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Departure Federal Republic of Germany--Rheim-Main Air Force Base 5/31/89 [OA 6264]
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Departure Federal Republic of Germany--Rheim-Main Air Force Base 5/31/89 [OA 6264]
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Folder Title:
Departure Federal Republic of Germany--Rhein-Main Air Force Base 5/31/89 [OA 6264]
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1
4
Rett
REMARKS:
DEPARTURE -- FRG
RHEIN-MAIN AFB
WEDNESDAY, MAY 31, 1989
5:30 P.M.
THANK YOU, COLONEL HANDY. It's GREAT TO BE BACK AT
RHEIN-MAIN. (( RINE - MINE)) I WAS HERE ABOUT THREE
YEARS AGO AS VICE PRESIDENT. THINGS HAVE CHANGED A
LITTLE SINCE THEN.
- 2 -
THERE WERE SOME BRUISING BATTLES.
SAW A LOT OF WORDS
LIKE UNDERDOG, AGAINST THE ODDS AND COUNTED OUT. Now
THERE'S A NEW NUMBER ONE: ((PAUSE)) THE RHEIN-MAIN
ROCKETS. .AND CONGRATULATIONS TO ALL OF YOU.
WE WERE GOING TO FLY INTO RAMSTEIN (( RAHM-STINE))
BUT ((PAUSE)) -- NOW I KNOW YOU'LL FIND THIS HARD TO
BELIEVE -- IT WAS CLOSED. ((PAUSE))
- 3 -
I SAID TO THE COMMANDER, "I THOUGHT YOU WERE OPEN
24 HOURS? "WE ARE," HE SAID. "BUT NOT IN A ROW."
((PAUSE))
BUT, IT IS AN HONOR, TO STAND BEFORE AN AUDIENCE OF
AMERICAN HEROES AND HEROINES. FOR OVER FOUR DECADES,
PEOPLE LIKE YOU HAVE LEFT HOMES -- AND OFTEN FAMILIES
AND LOVED ONES -- TO SERVE AS GUARDIANS OF THIS GATEWAY
TO FREEDOM.
- 4 -
YOUR PRESENCE HERE INSPIRES A DEEP ADMIRATION AND
GRATITUDE -- FROM ME PERSONALLY, AND FROM PEOPLE AROUND
THE WORLD -- FOR ALL YOU'RE DOING TO KEEP FREEDOM
SECURE.
You HAVE BEEN DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR ONE OF THE
LONGEST PERIODS OF PEACE EUROPE HAS ENJOYED IN
CENTURIES. THAT IS AN ACHIEVEMENT THAT THE WORLD NOW
APPLAUDS -- AND THAT HISTORY WILL HONOR.
- 5 -
PEOPLE TALK ABOUT THE "RIGHT STUFF," BUT THE
HEROISM -- AND HUMANITY -- OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS AT
RHEIN-MAIN ARE THE STUFF OF LEGEND. YOUR HEROISM IS
CONSTANT AND ENDURING -- DAY AFTER DAY. AND YOUR
HUMANITY HAS TOUCHED THE LIVES OF SO MANY, SO IN NEED
OF A KIND WORD, A GENTLE ACT.
- 6 -
RHEIN-MAIN IS A VERY SPECIAL PLACE. A PLACE WHOSE
SPIRIT OF SERVICE REACHES BACK TO THE TENSE DAYS, FORTY
YEARS AGO, OF THE BERLIN AIRLIFT -- WHEN A PILOT NAMED
GAIL HALVERSON, DURING HIS REPEATED RUNS, PARACHUTED
BAGS OF CANDY TO THE CHILDREN OF BERLIN. THEY CALLED
HIM "UNCLE WIGGLE-WINGS," AND "THE CHOCOLATE BOMBER."
HE WAS A MAN WHO BROUGHT KINDNESS IN THE CRUELEST
TIMES.
- 7 -
STANDING AMONG YOU TODAY IS HIS SON, MAJOR BRAD
HALVERSON, WHO ORGANIZED THE ARMENIAN AIRLIFT OF
CHILDREN INJURED IN THE DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKE. AND
THERE'S CAPTAIN DAWN OERICHBAUER, THE MEDICAL CREW
DIRECTOR, WHO SAID "THE WHOLE MISSION WAS WORTH IT,
WHEN I SAW THE HURT AND HOPE IN THE CHILDREN'S FACES."
- 8 -
I KNOW THAT ALSO WITH US TODAY, IS MAJOR BoB
ANDERSON, CHIEF OF THE MENTAL HEALTH CLINIC, A QUIET
HERO WHO HAS HELPED so MANY ON THE BASE DEAL WITH THE
AFTERMATH OF TERRORIST THREATS. HE HAS PUT LIVES BACK
TOGETHER, AND WARDED OFF THE CHILL OF FEAR.
- 9 -
I SINGLE OUT A FEW, BECAUSE THEY REPRESENT THE
MANY. HERE AT RHEIN-MAIN -- WITH LIVE-SAVING MEDICAL
EVACUATION MISSIONS, TRIUMPHANT HOSTAGE RETURNS, AND
THE NORMAL DAY-TO-DAY MISSION OF FLYING IN THE CROWDED
SKIES OF EUROPE -- FOR YOU, HEROISM WITH A HUMAN TOUCH
IS THE MEANING OF YOUR MISSION.
- 10 -
You HAVE SEEN THE TEARS OF THOSE DEVASTATED BY
TRAGEDY. You HAVE SEEN THE TEARS OF JOY STREAM DOWN
THE FACES OF THOSE RETURNING TO FREEDOM -- AND OF THOSE
WHO LOVE THEM.
AND YOU HAVE PERFORMED THE EVERYDAY ACTS OF
VIGILANCE THAT MAKE PREPAREDNESS POSSIBLE. I THINK OF
THE SECURITY POLICE OFFICER, OUT GUARDING A C-5 ALL
NIGHT. THE SUPPLY CLERK WHO MAKES CALLS ALL DAY, TO
FIND A PART THAT'S URGENTLY NEEDED.
- 11 -
THE FLIGHT LINE ATTENDANT, OUT DE-ICING AIRPLANES AT
FOUR A.M. IN THE FREEZING RAIN.
JUST THIS YEAR, AS NATO CELEBRATES ITS 40TH
ANNIVERSARY, WE BEGIN TO SENSE NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR
CO-EXISTENCE. WE MAY BE SEEING THE DAWNING OF A NEW
AGE, BUT THE REASONS WHY YOU ARE
HERE HAVE NOT CHANGED.
- 12 -
THERE HAVE BEEN SIGNS OF PROGRESS FROM THE SOVIET
UNION -- AND THOUGH WE HOPE FOR MORE, THE NATIONS OF
THE ALLIANCE STILL FACE A SOVIET UNION WITH
PREPONDERANT AND AWESOME MILITARY POWER. YOUR PRESENCE
IN WEST GERMANY -- YOUR CONTRIBUTION TO THE SECURITY OF
WESTERN EUROPE -- IS ESSENTIAL.
- 13 -
I KNOW THAT, AT TIMES, IT'S NOT EASY, SERVING
ANYWHERE FAR FROM HOME -- ESPECIALLY WHEN YOU READ
ABOUT THOSE WHO WOULD UNILATERALLY LIMIT THE PRESENCE
AND ACTIVITIES OF U.S. MILITARY FORCES STATIONED IN
EUROPE. BUT BECAUSE OF YOU, BECAUSE OF THE SACRIFICES
YOU MAKE EVERY DAY, OUR WORLD IS SAFER AND MORE SECURE.
IN A LETTER TO JOHN ADAMS, THOMAS JEFFERSON ONCE
WROTE, "I HAVE SEEN ENOUGH OF ONE WAR NEVER TO WISH TO
SEE ANOTHER."
- 14 -
OUT THERE TODAY, I KNOW, ARE A NUMBER OF CHILDREN -
- SOME OF THEM THE THIRD GENERATION OF AMERICANS
STATIONED HERE AT RHEIN-MAIN -- WHO HAVE NEVER SEEN
WAR. I HOPE THEY NEVER DO.
THE POWER TO WAGE WAR IS THE POWER TO PREVENT IT.
THAT IS OUR MISSION HERE. WE MUST REMAIN PREPARED FOR
WAR -- EVEN AS WE STRIVE FOR PEACE.
I
- 15 -
So CARRY ON, STRONG BUT GENTLE GUARDIANS OF THE
GATEWAY TO FREEDOM. AND THANK YOU.
MAY GOD BLESS YOU. AND GOD BLESS THE UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA.
###
(Lange/Wallace)
May 24, 1989
6:10 p.m.
[RHEINDEP. DOC]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
DEPARTURE -- FRG
RHEIN-MAIN AFB
WEDNESDAY, MAY 31, 1989
5:30 P.M.
Thank you, Colonel Handy. It is an honor, to stand before
an audience of American heroes and heroines.
For over four decades, people like you have left homes --
and often families and loved ones -- to serve as guardians of
this gateway to freedom.
Your presence here inspires a deep admiration and gratitude
- from me personally, and from people around the world -- for
all you're doing to keep the freedom of the West secure.
You have been directly responsible for one of the longest
periods of peace Europe has enjoyed in centuries. That is an
achievement that the world now applauds -- and that history will
honor.
People talk about the "right stuff," but the heroism -- and
humanism -- of American soldiers at Rhein-Main are the stuff of
legend. Your heroism is constant and enduring, day after day.
2
And your humanism has touched the lives of so many, so in need of
a kind word, a gentle act.
Rhein-Main is a very special place. A place whose spirit of
service reaches back to the tense days, forty years ago, of the
Berlin airlift -- when a pilot named Gail Halverson, during his
repeated runs, parachuted bags of candy to the children of
Berlin. They called him "Uncle Wiggle-Wings," and "The Chocolate
Bomber." He was a man who brought them kindness in the cruelest
times.
Out there today is his son, Major Brad Halverson, who
organized the Armenian Airlift of children injured in the
devastating earthquake. And there's Captain Dawn Oerichbauer,
the medical crew director, who said "the whole mission was worth
it, when I saw the hurt and hope in the children's faces."
I know that also out there somewhere, is Major Bob Anderson,
Chief of the Mental Health Clinic, a quiet hero who has helped so
many on the base deal with the aftermath of terrorist threats.
He has put lives back together, and warded off the chill of fear.
I single out a few, because they represent the many. Here
at Rhein-Main -- with medical evacuation missions, hostage
returns, and the normal day-to-day mission of flying in the
3
crowded theater of Europe -- for you, heroism with a human touch
is just part of doing business.
You have seen the tears of those devastated by tragedy. You
have seen the tears of joy stream down the faces of those
returning to freedom -- and of those who love them.
And you have performed the everyday acts of vigilance that
make preparedness possible. I think of the security police
officer, out guarding a C-5 all night. The supply clerk who
makes calls all day, to find a part that's urgently needed. The
flight line attendant, out de-icing airplanes at four a.m. in the
freezing rain.
Just this year, as NATO celebrates its 40th anniversary, we
begin to sense new opportunities for co-existence. We may be
seeing the dawning of a new age, but the reasons why you are
here have not changed.
There have been signs of progress from the Soviet Union --
and though we hope for more, the nations of the Alliance still
face a Soviet Union with preponderant and awesome military power.
Your presence in West Germany -- your contribution to the
security of Western Europe -- is essential.
4
I know that, at times, it's not easy, serving anywhere far
from home -- especially when you read about those who would
unilaterally limit the presence and activities of U.S. military
forces stationed in Europe.
But by leading extraordinary lives, you help others lead
ordinary lives. The United States and our NATO allies ask a
great deal of you. So let me tell you how it's going to be:
You're going to get the support you need to get the job done.
I'm here to assure you of that. I'm also here to let you
know that your presence here is appreciated by your hosts, the
West German people. They know, probably better than anyone, the
critical role you and your predecessors have played. You are
securing an environment in which democracy and a free economy can
flourish in Germany. You are the Alliance.
In a letter to John Adams, Thomas Jefferson once wrote, "I
have seen enough of one war never to wish to see another."
Out there, I know, are a number of children -- some of them
the third generation of Americans stationed here at Rhein-Main --
who have never seen war. I hope they never do.
5
The power to wage war is the power to prevent it. That is
our mission here. We must remain prepared for war -- even as we
strive for peace.
So carry on, strong but gentle guardians of the gateway to
freedom. And thank you.
May God bless you. And God bless the United States of
America.
(Lange/Wallace)
May 19, 1989
1:00 p.m.
[RHEINDEP.DOC]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
DEPARTURE -- FRG
RHEIN-MAIN AFB
WEDNESDAY, MAY 31, 1989
5:10 P.M.
Thank you, Wing Commander
.
It's a source of great
pride, to stand before this special breed of Americans. For over
four decades, people like you have left homes -- and often
families and loved ones -- to serve as guardians of this gateway
to freedom.
Your presence here inspires a deep admiration and gratitude
-- from me personally, and from the American people -- for all
that you are doing to keep the freedom of the West secure.
You have been directly responsible for one of the longest
periods of peace Europe has enjoyed in centuries. That is an
achievement that the world now applauds -- and that history will
honor.
There have been recent victories at Rhein-Main, that have
captured the imagination, and admiration, of people everywhere.
Through this gateway have passed the freed hostages from Flight
847. The hostages from our Embassy in Tehran. The INF treaty
verification teams. The Armenian children, injured in that
2
devastating earthquake. And most recently, the casualties of the
USS Stark.
At Rhein-Main, there have been times to grieve -- and times
to exult. But every day you spend here is another victory for
freedom everywhere.
Just this year, as NATO celebrates its 40th anniversary, we
begin to sense new opportunities for co-existence. But despite
what some see as the dawning of a new age, the reasons for your
being here have not changed.
There has not yet been -- though we hope there will be -- a
fundamental, irreversible about-face on the part of the Soviet
Union.
The nations of the Alliance still face a Soviet Union with
preponderant and awesome military power. Your presence in West
Germany --- your contribution to the security of Western Europe --
are essential.
I know that at times, it is far from easy, serving here --
particularly when you hear talk of budget cuts, or read about
those who would limit the presence and activities of U.S.
military forces stationed in Europe.
3
Many of you have the same difficulties ordinary Americans
face. Maybe you're a single parent -- or you've got a family
member sick, or in trouble somewhere -- or you're trying to see
your kids through to a graduation. You're doing all that -- even
as your country, and the rest of the free world, counts on you to
serve.
People talk about the cost of freedom -- but you understand
it. It means you're on call, 24 hours a day. It means the
relentless, ever-present pressure of preparedness. And it means
more than nine-to-five, Monday through Friday -- it means O600 to
.0600, every day, all the time.
But by leading extraordinary lives, you help others lead
ordinary lives. The United States and the NATO allies ask a
great deal of you. So let me tell you how it's going to be.
You're going to get the support you need, to get the job done.
I'm here to assure you of that. I'm also here to let you
know that your presence here is appreciated by your hosts, the
West German people. They know, probably better than anyone, the
critical role you and your predecessors have played. You are
securing an environment in which democracy and a free economy can
flourish in Germany. You are the Alliance.
4
In a letter to John Adams, Thomas Jefferson once wrote, "I
have seen enough of one war never to wish to see another."
Out there, I know, are a number of children -- some of them
the third generation of Americans stationed here at Rhein-Main --
who have never seen war. They never should. The power to wage
war is the power to prevent it. That is our mission here.
We must remain prepared for war, even as we pray for peace.
Thank you. God bless you. And God bless the work you do.
