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Appendix A
Public Law 94-282
94th Congress, H. R. 10230
May 11, 1976
An Art
To establish a acience and technology policy for the United States. to provide
for scientific and technological advice and assistance to the President. to
provide a comprehensive survey of ways and means for improving the the Fed-
thereof, to amend the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, and for other
eral effort in acientific research and information handling. and in use
purposes.
Be it enccted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may
National Science
be cited ns the "National Science and Technology Policy, Organiza-
and Technology
Policy, Organiza-
tion. and Priorities Act of 1976".
tion, and Priori-
ties Act of 1976.
TITLE I-NATIONAL SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND
42 USC 6501
TECHNOLOGY POLICY AND PRIORITIES
note.
FINDINGS
SEC. 101. (a) The Congress, recognizing the profound impact of 42 USC 6601.
science and technology on society, and the interrelations of scientific.
technological, economic, social, political, and institutional factors,
hereby finds and declares that-
(1) the general welfare, the security. the economic heal.h and
stability of the Nation, the conservation and efficient utilization
of its natural and human resources, and the effective functioning
of government and society require vigorous, perceptive support
and employment of science and technology in achieving national
objectives; (2) the many large and complex scientific and technological and
factors which increasingly influence the course of national
international events require appropriate provision. involving long-
inclusive planning as well as more immediate program
development. range, to incorporate scientific and technological knowledge
in the national decisionmaking process;
(3) the scientific and technological capabilities of the United effec-
States, when properly fostered, applied. and directed. can and
tively assist in improving the quality of life, in anticipating local
resolving critical and emerging international, national. and
position. and in furthering its foreign policy objectives:
problems, in strengthening the Nation's international economic
investment in the future which is indispensable to sustained
(4) Federal funding for science and technology represents an
national progress and human betterment, and there should tech- be a
continuing national investment in science. engineering. and
nology which is commensurate with national needs and oppor-
tunities and the prevalent economic situation;
constitutes an invaluable national resource which should be
(5) the manpower pool of scientists, engineers, and technicians, uti-
lized to the fullest extent possible; and
technological planning and policy formulation must be strength-
(6) the Nation's capabilities for technology assessment and for
ened at both Federal and State levels.
90 STAT. 459
71-180 o
Pub. Law 94-282
- 2 -
May 11, 1976
Priority goals.
(b) As a consequence, the Congress finds and declares that science
and technology should contribute to the following priority goals with-
out being limited thereto:
(1) fostering leadership in the quest for international peace
and progress toward human freedom, dignity, and well-being
by enlarging the contributions of American scientists and engi-
neers to the knowledge of man and his universe, by making
discoveries of basic science widely available at home and abroad,
and by utilizing technology in support of United States national
and foreign policy goals:
(2) increasing the efficient use of essential materials and prod-
ucts, and generally contributing to economic opportunity, stabil-
ity, and appropriate growth;
(3) assuring an adequate supply of food. materials, and energy
for the Nation's needs;
(4) contributing to the national security;
(5) improving the quality of health care available to all resi-
dents of the United States;
(6) preserving. fostering, and restoring a healthful and esthetic
natural environment;
(7) providing for the protection of the oceans and coastal
zones, and the polar regions, and the efficient utilization of their
resources; (8) strengthening the economy and promoting full employ-
ment through useful scientific and technological innovations;
(9) increasing the quality of educational opportunities avail-
able to all residents of the United States:
(10) promoting the conservation and efficient utilization of
the Nation's natural and human resources:
(11) improving the Nation's housing. transportation, and com-
munication systems, and assuring the provision of effective public
services throughout urban. suburban. and rural areas:
(12) eliminating air and water pollution, and unnecessary,
unhealthful, or ineffective drugs and food additives: and
(13) advancing the exploration and peaceful uses of outer
space.
DECLARATION OF POLICY
42 USC 6602.
SEC. 102. (a) PRINCIPLES.-In view of the foregoing. the Congress
declares that the United States shall adhere to a national policy for
science and technology which includes the following principles:
(1) The continuing development and implementation of strate-
gies for determining and achieving the appropriate scope, level,
direction, and extent of scientific and technological efforts based
upon a continuous appraisal of the role of science and technology
in achieving goals and formulating policies of the United States,
and reflecting the views of State and local governments and repre-
sentative public groups.
(2) The enlistment of science and technology to foster a healthy
economy in which the directions of growth and innovation are
compatible with the prudent and frugal use of resources and with
the preservation of a benign environment.
(3) The conduct of science and technology operations so as to
serve domestic needs while promoting foreign policy objectives.
(4) The recruitment, education. training. retraining. and none-
ficial use of adequate numbers of scientists, engineers, and tech-
90 STAT. 460
May 11, 1976
- 3 -
Pub. Law 94-282
nologists, and the promotion by the Federal Government of the
effective and efficient utilization in the national interest of the
Nation's human resources in science, engineering, and technology.
(5) The development and maintenance of a solid base for
science and technology in the United States, including: (A)
strong participation of and cooperative relationships with State
and local governments and the private sector; (B) the mainte-
nance and strengthening of diversified scientific and technologi-
cal capabilities in government, industry, and the universities, and
the encouragement of independent initiatives based on such caps-
bilities, together with elimination of needless barriers to scien-
tific and technological innovation; (C) effective management and
dissemination of scientific and technological information; (D)
establishment of essential scientific. technical and industrial
standards and measurement and test methods; and (E) promotion
of increased public understanding of science and technology.
(6) The recognition that. as changing circumstances require
periodic revision and adaptation of title I of this Act, the Fed-
eral Government is responsible for identifying and interpreting
the changes in those circumstances as they occur, and for effecting
subsequent changes in title I as appropriate.
(b) IMPLEMENTATION-To implement the policy enunciated in sub-
section (a) of this section, the Congress declares that:
(1) The Federal Government should maintain central policy
planning elements in the executive branch which assist Federal
agencies in (A) identifying public problems and objectives. (B)
mobilizing scientific and technological resources for essential
national programs. (C) securing appropriate funding for pro-
grams so identified. (D) anticipating future concerns to which
science and technology can contribute and devising strategies for
the conduct of science and technology for such purposes, (E)
reviewing systematically Federal science policy and programs
and recommending legislative amendment thereof when needed.
Such elements should include an advisory mechanism within the
Executive Office of the President so that the Chief Executive may
have available independent. expert judgment and assistance on
policy matters which require accurate assessments of the complex
scientific and technological features involved.
(2) It is a responsibility of the Federal Government to pro-
mote prompt, effective, relíable. and systematic transfer of scien-
tific and technological information by such appropriate methods
as programs conducted by nongovernmental organizations,
including industrial groups and technical societies. In particular,
it is recognized as a responsibility of the Federal Government not
only to coordinate and unify its own science and technology
information systems, but to facilitate the close coupling of insti-
tutional scientific research with commercial application of the
useful findings of science.
(3) It is further an appropriate Federal function to support
scientific and technological efforts which are expected to provide
results beneficial to the public but which the private sector may
be unwilling or unable to support.
(4) Scientific and technological activities which may be prop-
erly supported exclusively by the Federal Government should be
distinguished from those in which interests are shared with State
and local governments and the private sector. Among these enti-
90 STAT. 461
Pub. Law 94-282
. 4 -
May 11, 1976
ties, cooperative relationships should be established which
encourage the appropriate sharing of science and technology
decisionmaking, funding support, and program planning and
execution.
(5) The Federal Government should support and utilize engi-
neering and its various disciplines and make maximum ILSC of
the engineering community, whenever appropriate, as an essential
element in the Federal policymaking process.
(6) Comprehensive legislative support for the national science
and technology effort requires that the Congress be regularly
informed of the condition. health and vitality, and funding
requirements of science and technology. the relation of science and
technology to changing national goals. and the need for legisla-
tive modification of the Federal endeavor and structure at all
levels as it relates to science and technology.
(c) PROCEDURES.-The Congress declares that, in order to expedite
and facilitate the implementation of the policy enunciated in sub-
section (a) of this section. the following coordinate procedures are
of paramount importance:
(1) Federal procurement policy should encourage the use of
science and technology to foster frugal use of materials. energy,
and appropriated funds: to assure quality environment: and to
enhance product performance.
(2) Explicit criteria. including cost-benefit principles where
practicable. should be developed to identify the kinds of applied
research and technology programs that are appropriate for Fed-
eral funding support and to determine the extent of such support.
Particular attention should be given to scientific and
technological problems and opportunities offering promise of
social advantage that are so long range. geographically wide-
spread, or economically diffused that the Federal Government
constitutes the appropriate source for undertuking their support.
(3) Federal promotion of science and technology should empha-
size quality of research. recognize the singular importance of sta-
bility in scientific and technological institutions. and for urgent
tasks, seek to assure timeliness of results. With particular refer-
ence to Federal support for basic research. funds should be allo-
cated to encourage education in needed disciplines, to provide a
base of scientific knowledge from which future essential techno-
logical development can be launched. and to add to the cultural
heritage of the Nation.
(4) Federal patent policies should be developed. based on uni-
form principles, which have as their objective the preservation
of incentives for technological innovation and the application
of procedures which will continue to assure the full use of bene-
ficial technology to serve the public.
(5) Closer relationships should be encouraged among practi-
tioners of different scientific and technological disciplines. includ-
ing the physical. social, and biomedical fields.
(6) Federal departments. agencies. and strumentalities should
assure efficient management of laboratory facilities and equipment
in their custody. including acquisition of effective equipment. dis-
posal of inferior and obsolete properties. and cross-servicing to
maximize the productivity of costly property of all kinds. Dis-
posal policies should include attention to possibilities for further
productive use.
90 STAT. 462
May 11, 1976
- 5 -
Pub. Law 94-282
(7) The full use of the contributions of science and technology
to support State and local government goals should be encouraged.
(8) Formal recognition should be accorded those persons whose
scientific and technological achievements have contributed signifi-
cantly to the national wclfare.
(9) The Federal Government should support applied scientific
research, when appropriate, in proportion to the probability of its
usefulness, insofar as this probability can be determined; but
while maximizing the beneficial consequences of technology, the
Government should act to minimize foresceable injurious
consequences.
(10) Federal departments. agencies, and instrumentalities
should establish procedures to insure among them the systematic
interchange of scientific data and technological findings devel-
oped under their programs.
TITLE II-OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Presidential
POLICY
Science and
Technology Ad-
visory Organiza-
SHORT TITLE
tion Act of 1976.
SEC. 201. This title may be cited as the "Presidential Science and
42 USC 6611
Technology Advisory Organization Act of 1976".
note.
ESTABLISHMENT
SEC. 202. There is established in the Executive Office of the Presi- 42 USC 6611.
dent an Office of Science and Technology Policy (hereinafter referred
to in this title as the "Office").
DISECTOR; ASSOCIATE DIRECTORS
SEC. 203. There shall be at the head of the Office a Director who
Appointment.
shall be appointed by the President. by and with the advice and con-
Compensation.
sent of the Senate. and who shall be compensated at the rate provided
42 USC 6612.
for level II of the Executive Schedule in section 5313 of title 5. United
States Code. The President is authorized to appoint not more than
four Associate Directors. by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, who shall be compensated at a rate not to exceed that provided
for level III of the Executive Schedule in section 5314 of such title.
Associate Directors shall perform such functions as the Director may
prescribe.
FUNCTIONS
Sec. 204. (a) The primary function of the Director is to provide, 42 USC 6613.
within the Executive Office of the President. advice on the scientific,
engineering, and technological aspects of issues that require attention
at the highest levels of Government.
(b) In addition to such other functions and activities as the Presi-
dent may assign, the Director shall-
(1) advise the President of scientific and technological consid-
erations involved in areas of national concern including. but not
limited to, the economy, national security, health. foreign reln-
'tions, the environment, and the technological recovery and use of
resources;
90 STAT. 463
Pub. Law 94-282
- 6 -
May 11, 1976
(2) evaluate the scale, quality, and effectiveness of the Federal
effort in science and technology and advise on appropriate
actions; (3) advise the President on scientific and technological con-
siderations with regard to Federal budgets. assist the Office of
Management and Budget with an annual review and analysis of
funding proposed for research and development in budgets of all
Federal agencies. and aid the Office of Management and Budget
and the agencies throughout the budget development process: and
(1) assist the President in providing general leadership and
coordination of the research and development programs of the
Federal Government.
POLICY PLANNING. ANALYSIS, AND ADVICE
42 USC 6614.
SEC. 203. (a) The Office shall serve as a source of scientific and tech-
nological analysis and judgment for the President with respect to
major policies. plans. and programs of the Federal Government. In
carrying out the provisions of this section. the Director shali-
(1) seek to define coherent approaches for applying science and
technology to critical and emerging national and international
problems and for promoting coordination of the scientific and
technological responsibilities and programs of the Federal depart-
ments and agencies in the resolution of such problems:
Science and
(2) assist and advise the President in the preparation of the
Technology
Science and Technology Report. in accordance with section 209
Report.
of this Act:
(3) gather timely and authoritative information concerning
significant developments and trends in science, technology. and in
national priorities, both current and prospective, to analyze and
interpret such information for the purpose of determining
whether such developments and trends are likely to affect achieve-
ment of the priority goals of the Nation as set forth in section
101(b) of this Act;
Data base.
(4) encourage the development and maintenance of an adequate
data base for human resources in science. engineering, and tech-
nology, including the development of appropriate models to fore-
cast future manpower requirements, and assess the impact of major
governmental and public programs on human resources and their
utilization;
Studies and
(5) initiate studies and analyses, including systems analyses and
analyses.
technology assessments. of alternatives available for the resolu-
tion of critical and emerging national and international problems
amenable to the contributions of science and technology and.
insofar as possible. determine and compare probable costs, benefits,
and impacts of such alternatives:
(6) advise the President on the extent to which the various sci-
entific and technological programs, policies. and activities of the
Federal Government are likely to affect the achievement of the
priority goals of the Nation as set forth in section 101 (b) of this
Act;
(7) provide the President with periodic reviews of Federal
statutes and administrative regulations of the various departments
and agencies which affect research and development activities,
both internally and in relation to the private sector. or which may
interfere with desirable technological innovation, together with
90 STAT. 464
May 11, 1976
- 7 -
Pub, Law 94-282
recommendations for their elimination, reform, or updating as
appropriate; (8) develop, review, revise, and recommend criteria for deter-
mining scientific and technological activities warranting Federal
support, and recommend Federal policies designed to advance (A)
the development and maintenance of broadly based scientific and
technological capabilities, including human resources, at all levels
of government, academia, and industry, and (B) the effective
application of such capabilities to national needs;
(9) assess and advise on policies for international cooperation
in science and technology which will advance the national and
international objectives of the United States;
(10) identify and assess emerging and future areas in which
science and technology can be used effectively in addressing
national and international problems;
(11) report ut least once each year to the President on the over-
Report to
all activities and accomplishments of the Office, pursuant to section
President.
209 of this Act;
(12) periodically survey the nature and needs of national science
and technology policy and make recommendations to the Presi-
dent. for review and transmission to the Congress, for the timely
and appropriate revision of such policy in accordance with section
102 (a) (6) of this Act; and
(13) perform such other duties and functions and make and
furnish such studies and reports thercon, and recommendations
with respect to matters of policy and legislation as the President
may request.
(b) (1) The Director shall establish an Intergovernmental Science,
Intergovern-
Engineering. and Technology Advisory Panel (hereinafter referred to
mental Science,
HS the "Panel"). whose purpose shall be to (.1) identify and define
Engineering, and
Technology Ad-
civilian problems at State. regional. and local levels which science,
visory Panel.
engineering. and technology may assist in resolving or ameliorating;
Establishment.
(B) recommend priorities for addressing such problems: and (C)
advise and assist the Director in identifying and fostering policies to
facilitate the transfer and utilization of research and development
results so as to maximize their application to civilian needs.
(2) The Panel shall be composed of (.1) the Director of the Office, Membership.
or his representative: (B) at least ten members representing the inter-
ests of the States, appointed by the Director of the Office after consul-
tation with State officials: and (C) the Director of the National
Science Foundation. or his representative.
(3) (A) The Director of the Office, or his representative. shall serve Chairman.
as Chairman of the Panel.
(B) The Panel shall perform such functions as the Chairman
may prescribe, and shall meet at the call of the Chairman.
(4) Each member of the Panel shall. while serving on business
Compensation.
of the Panel. be entitled to receive compensation at n rate not to exceed
the daily rate prescribed for GS-18 of the General Schedule under sec-
tion 5332 of title 5. United States Code, including traveltime. and, 5 USC 5332
while so serving away from his home or regular place of business. he note.
may be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of sub-
sistence in the same manner as the expenses authorized by section 5703
(b) of title 5. United States Code, for persons in government service
employed intermittently.
90 STAT. 465
Pub. Law 94-282
. 8 -
May 11, 1976
FIVE-YEAR OUTLOOK
42 USC 6615.
SEC. 206. (a) Within its first year of operation, the Office shall, to
the extent practicable, within the limitations of available knowledge
and resources, and with appropriate assistance from the departments
and agencies and such consultants and contractors as the Director
deems necessary, identify and describe situations and conditions which
warrant special attention within the next five years, involving-
(1) current and emerging problems of national significance that
are identified through scientific research, or in which scientific or
technical considerations are of major significance; and
(2) opportunities for, and constraints on. the use of new and
existing scientific and technological capabilities which can make a
significant contribution to the resolution of problems identified
under paragraph (1) of this subsection or to the achievement of
Federal program objectives or national goals, including those set
forth in section 101(b) of this Act.
Annual revi-
(b) The Office shall annually revise the five-year outlook developed
sion.
under subsection (a) of this section so that it takes account of new
problems, constraints and opportunities and changing national goals
and circumstances, and shall extend the outlook so that it always
extends five years into the future.
Consultation.
(c) The Director of the Office shall consult as necessary with officials
of the departments and agencies having programs and responsibilities
relating to the problems, constraints, and opportunities identified
under subsections (a) and (b) of this section, in order to-
(1) identify and evaluate alternative actions that might be
taken by the Federal Government, State and local governments,
or the private sector to deal with such problems, constraints, or
opportunities; and
(2) ensure that alternative actions identified under paragraph
(1) of this subsection are fully considered by departments and
agencies in formulating their budget, program, and legislative
Consultation.
