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Wyoming Environmental Address 6/13/89 [OA 6264] [2]
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Wyoming Environmental Address 6/13/89 [OA 6264] [2]
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This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13672
Folder ID Number:
13672-006
Folder Title:
Wyoming Environmental Address 6/13/89 [OA 6264] [2]
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26
19
1
6
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK
DATE: June 7, 1989 TIME: 1:25 pm,
TO:
Bob Simon
FROM:
Juhn Daugherty
SUBJECT: Risearch material
NUMBER OF PAGES TO FOLLOW:
10
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS:
Fax to White House
(202) 456-6218
SHOULD RETRANSMISSION BE NECESSARY:
PLEASE CALL FTS 328-4234 OR 307-733-2880, EXT. 234
TO REPLY BY TELEFAX:
CALL FTS 328-4209 OR 307-733-2880, EXT 209
Following the
FRONTIER
with F. Jay Haynes
PIONEER PHOTOGRAPHER
OF THE OLD WEST
Freeman Tilden
E-3
Cze
New York / Alfred S. Knopf
1964
VI
President Arthur in
Yellowstone
Cgo
OME YEARS AGO a former ranger at Yellowstone National Park who
had been transferred to Washington was browsing in a secondhand
bookstore, hoping to turn up some volume concerning the great preserve
where he had begun his career. This was his lucky day. On a table, with
a gathering of dust upon it, was a neatly bound portfolio of photographs;
as he opened it, the first picture he saw was unmistakably. a scene at
Yellowstone. He turned to the blank leaf at the front. On it was written,
in a bold hand:
To his good friend, Gen. Phil Sheridan,
from F. Jay Haynes
The ex-ranger's first thought was that he had stumbled upon a prize
quite beyond his financial means. When he learned that $3.50 would buy
the portfolio, he seized it with a trembling hand and fled before the dealer
could change his mind. Later he came to feel that perhaps he was selfish
to keep the trophy, that it belonged in the Bozeman museum of Jack
Haynes memorabilia. And there he sent it. It is a delightful memento of
President Chester A. Arthur's holiday visit to Vellowstone in the summer
(115)
FOLLOWING THE FRONTIER
of 1883, and it marks a step in the career of the young Fargo photog-
W
rapher which in later years he looked back on with pardonable pride.
in the
For, with the exception of the members of the presidential party, a
decid
civilian chief packer, and some Indian guides, Professor Haynes was the
When
only non-military man in the "expedition," which was arranged with the
Burns
X
utmost precision by the Lieutenant General of the United States Army.
jaunty
Unimaginable, these days, would be such a vacation trip for a President.
and re
No newspaper correspondents were permitted to accompany the ex-
An
pedition. For several weeks all that the public knew of the movements
under
or the state of health of their chief came from brief messages sent to the
machi
Associated Press by Colonel James F. Gregory, the aide-de-camp, after
many
President Arthur had himself released them. The big newspapers through-
of his
out the country were furious about this snub. Several, whether in revenge
ist, T
or in competitive ardor, manufactured "dispatches from our own cor-
ability
respondent with the President," but these stories were figments of the
compt
8
imagination; the last official message sent by Colonel Gregory to the As-
gener:
sociated Press was a shaft of sarcasm at the expense of the fakers. Gregory
No
remarked that the impostors were so clumsy and ignorant that the alleged
some :
correspondents "had themselves traveling in one day over distances that
United
our expedition hardly made in five." President Arthur had had some
pettifo
rather rough treatment at the hands of the newspapers, and as he had
It V
no intention of running for office again, he probably derived a touch of
Yellov
satisfaction from the sufferings of the "fourth estate."
Vest
Perhaps it was one of these newspapermen who worked off his in-
Georg
dignation in the form of a little pamphlet signed with a nom de plume
worke
and containing pretty sour doggerel verse ridiculing the President's trip.
areas ir
The rare-book section of the Library of Congress has one of the few
comme
extant copies.
in Cor
"The book of the trip," illustrated with photographs by F. Jay Haynes,
Senato
was published by the Government Printing Office as "A Journey
Yellow
Through the Yellowstone National Park and Northwestern Wyoming."
floor at
The edition was so limited that few have ever seen it. The Library of
"why
Congress has no copy, but it does have a microfilm of it, made at Yale
culture
University. The text is readable, but the Haynes photographs, many of
curse o
which were especially fine, appear as hardly better than a blur.
'Money
are helo
(116)
Along the Ramparts of the Tetons
THE SAGA OF JACKSON HOLE, WYOMING
By Robert B. Betts
COLORADO ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITY PRESS BOULDER COLORADO
14
The Bottle Trail
In May of 1883, when President Chester A. Arthur went to New
York to dedicate the Brooklyn Bridge, it was noticed that his com-
plexion was sallow and his usual vigor was missing. Evidently, the
President needed a vacation, but where in 1883 could a president
who liked to fish and was not averse to a drink or two go to escape
both the pressures of his office and the hounding of reporters, who
at the time were giving his administration a rather rough going
over? The answer is that any number of private resorts in the East
probably would have filled the bill nicely, which is why the vacation
President Arthur chose to take was SO surprising. He and a select
group of nationally prominent men traveled two thousand miles to
camp and fish in a remote and uninhabited wilderness, Jackson
Hole and Yellowstone Park. And not only did they do so, but they
"roughed it" in high style, with a long pack train of horses and
mules carrying several tons of supplies, including what sub-
sequently was alleged to be an inordinately large amount of whis-
key.
In early August, when the presidential party detrained at Green
River, Wyoming, among the many dignitaries who stepped off
were Lieutenant General Philip Sheridan, of Civil War fame: Sec-
retary of War Robert Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln's son: and Senator
George Vest of Missouri, a good friend of Yellowstone Park who
once rose on the Senate floor to rebut a fellow senator's anti-
Yellowstone argument that the government had no right being in
"show business." At the station to meet them was Troop G of the
5th Cavalry, some seventy-five well-armed mounted men who
would provide an escort thought to be desirable in light of Custer's
massacre at the Little Bighorn less than a hundred and fifty miles
from Yellowstone just seven years earlier. Also at Green River were
two Chicago newspaper reporters to whom General Sheridan, in
his typically blunt way, made known the policy decided upon re-
garding press coverage of the junket. He flatly told them that if
they followed the President any farther he would have them ar-
rested and thrown in jail.
139
140
ALONG THE RAMPARTS OF THE TETONS
In what amounted to a total blackout of the press, no corre-
spondent of any kind was permitted to accompany the outing. In-
stead, official news releases were written by Lieutenant Colonel
Michael Sheridan, the general's nephew, and by Licutenant Col-
onel James Gregory, then sent to the outside world by a relay
system of mounted couriers stationed every twenty miles along the
route. Although newspapers across the country were outraged at
this high-handed form of censorship, it was not relaxed, so some of
the more enterprising editors decided that if their reporters could
not cover the news for themselves, they could at least manufacture
it. Consequently, a number of wholly fabricated stories were writ-
ten which are of no help when one tries to find out what really
happened when the President and his friends went packing in the
Rocky Mountains. Nor do the two colonels' official releases provide
much illumination. Oblivious of their rare opportunity to report
what may have been the most unusual vacation ever taken by any
American president while still in office, their stilted, West Point
prose was devoted almost exclusively to descriptions of the scenery
and the number of fish caught.
