
Nov 23 THU $238.50
Nov. 24 FRI $106.00
$34+55+17
Nov. 25 SAT $ 34.00
$17717
$1,340.50 Ground + Transportation?
400.00
General information
Groups
Visit procedure
Musée
Musée d'Orsay
recorded general
Recorded information for groups:
The Second Empire period is located
62, rue de Lille
informations: 45 49 11 11
45494949.
on the ground floor. Sculptures are
75007 Paris
Groups of up to 30 people are admitted
in the central aisle, the eclectic and academi
tél. 40 49 48 14
to the Museum Tuesdays through
paintings are on the right and the more
d'Orsay
Saturdays from 9 A.M. until 2.30 P.M.
independent trends, i.e., Realism works,
Main entrance: 1, rue de Bellechasse.
Thursdays from 6 until 7.30 P.M. only for
landscape paintings, and works
Entrance for temporary exhibitions of M'O:
groups requesting a special guided tour.
of the Impressionists-to-be, are on the left.
brief
Appointments should be made as soon as
place Henry-de-Montherlant (on the quay).
Restaurant entrance after the Museum's
possible by calling 45 49 45 46.
The end of the main hall is devoted
closing time: 62 bis, rue de Lille.
to the Opera, while, on the left,
the space called "Pavillon amont"
is dedicated to architecture.
guide
The Young
Transport
Activities are organized for visitors
between the age of 5 and 15 at the
Then the visit proceeds, via the back escalator
- RER line C
Young Visitors' area, tel.: 49 48 69
directly to the impressionist gallery
Musée d'Orsay station.
or 40 49 49 76.
located on the top floor, because
- Bus: 84, 24, 68, 69, quai Anatole-France.
Reception of teachers and students, by
of the natural lighting. The post-Impressionist
73, rue de Solferino.
appointment, call 46, 40 49 49 49
(Van Gogh, Seurat, Gauguin) as well
84, 83, 63, 94, boulevard Saint-Germain.
or 40 49 48 73.
as the Nabis (Bonnard, Vuillard, Denis, etc.)
68, 69, rue du Bac.
Group visits for young visitors: see
are on the same floor.
- Metro Solferino: line 12.
paragraph above.
- Taxis: rue de Solferino, quai Anatole-France.
A brochure with information for young
For the Third Republic's official painters,
- Parking by: Deligny, Montalembert,
visitors and teachers is available at the
the foreign schools and the symbolists
Concorde and Invalides.
information counter in the entrance hall.
as well as Rodin's sculptures
and international "Art Nouveau", one mus
Museum opening hours
Documentary resources
go down to the middle level, to the glazed
dome rooms along the Seine.
- On Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Fridays and
Consultation room above the Rooftop
Saturdays from 10 A.M. till 6 P.M.
Café: videos, computers, catalogues.
The visit ends with a review of the source
- On Sundays
Permanent audio-visual presentation
of the 20th century and the early days
from 9 A.M. till 6 P.M.
in the museographic circuit.
of cinema.
- On Thursdays
from 10 A.M. till 9.45 P.M.
Special events
Parallel to the main tour, one can discover
- Between June 20th and September 20th
the historical context of the works
Concerts, films, lectures and discussions,
the Museum opens at 9 A.M.
with the "Invitation to history", the
courses in Art history at the Museum's
- Closed on Mondays.
Gallery of Dates, the Gallery of the Press,
Auditorium and for some concerts in
audiovisual material and "Points clés"
the Salle des Fêtes.
Please note:
documentary files.
tickets are sold until 5.15 P.M.
Restaurant
P.M. on Thursdays).
"Dossiers" exhibits are regularly held
Closing of the galleries begins at 5.30 P.M.
Located at the middle level, open every day
in seven designated areas,
(9.15 P.M. on Thursdays).
and illustrate themes or events
for lunch and dinner. Closed on Sunday
evenings and Mondays.
in a multidisciplinary approach.
Guided Tours
Rooftop Café
General tours of the Museum:
daily except Sundays at 11 A.M. and 1 P.M.
Located at the upper level:
and at 7 P.M. on Thursdays.
open during the Museum hours.