WHITE HOUSE LIBRARY
AND
RESEARCH CENTER
Room 308
x7000
TO:
Rett Wallace
ROOM
DATE 5/22/89
To Keep
To Borrow Due Date
Per Your Request
FYI
Message:
From: Degin Cragg
,AVN
CONTENTS
JULY 1988
VOLUME 115
NUMBER 7
PILOT REPORTS
30
Flying Dutchman: Fokker 100
It's the most advanced small jetliner to enter service, and Fokker has big plans
for the short haul with this new 100-seater/J. Mac McClellan
34
Honeywell FMS
A flight management system with a new twist: it earns its keep as an accoun-
tant for the cockpit/J. Mac McClellan
36
Rolls-Royce Tay
Today's better Spey/J. Mac McClellan
42
Backwoodsman: Wag-Aero Sportsman 2+2
Dick Wagner is finding success with his kit Sportsman, a takeoff on the Piper
Family Cruiser of yesteryear/Amy Laboda
47
Blanton V6
Kitbuilders: there could be a Ford engine in your future/Amy Laboda
52
Long Legs: Canadair Challenger 601-3A
Want in on corporate aviation's best-kept secret? It's the Canadair Challenger
601-3A, which has the range to carry that roomy, comfortable cabin to places far
PAGE 30
and wide/J. Mac McClellan
61
Going the Distance
A coast-to-coast trip in the luxurious new Challenger/Nigel Moll
FEATURES
70
The Scopes Trial
With its rugged selection and training program for the new breed of controllers,
the FAA doesn't monkey around/J. Mac McClellan
78
The Berlin Airlift
Forty years ago the U.S.S.R. began its blockade of Berlin. And once more Allied
warplanes droned over Germany-but this time it was to save a city/
Len Morgan
84
The Candyman
To the kids of Berlin, Gail Halvorsen was the Chocolate Bomber/Phil Scott
86
Lifeguards on Duty
A Jolly Green Giant of the California Air National Guard can mean the differ-
ence between life and death in emergencies far out to sea/Phil Scott
TECHNIQUE
25
Aftermath
After forgetting most of his approach plates, the pilot gambled on an approach
PAGE 47
that was below minimums. It was a bad bet/Peter Garrison
64
Coping With Congestion
How to fly IFR into high-density areas/Peter Garrison
114 I Learned About Flying From That
129TH
Suddenly without power over a crowded city, this Bonanza pilot must make the
decision of his life/Joseph Barber
COLUMNS
96
Bax Seat
ARIS
Getting in on the Save-A-Connie cause/Gordon Baxter
103 Vectors
As new-hires learned, it was a good job-if you could afford it/Len Morgan
106 Short Final
Some serious precision flying at the NIFA meet/J. Mac McClellan
Zmma
REPORTING POINTS
TOPICS
15
Briefs-Panel calls for safety czar
4
Flying Mail-"His Passionate Best"
22
Minifeature-Hold the macho
108 Calendar-July fireworks
COVER PHOTOGRAPH BY RUSSELL MUNSON: CANADAIR CHALLENGER 601-3A.
PAGE 86
of Flying (ISSN 0015-4806) is published monthly by Diamandis Communications Inc., 1515 Broadway New York, NY 10036 Copyright © 1988, Diamandis Communications Inc All rights reserved Reproduction in whole
$26.98; any text. cash photograph orders or illustration without written permission from the publisher IS strictly prohibited Tele 212/719-6950 One-year subscription rate for U.S. and possessions $18.98 Canada, $23.98 all other or in part
only. payable in U.S. currency. Second-class postage paid at New York, NY 10001. and at additional mailing offices. Authorized as second class mail by the Post Office Department countries.
of payment address for postage in cash. Subscription Service Forms 3579 address and all subscription orrespondence must be addressed to Flying P.O. Box 2772. Boulder, Colorado 80302 Please allow at least Ottawa. weeks Canada, for and for
303/447 to become effective Include both your old and your new address enclosing. if possible, an address label from a recent issue For subscription problems, write to the above address or call 800/525 eight 0643 in the Colorado hange
9330 Flying a registered trademark of Diamandis Communic ations Inc Printed in the U.S.A.
FLYING/JULY 1988
1
Forty years ago,
warplanes saved a city.
by Len Morgan
AS THE menacing rumble
specter of World War III
velt. "They aren't trying to
of Russian artillery steadi-
had become real.
take over all of Europe."
ly drew closer to his Berlin
Two months before Ger-
Roosevelt was ailing and
PHOTOGRAPHY COURTESY SMITHSONIAN/REPRODUCTIONS BY JOHN TROHA, BLACKSTAR
bunker on April 30, 1945,
many's surrender Presi-
anxious to avoid discord;
Adolph Hitler and his mis-
dent Roosevelt, Prime
he died less than two
tress committed suicide.
Minister Churchill and
months later. Churchill,
On May 8 at midnight, the
Marshal Stalin met at Yal-
however, was not so sure
unconditional surrender of
ta to discuss postwar plans
of Stalin's true intentions.
Germany became official.
for the occupation and re-
The "Big Three" agreed
World War II in Europe
construction of Germany.
to divide the country into
was over.
While the brutal treatment
four occupation zones-
Yet, three years later
of German civilians and
American, British, French
the United States and Brit-
military personnel at the
and Russian. Control of
ain faced the prospect of
hands of advancing Soviet
Berlin would likewise be
renewed conflict. Rela-
troops was no secret, the
shared. A highway, rail-
tions with their Russian
Allies still regarded the
road line and three air cor-
comrades in arms had de-
Russians as generally co-
ridors 20 miles wide and
teriorated to an alarming
operative. "I think they
10,000 feet high provided
degree. The appalling
are friendly," said Roose-
access to the city. Since the
orty
lights mark the approach to
Tempelhof (top).
oal-
laden C-54s (left) being
loaded at Gatow Airfield.
upply
trucks (right), halted on the
Berlin Autobahn.
Russians had agreed to an Allied
his British counterpart, Gen. Brian
presence in Berlin, it was unilaterally
Robertson, thought it might work, at
assumed that the unrestricted use of
least until the dispute was resolved.
these arteries was guaranteed. This
The milk for 6,000 Berlin babies came
detail, unfortunately, was not con-
irlift
from Russian-sector dairies; some-
firmed in writing.
training school (top), Great
thing had to be done immediately. On
Gradually Stalin's true designs be-
Falls AFB, Montana.
June 26, just two days after the Rus-
came clear. He had no intention what-
sian action, C-47s with 80 tons of sup-
soever of helping rebuild the German
plies landed at Tempelhof Air Force
economy and no interest in the ulti-
mate reunification of the German
A
Base in Berlin-"Operation Vittles"
had begun.
people. Having already reduced five
While the governments of Wash-
he 48th
of the Eastern European nations to
ington and London debated, the Ber-
satellites, he now wanted Germany-
Troop Carrier Squadron ops
liners waited, many of them expect-
all of it. But first the Allies had to be
room before a flight (below).
ing to be deserted. Then President
forced out of Berlin. On June 24, 1948,
Truman said, "We stay in Berlin, pe-
the Russians halted all surface
riod." Britain's Foreign Secretary,
freight and passenger traffic to the western sectors of
Ernest Bevin, agreed. "Under no circumstances will we
the city and served notice that they would no longer sup-
leave Berlin."
ply food or electric service to the Allied sectors of Berlin.
The two air forces that had dropped thousands of tons
Gen. Lucius Clay, the American commander, originally
of bombs on Berlin now found themselves charged with
considered an airlift "absolutely impossible." However,
keeping it alive. The odds were against them. The gutted
STATUS
80
LASTOVITTLES
FLIGHT
1/635/27 TONS AIRLIFTED
STATES
AIR
TO SERLIN
If it
per
valt
$199
if y
you
ture
the
cha
city required 4,500 tons of essentials
up
Tunner, the man who had command-
thre
daily. The RAF could move 750 tons
ed the wartime "Hump" operation
by supplementing its small fleet with
tan
that delivered 650,000 tons across the
commandeered airliners, and the
acci
treacherous Himalayas between In-
Americans had 102 C-47s, each with a
eptember
dia and China. "You might not have
nm
2.5-tc capacity. With the food stocks
30, 1949: the last C-54 leaves
liked him," said one pilot, "but you re-
cap
on hand, there would be enough for
Rhein Main for Berlin.
spected him. 'Willie the Whip' got the
you
three weeks. Surely, it was thought,
job done." Tunner ordered a second
gat
the blockade would be lifted by then.
runway at Tempelhof, another at
diff
Gen. Curtis LeMay, commander of United States Air
Gatow and a new field at Tegel in the French sector.
COV
Force/Europe, dispatched every flyable C-47 to West
Heavy equipment was broken down into pieces, flown in
suc
Germany. Ground personnel were routed out of bed and
aboard C-82s and reassembled. Some 19,000 German ci-
cor
told they would be gone for a few days. Mechanics ar-
vilians worked 24 hours a day regardless of the weather.
rived with tool boxes and changes of underwear. The C-
wh
In 89 days Tegel was operational.
47s began shuttling to Berlin around the clock. One RAF
lora
Tunner then rewrote the standard operating proce-
unit mustered was a Sunderland squadron. Its first large
dures for the airlift. Henceforth, pilots would depart at
oth
four-engine flying boat touched down on the Havel See, a
closely timed intervals, make one approach and immedi-
120]
lake two miles south of Gatow Airfield, with four tons of
ately return to base if unable to land. Airplanes would be
giv
tinned beef. The 25 British airlines and charter compa-
dispatched three minutes apart in clear weather, five
nies that had been contracted sent a variety of types, in-
Lora
minutes apart on instruments. Success demanded a high
cluding Hastings, Yorks, Lancastrians and Tudors.
degree of precision flying.
The initial effort was reassuring to Berliners but sheer
George Hendrick flew B-24s in the 15th Air Force and
Manu
pandemonium for those who sponsored it. There were
joined the reserves after the war. He qualified on the C-
Three
countless problems involving maintenance, loading,
47 and was recalled to active duty when the airlift began.
In-pa
scheduling, navigation and communications. There had
"I was over there 14 months, almost from the beginning
VNA
been no long-range planning for such an operation.
until it ended," he says. "They sent you out with an in-
Auto
Worse, LeMay realized that even the most efficient use
structor to learn the route; after four or five trips to Ber-
TCA
of the fleet at his disposal could not deliver the necessary
lin they turned you loose."
90-D
tonnage. He requested four-engine C-54s, which were
Hendrick was soon transferred to Fassberg to fly C-
able to haul 10 tons, and President Truman approved.
soul
54s: "There was no C-54 school. You learned the airplane
AOP
Capt. G.I. Gore called his wife, Kay. "I've been ordered
while flying to Berlin as a copilot, then got a route check
witho
to the East Coast. I'll see you in two or three days." Gore
as first pilot. A ship would come in, they'd strip it of
kin
was unaware of his new assignment and would not be
seats, upholstery, everything, and in 24 hours it was on
AN
home for eight months. That scene was repeated in Alas-
the way to Berlin with 10 tons of coal in duffle bags, cro-
ka, Panama, across the Pacific and at stateside C-54
cha
cus sacks-anything they could find. Coal dust is com-
bases as pilots and mechanics dropped everything and
bustible, so the escape hatches were removed to provide
the
were airborne within hours. The arrival of this necessary
ventilation. If you had to go to the john back in the tail, it
assistance compounded the initial confusion.
was like a black dust storm in the cabin. After three trips
pla
If anyone could pull it all together it was Gen. William
to Tempelhof you looked like a John L. Lewis miner."
wil
82
WRI
The USAF and RAF flew the north-
CANDYMAN
ern corridor inbound, while the USAF
and French flew the southern. All air-
craft exited through the central corri-
dor. A string of radio beacons provid-
To the kids of Berlin, he was
ed en route navigation, and
instrument arrivals were directed by
ground-controlled approach (GCA).
the Chocolate Bomber.
If a C-54 lost an engine inbound dur-
ing daylight in clear weather, it land-
THEY WERE ragged and starving, these kids who had gathered,
ed, unloaded and flew back on three.
amid the ruins, to watch airplanes bring food to Berlin. It was
"It worked like this,' says
mid-July 1948. Twenty-seven-year-old Lt. Gail Halvorsen had
Hendrick. "We had two assigned alti-
been on the Airlift for two weeks, flying an exhausting three
tudes. The airplanes three minutes
round trips each day. Sure that the Russians couldn't take the
ahead and behind you were 1,000 feet
heat much longer, he decided to tour Berlin while he still could.
higher, so you had a six-minute sepa-
So instead of going straight to bed after the day's flying,
ration at your altitude. Under instru-
Halvorsen picked up his camera and borrowed a jeep. His first
ment conditions the times were five
stop was the approach end of Runway 27, to watch the landing
and 10 minutes. You knew the num-
C-54s. That's when he saw the kids.
ber of the airplane ahead and heard
"They could speak a little English," Halvorsen says. "Their
him report over the beacons. You
clothes were patched and they hadn't had gum and candy for
watched your time and if you crossed
two or three years. They barely had enough to eat."
a beacon early, you slowed down. The
As he turned to walk back to the base, Halvorsen felt the gum
British and French had their own alti-
in his pocket. "I had only two sticks, so I broke those in half and
tudes and flew the same separations.
handed them to the kids through the fence,"
"We hauled enough gas for two
he says. "They chewed the gum, and passed
round trips, plus reserves. If you
around the wrappers and licked them."
missed the approach you returned im-
Halvorsen told the kids to come back the
mediately. When you were overhead
next day and he'd drop candy out of his C-54.
your base they held the next airplane
How would they know him from the other trans-
ready to take off, fit you back into the
ports landing every three minutes, they asked.
pattern and you went back to Berlin
He would rock his wings, he said.
and tried again. Tunner had it worked
"The same kids came back the next day.
out to a science."
They kept their numbers down by not advertis-
By the third week, 247 aircraft of
ing," says Halvorsen, who dropped bundles of
varying sizes and speeds were flying
candy tied to handkerchief parachutes. More
2,300 tons a day to the beleaguered
1
kids showea up the next day, and even more
city. After seven weeks the 4,500-ton
Gail Halvorsen
L
the next. Halvorsen kept on delivering, picking
daily minimum was achieved. By late
up nicknames like "The Chocolate Bomber."
August 100,000 tons had reached Ber-
Although Halvorsen wanted to keep Operation Little Vittles a
lin. On November 26 Russia rejected
secret ("It seemed like something you weren't supposed to
a United Nations resolution to lift the
do"), a newspaperman snapped a photo of the tiny parachutes
blockade. Tunner called for more C-
drifting to earth, and soon the news was all over the U.S. "Then
54s and 10,000 more pilots and
boxes started coming from the States with candy and para-
ground personnel. The three-hun-
chutes already attached," he says. "All we had to do was cut the
dred-thousandth ton was unloaded at
boxes open and dump them outside."
Tegel in early November. There were
He was reassigned stateside in February 1949, but his
accidents. A C-47 undershot and went
friends kept Operation Little Vittles going until September.
into a Berlin apartment, two others
Twenty-five years later Halvorsen became commander of Tem-
collided over their base, a York
pelhof. He held that post for four years, until his retirement in
crashed on takeoff, a C-54 went down
1974. Somehow, he's kept in touch with some of those kids.
near Fassberg and a Navy R-5D was
"Not long after I started dropping goodies I got a letter from
lost in the Taunus Mountains.
a little girl named Mercedes, who said all those landing air-
Only when the three Berlin termi-
planes disturbed her white chickens, which were easy to see,"
nals were completely fogged in did
says Halvorsen. "She wrote that the chickens weren't laying
the stream of transports cease. "I
eggs, 'but when you see the chickens, drop some candy and ev-
don't recall what the minimums were
erything will be okay.' I tried to find the chickens from the air,
supposed to be," says Hendrick. "If
and we really saturated the area with candy, but I never could
St
the fellow ahead landed, you shot an
find those chickens. So I sent her a letter and some candy.
approach. I remember that we flew
th
"Before we left in 1974 we kept getting dinner invitations
and slept, flew and slept."
b
from a woman-she sent invitations month after month-and
The first pilots on the airlift logged
CC
we finally decided to go. Well, it was Mercedes. She reached
as many as 120 hours a month. One
m
into a china cabinet and pulled out the letter I had sent her. And
said, "We flew aircraft that should
Fr
then she took me to the back of her apartment and showed me
have been grounded. The maximum
tic.
the courtyard and said, 'That's where the chickens were.'
fuel leakage allowed in the C-54's
trc
PHIL SCOTT
tech orders was one thing, the drip-
84
ping we saw was something else. We
few problems." The "routine" opera-
tons set a new second high. It was a
flew them anyway." Spares were a
tion that Steele recalls included roll-
humiliating defeat for the Russians.
continuing problem. Mechanics de-
ing loaded down a runway without
Two days later the blockade was lift-
scended on General Tunner's person-
seeing the next pair of boundary
ed, and the surface routes were re-
al ship while he was at a meeting and
lights and landing in near zero-zero
opened. Yet the immense airborne ef-
"requisitioned" enough parts to
conditions.
fort continued until late September to
ground it for three days. (Thereafter
Brimmer Sherman flew 144 loads
'build a stockpile of supplies.
MPs were posted around it.)
of coal and grain to Tempelhof in six
The final statistics were stagger-
Winter life in the bombed-out city
months: "It was an exceedingly well-
ing: 689 airplanes had flown 124 mil-
was misery. There is no count of
designed procedure. There were
lion miles and delivered millions of
those who starved or froze to death
more than 200 airplanes in the circuit
tons at an estimated cost of $350 mil-
when the temperature fell below
all the time, and another 200 in main-
lion. Sixty-five lives had been lost. A
zero. There was scarcely enough food
tenance. There was GCA at all fields,
monument to them stands outside the
for survival and not enough coal for
but the key to the whole thing was
Tempelhof terminal today.
heating. More airplanes and crews
good runway threshold lighting."