The first stop before jumping off into the wilderness was Fort
Washakie, Wyoming, a reservation for the Shoshoni and Arapahoe
tribes. As the wagons carrying the vacationers approached the res-
ervation, Indians rode out in large numbers to greet the Great
White Father and "dashed around the President's party most gaud-
ily and fantastically arrayed, displaying their skill in horsemanship
and gratifying their curiosity."2 The next day, the Indians enter-
tained their distinguished guests by having several hundred braves
astride war ponies charge across a plain to where the President and
his group stood, at the last moment reining up in a cloud of dust.
Then the chiefs of the two tribes dismounted and stepped forward
to be introduced-Coal Black of the Arapahoes and none other
than Nick Wilson's brother by adoption, Washakie of the Shoshonis,
the great old chief in whose honor the fort had been named. Follow-
ing this, the Indians and the cavalry escort staged a spectacle which
was wildly incongruous, at the very least, especially since the mem-
ory of Custer was still fresh in everyone's mind. Mounting their
horses, they engaged in a spirited sham battle, complete with war
whoops, bugle calls and the firing of rifles and revolvers, all of which
were fortunately loaded with blanks.
On the morning of August 9, the pack train started along a route
that would take it west into the Wind River Range, across the Con-
tinental Divide, down along the Gros Ventre River into Jackson
THE BOTTLE TRAIL
141
Many packers and pack animals were needed to transport supplies for President Arthur's "cavalcade" through the
wilderness. F. Jay Haynes photo, Haynes Foundation.
Hole. then north into and through Yellowstone Park, a journey of
about three hundred and fifty miles. Later described by an author-
ity on the West as "one of the most complete pack trains ever
organized in this or any other country," the column on the march
was most imposing, with Indian guides riding ahead, the cavalry
troop fore and aft of the presidential party and, bringing up the
rear, one hundred and seventy-five pack horses and mules all piled
high with provisions and equipment.³ Once the caravan plunged
into the mountains, a curtain descended through which it is now
impossible to see, but, at least according to one account, President
Arthur and his friends went on a spree.
Other than Lieutenant Colonel Sheridan's and Lieutenant Col-
onel Gregory's sterile dispatches, the only document purporting to
give a glimpse of what went on is a burlesque in doggerel verse
entitled The Rajah, or the Great Sporting Excursion of 1883, published
the following year and written by someone who used the
pseudonym "Unc Dunkam." Who "Unc Dunkam" was is unknown,
although he seems to have been either a member of the party or a
newsman who obtained his information after the trip, perhaps
142
ALONG THE RAMPARTS OF THE TETONS
from some of the soldiers and packers who went along. Highly
exaggerated for dramatic effect, the poem is certainly no Rock of
Gibraltar as a reliable source of history, but here and there, particu-
larly in his footnotes, "Unc Dunkam" mentions small details and
characteristics of the various personages that add a touch of credi-
bility. Whether history or not, his version has become part of the
word-of-mouth lore of Jackson Hole, and it does add spice to what
is otherwise only the colonels' prosaic travelogue.
The size and opulence of the President's caravan inspired "Unc
Dunkam" to use a rajah as the central symbol of his parody, in one
verse of which he wrote that three hundred mules were "All laden
with the choicest wine."⁴ Surely there were not three hundred
mules, and surely they were not laden with wine, but it appears that
enough bottles of what was more likely rye or bourbon were taken
along to stock a special tent set aside as a bar. "Unc Dunkam"
described it in a footnote as "located in the center of the camp, and
generously supplied with all kinds of "liquid refreshments,' except
'water'
These refreshments were to be had 'without money.'
and simply for the asking, at any time of the day or night." Thus,
according to the anonymous poet, did the illustrious campers blaze a
trail with "broken bottles, Every mile, of their wilderness way. But
"Unc Dunkam" most certainly stretched a point. While some party-
ing undoubtedly took place, Chester A. Arthur and his friends
would never have made it to Yellowstone if that much alcohol had
been imbibed. Long before then, they would have fallen off their
horses and broken their necks, or would have fallen into the
streams they fished and drowned.
As might be expected of an ardent fisherman who was camping
along some of the finest trout waters in North America, the Presi-
dent enjoyed himself thoroughly, although it inust be said he some-
times resorted to the less than sportsmanlike use of gang hooks to
catch more than one fish at a time. According to an official release,
"At one cast the President landed three trout, weighing in the
aggregate four and one-quarter pounds, and at each of some six
other casts took two fine specimens."7 On another occasion, the
President was reported to have reeled in "thirty-five fish, weighing
forty-five pounds" in just a few hours.8 Even for his time, long
before the concept of conservation had to any extent entered the
American conscience, Arthur's catches were embarrassingly large,
which probably explains why he refused to let the party's official
photographer, F. Jay Haynes, take any pictures of him while he was
fishing.
¹44
ALONG THE RAMPARTS OF THE TETONS
The scenic highlight of the trip was Jackson Hole and the Te-
tons, described at length by the official chroniclers. As the pack
train came out of the canyon of the Gros Ventre River into Jackson
Hole, "there suddenly burst upon our view a scene as grand and
majestic as we had ever witnessed
Along the whole westerly
edge of this valley, with no intervening foothills to obstruct the
view, towered the magnificent Teton Mountains, their snowy
summits piercing the air 8,000 feet above the spot where we stood
in reverent admiration, and 14,000 feet above the level of the sea.
It was the voice of every member of the party that this sight alone
would have fully repaid all the toils and perils of the march. The
use of the word "perils" is puzzling, because up to this point not one
had been reported. On the other hand, "Unc Dunkam" wrote that
later, while in Jackson Hole, the President came close to losing his
scalp when Indians staged a war dance in his honor. If he is to be
believed, one of the Indians became so carried away by the dance.
or by the contents of one of the bottles in the bar tent, he
Swung high in air
His warclub, dire and dread,
And would have whack'd
Great Chester on the head! 10
According to the poem, a member of the party pulled a gun and
prevented the Indian from carrying out what surely would have
been the most bizarre assault ever made on the person of any
president of the United States. Also, according to the poem, late
one night some of the thirsty packers invaded the bar tent and
became SO intoxicated they began shooting at imaginary hostile
Indians, which by the light of morning turned out to be several
dead mules. But other than these two incidents, if anything even
remotely resembling them did occur. the entire journey went off
without mishap.
While in Jackson Hole, three camps were made: the first in the
Gros Ventre River Canyon near where the Sheep Mountain land-
slide would later take place, the second along the Gros Ventre
River south of Blacktail Butte and the third along the Snake River
just below the fork of the Buffalo River. The cavalcade then moved
up to Yellowstone, where more fishing was done and where Presi-
dent Arther encountered the first member of the fourth estate he
had seen since the two Chicago reporters at Green River. Despite
General Sheridan's expressed dislike of journalists, this corre-
THE BOTTLE TRAIL
145
Indians staging a war dance for President Arthur and his companions. F. Jay Haynes
photo. Haynes Foundation.
spondent of the London Times was not thrown in jail, but probably
only because he was in the company of some wealthy and titled
Europeans who were on a sightseeing tour of the West. The Eng-
lishman was much more awed by Arthur than the dancing Indian
in Jackson Hole was reported to have been, writing that "no one
would have supposed that the tall, robust man in blouse and white
felt hat, with checked shirt and sunburnt face, who shook us hear-
tily by the hand and talked freely to anyone who chose to approach
him, was the head of the nation and the lineal descendant in office
of the most dignified and punctilious of rulers, George
Washington"-which may have been the only time the twenty-first
president of the United States and the first have been compared in
any way whatever. 11
On September 1, 1883, President Arthur boarded a Northern
Pacific train at Cinnabar, Montana, and started back to Washington
to resume the duties of his office. As far as the records go, he
showed no signs of a hangover.