(d) proposals. The Director of the Office shall consult as necessary with officials
of the Office of Management and Budget and other appropriate ele-
ments of the Executive Office of the President to ensure that the prob-
lems, constraints. opportunities. and alternative actions identified
under subsections (a), (b), and (c) of this section are fully considered
in the development of the President's Budgets and legislative
programs.
ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS OF THE DIRECTOR:
ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
42 USC 6616.
SEC. 207. (a) The Director shall, in addition to the other duties and
functions set forth in this title-
(1) serve as Chairman of the Federal Coordinating Council for
Science, Engineering, and Technology established under title IV;
and
(2) serve as a member of the Domestic Council.
(b) For the purpose of assuring the optimum contribution of science
and technology to the national security, the Director. at the request of
the National Security Council, shall advise the National Security
Council in such matters concerning science and technology as relate
to national security.
90 STAT. 466
May 11, 1976
. 9
Pub. Law 94-282
(c) In carrying out his functions under this Act, the Director is
authorized to-
(1) appoint such officers and employees as he may deem neces-
sary to perform the functions now or hereafter vested in him and
to prescribe their duties;
(2) obtain services as authorized by section 3109 of title 5 of the
United States Code, nt rates not to exceed the rate prescribed for
grade GS-18 of the General Schedule by section 5332 of title 5 of
the United States Code; and
5 USC 5332
(8) enter into contracts and other arrangements for studies,
note.
analyses, and other services with public agencies and with private
persons, organizations. or institutions. and make such payments as
he decms necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act without
legal consideration, without performance bonds. and without
regard to section 3709 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5).
COORDINATION WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
Sec. 208. (a) In exercising his functions under this Act, the 42 USC 6617.
Director shall-
(1) work in close consultation and cooperation with the Domes-
tic Council, the National Security Council, the Council on
Environmental Quality. the Council of Economic Advisers, the
Office of Management and Budget. the National Science Board,
and the Federal departments and agencies;
(2) utilize the services of consultants, establish such advisory
pancls, and. to the extent practicable. consult with State and local
governmental agencies. with appropriate professional groups.
and with such representatives of industry. the universities. agri-
culture, labor. consumers. conservation organizations. and such
other public interest groups, organizations, and individuals as
he deems advisable:
(3) hold such hearings in various parts of the Nation as he Hearings.
deems necessary. to determine the views of the agencies, groups,
and organizations referred to in paragraph (2) of this subsection
and of the general public. concerning national needs and trends
in science and technology: and
(4) utilize with their consent to the fullest extent possible the
services, personnel. equipment. facilities. and information
(including statistical information) of public and private agencies
and organizations. and individuals. in order to avoid duplication
of effort and expense. and may transfer funds made available
pursuant to this Act to other Federal agencies as reimbursement
for the utilization of such personnel, services, facilities, equip-
ment, and information.
(b) Each department, agency, and instrumentality of the Execu-
tive Branch of the Government. including any independent agency,
is authorized to furnish the Director such information as the Director
deems necessary to carry out his functions under this Act.
(c) Upon request, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration is authorized to assist the Director with
respect to carrying out his activities conducted under paragraph (5)
of section 205 (a) of this Act.
90 STAT. 467
Pub. Law 94-282
- 10 .
May 11, 1976
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT
Transmittal to
SEC. 209. (a) The President shall transmit annually to the Congress,
Congress.
beginning February 15, 1978, a Science and Technology Report (here-
42 USC 6618.
inafter referred to as the "Report") which shall be prepared by the
Office, with appropriate assistance from Federal departments and
agencies and such consultants and contractors as the Director deems
necessary. The report shall draw upon the information prepared by
the Director pursuant to section 206 of this Act. and to the extent
practicable, within the limitations of available knowledge and
resources. discuss such issues as-
(1) a review of developments of national significance in science
and technology;
(2) the significant effects of current and projected trends in
science and technology on the social, economic, and other require-
ments of the Nation;
(3) a review and appraisal of selected science- and technology-
related programs, policies, and activities of the Federal Govern-
ment;
(4) an inventory and forecast of critical and emerging
national problems the resolution of which might be substantially
assisted by the application of science and technology;
(5) the identification and assessment of scientific and techno-
logical measures that can contribute to the resolution of such
problems. in light of the related social, economic, political, and
institutional considerations;
(6) the existing and projected scientific and technological
resources, including specialized manpower. that could contribute
to the resolution of such problems: and
(7) recommendations for legislation on science- and technol-
ogy-related programs and policies that will contribute to the
resolution of such problems.
(b) In preparing the Report under subsection (a) of this section,
the Office shall make maximum use of relevant dnta available from
the National Science Foundation and other Government departments
and agencies.
Public docu-
(c) The Director shall insure that the Report. in the form approved
ment.
by the President, is printed and made available as a public document.
TITLE III-PRESIDENT'S COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
ESTABLISIMENT
42 USC 6631.
SEC. 301. The President shall establish within the Executive Office
of the President a President's Committee on Science and Technology
(hereinafter referred to as the "Committee").
MEMBERSHIP
42 USC 6632.
SEC. 302. (a) The Committee shall consist of-
(1) the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy
established under title II of this Act: and
(2) not less than eight nor more than fourteen other members
appointed by the President not more than sixty days after the
Director has assumed office (as provided in section 203 of this
Act).
90 STAT. 468
May 11, 1976
- 11 -
Pub. Law 94-282
(b) Members of the Committee appointed by the President pur-
suant to subsection (a) (2) of this section shull-
(1) be qualified and distinguished in one or more of the follow-
ing areas: science. engineering, technology, information dissemi-
nation. education, management, labor, or public affairs;
(2) be capable of critically assessing the policies, priorities, pro-
grams, and activities of the Nation, with respect to the findings,
policies, and purposes set forth in title I; and
(3) shall collectively constitute a balanced composition with
respect to (.1) fields of science and engineering. (B) academic,
industrial, and government experience, and (C) business, labor.
consumer. and public interest points of view.
(c) The President shall appoint one member of the Committee to Chairman.
serve as Chairman and another member to serve as Vice Chairman for
such periods as the President may determine.
(d) Each member of the Committee who is not an officer of the Fed-
Compensation.
eral Government shall. while serving on business of the Committee, be
entitled to receive compensation at a rate not to exceed the daily rate
prescribed for GS-18 of the General Schedule under section 5332 of
title 5. United States Cale, including traveltime, and while so serving
5 USC 5332
away from his home or regular place of business he may be allowed note.
travel expenses, including per diem in licu of subsistence. in the same
manner AS the expenses authorized bv section 5703(b) of title 5,
United States Code. for persons in Government service employed
intermittently.
FEDERAL SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY SERVEY
SEC. 303. (a) The Committee shall survey. examine. and analyze the 42 USC 6633.
overall context of the Federal science, engineering. and technology
effort including missions, goals, personnel. funding. organization,
facilities, and activities in general, taking adequate account of the
interests of individuals and groups that may be affected by Federal
scientific. engineering. and technical programs, including, as appro-
priate, consultation with such individuals and groups. In carrying out
its functions under this section, the Committee shall, among other
things, consider needs for-
(1) organizational reform. including institutional realinement
designed to place Federal agencies whose missions are primarily
or solely devoted to scientific and technological research and
development, and those agencies primarily or solely concerned
with fuels, energy, and materials, within a single cabinet-level
department; (2) improvements in existing systems for handling scientific
and technical information on a Government-wide basis including
consideration of the appropriate role to be played by the private
sector in the dissemination of such information;
(8) improved technology assessment in the executive branch
of the Federal Government;
(4) improved methods for effecting technology innovation,
transfer, and use:
(5) stimulating more effective Federal-State and Federal-
industry liaison and cooperation in science and technology,
including the formation of Federal-State mechanisms for the
mutual pursuit of this goul;
90 STAT. 469
Pub. Law 94-282
- 12 -
May 11, 1976
(6) reduction and simplification of Federal regulations and
administrative practices and procedures which may have the
effect of retarding technological innovation or opportunities for
its utilization;
(7) a broader base for support of basic research:
(8) ways of strengthening the Nation's academic institutions'
capabilities for research and education in science and technology;
(9) wavs and means of effectively integrating scientific and
technological factors into our national and international policies;
(10) technology designed to meet community and individual
needs; (11) maintenance of adequate scientific and technological man-
power with regard to both quality and quantity:
(12) improved systems for planning and analysis of the Fed-
eral science and technology programs: and
(13) long-range study. analysis. and planning in regard to
the application of science and technology to major national
Interim report.
(b) (1) Within twelve months from the time the Committee is
problems or concerns.
activated in accordance with section 302(a) of this Act. the Commit-
tee shall issue an interim report of its activities and operations to
Report to
date. Not more than twenty-four months from the time the Committee
President.
is activated. the Committee shall submit a final report of its activities,
findings, conclusions, and recommendations. including such support-
ing data and material as may be necessary. to the President.
Transmittal to
(2) The President. within sixty days of receipt thereof. shall trans-
Congress.
mit each such report to each House of Congress together with such
comments. observations. and recommendations thereon as he deems
appropriate.
CONTINTATION OF COMMITTEE
42 USC 6634.
SEC. 304. (a) Ninety days after submission of the final report pre-
exist. unless the President, before the expiration of the ninety-day
pared under section 303 of this Act. the Committee shall cease to
period. makes a determination that it is advantageous for the
Committee to continue in being.
(b) If the President determines that it is advantageous for the
Committee to continue in being. (1) the Committee shall exercise
such functions as are prescribed by the President: and (2) the mein-
bers of the Committee shall serve at the pleasure of the President.
STAFF AND CONSULTANT SUPPORT
42 USC 6635.
SEC. 305. (a) In the performance of its functions under sections
303 and 304 of this Act, the Committee is authorized-
(1) to select. appoint, employ. and fix the compensation of such
specialists and other experts as may be necessary for the carry-
ing out of its duties and functions. and to select. appoint, and
employ, subject to the civil service laws. such other officers and
employees as may be necessary for carrying out its duties and
functions; and
(2) to provide for participation of such civilian and military
personnel as may be detailed to the Committee pursuant to sub-
section (b) of this section for carrying out the functions of the
(b) Committee. Upon request of the Committee. the head of any Federal depart-
ment, agency, or instrumentality is authorized (1) to furnish to
90 STAT. 470
May 11, 1976
- 13 -
Pub. Law 94-282
the Committee such information as may be necessary for carrying out
its functions and as may be available to or procurable by such depart-
ment, agency, or instrumentality, and (2) to detail to temporary duty
with the Committee on a reimbursable basis such personnel within his
administrative jurisdiction as it may need or believe to be useful for
carrying out its functions. Each such detail shall be without loss of
meniority, pay; or other employee status. to civilian employees so
detailed, and without loss of status, rank, office. or grade, or of any
emolument. perquisite, right, privilege, or benefit incident thereto to
military personnel so detailed. Each such detail shall be made pur-
suant to an agreement between the Chairman and the head of the
relevant department, agency, or instrumentality, and shall be in accord-
ance with the provisions of subchapter III of chapter 33. title 5. United
States Code.
5 USC 3341.
TITLE IV-FEDERAL COORDINATING COUNCIL FOR
SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY
ESTABLISHMENT AND FUNCTIONS
SEC. 401. (a) There is established the Federal Coordinating Coun- 42 USC 6651.
cil for Science, Engineering, and Technology (hereinafter referred to
as the "Council").
(b) The Council shall be composed of the Director of the Office of Membership.
Science and Technology Policy and one representative of each of the
following Federal agencies: Department of Agriculture. Department
of Commerce. Department of Defense, Department of Health. Educa-
tion, and Welfare. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Department of the Interior. Department of State, Department of
Transportation. Veterans' Administration. National Aeronautics and
Space Administration. National Science Foundation, Environmental
Protection Agency. and Energy Research and Development Adminis-
tration. Each such representative shall be an official of policy rank
designated by the head of the Federal agency concerned.
(c) The Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy Chairman.
shall serve as Chairman of the Council. The Chairman may designate
another member of the Council to act temporarily in the Chairman's
absence as Chairman.
(d) The Chairman may (1) request the head of any Federal agency
not named in subsection (b) of this section to designate n represent-
ative to participate in meetings or parts of meetings of the Council
concerned with matters of substantial interest to such agency. and (2)
invite other persons to attend meetings of the Council.
(e) The Council shall consider problems and developments in the
fields of science, engincering, and technology and related activities
affecting more than one Federal agency, and shall recommend policies
and other measures designed to
(1) provide more effective planning and administration of Fed-
eral scientific. engineering. and technological programs.
(2) identify research needs including areas requiring addi-
tional emphasis.
(3) achieve more effective utilization of the scientific, engineer-
ing. and technological resources and facilities of Federal agencies,
including the elimination of unwarranted duplication. and
(4) further international cooperation in science, engineering,
and technology.
90 STAT. 471
I
Pub. Law 94-282
- 14 -
May 11, 1976
(f) The Council shall perform such other related advisory duties as
shall be assigned by the President or by the Chairman.
(g) For the purpose of cariying out the provisions of this section,
each Federal agency represented on the Council shall furnish neces-
sary assistance to the Council. Such assistance may include-
(1) detailing employees to the Council to perform such func-
tions, consistent with the purposes of this section, as the Chairman
may assign to them, and
(2) undertaking, upon request of the Chairman, such special
studies for the Council as come within the functions herein
Subcommittees
(h) assigned. For the purpose of conducting studies and making reports as
and panels,
directed by the Chairman. standing subcommittees and panels of the
establishment.
Council may be established.
ABOLITION OF FEDERAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
42 USC 1862
SEC. 402. The Federal Council for Science and Technology, estab-
note.
lished pursuant to Executive Order 10807, issued March 13. 1959. as
42 USC 1862
amended by Executive Order 11381, issued November 8, 1967, is hereby
note.
abolished.
TITLE V-GENERAL PROVISIONS
AUTHORIZATION
42 USC 6671.
SEC. 501. (a) For the purpose of carrying out title II of this Act,
there are authorized to be appropriated-
(1) $730,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1976;
(2) $300.000 for the period beginning July 1, 1976, and ending
September 30. 1976;
(8) $3,000.000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1977; and
(4) such sums as may be necessary for each of the succeeding
(b) For the purpose of carrying out title III of this Act, there are
fiscal years.
authorized to be appropriated-
(1) $730.000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1976;
(2) $500.000 for the period beginning July 1, 1976, and ending
September 30. 1976;
(3) $1,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1977;
and (4) such sums as may be necessary for each of the succeeding
fiscal years.
STATUTORY REFEAL
Sec. 502. Sections 1, 2, 8, and 4 of Reorganization Plan Numbered 2
5 USC app.;
of 1962 (76 Stat. 1253) and section 2 of Reorganization Plan Num-
42 USC 1861
bered 1 of 1973 (87 Stat. 1089) are repealed.
note.
5 USC &pp. П;
50 USC app. 2271
note.
90 STAT. 472
May 11, 1976
- 15 -
Pub. Law 94-282
AMENDMENT
SEC. 503. Section 4 of the National Science Foundation Act of 1950
(42 U.S.C. 1863) is amended by striking out subsection (g) and by
redesignating subsections (h), (i), and (j), and all references thereto,
as subsections (g), (h), and (i), respectively.
Approved May 11, 1976.
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY:
HOUSE REPORTS: No. 94-595 (Comm. on Science and Technology)
and No. 94-1046 (Comm. of Conference).
SENATE REPORTS: Na 94-622 accompanying S. 32 (Committees on
Labor and Public Welfare, Commerce, and Aero-
nautical and Space Sciences) and No. 94-765
(Comm. of Conference).
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD:
Vol. 121 (1975) Nov. 6, considered and passed House.
Vol. 122 (1976): Feb. 4, considered and passed Senate, amended,
in lieu of S. 32.
Apr. 27, Senate agreed to conference report.
Apr. 29, House agreed to conference report.
WEEKLY COMPILATION OF PRESIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS:
Vol. 12, No. 20 (1976): May 11, Presidential statement.
90 STAT. 473
AppENdix 13
A SUMMARY OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN FY 1988 BY THE
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
SECTION
A. NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
24
1
AERONAUTICS POLICY
AGENCY LONG-RANGE PLANNING REVIEWS
26
2
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER POLICY
26
3
SECTION B. HIGHLIGHTS
1
THE SUPERCONDUCTING SUPER COLLIDER
27
28
2
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
30
3
NATIONAL AERO-SPACE PLANE
31
4
AIDS
31
5
ATMOSPHERIC OZONE POLICY
6
DOMESTIC POLICY COUNCIL WORKING
31
GROUP ON AGENT ORANGE
7
DOMESTIC POLICY COUNCIL WORKING
32
GROUP ON HEALTH POLICY AND
ECONOMICS
32
8
FUSION ENERGY
9
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SAFETY AND AGING
33
34
10
ARCTIC RESEARCH
11
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH -- PLANT
34
SCIENCE INITIATIVE
SECTION
C. FEDERAL COORDINATING COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE,
ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES
1
BIOTECHNOLOGY SCIENCE COORDINATING
35
COMMITTEE
36
2
COMMITTEE ON EARTH SCIENCES
36
3
COMMITTEE ON LIFE SCIENCES
MODEL POLICY FOR THE PROTECTION OF
37
4
HUMAN SUBJECTS
37
5
COMMITTEE ON MATERIALS
39
6
RADIATION RESEARCH AND POLICY
COORDINATION
7
COMPUTER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS
40
8
INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
41
21
PAGE
SECTION D. COMPETITIVENESS
1
INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS
43
2
"THE QUEST FOR EXCELLENCE" -- THE
43
PRESIDENT'S STATE OF THE UNION
ADDRESS, JANUARY 1987
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FROM FEDERAL
44
3
LABORATORIES
4
TECHNOLOGY EXCHANGE THROUGH SCIENTISTS
45
AND ENGINEERS
5
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTERS
45
ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTERS
46
6
SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATION RESEARCH
46
7
U.S. COMPETITIVENESS IN THE
47
8
SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY
SECTION E. INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE
1
U.S. SOVIET BLOC S&T RELATIONSHIP
49
2
OECD FRAMEWORK OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES
50
FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
50
3
U.S. JAPAN S&T RELATIONSHIP
51
4
CHINA
51
5
INDIA
52
6
KOREA
7
U.S. -BRAZIL PRESIDENTIAL S&T INITIATIVE
52
THAILAND SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
53
8
9
INDONESIA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
53
SECTION F. NATIONAL SECURITY
54
1
NATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES
54
2
DEFENSE BASIC RESEARCH
3
S&T COMPETITIVENESS IN THE NATIONAL
55
SECURITY ARENA
4
COMMISSION ON LONG-RANGE INTEGRATED
55
NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY
56
5
ARMS CONTROL VERIFICATION
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS PLANNING
56
6
56
7
TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY
57
8
STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE
58
9
C3I AND COUNTER-C3I
59
10
ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
59
11
SMART MISSILES
59
12
STEALTH
60
13
ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE
22
PAGE
SECTION F. (CONTINUED)
60
14
RADIO-FREQUENCY WEAPONS
15
FOLLOW ON FORCES ATTACK (FOFA)
60
16
MILITARY TACTICAL EXPLOITATION OF
61
NATIONAL TECHNICAL COLLECTION MEANS
61
17
NUCLEAR WINTER
18
STRATEGIC SURFACE TRANSPORT
61
19
TECHNOLOGY FOR COUNTERTERRORISM
62
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE (CBW)
62
20
SECTION G. SPACE
FORMULATION OF NATIONAL SPACE POLICY
62
1
63
2
SPACE SCIENCE
64
3
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON SPACE
(NCOS) REPORT
4
INTERAGENCY COORDINATING COMMITTEE ON
65
SOLAR TERRESTRIAL RESEARCH
65
5
SPACE STATION
65
6
COMMERCIAL SPACE ACTIVITIES
SECTION H. MISCELLANEOUS
66
1
NATIONAL MEDAL OF SCIENCE
PRESIDENTIAL AWARDS FOR EXCELLENCE
66
2
IN SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS TEACHING
67
3
MINORITY ISSUES IN S&T
67
4
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT
69
5
SCIENCE APPOINTMENT CANDIDATES
23
A SUMMARY OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN FY 1988 BY THE
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
The Reagan Administration's science and technology
policy and actions are designed to increase the con-
tribution of science and technology to the national
goals of improved economic competitiveness and a strong
national defense. This has been and will continue to
be reflected in the annual federal budgets.