Every day a single work of art
is presented at 12.30
"A work to see",
The meeting point is situated at the
groups' counter (15 minutes before
November 1988
the visit).
Membership
Ground floor: Information Area
In order to protect the works of art, and
What is there to see at the Musée d'Orsay ?
to ensure the comfort of the public, we
The Musée d'Orsay offers the "Carte
kindly ask all visitors:
Works of art with different techniques
Blanche" which enables members to
check in bags, luggage and umbrellas
paintings, pastels, sculptures, photographs,
benefit from financial advantages and
at the cloakroom,
objects of art, architecture (drawings
important services:
no smoking in the Museum,
and models). Literature and music
Immediate entrance.
don't bring food and drink into the
are present in "dossiers" exhibits,
- Free admission to all parts of the
Museum,
lectures and concerts.
Museum, to the permanent and
don't touch the works of art.
temporary exhibitions, to conferences
Certain artists (Delacroix, Ingres, Corot),
and cultural history lectures.
- Visitors may feel free to:
born at the end of the 18th century,
- Free admission to midday and "Salle
take pictures without flash (except in
are represented by their late works,
des Fêtes" concerts.
the temporary exhibitions because the
but most of them have remained at the Louvre.
Reduction on the price of admission to
works of art are lent),
the evening concerts and to the cinema.
visit the Museum with strollers. Kindly leave
The historical period ranges from 1848
- Members receive by mail the
prams and rucksacks at the cloakroom.
(the Second Republic) to 1914
"Nouvelles du Musée d'Orsay" every
(the First World War), but in some fields,
2 months.
A book is available at the information
the periods are less precise. For example,
More information at the reception
counter for suggestions by visitors.
photography is shown from its birth (1839);
counter or by telephone: 40 49 48 48.
in the same way, the Museum has paintings
- Tickets are valid all day.
only up to 1905, since the Centre
Invitation to history
Pompidou exhibits modern art,
Main entrance of the Museum
with the exception of certain artists,
The area "invitation to history" introduces
such as Bonnard or Vuillard.
a visit of the Museum and gives references
Entrance to the major
enabling the visitor to understand French
exhibitions of M'O
history from 1848 to 1914.
How the display is organized ?
Main entrance of the Museum
The works are normally presented
Entrance to the major
in a chronological order,
Major exhibitions
exhibitions of M'O
although certain donations have had
of M'O
to be exhibited together: Chauchard,
Moreau-Nélaton on the ground floor,
Personnaz, Gachet and Kaganovitch
on the upper level.
Bookshop of M'O
Way down to "invitation
The works are generally separated
to history", the foyer
according to the techniques used, permitting
and the auditorium
the visitors to appreciate the works
as such, thus rejecting the type
Way down to the
of "atmospheric reconstitution".
Telephones. Mailbox
lavatories and the babies'
changing room
The pastels, drawings and photographs
Exchange
must have very soft lighting
and are shown alternatively.
Groups' cloakroom
Cloakroom
Cardshop of M'O:
Way down to the
posters and postcards
young visitors' area,
(access only from outside)
the foyer and
the auditorium
rue de Bellechasse
238.50
x4
J
954.00
322.00
160.00
1430.00
20
air ticket tax
1450.00
50 chambres avec sanitaire complet,
Situé dans la zone résidentielle
téléphone direct, télévision couleur, mini-bar
du 16ème arrondissement,
Hôtel de
près de la Tour Eiffel,
du Trocadéro, au coeur du quartier élégant
de Passy et de ses Boutiques de Luxe.