A HEALTHY AMERICA
George Bush has called for stricter federal enforcement of
illegal ocean dumping. He calls the problem of
dangerous medical waste washing up on our beaches a
"national disgrace." He will direct the EPA, Coast
Guard and FBI to join forces with state authorities to track
down illegal dumpers.
George Bush will ban all ocean dumping of sewage sludge by
1991.
George Bush will instruct EPA to increase its work in
developing land-based alternatives for sewage sludge
disposal. He's a leader, not a talker, and he will get
results.
George Bush proposes restoring cuts Congress made in our
budget for the Coast Guard so they can more effectively
prevent illegal ocean dumping.
***
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY STATEMENT
Erie Metropark, Michigan
August 31, 1988
I am here today to talk about building a better America. I am here to
make a case I feel very strongly about -- and that is the case for a
cleaner environment. It is a case based not only on our own health and
safety, and not only on the obligation we have to future generations. It
is based on the knowledge that successful economic development and
environmental protection go hand in hand. You cannot have one without the
other.
This summer has been full of warnings about the condition of our
environment. Medical waste has washed up not only on our ocean beaches,
but on the shores of this very lake over in Cleveland. Ozone levels and
accompanying respiratory problems have been frighteningly high. Even the
exceptionally hot weather if only symbolically -- has been seen as a
portent of things to come.
1988 is the year the earth spoke back. Our land, water, and soil
support a remarkable range of human activities; but they can only take so
much. We must remember to treat them not as a given, but as a gift.
I am an environmentalist: always have been, from my earliest days as a
Congressman, when I first chaired a' House Task Force on Earth Resources and
population. And I always will be, to my last days as President of this
great and beautiful country. That's not inconsistent with being a
businessman; nor is it with being a conservative. In fact, it is an
essential part of the thinking that should guide either one.
-- 245
Wapiti wilderness - Mardy & Olans Murie
Thewonderophe world he beaury and
The M
the power,the shapes.of things, their
As Id
colours, lights,and shades; these saw.
ences-the
the car stud
Look ye also while life lasts.
kindness th
the mounta
The plaque over the mantel at the Murie ranch in Moose
Olaus Murie snowshoeing (1947)
Margaret Murie in the Wapiti summer range
State Senate President John F. Turner of Wyoming will be
nominated by the President to be Director of the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service. His Triangle X Ranch is just a few miles from
the speech site. He served as tour guide for the Bushes on the
1987 trip to the Tetons; sang and played guitar during an evening
barbecue. He runs a guest ranch and wilderness guide service in
the Jackson Hole area. Lots of pro-environment accomplishments.
Last year he won the "Friend of the Trout" award from the Jackson
Hole Trout Unlimited.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
3.17
MEMORANDUM FOR JANE DANNENHAUER
CAROLYN GAY
KATJA BULLOCK
FROM:
REBECCA ARMENDARIZ
6570
OFFICE OF PRESIDENTIAL PERSONNEL
Room 145, X6570
Please start appropriate clearance for the following prospective
nominee and return clearance/comments to room 145 OEOB. Thank
you.
John FREElANd TURNER
TRIANGLE X RANCH
MOOSE, Wyoming 83012
Date of Birth 3/3/42
Place of Birth JACKSON, alyoning
Who is under serious consideration for appointment as:
DIRECTOR as Fish and Wildlife SERVICE,
Department of INTERIOR
Associate Director
MARtha Goodwin (x7606)
Presidential Approval
Security Package sent 3/16/89 Counsel
clearance
Legislative clearance
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
(George Bush Library)
Document No.
Subject/Title of Document
Date
Restriction
Class.
and Type
01. Resume
Re: John Freeland Turner. (1 pp.)
03/14/89
P-6, (b)(6)
Collection:
Record Group:
Bush Presidential Records
Office:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File, Backup
Subseries:
WHORM Cat.:
File Location:
Wyoming Environmental Address 6/13/89 [2]
Date Closed:
9/30/2004
OA/ID Number:
06264
FOIA/SYS Case #:
Re-review Case #:
2004-2265-S
P-2/P-5 Review Case #:
MR Case #:
Appeal Case #:
MR Disposition:
Appeal Disposition:
Disposition Date:
Disposition Date:
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P-1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
(b)(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P-2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
(b)(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of an
P-3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P-4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
(b)(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
(b)(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P-5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
(b)(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P-6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
(b)(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed of
(b)(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
(b)(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
(George Bush Library)
Document No.
Subject/Title of Document
Date
Restriction
Class.
and Type
02. Resume
Re: John F. Turner. (1 pp.)
n.d.
P-6, (b)(6)
Collection:
Record Group:
Bush Presidential Records
Office:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File, Backup
Subseries:
WHORM Cat.:
File Location:
Wyoming Environmental Address 6/13/89 [2]
Date Closed:
9/30/2004
OA/ID Number:
06264
FOIA/SYS Case #:
Re-review Case #:
2004-2265-S
P-2/P-5 Review Case #:
MR Case #:
Appeal Case #:
MR Disposition:
Appeal Disposition:
Disposition Date:
Disposition Date:
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P-1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
(b)(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P-2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
(b)(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of an
P-3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P-4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
(b)(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
(b)(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P-5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
(b)(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P-6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
(b)(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed of
(b)(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
(b)(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
Prepared By: Paula Hobson
DATE: 3/14/89
NAME: John Freeland Turner
NAME & STATE: John F. Turner of Wyoming
POSITION: Director, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior
TYPE: PAS: X PA: SES: FT: X PT: TERM: POP
VICE: Fred M. Dunkle
CURRENT HOME ADDRESS:
SEX: M DOB: 3/3/42
Triangle X Ranch
Moose, Wyoming 83012
BIRTHPLACE: Jackson, Wyoming
PARTY: Republican
RESIDENCE PHONE:
LEGAL VOTING RESIDENCE:
(City, State)
Teton, Wyoming
CURRENT POSITION & ADDRESS:
Citizen State Senator
SSAN:
Wyoming State Capitol
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002
RACE: Caucasian
WORK PHONE: (307) 733-5500
ETHNIC HERITAGE:
Spanish, English, Germar
PREVIOUS POSITION HELD:
FAMILY:
Rancher
SPOUSE: Mary Kay
Triangle X Ranch
CHILDREN: 3
EDUCATION:
MILITARY SERVICE:
University of Michigan, MS Wildlife Ecology
NONE
University of Notre Dame, BS Biology 1964
AWARDS:
NONE
PREVIOUS PRESIDENTIAL APPOINTMENTS:
NONE
President approved:
Security Package Sent:
JMG
Counsel Clearance:
OLA Clearance:
JOHN F. TURNER
Triangle X Ranch
Moose, Wyo. 83012
Business (307) 733-5500
Home
BUSINESS
Partner in 3rd generation family busness in Jackson Hole, Wyo.; Guest
Ranch, Wilderness Pack Trips, River Float Trips, Big Game Hunting, Snow-
mobiling & cross-country skiing.
Bank of Jackson Hole. Chairman of Board of Directors '87-'88, member of
board '86-'87.
LEADERSHIP
President. Wyo. State Senate Jan. '87 - Jan 10, '89.
Senate Majority Floor Leader. Wyo. State Senate. '85-'87
Vice-President. Wyo. State Senate '83-'85
Caucus Chairman. Senate Republicans. '85-87
Acting Governor. Wyoming. (On several occasions when Governor absent from
state. '87 & '88.
