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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
1999-0093-F; 2005-0336-F
2005-0336-F
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This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
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George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
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Bromley, D. Allan, Files
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Organization Files - NASA
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62074
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62074-006
Folder Title:
Physical Sciences: Space - NASA - EOS [Earth Observing System] [1991]
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"Document Control"
TYPE: Information
DOCUMENT NUMBER: 9129307
ORIGINATOR: 03
STATUS
DIRECTORATE STATUS C
FROM: Richard Truly; NASA
TO: DAB
DATE OF
CORRESPONDENCE: 12/26/91
SUBJECT: NASA has completed its restructuring of EOS. Report
enclosed.
DIRECTORATE
STAFF
ASSIGNED:
ASSIGNED:
ACTION
STAFF
REQUIRED:
ACTION:
SENDER'S DUE DATE:
OSTP DUE DATE:
STAFF DUE DATE
DATE COMPLETED:
DATE COMPLETED/DEPT:
COPIES TO:
WHITE HOUSE TRACKING #:
CONTACT PERSON:
PHONE:
EXT:
REMARKS:
OSTP RECEIVED:
DEPT RECEIVED: 12/31/91
FILE: PS-SPC-NASA-EOS
CENTRAL FILES:
NASA
5280 I 307
ES
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
RECEIVED
Washington, D.C.
20546
DEC 26 1991
Office of the Administrator
SIDEOS All: 34
OST?
The Honorable D. Allan Bromley
MAIL ROOM
Assistant to the President
for Science and Technology and
Director, Office of Science and
Technology Policy
Executive Office of the President
Washington, DC 20506
Dear Dr. Bromley: alley
I am pleased to inform you that the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration has completed its restructuring of the Earth Observing System
(EOS) program. I have enclosed for you and your staff a report describing the
technical and programmatic elements of both the restructuring process and the
restructured EOS program itself.
NASA conducted an effort over the last few months to restructure the EOS
program to fly the EOS instruments on intermediate and small spacecraft. In this
restructuring, we sought to preserve the highest priority science goals of the U.S.
Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) and the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC). As such, the EOS instruments and spacecraft will focus
on the key issue of global change research: to determine the extent, causes, and
regional consequences of global climate change. The restructured program
includes many of the recommendations of the EOS scientists, and it is fully
consistent with the recommendations of a number of other external groups,
including the EOS Engineering Review Committee (chaired by Dr. Edward
Frieman) and Congress.
The restructured EOS program is more robust and flexible, and it
accommodates the funding guidelines outlined by the Congress as part of the
FY 1992 budget. Although some instruments will fly later than originally planned,
the new configuration of spacecraft will allow us to accelerate the initiation of some
important measurements compared to the original schedule. It also maintains our
strong commitment to international cooperation in global change research,
particularly with the European Space Agency, Canada, and Japan.
2
The restructured EOS program is an important part of Mission to Planet
Earth (MTPE), providing critical space-based measurements for the USGCRP. It is
also integrated into a carefully planned set of international global change research
efforts. I would be pleased to arrange a briefing for you and your staff on the
current status of the restructured program and its contribution to global change
research. Please do not hesitate to contact me if I can be of further assistance.
Sincerely,
Richard H. Truly
Administrator
Enclosure
THE RESTRUCTURING OF THE EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM
NASA has completed the restructuring of the Earth Observing System (EOS) from a
program in which the instruments were to be flown on a series of large platforms to
one in which the instruments will fly on intermediate-sized and smaller spacecraft. The
restructuring was undertaken (i) to provide the EOS program with greater resilience
and flexibility; (ii) to adjust the program to the reduced levels of funding expected from
the Congress; and (iii) to take advantage of new launch opportunities for the EOS
spacecraft, particularly, the expected availability of Atlas IIAS launch vehicles from the
west coast. The restructuring effort was guided, in part, by the report of the EOS
Engineering Review Committee chaired by Dr. E. Frieman (the Frieman Committee),
and the results of the restructuring are wholly consistent with its recommendations.