A career USAF pilot, Sherman
were ordered to Germany, and the
There were instances of harass-
flew 32 missions in B-29s during the
original C-47s were withdrawn as
ment. "A Yak fighter would buzz you
Korean War. "We couldn't cross the
more C-54s arrived. By New Year's
or make a head-on pass, or the Rus-
Yalu River, we couldn't bomb this
Day 100,000 flights had delivered
sians would get on the radio and try
bridge or that road for pòlitical rea-
more than 700,000 tons.
to give you a heading that would
sons. But on the Berlin Airlift we
In spite of the weather the pace in-
steer you out of the corridor. In Ber-
knew what had to be done and we
creased. The weekly tonnage rose to
lin you stayed with your airplane. Ev-
gave it everything we had. No one
41,500 in January, to 44,600 the fol-
ery pilot remembers the mobile can-
told us anything but, 'load it, get
lowing month, then to 45,600. Jim
teen that met each crew; that hot
there, then come back for another.'
Steele joined the airlift in April fol-
chocolate was out of sight. In 15-min-
The airlift was a turning point in
lowing C-54 training in Montana. "It
utes you were ready to go," says
Allied-Russian relations. "The Rus-
was routine by then," he says.
Sherman.
sians learned we weren't going to
"Those poor sons of guns who were
A maximum effort on April 16 saw
back down," says Sherman. "Who-
there in the beginning were the guin-
12,940 tons arriving in 1,398 flights.
knows where they would have gone
ea pigs. It was trial and error for
By April, Berlin was receiving more
afterwards if we had? We are there
them, touch and go. The procedures
supplies by air than it had by rail be-
today because of the achievement of
were cut-and-dried by spring; we had
fore the blockade. On May 10, 9,260
the Berlin Airlift."
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ameucanthotory Illustrated
V. 16 Feb. 1982
AGAINS
Half a city of free people isolated within a hostile country-the prospects of breaking
the Soviet blockade of West Berlin by airlift seemed overwhelming if not impossible.
ALL ODDS
By Daniel F. Harrington
G
eneral Lucius D. Clay, commander of Ameri-
Anyone given the facts that summer after-
can occupation forces in Germany, feared the
noon would have agreed; too many improbable
worst. It was June 25, 1948, and he had just
things had to happen for the airlift to succeed. We
ordered an airlift of food and supplies into the city-
now know, as Clay could not, that they would all
of Berlin, suddenly blockaded the day before by
come about, but hindsight can mislead. To recap-
Soviet armies. However, the general felt none of
ture the spirit of the airlift, to understand what it
the exhilaration that fills someone who has just
meant at the time, one must watch it unfold, as
solved a vexing problem. An airlift could buy
Clay did, in a series of small successes that added
time, but could it defeat the blockade? Asked by a
up to a gréat and unexpected triumph.
friend about this, Clay was emphatically negative:
That Clay attempted an airlift at all was itself
"I wouldn't give you that," he said, snapping his
surprising. Every previous attempt at aerial supply
fingers, "for our chances."
in history had failed, except for the "Hump" opera-
13
tion from India to China during the Second World
Or could they? Clay telephoned his Air Force
War, and it had not been called upon to supply
commander, Lieutenant General Curtis E. LeMay.
anything like the tonnage Berlin needed. If prece-
"Curt," he asked, "do you have any planes there
dent was not bad enough, the weather was. If
that can carry coal?"
American airports were ranked according to their
"Carry what?" LeMay asked.
flying weather, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, would
"Coal," Clay repeated.
be at the bottom with the poorest. But if Pitts-
"We must have a bad connection," LeMay
burgh's weather were compared with the weather
said. "It sounds as if you're asking if we have
at German airports, the Pennsylvania city would
planes for carrying coal."
stand at the head of the list. In other words, the
"Yes, that's what I said
Coal."
worst American weather was better than the best
There was a pause.
German weather and Berlin had the worst flying
"Sure," LeMay said at last, rising to the occa-
weather in all of Germany.
sion. "The Air Force can deliver anything! How
Faced with these conditions, Clay was asking
much do you want?"
a great deal of the few cargo planes at his disposal.
Clay's answer was eloquently simple: "All you
He controlled the European Air Transport Service
can haul."
(known appropriately enough in Air Force circles
So on July 7 the first plane landed in Berlin
as "EATS") and, after scouring European airports
loaded with duffel bags filled with coal. When
for the personal planes of U.S. generals and am-
the army ran out of duffels (several million were
bassadors, he managed to assemble a force of
left over from the war), it used hemp and, later,
about a hundred aircraft. The British started their
heavy-duty paper bags. Despite the packaging,
own airlift with about two dozen planes; the
coal dust was a danger. It collected everywhere-
French had no cargo aircraft at all. Most of the
in some planes ankle-deep-clogging delicate
American planes were C-47s, the military version
flight instruments, and it was very combustible.
of the famous Douglas DC-3. These aging twin-
Then, in a pattern repeated again and again during
engined craft, some still bearing faded black and
the airlift, some genius whose name has been lost
white stripes identifying them as veterans of the
to history devised a simple solution. Canvas tar-
D-Day invasion four years before, had been built
paulins were laid out on the cabin floors to collect
to carry passengers, not cargo. With seats removed
the dust and were shaken out in Berlin. Not only
they could haul two-and-a-half tons at a time, so
did the tarps help keep the airplanes clean, but
EATS would be hard-pressed to meet Clay's initial
before the airlift was over they had saved 500 tons
goal of five hundred tons per day; in fact, it pro-
of coal that otherwise would have been lost, and
vided only eighty tons its first day of operation.
for Berliners that meant dozens of "free" plane-
loads of coal.
At first the airlift was chaotic, with much
effort wasted in trial and error. When Major Ed-
As the gallant little planes shuttled back and
ward Willerford was assigned as the airlift's air
forth, supply experts began to think of the future.
cargo officer, he had to ask someone how much
Before the blockade, some 13,500 tons of food,
freight a C-47 could carry. But what the airlifters
coal, and other necessities had come into Berlin
lacked in experience and organization they made
each day by truck and-rail. By eliminating luxuries
up for in enthusiasm; morale was high. One British
and relying on dehydrated foods, the experts
pilot remembered it best:
thought that the city could live on a daily ration of
Pilots full of doughnuts and tea went forth to
4,500 airlifted tons. Here was a task far beyond the
seek any aircraft which happened to be fuelled,
capabilities of Clay's tiny air force, and he called
serviced, and ready to fly. Hot was the competi-
Washington for reinforcements.
tion, and great the joy when one was found. Soon
Harry Truman was not one to linger over
the summer skies were full of a monstrous gaggle
of aircraft headed in the general direction of
such a decision. U.S. Air Force and Navy planes
Berlin.
came quickly from all over the world - first from
Panama, Alaska, and Hawaii; later from Montana,
So the airlift stumbled on, well-intentioned if
Texas, and Japan. These aircraft were four-engined
not exactly well-ordered. The London Times
C-54s, the military version of the Douglas DC-4,
spoke for almost everyone when it described the
capable of carrying ten tons of cargo. Thus, each
effort as a brave but futile gesture. Even if enough
C-54 flight was equivalent to four C-47 flights.
food could be flown in, cities did not live by food
With enough of these planes Clay could feed
alone. They also depended on coal, and clearly air-
Berlin, but how many were "enough?" One of
planes could not carry so heavy, bulky, and dirty a
LeMay's staff answered that question almost off-
cargo.
handedly one day in July. The general called Colo-
14
nel Theodore A. Milton into his office, sat him
world war. But with all the C-54s committed to
down at a coffee table in the corner, handed him a
Berlin, this would be impossible. Finally, if war
slide rule and a pad of paper, and ordered him to
did come, those planes would be easy targets, con-
come up with the answer. As Milton described it
centrated on a handful of bases close to Soviet ter-
later, he tossed in "some weather factors and vari-
ritory. But without them the airlift would fail.
ous other guesses" and ended up with a figure of
Truman took the risk and ordered the planes to
225 C-54s. Would the Air Force act on Milton's
Germany.
educated guesswork? This hardly seemed likely,
because to provide that many aircraft the United
While the Americans built up their force, the
States would have to commit virtually its entire air
British mobilized, too. The Royal Air Force had
cargo fleet. On the fragile basis of Milton's arith-
worked alongside the Americans from the first (in
metic, would the United States leave the rest of the
fact, the first cargo earmarked for Berliners arrived
American defense network without air transport?
in a British plane), and over the summer British
What was more, American strategists depended
planes flew in from around the world - Australia
on transport planes to move men and equipment
and Canada, India and Singapore. The British spe-
quickly in the critical early days of a possible
Continued on page 30
Children in Berlin watched the American planes come and go, but once the pilots began dropping candy to the onlook-
ers, the operation took on a more personal meaning. Photographs courtesy of the U.S. Air Force.
15
BERLIN AIRLIFT
Continued from page 15
cialized in several essential commodities. Tanker
aircraft carried fuel oil and gasoline, while each
day Sutherland flying boats flew in tons of salt.
Ordinary planes could not carry salt because it
leaked from containers, sifted down into the
bellies of the aircraft, and ate away the control
cables. The Sutherlands, built to operate from
salt-water bases, could carry the corrosive neces-
sity without risk.
As planes and crews arrived the airlift began
setting records. On July 11, 1948, it brought in 1,100
tons; by August 4 the daily average was over 4,000
tons. On September 18 the Americans launched an
all-out effort and delivered nearly 7,000 tons in
honor of "Air Force Day."
To solve one problem was often to create an-
other; expansion of the airlift brought new head-
aches. The supply system could not meet the un-
precedented demand for aviation fuel, and storage
tanks at West German airfields began to run dry.
Airlift planes would have been grounded in July
for lack of fuel had not three large ocean-going
tankers already at sea been diverted to German
ports and their cargoes shipped post-haste to the
air bases. Other shortages, equally threatening,
were harder to remedy. Bases were so overcrowded
that it was common for two or three pilots to share
the same bed, sleeping in shifts. They were lucky
to get five hours' sleep a day, and some were doz-
ing off as they flew. Airfields were short of every-
thing from runway lights to warehouses. There
were not enough mechanics and spare parts were
scarce. One plane flew for three days without a
door.
If all this were not enough, the pierced steel
planking of the runway at Tempelhof in Berlin
began to come apart under the constant pounding
of landings and take-offs. If the airport closed for
repairs the city would starve, so airlift and repairs
went on simultaneously. Work crews swarmed out
over the runway after a plane touched down, beat-
ing the mats back into place, filling holes with
gravel, then scrambling out of the way as the next
plane roared in.
Tempelhof's runway could be patched; other
problems could not be handled so easily. The
Americans turned to Major General William Tun-
ner, who had commanded the "Hump" operation
during the war and hence was the nation's expert
on airlifts. Tunner arrived late in July to take
command of "Operation Vittles," as the American
side of the airlift was called. His was an almost im-
possible assignment; its problems made the Hima-
layas seem trivial by comparison. Undaunted,
Tunner set to work. His hallmarks were efficiency
"(speng 30 "LI "my Mej
from
kg protected aq
30
This
:33H10N
13
C-54s, one of which landed every sixty-two seconds on April 16, 1949.
C-47s lined up like a string of railroad cars waited impatiently to be unloaded. Later these planes were replaced with
and attention to the smallest detail. Motion-study
huge wartime depot in Britain reopened to hándle
engineers used stopwatches and statistical charts
routine maintenance, and each plane flew back to
to analyze the airlift's every aspect. Results were
the United States (sometimes as far as the West
quickly evident. One twelve-man crew loaded ten
Coast) for a major overhaul after 1,000 hours of
tons of coal into a C-54 in less than six minutes,
flying. Westbound, these planes carried engines in
and unloading teams found ways to do their job,
need of repair; eastbound, they hauled spare parts
which had earlier taken seventeen minutes to com-
and rebuilt equipment. They supplemented a fleet
plete, in five. When the airlifters began, refueling
of ships and planes that crossed the Atlantic regu-
a C-54 took thirty-three minutes; when Tunner
larly, while still others patrolled west of the British
was through, it was done routinely in eight. Haste
Isles, providing information for airlift weather
sometimes made waste, one pilot was in such a
forecasters.
hurry that he slammed the doors and flew out of
Meanwhile, 6,000 miles from Berlin, another
Tempelhof one morning with the six-man unload-
airlift operation took shape. As crews finished
ing crew still on board.
their tours with the airlift, replacements had to be
Tunner abandoned the practice of trying to
trained. Reservists were recalled to active duty and
meet a particular tonnage quota, be it 500 or 4,500
sent to Great Falls, Montana, where they flew
tons per day; his goal was the maximum possible
C-54s loaded with ten tons of sand through a dupli-
tonnage each and every day. He moved the biggest
cate of the Berlin corridor system. Everything was
planes to bases closest to Berlin so they could
exactly as in Germany: the location and radio fre-
make more trips. To boost output, he had each
quency of the beacons, the layout of glide paths
base specialize in one cargo. Rhein-Main, for ex-
and approaches, the alignment of runways. Even
ample, handled only food. Planes from Fassberg
nature cooperated by providing identical magnetic
flew only coal. But the heart of the plan was rigid
headings and poor weather.
air traffic control, as the days of doughnuts and
At first the residents of Berlin, the human
tea came to an abrupt end. Tunner turned the cor-
reason for all this activity, took little interest in the
ridors to Berlin into one-way airlanes. In-bound
airlift. They knew that the city had about a month's
planes used the northern and southern corridors;
supply of necessities and they expected that the
out-bound planes used the central one. Planes
foreign occupiers would settle their differences long
flew at different altitudes (staggered at 500-foot
before those stocks were used up. But as summer
intervals) and spaced exactly three minutes apart.
wore on with no settlement in sight, the Berliners
One of Tunner's most important innovations was
began following tonnage reports with more than
to abolish the standard practice of stacking planes
passing interest. Then, too, the airlift was a fas-
that were delayed when aircraft ahead of them had
cinating spectacle. A favorite pastime of Berlin's
trouble landing in Berlin. Instead of going into a
youngsters was to go down to Tempelhof and
holding pattern, an airplane that missed its land-
ing flew out the central corridor and started its trip
all over again.
Each flight plan was prescribed in strict de-
tail, well in advance, and the pilot who deviated in
the slightest degree quickly found out why Tunner's
nickname was "Willie the Whip." There was no
room in Tunner's airlift for individual initiative.
He hoped to produce a "steady, even rhythm with
hundreds of planes doing exactly the same thing
every hour, day and night, at the same persistent
beat." Different aircraft, with different mainte-
nance requirements, loading times, and airspeeds,
disrupted that rhythm, and Tunner gradually re-
placed all the C-47s with C-54s. He turned down
an offer from Washington of a handful of giant
C-74s, even though they carried twice as much as a
C-54, because tests showed that these big planes
disrupted the steady rhythm Tunner wanted and
daily totals actually went down when they flew.
The Air Force called on Major General William Tunner
If flights down narrow, rain-swept corridors
to take over "Operation Vittles" in July. His success in
to Berlin were the heart of "Operation Vittles," air-
organizing the "Hump" operation in World War II made
lift operations extended far beyond Germany. A
him the country's airlift expert.
32
had cargo loading as finely refined as take-offs and landings. When he finished, twelve-man crews were loading
4s with coal in as few as six minutes.
ao
watch the planes land, especially after an Ameri-
the weather. Storms and fog in November 1943
can pilot, Lieutenant Gale Halvorsen, began drop-
and again in January 1949 did cause some anxious
ping candy from his plane by tiny parachutes dur-
moments, but the skies cleared and the airlift went
ing his final approach to the airfield. Other pilots
on. It averaged 5,500 tons a day in January and
followed his example and soon "Operation Little
February, and with that the worst of the German
Vittles" had captured the hearts of Berliners.
winter was over. As spring approached, Tunner's
men set ever-larger goals for themselves. They
Hershey bars were not the only bonds that
flew in a complete electrical power plant to replace
came to unite pilots and Berliners; tragedy soon
one dismantled by the Soviets in 1945 and, if that
formed a more solid link. On July 24 an American
were not enough, on April 16 they staged what be-
C-47 crashed near Tempelhof, killing both crew
came known as the "Easter Parade. Over 12,900
members. City residents were deeply moved. Men
tons were carried in during that single day, with a
who had been their enemies three short years
C-54 landing every sixty-two seconds. General
before had sacrificed their lives for the city. The
Clay praised the fliers for showing they could
sacrifice must not be wasted, Berliners resolved,
match the road and rail deliveries of pre-blockade.
and their determination to resist Soviet pressure
days. The highest praise, however, came from the
deepened. And the more they resisted, the more
Soviet air controller in the Berlin Air Safety Cen-
the airlifters were convinced that such people must
ter. The bewildered Russian complained that
not be abandoned.