COMMITTEES - FEDERAL AFFAIRS
National Wetlands Policy Forum. Member. Development and adoption of a
national strategy to protect our nation's wetland resources. Only state
legislator or intermountain area representative participating. '87-'88
Assisted with regional public hearing. Seattle, Wash. May '88.
National Park System Advisory Board. 12 member board to advise Secretary
of Interior on National Park Service, National Historic Landmarks. '83-'87.
Vice Chairman of Board. '87.
Chairman - Wildlife Subcommittee of National Park System Advisory Board.
'85-'86.
Pride-In-America Campaign. Advisory Task Force to Secretary of Interior.
85 & ' 86
Small Business Administration. State Advisory Board '85-'87.
Hovenweep Task Force. Member of 3 member group requested by NPS Director
to investigate better means to protect Anasazi Indian resources & get
better cooperation of federal agencies. '86
State BLM Advisory Board. Member & Vice-Chairman. '75-'77.
2
COMMITTEES - STATE
Senate Minerals, Business & Economic Development. Chairman '89 - Committee
Considers all business and environmental legislation.
Joint Legislative Management Audit Committee . Chairman. '87-'89. Conducts
major audits and sunset reviews of agencies in executive branch.
Legislative Management Council. Responsible for fulltime legislative staff,
approval '85-'89. of committee activities, contracts, and overall leg. operation. Member
Senate Rules Committee. Chairman '87-89.
Senate Education, Health & Welfare Committee. Chairman '81-'83. Member
'77 - '83, '89-
Senate '77-'83. Travel, Recreation, & Wildlife Committee. Chairman '77-'81, member
Joint Interim Travel, Recreation & Wildlife Committee. Chairman '77 -'81
Select Committee on School Finance. Member '80-'83. Specially convened
to propose and implement constitutionally and politically acceptable method
for funding K-12 public schools. Prominent contributor to revolutionary
new system.
Senate Agricultural, Water & Public Land Committee. Member '79-'83.
Joint Agricultural Subcommittee. Chairman '82-'83. Called to review and
propose changes to procedure and laws for sale of state lands.
Senate Judiciary Committee. Member '75-'76.
Wyo. Health Systems Agency '75-'77
Governor's Commission on Energy Conservation, Member '75-'77
Wyo. Youth Council '75-'77 Member
Fort Union Coal Task Force '76
State Stream Feasibility Study Committee Secretary '73-'74 Only member of
state house, to survey streams a plan a scenic & recreational preservation
plan.
Legislative-Executive Commission on Re-organization of State Government.
Member, '76-'77.
House Revenue Commitee, Member '73-'75
House Committee on Elections, Corporations, and Political Subdivisions. '73-'75
House Travel, Recreation & Wildlife Committee, Member '71-'73
House Labor & Federal Relations Committee, Member '71-'73
3
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT & SERVICE
Atlantic Exchange Program, Member of Wyo. Advisory Committee, '87-'88.
Business exchange program between Netherlands & United States, Financed
by mostly private sector. Expanding to Japan.
Governor's State Prayer Breakfast. Cofounder of event and member of planning
committee. '87-'89
Schweiring Scholarship Fund, University of Wyoming. Co-founder of program
and fund raiser for Art College, Member of Selection Committee. '87-'89.
Teton Science School. Ex officio Board Member for over a decade to present.
Environmental Education & Research Center in Grand Teton National Park.
Murie Collection Committee. Chairman. Review and propose long term protection
and utilization program for unique skin, track and skull collection of
Olaus & Adolph Murie. '86 - '87
Priority & Review Committee, Univ. of Wyoming. Member '86-'88. Selects research
projects and authorizes funds for research to help economic development.
Pride in Jackson Hole. Co-Chairman. '85. Started community program to improve
public and private resources throughout community to improve quality of
life for citizens and enrich visitor experiences. Multiple projects & organization
Governing Board for C-V Ranch. Member of Board. Successfully built residential
facility for severely retarded and handicapped youngsters. 5 years.
Wyo. Centennial. Selection committee for best traveling exhibits. '88
Public Lands Institute. '77-78. Member
Wyo. State Winter Fair. Chairman. of Judges selecting state queen. '78
International Business Symposium. Univ of Wyo. Forum member in shaping
role for university in global community. '88
Legislative Prayer Breakfasts. Cofounder. Weekly programs for over decade
to present.
Wyo. Youth Council. Chairman for Teton Co.. '75-'76
Goodwill Industries. Member of Board of Governors. Work program for
rehabilitation and improvement for disabled adults. '73-'74.
Wyoming Waterfowl Trust. Advisory Board Member '87-'88
Yellowstone Teton Travel Association. Charter member of regional travel
promotion effort.
4
AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS -
"Friend of the Trout" Highest annual award by Jackson Hole Trout Unlimited.
Presented by James Watt. '88
Participant in Atlantic Exchange. Selected for business exchange program
to the Netherlands. '87.
Conservationist Legislator of 1987 Award. Wyo. Outdoor Council for "leader-
ship on conservation issues.
State Award for "Outstanding & Dedicated Services" to psychological services
in Wyoming. '87. from Wyo. Psy. Assoc.
"Teton County Citizen of the Year" Award, presented by Jackson Hole Chamber of
Commerce. '85
Pride in America National Award - Presidential recognition for Pride in
Jackson Hole effort. Presented in Wash. D. C. '86.
Bob Duncan Award. Highest state award for assistance to substance abuse
programs around Wyo. '85. Presented by Human Service Organizations.
Special Achievement Award. National Conservation Award from National Wildlife
Federation, Presented in Washington, D. C. '85.
"Sportsman of the Year" Award. Presented by Jackson Hole Ducks Unlimited '82
"One of the State Senate's Most Effective Senators" Press rating '81 & '83
Special Recognition Award for "Outstanding Contribution to Wildlife Resources
of Wyoming." Wyo. Chapter of Wildlife Society. '81
Conservationist Legislator of the Year Award, Presented by Wyo. Wildlife
Federation '80.
Special Recognition for "significant contributions to Wyo. Health Systems
Agency. From Governor '82
Outstanding Young Man of America Award. '78. From National Jaycees. Nominated
by U. S. Sen. Wallop.
Outstanding Freshman Legislator. House of Representative. '71. Press rating.
EDUCATION
M.S. Wildlife Ecology. Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich '70 Partial
requirements for Ph.D. Completed.
Foreign Studies Program. Assistant Director for Univ. of Notre Dame.
Innsbruck, Austria '64 & '65.
B.S. Biology. University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind. '64
One year graduate work in Zoology. Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, Ut. 65/66
5
PUBLICATIONS
"Report from Republic of China". Analysis of economic opportunities and
problems for Wyoming and its resources of coal, soda ash, uranium and
tourism. 19 pages. Dec. 88
Hovenweep Report. Drafted report submitted to NPS Director & Secretary of
Interior on analysis of protection efforts for Anasazi Indian Resources.
Recommendations for Interior. '86
"Great Bears in Our Parks" drafted report with analysis and recoomendations
for managing grizzly bears in Yellowstone ecosystem. Report adopted by
National Park System Advisory Board and submitted to NPS & Sec't. of Interior '8'
The Magnificent Bald Eagle, America's National Bird. Script and photos for
book published by Random House. Closeup look at natural history of our
national bird.