Further, the restructured program fully meets NASA's commitments under the Space
Station Freedom international agreements for the polar platforms.
The following sections, and the accompanying figures, describe the essential
outcome of the restructuring effort. Further details on each of these sections are
available.
The Evolution of the Payload: NASA has undertaken a systematic process, involving
input from the Frieman Committee and a thorough review and analysis by EOS
investigators, to determine the optimum payloads for intermediate-size and small-size
EOS spacecraft. Figure 1 illustrates the evolution of the payloads during this
restructuring exercise.
The outer edge of the figure illustrates the baseline EOS program, prior to
restructuring. Each of the instruments is listed by its acronym, which is defined on an
accompanying page. The instruments in the upper portion were to fly on the EOS-A1
platform, which was a large platform to be launched on an upgraded Titan IV. The
instruments in the lower portion were candidates for the EOS-B platform series,
whose configuration had not been determined. Also shown are the US instruments
that were to fly on the European and Japanese spacecraft which are complementary to
NASA's Mission to Planet Earth.
The next inner circle illustrates the payloads that were presented to the Frieman
Committee in La Jolla, California, in July 1991, and endorsed in their report as the
preferred "proof of concept" for an EOS which contains a "favorable measure of
resiliency." The payloads were expected to be launched on Atlas IIAS-class vehicles.
Note that the program would consist of two primary spacecraft, each in sun-
synchronous polar orbits, but with different crossing times one AM and one PM. Also
included are an additional Atlas-sized spacecraft for an altimeter and atmospheric
instruments (ALT, MOPITT, and HIRDLS), and a smaller spacecraft for the tropospheric
instrument, TES. The payload configurations satisfy the highest priority simultaneity
requirements critical to the science objectives of the EOS program, without requiring
that the spacecraft fly in formation.
2
On each of the next circles, from outside inward, are illustrated (i) the payloads that
were discussed at the Seattle meeting of the Investigator Working Group of all EOS
investigators in August 1991; (ii) the modifications to the Seattle payloads that were
considered by NASA for further analysis by the EOS project; and (iii) the payloads that
were endorsed in Easton, Maryland, in October 1991 by the Payload Advisory Panel, a
committee comprised of the EOS interdisciplinary investigators that have the
responsibility for the use of the EOS data, and is formally charged with recommending
EOS payloads to NASA.
Finally, illustrated on the inner most circle are the payloads that NASA plans to
implement as the restructured EOS program. These payloads are described in more
detail in Figure 2. The final payloads satisfy the recommendations of the Payload
Panel with the caveat that some of the instruments will fly later than recommended.
The Payload Panel would prefer to fly the scatterometer instrument (STIKSCAT), the
atmospheric instruments (HIRDLS and MLS/SAFIRE) and the altimeter before 2000,
but budget constraints may preclude this.
The final payloads, with some rearrangement of instruments, are very similar to the La
Jolla payloads endorsed by the Frieman Committee. There are three basic
intermediate-size spacecraft and one smaller payload (requiring a Delta-class launch
vehicle). The first intermediate-size spacecraft, labeled EOS-AM, has an AM crossing
time, the other, EOS-PM, has a PM crossing, and the third, EOS-CHEM, carries the
atmospheric instruments TES, HIRDLS, and SAGE-III, and the scatterometer
STIKSCAT. The smaller mission labeled EOS-ALT conducts altimetry measurements.
A principal difference between the final payloads and the La Jolla payloads concerns
the scatterometer instrument, STIKSCAT. The Frieman Committee assumed that
STIKSCAT could be deleted in favor of the European C-band measurements. The
Payload Advisory Panel does not share this judgment and recommends that NASA fly
STIKSCAT. In the final payloads STIKSCAT is flown on the third intermediate-class
spacecraft. An alternative noted in Figure 1 might be to fly STIKSCAT on the
Japanese ADEOS-II mission in the year 2000, which is earlier than in the final
payloads. This alternative, however, would require more funding in the early years of
the EOS program than may be available, and would also necessitate discussions with
the Japanese, which have not yet occurred.