German-Allied cooperation reached its peak in
there were so many planes in the corridors that he
could not keep track of them all.
the construction of Tegel airfield. Eight air bases in
West Germany sent as many planes as they could
In the spring of 1949 the Air Force worked
out plans to continue the airlift until 1952 if need
to Berlin, but there were only two city airports to
receive them. Paradoxically, too many planes
be, but the Russians had had enough. Secret diplo-
were flying to the city. Somewhere in crowded
matic talks produced an agreement in late April
West Berlin a new airport had to be built and
and the blockade ended May 12, 1949, 319 days
after it began. To be safe, a reduced airlift went on
quickly. Surveyors chose a spot in the French sec-
until September 30, 1949.
tor, and 17,000 Berliners equipped with little more
than picks and shovels set to work. They built
The airlift was the most unexpected and least
what was the longest runway in Europe, using tons
likely Western triumph in the history of postwar
Soviet-American confrontation. Its success rested
of rubble left from wartime British and American
air raids.
on many improbabilities- Clay's initial decision,
The most important American contribution
LeMay's determination to deliver coal, President
to the work was the unique talent of one man, H.P.
Truman's quick decision to send more planes,
Lacomb. From the outset the Berliners worked
Colonel Milton's amazingly accurate guesswork
with a will, but they needed heavy earth-moving
and his government's willingness to act upon it,
equipment and there was none in the city. Fortu-
Tunner's passion for efficiency, Lacomb's artistry
nately, someone remembered Lacomb and how he
with his torch, the heroism of the pilots, the en-
had rescued the Air Force in a similar situation in
thusiastic support of the Berliners, and a vast sup-
the dark early days of the Second World War. In
port organization stretching across two conti-
1942 the Air Force had needed to send airfield con-
nents. Take away any of these and the airlift
struction equipment to Brazil. The machines had
would have failed. As Major Willerford put it, in
modest understatement, "We kind of astounded
to go by air, but no plane was big enough to carry
ourselves."
them. Lacomb was a genius with an acetylene
torch. He cut the huge machines into pieces that
*The Berlin Air Safety Center was a four-power agency created
would fit inside an airplane, flew down to Brazil,
in 1946 to control air traffic in the Berlin area. Although the
and welded the equipment back together again.
Russians walked out of all other quadripartite agencies when
the blockade began, for some reason they remained on the
Soon Lacomb was in Frankfurt, teaching the fine
Center staff. Soviet air controllers reported for work every day
art of chopping up a bulldozer. When he and his
of the blockade and worked smoothly alongside their Western
students were finished, eighty-one rock crushers,
counterparts.
rollers, and tractors had been cut apart, flown to
Berlin, reassembled, and put to work at Tegel.
Author of several articles and book reviews for a
With the airlift reinforced and reorganized
host of scholarly journals, Daniel Harrington is
and Tegel complete, one last uncertainty remained:
currently. an historian for the Strategic Air Com-
mand. Source material for this interesting piece in-
"We kind of astounded ourselves," said one member
cludes BRIDGE IN THE SKY (1968), by Eugene
of the airlift team, summing up the sweetness of success
Davidson, and Max Charles' BERLIN BLOCKADE
for all.
(1959).
35
5:30
Col. Handy
John W. Handy
435 winglomen
wife many
Base Commander
Col.
Edward (. white
American Heritage v.20 October 1969
T
he division of Germany after World War II into four OC-
cupation zones, with Berlin buried deep within the Rus-
sian sector, was not a happy one. The Soviets harassed
BEFORE THE COLORS FADE:
the supply routes to Berlin at every opportunity, and it became
painfully obvious that they intended to do everything they could to
bring the capital under their full control. By the spring of 1948
the situation had reached the showdown point: on March 20 the
Russians stalked out of a meeting of the Allied Control Authority
and subsequently demanded the immediate removal of the troops of
WIDE WORLD
Britain, France, and the United States from the city. On June 25
it was announced that "the Soviet administration is compelled to
halt all passenger and freight traffic to and from Berlin tomorrow
at обоо because of technical difficulties."
There was only one way in or out of the city now, and that was
by air. After the war the four powers had agreed to set up six air
corridors into Berlin. Three of them went eastward. The other
three connected Berlin with Hamburg and Hanover in the British
Zone and with Frankfurt in the American Zone. Could the Amer-
ican garrison in Berlin be kept supplied by air? General Lucius
D. Clay, the United States military governor, sent for General
Curtis LeMay, commander of the air forces in Europe, to find out.
What happened next is told in the words of William H. Tun-
ner, then an Air Force major general and veteran air transport
commander, whose men and planes had helped keep nineteen Chi-
nese divisions and the U.S. Fourteenth Air Force fighting in
China by flying supplies from India "over the Hump" of the
Himalayas during the war. He was interviewed recently at his
home in Virginia.
General William H. Tunner in 1948
Within a few hours General LeMay ordered a number
of C-47 cargo planes, the Old Faithfuls of World War II,
to Wiesbaden Air Base, near Frankfurt. They were loaded
the ground and have to depend on airplanes flown over
with medical supplies, milk, and flour and sent to Tem-
the Hump for the necessities of life. He recommended
pelhof Airport in Berlin. On the first day eighty tons
that the Air Force send me to Europe to take over the
were delivered. No one knew what the minimum daily
operation.
tonnage for the American garrison would be, and no one
By mid-July 1,500 tons a day were being flown into
dreamed at first that the U.S. Air Force would be ex-
Berlin by American planes, and the British were flying
pected to keep the whole city of two and a half million
in 500 tons. The free world press was having a field day
people alive.
describing how former desk jockeys were flying around
The daily tonnage increased; within the first ten days
the clock "to keep a city alive" in an effort now known
over one thousand tons of cargo had been carried to Ber-
as Operation Vittles.
lin, including the first shipment of coal, loaded in G.I.
General Hoyt S. Vandenberg, the Air Force Chief of
duffel bags. By then it was understood that the Ameri-
Staff, called me to the Pentagon and asked when I could
cans were to supply the needs of all Berliners and not
leave for Berlin. I told him that all I needed was a clean
just the American troops there.
shirt but asked if I could take some of the professional
About this time General Albert C. Wedemeyer, Direc-
staff men of the Hump days with me. I was told I could,
tor of Plans and Operations of the Army General Staff,
but to "be reasonable" and not disrupt the organizations
had been sent to Germany to observe what was happen-
these men were assigned to.
ing. He had commanded the China theatre and knew
The principal airplane used by MATS [the newly
what it was like to be cut off from sources of supply on
organized Military Air Transport Service] in those days
44
By C. V. GLINES
check lists of things to do but even had airlift directives
written and neatly typed by my secretary, Miss Katie
Berlin Airlift Commander
Gibson, who had volunteered to go with us for the dura-
tion.
As soon as we landed, I called on General LeMay,
who was comfortably ensconced in the former home of
Joachim von Ribbentrop, Hitler's foreign minister. I had
expected that LeMay would be miffed at my being sent
COURTESY GENERAL WILLIAM 11. TUNNER
over to run the lift and that he might take it as an insult
to his competence as an air commander. He didn't. I had
been ordered by higher authority to run the show, and
he accepted the order without question.
"I expect you to produce," he said, cigar firmly
clenched in his unsmiling face.
"I intend to, sir," I replied.
Our headquarters were in a partially bombed apart-
ment house. Debris and wreckage were everywhere.
There were no desks, chairs, telephones, or office sup-
plies; but my staff were all expert scroungers, fixers, and
arrangers, and it was only a few hours before debris was
shovelled and swept out, office furniture began to appear
in G.I. trucks, and installers were asking where we
wanted our phones placed. I never asked how these
things were acquired, but I suspect a few regulations
were badly bent and a few of the occupation-force per-
sonnel who had chosen to be absent from their offices
that day were minus some of their equipment.
While the offices were being set up, my key people and
General Tunner today
I went on a tour of the Wiesbaden and Rhein-Main air
bases. We were genuinely shocked at what we found.
Understandably, everything was being done on a tempo-
was the Douglas C-54, a four-engine transport that had
rary basis. Mechanics and flight personnel could not tell
proved as reliable as the venerable C-47. The C-47 had
us how long they had worked, what their. schedules were
to be replaced on the Berlin run because it would hold
for the next day, or even when they were supposed to
only three tons, while the C-54's could carry ten.
eat. They were sleeping in airplanes, in the mess hall,
I left for Europe, taking along a hand-picked staff of
and anywhere else they could stretch out.
men who had served with me on the Hump operation.
In Berlin the situation was just as bad on the ground,
They started to function en route, as if they had never
and the air traffic, compounded by the lift, was hor-
been separated. I outlined the basic duties of each
rendous; near-misses were an everyday occurrence. The
man and told them to review the problems we had met
Soviets were deliberately increasing their fighter opera-
and solved on the Hump and to expect most of the same
tions in and near the corridors. They were putting up
problems in Germany. But there were differences, too.
barrage balloons and towing gunnery targets in front of
The total tonnage requirement was much greater for
our planes. I told my pilots to fly on. They did, refusing
Berlin; the "enemy" had freedom of the skies and could
to be intimidated.
shoot our planes down at will if he chose to do so. In ad-
After looking the whole situation over, I laid down the
dition, there would be many more planes in the sky,
concept that had to be the basis for all our planning.
which meant that the flying by all crews had to be the
"We've got to plan our whole operation as if we're going
most precise ever required of pilots anywhere.
to be here a long time," the staff was told. "The sooner
I stepped back and watched this group work. By the
we all think that way, the sooner we'll get the operation
time we reached Wiesbaden, we not only had plans and
going as we know it can and should."
CONTINUED ON PAGE 93
45
concern for life and property or because he enjoyed
gently rolling landscape, the strong faces of the early
donning his tall fireman's hat with its bright brass
settlers. Among them is his own portrait as a young
plate in front. And he probably got as much pleasure
man when his uniform was spanking new and when,
out of putting on the uniform of the band he helped
full of hope, he set out to fight in Mr. Lincoln's army.
organize as he did out of playing the bass horn. But
By the time of his death in 1916, Krans had fin-
dearest of all to him was his Grand Army of the Re-
ished more than 110 paintings. Fittingly, most of these
public uniform with its bold sergeant's stripes. Every
now hang in the Bishop Hill church, where, during
Decoration Day Krans would step out in his blues,
those three days so long ago, the Jansonists waited
and, according to local legend, the neighbors would
for their prophet to rise from the dead. There, cap-
always say with an indulgent smile: "Here comes Olof
tured forever, is the serene world that flourished for
in his Union suit."
so brief a time. Looking at the pictures-at the plow-
There is no evidence that he painted any of his
boys, the farm women, the sowers-one can almost
pictures during these busy years. Not until 1896, ap-
hear Eric Janson say, as he reportedly once did when
parently, when he was convalescing from a fall that
rain threatened the colony's haying: "If you, 0 God,
left him partially crippled for a time, did he begin
do not give good weather so we can finish the work
S
putting on canvas the scenes of Bishop Hill that he
we have at hand, I shall depose You from Your seat
remembered from his childhood-the long lines of
of omnipotence." One can almost believe he could
men and women sowing or reaping in the fields, the
have done it.
r
1
1
Berlin Airlift Commander
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 45
The first concern was aircraft maintenance. All planes
quirements were at first anyone's guess but began to
e
had to be inspected after every twenty-five hours of
get realistic as deep thought was given to what two
n
flight. At two hundred hours they had to be taken
and a half million people really needed to sustain life.
n
out of service and given a thorough check. Every
It was found that 1,500 tons of food were needed daily
thousand hours a complete overhaul from nose to tail
and 3,000 tons of other items including coal, medi-
S-
was required. Facilities and schedules had to be set
cines, and emergency supplies.
e-
up; minor inspections would be accomplished at
It was now clear that what was badly needed besides
Wiesbaden and Rhein Main. The two-hundred-hour
crews, airplanes, maintenance, and organization was
ir
checks would be done at Oberpjaffenhofen, near Mu-
timing. Valuable time was wasted as crews landed,
nich, and when the base could be made ready, at Bur-
parked, shut off engines, and debarked for a snack
is
tonwood, England. The thousand-hour overhauls
and then strolled to Operations for their return clear-
ic
could be done only back in the States. Tools, spare
ances. Henceforth no crew member was to leave the
parts, and qualified mechanics were in short supply.
site of his aircraft while the Germans unloaded it.
ne
Arrangements to get such essentials were quickly made.
Each plane would be met by an operations officer
ed
who would hand the pilot his return clearance all
ie.
in
Those of us who had visited Tempelhof Airport knew
filled in and a weather officer who would give him the
that something had to be done about the field itself.
latest conditions at his home base. Mobile snack bars
ny
It was a sod strip, and landings were made on steel
tended by some of the most beautiful girls in Berlin
er.
mats that would be unsafe for extensive C-54 usage.
would move to the side of the plane. Turn-around
in-
"We've not only got to get that runway repaired,"
time at Berlin was halved-to thirty minutes.
ork
Lieutenant Colonel Kenny Swallwell, the air installa-
Although Frankfurt and Wiesbaden were only one
ills
tions officer, said, "but we've got to get two others
and a half hours from Berlin, the weather could be
on
built to handle the traffic." He had already set the
absolutely clear at one end and absolutely miserable
ch,
wheels in motion to get them. In addition, he started
at the other. I found out about this the hard way on
ns-
us all thinking about the possibility of using the two
Black Friday, the thirteenth of August, 1948. The
British corridors, which were shorter; their bases were
weather wasn't too bad as we took off from Wies-
ure
the
located at Celle and Fassberg. I quickly started nego-
baden, but we soon hit heavy, thick clouds.
ght
tiations to get them.
We were not alone in the sky. As the pilot followed
It should be emphasized at this point that there was
the prescribed flight path to Tempelhof, radioing the
ood
no longer any question about the fact that our job was
exact second- he passed over the Fulda beacon and
ped
to keep the people of Berlin alive. The tonnage re-
swinging the nose of the plane to the exact heading
his
93
of 057 degrees, we knew that there were C-54's behind
The interval between aircraft, three minutes, was ex-
and ahead of us, each precisely three minutes apart,
tremely important. Since there are 1,440 minutes in
each proceeding at 180 miles per hour. The airlift was
a day, it meant that the maximum number of land-
now seven weeks old. I had been its commander just
ings at Tempelhof would be 480 each twenty-four
fifteen days and felt it was beginning to shape up.
hours. This also meant a maximum of 480 departures
The General was in for a rude shock. In Berlin at that
per day, so that it was theoretically possible to have
very moment a full-blown crisis was in the making.
an airplane either landing or taking off every ninety
At Tempelhof a cloudburst reduced visibility prac-
seconds. To maintain that rhythm requires discipline
tically to zero, and the rain hampered the efficiency
and regimentation from everyone concerned-and this
of the radar. When two incoming G-54's were wrecked
precise cadence determines the success of an airlift.
on landing, the air traffic controllers were forced to
Once all this was hammered out, my staff and I took
stack up the other planes, which were following
on the all-important "people" problems. I invited a
at three-minute intervals. Tunner's was among the
group of pilots for some beer and snacks at my hotel
stacked-up planes: he was flying to Berlin for a public
and asked them for their gripes. After things loosened
ceremony honoring Lieutenant Paul O. Lykins, the
up a bit, I got them. They all boiled down to food
airlift pilot who had flown the most missions. "And
and living conditions.
here I was," the General recalled in his memoirs, Over
Solving these problems was tough. Housing was
the Hump, "flying around in circles over their heads.
short, but eventually tents were provided and some
It was damned embarrassing. The commander of the
old quonsets were unboarded and furnished with the
Berlin Airlift couldn't even get himself into Berlin."
bare essentials. I got after the mess officers to extend
the serving hours and improve the food.
I grabbed the mike and called the Tempelhof tower.