Federal government agencies responsible for the support
of research and development evaluations of projects on
the basis of excellence, relevance, and appropriate-
ness. In an effort to maximize the return on the
nation's investment in R&D to U.S. society, various R&D
performers are encouraged to collaborate. The broad
aim is to ensure that the U.S. continue to lead the
world in research and technology, maintain a compet-
itive position in international markets, and, in
cooperation with allies, retain a national security
strategy based on credible deterrence.
The activities and accomplishments of the Office of
Science and Technology Policy during fiscal year 1988
are summarized in the following pages.
A. NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
A. 1 AERONAUTICS POLICY
The national aeronautics policy was developed during
1982 in an integrated process chaired by OSTP. This
approved national policy establishes the importance of
aeronautical systems for America's national security
and commercial competitiveness. In addition, the
policy reaffirmed the U.S. government's role in
supporting aeronautical research and technology.
After assessment of current and proposed government
programs in aeronautical research by the OSTP-sponsored
Aeronautical Policy Review Committee, a series of
national goals was established in 1985 to fulfill the
policy objectives of attaining specific aeronautical
capabilities by the turn of the century. Included are
a subsonics goal to establish a firm U.S. aeronautical
leadership into the next century; a supersonics goal to
develop technology for efficient, long-distance super-
sonic cruise; and a trans-atmospherics goal to exploit
24
the growing convergence of aeronautics and space trans-
portation. Pursuit of these goals will focus govern-
ment, industry, and university efforts and opportun-
ities essential to U.S. leadership in aeronautics.
The committee's sequel to the R&D Goals Report defines
specific steps for government and industry toward
achieving these goals. This report -- National
Aeronautical R&D Goals: Agenda for Achievement -- was
released in February 1987, and over 8,000 copies have
been distributed within the government, industry, and
academic communities. Since aeronautics provides the
largest positive contribution to the U.S. balance of
trade, OSTP has been reviewing the Committee's recom-
mendations in light of the President's competitiveness
initiative and is working closely with government
agencies, the academic research communities, and the
industrial sector to develop specific implementation
plans that respond to the report's recommendations.
In 1988 the Committee reviewed its original
recommendations and the current (1988) status in
achieving those goals. The report is encouraging from
the national perspective; however, it suggests
continued emphasis on:
Stimulation of U.S. R&D in aeronautics;
Constructive teaming of U.S. with
international consortia;
Strong support for enhanced U.S. engineering
Development education; of the X-30 Aero-Space Plane
technology demonstrator;
U.S. industry development of a high-speed
Civil Transport;
Upgrading of national aeronautical test
facilities; Acceleration of efforts to recover the
U.S. share of the global market in VTOL
aircraft; Revitalization of the U.S. general aviation
Stimulation industry; of favorable trade balance;
Development of a structure for a global air
traffic control.
OSTP will continue to place special emphasis on imple-
menting the Committee's recommendations.
25
A.2 AGENCY LONG-RANGE PLANNING REVIEWS
During this period of rapid advances in virtually all
fields of scientific and engineering research, it is
essential that OSTP stay abreast of federal plans to
meet national S&T objectives, including recommendations
of presidentially commissioned and White House Science
Council reports. Accordingly, the Science Adviser has
invited all major agencies supporting R&D to review
their long-range plans, major research goals,
scientific thrusts, and key issues with OSTP staff.
This is done as part of the budget process where OSTP
works with OMB in reviewing and analyzing funding for
R&D in budgets of all federal agencies.
A.3 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER POLICY
OSTP helped to obtain interagency concurrence on a
statement of Administration policy on the transfer of
scientific and technical information that was signed by
the President early last year. The national policy
statement establishes security classification as the
mechanism for control of scientific and technological
information resulting from basic research at
universities and laboratories under contract to the
U.S. government. OSTP chaired an interagency working
group on scientific communication, as a subcommittee to
the Interagency Committee on Technical Data Controls,
which is in the process of revising Section 379 of the
Export Administration Act. As a result, this section
is now consistent with the policy statement on the
transfer of scientific and technical information. The
constraints on the export of scientific and technical
information either publicly available, or derived from
basic research, are unambiguously spelled out for the
first time. OSTP has been monitoring the implementa-
tion of the Presidential policy statement.
OSTP has assisted the National Security Council in
redefining the President's policy on U.S. export
controls. Our principal activities involved U.S.
export control policy toward the People's Republic of
China, West-West trade, COCOM, and the review of
technology transfer requirements and policies
formulated by government departments. As an example,
OSTP played a central role in coordinating government-
wide activities to finalize technical guidelines for
U.S. industry to use in the potential sale of a direct
broadcast satellite to the People's Republic of China.
26
OSTP continues to serve on several Interagency Groups
involved in technology transfer policy and technical
issues. The newly established CISET working group on
international technological cooperation and technology
transfer provides another mechanism for examining
national technology transfer policy issues.
SECTION B. HIGHLIGHTS
B.1 THE SUPERCONDUCTING SUPER COLLIDER
The proposal aimed at retaining U.S. leadership in high
energy particle physics through the construction of a
Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) has drawn con-
siderable interest from the scientific community. OSTP
supported an objective assessment of the SSC through a
process that allowed technical considerations to be
assessed apart from other pressures. A 40 trillion
electron Volt (TeV) proton-proton collider, 53 miles in
circumference, has been proposed. This "world's
largest scientific instrument" has an estimated cost of
$4.4 billion. In January of 1987 the President
announced his support for the construction of the SSC.
Solicitation for site proposals for the SSC began in
April 1987. Of the 43 proposals received by the
Department of Energy (DOE) for review in September
1987, 36 proposals for sites in 25 states were
forwarded to the National Academies of Sciences and
Engineering for evaluation. The Academies conducted an
independent evaluation of the qualified proposals on
basis of the DOE-established technical criteria and
cost considerations. The Academies provided DOE with a
report of their evaluation including an unranked list
of the seven best qualified sites in December 1987.
Subsequently, the seven states, which are home to those
sites, have been allowed to present selected additional
information on the sites. Preparation of Environmental
Impact Statements has begun by DOE contractors, and the
DOE Site Task Force has made visits to all sites. The
Task Force will report to the DOE Energy Systems
Acquisition Advisory Board of the sites' qualifications
against six major criteria and 19 sub-criteria. These
results will then be presented to the Secretary of
Energy, and the announcement of the "preferred site"
will be made in November 1988. Once the final site is
announced, public debate over funding for the SSC will
become more intense. It is vital that priorities for
such large projects be established in the context of
other major needs, including those for individual
27
investigator research. The Office of Science and
Technology Policy expects to continue its coordinating
role as an appropriate decision is reached for the SSC
project.
B.2 SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
One of the most significant scientific breakthroughs of
recent decades, the achievement of high temperature
superconductivity (HTS), occurred in 1986 and 1987.
As a result of the outstanding discoveries made by
scientists in the U.S. and elsewhere, OSTP initiated
several activities aimed at broadening and strength-
ening the role of the federal government in HTS, and
stimulating U.S. industry to take advantage of our
national preeminence in basic research through the
commercial applications of superconductivity.
Much of the excitement about HTS came after Dr. Paul
Chu's announcement in February 1987 of a new class of
ceramic materials that would become superconductors at
93K. The new materials, metal oxide ceramics known as
perovskites, were first discovered to show superconduc-
tivity by Alex Muller and Johann Bednorz at the IBM
Research Laboratory in Zurich, Switzerland. The
temperature they had achieved was 35K and their
findings were published in October 1986. The economic
significance, however, became evident with Chu's
breakthrough in that inexpensive liquid nitrogen, which
exists at 77K at one atmosphere pressure, could be used
as a cooling medium. Previous superconductors required
the far more costly liquid helium.
Recognizing the important scientific and technological
significance and enormous economic prospects for super-
conductivity, a "Federal Conference on Commercial
Applications of Superconductivity" was hosted by OSTP
and the Department of Energy and was co-sponsored by
the Departments of Commerce and Defense, the National
Science Foundation, and the National Research Council
of the National Academies of Science and Engineering.
The Conference attracted 1,400 individuals from
government, industry, and universities, who have a
direct interest in American competitiveness. Its
purpose, as described by the President in his address
to the conference, was "so that business and science
can cross-fertilize, can begin at these early stages to
dream and plan together -- because this new age of
28
superconductivity is a new arena for the spirit of
enterprise." The conference alerted the nation's
scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs to the
opportunity at hand, and to the commitment of the
Administration to encourage exploitation of supercon-
ductivity. The private sector was reminded that they
had the ultimate responsibility to translate the basic
research discoveries of this exciting new field into
commercially viable products.
The U.S. private sector is responding, not only in
established laboratories of major companies, but with
new ventures. Entrepreneurs are planting the seeds
that are sprouting into an innovative superconductiv-
ity industry. Venture capitalists, believing that this
industry will flourish, are investing in startup
companies, with as much as $5 million in first-round
financing.
A broad course of action in HTS was defined for the
federal government in the President's 11-point Super-
conductivity Initiative, announced during his keynote
address at the conference. Some of the key
developments arising from the Initiative are:
Designation of superconductivity centers
within the federal agencies and their
laboratories. These centers are in place and
are in the process of developing the enabling
technologies necessary to commercialize
superconductivity.
The Superconducting Materials Subcommittee
(SMS) of the Federal Coordinating Council for
Science, Engineering, and Technology
Committee on Materials (COMAT) was
established. (cf. Section C. p. 14) Its
purpose is to coordinate superconducting
materials research by the agencies of the
federal government, to identify relevant
issues and concerns, and to bring them to the
attention of COMAT. The SMS completed a
report, Federal Research Programs in
Superconductivity, summarizing the programs
and funding within the federal agencies. The
SMS reported federal spending on HTS at $44.9
million in FY 1987, and an estimated FY 1988
support at $94.8 million. The requested
funding for FY 1989 is $135 million.
29
A Superconductivity Advisory Group was
established to advise the Administration on
research and commercialization policies
related to superconductivity. Chairman of
the Group is Dr. Ralph E. Gomory, IBM Senior
Vice President for Science and Technology and
a member of the White House Science Council.
The Group is expected to issue its first
report to the President's Science Adviser in
the near future.
The legislative changes identified in the Superconduct-
ivity Initiative have been incorporated in the Super-
conductivity Competitiveness Act of 1988, proposed to
Congress in February 1988. The Act amends the National
Cooperative Research Act to cover joint production
ventures, increases the protection of the U.S. patent
laws for holders of U.S. process patents, and provides
protection for certain commercially valuable scientific
and technical information generated in government-owned
and -operated laboratories. This last provision
relieves government scientists of the compulsory oblig-
ations to disclose commercially valuable scientific
data under Freedom of Information Act requests.
(cf. Section H. page 45)
B.3 NATIONAL AERO-SPACE PLANE
In his FY 1987 budget, President Reagan announced plans
for the National Aero-Space Plane (NASP). Answering an
unprecedented challenge, the program focuses on
enabling technologies for single-stage-to-orbit and
hypersonic flight. The Reagan Administration's program
is intended to culminate in a manned flight research
vehicle, the X-30, starting in the early 1990s.
Through the end of this competition phase, more than $1
billion will be invested in this technology effort,
with more than $500 million coming from industry. The
NASP will be capable of launching into orbit from
conventional runways. Derivatives of the NASP will
include a second generation space transportation system
(space shuttle) to service the Space Station.
The Director of OSTP is a member of the NASP Steering
Committee. OSTP works closely with Congress, OMB,
Department of the Air Force, NASA, and the NASP Joint
Program Office at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base to
ensure the success of this vital national technology
program.
30
B.4 AIDS
An AIDS Modeling and Epidemiology Workshop was
organized and convened under the auspices of the Office
of Science and Technology Policy in July 1988. The
purpose of the workshop was to examine the current
status of AIDS and HIV modeling, to assess the
potential benefits from mathematical and statistical
analysis, and to make recommendations for a program of
research. Sixty-five scientists in the fields of
mathematics, statistics, biology, epidemiology, and the
behavorial and social sciences participated in six
working groups to conduct the following analyses: a
review of existing modeling efforts, an identification
of models that could be created, and the data
requirements for models; an examination of the
biological and epidemiological information available
for modeling use and an estimate of the potential for
obtaining data not now in hand; a similar examination
for behavioral and sociological data; an examination of
the data themselves in terms of existing and on-going
data collection, and forthcoming surveys, together with
descriptions of data quality where possible; an
examination of the accessibility of data and current
and planned management; and a working group to consider
options for organization and oversight of a new
modeling effort.
B.5 ATMOSPHERIC OZONE POLICY
The Domestic Policy Council has reviewed the U.S.
policy positions on the international control of
chlorofluorocarbons and other chemicals that may
contribute to the projected depletion of stratospheric
ozone. OSTP has supported the DPC in reviewing and
assessing the scientific basis for ozone depletion
projections and for the projected effects of any ozone
depletion that may occur. OSTP has been an influential
participant in the development of policy options for
the President, and in providing guidance for U.S.
negotiators of the protocol.
B.6. DOMESTIC POLICY COUNCIL WORKING GROUP ON AGENT
ORANGE
The Agent Orange Working Group (AOWG) is chaired by the
Department of Health and Human Services and includes
scientific, legal, and policy representatives from that
31
Department. Also represented at the AOWG are other
appropriate agencies and OSTP. The AOWG has been
responsible for overseeing Agent Orange research.
As of 1988 the AOWG working with the Air Force in a
study of personnel exposed to he Agent Orange herbicide
along with the national Center for Disease Control
(CDC) could not find direct evidence coupling many of
the reported health difficulties with the use of the
herbicide.
B.7 DOMESTIC POLICY COUNCIL WORKING GROUP ON HEALTH
POLICY AND ECONOMICS
OSTP is participating in the DPC Working Group on
Health Policy that is developing policy options in such
areas as catastrophic health care and AIDS. The
working group has focused on the steps that the federal
government is taking to combat the spread of HIV, the
virus that causes AIDS. This includes principles to
guide the federal government's educational efforts, and
the means of estimating prevalence and rates of spread
of the virus. Also considered were policy proposals
for testing federal prisoners; adding HIV to the
dangerous contagious diseases list pertaining to
immigrants and aliens; reviewing expanded routine
testing potential in the federal government, including
the Veterans Administration; and encouraging states to
increase routine testing in hospitals, sexually
transmitted disease and drug abuse clinics, for
marriage licenses, and in state and local prisons.
OSTP has been most involved in issues related to the
spread of AIDS and technical content of educational
materials. OSTP and HHS, at the direction of the
President, are working together to take the lead in an
integrated scientific modeling effort to evaluate data
already obtained and to guide further data collection
to reduce the uncertainties in estimates of prevalence
and rates of spread.
B.8 FUSION ENERGY
Substantial improvements in the technology to produce a
controlled thermonuclear fusion system have continued
to emerge. Plasma temperatures consistent with an
operating reactor have been reached and an injection
32
system for the deuterium/tritium interaction has been
constructed. The design for a Compact Ignition Tokomak
(CIT) anticipated to reach full ignition has been
completed. The device will allow technologists to
study the design and control characteristics that could
eventually lead to a design for an experimental test
reactor. OSTP participates in a program to define what
could be expected as the result of an efficient
fusion-based power production process. This program
will take into account the issues of technical
feasibility in light of the Geneva summit agreements
aimed at achieving a realistic timetable.
B.9 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SAFETY AND AGING
Nuclear power is expected to play an important and
growing role in the nation's future energy supply. The
reasons for this newly emerging perspective are (1)
The improved safety measures pertinent to, and imple-
mented by, currently planned and operating nuclear
power reactors; (2) The effects on the global environ-
ment of the continuing increase in fossil fuel utiliza-
tion; (3) The political risks associated with
continuing reliance on oil imported from overseas; (4)
The relative cost of all other alternative energy
sources; and (5) The potential of new, "inherently
safe" nuclear power plant concepts.
The emphasis on safety of the current generation
nuclear power reactors requires concentrated attention
to the problem of aging of reactor components in their
operating environment. A significant fraction of
currently operating plants are near the end of their
design life expectancy. Replacement is difficult or
even impossible, owing to the many economic and
licensing-related impediments. On the other hand, any
accident in our currently operating reactors may
seriously set back the cause of nuclear power.