The final payloads also include two small missions (requiring Pegasus-class launch
vehicles) EOS-AERO to fly the SAGE-III and EOSP instruments in a 57 degree
inclination orbit, and EOS-COLOR to fly the SeaWIFS instruments for ocean color
measurements, instead of the MODIS-T instrument. There is also a need to identify
flights of opportunity for the small ACRIM and SOLSTICE instruments, and for either
the MLS or SAFIRE atmospheric instruments, each of which is descoped from its
original version. Finally, NASA plans to enter into discussions with ESA concerning
flight of the SAGE-II instrument on their polar platform.
3
Launch Vehicles: All of the intermediate-size EOS payloads in the restructured
program will be flown on spacecraft with 12-foot diameters that are compatible with the
proposed Atlas IIAS launch vehicle, using a standard Atlas faring. The payload on
EOS-PM has the largest volume and, although difficult to fit in an Atlas faring, can be
accommodated.
It should be noted that in discussing the La Jolla payloads with the Frieman Committee
it was assumed that the Atlas faring could be extended by 3 feet, and possibly up to
7 feet. Subsequent analysis revealed that the 7-foot extension is not possible and the
3-foot extension may be difficult. Detailed engineering studies by the EOS project
have led to innovative packaging of instruments and spacecraft subsystems which
permit the EOS payloads to fly in the standard Atlas faring.
Focusing the Science Objectives - Deletion of Instruments: Of all the global change
issues that could be studied, the one that is in most need of an improved scientific
understanding, in order to make sound policy decisions, is global climate change.
Accordingly, the restructured EOS will emphasize studies of global climate change
and use the scientific priorities documented by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC). The restructured EOS will thus make only limited
observations of stratospheric chemistry and solid Earth physics. This focusing of the
science objectives and the resulting deletion of instruments has been endorsed by the
Frieman Committee.
In particular, the restructured EOS does not include funding for the proposed
stratospheric instrument, SWIRLS, or for the non-descoped version of the MLS and
SAFIRE instruments. The geodynamics portion of the GLRS instrument, GLRS-R, the
secondary instruments GOS, IPEI, and XIE, and the lightning instrument LIS are
deselected from the program. The Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder (LAWS) is an
important instrument for global climate change studies but must be postponed (See
discussion of the potential contribution of the Departments of Energy and Defense.)
As in the recommendations of the Frieman Committee, the MODIS-T instrument is also
deleted; its measurements of ocean color will be provided by the reflight of the simpler
SeaWIFS instrument on a small, separate spacecraft and from MODIS-N
measurements on both the EOS-AM and EOS-PM spacecraft.
Simultaneity Requirements: The sensitivity of the EOS instruments is such that they
generally require simultaneous measurements from other instruments, through the
same column of air, in order to make atmospheric corrections and/or to pursue their
science objectives. Figure 3, which was prepared for the Frieman Committee, outlines
the simultaneity requirements for the instruments that were to fly on the original, large
EOS-A1 platform. The horizontal columns list the instruments that provide
simultaneous measurements; the vertical columns list the instruments that use these
measurements. The circled symbols indicate the most critical simultaneous
measurements.
4
In the restructured EOS, in which the instruments are flown on intermediate-size
platforms, the simultaneity requirements shown in Figure 3 are satisfied primarily by
flying the MODIS-N instrument on two separate spacecraft, EOS-AM and EOS-PM.
This solution for simultaneity is also used in the La Jolla payloads recommended by
the Frieman Committee. Note by comparing Figures 1 and 3 that with MODIS-N on the
EOS-AM spacecraft, the critical simultaneity requirements are met for ASTER, CERES,
and MODIS-N. With MODIS-N on the EOS-PM spacecraft, the critical simultaneity
requirements are met for AIRS, AMSU-A, MHS, CERES, MIMR, and MODIS-N.
It should be noted that, in principle, it is possible to fly MODIS-N on only one of the
intermediate-size spacecraft, and then fly the other in close formation so that MODIS-N
can provide the needed simultaneous observations for the latter's instruments.