Most of the men assigned to the lift were on tem-
"This is 5549," I said. "Tunner talking, and you lis-
porary duty, and when their orders were extended and
ten. Send every plane in the stack back to its base."
it seemed certain the Russians were not going to lift
The tower was silent for a moment. Then a dis-
the blockade all winter, morale began to sag. Little
believing voice said, "Please repeat."
things began to take on huge proportions-things like
"I said: Send everybody in the stack below and
poor mail service, no curtains on the windows to keep
above me home. Then tell me when it's O.K. to come
the sun out when crews slept in the daytime, and dirty
down."
sheets. There had to be developed a spirit of competi-
He got the message that time.
tion and a sense of accomplishment in each unit and
"Roger, sir."
in each man. And thus was born the Task Force Times,
In my opinion the real success of the Berlin Airlift
with its daily tonnage column for all to see, compare,
stems from that day-Friday, the thirteenth of Au-
and try to beat.
gust, 1948. It was that day that the rule book for in-
The competition for tonnage spawned the kind of
strument flying was rewritten.
motivation that I wanted. The rivalry spread to the
"All Aights in good weather or bad, day or night,
ground crews, and even the German civilians loading
will be by instrument flight rules," I announced. "And
and unloading the planes caught the fever. The load-
any pilot who misses an approach at Berlin will bring
ing record was twenty thousand pounds of coal stowed
his load back home. He will not be given another
aboard two C-54's by one twelve-man crew in five min-
chance to try an approach and foul up the traffic!"
utes and forty-five seconds.
Once this basic operational rule was in effect, the
The Germans were good workers, but there were
number of planes that could be injected into the sys-
regulations forbidding fraternization, and we could
tem increased. A pilot would be assigned a precise
give them only the most menial of jobs. But we needed
take-off time. When the second hand on his watch
mechanics badly.
crept to that moment, he would push the throttles
With General Clay's backing I had Personnel find a
forward and climb out on a prescribed course to the
former Luftwaffe aircraft maintenance officer. They
Darmstadt radio beacon, level off at his assigned alti-
turned up Major General Hans Detlev von Rohden,
tude, and when his radio compass needle reversed
a German air-transport expert who spoke excellent
to show that he was over that beacon, he would tune
English. Within a few days he had found top-flight
in another and then others until he arrived at the
mechanics and had a school going using technical
radio range station located a few miles south of Tem-
manuals he had translated from English. We got our
pelhof. At that point he would be placed under con-
mechanics, eventually eighty-five to each squadron.
trol of a G.C.A. [Ground Controlled Approach] crew
As my staff met and solved the big problems, smaller
who would guide him by radar to touchdown.
ones began to nag us. The number of flights per day
94
increased, so that by the beginning of September
as more coal was added to the total. Loads were boosted
traffic through the corridors had gotten to the point
to 7,000 tons a day in October and November; then the
where our two fields in Berlin were saturated.
miserable European December weather set in.
Since Gatow Airport, in the British sector, and Tem-
By now we had all the planes we needed-three
pelhof could not be expanded further, we decided
hundred C-54's with two hundred of them in daily
that a third field should be built where none existed.
service and the others in the maintenance pipeline.
The best site was a tract of land formerly used to
The only factor we could not beat was the weather.
train Hermann Goering's antiaircraft divisions; it was
By February and March, though, it improved, and
called Tegel and was in the French sector. The first
my concern turned in a new direction. I began to feel
plane actually landed on the Tegel strip on November
that things were going too well, and I decided that
5-exactly two months to the day after the first spade
the command needed a shaking up. They needed an
of earth was turned.
all-out effort of some kind-a goal that was attainable
There was a two-hundred-foot radio tower stick-
yet would require the utmost of every man.
ing up off the end of the runway, however. "That
We decided that we would shoot for a one-day figure
thing will have to come down," I told my staff. But
of 10,000 tons-3,000 more than we had ever hauled
COLLECTION OF JOHN H. SCHUFFERT
THAT'S
FAR!
WEATHER
OFFICE
The airlift had its own newspaper, the Task Force Times, edited by Lieutenant William G. Thompson. Its Bill Mauldin
was a radio operator named John H. "Jake" Schuffert. He captioned the cartoon at center above: "Will you kindly repeat
that last transmission?" and the one at right: "Oh, oh-looks like the weather is really bad today." "Though Gen. Tunner
had the reputation of being a hard task master (or task forcer)," writes Schuffert, who now lives in Alexandria, Virginia,
"he was very lenient concerning my cartoons." But he adds that "I avoided caricaturing the boss for obvious reasons."
that got no action. The tower was actually owned by
before. The cargo would be coal, and we would have it
the Russians, although it was located in the French
stockpiled for the big day. Maintenance schedules were
sector. General Jean Ganeval, the French commandant,
checked carefully; the maximum number of planes
solved the problem very neatly. A "mysterious" ex-
would be on hand.
plosion occurred and the tower was no more.
But what date should we choose? We decided on
General LeMay left Europe in October, 1948. His
Easter Sunday, 1949-a day that we hoped would go
last official act was to sign a directive together with
down in aviation history.
his British counterpart, Sir Arthur P. M. Saunders,
I flew back and forth to Berlin several times that
which set up the Combined Airlift Task Force
day, so that I was able to touch down at all of our bases
(C.A.L.T.F.). Its primary mission was "to deliver to
to see what was going on. The spirit of competition
Berlin, in a safe and efficient manner, the maximum
between the bases was running high, but I thought it
tonnage possible, consistent with the combined re-
could go higher. At Fassberg, Colonel Jack Coulter,
sources of equipment and personnel made available."
the commander there, bragged to me that he was ten
This placed the whole British-American effort under
per cent ahead of his quota.
Tunner.
"That's nice," I said, "but the guys at Celle are
running twelve per cent over theirs." Coulter van-
Tonnage increased as the weather got colder, but the
ished to spread the word to his squadrons.
daily requirements increased also. Instead of 4,500
At dawn on Easter morning we had reached the
tons a day, it was determined that 5,620 were needed
ten thousand mark. Every squadron was running
95
ahead of its quotas; as the last plane was being un-
destination because of new air-delivery techniques.
loaded, the statisticians added up their tallies and re-
Freight would be loaded on pallets in a very few min-
P
leased them to the press: flights-1,398; tons-12,941.
utes. Today's much bigger planes would make a pass
This was the equivalent of six hundred cars of coal,
about ten feet above the destination runway, a chute
prof
and we had averaged almost one round trip for each
would be popped, and the cargo would be yanked out
susp
of the 1,440 minutes in the twenty-four-hour period.
the rear end and would skid along the runway without
ing (
And the record had been set without a single accident
damage, thanks to modern packaging.
on I
or incident. The worldwide headlines next day made
our ]
me the happiest commander that ever wore a uniform.
General Tunner eventually became the Air Force's
the 1
I don't know what the Russians thought about our
Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and subsequently
cially
Easter parade of airplanes that had hopped over their
commander of the Military Air Transport Service,
clear
land blockade. But I will always believe that what
now the Military Airlift Command (MAC). He retired
nally
my men did that day convinced the Russians that there
from active duty in 1960. Now a member of the board
matu
was no point to be gained by continuing it. Just a
of directors of Seaboard World Airlines, he also serves
I t
month later-on May 12, 1949-the barricades were
from time to time as an air-transport consultant. In
proto
lifted, and land traffic began to flow again.
October of 1968 UNICEF sent him to Biafra to ob-
appal
serve airlift operations there. Immediately afterward
diplo
The Berlin Airlift continued for three more months,
he went to Vietnam, Okinawa, and Korea on a similar
sultir
stockpiling 300,000 tons of essentials just in case the
mission for MAC. His home base is a farm in Ware
fright
Russians should start the blockade again. By Septem-
Neck, Virginia, where, he says, "I raise a few sheep
are tc
ber 1, 1949, the operation was over. Airlift statisticians
myself and grow soybeans by virtue of the work of a
exten
showed that over 2,300,000 tons had been hauled into
farmer who shares the crops." He is also at work on a
only
Berlin in 276,926 flights.
novel, "half finished, I hope," on pilots-transport and
tain
military.
struct
Since the Communists could invoke a blockade of
Wom
Berlin again should they be so inclined, I am often
C. V. Glines, who retired from the Air Force as a colonel
stocki
asked what differences there would be in a lift today.
after twenty-seven years of service, is associate editor of
Instead of three hundred airplanes, the same job could
Armed Forces Management and the author of many books
April
be done now with a single squadron of about twenty.
Minis
about flying. He collaborated with General Benjamin D.
Instead of eleven airports, only two would be needed-
Foulois on the General's memoirs, From the Wright Brothers
diploi
one at each end. No landings would be needed at the
to the Astronauts, recently published by McGraw-Hill.
minis
associ
one el
our re
spectiv
Mot Juste, with Blarney
which
cles. H
House Majority Leader John McCormack [Democrat
subtly aid in building public support for the bill
he ha
of Massachusetts] felt somewhat uneasy about the
itself.
nated
prospect of introducing the Lend-Lease Bill on the
In spite of this shrewd move, McCormack remained
in the
floor of the House on January 10, 1941
The pro-
somewhat uncomfortable for about ten days-at which
fessional Irishmen who dominated his constituency
time he returned briefly to Boston. While there, an
April
were likely to become irate over any "aid-to-Britain"
argumentative female constituent vigorously attacked
I went
legislation like Lend-Lease, and having it labeled the
him for having introduced and supported a bill de-
calls—
McCormack Bill could direct their anger toward
signed to aid the English spalpeens. McCormack's re-
all the
him.
ply was the classic example of a politician thinking on
Lewis Deschler [the House parliamentarian] was
his feet-yet it also reflected, in a small way, his own
Foreig
aware of McCormack's discomfiture. For no real reason
deep-felt conviction. He calmly answered: "Madam,
Joint s
that he could ever recall, it occurred to Deschler that
do you realize that the Vatican is surrounded on all
a unit
numbering the bill H.R. 1776 might solve Mr. Mc-
sides by totalitarianism? Madam, this is not a bill to
the Ai
Cormack's problem.
The Majority Leader was most
save the English, this is a bill to save Catholicism."
appreciative. Not only would it end any mention of
A muc
the "McCormack Bill" and thus solve his own private
From "1776': Lend-Lease Gets a Number," by W. F.
The
dilemma, but the implicit appeal to patriotism would
Kimball, in The New England Quarterly, June, 1969
Minister
Affairs.
burden
monwea
96
t 5/2/1-10
5/2/1
(Item 1 from file: 38)
817741
23B-03651
The United States and the Berlin Blockade, 1948-1949: A Study in Crisis
Decision-Makins.
Shlaim, Avi : Huston, James A
Berkeler: U. of California Pr., 1983. 463* PP.
DOCUMENT TYPE: BOOK
BOOK REVIEW:
Huston, James A. Ann. of the Am. Acad. of Pol. and Social Sci. 481 (Sept
85) 184-186.
ABSTRACT: See also 23B:1552. 22B:3596 22B:1557
DESCRIPTORS: Foreign Policy ; Germany : USSR : Crisis Management : Berlin
Blockade : 1948-1949
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting): 1948
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1949
5/2/2
(Item 2 from file: 38)
767628
22B-03596
The United States and the Berlin Blockade, 1948-1949: A Study in Crisis
Decisian-Makins.
Shlain Avi : Sellen, Robert W ; Gimbel, John
Berkeler: U. of California Pr., 1983. 463 PP.
DOCKMENT TYPE: BOOK
BOOK REVIEW:
Sellen, Robert W 7 Gimbel, John. Am. Hist. Rev. 89 (Apr 84) 549-550.
Pacific Hist. Rev. 53 (May 84) 262-263.
ABSTRACT: See also 22B:1557.
DESCRIPTORS: Foreign Policy : Germany ; USSR : Crisis Management ar. Berlin
Blockade : 1948-1949
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting) 1948
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1949
5/2/3
(Item 3 from file: 38)
757726
23A-05805
KOREA AND BERLIN: A HYPOTHESIS.
Dobbs, Charles M
International History Review (Canada) 1985 7(3): 415-421.
NOTE: Based on sources in the US National Archives and Foreign Relations
of the United States 1948, Vol. 2; 11 notes.
DOCUMENT TYPE: ARTICLE
DESCRIPTORS: Berlin blockade : 1948 : Korea ; USSR : Germany : Rhee,
Syngman
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting): 1948
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1948
5/2/4
(Item 4 from file: 38)
753673
23B-01552
The United States and the Berlin Blockade, 1948-1949: A Study in Crisis
Decision-Makins.
Shlaim, Avi in Smith, Steve
Berkeler: U. IT California Pr., 1983. 463 PP.
DOCUMENT TYPE:UBOOK
BOOK REVIEW:
Smith, Steve. J. of Am. Studies 19 (Apr 85) 132-133.
ABSTRACT: See also 22B:3596. 22B:1557
DESCRIPTORS: Foreign Policy : Germany ; USSR : Crisis Management : Berlin
Blockade ; 1948-1949
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting) 1948
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending):
1949
5/2/5
(Item 5 from file: 38)
692675
22B-01557
The United States and Athe Berlin Blockade, 1948-1949: A Study in Crisis
Decision-Making.
Shlaim, Avi : Harper, Emes W : Rose, Lisle A
Berkeler: U. of California Pr., 1983. 463 PP.
DOCUMENT TYPE: BOOK
BOOK REVIEW:
Harper, James W, Rose, Lisle A. Hist. Teacher 17 (May 84) 474-475. J.
of Am. Hist. 70 (Mar 84) 922-923.
DESCRIPTORS: Foreign Policy ; Germany ; USSR : Crisis Management ; Berlin
Blockade ; 1948-1949
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting): 1948
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1949
5/2/6
(Item 6 from file: 38)
669461
20A-07375
TRUMAN, BERLIN AND THE 1948 ELECTION.
Misse, Fred B
Missouri Hist. Rev. 1982 76(2) : 164-173.
NOTE: Scrapbook of the Nationalities Division of the Democratic National
Committee in the Truman Library, Independence, Missouri, and other
primary and secondary sources; illus., 17 notes.
DOCUMENT TYPE: ARTICLE
DESCRIPTORS: Elections -(presidential) : Berlin Blockade : 1948-1949 or
Truman, Harry S
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting) 1948
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1949
5/2/7
(Item 7 from file: 38)
578728
20A-04605
THE BELIEF SYSTEM OF HARRY S. TRUMAN AND ITS EFFECT ON FOREIGN POLICY
DECISIONMAKING DURING HIS ADMINISTRATION.
Rosenberg, J Philip
Presidential Studies Q. 1982 12(2): 226-238.
NOTE: 2 tables, 92 notes.
DOCUMENT TYPE: ARTICLE
DESCRIPTORS: Ideology : Berlin Blockade ; Truman, Harry S : 1944-1948 :
Foreign policy ; Decisionmaking : Israel
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting) : 1944
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1948
5/2/8
(Item 8 from file: 38)
573575
20A-01596
AGAINST ALL ODDS.
Harrington, Daniel F
Am. Hist. Illus. 1982 16(10): 12-15, 30-35.
DOCUMENT TYPE: ARTICLE
DESCRIPTORS: Berlin blockade ; 1948-1949 : Airlifts ; Germany
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
10/2/14
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting) : 1948
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1949
5/2/9
(Item 9 from file: 38)
573527
20A-01548
A NARROW VICTORY: THE BERLIN BLOCKADE AND THE AMERICAN MILITARY RESPONSE.
Borowski, Harry R
Air U. Rev. 1981 32(5) 18-30.
DOCUMENT TYPE: ARTICLE
DESCRIPTORS: Germany : Military Strategy ; Elections -(presidential) :
1945-1948 ; Berlin blockade : Truman, Harry S
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting): 1945
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1948
5/2/10
(Item 10 from file: 38)
556032
19A-01611
HARRY S. TRUMAN, THE BERLIN BLOCKADE AND THE 1948 ELECTION.
Miscamble, Wilson D
Presidential Studies Q. 1980 10(3): 306-316.
DOCUMENT TYPE: ARTICLE
DESCRIPTORS: Foreign Relations : Political Campaigns -(presidential) :
1948-1949 : Truman, Harry S ; Berlin blockade
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting): 1948
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1949
?t 5/2/11-15
5/2/11
(Item 11 from file: 38)
541719
18A-04894
IN MEMORIAM: THE FIRST BERLIN CRISIS.
Reuss, Martin
Military Rev. 1979 59(5): 30-38.
DOCUMENT TYPE: ARTICLE
DESCRIPTORS# Germany, West : 1948 : Berlin Blockade : USSR : Cold War
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting) 1948
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1948
5/2/12
(Item 1 from file: 39)
1261635
39B-06325
Die for Berlin? The transformation of French Eastern and German policy
during the Berlin blockade, 1948-49
MOURIR POUR BERLIN? DIE WANDLUNGEN DER FRANZOSISCHEN OST- UND
DEUTSCHLANDPOLITIK WAHREND DER BLOCKADE 1948/49
Fritsch-Bournazel, Renata
Vierteljahrshefte fur Zeitseschichte (West Germany) 1987 35(2): 171-192.