OSTP is taking an active interest in matters of safety
and aging associated with nuclear power reactors. An
OSTP representative was keynote speaker at a conference
on Nuclear Power Plant Aging in August 1988. The
essential theme advanced by OSTP is that field
observations, laboratory experiments specifically
designed for this purpose, and theoretical analysis
should go hand-in-hand to develop and corroborate
predictive theories of improved reliability and
accuracy.
33
B.10 ARCTIC RESEARCH
In 1984, Congress passed legislation under which the
President established the Arctic Research Commission,
whose purpose is to establish and implement (by means
of an Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee) a
national arctic research program plan. OSTP partici-
pated in the activities of the Commission and the
Interagency Committee as the two groups developed the
plan. The program plan document and the interagency
review and concurrence process was completed in FY
1987. The President approved and submitted to Congress
the United States Arctic Research Plan, August 1987.
The plan stresses national security, rational
development with minimum adverse environmental or
social impact, and an emphasis on phenomena best
studied in that region. In addition to the National
Science Foundation, which chairs the group, the
Interagency Committee consisted of the Departments of
Commerce, Defense, Energy, Interior, State,
Transportation, Health and Human Services as well as
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and
the Environmental Protection Agency.
B.11 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH -- PLANT SCIENCE
INITIATIVE
OSTP identified the need for plant science centers
after its 1985-1986 review of competitive funding for
basic research in biological sciences in U.S. colleges
and universities. The results of that survey indicated
that less than 5 percent, or approximately $110 million
of federal obligations for competitive awards in basic
research at colleges and universities, was earmarked
for plant science research. The future applications of
plant biotechnology to agriculture will depend upon
today's investment in basic research. Accordingly,
under the leadership of OSTP, three agencies (NSF,
USDA, and DOE) jointly proposed a new competitive
awards program in plant science for multidisciplinary
basic research and training centers at academic
institutions. Funds were requested and approved in the
FY 88 budgets of each of these agencies. The program
calls for a federal funding commitment for an initial
five-year period to establish multidisciplinary centers
at universities in high-priority areas of plant
science. Funds for new facility construction are not
included. The program emphasizes research, training,
34
education, and the provision of funds for instrumenta-
tion and equipment. The centers would establish foci
for industrial, other private sector, and local and
state government participation. Significant industrial
participation is strongly encouraged. Such partner-
ships would encourage cost sharing. It is expected
that the centers would form, wherever possible,
research and training relationships with existing
facilities and expertise in laboratories such as those
of the Agricultural Research Service and Forest Service
Research, the national laboratories, and universities.
Industry participation is key to transfer of technology
to aid in U.S. industrial competitiveness in biotech-
nology.
C. FEDERAL COORDINATING COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE,
ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY (FCCSET)
The FCCSET was established in 1976 by P.L. 94-282 to
deal with science and technology policy issues
affecting more than one federal agency. It is chaired
by the Director, Office of Science and Technology
Policy. During FY 1987, the active committees were:
Biotechnology Science
Earth Sciences
Life Sciences
Protection of Human Subjects
Materials Radiation Research and Policy Coordination
Computer Research and Applications
International Science, Engineering, and Technology
Solar-Terrestrial Research
Two new FCCSET committees were established in 1987, the
Committee on Earth Sciences (CES) and the Committee on
Life Sciences (CLS).
C.1 BIOTECHNOLOGY SCIENCE COORDINATING COMMITTEE
The Biotechnology Science Coordinating Committee
(BSCC), which is responsible for consistent scientific
policy and scientific reviews, has asked the National
Academy of Sciences to conduct a study to define
categories of potential risk attendant to the planned
introduction and use of genetically modified
micro-organisms and plants in the environment. These
risk categories will be based on the nature of the
organism and the environment into which it is to be
35
introduced. The BSCC is also developing position
papers on the scientific basis for regulatory authority
for using genetically altered animals (e.g., transgenic
fish and mice). Another task is the determination of
scientific information necessary for a written
description to preclude the requirement for a deposit
of biological material for patent purposes. The latter
practice is costly and can be abused by withdrawal of
the deposits for illegal purposes. A subcommittee on
risk assessment is surveying federal agencies to
develop a resource document and status report on
microbial biotechnology risk assessment. The BSCC has
also conducted scientific review of the proposed EPA
biotechnology rules under the Toxic Substances Control
Act and has commented on several other documents and
proposed committees.
C.2 COMMITTEE ON EARTH SCIENCES
The Committee on Earth Sciences (CES) was established
in March 1987, by the Science Adviser to the President,
to increase the overall effectiveness and productivity
of federal research efforts directed toward an under-
standing of the Earth as a global system. To better
understand human influence on the global environment,
as well as to understand the naturally caused global
changes, federal agencies have intensified their
research activities in "Earth System" science. In the
process, it became clear that the existing FCCSET
Committee on Oceans and Atmospheres was not suffici-
ently broad in scope to deal with these more compre-
henstive and intensified activities. Accordingly, the
Committee on Oceans and Atmospheres was terminated and
the applicable subcommittees subsumed into the CES,
including the Federal Oceanographic Fleet Coordination
Council and the Subcommittee on Atmospheric Research.
C.3 COMMITTEE ON LIFE SCIENCES
With the expansion of scientific and policy issues in
the life sciences, it became clear that a broad co-
ordinating committee was needed to facilitate com-
munication between the federal agencies. In November
1987, the Committee on Life Sciences (CLS) of the
Federal Coordinating Council on Science, Engineering,
and Technology was established to meet this need. This
Committee will provide a central forum for overall
36
interagency policy coordination and guidance and for
the exchange of information regarding the federal
programs, policies, and procedures relating to life
sciences, including human genome research, plant
sciences, international and regulatory aspects of
biotechnology, and risk assessment.
The Human Genome Subcommittee of the CLS serves as a
forum for the exchange of Human Geonome related program
plans, coordination of research, and discussion of
legislative and international issues. Four agencies
(NIH, DOE, USDA, and NSF) and the Howard Hughes Medical
Institute serve as permanent representatives on the
subcommittee. The International Biotechnology Subcom-
mittee (IBS) of the CLS has taken up the functions of
the original Domestic Policy Working Group on Biotech-
nology. The IBS developed the U.S. positions for the
April 1988 OECD meeting and is continuing to monitor
international and regulatory issues in biotechnology.
A working group has been formed to assess the needs for
information on environmental issues.
C.4 MODEL POLICY FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS
In its first biennial report published in December
1983, the President's Commission for the Study of
Ethical Problems in Medicine in Biomedical and
Behavioral Research made several recommendations to
improve the uniformity of federal rules and policies
pertaining to the protection of human subjects. As a
direct outgrowth of the Commission's report, OSTP
chartered a FCCSET Committee for the Protection of
Human Subjects. The committee drafted a policy to
serve as a model for all federal departments and
agencies that conduct, support, or regulate human
subjects research, to be published in the latter part
of 1988.
C.5 COMMITTEE ON MATERIALS
Advanced materials will, along with electronics,
information science, and biotechnology, play a key role
in our technological and economic progress, as well as
in providing support for our national security.
Government agencies spend over $1 billion per year on
programs to meet the needs for improved materials,
including processes to produce and work with them. The
37
spending on materials-related research in the private
sector is less accurately known, but believed to be
larger than that spent by the government.
The Committee on Materials (COMAT) is a long-standing,
well-established FCCSET committee. Seven of its
subcommittees are active in information exchange,
coordination of research being conducted by the various
agencies, and collection of information for policy
development.
The COMAT Subcommittee on Superconductivity, formed in
1987, focuses the high level of activity which has
emerged throughout the government after the discovery
of high temperature superconductors by Bednorz and
Muller in late 1986. The subcommittee has met six
times, bringing together representatives who are
involved in projects affected by this discovery to
exchange information on programs, plans, studies, and
meetings. In May 1988, this Subcommittee completed and
published a report entitled "Federal Research Programs
in Superconductivity." It describes the scope and
content of the programs (totaling $147 million) on
superconducting materials being carried out in
FY 1988. Assisted by COMAT coordination, five federal
agencies are cooperating in the support and publication
of a newsletter, called HiTc Update, which has more
than 2,000 subscribers.
VAMAS, the Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and
Standards, was begun under the aegis of the periodic
summit meetings of the Heads of Government as one of
eighteen projects supporting technology, growth, and
employment. VAMAS is recognized by all participating
governments as a unique contributor to the world
economy. The signing of the Memorandum of Under-
standing completed the foundation of VAMAS as an
independent organization. The COMAT/VAMAS Subcommittee
has taken a leadership role for the U.S. in this
program. Participating are Canada, France, Germany
(FRG), Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United
States, and the other nations of the European
Community.
Following a meeting on standards for composite
materials, called by the COMAT Subcommittee on Advanced
Composites, a private sector steering committee was
formed for exchange of information about the work of
various organizations who contribute to the development
of standards and materials specifications needed in the
38
area of advanced composites. This COMAT subcommittee
will monitor this information exchange and use it in
its interagency coordination efforts.
A task force formed in February 1988 to assess the need
to establish a Subcommittee on Nondestructive Evalua-
ation held its first meeting in May 1988. A review of
agency philosophies, activities, and plans pointed to
the need for a subcommittee; accordingly a charter is
being drafted for approval. This new subcommittee will
be established in the fall of 1988.
During 1988, OSTP took steps to work with the National
Critical Materials Council through COMAT and provided
support for NCMC's effort to produce the Advanced
Materials Program Plan (AMPP), which is required by
NCMC's enabling legislation. Part of COMAT's support
was a Workshop on Advanced Materials, with Dr. Graham
was the keynote speaker. Held on March 29, 1988, the
workshop was cooperatively sponsored by NCMC, COMAT,
and the Federation of Materials Society.
As part of the implementation of the U.S. -Japan Agree-
ment on Cooperation in Research and Development, COMAT
has recently established task forces on (1) Supercon-
conducting Materials; (2) Advanced Materials, Manu-
facturing Technology, Automation and Process Control;
and (3) Materials Data Base Development to provide
technical input to the Joint Working Level Committee
(JWLC) established by the Agreement. This activity
will shape some of the areas of cooperation with Japan,
which have been made possible by the agreement, and
will help establish equitable and balanced science and
technology information access and flow, especially in
materials-related fields. A preliminary report was
forwarded to the JWLC on August 12, 1988.
C.6 RADIATION RESEARCH AND POLICY COORDINATION
The Committee on Interagency Radiation Research and
Policy Coordination (CIRRPC) has completed its third
full year of activities. CIRRPC is charged to co-
ordinate radiation matters between agencies, evaluate
research on radiation, and provide advice on the
formulation of radiation policy.
During its third year, CIRRPC issued two major reports:
the first discusses the use of the International System
of Units (SI) for radiological quantities. The recom-
39
mendation of the report was that it be U.S. policy to
use dual radiation units (SI unit of 0.01 sievert Sv =
1 rem) in federal activities.
The second CIRRPC-sponsored report of the National
Council is the Radiation Protection (NCRP) Scientific
Committee Publication #48 entitled "Exposure of the
Population in the United States to Ionizing Radiation"
summarizes assessments of the major natural and
man-made sources of exposure by identifying natural
radioactivity as the source of more than 80 percent of
radiation exposure in the U.S.
Other reports published during this period include the
CIRRPC Review of SCOPE 28 Report on Environmental
Consequences of Nuclear War: Volume II, Ecological and
Agricultural Effects and the Oak Ridge Assoicated
Universities report on The Federal Ionizing Radiation
Research Agenda Related to Low Level Biological
Effects: FY 1985.
C.7 COMPUTER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS
Under the FCCSET Committee on Computer Research and
Applications, three interagency subcommittees were set
up by OSTP in May of 1987. The subcommittee on Science
and Engineering Computing examined the potential for
developing new supercomputer applications (particularly
through massively parallel systems). This FCCSET
subcommittee has continued to survey the U.S. super-
computer industry and has noted again this year the
increased capability of the Japanese to produce
state-of-the-art memory chips, the use of dumping
techniques to capture world markets (thereby removing
U.S. competition); and finally the withholding of the
latest chips from U.S. supercomputer manufacturers.
The FCCSET subcommittee on Networking, Infrastructure,
and Digital Communications initiated a study of a
greatly expanded user network system which would allow
interaction of several existing networks and greatly
expand scientific collaboration in the U.S. This
expanded network has been referred to as the National
Research Network (NRN). It considered the use of
higher speed network technology to create a system that
would extend access of researchers to the federally
supported high performance computing resources. This
group was charged with the responsibility of carrying
out the national network study required of OSTP by P.L.
99-383.
40
The third subcommittee on Computer Research and
Development updated the analysis of federal investment
and its consequences for the commercial high
performance computing market. It has also reviewed the
need for future high performance computing systems.
In August 1987, OSTP tasked the FCCSET to produce an
integrated set of recommendations, derived from the
work of the three subcommittees. After review of these
recommendations, OSTP provided a report to Congress
entitled A Research and Development Strategy for High
Performance Computing. OSTP has directed FCCSET to
produce an action plan to determine how the federal
government can best implement the report's recom-
mendations in cooperation with industry and academia.
C.8 INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
OSTP continues to coordinate and implement the
President's policy and priority programs in inter-
national science and technology cooperation to advance
broad national goals. In selected areas, OSTP has
developed new or revised Administration policies and
initiatives in the international arena of science and
technology.
Recent years have seen growing recognition of the
significance of the international dimensions of science
and technology for economics and research, for competi-
tiveness, for U.S. foreign policy goals, and for
national security interests. One factor is the number
and complexity of international S&T issues, research
activities, and programs that cut across federal
departments and agencies.
In December 1985, the President's Science Adviser,
Dr. George A. Keyworth, established the Committee
on International Science, Engineering, and Technology
(CISET) under FCCSET. CISET's purpose is to bring
high-level scientific and technical expertise and
responsibility in the government to bear on critical
international issues and to integrate international S&T
activities into the framework of broad domestic
policies, consistent with the Administration's
priorities and budgetary resources. CISET, chaired by
OSTP, began its work in early 1986 to ensure that
senior policy makers oversee key international S&T
issues and activities. CISET has established four
working groups, on (1) International Science,
41
Engineering, and Technology Education, Infrastructure,
and Facilities; (2) Strategic Science, Engineering, and
Technology Cooperation, and Technology Transfer; (3)
Science, Engineering, Technology, and International
Competitiveness; and (4) Bilateral and Multinational
Activities. Each of these working groups is developing
specific policy recommendations to advance national
goals, enhance the effectiveness of U.S. activities,
and protect our long-term national interests. To give
one example of the process, a CISET task force reviewed
and made policy recommendations on the U.S.-Japan S&T
relationship which were referred to, and ultimately
approved by, the Economic Policy Council. The EPC's
recommendations in turn guided the USG negotiating team
that successfully concluded the new Head of State level
Agreement on Cooperation in Research and Development in
Science and Technology, which was signed in June 1988.
Several provisions of the President's Executive Order
on Facilitating Access to Science and Technology
address the international dimension: strengthening
U.S. S&T representation abroad; improving U.S. access
to S&T information generated in foreign countries;
provision for protection of intellectual property
rights in bilateral S&T cooperation agreements. OSTP
is overseeing interagency implementation of the
President's new directives pertaining to international
science and technology agreements, specifically those
key provisions of the Executive Order that require R&D
agencies to take into consideration in negotiating
agreements and Memoranda of Understanding (MOU) whether
the foreign country provides for equitable access,
adequately protects intellectual property, and controls
the transfer of strategic technologies.
During FY 87 OSTP articulated an overall policy
framework for bilateral S&T cooperation, overseeing the
application of those principles in specific agreements
with individual countries. The key themes of equity
and reciprocity of access, balance of contributions and
benefits, and protection of intellectual property
rights have been underscored by the Science Adviser and
OSTP staff in international fora, bilateral
negotiations, and private meetings with S&T officials
from foreign countries. OSTP will ensure that these
issues are adequately addressed in each bilateral S&T
agreement that is signed or renewed. To carry out the
provision of the Executive Order regarding intellectual
property rights, OSTP led an interagency effort to
develop a comprehensive annex on intellectual property
42
protection to serve as a general model for use in
bilateral S&T agreements. This model was used for the
Japan agreement and, adapted for the specific
circumstances of each country, is being used in
discussions under way or anticipated with China, Korea,
India, and Brazil, to name a few. (cf. Section E p. 25)
D. COMPETITIVENESS
D.1 INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS
OSTP has actively participated in the formulation of
the Administration's science and technology initiatives
affecting the nation's long-term global competitive-
ness. These initiatives were defined in the
President's State of the Union Address, January 1987,
with more specific aspects covered in the Presidential
Executive Order 12591, April 10, 1987, Facilitating
Access to Science and Technology. The Executive Order
showed continuing solid support for the
Administration-backed Public Law 99-502, the Technology
Transfer Act of 1986.
D.2 "THE QUEST FOR EXCELLENCE" -- THE PRESIDENT'S
STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS, JANUARY 1987
Federal government responsibility for promoting the
development of science and technology is fundamental to
U.S. competitiveness. Our policies should serve three
broad objectives:
(1) generating new knowledge in the sciences and
advanced technologies;
(2) swiftly transferring technologies to the market
place; and
(3) expanding the nation's talent base in science and
technology fields.
OSTP plays a major role in each of these three
objectives. This Administration's new government-
private "science and technology centers" based at U.S.
universities will focus on fundamental science that has
the potential to contribute to our nation's economic
competitiveness, including areas such as robotics for
automated manufacturing and microelectronics, new
materials processing, biotechnology, plant science, and
superconductivity.
43
"People-to-People" exchange programs will be initiated
in which scientists and engineers from federal
laboratories and the private sector will be encouraged
to make their expertise available to one another
through temporary assignment exchanges.
D.3 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FROM FEDERAL LABORATORIES
The national concern over economic competitiveness has
led to increased expectations of the federal
laboratories to place emphasis on collaboration with
American industry for purposes of transferring
applicable technology to the marketplace. To aid and
urge the federal laboratories in this mission, the
Technology Transfer Act of 1986 was enacted and the
President's Executive Order 12591, Facilitating Access
to Science and Technology, dated April 10, 1987, was
issued. The Office of Science and Technology Policy
has pursued its oversight role in supporting this
initiative.