PASSY-EIFFEL
HOTEL PASSY EIFFEL
PARFUMERIE
P*E
LA PETITE TOUR
Paul
III
Métro
place
LE CRABE
Passy
HOUSE
THESUN
LE MARTY
LEUNG
notre Salon
AU CADRE VERT
HOTEL
PASSY EIFFEL
notre salle de Petit Déjeuner
10, rue de Passy
La réception est à votre disposition
75016 PARIS
pour tous renseignements et services
p
45 25 55 66
Télex: 612 753
A
A
H
OTELS
INFORMATION
LIBRE
S
H OTELS INFORMATION
RESTAURATION
RESTAURATION
LIBRE
MAIS
MAIS
CONSEILLEE
CONSEILLÉE
TE
We
speak
English
Au Cadre Vert
LE MARTY
LIOTELC
THESUN LEUNG
INFORMATION
RESTAURANT CHINOIS
Brasserie - Restaurant Snack-Bar Salon de Thé
RESTAURATION
OUVERT TOUS LES JOURS sauf le Dimanche
LIBRE
MAIS
DÉJEUNERS-DINERS PLATS A EMPORTER
Snack-Bar de 6 h à 20 h
CONSEILLEE
LUNCHES-DINNERS TAKE AWAY
Prix Moyen : 100 F
RESTAURANT
Nos suggestions du jour: environ 52 Frs
Notre "Plateau-Minute": environ 59 Frs
Accueil jusqu'à 23 heures
(Faux-filet, Frites, Salade)
+ CARTE
NOS SPECIALITÉS
Service de 12 h à 15 h
CUISINE TRADITIONNELLE FRANÇAISE
Les Confits de Canard
16. rue de Passy Paris 16e
Les Magrets
Les Poissons
42 88 18 65
et nos SUGGESTIONS
DIFFÉRENTES CHAQUE JOUR.
Livraison gratuite à partir de 500 F
Delivery from 500 F
NOTRE FORMULE
PARFUMERIE KLEBER
Fermé le Dimanche
l'Hôtel de
8,
rue Gavarni 75016 PARIS
1 entrée au choix comprise dans le prix
REMISE 20% TOUTE L'ANNEE
PASSY
42 88 96 51
du plat
sur toute la parfumerie
Taxe free
RESTAURANT
\\|||/
Prix Moyen d'un Repas Complet: 120 F
4, rue Claude Chahu 75116 Paris
EIFFEL
HOTEL
PLACE DE
42 88 25 86
COSTA-RICA
RUE DE PASSY
et les
en sortant de l'Hôtel, à droite, 2ième rue à droite
Ouverte du Lundi au Samedi de 10 h à 19 h
Commerçants
Vous pouvez
vous souhaitent
consulter notre Carte
La Petite Tour
LES GRANDES MARQUES
un agréable
à la Réception de
séjour
Christiane et Freddy
l'Hôtel
Notre autre adresse:
85, avenue Kléber 75116 Paris (Métro: Trocadéro)
Prix Moyen du Repas: 300 frs
47 27 68 69
CUISINE TRADITIONNELLE FRANÇAISE
You can consult
our Card at the Hotel
5% de Remise supplémentaire accordés
FERME LE DIMANCHE
Reception Desk
aux Clients de l'Hôtel PASSY-EIFFEL
les Fruits de Mer en saison
la Cassolette d'Escargots
la Côte de Bœuf "Angus Beef
le Chevreuil (d'oct. à mars)
le Lièvre (d'oct. à déc.)