NOTE: Based on French Foreign Ministry archives and US, French, and German
documentary collections and memoirs; : 63 notes:
DOCUMENT TYPE: ARTICLE
LANGUAGE(s): German.
DESCRIPTORS: France ; Germany : USSR : 1947-1949 : Berlin blockade :
Foreign policy
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting): 1947
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1949
5/2/13
(Item 2 from file: 39)
1161624
36B-09232
0707-5332
THE BERLIN BLOCKADE REVISITED.
Harrington, Daniel F
Int. Hist. Rev. (Canada) 1984 6(1): 88-112.
NOTE: Based on numerous unpublished and published archival records,
diaries, memoirs, and other documents of many participants in the event
and secondary studies; 66 notes.
DOCUMENT TYPE: ARTICLE
DESCRIPTORS: Germany : USA : 1948-1949 : Berlin Blockade : Truman, Harry S
: USSR
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting) : 1948
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1949
5/2/14
(Item 3 from file: 39)
1158588
36B-06243
BRITAIN, THE BERLIN BLOCKADE AND THE COLD WAR.
Shlaim, Avi
Int. Affairs (Great Britain) 1983-84 60(1): 1-14.
DOCUMENT TYPE: ARTICLE
DESCRIPTORS: Diplomacy ; USSR ; 1945-1950 ; Berlin blockade : Great
Britain : Western nations ; Cold War
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1950D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting) 1945
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1950
5/2/15
(Item 4 from file: 39)
1100521
35B-05265
The United States and the Berlin Blockade, 1948-1949: A Study in Crisis
Decision-makins.
Shlaim, Avi
Berkeley: U. of California Pr., 1983. 443 PP.
(International Crisis Behavior Series, vol. 2.)
DOCUMENT TYPE: BOOK
DESCRIPTORS: USA : Germany : Conflict and Conflict Resolution :
Decisionmaking : 1948-1949 ; Berlin Blockade
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting) : 1948
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1949
?t 5/2/16-26
5/2/16
(Item 5 from file: 39)
1066538
34B-08300
AGAINST ALL ODDS.
Harrington, Daniel F
Am. Hist. Illus. 1982 16(10): 12-15, 30-35.
DOCUMENT TYPE: ARTICLE
DESCRIPTORS: Berlin blockade : 1948-1949 ; Airlift ar. Germany
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting): 1948
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1949
5/2/17
(Item 6 from file: 39)
1051516
34B-00025
A NARROW VICTORY: THE BERLIN BLOCKADE AND THE AMERICAN MILITARY RESPONSE.
Borowski, Harry R
Air U. Rev. 1981 32(5) : 18-30.
DOCUMENT TYPE: ARTICLE
DESCRIPTORS: USA : Military Strategy ; 1945-1948 : Berlin blockade
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting): 1945
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1948
5/2/18
(Item 7 from file: 39)
1008694
32B-01844
IN MEMORIAM: THE FIRST BERLIN CRISIS.
Reuss, Martin
Military Rev. 1979 59(5): 30-38.
NOTE: 7 photos, 24 notes.
DOCUMENT TYPE: ARTICLE
DESCRIPTORS: USA : Germany, West : 1948 : Berlin Blockade : USSR : Cold
War
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1940D 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting): 1948
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1948
5/2/19
(Item 8 from file: 39)
818156
23B-01984
Recollections: The currency reform in the Year 1948 and the "Berlin
blockade," its importance for the division of Germany
ERINNERUNGEN: DIE WAHRUNGSREFORM IM JAHRE 1948 UND DIE "BERLINER BLOCKADE,'
IHRE BEDEUTUNG FUR DIE SPALTUNG DEUTSCHLANDS
Selbmann, Fritz
Beitrage zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung (East Germany) 1972 14(2):
260-267.
DOCUMENT TYPE: ARTICLE
DESCRIPTORS: USSR ; 1948 : Berlin blockade : Germany ; Currency reform
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting) 1948
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1948
5/2/20
(Item 9 from file: 39)
769437
22B-03246
PARK AVENUE DIPLOMACY-ENDING THE BERLIN BLOCKADE.
Jessup, Philip C
Pol. Sci. Q. 1972 87(3): 377-400.
DOCUMENT TYPE: ARTICLE
DESCRIPTORS: Germany, West : USA : 1949-1952 : Berlin Blockade ;
Diplomatic negotiations : USSR : UN
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting) 1949
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1952
t 28/2/1-2
8/2/1
(Item 1 from file: 39)
1265207
39B-09831
"World-artery" Danube
"WELTSTRASSE" DONAU
Slezak, Friedrich
Donauraum (Austria) 1986 28: 119-128.
NOTE: Secondary sources; 6 notes, appendix.
DOCUMENT TYPE: ARTICLE
LANGUAGE(s): German.
DESCRIPTORS: Germany -(Bavaria) : Canal projects : Rhine River : Main
River : Danube River ar. 1879-1986 EP. Austria
HISTORICAL PERIOD: 1870D 1880D 1890D 1800H 1900H
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Starting) 1879
HISTORICAL PERIOD (Ending): 1986
8/2/2
(Item 2 from file: 39)
273760 19B-02842
Concerning the history of the founding of the Rhine-Main-Danube joint stock
company
ZUR GRUNDUNGSGESCHICHTE DER RHEIN-MAIN-DONAU AG.
Geer, Johann Sebastian
Donauraum (Austria) 1972 17(1/2): 30-47.
?ds47
Set
Items
Description
S1
2725
BERLIN
S2
1006
BLOCKADE
S3
93
AIRLIFT
S4
75
BERLIN AND (BLOCKADE OR AIRLIFT)
S5
20
BERLIN BLOCKADE
S6
24
RHEIN
S7
24173
MAIN
S8
2
RHEIN(W2)MAIN
?t 10/2/1-10
10/2/1
07395471 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
The Berlin Airlift. (book reviews)
Walser, Ray
Library Journal v114 p73(1) Feb 1, 1989
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
ARTICLE TYPE: review
GRADE: A
REVIEWEE: Tusa, Ann; Tusa, John
DESCRIPTORS: Books--reviews, etc.
10/2/2
06942712 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
The Berlin Airlift. (book reviews)
Stuttaford, Genevieve
Publishers Weekly v234 P74(2) Dec 23, 1988
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
CODEN: PWEEA
ARTICLE TYPE: review
GRADE: A
REVIEWEE: Tusa, Ann; Tusa, John
DESCRIPTORS: Books--reviews, etc.
10/2/3
06846263 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
MI
The candyman: to the kids of Berlin, he was the chocolate bomber. (Lt. Gail
Halvorsen)
Scott, Phil
Flying v115 p84(1) July, 1988
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
0015-4806
CODEN: FLYGA
illustration; portrait
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: EWGWW
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: Berlin, West
CAPTIONS: Gail Halvorsen.
NAMED PEOPLE: Halvorsen, Gail personal narratives
DESCRIPTORS: Berlin Blockade, 1948-1949; Air pilots--nostalgia
10/2/4
06846187 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
The Berlin airlift; Forty Years aso, warplanes saved a city.
Morgan, Len
Flying v115 p78(7) July, 1988
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
CODEN: FLYGA
11
illustration# photograph
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: EEUR: EWGWW
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: Soviet Union; Berlin, West
DESCRIPTORS: Berlin Blockade, 1948-1949; Air- freight service history;
Food relief manasement: Soviet Union Foreign relations
10/2/5
06659819 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
Breaking the blockade: the Berlin airlift.
Elliot, Lawrence
Reader's Disest v132 p208(9) April, 1988
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
CODEN: RDIGA
illustration: photograph
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: EWGWW; EEUR; EWGW
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: Berlin, West: Soviet Union
DESCRIPTORS: Berlin- -- Blockade, 1948-1949; Airlift, Military Germany, WestEM
: Soviet Union--Foreian relations; Armed forces in foreign countries
American--services
10/2/6
04680037 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
*Use Format 9 for FULL TEXT*
How the U.S. met five major challenges. (in world politics)
McHush, Clare
Scholastic Update v119 p11(3) Feb 23, 1987
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
illustration photograph
AVAILABILITY: FULL TEXT Online LINE COUNT: 00125
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: EEHU: NNUS: EWGWW: AXS; EEGEE
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: Hungery; United States: Berlin, West: South China Sea
: Berlin, East
Tonkin Gulf Resolution of 1964--interpretation and construction
DESCRIPTORS: Military assistance, American--case studies; Monroe doctrine
--interpretation and constructions United States history--War of 1898;
Berlin Blockade, 1948-1949; Hungary--History Tonkin Gulf Incidents,
1964--political aspects; Military policy--case studies
10/2/7
04628081 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
Das Krisenmanagement der Vereinisten Staaten wahrend der Berliner Blockade
(1948-1949): Intentionen, Strategien und Wirkungen. (book reviews)
Brauch, Hans Gunter
American Historical Review V91 p1292(1) Dec, 1986
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
CODEN: AMHRA
ARTICLE TYPE: review
GRADE: D
GEOGRAPHI-1949 Suez
Canal -international aspects treaties--political aspects
10/2/10
03274656 DIAMAEX *Us FULL TEXT*
Staring down the Kremlin. (Berlin Airlift anniversary) (editovin
U.S. News & World Report V96 p88(1) May 21, 1984
SOURCE FILE: MI Fil
CODEN: XNWRA
ARTICLE TYPE: editorial
AVBILITY: FULL TEXT Online 3
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: EWGWW: EEGEE
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: Berlin, West: Berlin, RIPTORS: Berlin--blockade, 1948-1949
?t 10/2/11-15
10/2/11
03153309 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
The United States and the Berlin blockade, 1948-1949: a study in crisis
decision-makins. (book reviews)
Rose, Lisle A.
Journal of American History v70 P922(2) March, 1984
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
CODEN: JAHIA
ARTICLE TYPE: review
GRADE: A-
REVIEWEE: Shlaim, Avi
DESCRIPTORS: books--reviews, etc.
10/2/12
02809436 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
The United States and the Berlin blockade, 1948-1949. (book reviews)
Smith, Gaddis; Despard, LUCY Edwards
Foreign Affairs v61 p1201(1) Summ- 1983
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
CODEN: FRNAA
ARTICLE TYPE: review
GRADE: A-
REVIEWEE: Shlaim, Avi
DESCRIPTORS: books--reviews, etc.
10/2/13
02598454 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
Berlin blockade. (Yuri Zhukov and European peace movement)
Benton, Sarah
New Statesman v105 p14(1) Jan 14, 1983
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
CODEN: NWSMA
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: E: EEUR
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: Europe; Soviet Union
NAMED PEOPLE: Zhukov, Yuri--foreian relations
DESCRIPTORS: antinuclear movement Europe: Soviet Union Foreign relations-
10/2/14
02193821 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
Against all odds. (Berlin airlift)
Harrington, Daniel F.
American History Illustrated v16 P12(10) Feb, 1982
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
0002-8770
CODEN: AHILA
illustration$ photograph
ARTICLE TYPE: biography
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: EWGWW; NNUS: EEUR
BIOGRAPHEE: Turner, William biography; Clar, Lucius D. biography
DESCRIPTORS: Berlin, West blockade, 1948-1949; United States--relations
with Soviet Union; Soviet Union relations with the United States:
United States. Air Force--history$ generals biography
10/2/15
01120449 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
Berlin: 30 Years after the airlift showdown.
U.S. News & World Report v84 p36(2) July 3, 1978
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
CODEN: XNWRA
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: EWGWW: EWGW
DESCRIPTORS: Berlin, West history; economic history Germany, West
?t 10/2/16-20
10/2/16
00486827 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
Before the colors fade: Berlin airlift commander; interview, ed. by C. V.
Glines. pors
Tunner, William H.
American Heritage v20 P44 Oct, 1969
0002-8738
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
DESCRIPTORS: Berlin air lift
10/2/17
00147067 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
Remember the Berlin airlift! excerpt from The air force blue book.
Robinson, Donald
Reader's Disest v79 P116 Oct, 1961
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
DESCRIPTORS: Berlin air lift
10/2/18
00141746 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
Berlin airlift: it can work asain.
Life v51 P40 Aug 18, 1961
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
DESCRIPTORS: Alliance for progress; Berlin air lift; Inter-American
economic and social council
10/2/19
00104525 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
Baby blockade. il
Falkenhausen, Alexander Ernst Alfred Hermann von
Newsweek V56 p48 Sep 12, 1960
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
DESCRIPTORS: Berlin question
10/2/20
00059906 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
Blockade-proof. il
Newsweek V53 p38 Jun 1, 1959
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
DESCRIPTORS: Berlin question
?t 13/2
13/2/1
03906434 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX *Use Format 9 for FULL TEXT*
German terrorism bares new fangs.
U.S. News & World Report V99 p10(1) Aus 26, 1985
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
CODEN: XNWRA
illustration; photograph
AVAILABILITY: FULL TEXT Online LINE COUNT: 00036
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: EWGWF; EWGW
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: Frankfurt
DESCRIPTORS: Baader-Meinhof Gans military policy; guerrillas--military
policy; terrorism--Germany, West: Rhein-Main Air Force Base, Germany,
West bombings; Frankfurt bombins, 1985
?t
13/2/2
00241286 DIALOG File 47: MAGAZINE INDEX
Rhein-Main airport expansion continues. E. Walford. il
Aviation Week & Space Technology V80 P41 Jan 6, 1964
SOURCE FILE: MI File 47
SIC CODE: 4582
DESCRIPTORS: Airports- Germany (Federal Republic)
88-22505
ITEM 1 OF 3 IN SET 1
(LCCC)
Tusa, Ann.
The Berlin airlift / Ann and John Tusa. New York, Atheneum, 1988. xiv, 445
F., 16 P. of plates : ill. : 25 cm.
LC CALL NUMBER: DD881 T86 1988
DEWEY DEC: 943.1/550874 19
ISBN: 068911513X
SUBJECTS (INDX):Berlin (Germany) History Blockade, 1948-1949
ADDED ENTRIES:
Tusa, John.
NOTES:
Includes index.
Bibliography: P. 380-384.
READY FOR NEW COMMAND:
89-6173
ITEM 2 OF 3 IN SET 1
(LCCC)
Westerfeld, Scott.
The Berlin airlift / by Scott Westerfeld. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Silver
Burdett Press, c1989. P. cm.
(Turning points in American history)
LC CALL NUMBER: DD881 .W473 1989 *CIP - NOT YET IN LC*
DEWEY DEC: 943.1/550874 20
ISBN: 0382098528 (pbk.) /$7.95/0382098331 (lib. bdg.) :/$16.95
SUBJECTS (INDX) Berlin (Germany) History Blockade, 1948-1949 Juvenile
literature
NOTES:
Includes index.
Bibliosraphy# P.
READY FOR NEW COMMAND:
89-136680
(dupl.)
ITEM 3 OF 3 IN SET 1
(LCCC)
Tusa, Ann.
The Berlin blockade / Ann & John Tusa. London, Hodder & Stoughton, c1988.
xiv, 445, 16 P. of plates : ill. ; 24 cm.
UNIFORM TITLE:Berlin airlift
LC CALL NUMBER: DD881 T86x 1988b *NOT IN LC COLLECTION*
ISBN: 0340416076 : :/16.95
SUBJECTS (INDX) :Berlin (Germany) History Blockade, 1948-1949
ADDED ENTRIES:
Tusa, John.
NOTES:
Published in the U.S. as: The Berlin airlift.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
READY FOR NEW COMMAND:
You requested an item number that is not present in the set specified.
Either the item number is too high(hisher than the total number of items
in the set), or the item has already been released with the DROP command.
To see a list of sets created and the number of items in each set,
type: SHOW HISTORY
For more information on the DISPLAY command, type: SHOW COMMAND DISPLAY
DSPL0009 Ready for new command:
59-2971
ITEM 1 OF 6 IN SET 1.
(PREM)
Charles, Max.
Berlin blockade. London, A. Winsate, 1959. 175 Pn 23 cm.
LC CALL NUMBER: DD881 .C48
SUBJECTS (INDX):Berlin--Blockade- 1948-1949
READY FOR NEW COMMAND:
60-3052
ITEM 2 OF 6 IN SET 1
(PREM)
Rodriso, Robert.
Berlin airlift. London, Cassell, 1960. 240 P. illus. 23 cm.
LC CALL NUMBER: DD881 .R6
SUBJECTS (INDX):Berlin--Blockade, 1948-1949
READY FOR NEW COMMAND:
fi62-2158
ITEM 3 OF 6 IN SET 1
(PREM)
Airlift Berlin Blockade Motion picture П.Р., Filmrite Associates.
Released by Official Films, 1960. P. 3 min., sd., b&w, 16 mm.