However, by duplicating MODIS-N on each spacecraft, it is possible to choose the
optimum crossing time for each payload. The payload with ASTER, MISR, and
MODIS-N primarily observes surface features, and thus the AM-crossing time, when
cloud cover is at a minimum, is the preferred orbit. In contrast, the payload with AIRS,
AMSU-A, MHS, CERES, MIMR, and MODIS-N has a PM-crossing time. This is due to
the desire to (i) fly AIRS, a candidate next-generation atmospheric sounder for
deployment on future NOAA operational satellites, at a time most useful for
contributing data for meteorological forecasting, as well as (ii) obtaining observations
from CERES and MODIS-N at a second time during the day, thus improving estimates
of diurnal variability. Further, MODIS-N is the central instrument in EOS, and with it
flying on two separate spacecraft, the program has important redundancy.
The MOPITT instrument (See Figure 3) has a critical simultaneity requirement for
atmospheric temperature observations from AIRS which is not met in the restructured
EOS. However, this deficiency is not considered to be serious since the MODIS-N
instrument, which will fly together with MOPITT, can provide some temperature
measurements with reduced resolution in altitude. The scatterometer instrument
(STIKSCAT) has a critical requirement for passive microwave observations from MIMR.
This requirement can be met by placing the EOS-CHEM spacecraft which includes
STIKSCAT in a similar orbit with the EOS-PM spacecraft that includes MIMR. If
STIKSCAT is flown on the Japanese ADEOS II mission instead, it is likely that there
will be an appropriate Japanese instrument to provide the needed microwave
measurements. The simultaneity requirements of LIS and MODIS-T instruments are
not considered since these instruments have been deleted. Finally, it should be noted
that with MISR on the EOS-AM spacecraft, and AIRS and MHS on EOS-PM, the critical
simultaneity requirements for MISR are not fully satisfied. Although this is a deficiency
in the restructured program, the alternative of flying the spacecraft in formation to meet
this requirement is considered less desirable than permitting each payload to have its
optimum crossing time.
Launch Sequence: The large EOS-A1 platform was scheduled to be launched in
December 1998. In the restructured EOS program, the EOS-AM spacecraft will be
5
launched six months earlier, in June 1998. This launch date is determined by the time
required to develop, test, and calibrate the instruments. The EOS-AM spacecraft will
be followed two and a half years later, in December 2000, by the EOS-PM spacecraft,
and in 2002 by EOS-CHEM with the scatterometer and the atmospheric chemistry
instruments. The smaller missions, EOS-COLOR, EOS-ALT, and EOS-AERO, are
interspersed among the intermediate-size missions.
The EOS-AM spacecraft is scheduled to launch first because (i) it will yield important
measurements of both clouds and radiation and surface characteristics, and (ii) it is
more straightforward to execute than the EOS-PM spacecraft. The EOS-AM spacecraft
includes only one challenging US instrument, MODIS-N, whereas the EOS-PM
spacecraft includes both the MODIS-N and the AIRS instruments. Thus, the cost and
schedule for EOS-AM are less demanding. Indeed, within the funding levels expected
for EOS in the next few years, EOS-PM cannot be launched before 1999 and, if first,
would delay the acquisition of EOS data. The Payload Advisory Panel, in
consideration of the schedule and budget requirements for the EOS-AM and EOS-PM
spacecraft, recommended that EOS-AM launch first.
EOS Data and Information System (EOSDIS): With the restructuring of EOS, there
will be delays in some of the observations from what was expected in the original
program. The EOS-AM spacecraft will fly in advance of the original large platform;
however, the EOS-PM spacecraft is delayed. Thus, the EOSDIS that will be required
by the year 2000 will be smaller than was originally envisioned. This adjustment can
be made without altering the basic architecture, or the evolutionary design of EOSDIS,
which is to be a flexible, distributed system, developed in successive versions, each
version building on the experience of the previous version. The budgets for EOSDIS,
however, can be reduced substantially, and scale approximately with the reduced cost
of the space hardware for EOS. The National Research Council is being asked to
convene a panel of experts to review NASA's plans for EOSDIS, including the
validation of its engineering and technical underpinning, and to assess whether
current plans provide sufficient resiliency to be adaptable to changing requirements.