In June 1988, OSTP submitted a report to the President
describing progress being made by the federal
laboratories, with particular emphasis on high
temperature superconductivity. OSTP found a wide range
of activities in agencies and the laboratories to
transfer technology. Agencies are establishing and
improving mechanisms for cooperation with industrial
and academic partners. Laboratories of the Departments
of Agriculture and Commerce have assumed their new
responsibilities for negotiating licensing and
cooperative research agreements at the laboratory
level. Consortia have been formed between national
laboratories and the private sector to seek
commercialization opportunities. Person-to-person
communication through thousands of industry scientists
visiting or working at federal laboratories is
increasing.
Superconducting Research Centers at Argonne National
Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Ames
Laboratory, and the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards)
have begun operation. FY 1988 funds have been
redirected to research in superconductivity in many
agencies. A subcommittee of the Federal Coordinating
Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology,
Committee on Materials, and an Ames Laboratory
newsletter, HiTc Update, are coordinating information
about developments in superconductivity.
44
The Office of Science and Technology Policy is
encouraged by federal agencies' vigorous compliance
efforts with E.O. 12591. An OPTP-convened interagency
task force required by E.O. 12591 will search for
further innovative approaches to transferring
technology from national laboratories to industry and
universities.
D.4 TECHNOLOGY EXCHANGE THROUGH SCIENTISTS AND
ENGINEERS
OSTP has observed that numerous scientist and engineer
residence or exchange programs have been started,
sustained, or expanded in response to E.O. 12591. For
example, there are at present approximately 200 such
persons in residence at the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) under the Research
Associate Program. In a related effort, approximately
700 experts visited NIST last year for lesser stays to
conduct specific tests, utilize specialized equipment,
or engage in other activities.
The Department of Energy (DOE), in a technology
exchange program, has funded 19 visiting scientists and
engineers from 18 companies at seven of their
laboratories in 1987, while about 3,400 participants
have been involved in experimental user facilities at
the laboratories. A program with universities has
brought several thousand faculty and graduate students
into DOE laboratories.
These programs represent a substantial openness to
industry and academic visitors in federal laboratories.
Little activity, however, is reported for federal
laboratory scientists and engineers spending time in
industry. It is not evident whether the personnel
visiting programs reach across widespread segments of
business, industry, and academia, or whether there are
segments that do not participate. This question is the
subject of further evaluation.
D.5 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTERS
The National Science Foundation (NSF) established a new
Science and Technology Research Centers (STC) program
in 1987. This program is designed to exploit
opportunities in fundamental science and technology
that require the advantages of scale, duration,
facilities, and/or collaborative opportunities that can
45
be provided only by university-based research centers
while increasing the transfer of knowledge from
discovery to application and among sectors of society.
It will also provide unique educational opportunities
for the future scientific and technical work force.
The initial budget plan called for the NSF to spend $30
million on this program in FY 1988, supporting the
development of 10-20 STCs. The STC program
solicitation, published in September 1987, announced a
January 15, 1988, deadline for proposal submission, and
the Foundation received 325 proposals for full STC
awards and more than 300 proposals for STC planning
grants. These proposals represent a total request to
NSF for STC support of more than $4 billion. The
reduction from the President's budget request for the
FY 1988 appropriation level has precluded NSF from
making any STC awards with FY 1988 funds. NSF will,
however, proceed to review all the proposals it
received, with the intention of funding them early in
FY 1989.
D.6 ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTERS
The concept of Engineering Research Centers (ERCs) to
encompass multidisciplinary centers of science and
technology excellence was first advanced by OSTP in
November 1985. Eleven ERCs, six established in FY 1985
and five in 1986, were joined in 1987 by three new
centers, bringing to 14 the total number of such
centers. The ERCs continue to work with private
industry to select projects with potential for major
technological advance, particularly in manufacturing
systems. The new 1987 centers focus on optical
computing, hazardous substance control systems, and
emerging cardiovascular technology. The planned 1988
budget of $33 million will continue support for the 14
existing centers and allow planning of two additional
centers.
D.7 SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATION RESEARCH
OSTP is required by the Small Business Innovation
Research Act to "monitor the implementation and
operation of the SBIR program." The required
evaluation is carried out on a continuing basis and
reported to the Congress in an annual report.
46
FY 86 marked the first year that any SBIR Phase II
contracts were consummated. OSTP now has an
opportunity to have a statistically significant data
base of completed SBIR awards that can be evaluated in
total (Phase I and Phase II). OSTP took the first
steps in FY 87 to conduct a review of the SBIR with two
major components:
(1) an analysis of the mechanism by which the quality
of research in Phase I and II is assured, and
(2) a study of the criteria that can be used to
evaluate the relative success of the Phase III
portion of the program.
D.8 U.S. COMPETITIVENESS IN THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY
The U.S. semiconductor industry has lost its once
commanding lead in overall market share and
manufacturing technology. The Japanese are also
challenging U.S. leadership in design. Major Japanese
companies have pulled ahead in dynamic random access
memories, static random access memories, bipolar gate
arrays, optoelectronics, gallium arsenide technology,
and packaging technology. The U.S. has remained strong
primarily in microprocessors and semi-custom and custom
logic chip design, but Japan is making inroads in these
areas also.
OSTP has become involved in various investigations
related to the semiconductor industry. These invest-
igations include the Committee for Foreign Investment
in the United States (CFIUS), chaired by the Treasury
Department. CFIUS looked into the proposed acquisition
of Fairchild, an important U.S. semiconductor manu-
facturer, by a Japanese firm, Fujitsu. The Committee
is represented by most of the major U.S. government
agencies dealing with international trade and science
and technology issues.
A second study initiated by the National Security
Council was designed to look into the national security
implications of a diminishing U.S. semiconductor
industry. OSTP directed the NSF to lead an interagency
task force to examine the state of the U.S. semi-
conductor industry, determine the effects of loss of
competitiveness in this industry on downstream and
upstream industries, the national security impact of
the loss, and any recommendations for improving the
47
situation. A report of the study's findings is planned
for 1988.
Because of the importance of the semiconductor
industry, the Science Adviser asked the White House
Science Council (WHSC) to create a panel to review
possible options for action available to the federal
government and industry. The findings of the panel
were provided to the Economic Policy Council Working
Group on Semiconductors as that group made recommend-
ations to the full EPC. The panel's report was
published in September 1987.
SECTION E. INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE
OSTP participates in the International Political
Committee established to monitor the UNESCO reform
process and to develop U.S. alternatives to UNESCO
activities in education, cultural, and scientific
arenas. Such alternative activities will be designed
to directly benefit U.S. interests and also to provide
bilateral assistance to UNESCO-type programs that will
benefit developing nations.
In compliance with Title V of the Foreign Relations
Authorization Act of 1979, OSTP transmitted to Congress
in early 1988 the President's 1987 Report on Science,
Technology, and American Diplomacy, which reports on
U.S. Government policies and activities in inter-
national science and technology as an adjunct to U.S.
foreign policy objectives. The President's transmittal
letter to the Congress serves as a key statement of the
Administration's policies and thrusts in international
science. OSTP guided State/OES, in consultation with
the staffs of the interested congressional committees,
to develop a streamlined format, which simplifies
interagency production of this annual report, and
should also make it easier to use as a reference tool.
OSTP has continuing responsibility to provide staff
support to senior White House officials to plan and
help coordinate state visits that involve science and
technology cooperation. OSTP works closely with the
NSC, State, and the appropriate USG technical agencies,
as well as the nation's scientific establishment, to
assure the success of such visits in terms of U.S.
foreign policy goals and other national interests.
OSTP's coordinating role includes participation in the
initial planning stages, events associated with the
48
visit itself, and follow-up actions to implement
Presidential policy decisions or initiatives resulting
from the visit.
E.1 U.S.-SOVIET BLOC S&T RELATIONSHIP
During 1985, OSTP monitored U.S.-Soviet S&T cooperation
under the seven existing bilateral agreements and
conducted an internal evaluation of policy for S&T
interactions with the Soviets as well as the
effectiveness of current U.S. Government coordination
mechanisms. OSTP participated in the S&T issues
associated with the President's meeting in Geneva with
Secretary Gorbachev, including the joint decision to
increase multilateral cooperation in fusion research.
In this regard, OSTP participated in the preparation
and negotiations of a Civilian Space Cooperation
Agreement with the Soviet Union, which was negotiated
in October 1986 and signed in the spring of 1987. The
changing environment of U.S.-Soviet relations and the
President's agreement in Geneva to expand bilateral
contacts in many areas, including science and
technology, calls for an integrated policy to underpin
our technical agency programs to achieve national goals
and protect security interests. Toward this end, the
President's Science Adviser has established a
sub-Cabinet level working group on S&T policy and
priorities for cooperation with the USSR and Eastern
Europe, under the FCCSET Committee on International
Science, Engineering, and Technology (CISET).
During 1987 OSTP continued to play a role in
U.S.-Soviet-bloc S&T initiatives. Most notably, OSTP
participated in negotiations resulting in a U.S.-Poland
S&T agreement. OSTP also chaired interagency prep-
aration for a possible U.S.-Soviet Basic Science
Agreement and led exploratory discussions in Moscow
toward that end in October 1987. During 1988 OSTP
continued to chair the interagency group that reviewed
the results of those discussions for possible next
steps. This review led to preliminary negotiations
during May 1988, in which OSTP played a major role.
OSTP continues its involvement in the U.S. -Soviet space
agreement as a member of an interagency group over-
seeing its implementation. OSTP also participated in
the development of U.S. government positions for the
Reagan-Gorbachev Washington and Moscow Summits.
49
E.2 OECD FRAMEWORK OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
The OECD Committee on Science and Technology Policy
(CSTP) convened a meeting of the S&T Ministers from
member states in October 1987. The Science Adviser led
the U.S. delegation and chaired the ministerial level
discussion on "Science, Technology, and International
Economic Relations." These meetings, held at
approximately five-year intervals, present a useful
opportunity to coordinate policies and focus attention
on priority issues for the leading industrialized
countries of the free world. At this meeting, the
OSTP, speaking for the U.S. government, presented a
draft policy framework for international cooperation in
science and technology. Follow-up meetings to further
discuss and develop this proposed set of agreed
principles were held in early 1988, culminating in
April 1988 in the adoption by the OECD Council of this
framework as a formal OECD Recommendation to member
governments. As noted at the Toronto Economic Summit,
the OECD Framework represents an important achievement
in assuring the vitality of international cooperation
and facilitating future cooperative agreements.
E.3 U.S.-JAPAN S&T RELATIONSHIP
In June 1988 President Reagan and Prime Minister
Takeshita signed a new policy framework for bilateral
cooperation. The fruit of a sustained OSTP-led effort,
the new umbrella agreement refocuses the substance of
collaboration and specifically addresses the equity and
balance of science and technology interactions between
the United States and Japan.
Bilateral negotiations were held in the fall of 1987,
continuing into early 1988. U.S.-Japan S&T cooperation
has major implications for both nations' global
competitiveness and a new relationship, based on equity
and reciprocal access, is of paramount importance as we
face the technological challenges of the twenty-first
century.
To implement the new agreement, joint meetings will be
held in Washington and Tokyo in the fall of 1988, at
the working level and high policy level respectively,
to identify areas for scientific cooperation, develop
50
mechanisms for monitoring the balance of the
relationship, and name a joint level advisory panel to
recommend broad directions for this critical bilateral
S&T relationship.
E.4 CHINA
As one of the highest priority international science
programs of the government, U.S.-China science and
technology agreements and cooperative activities con-
tinue to be monitored by OSTP. The fifth meeting of
the U.S.-PRC Joint Commission on Science and Tech-
nology, with the Director of OSTP participating, took
place in Beijing in June 1987; the two sides agreed to
establish a working group to study the issue of
intellectual property protection and to begin bilateral
negotiations to conclude a comprehensive annex on
intellectual property rights (IPR) for the U.S. -China
umbrella S&T agreement. Discussions began and are
continuing, with a view to successful conclusion of an
annex on IPR by the time the current umbrella agreement
expires, in early 1989.
E.5 INDIA
The Presidential Science and Technology Initiative
(STI) by President Reagan and the late Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi in July 1982, was designed to intensify
and sharply focus bilateral science and technology
cooperation to improve the overall relationship between
the United States and India.
An objective of the STI has been to invest shared
resources in those selected research programs that
would utilize the complementary expertise and
accomplishments of both scientific communities.
This partnership-investment approach to scientific
cooperation was initiated in 1983 with joint
activities established in the priority areas of health,
agriculture, and monsoon prediction, with a fourth
research area, solid state science and engineering,
added in spring 1985. OSTP continues to provide policy
guidance for the STI, and NSF, as Executive Agent,
coordinates program activities on a government-wide
basis.
During Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi's visit to
Washington on October 20, 1987, President Reagan and he
jointly announced the extension of the STI for an
51
additional three years. The President's Science
Adviser is scheduled to go to India in fall 1988 to
sign the renewal instrument. The next phase of the STI
may include new project areas, reflecting advances in
science since the initiative began in 1982, as well as
continuing pursuit of current areas. The new areas
of cooperation will take account of increased U.S.
emphasis on the protection of intellectual property
rights in international joint research programs.
In connection with the renewal of the STI, OSTP
oversees the negotiation of adequate provisions for
protection of intellectual property in our extensive
bilateral S&T program with India.
E.6 KOREA
Korea is an increasingly important trading partner of
the U.S. with high aspirations and significant
potential in science and technology. The renewal of
the bilateral S&T agreement with Korea is providing an
opportunity for serious substantive negotiations on
such issues as protection of intellectual property
rights and respect for security obligations in
technological exchanges. These accords will be
documented as annexes to the umbrella agreement, which
is scheduled for renewal in early FY 1989.
OSTP takes the lead in formulating U.S. objectives and
positions on S&T issues within the context of the
annual Economic Summit meetings.
E.7 U.S.-BRAZIL PRESIDENTIAL S&T INITIATIVE
In September 1986, Presidents Reagan and Sarney agreed
to establish a joint panel of eminent scientists,
engineers, and industrial experts to determine
priorities for cooperation in areas of mutual strength
and benefit. On the U.S. side, the appointments were
made by the Science Adviser. The joint U.S.-Brazil
panel met twice. The panel recommended six priority
areas for cooperative research: biomedical and
agricultural research; oceanography and meteorology;
engineering and materials sciences; alternative energy
sources; basic sciences; and ecology and environment.
The panel's recommendations, sent to the Science
Advisers of the two countries, will constitute an
initial agenda to implement the 1984 U.S.-Brazil S&T
52
Agreement. The Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans
and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
will be responsible for implementing these activities
under the auspices of the U.S.-Brazil S&T Commission,
which is expected to hold its first meeting in early
FY 89. The National Science Foundation will provide
administrative coordination for U.S. agency
participation in this initiative.
E.8 THAILAND SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
In May 1988 the President's Science Adviser and the
White House Science Council hosted a dinner in honor of
H.R.H. (Dr.) Princess Chulabhorn of Thailand, youngest
daughter of Their Majesties Bhumibol and Queen Sirikit.
The Princess, who is known by the Thai as their
"Ambassador of Science," was on a two-month tour of
U.S. scientific foundations, government and university
research centers, and private corporate laboratories,
to build links between the U.S. and Thailand. Science
and technology cooperation is a very important
component of the bilateral relationship with Thailand.
The dinner gave added visibility to Thailand's
capabilities and aspirations in science and technology,
and provided an opportunity for the Princess to share
with members of the White House Science Council and
high Administration officials her plans to establish a
Royal Research Institute, and other enterprises, and
her hopes for enhanced U.S.-Thai cooperation in
research and development.
E.9 INDONESIA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
The U.S. -Indonesia umbrella agreement for science and
technology cooperation, scheduled for renewal in
October 1989, is likely to be a major focus of
attention in the coming year. USG interagency
discussions on national objectives and strategy for the
renewal began in the spring of 1988. A key concern is
conclusion of an annex on intellectual property rights.
Until this issue is resolved, implementation of a
number of subsidiary cooperative programs is being held
in abeyance. On September 23, 1988, Indonesia's
Minister of State for Research and Technology,
Dr. B. J. Habibie, met with OSTP to discuss issues in
bilateral cooperation in science and technology. In
addition to exploring the opportunities for expanded
cooperation, OSTP underscored the USG commitment,
53
pursuant to Executive Order 12591, to ensuring
equitable protection for intellectual property rights
in all bilateral cooperative S&T programs.
SECTION F. NATIONAL SECURITY
F.1 NATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES
The OSTP stimulates a broad range of queries associated
with national security, participates in the efforts
aimed at resolving critical scientific and technical
issues, and provides for the drafting of position and
issue papers for use by the National Security Council,
the OMB, and participating agencies.
As Soviet technologies improve, U.S. strategic systems
must be modernized to meet an expanded threat. OSTP
has been concerned with the survivability and modern-
ization of all three legs of the triad. Specifically,
the two ICBM basing modes currently under development
(the Garrison Rail Mobile Basing for the MX and
Hardened and Mobile basing for the Small ICBM) have
command and control related issues that need to be
examined in more detail. OSTP has provided its
observations both to the NSC staff and to the Air
Force.
OSTP closely follows the modernization of strategic
bombers, including the production of the B-1B, as well
as the development of the B-2 and other (classified)
aircraft programs.
F.2 DEFENSE BASIC RESEARCH
OSTP has been an active proponent of maintaining
sustained growth in defense funding of basic research.
Through a series of technology-based briefings by the
services, the Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency, and Office of the Secretary of Defense, OSTP
has maintained familiarity with the goals, the
objectives, and the management of the various defense
programs that sponsor laboratory and university
research. The Director of OSTP has interceded with the
Secretary of Defense and the Office of Management and
Budget on behalf of the basic research defense
community to protect these programs from funding cuts.
In particular, OSTP continues to monitor the funding
and management of the University Research Initiative.
54
F.3 S&T COMPETITIVENESS IN THE NATIONAL SECURITY ARENA
OSTP completed an analysis of scientific and tech-
nological competition between the Soviet Union and the
U.S. in the national security arena. This effort was
based on the premise that maintaining a strong United
States science base and the effective focusing of this
base toward key national security issues would have the
potential to maintain and to enhance the U.S. defense
posture vs. that of the Soviet Union. This study
focused on defining the national defense problem and on
assessing the United States position relative to the
Soviet Union in terms of national doctrine, defense
budgets, military and political intent, survivability,
weapons systems development and capability, and fielded
weapons systems. It also addressed the science base
from which each country operates and the relation of
this base to the national defense posture of the Soviet
Union and the United States respectively.