SUBJECTS 1948-1949
ADDED ENTRIES:
Filmrite Associates, inc., Hollywood, Calif.
Official Films, inc.
SERIES ADDED ENTRIES:
Greatest headlines of the century Mation picture
NOTES:
Greatest headlines of the century.
Includes footage from the Sherman Grinbers Film Libraries.
SENT BY:STARS & STRIPES
N ;19- 5-89 3:24PM ;
06155601377
4566218;# 1
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FAX TRANSMISSION SHEET
ES&S/FAX
COM 06155-601376
ETS 348-5741 Ext 376
SUBJECT:
DESTINATION TELECOPIER:
# of pages:
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Anecdotal Stories on
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4
Rhein Main Air Base
Washington D.C.
TO: (Origin, Office Symbol, Location)
NAME:
TELEPHONE:
Staff Support Office
Mr. Rett Wallace
(Speech Writing)
(202)456-6218
The White House
4566218;# 1
EUROPEAN EDITION
The STARS and STRIPES
FAX TRANSMISSION SHEET
ES&S/FAX
COM 06155-601376
ETS 348-5741 Ext 376
SUBJECT:
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# of pages:
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Anecdotal Stories on
The White House
4
Rhein Main Air Base
Washington D.C.
TO: (Origin, Office Symbol, Location)
NAME:
TELEPHONE:
Staff Support Office
Mr. Rett Wallace
(202)456-6218
(Speech Writing)
The White House
Washington D.C.
FROM: (Origin, Office Symbol, Location)
NAME:
TELEPHONE:
European Stars and Stripes
COL Jeffrey M. Cook
06155-601233
Darmstadt W. Germany
REMARKS:
We checked our archives and found a number of stories but nothing of the
type you appear to be seeking. I am attaching one story on a retired
school official as well as a listing of other stories we have run in the
paper the last several years. Should any of these pique your interest,
please advise so we can provide them.
COOK
Colonel, US Army
Commander/Editor-in-Chief
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RHEIN-MAIN ARTICLES SINCE 1986
48 ARTICLES
PAGE
1
RHEIN-MAIN HOTEL OFFERS MAC BAGGAGE CHECK-IN
10 JAN 86
E.23
p08
641
RHEIN-MAIN POLICE BLOW UP AUTO BELIEVED A THREAT
05 MAR 86
E1..
p01
4196
R-M DRIVER WHOSE CAR WAS BLASTED WITHHELD ID
06 MAR 86
E1..
p01
4269
WOMAN IN R-M CAR BOMBING INCIDENT STILL IN CARE
14 MAR 86
E.23
p02
4833
C-47 TO JOIN RHEIN-MAIN'S BERLIN AIRLIFT MEMORIA
27 MAR 86
E.23
p24
5714
BUSH VISITS RHEIN-MAIN EN ROUTE TO MIDEAST
05 APR 86
E.23
p01
6295
RHEIN-MAIN'S SECURITY PROVING TOUGH ON LUGGAGE
30 APR 86
E.23
p01
7993
BEAUTY MESSAGE FOR 'WOMEN OF COLOR'
17 OCT 86
E.23
p13
20834
R-M COMMISSARY MARKING GRAND OPENING
21 OCT 86
E.23
P09
21146
GIS, AIRMEN LEAVE MANY CARS AT BASE
15 DEC 86
E.23
p09
24986
#4 AF PERSONNEL OFFICES IN EUROPE ARE HONORED
28 MAY 87
E.23
p09
35732
*RHEIN-MAIN AB WINS POL ROADEO AT RAMSTEIN
17 JUN 87
E.23
p09
37018
*RHEIN-M AIR TERMINAL TO BE SHUT FOR OPEN HOUSE
26 JUN 87
E1..
p09
37595
*FUND DRIVE BEGINS FOR AIRLIFT CENTER
27 JUN 87
E1..
p02
37627
*RHEIN-MAIN ITT OFFICE TO ISSUE FRENCH VISAS
14 JUL 87
E1..
p02
38657
*R-M MAC TERMINAL TO REDUCE PARKING SPACE
31 JUL 87
E.23
p09
39811
*AIR BASE BAKERY WORKER IS REPORTED MISSING
20 AUG 87
E..3
p24
41148
R-M VEHICLE UNIT SELECTED AS BEST OF 1987
26 AUG 87
E.23
P09
41554
GERMAN EMPLOYEE AT R-M SENTENCED FOR CHILD ABUSE
05 SEP 87
E.23
p02
42221
WORKING ON WHEELS (REPAIR UNIT, RHEIN-MAIN AB)
17 NOV 87
E.23
p13
47050
*MEMORIAL SERVICES HELD FOR TEACHER
21 NOV 87
E1..
P02
47288
*3 INJUERD IN BLAST AT RHEIN-MAIN
14 DEC 87
E1..
p28
48753
ABANDONED 'SOUVENIR' CAUSED BLAST, OFFICIAL SAYS
15 DEC 87
E.23
P01
48780
*HOTEL AT RHEIN-MAIN NOTES NEW RESERVATION NUMB
10 MAR 88
E.23
P08
54010
*ERRS 28 MAR:R-M CPO AWARD, FLIGHTS TO W BERLIN
29 MAR 88.
E.23
P02
55149
*WEST GERMAN SAM UNIT AIDS RHEIN-MAIN DEFENSE
18 JUL 88
E.23
P08
61218
SOVIET TEAMS ARRIVE FOR INSPECTIONS IN 2 VISIT
13 AUG 88
E.23
p02
63674
WOMEN PETITION FOR FAMILY SPACE-A RIGHT
13 AUG 88
E1..
POB
63703
*RHEIN-MAIN TERMINAL UNIT SELECTED--BEST FOR '88
17 AUG-88
E1..
P09
63952
GERMAN OFFICIAL CLAIMS RHEIN-MAIN AB TALKS HELD
08 SEP 88
E.23
p01
65185
HOTTEST EVENTS OF THE WEEK
11 OCT 88
E.23
p09
67230
*HIT-RUN DRIVER BLAMED IN MOTORYCYCLIST'S DEATH
12 OCT 88
E1..
p02
67258
*TRAFFIC FLOW AT RHEIN-MAIN REDIRECTED
04 NOV 88
E.23
p02
68663
CAR SHOW AT RHEIN-MAIN
17 NOV 88
E.23
p13
69469
VETERAN OVERSEAS PRINCIPAL TO RETIRE
19 DEC 88
E.23
POB
71442
*CLUB WORKER FOUND DEAD IN HER RHEIN-MAIN HOME
29 DEC 88
E1..
p02
71949
*RHEIN-MAIN RITES PLANNED FOR CLUB WORKER WHO DI
31 DEC 88
E1..
p02
72077
GROUP PLANS CENTER DEVOTED TO BERLIN AIRLIFT
21 JAN 89
E.23
P09
73346
RHEIN-MAIN BLDGS EVACUATED AFTER BOMB SCARE
25 JAN 89
E1..
p28
73533
*RHEIN-MAIN DRUG PROBE MAY INVOLVE 68 PEOPLE
02 FEB 89
E1..
p24
74004
TEMPLEHOF AIRPORT STILL HOLDING OPEN HOUSE
18 FEB 89
E.23
p28
74988
*CLARIFICATION ON 18 FEB STORY RE R-M OPEN HOUSE
19 FEB 89
E..3
P02
75002
*GIESSEN PRINCIPAL NAMED TO LEAD HALVORSEN SCHOO
20 FEB 89
E..3
P08
75095
*SOVIETS AT RHEIN-MAIN FOR TREATY INSPECTION
06 APR B9
E.23
P09
77778
*CONCERT PIANIST PLANS MINITOUR OF US FACILITIES
21 APR 89
E1..
p28
78674
*SOVIET TEAM ARRIVES FOR MISSILE INSPECTION (RM)
27 APR 89
E.23
p02
78962
NOW THE NAME OF THE GAME IS FUN--YOUTH BASEBALL
02 MAY 89
E.23
P09
79282
*SOVIET INSPECTION TEAM ARRIVES AT RHEIN-MAIN AB
04 MAY 89
E.23
p24
79402
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RHEIN-MAIN ARTICLES 1964
23 ARTICLES
PAGE
1
PHOTOS OF JACKSON AND GOODMAN AT RHEIN-MAIN
05 JAN 84
E1..
p09
046
US-SPEC MOTORCYCLE FACILITY OPENS NEAR RHEIN-MAI
23 JAN 84
E.23
p10
268
SINGLE PARENTING DOESN'T MEAN ALONE
27 JAN 84
E1..
p09
330
PATHFINDERS KNOW THE ROPES--AND HOW TO USE THEM
31 JAN 84
E.23
p03
381
RHEIN MAIN UNIT WINS TOP FUEL TROPHY
08 FEB 84
E.23
p08
514
AF ROUNDUP-RHEIN MAIN CAFETERIA TO REOPEN
20 FEB 84
E.23
p08
682
RHEIN-MAIN'S CANNON MAY GET SHOT AT,PROS.
23 FEB 84
E.23
p21
731
RHEIN MAIN PULLS TOGETHER TO OVERCOME GRIEF
09 MAR 84
E1..
p09
974
PSYCHIATRIST SAYS GRIEVING IS "NORMAL" NECESSARY
09 MAR 84
E1..
p09
975
CYCLE JAMBOREE DATE RESCHEDULED TO MAY 5TH
05 APR 84
E1..
p23
1446
ARMY' RETURNS LAND TO FRANKFURT, HESSEN
19 APR 84
E.23
p24
1649
TWO-HOUR PARKING WILL BE ENFORCED AT R/M AB
20 APR 84
E1..
p02
1651
AIR FORCE SERGEANT KILLED IN CAR ACCIDENT
08 MAY B4
E1..
p02
1907
RUNNERS ON WHEELS-15TH TRANSPORTATION DETACHMENT
13 JUN 84
E1..
p03
3577
GETTING EXPERIENCE: PRACTICE AT RHEIN-MAIN AFB
15 JUN 84
E.23
p03
3703
WING HDQTRS AT RHEIN-MAIN IS 435TH TAC AIRLIFT
16 JUN 84
E.23
p27
3818
RHEIN-MAIN AB BOASTED BEST COPS IN AF IN '83
30 JUN 84
E.23
P09
4759
AIR FORCE SGT TILLEY GIVEN 18 YEARS FOR MURDER
19 JUL 84
E.23
p23
6054
GUAM FAMILIES MARK ANNIVERSARY OF LIBERATION
23 JUL 84
E.23
p02
6290
BMW ENLARGES MILITARY SALES PROGRAM
13 SEP 84
E1..
p13
10061
RUNNERS GET CHANCE TO MATCH RODGERS AT RHEIN-MAI
24 OCT 84
E.23
p03
12979
C-130 BURNS WHILE LANDING AT ARMY AIRFIELD
03 NOV 84
E.23
p08
13726
SIJAN LEADERSHIP AWARD GOES TO RHEIN-MAIN CAPT.
07 NOV 84
E.23
POB
14012
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RHEIN MAIN ARTICLES 1985
38 ARTICLES
PAGE
1
435TH MILITARY AIRLIFT WING KEEPS RUNWAYS CLEAR
14 JAN 85
E.23
p09
957
PHOTOS--A DAY ON THE ICE: RHEIN-MAIN OUTDOOR RINK
22 JAN 85
E.23
p03
1528
AIRMAN SPENDS HER OFF-DUTY TIME REBUILDING CAR
06 FEB 85
E.23
p09
2557
R-M AB OFFICER EARNS '84 SIJAN LEADERSHIP AWARD
09 FEB 85
E.23
P09
2775
BIP VISITS KEEP RHEIN-MAIN WORKERS HOPPING
21 MAY B5
E.23
p09
9902
BLAST DAMAGES PIPELINE PUMPING STATION IN FRANKF
01 JUN 85
E.23
p28
10725
RHEIN-MAIN HOSTS AIR SHOW, OPEN HOUSE
03 JUN 85
E.23
P09
10848
2 SOVET COPTERS SUSPECTED OF SPYING
15 JUN 85
E.23
p28
11703
MEMORIAL DEDICATED TO BERLIN AIRLIFT DEAD
27 JUN 85
E.23
p01
12514
RHEIN MAIN AIR BASE SETS UP SECURITY BARRICADES
30 JUN 85
E.23
p28
12775
GERMANY ROLLS OUT ITS BEST AT RAILWAY FETE
31 JUL 85
E.23
p03
14912
RHEIN-MAIN CAR BOMB KILLS MORE THAN 20 INJURED
09 AUG 85
E.23
P01
15552
ALERT CAME, AF HOSPITAL WAS READY (R-M BOMBING)
09 AUG 85
E.23
p02
15555
IN MINUTES, AID COPTER GOT TO (R-M) BLAST SITE
09 AUG 85
E.23
p02
15556
EXPERTS LINK (R-M) EXPLOSION TO RED ARMY FACTION
09 AUG 85
E.23
p02
15557
LAWSON CONDEMNS RHEIN-MAIN BOMBING
09 AUG 85
E.23
p28
15609
2 LEFTIST GROUPS CLAIM BOMBING AT RHEIN-MAIN
10 AUG 85
E.23
P01
15610
SEMBLANCE OF NORMAL LIFE RETURNS TO RHEIN-MAIN
10 AUG 85
E.23
p01
15611
POLICE WARN OF MORE TERRORIST ATTACKS
11 AUG 85
E.23
p01
15684
LEFTIST TERROR GROUPS CLAIM RHEIN-MAIN BOMBING
11 AUG 85
E1..
P01
15746
POLICE RELEASE DRAWING OF ALLEGED R-M TERRORIST
12 AUG 85
E.23
p01
15758
BODIES OF RHEIN-MAIN BLAST VICTIMS ARRIVE IN US
13 AUG 85
E.23
p27
15879
ID CARD OF SLAIN SOLDIER SENT TO NEWS AGENCY
14 AUG 85
E1..
P01
15891
SECURITY TIGHTENED AT U.S. BASES AFTER BOMBING
15 AUG 85
E.23
p24
16011
GERMANS TAKE OVER INVESTIGATION OF GI DEATH
15 AUG 85
E.23
p24
16012
WARRANT ISSUED FOR SUSPECT IN RHEIN-MAIN CAR-BOM
16 AUG 85
E.23
p01
16033
RHEIN-MAIN CAR BOMB VICTIM EULOGIZED IN MICHIGAN
18 AUG 85
E.23
P09
16212
WOMAN INJURED IN RHEIN-MAIN BLAST REMEMBERS FIRE
23 AUG 85
E1..
POB
16558
TERRORIST GROUP ADMITS KILLING GI FOR ID CARD
28 AUG 85
E.23
p01
16886
RHEIN-MAIN CAR BOMB VICTIM GETS PURPLE HEART
29 AUG 85
E.23
p01
16947
LEAFLETS ASK PUBLIC FOR HELP IN TRACKING TERRORI
23 SEP B5
E..3
POB
18692
RHEIN-MAIN REMINDS TRAVELERS RESERVATIONS NEEDED
15 OCT 85
E.23
P08
20212
GREAT PUMPKIN PICKUP:FARMER GROWS THEM FOR AMER.
30 OCT 85
E.23
P17
21266
BAN ON MEN'S EARRINGS APPLIES TO RHEIN-MAIN AB
31 OCT 85
E.23
p02
21294
RHEIN-MAIN CLUB HAS MODEL HOBBY
07 NOV 85
E.23
M10
21848
RHEIN-MAIN TAG STUDENTS DISCUSS WITH HABSBURG
08 NOV 85
E.23
p09
21893
17-YR DODDS TEACHER RATLIFF DIES AT AGE 43
27 NOV 85
E.23
P27
23187
OFFICIAL TRAVELERS MAY RESERVE BILLETING AT R-M
18 DEC 85
E1..
p02
24533
Phein- Main a 7.B.
Corres. - 2304 - Megan Doyb -6600
Mil - 2150
advana staff office Rhin Main - maing -
Gordon James.
post. note
- Rhiengeld Halle -(Ceirc or Compentom cntr
Hiltor Hotel
w/ Chanceller Kohl
/ - Bridge AF. Band
Meing Police Band
Behind
US Children's Choir
US JRG +16MATO Flaces.
Carl
-Minister- - Dr Bad Ludwig Wagner
Presedentef Rheinlard- Play
Chancelle Kohl.
Welcoming Remarks
\
\
Occ Synopsis of nATO.
H.Col Hellips-Dep.