"Can There Be Freedom for America's Eagles?" Passages Magazine. Article
& Photos. May '74. Vol 5. No. 5
"Seasons in High Country" Slide show and presentation about diversity of
wildlife complex in northwestern Wyoming through 4 seasons of the year. '70-
"Delights & Dilemmas of Dude Ranching". Wyo. Wildlife. July '72
"Eagles Today" Wyo. Wildlife. Photos. June '73
"Eagles, Vanishing Americas". Sierra Club Bulletin. Article & photos. Oct/
Nov. '71
"Their Threatened Reign, The American Eagle & American Osprey." Teton
Magazine. Articles & Photos. summer/fall 1970
"Wildlife - a fascinating heritage" Photo outlay & scrip honoring
Wyo. wildlife. Jackson Hole News, 2 pp. 1971
Ecology - a WILD idea" 4 PP. script & photos. Jackson Hole News. Mar 23, 1972
RESEARCH
Bald Eagles. Conducted first comprehensive study of active nests in Yellowstone
and Grand Teton region. Studied productivity, nesting behavior, habitat, diet,
intra- & interspecific relations. 1960's
Bald Eagle. First comprehensive survey and coverage of populations, nesting
sites, wintering areas, migration habitats, mortality sources in 8 inter-
mountain states. late 1960's.
Ospreys- conducted first monitoring of over 30 active nests in Yellowstone &
Grand Teton region. 3 year study of productivity. Failed eggs analyzed for
toxic elements. late 1960's.
Birds of Prey. Raptor survey of Superior Township, Ann Arbor, Mich. Followup
of Craighead research for species makeup. 2 decades of change. '68-'69
6
RESEARCH CONTINUED
Grizzlies - two years of intense review of managment practices in Yellow-
stone National Park as Chairman of Wildlife Subcommittee of National Park
System Advisory Board. '84 - .'85
Anasazi Indian Resources - In Hovenweep, Mesa Verde, and Four Corners
region, on site analysis of overall protection, interpretation, and
cooperation between federal, state and local agencies. Led to drafting
report to NPS Director & Sec't. of Interior. '86.
POLITICAL
Affiliation: Republican
Bush Campaign. As President of Wyoming Senate, spoke out at specifically
called press conference to publicly support Bush candidacy in Primary
at time Wyo. seem to be swinging strongly for Dole. Aired on state TV
& in statewide newspapers. Joined Wyo. State Legislators for Bush.
Bush Rally - With Neal Bush, helped host Bush hospitality session in Jackson
Hole during Primary.
Bush Visits to Wyoming - Cohosted Vice President & Mrs. Bush during visit
to our State Capitol, Also assisted in welcoming Bushs to Grand Teton
National Park, Helped guide Vice President fishing party on Snake River,
even sang and played guitar at small Bush bareque on shores of Jackson
Lake.
Governor's Race. State Co-Chairman for Republican Gubernatorial Candidate,
Warren Morton. '82
President Reagan - Member of special republican gathering to welcome visit
to Cheyenne. Mar. '82
Years of Legislative Service - 4 yrs, State House; 14 yrs, State Senate.
Representing diverse constituency of oil & gas, cattle ranching, dairy
farmers, timbering, small business, tourism, etc.
Washington Delegation. Actively involved in all election and re-election
efforts of Republican U.S. Senators & Congressman. Wallop Senate Drive
Hosted fund raiser kickoffs - '76, '82, & '88. County Finance Chairman
'82, Teton Co. Wallop Task Force. '88.
President Ford. Member of welcoming delegation for visit of Gerald R.
Ford to Yellowstone National Park, Aug. 29, '76.
ORGANIZATIONS
Western River Guides Association
Wyoming Outfitters & Guides Assoc.
ROTARY
National Tour Association
7
INVOLVEMENT WITH FEDERAL ISSUES
National Park Gateway - Attempting to protect major entrance corridor
to Grand Teton & Yellowstone National Parks, involved in meetings with
Washington delegation, landowners, and National Forest Service officials '88
Snake River Minimum Flows - Innitiative with Secretary of Interior Hodel,
Bureau of Reclamation officials, and Wyo. State Engineer to work out agree-
ment for better winter flows to protect native cutthroat fisheries and
riparian values in Grand Teton National Park. '87 & '88.
National Elk Refuge - Instrumental in arranging cooperative feeding agreement
between Fish & Wildlife Service (Ass't Sec't. Ray Arnett) & Game & Fish
Dept. of Wyoming '84
Jackson Lake Dam Rehabilitation. In meetings with NPS Director, assured
that NPS would give high priority to research Indian resources on shoreline
'84. Worked out later agreement making Univ of Wyo. a partner in research
effort '85-'88.
Moose Management - Speaker at 21st North American Moose Conference '85.
Forest Service Management, Repeat involvement over two decades in providing
input on specifics of managing Bridger Teton National Forest. Involved
in numerous meetings & hearings, Multiple statements.
Wyo. Wilderness Legislation. On several ocasions, provided specific information
and indepth proposals to Wyo. delegation. Provided overview of wildlife
values and critical habitat with detailed maps to Congressional Field
Hearing. Casper, Apr. '82.
Wyo. Roadless Resource Area. Proposed as non-wilderness multiple use area
to protect grazing, watershed, wildlife & recreational vales in Upper
Green River Basin, Northwestern Wyoming. Submitted to Congress. '82.
Scenic Land Preservation Proposals - Worked closely with U. S. Senator
Wallop on development and presentation of two federal proposals to protect
scenic and agricultural vales on private lands. '82.
Forest Service Budget. Presented to some members of Congress, a review
of Bridger Teton National Forest expenditures on management of different
uses versus revenues to federal treasury. '84.
MX MIssles. Received agreement from Sec't of Defense Weinberger to conduct
public hearings around state on impact of MX placement in Wyoming. '83
Little Granite Well Site - Arranged for Assist. Sec't. Carruthers to visit
controversial site and visit with local citizens. '82-'83.
Snowmobiling. Worked with NPS Director and congressional delegation in
compromise solution to continue snowmobiling in Pothole region of Grand
Teton National Park. '79
8
INVOLVEMENT WITH FEDERAL ISSUES CONTINUED
Jackson Hole Scenic Area Proposal. On behalf of local ranchers, testimony
to congressional hearing. June '77.
Range Improvements. Persuaded Director of BLM in Washington, D. C. and
Natural Resource Defense Fund to agree to lift '75 moratorium on range
improvements projects on millions of acres of public grazing lands to
assist ranchers and farmers. Obtained some clarifications of suit. '75
Snake River Fisheries. Assisted in establishing harvest limit agreement
for cutthroat in Grand Teton between State of Wyoming & National Park
Service. '72
Mine Reclamation. Testimony to House Interior & Insular Affairs Comm.
urging better protection for surface land owner in having consent provisions
regarding disruption of surface with mining. Apr. '72.
Price Controls on Beef. Statement to Sec't. of Agricultural Butz opposing
any controls on beef meat products. Sec't. replies that consideration
of any controls dropped. '72.
Shoshonne National Forest. Congressional testimony on long term management
strategy for critical Du Noir Drainage area. '78. Testimony on oil & gas
leasing in Washakie Wilderness Area. '82
Yellowstone Centennial. Prompted National Park Service to work closer
with local communities in planning events. '71. Addressed International
Conference '72.
Eagles. Extensive involvement in state and national arenas as a result
of tragic killing in West by agricultural interests. Urged Dept. of
Interior to strengthen safeguards. '70. Proposed to Congress establish
prohibitions on use of certain toxic agents in predator and rodent control
by private parties. '71
STATE LEGISLATIVE HIGHLIGHTS *
Legislative Royalty Account. Cosponosred new saving account for mineral
royalty payments to meet future needs. '85
Wyo. Business Development Certers. Helped plan and establish small business
assistance outreach centers throughout the state. '86
Clean Coal. Cosponsor of state investment program to encourage research
and development of new fuel products which are cleaner and more efficient. '87
21 yr old Drinking. Sponsored increase. '87
Wyo. Lean Beef Program. Cosponsor of new program conducting marketing
tests and standards for branded value added meat with lean and natural
values. '85-'87
Dairy Price Supports. Representing large number of producers, helped lead
effort to eliminate state price setting '80
* Only those state issues which were successful.