Funding Requirements: The restructured EOS program, including the spacecraft (AM,
PM, CHEM, ALT, AERO, and COLOR), EOSDIS, and the supporting science (the latter
two items representing approximately half the cost) has been designed to
accommodate the $11 billion funding cap through FY2000, as directed by Congress.
The restructured program requires relatively modest growth over the FY1992 funding
level in FY1993 and FY1994. However, it is essential that this funding profile be
maintained in order to preserve the launch schedule for the EOS-AM spacecraft in
1998 and EOS-PM in 2000. The funding requirements for the restructured program
increase substantially in FY1995. This increase is necessary to execute the complete
set and sequence of spacecraft required for the restructured program.
6
The spacecraft in the restructured program will be funded with the normal reserves for
major NASA flight programs. Further, in compliance with the recommendations of the
Frieman Committee, the restructured program has additional budget flexibility in that
the launch dates of the CHEM, ALT, AERO, and COLOR spacecraft can slip within a
modest range without drastically impacting the science observations. Every effort,
however, will be made to preserve the launch dates of the AM and PM spacecraft.
The cost estimates for the instruments that were to have flown on the original large
EOS-A1 platform and the EOS-AM spacecraft bus are well understood since both
elements are under contract (although the spacecraft contract will be modified to
reflect the current downsized configuration). Cost estimates for subsequent spacecraft
and for the instruments that are not currently under development are preliminary,
based on derivation from the current EOS-AM definition and development estimates
and analogy with previous flight project experience. These estimates will be updated
before beginning development of these spacecraft and instruments.
Missions in Advance of EOS: A calendar of the launch dates for all of the missions that
will make observations of global change in advance of EOS is shown in Figure 4. This
era is known as Phase 1 of the Mission to Planet Earth. It is important to note that all
of the instruments that will fly on EOS have important, but less capable versions, or in
some cases even identical versions, that will fly on these Phase 1 missions. Thus, the
Mission to Planet Earth is an evolutionary program. It is providing important
information on global change today, will provide more such information throughout
Phase 1, and will evolve into more comprehensive and detailed observations when
the EOS spacecraft fly.
The Role of the Departments of Energy and Defense: As noted by the Frieman
Committee, the DOE and DOD can make important contributions to the Mission to
Planet Earth. In particular, the DOE may be able to provide an additional spacecraft to
Phase 1 of the Mission to Planet Earth. Although there are a large number of missions
that fly during Phase 1, several review committees have noted that there is a
discontinuity in Earth radiation budget observations, between NASA's ERBE
measurements on ERBS and NOAA 9 and 10, and NASA's CERES measurements on
the Japanese TRMM mission and subsequent EOS spacecraft. The DOE is
considering providing one or more small spacecraft which can provide these
observations. To be useful the observations need to commence no later than 1995,
since TRMM flies in 1997, and their calibration needs to be well understood to help
provide continuity between the ERBE and CERES observations.
Further, the DOE and DOD may be able to assist in the development of new
technologies for use in subsequent generations of EOS instruments. The restructured
EOS does not include a Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder, an advanced Synthetic
Aperture Radar, or a light-weight, high-resolution imaging spectrometer. These
instruments will be important for global change studies. It would be very helpful for the
7
DOE and DOD to execute technology demonstration projects that would lead to
reliable, more compact, and less expensive versions of these and other advanced
instruments.
It should be noted that the DOE and DOD are not expected to develop technology for
the first generation of EOS spacecraft. The instruments for these spacecraft are
currently under development using state-of-the-art technology. Similarly, the
spacecraft designs are straightforward extensions of previously successful NASA
spacecraft.