European Stars + Staps Col.Cooke - 490 - 6155 - 601233
PA- - Col. Kerchoffur. Dep. PA
Dep from Germany
European Command
497-11680-8574
- Post. MADO spch
hurboat Rich on Reen
4,000 inlisted men +women + family
officers t base personnel
- New wing Commander - will de intro
Goodbye Thanks - see you
- Major Maloney P.A.chiecter
1
- 069-699-7804
It William Dellingham - Malony's Deputies
Freedom
Gatumay to
Bush has been before
Chanke
1985 1986, fuly Valkr Jampho releas
Release of Meddle East hostags
- always
David Jacobson
Medical Evacuation
aremenias children - injured
USS Stark injure
-all European Theatre
TWA Hyad victims
navy - H. Goodman - shot down (Leb. bombing).
hostages yo through
J
-697-3731
Elebating 40th Anniversary Berlin Airlift
2/3 Emissions started at R-M
40 plass ago the R-M flyhthin was
a basy place - per munes
lakeng off
12 may - blockage ended
missions went antil September
7th special operations squadhan.
Gatway to Europe
/
to Euope g through R.M.
most of DoD people coming
Germany + serrounding countries.
10,000 people working thes -
4,000 mil. familis.
buscist Aais Force terminal is thanforce
Largest
1/2m passingers bastya. came through P-M
Monument to Bertin airlift - R+M+ in Barbo
air Bridge to Freedom - fultbrucke
During air lift Halverson
Col. Gail Halverson
- - Candy Bomber
- lettle bags of candy on parachuts
Elimentary School is named for
his son es stationed there.
3 grandchildren
REFORGER
Reforger - Return of forces to Germany.
partof brothery to Germany
-
The Hundenbergh t Graff 3ppelin flow
from there.
Hind. operations bucking is still there
Jeff Sponsler
78-80 at Rhein -Main
& 2nd largest avend portin AF
Largest in European Thater
5,000 tens of
30,000 people
army Unit. Replacement battahon
-assigns people.
army people don't know where they are
C130s - E9s
going until they get to hermony
Share a runway u/Frankfurt
Int'l airport
- security problem
Daily flights -S C1410C50 to is
bring it in
( 130s - bring it Europer. to placesin
mil. Culift Cammond Basl.
- air Force Speechwriters
H.Col Evaniet Evenchech
=697-3435
Depr -
Dep. of army
-697-8913
Chaf of Public affairs -Do.D.
Dan Howard - 697-9312
assestant sec.of D. for P.A.
697-9314- Col. Jayler. Preech
Harold Heilsnis - Public Correspondence
697-5737
24.05.89
14:25
435 CSG/DA
NR. 223
8001/005
AILITARY AIRLIFT COMMITY
Telecopier Transmittal Sheet
RES TACTICAL AIRLIFT WING
6218
TO: 202 456- 2930 2820
Installation Telecopier Number
FOR: MARK LANGE -
Organization-Office Symbol-Néme-Phone
FROM:
MALENOT
-
Organization-OfficeSymbol-Name-Phone
IF TRANSMISSION IS NOT COMPLETE OR SUFFICIENTLY
READABLE, PLEASE CALL THE POINT OF CONTACT
LISTED ABOVE.
THIS TRANSMISSION CONSISTS OF
/
PAGES, NOT INCLUDING
THIS TRANSMITTAL SHEET.
REMARKS:
MAS
24.05.89
14:26
435 CSG/DA
NR. 223
B002/005
T.0 N.P.R.K LANGE (202)456-2930
Biography
MEMBIVIS
United States Air Force
ON-SITE INSPECTION AGENCY, FIELD OFFICE EUROPE, RHEIN-MAIN AIR BASE, GERMANY
AUTOVON 330-7295, COMMERCIAL 069-69-3224
COLONEL JOHN FER
Colonel John Fer is the chief, On-Site Inspection Agency, Field Office Europe.
Colonel Fer was born Sept. 12, 1937, in Long Beach, Calif. He graduated from
San Pedro High School, San Pedro, Calif., in 1955. In 1962, he graduated from the
U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colo., with a bachelor of science degree
and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force. He received a
master's degree in political science from Auburn University, Ala., in 1974. He
completed Air Command and Staff College in residence in 1974, and the Industrial
College of the Armed Forces by correspondence and Air War College by seminar.
Colonel Fer completed pilot training at Laredo Air Force Base, Texas, in
1963, and was assigned as a co-pilot in the B-47E/L at Plattsburgh, N.Y. In 1966,
he transferred to Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand, as a pilot in the
EB-66C. He was shot down over North Vietnam on Feb. 4, 1967. Colonel Fer was a
prisoner of war in North Vietnam from 1967 until his release on March 4, 1973.
From 1974 until 1976 he flew the F-111F at Mountain Home Air Force Base,
Idaho. In 1976, he was assigned to the U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs,
Colo., as an air officer commanding. He became the commandant's executive officer
for honor and ethics at the Air Force Academy in 1977. The colonel transferred to
Washington, D.C. in 1979 as the principal advisor POW/MIA Affairs, Office of the
Secretary of Defense. In 1982, he became chief, Air Force Academy Activities
Group, Directorate of Personnel Programs, Headquarters U.S. Air Force. Colonel
Fer became the director of Operational Services, Headquarters Ninth Air Force,
Shaw Air Force Base, S.C., in 1984. In July 1987 Colonel Fer was assigned to the
486th Tactical Missile Wing, Woensdrecht Air Base, The Netherlands, as the vice
commander. He assumed his present duties in May 1988.
Colonel Fer's military decorations include the Silver Star with one oak leaf
cluster, the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Legion of Merit with one oak leaf
cluster, the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Bronze Star Medal with two V devices,
the Purple Heart, the Meritorious Service Medal with one oak leaf cluster, the Air
Medal with four oak leaf clusters, the Commendation Medal with one oak leaf
cluster, the Presidential Unit Citation, the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, POW
Medal with three devices (stars) and various other awards.
Medal, the Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with palm, the Vietnam Campaign
He was promoted to colonel on Feb. 1, 1983.
Colonel Fer is married to the former Nancy Ellen Blumetti of San Pedro,
Calif. They have three children: John Peter, Paul Andrew and Theresa Marie.
(Current as of March 1989)
- 30 -
24.05.89
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NR. 223
B003/005
Major Bob Anderson, Chief, Mental Health Clinic
The threat of terrorism is always present at Rhein-Main as was made painfully
clear the morning of August 8, 1985. At about 7:15 in the morning, a terrorist
bomb exploded outside the wing headquarters building, killing two people and
injuring 11 others. The bomb also caused widespread damage to several buildings
in the area. While the physical damage and personal injuries were painfully
obvious, the terrorists also hoped to score a psychological victory, planting the
seeds of fear in the base population. In the immediate aftermath of the bombing
many Rhein-Mainers acted heroically, helping the wounded, fighting fires, providing
security and helping the base maintain its ability to carry out its mission. Not
so obvious was the work of one quiet hero, who workedmany long hours, days and weeks
following the bombing. Major Bob Anderson, Chief of mental health at the Rhein-Main
Clinic worked with the injured and those effected by the blast. helping them come
to grips with terrorism. He also spent many hours casually visiting Rhein-Mainers
in their work areas. Bob made it a practice to just drop in casually for a cup of
coffee just to talk. With his quiet professionalism and devotion he was able to
provide professional counselling in a casual atmosphere, reaching out to anyone
who might have been scarred by the bombing. He also led special seminars at the
base schools, working with children to ease their fears and give them a better
understanding of how to cope with the threat of terrorism.
Armenian Earthquake - 2nd Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron
When a major earthquake struck Yerevan Armenia in December 1988 the number of injured
greatly exceeded the capabilities available locally. Under the auspices of Project
Hope, arrangements were made to fly some injured children to various hospitals in the
states for treatment. Personnel from the 2nd Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron were
called on to provide the medical crew on a Military Airlift Command C-141 going 1n to
Moscow and on to Yerevan to pick up the children. Despite having only two interpreters
on board, everything went smoothly on the flight. Sgt Marco Dyer, a medical technician
with the 2nd AES said "We used sign language to show patients and their escorts how to
fasten seatbelts and don oxygen masks. 0 Captain Dawn Derichbauer, medical crew
director said "everything happened so fast. One day we were planning the mission, the
next day we flew to Moscow. It seemed one minute we were on the plane, the next, we
were standing in Red Square. Then we were in Yerevan, face to face with the trauma
associated with the children. The whole mission was worth it when I saw the hurt
and hope in the children's faces." Capt Mary Jasinski, another medical crew member
brought out a map to show the children where they would be going in the states. Major
Brad Halvorsen, son of Retired Colonel Gail Halvorsen who gained fame as the "candy
bomber" during the Berlin Airlift, coordinated the mission and supervised the loading
and unloading of patients at Rhein-Main.
37th Tactical Airlift Squadron -- Staff Sergeant Stanley Lavender
While on a low level flight in preparation for a personnel air drop mission, one of
the propane bottles carried by the jumpers developed a dangerous leak, filling the
aircraft with explosive fumes. SSgt Stanley Lavender, a loadmaster for Lhe 37th TAS
quickly recognized the danger, opened the aircraft ramp and door in flight and
personally jettisoned the leaking gas bottle. His quick action possibly saved the
aircraft, crew and 50, jumpers.
37th Tactical Airlift Squadron Aircraft Fire
On a mission to Zaire, The C-130 being flown by Capt Steve Dickey developed an engine
fire. Capt Dickey and his crew (Lt Col Ray Baker, SSgt Gordon Graves, MSgt Mel White
and Airman First Class Sean Setter) exemplified true professionalism in airmanship
24.05.89
14:27
435 CSG/DA
NR. 223
B004/005
in fighting the fire. To do so required 7 hand held fire extinguishers and two
150 pound extinguishers. Their teamwork, dedication to duty, and fast action
prevented the possible loss of lives and valuable Air Force resources.
Boy Scout Troop 61 - Environmental Award.
Germany is a very beutiful country, proud of its forests and clean environment.
In helping to preserve the environment, Boy Scout Troop 61 of Rhein-Main was
selected by the Nature Protection Association of Offenbach County as the 1988
winner of the Environmental Award (Umweltpreises). The award, presented by the
mayor of Neu-Isenberg, recognized the scouts as the group that had done the most
for protection of the environment. Scoutmaster MSgt Phil Nieto, of the 37th
Tactical Airlift Squadron, said the troop had been working in the forests as an
ongoing project for the past eight years. According to city officials this was
$1
the first time the award had been presented to an American organization. The
work of these scouts aided immeasurably in the preservation of the outstanding
community relations enjoyed by Rhein-Main.
Life Saving Efforts
Cavaliers of the Road - On March 10, Frankfurt, (Germany) Mayor Hans-Juergen Moog,
presented Cavalier of the Road awards to three Staff Sergeants from Rhein-Main for
their efforts in saving the lives of two German accident victims.
SSgts Vincent S. Hearn and Willie C. Session, of the 435th Supply Squadron and
Lemuel Jones formerly of the 435th Supply Squadron rescued two women whose car had
overturned on the autobahn. The seriously injured women were hanging from their
seatbelts when the airmen reached them. The airmen removed the women from the car
and administered first aid until a rescue helicopter arrived to transport the
seriously injured women to a hospital.
While on temporary duty in Villa Franca, Italy, four members of the 4th Mobile
Aerial Port Squadron were called upon to put their first-aid and buddy care training
to good use in saving the lives two Italian civilians. While sitting in their
hotel room they heard a tremendous crash. the result of a head on collision of two
vehicles. Airman Chris Durant, TSgt Wayne Everly and Aitman First Class Roger Miller
and A1C Charles Ford rushed to the scene. They ripped the door off of one car and
rescued the two occupants. The other driver was thrown through the windshield and
the car had him pinned to the ground. The four airmen pushed the car off of the
victim and administered first aid. Unfortunately, the man's injuries were fatal,
but the other two survived thanks to the quick thinking and fast action of the
Rhein-Main airmen.
2nd AES Coordination to Save a Life.
Sgt Judith Perez, Capt Mike Henry and Capt George Jenkins put their knowledge and
skills in medical evacuation to good use in saving the life of a critically injured
auto accident victim. A C-141 crew was diverted to pick up a young Navy woman who
was injured when a car she was riding in hit a bridge rail. A piece of the rail was
driven through the upper body of the young woman. While on the way to Rhein-Main the
woman's condition worsened to the point that she would never reach Rhein-Main in time.
The crew contacted the 2nd AES at Rhein-Main. Sgt Perez and Capts Henry and Jenkins
worked quickly to help in coordinating a diversion to Orly Airport in France. They
arranged for diplomatic clearances and began coordinating with hospital officials in
France. When the plane landed at Orly the woman was in very critical condition but
the spirit of cooperation between the aircrew, Rhein-Main personnel and the French
helped the woman survive.
24.05.89
14:28
435 CSG/DA
NR. 223
B005/005
Sergeant Larry Stewart, 2nd AES, was involved in the mission evacuating burn
victims from the U.S.S. Roberts when the ship hit a mine in the Persian Gulf.
TSgt Frederick Alfke, 2nd AES, was on the crew evacuating wounded Marines from the
terrorist bombing of their barracks in Beirut.
55 Aeromedical Airlift Squadron
When a young Yemeni flight student became ill and had to be medically evacuated to
his home in Sanna, Yemen, Lt Bruce McGoon and Lt Bruce Grant of the 55th AAS
immediately went to work to arrange the Urgent Medevac mission. This was a difficult
and sensitive mission requiring arduous coordination with several governments and
various agencies to arrange for overflight permission, diplomatic clearances and
approval. The mission itself was difficult, a tremendously long range for a C-9
over dessert terrain with few navigational aids. Lts McGoon and Grant did a tremendous
job in difficult circumstances to get the young pilot student home safely.
After a fire and explosion on the U.S.S. Nimitz in the Persian Gulf, a young,
critically burned sailor had to be medically evacuated from Bahrain. Similar to the
event above, Capt Paul Mortenson, Capt Ron Fetzer, Capt Mike Fleck and Lt Bruce Grant
launched their aircraft on short notice for the difficult flight to Bahrain, picked
up the patient and safely delivered him back to Rhein-Main.
Over the past several years many similar missions have been flown. While the crews
from the 2nd AES and 55th AAS are most directly involved, their are countless numbers
of Rhein-Mainers who must perform brilliantly to make these missions work. When an
airplane is launched there are crew chiefs and maintenance specialists who insure it
is safe and ready to fly. Airfield personnel marshall and provide control. Food
service personnel insure there are meals for the patients and crews. Members of
the services squadron provide inflight meals. When hostages are returned like
Father Jenco, Mithileshwar Singh or David Jacobsen, media interest is high. Security
Police, public affairs, transportation, civil engineers, the list could go on and
on.
It is difficult to single out individual acts of heroism, bravery or mission
accomplishment under arduous conditions, particularly in peacetime. However, with
the threat of terrorism ever present, the frequent medical evacuation missions,
the hostage returns, and the normal day-to-day mission of flying in the crowded
skies of Europe, the mission at Rhein-Main is a demanding and important part of
our military committment to NATO. The events and people described above have been
singled out not because they are heroes, or supermen/women, but because the represent
Rhein-Main and its mission. Similar events occur frequently here and the people
involved don't consider them especially heroic, demanding, or arduous. They are
part of the job and as true professionals, Rhein-Mainers respond.
DAVIS
MARTIN
DEPARTURE STATEMENT AT RHEIN-MAIN AFB
Thank you all very much for the support you have provided
Barbara and me during our brief visit to West Germany.
Thank you as well -- from me personally and from the
American people ---- for the job you are doing here in continuing
to secure the freedom of the West. You enjoy membership in
that rather exclusive group of Americans who for 40 years have
left their homes, and in many cases their families and loved
ones, in the United States to serve as members of our armed
forces in West Germany. Such people have been directly
responsible for one of the longest periods of peace Europe has
enjoyed in centuries. Just this year, as I'm sure you all
know, NATO celebrates its 40th anniversary. Despite what some
see as the dawning of a new age, the reasons for your being
here have not changed. There has not yet been a fundamental,
irreversible about-face on the part of the Soviet Union. The
nations of the Alliance still face a security threat from the
Soviet Union. Your presence in West Germany and your
contribution to the security of Western Europe are essential.
I know that at times it is not easy serving here,
particularly when you hear talk of budget cuts, experience
-2-
economic difficulties, and read about those who would limit the
presence and activities of U.S. military forces stationed in
Europe. Let me assure you that I will see to it that you
continue to receive the support you need to do the difficult
job the United States and the NATO Allies ask of you.
Let me also assure you that your presence is appreciated by
your hosts, the West German people. They know, probably better
than anyone, the critical role you and your predecessors have
played in creating and securing an environment in which
democracy and a free economy can flourish in Germany.
Thank you again, and keep up the outstanding work.