F.4 COMMISSION ON LONG-RANGE INTEGRATED NATIONAL
SECURITY STRATEGY
In early spring 1987 a Commission was established to
assess U.S. military strategy in view of a changing
security environment in the decades ahead. In January
1988, the Commission presented its report, entitled
"Discriminate Deterrence," to the President's National
Security Adviser and the Secretary of Defense. The
members of the Commission include policy and military
experts of high stature, who are in position to examine
our national security strategies without biases based
on the views of former or current Administrations. On
the other hand, the charge to the Commission
specifically included the consideration of political,
economic, socio/ideological factors, as well as those
more closely associated with purely military
projections. The purpose of this effort was to offer a
clear picture to Congress and the next Administration
of the strengths and weaknesses of our national
strategic posture and of the choices available for the
near future.
In addition to participating in the top-level overview
of the Commission's efforts through its Director, OSTP
representatives also served on the Working Groups on
Future Security Environment, on Offense and Defense
55
Interactions, Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, and
on Technology Projections; OSTP contributed, as
required and appropriate, comments and position papers
to these groups.
F.5 ARMS CONTROL VERIFICATION
In light of the INF agreement signed this year, and the
ongoing Defense and Space talks in Geneva, the question
of U.S. arms control verification capabilities has been
at the forefront of U.S. national security concerns.
OSTP has worked with the Department of Defense and the
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, as well as the
U.S. negotiating teams, on the technical aspects of
verification capabilities and requirements. The
Director of OSTP served as an adviser to the U.S.
delegations to the summit meetings at Washington
(December 1987) and Moscow (May 1988) between President
Reagan and General Secretary Gorbachev, and as a member
of the arms control group of experts.
OSTP has also provided technical expertise and review
in the area of nuclear testing verification capabili-
ties and requirements, in support of the ongoing
U.S.-USSR negotiations on a threshold test ban treaty.
F.6 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS PLANNING
By Executive Order, the Director, OSTP, is assigned the
responsibility for managing the nation's telecommuni-
cations resources during wartime and non-wartime
national crises and emergencies. Preparation for
executing this responsibility entails a constant level
of involvement in planning, training, and supervision.
By focusing attention on the critical tasks associated
with this responsibility, OSTP has maintained a high
state of readiness to execute the essential functions
of emergency telecommunications management in wartime
and non-wartime situations. Concurrently the office
has addressed key planning and programming issues
related to the government's preparedness to respond to
a spectrum of national emergencies.
F.7 TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY
Because of the Director's presidentially assigned
operational responsibilities in the area of emergency
telecommunications management, OSTP is an active
56
participant in emergency telecommunications planning
and in the telecommunications policy formulation
process. Through membership on steering groups and
advisory boards, interaction with the National Security
Council and OMB, and a working relationship with the
National Communications Systems and its members, OSTP
has been a reviewer and coordinator of proposed
telecommunications standards and policies. As chairman
of the Joint Telecommunications Resources Board, the
Director, OSTP, approves the telecommunications
planning guidance issued to all departments and
agencies controlling telecommunications resources.
F.8 STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE
The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) has been
President Reagan's highest defense priority, and an
area of great technological excitement. There is a
very real probability that science and technology can
create a safer future in which nuclear missiles become
less and less capable of threatening destructive
surprise attack. The essence of the Strategic Defense
Initiative is to explore those technologies that could
support an effective defense against ballistic
missiles. President Reagan is committed to building
SDI as soon as it is ready. OSTP has taken a lead role
in advancing the President's strategic defense goals,
working with the SDI Office and the National Security
Council.
The Director of OSTP convened a panel of the White
House Science Council to review the technological
progress that has been made on the SDI research program
during its first five years, and to assess the six key
technologies selected for a deployment decision in the
mid-1990s -- the first phase of SDI deployments.
The Phase I technologies are to undergo validation and
testing throughout FY 89. Highly promising research
continues in the area of next generation technologies
based on directed energy -- lasers and particle beams.
OSTP will continue to take an active interest in the
development of these technologies for strategic
defense.
In addition, the SDI promises a broad range of
spin-offs that can add up to significant benefits in
terms of human welfare, industrial efficiency, and
economic value. For example the medical free electron
57
laser program, included within the SDI budget, draws
upon the resources nd expertise of 18 universities,
two national laboratories, two commercial laboratories,
and one hospital. OSTP has been instrumental in
encouraging technology transfer to the private sector
from the SDI program, as well as from other defense
endeavors.
F.9 C3I AND COUNTER-C3I
Modern weaponry and military operations rely on
availability of massive, timely and accurate informa-
tion flow. Information plays an essential role within
the envelope of any weapon system (e.g., avionics and
shipboard electronics), but also increasingly serves
to provide surveillance and reconnaissance data,
guidance and navigation, electronic order of battle,
weapon assignment and release, and target kill
assessment over distances ranging from a few feet to
hundreds or even thousands of miles. The systems that
make all this possible involve communications, auto-
mated data processing, interfaces with human operators
and commanders, and many types of support equipment.
In all, the U.S. military forces spend approximately
one third of their acquisition funds on what has come
to be known as command, control, communications, and
intelligence -- or C3I. As warfare increases in
complexity, especially with the growing role of
conventional warfare, non-conventional non-nuclear
weapons, and space based components, the proportion of
C3I-related spending is expected to increase.
In any military engagement, the adversaries attempt to
destroy, degrade, deceive, and exploit each other's
information channels. This activity, loosely described
as counter-C3I, is now recognized as an essential
element of warfare.
OSTP has participated during FY 1987 and 1988 in a
number of efforts by the military services aimed at
articulating the principles, the practical applica-
tions, and the evaluation techniques applicable to C3I
and counter-C3I. Specifically, the development of
expert databases and the possible use of embedded test
equipment have been given focused attention.
58
F.10 ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
OSTP has been active in examining the implications of
submarine technology development for anti-submarine
warfare. Its representative was the keynote speaker at
the Navy's Submarine Technology Symposium in June 1988.
The essential thrust of OSTP's involvement is that the
many detection techniques explored in the past three
decades are (or soon will be) individually inadequate,
but integrating several of them over a theater or
battle zone could lead to substantial and lasting
advantage. Interaction with the Navy and its
laboratories is continuing.
F.11 SMART MISSILES
The U.S. military forces plan on procuring a large
number of "smart" missiles which will be called upon to
navigate autonomously to hit designated aimpoints after
having penetrated hostile defenses.
OSTP continues to play an active role in assessing the
potential and the possible pitfalls associated with the
smart missile concepts. Two basic conclusions have
emerged to date and are being considered by the
services: (1) Smart missiles must interface with a C3I
system that is capable of updating the missile memory
with quasi-real-time target intelligence; and (2)
Advanced decoying techniques could, if not properly
countered by the missile's discrimination capability,
radically change the cost-exchange ratios against the
smart missile concept.
Extensions to naval warfare are currently under
investigation.
F.12 STEALTH
OSTP continues to monitor the progress in applied
sciences that makes the drastic reduction of observ-
ables possible. These include techniques applicable to
radar cross-section reduction, to optical and infrared
signature control and the attenuation of acoustic
signatures. The critical consideration is, as it has
been from the start, to what extent must the flight
performance of an aircraft, missile, or submarine
suffer in order to achieve increasing levels of
observable reduction.
59
Current efforts to embody the stealth concepts into
continuing platform developments are being assessed in
terms of potential promise vs. cost trends, with
related counters by potential adversaries as an
important factor.
F.13 ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE
OSTP has special interest in guiding the military in
the field of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) damage to
electronic components and to communications. If not
adequately countered by appropriate "hardening" and
circumvention techniques, EMP caused by nuclear
detonations can incapacitate the nation's emergency
telecommunications as well as disable most critical
weapon systems.
Current results of EMP testing of the B-1B strategic
bomber have been reviewed.
F.14 RADIO-FREQUENCY WEAPONS
Advanced technology for radio-frequency (RF) power
generation has reached the point where energy densities
can be focused on distant targets with potentially
incapacitating or destructive effects. RF energy can
enter the targets through sensors or other electro-
magnetic apertures; or again can be absorbed by the
target structure.
Intelligence indicates that the Soviet Union is active
in the RF generation field. The U.S. efforts need to
be stimulated and channeled in a direction that should
eventually serve the strategic as well as the tactical
needs of all three services.
At this point, OSTP's role is one of technology assess-
ment, with a view of developing R&D recommendations for
the 1990 Five-Year Defense Plan (FYDP).
F.15 FOLLOW ON FORCES ATTACK (FOFA)
An OSTP initiative was the creation of the Interagency
Technology Assessment Group (ITAG). The ITAG is an
interagency body of intelligence, research and
development, doctrine, and analysis experts organized
60
for the purpose of evaluating studies of the advantages
offered by new technologies on the European battlefield
from the perspectives of the threat, technology risk,
and modeling accuracy. During FY 88 the ITAG undertook
several technological areas with a focus on low
observables. OSTP continues as a member.
F.16 MILITARY TACTICAL EXPLOITATION OF NATIONAL
TECHNICAL COLLECTION MEANS
OSTP has maintained close interest and involvement in
the planning, technology development, and analysis that
addresses the military's ability to receive and exploit
intelligence collected by national technical means.
Issues involving requirements generation, hardware
development, downlink and processing centers, and doc-
trinal approaches to utilizing the intelligence have
received attention throughout FY 88.
F.17 NUCLEAR WINTER
The Director, OSTP, is the Chairman of the Coordinating
Committee on the Interagency Research Program (CCIRP)
overseeing federally funded research on the "nuclear
winter" hypothesis. These research efforts are funded
by the Departments of Defense and Energy, the National
Science Foundation, and the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, and are conducted by
national laboratories, universities, and private
corporations across the nation.
The research community's consensus is that the "nuclear
winter" first postulated (and publicized) is far too
extreme and should be seen only an initial estimate.
Further research is addressing the remaining
uncertainties in both the models and the physical
processes.
F.18 STRATEGIC SURFACE TRANSPORT
The adequacy of merchant marine and naval cargo ship
capacity to meet current and projected national
security strategic mobility requirements is an area of
national concern. The potential of advanced technology
to address this problem has not received significant
attention. One such application of advanced technology
worthy of consideration is the Surface Effects Fast
Sealift Ship. OSTP has maintained an active interest
61
in this project and has promoted exposure of various
study groups addressing sealift shortfalls and future
strategic mobility requirements.
F.19 TECHNOLOGY FOR COUNTERTERRORISM
The government's program for applying advanced tech-
nology to counter the threat of terrorism is co-
ordinated by a senior interagency group on counter-
terrorism. This group selects projects for funding on
the basis of relative potential benefits and technology
risk assessment of competing candidates. OSTP has
maintained active interest and involvement in this
vital national security concern through a senior
technology oversight panel to review candidate projects
to insure that projects are selected with full
understanding of the technological issues and risks
involved.
F.20 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE (CBW)
The proliferation of chemical weapons, apparent Soviet
violations of the 1972 Biological Weapons Ban,
in-progress negotiations on a chemical weapons ban, and
the environmental issues of defensive biotechnology
research have focused attention on the national
security implications of biotechnology and other
technical aspects of CBW. OSTP is also a participant
in the interagency group addressing chemical warfare
arms control policy. Continued attention to these
important national issues will be required as the
implications of advances in biotechnology become more
widely understood.
SECTION G. SPACE
G.1 FORMULATION OF NATIONAL SPACE POLICY
By the start of FY 1987 it became apparent that the
then current U.S. national space policy, as stated in
NSDD-42, no longer satisfied the urgent need for top
level guidance of the nation's space program, in spite
of the several attempts toward piecemeal updating. The
basic driving forces for a comprehensive review were:
(1) the recognized need for a nationwide effort to
bring about low-cost, high-capacity, reliable, and
62
flexible access to space; (2) the growth in potential
military space applications; (3) the clearly apparent
challenge in space by the Soviet Union; (4) the rise of
technical and commercial competence of several allied
nations. Several important programmatic issues also
await top policy guidance: among these the objectives
and the cost and schedules of the manned Space Station;
the role of the space shuttle in the Space Station
logistics; the national investment in advanced heavy-
lift capability; the conduct of the national aerospace
plane program and the support for space scientific
exploration, are the most urgent ones.
The OSTP participated with the National Security
Council staff in establishing a rationale for the
national space policy revision as well as in the
definition of the Terms of Reference. Its represent-
ative serves as the Deputy Chairman of the Interagency
Group responsible for this policy review. Resulting
from this study was the Presidential mandate to study
the financing alternatives of the space infrastructure
to be provided in support of the nation's space
program.
A national space policy was announced on February 11,
1988.
G.2 SPACE SCIENCE
The President's National Space Strategy Directive
directs the agencies to maintain a vigorous and
balanced program in the space sciences. In 1984, OSTP
issued a report on funding trends in NASA's Office of
Space Science and Applications, which identified large
fluctuations in the budgets of individual space science
disciplines as having a significant impact on dis-
cipline balance, continuity, and stability. The
Challenger accident, and the attendant need to maintain
several complete or nearly complete major payloads
(e.g., Space Telescope and Galileo) in working order on
the shelf until they can be launched, has strained the
stability and continuity of the science disciplines as
well as the NASA space science budget.
OSTP continues to work with OMB, NASA, and the science
communities on these issues, in order to maintain a
vigorous space science program. OSTP has worked
closely with the scientific community and the NASA
63
advisory committees to establish mechanisms that assure
that input from the scientific communities to the
process of cross-disciplinary ranking of scientific
programs is utilized by the agency.
OSTP has strongly supported new science initiatives
such as the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF)
and the Microwave Observing Program, formerly the
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), and
the concept of a budget ground rule that no less than
20% of the NASA budget be used for space science.
G.3 NATIONAL COMMISSION ON SPACE (NCOS) REPORT
The National Commission on Space was created by Public
Law 98-361 "to study existing and proposed U.S. space
activities; to formulate an agenda for the U.S.
civilian space program; to identify long-range goals,
opportunities, and policy options for civilian space
activity for the next twenty years." The Commission's
report was completed in April 1986 and released to the
public in May 1986. The OSTP reviewed the report, with
other agencies, and has concluded that the recommenda-
tions to the President should be formulated as part of
a comprehensive review of the U.S. national space
policy. The substance of the OSTP recommendations on
the NCOS report is as follows: (1) the long-range
goals stated by the Commission are truly visionary and
could be accepted as part of the longer-term U.S. goals
in the 25- to 50-year perspective; (2) the report
itself constitutes a sound description of the technical
aspects of the several civilian space missions that
could be undertaken; (3) the report assumes that the
civil space program has essential priorities over other
claims on the federal budget, and thus does not address
the problem of operating in a budget-constrained
environment; (4) the report does not fully reflect the
dissenting voices within the scientific community that
oppose large manned space missions in order to
emphasize the unmanned scientific exploration of the
accessible universe; and (5) OSTP recommends that, with
the NCOS long-range goals in mind, the U.S. civil space
program be focused, over the next five to ten years, on
developing a solid technology base for the longer-term
undertakings. The latter should include and emphasize
the development of low-cost, high-capacity, and
flexible access to space, serving the needs of both
civilian and military space missions.
64
G.4 INTERAGENCY COORDINATING COMMITTEE ON SOLAR
TERRESTRIAL RESEARCH
The policy-level Interagency Coordinating Committee on
Solar Terrestrial Research (ICCSTR) as well as the
Committee's Program Planning Group (PPG) met during
1987. The PPG has drafted a report on the health of
solar physics in the United States. The ICCSTR has
reviewed the document and has requested a number of
necessary extensions and revisions. The Committee has
served as a forum for interagency coordination of
solar-terrestrial research, including the international
components.
G.5 SPACE STATION
As a result of an internal program cost review under-
taken by NASA, the agency developed revised cost
estimates for the Space Station which substantially
exceeded the original estimates. OSTP worked closely
with OMB, NSC, and NASA to develop revised Space
Station capabilities, schedules, and costs. An
independent review of the Space Station Program was
performed by the National Research Council's Committee
on Space Station on a schedule permitting incorporation
of any revised program scope in the forthcoming FY 1990
budget request.
G.6 COMMERCIAL SPACE ACTIVITIES
OSTP participates in the activities of the Interagency
Commercial Space Working Group. This group was
established by the National Space Strategy of 1984
under the Economic Policy Council (EPC) to develop and
implement specific measures to foster the growth of
private sector commercialization in space. The working
group examined a range of policy concerns that affect
commercial space activities (e.g., antitrust laws, tax
laws, patent laws, and industry-government relation-
ships) and forwarded to the Economic Policy Council in
December 1985 a report that identified several areas
appropriate for further consideration and action by the
working group.
In June 1987, the working group began a task to extend
the work presented in the December 1985 report. In
particular, the group will interact with the emerging
65
commercial space industry and the aerospace industry in
order to identify factors that may be hampering the
further growth of the industry.
In parallel with the national space policy revision,
OSTP also participated in the development of the new
Commercial Space Policy, also signed by the President
in February 1988. Among other important measures, the
latter policy mandates the establishment of a
Microgravity Research Board and directs NASA to start on
privately developed space platform facilities.
This activity has lead to the Office of Commercial
Programs in NASA and similar offices in the Departments
of Commerce and Transportation.
SECTION H. MISCELLANEOUS
H.1 NATIONAL MEDAL OF SCIENCE
In June of 1987 the President, in a Rose Garden
ceremony, awarded 20 National Medals of Science and
4 National Medals of Technology, the nation's highest
honor for achievement in mathematics, science and
engineering, and technology. There were 20 National
Medals of Science and 10 National Medals of Technology
awarded by the President in July of 1988. OSTP
provided staff support and implemented recommendations
by the President's Committee on the National Medal of
Science.
H.2 PRESIDENTIAL AWARDS FOR EXCELLENCE IN SCIENCE AND
MATHEMATICS TEACHING
In 1987 the President greeted the recipients of the
Presidential Awards for Excellence in Science and
Mathematics Teaching. A White House ceremony will be
held in 1988 for the awardees. OSTP provided staff
support and coordinated activities with the National
Science Foundation for the event. The award was
established by President Reagan in 1983 and represents
the highest honor that any mathematics or science
teacher can receive. The teachers were nominated by
their peers with final screening by a distinguished
panel of educators and scientists. The awards are
presented annually to science and mathematics teachers
selected from across the nation, two from each state,
the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Not only do
66
these awards focus national attention on the importance
of precollege science and mathematics education, they
also encourage increased local support and contribu-
tions from industry.