le Caneton aux Pêches
Crabe
le Poisson
le Nougat glacé
le Gâteau de Crepes soufflées
ye
Jisting
HOTEL
PLACE DE
AMBIANCE
DE PASSY
COSTA RICA
RUE PASSY
CHALEUREUSE
PLACE
restaw
PASSY
MENU à 150 F TTC (Vin compris)
SPÉCIALITÉS:
DURAL
Crabes, Langoustes*, Homards* et Poissons
HOTEL
*Homards et Langoustes sur réservation à la Carte
Réalisation RICHARD
4, rue Lekain
av des Champs Elysées
GAVARNI
75016 PARIS
Ouvert tous les jours
le Dimanche sur réservation
75008 PARIS
11, rue de la Tour
RUE
RESTAURANT
(1) 43 59 68 04
Paris 16ème
p
42 88 78 77
RC: A 328 930 417
HOTEL
PLACE DE
24, rue de la Tour 75016 Paris
45 20 09 3 31
RUE DE PASSY
COSTA-RICA
fermé Dimanche et Lundi midi
45 20 18 14
too
Spacing
bet. allenging to
with
hich
3
form
this, much of Stock Little
ord
Employment Initiatives for Individuals with Disabilities
in the United States of America
Prepared for DECD Evaluation Panel 12
Employment Policies for People with Disabilities
Prepared by
mex disco He he
I
Lex Frieden, Sandra Hopfengardner Warren, and Mel Brodsky
A
have
ordering
this feal Ludeo
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sine
Acknowl edgements
This paper would not have been possible without the assistance of numerous individuals and
organizations. In addition to providing insight and time, several shared their written material
for inclusion in this paper. They include:
Who are the U.S. Residents with Disabilities
Monroe Berkowitz and Edward Berkowitz (1989)
Frank Bowe (1985)
Don Galvin (1985)
Social Security Program
Disability Advisory Council, Chapter 1 (1988)
Vocational Rehabilitation System
Disability Advisory Council, Appendix (1988)
Mary Smith (1987)
Social Security's Role in the Vocational Rehabilitation Process
Disability Advisory Council, Appendix 0 (1988)
Incentives and Disincentives to Work in the Social Security Program
Disability Advisory Council, Chapter 5 (1988)
Workers' Compensation Program
John Worrall & Richard Butler (1989)
U.S. Department of Education Initiatives
jack
Mary Smith (1987)
Supported Employment
Frank Warren and Rich Luecking
Paul wehn an
Private Sector Initiatives
3
Dole Foundation
J.M. Foundation
Job Accomodations Network
WPT
Appendix A
Patricia Brady (1989)
Disability Advisory Council, Appendix F (1988)
with
Karen Franklin (1989)
U.S. Department of Education (1988)
Appendix B
Consortium for Citizens Disabilities (1989)
Appendix C
Disability Advisory Council, , Appendix E (1988)
Appendix D
Disability Advisory Council 1 Appendix 0 (1988)
1
Introduction
The American labor force is changing dramatically, Between now and the year 2000, the labor
force should grow at only about one-half the rate of the previous decade. The absolute number of
young workers entering the labor force will decrease and the number of minorities,
disadvantaged, immigrants, and individuals with disabilitieswill increase.
At the same time, jobs will continue to shift from the goods-producing industries to the service
sectors. These new service sector jobs will often have higher skill requirements
--
at least one
or more years of college. Because of these new trends, employers . will find it increasingly
difficultto find new employees who have the appropriate education and training for the new
entry level jobs.
While these trends present a number of challenges to the United States, they also offer a number
of "windows of opportunity" for employment of persons with disabilities. This paper will
.
explore the United States' efforts to develop employment related policies and programs to
support individuals with disabilitiesin the workforce.
Marked
are
The
pulley
disabled individuals failtoqualify for any programs, whereas others may be eligible for
benefits from more than one source."
the
E. Berkowitz (1987) further explains this fragmentation on the basis of interest-group
casting
politics which in disability and rehabilitation take a variety of forms. For example, various
disability groups (i.e. blind, deaf, developmentally disabled, mentally ill) seek special policy
considerations. Service delivery systems also form interest groups advocating support for
their particular technique or organizations. To the disability group and service response
special interests one may add a third interest group cohort based primarily upon the
circumstances or cause of the disability (i.e. disabled veterans, those injured on the job, etc.). a
These interest groups frequently achieve support from powerful lobbies such as veteran's
organizations and labor unions. A fourth example of interest groups involves those individuals,
primarily physicians, researchers, and academics who advocate on behalf of the research and
training agenda. This interest group competes among themselves (researchers vs trainers) and
with the service group partisans for an expanded mandate, funds and recognition.