Follow-on EOS Spacecraft: EOS is to be a long-term program, providing continuous
observations of the causes of global climate change. The principal EOS spacecraft,
EOS-AM, EOS-PM, etc., will thus be repeated twice on five-year centers for at least
fifteen year coverage. However, the payloads on the follow-on EOS spacecraft could
change, depending on the evolution of scientific understanding of global change and
the development of technology. For example, the ASTER instrument on the first EOS-
AM spacecraft could be replaced by the high resolution spectrometer, HIRIS, on the
second EOS-AM spacecraft. Actual decisions on instruments to fly on follow-on
spacecraft do not need to be made for some years. However, technology development
efforts need to continue to insure that subsequent generation instruments are
available when needed.
Baseline P/L
Delta II Class
Atlas II AS Class
Dropped
MODIS-N
AIRS
Dropped
ASTER
AMSU-A
Titan III Class
MISR
MHS
Atlas II AS or Titan III Class
CERES
ACRIM
Funding Issue
MIMR
Other
EOS/AM-1
La Jolla P/L
EOS/PM-1
LIS
ASTER
AIRS
NOTES:
Delayed
3
MISR
AMSU-A
1 Subject to Negotiation
MODIS-N
MHS
2 Dropped from Original Payload
ACRIM
CERES
3 Delayed Beyond Payload Panel
MIMR
EOSP
Seattle P/L
EOS/PM-1
Recommendation
EOS/AM-1
MODIS-N
ASTER
AIRS
SAGE-III
MISR
AMSU-A
MHS
TES
MODIS-N
STIKSCAT
CERES
MOPITT
Modified
ALT/GGI
MIMR
MOPITT
SAGE-III
Seattle
MOPITT
EOS/PM-1
MODIS-N
HIRDLS
EOS/AM-1
P/L
HIRDLS
AIRS
HIRDLS
ASTER
AMSU-A
HIRIS
TES
MISR
MHS
MODIS-N
CERES
ALT/GGI
EOS-A1
MOPITT
MIMR
ACRIM
(12/98)
SAGE-III
MODIS-N
SOLSTICE
EOS/AM-2
Easton
ALT/GGI
MOPITT
Recommendation
EOS/PM-1
ACRIM
Dropped
SAGE-III
EOS/AM-1
AIRS
SOLSTICE
HIRDLS
EOS -A1
AMSU-A
(12/98)
ASTER
MHS
MODIS-T
MISR
CERES
SeaWiFS+
TES
MODIS-N
MIMR
CERES
MODIS-N
Flights of
Opportunity
TES
SeaWiFS 2
NASA P/L
EOSP
Configuration
HIRDLS
ALT
GGI
MOPITT
EOS -B
TRMM
EOS/PM-1
Candidates
SAGE III
ESA/POEM-M1
EOS/AM-1
(6/01)
CERES
AIRS
ACRIM
CERES
LIS
ASTER
EOS/CHEM
AMSU-A
SOLSTICE
(98)
MISR
TES
MHS
MLS/SAFIRE
MODIS-N
SAGE III
CERES
ALT/GGI
SOLSTICE
MOPITT
HIRDLS
MIMR
CERES
STIKSCAT
MODIS-N
GLRS-A
ESA/
POEM-M1
(6/98)
(2002)
(12/00)
TRMM
ADEOS-2
SAGE-III
CERES
EOS/AERO
GLRS
Flights of
GLI
GLRS-R
LIS
Opportunity
SAGE III
NSCAT
(8/97)
EOSP
Dropped
TRMM/35°
EOS/ALT
ACRIM
CERES
ALT/GGI
SOLSTICE
(2000)
GOS
SAGE-III
LIS
GLRS-A
MLS/SAFIRE
IPEI
(8/97)
(2002)
(TBD)
Dropped
XIE
EOS/COLOR
TES
SeaWiFS-2
LS
ADEOS-2
(8/98)
ESA/POEM-M1
SA
FIRE
GLI
SAGE-II
EOS -B
(1998)
NSCAT
Candidates
SWIRLS
(2/00)
(6/01)
?