9
STATE LEGISLATIVE HIGHLIGHTS CONTINUED
Health Care Costs. Instrumental in securing authorization for Health
Maintenance Organizations for group lans, & Preferred Provider Organizations. '85
Government Employee Cuts. Sponsored significant reductions in administrative
personnel and budget in Health & Social Services. '84. Sponsored cuts
in employees and budges in Dept. of Administration and Fiscal Control. '85
Health Care Data Authority Sponsor of data collection office to track
services and health care costs. '85
Capitol Facilities Tax. Cosponsor of one of nation's first programs which
allow community voters to impose additional sales tax to fund local
building projects. '84.
Rural School. Devised and established new finance formula to insure more
equal educational opportunities for smaller rural schools. '84.
State Film Office. Assisted in creation of Wyo. promotional office. '83
Agricultural Loans. Sponsored expansion of state program for ranchers
& farmers. '83.
Troubled Youth. Sponsor of funding for new state services. '83
Prompt Pay. Sponsor requiring state government to pay bills to private
sector within specified time. '83.
State Inheritance Tax. Cosponsor of repeal. '82
Water Development. Cosponsor of project to rehabilitate dam allowing
additional 5,000 Acre Ft. of storage. '82.
Unemployment Compensation. Sponsored tightened elegibility requirements
to reduce fraud and abu se. '83
Sagebrush Rebellion. Authored guidelines for state administration of
federal lands if such transferred by Congress. '80.
Highway Wildlife Deaths. Cosponsored cooperative project between game
& fish dept, highway dept., and private sector to reduce road kills of
migrating animals. '86.
State Energy Conservation Office. Found compromise to retain state office. '86
Municiple Water. Sponsored requirement for Cheyenne to develop financing
plan for $60 million water project on behalf of voters. '80.
Water Rights. Sponsor of measure requiring subdivisions of agricultural
lands to responsibly utilize water rights and maintain ditches and systems
for neighboring water users. '81
Motion Pictures. Sponsored relaxation of vehicle permitting process for
motion picture equipment used temporarily in state '81.
10
STATE LEGISLATIVE HIGHLIGHTS CONTINUED.
School Construction. Helped develop first state assistance program for
construction for poorer school districts. '81 &'77.
Tourist Promotion. Development of matching funds program for state matching
grants to local communities to promote local resoruces. '80
Instream Flow. Over several years, leader in drafting and passage of
program authorizing instream use of water as beneficial use under Wyo.
water law. '82.
Elk Feed Ground. Helped lead effort to establish new elk winter
feed ground on Grey's River in Lincoln Co.. '79
Senior Citizens. Sponsored protection for abused, neglected and exploited
adult. '79.
Taylor Grazing Lands. Sponsored re-establishing district improvement boards,
allow portion of grazing fees to be returned for range improvements.
Reorganization in State Government. Prominent in reorganization of state
largest agency - Dept. of Health & Social Services. '79.
Liquor Law Revisions. Obtained more restaurant and retail outlets for
resort communities. '79
Small Mines. Sponsored exemptions from stiff reclamation requirements
for permitting small gravel operations. '76.
Concurrent Jurisdiction. Sponsor of one of nation's first provisions
allowing state, local and federal officials share enforcement of laws,
resources and courts in addressing crime within Grand Teton National Park. '77
Independence Rock. Forged compromise between state and landowners allowing
development of important state historic site along Oregon Trail. '77
Malpractice Insurance. Helped develop state underwriting pool to assist
physicians and hospitals. '76.
Landowner Consent. Sponsor of nation's first provision for landowners. '75
Sulfer Dioxide Emissions. A leader in establishing standards. '75
State Coal Leasing. Prompted review and revisons to state program. '76
Exotic Species. Sponsored prohibition on importation into state. '71.
School Finance. Authored and cosponsored constitutional amendment providing
basis for one of nation's most revolutionary school finance program. '81
Dairy Research. Prompted continuance and improvement of research and
extension program in Star Valley. '79 & '80
11
STATE LEGISLATIVE HIGHLIGHTS CONTINUED
Permanent Mineral Trust Fund. First initiated and sponsored concept for
Wyoming major inviolate resrve. '74. Cosponsor of constitutional provision
allowing oil and gas revenues to flow to fund. '80.
Game & Fish laws. Major contributor in complete overhaul of extensive
state game & fish laws which had not been revised since 1930's. '73
Landowners. Sponsored amendment requiring written permission to use private
lands for hunting and fishing. '73.
Local Revenues. Sponsor of optional county sale's tax to be authorized
on renewal basis by voters. '73.
Mined Land Reclamation. Prominent contributor to drafting and adoption
of expanded surface mined reclamation program. '73
Abortion. Leader in prohibiting any public funding for abortions. '74
Insurance cancellation. Sponsor of restricting cancelation of auto coverage
except for nonpayment of premiums, fraud or violations.
Upper Green River Basin. Led fight to defeat major dams in prime agricultural
and scenic valley of Sublette County. '71
PERSONAL INFORMATION.
Born: March 3, 1942 Age: 46
Married.
Wife: Mary Kay
Children. John Francis (Tote) Age 17
Kathy Mapes
Age 16
Mark Freeland
Age 14
6/3/89
Los Angeles Times
ide of Victory
the Seams
Weekend TV
Environment Focus for Global Pop Concert;
w Money
de & Harriet
quire: About Men, for
Ethics, AIDS, Piano Contest on News Shows
ПЛОД
untry Kitchen (s)
abion
pector Gadget
P
op music fans are in for
views Secretary of State James
and the New York mayoral battle, y
another of those benefit con-
Baker, 10:30 a.m. and 2:30 p.m.
:00 p.m.
a.m. (4), 5:30 p.m. (50)
ДЭТ
cert extravaganzas today as
(CNN)
ed Game
"News Conference" interviews
"The World's
Sting, Diana Ross and Elton John
"West 57th" reports on Berlin
Richard Fore of the California
lete" (1973) Tim Con-
headline a satellite global telecast
and prospects for the reunification
Commission on Drugs, 9:30 a.m.
)
to help bring attention to the
of East and West Germany, Oral
(4).
rs-Comedy
world's environmental problems.
Roberts and Jodie Foster, 10 p.m.
Γ.
Financier James Goldsmith ex-
"The Return of
"Our Common Future," a five-
(2)(8).
amines the U.S. economy, on
by, M.D." (1984) Robert
hour concert from New York, Lon-
John Hiatt and Los Lobos per-
"American Interests," 10
hr.)
don and Brazil hosted by "Live
form on "Austin City Limits," 11:30
(28)
1
Aid" creator Bob Geldof, Sigourney
p.m. (28).
idventure
"Tony Brown's Journal" exam-
Loss
Weaver and Richard Gere, will be
ines methods of treating AIDS,
Universe
broadcast in its entirety on the Arts
10:30 a.m. (28)
Gourmet
& Entertainment Channel at 5 p.m.