To reduce the shortage of college faculty in
engineering and science, NSF is administering the
Presidential Young Investigator Awards Program,
designed to induce outstanding young science and
engineering faculty to remain in academia rather than
leave for industry. The awards, including matching
funds from industry, provide up to $100,000 each year
for five years. Industry has responded enthusias-
tically with matching funds for over 70 percent of
the possible total. The first 200 awards (100 in
engineering) selected from 1,400 nominations were
announced in February 1984. In 1985, NSF gave 200
new awards; in 1986, 100. In 1987, there were 200
new awards.
H.3 MINORITY ISSUES IN S&T
OSTP and the White House Initiative on Historically
Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) jointly
sponsored an effort to increase the number of
minorities in science and engineering professions. An
advisory committee composed of business, science, and
black community leaders organized a September 1986
conference that examined the characteristics of HBCU
alliances with frontier sciences. By recognizing the
strengths of joint programs between minority schools
and national laboratories, major universities, or
corporate research programs, we are encouraging
emulation by federal agency programs, foundations, and
the private sector. The September conference was also
supported by Members of Congress and was capped by a
ceremony of recognition at the White House.
The groundwork was also laid for an ongoing task force
that will permit a three-year agency/corporate/
university approach to overcoming under-representation
of women, minorities, and the handicapped in science
and technology, as required under P.L. 99-383. The
first meeting was held in June of 1987.
H.4 FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT
In conjunction with the President's Competitiveness
Initiative announced in the February 1987 State of the
Union Address and the President's Superconductivity
67
Initiative, OSTP has assisted in providing protection
from the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) mandates for
scientific and technical data of commercial value.
Statutory changes have been proposed via Title IV of
the Superconductivity Competitiveness Act of 1988 sent
to the Congress in February 1988. Title IV would
provide protection for certain commercially valuable
scientific and technical information generated in
federal government-owned and -operated laboratories.
In particular, it recognizes that commercially valuable
scientific and technical information generated in
federal facilities loses potential commercial value
when it is released indiscriminately under FOIA.
Mandatory disclosure of such information under FOIA may
encourage U.S. competitors to exploit the U.S. science
and technology base rather than making investments in
their own research and development infrastructure. The
Title is not intended to end the U.S. tradition of
sharing the benefits of our excellence in science and
technology; it merely provides that the Freedom of
Information Act may not always be the appropriate or
the best avenue for doing so.
Title IV sets forth the conditions that must be met in
order for an agency to withhold scientific or technical
information from an FOIA request. First, the agency
head or his or her designee must determine that the
requested information was generated in a wholly or
partly owned and operated government laboratory or
similar facility. Second a determination must be made
that the information has commercial value. Laboratory
research that has potential for commercial application
clearly has commercial value. Finally, a determination
must be made that disclosure of this information could
be reasonably expected to cause harm to the economic
competitiveness of the United States. Because it would
be unrealistic to expect such a determination to be
made with absolute certainty, the proposed statute
requires only that a determination be made that
disclosure "could be reasonably expected" to cause
harm. This determination will be made by the agency in
possession of the information. The proposed statue's
purpose--preventing the wholesale disclosure of
information that could harm the "economic competitive-
ness" of the United States--is the result of a growing
realization that although the United States is a leader
in laboratory breakthroughs, it may not have sufficient
mechanisms or incentives in place to encourage U.S.
firms to commercialize those discoveries and
68
improvements. Title IV will aid in assuring that U.S.
leadership in science translates into leadership in
commerce.
H.5 SCIENCE APPOINTMENT CANDIDATES
OSTP continues to work with the Office of Presidential
Personnel to identify highly qualified candidates for a
range of top-level science appointments. These have
included all the Presidential appointments to the
National Science Foundation, the National Science
Board, and key positions in the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, Department of Energy,
Department of Commerce, and Department of Defense.
OSTP has also helped select numerous committees,
boards, and commissions set up by the President or
Congress.
69
AppENdix C
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
PERSONNEL SUMMARY
INDIVIDUAL/
POSITION TITLE
GRADE
TYPE OF APPOINTMENT
PAS
Dr. William R. Graham, Jr.
EL II
Science Advisor to the President
and Director, OSTP
Dr. Thomas P. Rona
EL III
Associate Director
SES (Non-Career)
Ms. Michelle K. Van Cleave
SES 2
Assistant Director and
Counselor
Schedule C
Ms. Marian Nida
GS 12
Confidential Secretary to the
Science Advisor to the
President and Director, OSTP
Ms. Sally Sherman
Assistant to the Executive
GS 12
Director
Career
Mrs. Barbara J. Diering
GS 12
Special Assistant
Miss Nancy Clark
GS 9
Secretary
Ms. Ruth Fisher
GS 10
Secretary
Mrs. Elsie Patterson
GS 8
Secretary
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
PERSONNEL SUMMARY
OTHER THAN PERMANENT OSTP
TYPE OF APPOINTMENT/
INDIVIDUAL/
DEPARTMENT
POSITION TITLE
GRADE
Career/DOE
Dr. Beverly J. Berger
GS 15
Detailee
Assistant Director for
Life Sciences
Career/DOC
Sara R. Bowden
GS 13
Detailee
Policy Analyst
Career/DOE
Dr. Janet V. Dorigan
GS 15
Detailee
Senior Policy Analyst
Joann Hilty
GS 10
Career/Interior
Detailee
Secretary
Career/CIA
Pat Neuhardt
IS 3
Detailee
Secretary
Career/OMB
Dr. Robert L. Post
GS 15
Detailee
Special Assistant to the
Director for Budgetary
Review
Career/NSF
Deborah L. Wince
GS 15
Detailee
Assistant Director for
International Affairs
Military/USAF
Thomas J. Bishop
LtCol
Detailee
Military Assistant to the
Deputy Director and
Senior Policy Analyst
Dr. R. Joseph DeSutter
LtCol
Military/USAF
Detailee
Military Assistant to the
Director and Executive
Director
John F. O'Neil
LtCol
Military/USMC
Detailee
Senior Policy Analyst
2
TYPE OF APPOINTMENT/
INDIVIDUAL/
DEPARTMENT
POSITION TITLE
GRADE
Schedule C/AID
Mary Catherine English
GS 15
Detailee
Director for Public Affairs
Schedule C/ACTION
Jonina L. Lance
GS 8
Detailee
Secretary
Temporary/OSTP
Kathleen Bernard
WOC
1/
AEA Fellow
Senior Policy Analyst
Temporary/OSTP
William Owczarski
WOC 1/
Consultant
Senior Policy Analyst
Temporary/OSTP
Robert Schaefer
WOC 1/
IRI Fellow
Senior Policy Analyst
Temporary/OSTP
Jack Simon
WOC 1/
SAE Fellow
Senior Policy Analyst
Military/USA
Dr. Steven Harrison
Major
Liaison Officer
(DNA Representative)
Military/USA
Wayne Murphy
LtCol
Liaison Officer
(SDIO Representative)
1/ WOC: Without Compensation
AppENDix D
THE WHITE HOUSE SCIENCE COUNCIL
Dr. Solomon J. Buchsbaum, Chairman
Executive Vice President
Customer Systems
AT&T Bell Laboratories
Holmdel, New Jersey
Dr. Edward A. Frieman, Vice Chairman
Director
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
La Jolla, California
Dr. Harold M. Agnew
GA Technologies, Inc.
San Diego, California
William G. Anlyan, M.D.
Chancellor
Duke University
Durham, North Carolina
Dr. D. Allan Bromley
Henry Ford II Professor
Physics Department
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut
Dr. Edward E. David, Jr.
EED, Inc.
Bedminster, New Jersey
Dr. John M. Deutch
Provost
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Dr. William L. Fisher
Chairman, Department of Geological
Sciences
University of Texas
Austin, Texas
Donald S. Fredrickson, M.D.
DSF Associates, Inc.
Bethesda, Maryland
Dr. Ralph E. Gomory
Senior Vice President for
Science and Technology
IBM Corporation
Armonk, New York
Bernadine P. Healy, M.D.
Chairman of the Research Institute
The Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Cleveland, Ohio
Dr. Thomas E. Lovejoy
Assistant Secretary for External
Affairs
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, D.C.
Mr. Sanford N. McDonnell
Chairman Emeritus
McDonnell Douglas Corporation
St. Louis, Missouri
Mr. David Packard
Chairman of the Board
Hewlett-Packard Company
Palo Alto, California
Dr. Isadore M. Singer
Institute Professor
Department of Mathematics
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Dr. Edward Teller
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
University of California
Livermore, California
and
Hoover Institution on War,
Revolution and Peace
Stanford, California
Dr. Dean A. Watkins
Chairman and Director
Watkins-Johnson Company
Palo Alto, California
January 1989
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
CHARTER
WHITE HOUSE SCIENCE COUNCIL
1.
Committee's Official Designation:
White House Science Council (WHSC)
2.
Objectives and scope of Activities and Duties:
The purpose of the WHSC is to advise the
Director, Office of Science and Technology
Policy (OSTP), on science and technology
issues of national concern.
In furtherance of this mission the WHSC
shall concern itself with specific issues
assigned by the Director, OSTP, and will
keep him informed of changing perspectives
in the science and technology communities.
3. Duration:
The Council will terminate on December 31, 1989,
unless sooner extended.
4.
Official to Whom the Council Reports:
The WHSC will report to the Director, OSTP.
5.
Agency Responsible for Providing Necessary
Support for this Council:
Office of Science and Technology Policy.
6.
Description of Duties:
The duties of the Council are solely advisory and
are stated in paragraph 2 above.
7. Costs:
The estimated annual operating cost of the Council
is $50,000.
2
8. Estimated Number and Frequency of Meetings:
The White House Science Council shall normally
meet six times each year at regular intervals, and
at such other times as may be called by the
Director, OSTP. In addition, 10-15 meetings each
year by subgroups are anticipated.
9. Subgroups:
Subgroups may be formed to conduct studies on
specific issues assigned by the Director, OSTP.
10. Members:
WHSC members shall be appointed by the Director,
OSTP. That appointment shall be subject to
review every 365 days unless terminated earlier.
The WHSC shall consist of no more than 20 members.
The Director, OSTP shall appoint a Chairman and
Vice Chairman from the members of the Council.
The Council shall utilize additional technical
experts as needed to constitute its panels and
study groups. These technical experts shall be
appointed by the Director, OSTP, and shall be
for the duration of the panel upon which the
Associate Member serves or 365 days, whichever
is sooner, unless terminated earlier by the
Director.
This Charter for the Advisory Committee named above is
hereby approved on:
Date:
December 16 1987
Jonathan F. Thompson
Committee Management Officer
Date filed:
December 21, 1987
A PP Endix E
FEDERAL COORDINATING COUNCIL
ON SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (FCCSET)
FCCSET Committee on International Science, Engineering, and
Technology (CISET)
Purpose is to coordinate among agencies on policy matters
relating to international science and technology. It will
provide technical oversight on major programs, advise on
broad policy issues for international S&T cooperation,
identify issues with international implications, and
identify areas of opportunity for new international science
initiatives. Lead agency - OSTP.
Committee on Earth Sciences
Addresses the overall effectiveness and productivity of
federal research efforts for understanding of the Earth as a
global system. Lead agency - USGS.
Committee on Life Sciences
Provides a central forum for overall interagency policy
coordination and guidance and for the exchange of
information regarding the federal programs, policies, and
procedures relating to the life sciences. Lead agency -
OSTP.
Biotechnology Science Coordinating Committee
Coordinating forum for scientific issues related to
biotechnology. Lead agency - NIH.
FCCSET Committee on Computer Research and Applications
Committee consists of three subcommittees focused on all
aspects of computer research, ensuring U.S. retains
leadership in high performance computing; addresses
mechanisms by which increasing numbers of researchers have
access to state-of-the-art supercomputing; provides
coordination among agencies as contributors to the U.S.
computing technology base; supports current U.S.-Japan S&T
Agreement implementation as well as other interagency policy
issues. Lead agency - OSTP.
FCCSET Committee on Materials (COMAT)
Purpose is to coordinate R&D in field of materials and
materials processing, to identify issues which impact this
field, and to raise any issues to the attention of the
Director of OSTP. Lead agency - OSTP.
PUBLIC LAW 94-282-MAY 11, 1976
90 STAT. 471
TITLE IV-FEDERAL COORDINATING COUNCIL FOR
SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY
ESTABLISHMENT AND FUNCTIONS
SEC. 401. (a) There isestablished the Federal Coordinating Coun- 42 USC 6651.
il for Science. Engineering, and Technology (hereinafter referred to
AS the "Council").
(b) The Council shall be composed of the Director of the Office of Membership.
Science and Technology Policy and one representative of each of the
following Federal agencies: Department of Agriculture, Department
of Commerce, Department of Defense, Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare, Department of Housing and Urban Development,
Department of the Interior, Department of State, Department of
Transportation, Veterans' Administration, National Aeronautics and
Space Administration. National Science Foundation, Environmental
Protection Agency. and Energy Research and Development Adminis-
tration. Each such representative shall be an official of policy rank
designated by the head of the Federal agency concerned.
(c) The Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy Chairman.
shall serve as Chairman of the Council. The Chairman may designate
another member of the Council to act temporarily in the Chairman's
absence as Chairman.
(d) The Chairman may (1) request the head of any Federal agency
not named in subsection (b) of this section to designate a represent-
ative to participate in meetings or parts of meetings of the Council
concerned with matters of substantial interest to such agency, and (2)
invite other persons to attend meetings of the Council.
(e) The Council shall consider problems and developments in the
fields of science, engineering, and technology and related activities
affecting more than one Federal agency, and shall recommend policies
and other measures designed to-
(1) provide more effective planning and administration of Fed-
eral scientific, engineering. and technological programs,
(2) identify research needs including areas requiring addi-
tional emphasia,
(3) achieve more effective utilization of the scientific, engineer-
ing. and technological resources and facilities of Federal agencies,
including the elimination of unwarranted duplication, and
(4) further international cooperation in science, engineering,
and technology.
(f) The Council shall perform such other related advisory duties as
shall be assigned by the President or by the Chairman.
(g) For the purpose of carrying out. the provisions of this section,
each Federal agency represented on the Council shall furnish neces-
sary assistance to the Council. Such assistance may include-
(1) detailing employees to the Council to perform such fune-
tions, consistent with the purposes of this section, as the Chairman
may assign to them, and
(2) undertaking, upon request of the Chairman, such special
studies for the Council as come within the functions herein
Subcommittees
(h) assigned. For the purpose of conducting studies and making reports as
and panels,
directed by the Chairman, standing subcommittees and panels of the
establishment.
Council may be established.
ABOLITION OF FEDERAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
42 USC 1862
SEC. 402. The Federal Council for Science and Technology, estab-
Dote.
lished pursuant to Executive Order 10807, issued March 13, 1959, as
42 USC 1862
amended by Executive Order 11381, issued November 8, 1967, is hereby
note.
abolished.
OSTP Key Interagency Relationships
Arms Control Experts Group
Summit and Ministerial related; as appropriate. Lead agency
- Interagency Group.
Interagency Committee for Federal Laboratory Technology
Transfer
Purpose is to monitor progress relative to Technology
Transfer Act of 1986 and E.O. 12591. Lead agency -
Department of Commerce.
Interagency Group on Supercomputers
This group deals with such current supercomputer issues as
export control policy, licensing of supercomputers for
proscribed countries, market access (in Japan) of U.S.
supercomputer vendors, and predatory pricing issues. Lead
agency - OSTP.
Trade Policy Review Group
Purpose is to coordinate trade and international economic
policies among agencies. OSTP participates when issues
relating to international science and technology, including
protection of intellectual property rights, are discussed.
Lead agency - Office of the United States Trade
Representative.
President's Committee on the National Medal of Science
The Science Adviser to the President is an ex-officio
member. Lead agency - a Presidential nominating committee
operating under the auspices of OSTP and supported by the
National Science Foundation.
OSTP Key Interagency Relationships
Joint Telecommunications Resources Board (JTRB)
On July 30, 1984, the Director, OSTP, established the Joint
Telecommunications Resources Board (JTRB) in accordance with
E.O. 12472. The Board consists of the following members:
Director, OSTP (Chairman), Department of Defense, Department
of Commerce, General Services Administration, Federal
Emergency Management Agency, Federal Communications
Commission, National Communications System. An SOP is now
ready for approval by the Board.
The National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee
(NSTAC) meets semiannually to advise the President. The NSC
coordinates and OSTP participates. NSTAC IX met on
September 30, 1988. NSTAC X is expected to meet during May
1989, and the activities of its subcommittees will be
monitored in preparation for the next meeting.
An Interagency Communications Coordinating Group of
Continuity of Government communications agencies is being
formed with OSTP as chair and NCS as the secretariat. Terms
of Reference have been drafted and are pending approval at a
December 8, 1988, meeting.
Lead agency - OSTP.
AppENdix F
II. SUMMARY OVERVIEW
The total FY 1990 budget request of $2,908,000 for the
Office of Science and Technology Policy includes a new
base support level of $2,548,000, and $360,000 for
proposed new initiatives, many of which are legisla-
tively mandated. The portion of the request for base
support covers an increase in permanent staff from the
current ceiling of 15 to a requested new ceiling of 24.
The higher level of permanent staff is the minimum
required to handle the expected workload in FY 1990,
and to ensure that policy decisions of the next
Administration are made and implemented by full-time
permanent staff, rather than by individuals temporarily
detailed from other government agencies or institutions
in the private sector. We anticipate that increased
efforts will be needed on competitiveness issues, and on
cross-cutting issues such as global climate change. This
level of funding will strengthen the contribution of
science and technology to our nation by strengthening the
essential role of OSTP in coordinating the science and
technology policy of the Administration.
The current ceiling of 15 permanent staff, in addition to
the Director, is sufficient to provide, for example, for
administrative support staff (4), senior executive staff
(4) and core secretarial support (7). As can be seen,
this ceiling is insufficient to provide for any permanent
technical staff, or senior policy analysts.