The Federal government funds a number of independent agencies that are designed to provide
policy recommendations on disability related issues to the President, Two of the agencies are
involved in employment related areas. The President's Committee on Employment of People
with Disabilities (formerly the President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped)
provides leadership to achieve maximum employment - of people with disabilities. The
Committee promotes employment of persons with physical and mental disabilities and identifies
and works toeliminate barriers to their employment. Educational, information and technical
at
assistance programs are developed by the Committee to assist in removing barriers and
improving public attitudes about people with disabilities. The National Council on Disability
(formerly the National Council on the Handicapped) is charged with reviewing all laws,
programs, and policies of the Federal Government affecting individuals with disabilities. It
is
the only Federal agency with the mandated responsibility to address, analyze, and make
recommendations on issues of publi ic policy which affect people with disabilitiesregardless of
age, disability type, perceived employment potential, perceived economic need, specific
functional ability, status as a veteran, or other individual circumstances. Both organizations
recognize their unique opportunity tofacilitateamployment opportunities for people with
disabilitiesby seeking a coordinated approach to addressing the concerns of persons with
disabilities and eliminating barriers to their participation in community and family life.
A leading force in the drive behind policies that support productivity, independence, and
integration has been that of individuals with disabilities. Hahn (1983) states = thehistory of
disabled persons in America and elsewhere has been primarily a history of segregation and
discrimination." Spurred by the civil rights movement of blacks in the 1950s and 60s,
individuals with disabilitieshave been responsible for the American public learning that the
inequities that exist in the areas of employment, housing, and transportation, to name just a
few, are an issue of civil rights. Activists have brought a very effective case before the
U.S. Congress. Their message has been clear, powerful, and pervasive; namely, that in
serving the disadvantaged the programs which Congress has created to serve the disabled has
lost itsmoorings, that the programs should not only be returned to their original purposes
but should explicitly make a commitment to serve individuals with the most severe
gave
use
owe
you
buck:
Corner,
Workers' Compensation Program
he
his
this
live
him
did
copy
Introduced in 1911, workers' compensation (WC) is the country's oldest social insurance
He
the
program. It is mandatory in forty-seven states and virtually 50 in the other three. The
Univ
program has much in common with the SSDI program, but itdiffers in many important aspects.
from
The WC program must make disability determinations. Claimants can be determined to be
temporarily, or permanently partially or totally disabled. Such determinations are made on
They
long
different bases in the various states. The measurement of the degree of impairment or work
25
don't
disability, as well as itswork relatedness, can result in dispute and litigation. The SSDI
fine
e
program, on the other hand, has a dichotomous disability determination totally disabled (and
3.
as
hence a beneficiary if other requirements of the law are met), or not eligible for benefits.
The WC system is a true insurance program. Although it is a state-mandated program, it is
primarily financed through the private sector. The program structure administration vary
across the states. Self-insurance permitted in some states, and can be contracted by
individual firms or by groups.
Workers' compensation programs are the largest source of indemnity benefit payments to
workers between the ages of 16 and 64 who are expected to be disabled for six months or more.
WC payments are larger than veterans' payments to the same population are fully one-third as
large as transfer payments to that population under the Social Security Administration's old age
survivors disability ands health insurancxe programs. Similarly, the WC medical payments
made to or in behalf of the long-term disabled are one-third as large as those made under
Medicare for the same target group.
Workers' compensation benefits consist of virtually unlimited medical cost coverate, as well as
an indemnity benefit for workers whose injuries result in lost work time. In all states,
indemnity benefits are paid after an injured worker has completed a "waiting period." This
waiting period ranges from one to seven days, and iseither three or seven in most states. If f the
injury is serious enough that the worker experiences a nonwork spell that extends through a
"retroactive date," benefits are paid for the waiting period. Hence, lost work time cases that are
for short duration do not receive indemnity benefits for the waiting period.
Workers who suffer more serious job injuries or occupational diseases are alsoeligible for
vocational rehabilitation services. Presumably, these services will restore such workers to
the labor market However, it is not clear that the financial incentives inherent in the WC
system do not impede the successful use of vocational rehabilitation services. As with the SSDI
program, successful vocational rehabilitation can mean the cessation of indemnity benefit
payments (the SSDI payment is not an indemnity payment).