SUNDAY: "Headlines on Trial"
the Life
"Business World" reports on
and on KABC-TV Channel 7 at
debates alternative medicine, 6
I McBirnie
U.S. businesses that deal with the
on at the Ritz Cariton
11:30 p.m. Channel 7 will also
a.m. (4)
Chinese government, 11 a.m. (7).
an Adventure
broadcast three hours of the event,
"2 the Point" looks at the up-
AMI Dine Out, San Diego
which features performances from
coming Imagen Awards, a chil-
Ethics on Capitol Hill is COME the topic
ng
R.E.M., Midnight Oil, Herbie Han-
dren's march to help clean up the
on "This Week With David Brink-
e Reading
ne Living Planet
cock and others, today at noon.
environment, summer workshops
ley," 11:30 a.m. (7) (10)
XIII
ewer Call-In (1:10)
The Children's Miracle Network
and courses at Plaza de la Raza and
Harold Ezell of the Immigration
CNBCLive
Telethon, designed to raise money
the American Cancer Society's hot
and Naturalization Service guests
ews; Sports Close-Up
line, 7 a.m. (2).
on "Newsmakers," 4 p.m. (2).
ortraits of Power
for children's hospitals around the
lovie "Barnum"
country, also begins today at 6 p.m.
"Sunday Today" reports on the
Atty. Gen. Richard Thornburgh,
urt Lancaster. (2 hr.)
(9) (3), 7 p.m. (8). The 21-hour
Van Cliburn piano competition and
Rep. John Dingell (D-Mich) and
a Jolla Bicycle Race
fund-raiser is hosted by Marie
young adults who live at home, 7
Edward Rollins, co-chairman of
cc) Nature Watch
Osmond, Merlin Olsen and John
a.m. (4) (36) (39)
agney & Lacey
the National Republican Congres-
elebrity Outdoors
Schneider.
Secretary of Defense Richard
sional Committee, discuss ethics
assie-Drama
Oprah Winfrey pops up tonight
Cheney guests on "Newsmaker
and politics on "Face the Nation,"
Polish Vampire
at 7 on Channel 7 as host of "Just
Sunday" 7:30 a.m. and 2:30 p.m.
(1984) Eddie Deezan.
4:30 p.m. (2), 11:30 p.m. (8)
Movie "The Big
Between Friends," a personal look
(CNN)
"60 Minutes" reports on allega-
52) Kirk Douglas.
at friendship.
"Sunday Morning" reports on
1:30 p.m.
Other programs include:
tions of illegal wire taps in Cincin-
the effect that AIDS has on small
nati, a psychologist who claims that
Point
towns, the artwork of Thomas Hart
a special lens helps dyslexics and a
ters-Comedy
Benton, race horse Sunday Silence
an
TODAY: Mothers and their teen-
and the land conservation group
Florida judge who believes or tough
S
age daughters appear on "Teen
sentences deter violent crime, 7
Horse in Sport
Nature Conservancy, 8 a.m. (2) (8).
p.m. (2) (8)
27901
ne Rapide
Talk," 6:30 a.m. (9)
"Meet the Press" talks with Rep.
y in Bible Prophecy
Rep. Charles Wilson (D-Tex.)
Newt Gingrich (R-Ga.) about eth-
The documentary "Profits From
a Dodgers
and Ed Rollins of the National
ics in the House of Representa-
Poisons," about the harm, that
ington Report
of the Worlds (s)
Republican Congressional Com-
tives, 8:30 a.m. (4) (36) (39)
pesticides are doing in the Third
rican Adventure
mittee guest on "Evans & Novak,"
"The McLaughlin Group" talks
World, screens at 8 p.m. TBS
ity
9:30 a.m. and 9:30 p.m. (CNN)
about Jim Wright's resignation,
(cable).
ne Rapide
"Newsmaker Saturday" inter-
President Bush's NATO triumph
-STEVE WEINSTEIN
The Hollywood Legend
W
The United Nations and
eeping (1:55)
Future Watch
Rendezvous
Movie "Summer Camp
The Soaps
Love Will Find a Way
Be It
HIM
e" (1985) Chuck Connors.
Wish You Were Here (s)
Romantic, Illicit or Otherwise
Heathcliff-Cartoon
Fishin' With Orlando Wilson
By NANCY M. REICHARDT
drunken Cass, who thought that she was
2:00 p.m.
THE BOLD AND THE BEAUTIFUL:
his deceased wife Kathleen until he recov-
on & Simon
Macy, who is more than a little intrigued
er Chargers
ALL MY CHILDREN: Jeremy broke up
ered from his hangover. Nicole told Donna
with Mick, convinced him to stick around
with Natalie after Remy found proof that
that Jason deserved to die because he
erne & Shirley
and photograph Sally's fashion line even
-
Houston-Drama
Natalie had reported Marissa to the immi-
killed their mother years ago. Cass told
though Mick dislikes the clothes. Macy
ce Story
gration department for using false pass-
Felicia that she will soon be released from
wasn't pleased when Mick showed an
orts Bowling (Delayed)
ports (as part of Marissa's spy business).
prison because Nicole confessed to killing
interest in Donna. Brooke moved in with
at PBA Doubles Classic.
Jeremy was relieved when Marissa re-
Jason. Derek admitted to Stacey that when
gan's Island
Donna until her wedding day.
he was a youngster, he killed Felicia's
FOM
vie "Double Trouble"
gained consciousness after falling down
DAYS OF OUR LIVES: Roman was
step-father, Noah, because Noah had beat-
Elvis Presley. (2 hr.)
the stairs. After his divorce was final,
stunned when Abe told him that the police
:) Nature
Adam married Dixie, but he saw Brooke's
en Felicia. Amanda was furious that Evan
believe Diana, not Cal, shot Roman but has
dness
face while he was making love to Dixie.
kept her in the dark about the fact that he
blocked the shooting out of her mind.
1 Can Cook
Karen gave Adam a shoulder to lean on
is really Janice's son, Earl.
Kimberly later hypnotized Diana, who
n Chambers
after he told Brooke he still loves her.
AS THE WORLD TURNS: While held
then admitted to Roman and Abe-that she
Meior de la Semana
Marissa told the police that Natalie didn't
captive in Montega, Lily was stunned to
remembered shooting Roman while he
said
he
was
secretly
with
Cal.
Jack
(Billv)
THE WHITE house
washington
number of visitors
2.6 million 7/4
11.2 million weekend four-day
Duncon Monow
343-7394
National Park System
visitors extinate
THE WHITE HOUSE
washington
6/5/87 much. 73-36°
6/6/87
76°-41°
a little in in
afternoon
6/7/87
76-39°
.31" rain
6/8/87
73-42
.26 rain
Whether in Tetono
NPS
Ann Blately
FTS 328-4220
450
FAMOUS FIRST FACTS
The First
The First
The First
PARACHUTE-Continued
Tuesday, the day preceding Ash Wednesday and
south of E
Parachute. See under Aviation
the penitential season of Lent as observed in
President
Catholic and Episcopal liturgy. (Erwin Craighead
the Sieur
PARACHUTE-JUMP COMBAT DECORATION.
-Mobile: Facts and Tradition)
ruary 26,
See Medal: Combat decoration
National
PARCEL POST. See Postal service
PARACHUTE-JUMPING CONTEST
1929 (45 S
Parachute-jumping contest was held October
PARCEL POST DOMESTIC AIR SERVICE. See
contains
12, 1923, at Mitchel Field, N.Y. Two men on a
Airmail service
Acadia N
Martin bomber and 2 men on a de Havilland
PARCEL POST STAMP. See Postage stamp
jumped from a 4,500-mile height and landed 400
State I
feet from each other, one and a half minutes apart.