At present, three of the four Assistant Directors are
detailees, so that funds are thereby available for
additional detailees to serve as technical and
secretarial staff. If this approach were not taken,
there would be insufficient funds for policy analysts
within OSTP. In addition, the Executive Director and
the Public Affairs Representative also have part of
their salaries paid by outside agencies, to ensure
that OSTP can live within the FY 1988 and FY 1989
budget limits.
The requested level of 24 permanent staff is adequate
to cover a core group of administrative staff, policy
analysts and support staff. In addition to the Director,
this increased level of personnel could cover administra-
tive support staff (5), policy and executive staff (9)
and core secretarial support (10).
Within the base request of $2.5 million, there is
sufficient funding (0.4 million) to provide 50% salary
support for 18 detailees, including special assistants
and technical staff (13) and support secretaries (5).
2
The structure of permanent staff and detailees includes
a ratio of about 2:1 for professional staff to
secretaries - an appropriate value for the nature of
the work, and the workload conducted by OSTP.
As can be seen, the major issue for the base level of
support of $2.5 million is essentially one of policy:
should a major Executive Office of the President agency
be staffed primarily by permanent OSTP staff, serving
at the pleasure of the President, or by detailees? The
level of requested staffing, while austere, will be
adequate to fulfill the required policy-making role,
since the emphasis, will be primarily on quality of
personnel rather than quantity. It should also be noted
that the requested level of FY 1990 funding in real
dollars is about the same, in real terms, as the average
level of support for the years FY 1983-86, which also is
$2.5 million in 1990 dollars. This level of base support
still represents a level of funding well below levels
prior to FY 1981.
It should be noted that the $2,548,000 of our request is
for the increase of personnel and their associated
operational costs. The remaining $360,000 is for four
new areas described below, not previously funded, which
OSTP will oversee during FY 1990.
The first area is full operational and associated costs
for the White House Science Council. The Council was
established to advise the Science Adviser (in his capacity
as Director of the OSTP) on science and technology
issues of national concern and to keep him informed of
changing perspectives in the science and technology
communities. Although the activities of the Council
have always been under the direction of the Director,
it's associated optional costs have been funded by the
National Science Foundation. It is felt that the
Foundation should not be burdened with this responsi-
bility and that its total direction and funding should
be borne by the OSTP. An amount of $90,000 has been
placed in the FY 1990 budget for costs associated with
the Council. (cf. pages 15 and 16)
The second area concerns OSTP's increased responsibilities
in international science and technology cooperation
for example:
CHINA
OSTP has the lead for US-China Science and Technology
cooperation, and the President's Science Adviser is
the US co-chairman for the annual meetings of the Joint
Science and Technology Commission called for in the
umbrella bilateral agreement. In FY 1990 the meeting
3
will be held in China, in Beijing, with site visits
elsewhere. Based on the precedent of the 1987 Joint
Commission Meeting in Beijing, where the US delegation
numbered approximately 30, OSTP will fund six persons
of the delegation and support staff.
JAPAN
OSTP led the successful negotiation of a new US-Japan
Head of State Science and Technology Agreement in FY 88.
This agreement calls for a three-tiered policy oversight
and management structure to ensure satisfactory progress
toward the new relationship called for in the agreement.
The three bodies established by the agreement meet
alternately in the US and Japan.
a. Joint Working Level Committee (JWLC). the JWLC
meets twice a year, once in Japan and once in the US, to
review the substantive work programs and recommend any
changes. The FCCSET committee have the responsibility
for the US side of assessing the technical merits of the
US-Japan cooperative activities; the chairmen of those
committees will participate in the JWLC. OSTP incurs no
significant cost when the meetings are held in Washington.
However, for meetings in Tokyo, OSTP will be required to
provide the necessary funding for five staff members.
b. Joint High Level Committee (JHLC). The Director,
OSTP, is the US Co-chairman of the JHLC, and the Assistant
Director for International Affairs is a member of the
committee. The FY 1990 meeting will be held in Tokyo.
OSTP will fund the participation of the two principals
named above, plus three FCCSET committee chairmen, plus
two staff support persons.
C. The Joint High Level Advisory Panel consists of
eminent leaders in science and engineering and science
policy from outside of government who will advise the
co-chairman on new directions for the overall bilateral
science and technology relationship. This panel is
scheduled to meet twice a year, once in each capital.
The panel for each side will consist of five persons.
Many, if not all, of the US panelists are likely to reside
outside of the Washington, D. C. area, so the OSTP will
incur travel expenses even for the US-hosted meetings.
OSTP, as the convening agency for the US side, will cover
the expenses of the US panelists, plus the participation
of two OSTP staff members at each meeting.
An amount of $193,000 has been requested for activities
regarding US-China and US-Japan. (cf. pages 15 and 16)
4
To enhance the competitiveness of American industry,
and for other purposes, the Trade Bill (H.R. 4848)
(now P.L. 100-418) established a National Advisory
Committee on Semiconductors (NACS), Section 5142.
OSTP has been designated as one of the 13 members,
and was assigned the task of assisting the President
in the selection of 8 members outside the Federal
Government. These individuals are to be eminent in
the semiconductor industry and in the fields of
technology, defense, and economic development. The
OSTP is requesting $77,000 to assist in meeting it's
obligation for the NACS. (cf. pages 15 and 16)
In summary, because of the increasing critical need
for science and technology policy expertise within
the Executive Office of the President, the White
House, and the entire government and the established
expansion of responsibilities for OSTP in recent
years, the requested level of funding of $2,908,000
for FY 1990 is prudent, and cost-effective.
5
Executive Office of the President
Office of Science and Technology Policy
BUDGET OVERVIEW
(IN THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS)
Estimated
Estimated
Estimated
Net Change
FY 1988
FY 1989
FY 1990
FY 89 - 90
Budget Authority:
Appropriation
1,888
1,587
2,908
1,321
FTE Employment:
FTP
15
15
24
9
Total FTE
23
20
29
9
6
Executive Office of the President
Office of Science and Technology Policy
HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF APPROPRIATIONS
In Constant Dollars
Fiscal Years 1978 - 1990
(IN THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS)
4,800
4,737
4,400
4,187
4,048
4,000
3,600
3,200
2,908
7
2,892
2,730
2,800
2,522
2,336
2,355
2,400
2,130
2,060
2,030
2,000
1,644
1,600
1,200
800
400
0
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Executive Office of the President
Office of Science and Technology Policy
HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF APPROPRIATIONS
Fiscal Years 1978 - 1990
(IN THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS)
2,908
3,000
2,800
2,600
2,625
2,600
2,496
2,334
2,400
2,217
2,200
2,063
1,950
1,923
2,000
1,863
1,888
8
1,800
1,576
1,587
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
III. APPROPRIATION LANGUAGE
Executive Office of the President
Office of Science and Technology Policy
Salaries and Expenses
For necessary expenses of the Office of Science and
Technology Policy, in carrying out the purposes of the
National Science and Technology Policy, Organization,
and Priorities Act of 1976 (42 U.S.C. 6601 and 6671),
hire of passenger motor vehicles, services as authorized
by 5 U.S.C. 3109, not to exceed $52,000 for official
receptions, expenses, and rental of conference rooms in
the District of Columbia, and $1,500 for the Director's
representation, [$1,587,000] $2,908,000. Provided,
That the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall
reimburse other agencies for not less than one-half of
the personnel compensation costs of individuals
detailed to it. (Department of Housing and Urban
Development-Independent Agencies Appropriations Act,
1989)
9
TTM sise
STANDARD FORM 300
# point = prem
July 1964, Bureau of the Budget
Office of Science and Technology Policy
Car 180
Circular No. A-11, Revised.
Salaries and Expenses
Red underscore
300 101
Care no
Program and Financing (in thousands of dollars)
88
89
w
no
19 90
Identification code
11-2600-0-1-802
notes)
estimate
- male
Program by activities:
00.01 Direct program: Administrative
support
1,888
1,587
2,908
---
---
01.01 Reimbursable program
10.00
Total obligations
1,888
1,587
2,908
Financing:
11.00 Offsetting collections from:
---
---
---
Federal funds
---
---
Unobligated balance lapsing
---
25.00
40.00
Budget authority
(appropriation)
1,888
1,587
2,908
Relation of obligations to outlays:
71.00
Obligations incurred, net
1,888
1,587
2,504
Obligated balance, start of year
1,222
1,215
1,175
72.40
74.40
Obligated balance, end of year
-1,215
-1,175
-1,586
---
---
77.00
Adjustments in expired accounts
---
90.00
Outlays
1,895
1,627
2,497
10
(Mone - a
(Mone - 2)
or -
(Mem - as
Office of Science and Technology Policy
Program and Performance
The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)
provides advice to the President concerning policies
in science and technology and on the utilization of
science and technology in addressing important national
problems. The OSTP operations include support to other
Executive Office of the President organizations on
issues with science and technology considerations;
review and analysis, of research and development
budgets for all Federal agencies; coordination of
research and development programs of the Federal
Government; advise the President and the National
Security Council on scientific and technological issues
relating to security matters; and other activities
necessary to carry out the duties, functions, and
activities described in Public Law 94-282, the National
Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and
Priorities Act of 1976.
11
Type sise
STANDARD FORM 300
8 point = preas
July 1964, Bureau of the Budget
Office of Science and Technology Policy
Car 180
Circular No. A-11, Revised.
Red underscore
Salaries and Expenses
300 101
Cam no
Object Classification (in thousands of dollars)
88
89
19
20
90
Identification made
astual
entimate
estimate
11-2600-0-1-802
Direct obligations:
Personnel compensation:
Full-time permanent
726
535
1,103
11.1
11.3
Other than full-time permanent
30
20
20
11.5
Other personnel compensation
10
10
20
11.8
Special personal services
251
199
437
payments
11.9
Total personnel compensation
1,017
764
1,580
12.1 Personnel benefits: Civilian
65
90
166
21.0
Travel and transportation of
105
85
399
persons
Transportation of things
3
3
3
22.0
Rental Payments to GSA
436
442
449
23.1
23.3 Communications, utilities, and
miscellaneous charges
119
118
122
Printing and reproduction
15
10
15
24.0
Other services
48
40
114
25.0
26.0
Supplies and materials
35
30
35
45
5
25
31.0
Equipment
Subtotal, direct obligations
1,888
1,587
2,908
99.0
---
---
99.0
Reimbursable obligations
---
99.9
Total obligations
1,888
1,587
2,908
m1-4% mini
12
(Mone - 5)
as ⑉ -
or -
(Mone mt: sub
TYPE sise
STANDARD FORM 300
8 point = PMM
July 1964, Bureau of the Budget
Office of Science and Technology Policy
Car 180
Circular No. A-11, Revised.
Salaries and Expenses
Red underscore
see 101
Case no
Personnel Summary
88
89
n
10
19 90
Idea lification made
notmal
estimate
esti make
11-2600-0-1-802
Total number of full-time permanent
15
15
24
positions
Total Compensable workyears:
Full-time equivalent employment
23
20
29
Full-time equivalent of overtime
1
1
1
and holiday hours
1
13
(Mm - a
(Mone east: 5)
(Mone -
a will ¥
Type size :
STANDARD FORM 306
6 point
July 1968, Bureau of the Budget
14th pleas
Circular No. A-11. Revised.
Pol. Dt. solid
206-100
Office of Science and Technology Policy
Salaries and Expenses
DETAIL OF PERMANENT POSITIONS
11-2600-0-1-802
19 88
19 89
19
actual
estimate
esti:
Executive Level II
1
1
1
Executive Level III
1
1
1
Subtotal
2
2
2
1
1
0
ES-6
0
0
2
ES-3
1
3
4
ES-2
2
0
0
ES-1
Subtotal
4
4
6
0
0
4
GS-14
3
3
3
GS-12
1
1
1
GS-10
0
2
4
GS-9
2
1
1
GS-8
3
2
3
GS-7
Subtotal
9
9
16
Total permanent positions
15
15
24
---
---
---
Unfilled positions, end of year
Total permanent employment, end of year
15
15
24
I isso
14
(Mone met 18.8)
(Mone cast: (3)
(Mone east: (9)
(Mone C
IV. EXPLANATION AND JUSTIFICATION OF CHANGES BY
OBJECT CLASS FOR FY 1990
Executive Office of the President
Office of Science and Technology Policy
(in thousands of dollars)
I. Increases to Maintain Current Services and Requests Levels 1,321
FY 89 FY 90
$ 854 $1,746 Personnel compensation and benefits
$ 892
This funding amount will provide for
a staffing level of 24 full-time
permanent (FTP) and 29 full-time
equivalent (FTE).
$
85 $ 399 Travel and transportation of persons
$ 314
An increase of $314,000 is anticipated
in this category due to increased
costs associated with airline fares,
especially foreign travel, and per
diem rates. ($117,000)
The increase will not only provide
travel for the OSTP staff but meetings
of the following major programs in
FY 1990: (1) the US-China Science and
Technology Cooperation ($45,000);
(2) the US-Japan Joint Working Level
and High Level Advisory Panels
($92,000); (3) the National Advisory
Committee on Semiconductors ($70,000);
(4) the White House Science Council
($75,000).
$
3 $
Transportation of things
$
0
3
There is no change to this category.
The existing funding level is
sufficient to cover the cost of
commercial courier services and
transportation companies.
$ 442 $ 449 Rental Payments to GSA (SLUC)
$
7
No additional space is being requested
for FY 1990. However, due to an
increase in the cost of office space
charges by GSA, an additional $7 is
requested.
15
FY 89
FY 90
$ 118
$ 122 Communications, utilities, and
$
4
miscellaneous charges
Our request will provide for OSTP's
area commercial utilities primarily
telephone (AT&T and FTS service), GSA
after-hour utilities, postage, and the
cost of data lines and other communica-
tion links between OSTP, all EOP
agencies, and the science community at
large.
$
10 $ 15 Printing and reproduction
$ 5
These funds provide for the government
and commercial printing requirements
including publication charges for the
Federal Register. The increased funding
level is sufficient to meet OSTP's
printing requirements.
$ 74
$ 40 $ 114 Other services
Our request for this line item will
provide for normal maintenance costs
of reproduction and ADP equipment and
the cost of subscriptions to commer-
cial data based systems. ($36,000)
Also funded under this category are
anticipated costs for operational
support for the programs:
-- US-China Cooperation: $20,000
Representation and $8,500 other services.
-- US-Japan Trade Agreement: $20,000
Representation and $7,500 other services.
-- National Advisory Committee on Semi-
conductors: $2,000 Representation and
$5,000 other services.
-- White House Science Council: $10,000
Representation and $5,000 other services.
$ 5
$
30
$
35
Supplies and materials
OSTP's use of traditional office
supplies has decreased while the
need for specialized office supplies
such as off-the-shelf software and
ADP supplies has increased. The
increased funding level is sufficient
and will allow us to meet this change
as office automation becomes more
integral to our operation.
16
FY 89 FY 90
$
20
$ 5 $ 25 Equipment
In an effort to increase OSTP's
efficiency and enhance communica-
tion, a major drive was completed in
FY 1987 and 1988 to purchase ADP
equipment. This equipment allows
OSTP to reduce dependence upon
personnel resources and allows
increased compatibility with the EOP
information network. The funding
level of $25,000 will assist in pro-
viding additional equipment for the
increase in FTE's and continue to
provide for purchases which enhance
existing equipment and replace out-
dated office equipment.
$ 1,321
$1,587 $2,908 Total all object classes
17
Executive Office of the President
Office of Science and Technology Policy
SUMMARY OF CHANGES FROM FY 1989 TO FY 1990
BY OBJECT CLASS
(IN THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS)
FY 1989 BUDGET AUTHORITY
$1,587
Increases
Decreases
CURRENT PROPOSED FY 1990
$2,908
816
0
Personnel compensation
Personnel benefits
76
0
Total compensation and benefits
892
0
Travel and transportation of persons
314
0
0
0
18
Transportation of things
7
0
Rental payments to GSA
Comm., util., and misc. charges
4
0
Printing and reproduction
5
0
Other services
74
0
Supplies and materials
5
0
20
0
Equipment
1,321
0
Total
Net Increase/Decrease
1,321
Executive Office of the President
Office of Science and Technology Policy
SUMMARY OF BUDGET AUTHORITY BY OBJECT CLASS
FY 1988-1990
BUDGET OVERVIEW
(in thousands of dollars)
Estimated
Estimated
Estimated
Net Change
FY 1988
FY 1989
FY 1990
FY 89 - 90
Personnel compensation:
Full-time permanet
726
535
1,103
568
Other than full-time permanent
30
20
20
0
Other personnel compensation
10
10
20
10
Special persopnal services payments
251
199
437
238
Total personnel compensation
1,017
764
1,580
816
Personnel benefits: Civilian
65
90
166
76
Total compensation and benefits
1,082
854
1,746
892
Travel and transportation of persons
105
85
399
314
Transportation of things
3
3
3
0
Rental payment to GSA
436
442
449
7
Comm.. util., and misc.. chgs.
119
118
122
4
Printing and reproduction
15
10
15
5
Other services
48
40
114
74
Supplies and materials
35
30
35
5
Equipment
45
5
25
20
Subtotal. direct obligations
1,888
1,587
2.908
1,321
Reimbursable obligations
0
0
0
0
Lapse
0
0
0
0
Budget Authority
1,888
1,587
2,908
1,321
19
Executive Office of the President
Office of Science and Technology Policy
FUNDING BY OBJECT CLASS
Fiscal Years 1989 - 1990
(IN THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS)
Supplies &
Supplies &
Other
Other
Materials
Materials
Equipment
Services
Services
35
30
5
40
114
(1.2%)
Equipment
(1.9%)
(.3%)
25
Printing
(2.5%)
Printing
(3.9%)
(.9%)
10
15
Comm.
(5%)
Comm.
(.5%)
Utilities &
Utilities &
Misc.
Misc.
118
122
(7.4%)
(4.2%)
Rental
Payments
Personnel
to GSA
20
Compensation
449
764
(15.5%)
Rental
(48.1%)
Personnel
Compensation
Payments
1,580
to GSA
442
(54.3%)
(27.9%)
Transport-
Travel
ation of
399
Things
(13.7%)
3
(.1%)
M
Transport-
ation of
Things
Travel
Personnel
3
85
Benefits
Personnel
(.2%)
166
(5.4%)
Benefits
90
(5.7%)
(5.7%)
FY 1990
FY 1989