Dropped
post-2000
LAWS
SP-028-36
12/20/91
Descriptions of EOS Missions
Missions before the end of 2000
Instruments
Missions
Planned
Instrument Description
Mission Science Objectives
NASA
CERES
Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System-Two
Physical and radiative properties of clouds
(2 Scanners)
broad-band scanning radiometers
Air-land exchanges of energy, carbon, and water
AM-1
MODIS-N
Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer-Global
Vertical profiles of CO and CH4
6/98
physical and biological processes
Volcanology
MISR
Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer-Global
maps of planetary and surface albedo, and aerosols
and vegetation properties
ASTER
Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and
(Japan)
Reflection Radiometer-High-resolution images of
land surface, water, and clouds stereo
MOPITT
Measurements of Pollution in the
Troposphere-Vertical profile of CO and CH₄ column
WBDCS
Wide Band Data Collection System-Collects data
from ocean buoys
NASA
Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor—Ocean
The oceans' role in carbon cycle
SeaWiFS II
SeaWiFS
color and productivity
1998
SAGE III
Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III-
NASA
Tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol properties
Global profiles of aerosols, clouds, temperature, and
Aero
pressure
2000
EOSP
Earth Observing Scanning Polarimeter-Globally
maps radiance and linear polarization of reflected
sunlight
FIGURE 2
Descriptions of EOS Missions
Missions before the end of 2000
Instruments
Missions
Planned
Instrument Description
Mission Science Objectives
NASA
CERES
Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System-Two
Cloud formation, precipitation, and radiative properties
(2 Scanners)
broad-band scanning radiometers
Air-sea fluxes of energy and moisture
PM-1
AIRS
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder-Clear-column
Sea-ice extent and heat exchange with the atmosphere
12/00
temperature profiles
AMSU-A
Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-Temperature
sounding from surface to 40 km
MHS
Microwave Humidity Sounder-Atmospheric water
vapor profiles
MODIS-N
Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer-Global
biological and physical processes
MIMR
Multi-Frequency Imaging Microwave
(ESA)
Radiometer-Precipitation, cloud water, sea surface
temperature and roughness, and ice, snow, soil moisture
NASA
ALT
Altimeter-Dual frequency radar for topography
Ocean altimetry and circulation
ALT
GGI
Global Positioning System (GPS) Geoscience
Ice sheet mass balance
Instrument-Tracks 18 GPS for 3-cm positioning,
2002
global geodesy, atmospheric temperatures, and
Geological features application
gravity wave characterization
GLRS-A
Geoscience Laser Ranging System-Altimeter
Only-Ice sheet and glacier topography
Descriptions of EOS Missions
Missions after 2000
Instruments
Missions
Planned
Instrument Description
Mission Science Objectives
NASA
HIRDLS
High-Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder-Global distribution
Chemistry of troposphere and lower stratosphere,
of temperature and greenhouse gases
including stratosphere/troposphere exchange
Chem
TES
Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer-3-D profiles on a global
Air-sea chemical fluxes and forcing of ocean circulation
2002
scale of all infrared-active species from surface to lower
stratosphere
STIKSCAT
Scatterometer-Sea surface wind vectors
SAGE III
Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III-Global profiles
of aerosols, clouds, temperature, and pressure
2003
and
Follow-on AM and PM missions with some substitutions are
planned to ensure data continuity
2005
EOS A-1 Instrument Synergy
Provider
MODIS-N
MODIS-T
CERES
ASTER
MISR
EOSP
AIRS
AMSU-A
MHS
MIMR
STIKSCAT
MOPITT
LIS
HRDLS
ACRIM
User
MODIS-N
C/P
-
C/P
C/P
C/P
C/P
P
P
P
MODIS-T
C/P
C
C/P
P
(P)
P
P
P
CERES
C/P
(P)
a
C/P
C/P
O.
P
P
ASTER
C
C
a.