The structure of the WC program may mitigate against the use of VR services. One of the
primary goals of the program is restoration to the labor market. This goal is generally being
met, but few WC beneficiaries are using VR services. The nature of the disability determination
process may be such that people postpone or forgo VR services in an effort to maximize their
indemnity award. This failure toutilize VR services early in the postinjury process can result
in
fewer people returning to the labor market. In some state, the process of ending services
comletely, with the awarding of lump sum benefits, limits injured workers' rehabilitation
Supported Employment
For most individuals with severe disabilities, employment
has been a concept that has been far from their reach. When
they have been fortunate enough to acquire a job, it has
traditionally been for low pay in locations separate from
their nondisabled peers - typically in sheltered employment.
Sheltered employment was designed as a point on the
continuum of services leading to competitive employment.
A
point where individuals were to stay long enough to acquire
competitive work and work related skills before they
obtained competitive employment. While this method has been
successful for individuals with mild disabilities and those
who have been in the workforce prior to acquiring a
disability, it has been far from successful for those with
severe disabilities. This is primarily due to these persons
needing more intense supports (typically lower
supervisor/worker ratios) than is found in sheltered
workshops or centers. In addition, persons with severe
disabilities frequently have difficulty transferring skills
from one environment. to another so the expectation of them
learning a skill in a workshop and then applying the same
skill in another worksite was not practical. As a result,
individuals with severe disabilities have been excluded from
employment in workshops and centers and have been relegated
to participation in day activity centers if in a program at
all.
options.
Workers' compensation is experience-rated. Very small firms have a nominal premium price
that reflects the expected accident and claims experience of all firms in the same line of
business. This beginning price, called the manual rate can be adjusted downward
in
response
to
competition. Approximately 85 percent of the American firms are manually rated only, but
these firms employ less than 15 percent of those who work. The remaining 15 percent of
firms, employing 85 percent of those employed, are experience-rated. The degree of
experience rating varies directly with the size of the firm.
Perhaps the best way to describe supported employment is to
review the federal definition:
paid work in a variety of integrated settings,
particularly regular work sites, especially designed
for individuals with severe handicaps, irrespective of
age or vocational potential
(a) for whom competitive employment at or above the
minimum wage has not traditionally occurred, and
(b) who, because of their disability, need intensive
ongoing post-employment support to perform in a
work setting. (U.S. Department of Education, 1985)
Three criteria must be met to qualify a program as
"supported employment:
(a) The individual must be engaged in employment which
creates goods or services that have economic value
and for which the employer pays wages. The
employment may be part-time or full-time and may
be compensated by above or below minimum wage.
(b) The individual must require ongoing support,
expected to endure throughout the period of
employment. This support is designed to provide
assistance to the individual and employer.
(c) The individual must have some demonstrated
opportunity for social integration with persons
During the last seven years, a new concept of employment has
flourished: supported employment. In many respects, the
movement to increase supported employment options has
involved more than a new form of employment
It has
personified a national civil rights movement on the part of
people with severe disabilities who have been excluded,
devalued, and disenfranchised on the basis of their
perceived lack of vocational competence (Wehman, 1989, P.
2). = While the concept of supported employment could benefit
virtually any individual with a disability, it is primarily
intended for and has been most effective for individuals
with mental retardation, autism, severe physical
disabilities, chronic mental illness, and traumatic brain
injury.
Supported employment is based on the following principles
which have served as the guiding forces in the devel opment
of numerous programs
Everyone has an inherent right to full participation
in society, including the right to work. The fact that
an individual has what is termed a "disability" should
in no way preclude him or her from taking full
advantage of the benefits of employment.
Tests and assessments are made only for the purpose
of achieving a proper match between job and indi-
vidual skill or preference, not for the classification of
individuals or for exclusionary purposes.
Separate prevocational or vocational training for
adults is not useful for all people, and may present an
unnecessary delay to actual work. It is the general and
pervasive human experience that people are most apt
to learn what they need to know where they need to
know it. Training on the job works best.
The presence of a worker with disabilities is the
most effective way to dispel fear and prejudice which
may occasionally be found among co-workers. Most
change takes place in response to actual situations,
not artificial ones.
The fact that people with disabilities can be and
have been successful workers in a wide range of
occupations tends to generate energy, enthusiasm
and commitment on the part of individuals and
organizations trying to bring about more of the same.
sh
Warren