MM
(P)
(P)
(P)
MISR
C/P
C
(C)
C/P
P
(P)
P
(P)
EOSP
C/P
P
C/P
P
P
(P)
AIRS
C/P
P
P
my
AMSU-A
P
P
P
C/P
MHS
Can
P
TO
P
MIMR
P
P
(C/P)
P
STIKSCAT
P
MOPITT
P
P
P
(P)
LIS
a....
(P)
(P)
(P)
P
HIRDLS
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
ACRIM
FIGURE 3
KEY
( = Cross Calibration Connection
No
about
= Required
P = Observed Phenomena Connection
()
= Potential Contribution
= Critically Required
PHASE I OF MISSION TO PLANET EARTH*
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
SSBUV-3
UARS
1991
METEOSAT-5
NOAA-D
ERS-1
TOMS
(AVHRR)
DMSP-11
(Meteor-3)
(SSM/I)
JERS-1
LANDSAT 6
1992
NOAA-I
ATLAS 1
LAGEOS II
TOPEX/
(AVHRR)
(SSBUV-A-01)
POSEIDON
GOES-I
1993
METEOSAT-6
DMSP-12
ATLAS-2
SeaStar
SRL-1
TOMS
(SSM/I)
(SSBUV-A-02)
(Ocean Color)
NOAAJ
(AVHRR)
RADARSAT
GOESJ
1994
ATLAS-3/
GMS-5
LITE
ERS-2
NOAA-K
CRISTA-SPAS
SRL-2
(Proposed)
(AVHRR)
(SSBUV-A-03)
DMSP-13
(SSM/I)
1995
TOMS
LITE II
ATLAS-4
DMSP-14
NSCAT/ADEOS
(SSBUV-A-05)
(SSM/I)
1996
NOAA-L
SRL-3
(AVHRR)
NOAA-M
1997
TRMM
(AVHRR)
ATLAS-5
TOMS-2
DMSP-15
POEM-M
(SSBUV-A-06)
(SSM/I)
(Proposed)
GOES-K
1998
DMSP-16
JEOS-
Polar
(SSM/I)
EOS-A1
FIGURE 4
SHUTTLE
ELV OPERATIONAL
FOREIGN MISSION R&D
*
Dates for US Missions are Estimates and Reflect Current
ELV R&D
1/2 R&D 1/2 OPERATIONAL
FOREIGN OPERATIONAL
(August 1991) NASA Manifest and Planning, as Well as
Planning by NOAA and DOD. Dates for Foreign Missions
are Estimates Provided by Those Nations.
SP-033-11d
10/22/91
ACRONYMS
ACRIM
Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor
ADEOS
Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (Japan)
AIRS
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder
ALT
Altimeter
AMSU-A
Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit
ASTER
Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
CERES
Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System
EOSDIS
EOS Data and Information System
EOSP
Earth Observing Scanning Polarimeter
ERBE
Earth Radiation Budget Experiment
ERBS
Earth Radiation Budget Satellite
ESA
European Space Agency
GGI
GPS (Global Positioning System) Geoscience Instrument
GLRS
Geoscience Laser Ranging System
GOS
Geomagnetic Observing System
HIRDLS
High-Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder
HIRIS
High-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPEI
lonospheric Plasma and Electrodynamics Instrument
LAWS
Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder
LIS
Lightning Imaging Sensor
MHS
Microwave Humidity Sounder
MIMR
Multifrequency Imaging Microwave Radiometer
MISR
Multi-Angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer
MLS
Microwave Limb Sounder
MODIS-N
Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer-Nadir
MODIS-T
Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer-Tilt
MOPITT
Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere
NOAA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NSCAT
NASA Scatterometer
POEM
Polar Orbit Earth Observations Mission (ESA)
SAFIRE
Spectroscopy of the Atmosphere Using Far Infrared Emission
SAGE III
Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment
SAR
Synthetic Aperture Radar
SeaWiFS
Sea Wide-Field Viewing Sensor
SOLSTICE
Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment
STIKSCAT
Stick Scatterometer
SWIRLS
Stratospheric Wind Infrared Limb Sounder
TES
Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
TRMM
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
XIE
X-Ray Imaging Experiment