PARENT-TEACHER ASSOCIATION
California
The first to land was Staff Sergeant Theodore
Parent-teacher association (local) was the Froe-
the Marip
Schieuming of Brooklyn, N.Y. One thousand spec-
bel Society of Brooklyn, N.Y., founded in 1884 to
of it. It W
further the "advancement of educational interests
act of Co
tators witnessed the jump.
and the promotion of self-culture." It was named
actual CC
PARACHUTE WEDDING. See Wedding
for the German educator Friedrich Wilhelm Au-
were del
gust Froebel.
claims of
PARACHUTIST
Parachutist to make 124 jumps in one day was
Parent-teacher association (national) was the
tional Pa
Neal Stewart of Birmingham, Ala., a paratrooper
National Congress of Mothers, organized Febru-
Californi
on 30-day leave from Fort Bragg, N. C., who made
ary 17, 1897, in Washington, D.C., by Alice McLel-
trocessio
124 jumps at Grand Praire, Tex., out of a small
lan Birney and Phoebe Apperson Hearst at a
returned
plane. His first jump was at 2:16 A.M., July 4, 1952,
meeting attended by 2,000 persons. At the annual
in the na
and the last on July 5, 1952, from an altitude of
meeting of March 9, 1908, the name was changed
Hundred
approximately 500 feet.
to the National Congress of Mothers and Parent-
Teacher Associations. On May 9, 1924, the name
Under:
PARADE
Coral Re
Automobile parade. See Automobile parade
was changed to the National Congress of Parents
wide, lyi
and Teachers.
Fla., esta
Labor Day parade. See under Holiday
PARISH, CATHOLIC. See Catholic parish
proclama
Parade in which all the marching music was
Eisenhov
PARK
supplied by transistor radio receivers was held
Park land purchased by a city was Elm Park,
the 52 k
from 11:00 A.M. to 12:00 A.M. on July 4, 1977, at
Streamwood, Ill. The marchers carried portable
containing 27 acres, which was sold to Worcester,
been the
Mass., on March 17 and March 20, 1854, by Levi
the title
transistor radios that were all tuned to receive the
Lincoln and John Hammond.
1959, by
program of music broadcast by radio station
Monume
WRMN (1410 AM), Elgin, Ill. The parade was wit-
Park (national) was the Yellowstone National
nessed by thousands and telecast over channel 2
Park, Wyo., authorized March 1, 1872 (17 Stat. L.
PARK, I
and channel 5.
32), by "an act to set aside a certain tract of land
Parade, with float tableaux was held in Mobile,
(2,142,720 acres) lying near the headwaters of the
PARK SI
Yellowstone River as a public park." The first su-
August :
Ala., on the evening of Mardi Gras day, February
perintendent was Nathaniel Pitt Langford. Yel-
National
24, 1868. The Order of Myths produced the first
lowstone Park now consists of 2,213,205 acres in
promote
pageant. Next day followed the Infant Mystics
the following states: Wyoming, 2,039,216 acres;
known a
and their pageant, then the Knights of Revelry.
Montana, 142,501 acres; Idaho, 31,488 acres. Hot
vations.
These are the original mystic societies of the
Springs National Park in Arkansas, consisting of
Stephen
South, and all still parade in Mobile's pageants.
911 acres with 46 hot springs, was established as
annum a
(History of Mardi Gras-Mobile Carnival Asso-
a reservation by an act of Congress on April 20,
director
ciation)
1832 (4 Stat. L. 505). It was not until March 4, 1921
National
Street parade held by a mystic society was held
(41 Stat. L. 1407), that it was designated as the Hot'
by the Cowbellian de Rakian Society, organized
Springs National Park. Therefore, although it is
PARKIN
on December 31, 1830, in Mobile, Ala. The pecul-
the oldest national park, it was not the first one to
parking
iar feature of this society and those which fol-
be so called.
lowed later was that absolute secrecy was
PARKIN
Park (national) in which there was an active
maintained about their membership, the members
Parkir
volcano was the Lassen Volcanic National Park
never appearing except in costume and in mask.
ter, whic
in the Sierra Nevada in California. It was estab-
Parades were held annually on New Year's Eve,
on July 1
lished by an act of Congress approved August 9,
the first, December 31, 1830, being an impromptu
pany of I
1916 (39 Stat. L. 443). It contains 104,526 acres,
raid on a hardware store staged by a score of
including the famous Lassen Peak, 10,453 feet
painted
young bloods, who were led, according to tradi-
parking
high.
tion, by Michael Krafft. On March 5, 1867, Mobil-
it would
ians abandoned the New Year's Eve celebration
Park (national) east of the Mississippi and the
there. T
in favor of daylight parades which were held on
first located on an ocean is the Acadia National
Magee, 1
Mardi Gras, literally Fat Tuesday, or Shrove
Park, on the island of Mount Desert, about a mile
obtained
PLANET OF THE YEAR
THOMAS IVES
HIDDEN MENACE: Invisible CO2 emitted along with smoke from this Arizona copper smelter is warming up the air
GLOBAL WARMING
Feeling the Heat
THEPROBLE Greenhouse gases calamity
BY MICHAEL D. LEMONICK
Hansen thus became perhaps the most prominent scientist
willing to say straight out that the earth-warming effect of excess
or more than a décade, many scientists have warned that
F
carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases generated by industry and
cars and factories are spewing enough gases into the at-
agriculture had crossed the line from theory into fact. By itself,
mosphere to heat up the earth in a greenhouse effect that
Hansen's bold assertion was dramatic enough. But the unusual
could eventually produce disastrous climate changes. But
string of weather-related disasters that struck the world last
until recently, the prophets of global warming garnered about as
summer could not have been better timed to drive his point
much attention as the religious zealots who insist that Armaged-
home. The heat waves, droughts, floods and hurricanes may be
don is near. When Colorado Senator Timothy Wirth held con-
previews of what could happen with ever increasing frequency if
gressional hearings on the greenhouse effect in the fall of 1987, the
the atmosphere warms 3° F to 8° F by the middle of the next cen-
topic generated no heat at all. "We had a very, very distinguished
tury, as some scientists predict.
panel," Wirth recalled at the TIME Environment Conference,
On the other hand; the summer's disasters may have had
"and who was in the cavernous hearing room? Six or seven peo-
nothing to do with the greenhouse effect. They could have been
ple, and two or three of them were lost tourists."
random events-all part of the natural year-to-year variations in
So Wirth decided to schedule another hearing in the sum-
weather. Many climatologists called Hansen's remarks prema-
mer, hoping hot weather would make people pay attention to the
ture and feared that if this summer happens to be cool, public
greenhouse issue. Sure enough, when the hearing convened last
worries about the greenhouse effect will quickly fade.
June 23, the thermometer read 99° F, a Washington record for
Unfortunately, scientists cannot agree on how much global
that day. The room was packed when James Hansen, head of
warming has occurred, how much more is on the way and what
NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, turned global warm-
the climatic consequences will be, giving policymakers an excuse
ing into front-page news at last. "It is time to stop waffling so
for delay. But no one disputes the fact that the amount of CO2 in
much," he declared. "The evidence is pretty strong that the
the atmosphere has risen and continues to increase rapidly and
greenhouse effect is here."
that the human race is thus conducting a dangerous experiment
36
TIME. JANUARY 2. 1989
PLANET OF THE YEAR
ROBERT
WILFRIED SPIRANDELLI
GAS GUZZLING: A Bangkok tie-up symbolizes growing Third
IOWA'S FUTURE? Climate change could
World energy demands, which hurt efforts to cut fossil-fuel use
erode land into dunes like these in Somalia
on an unprecedented scale. The possible consequences are so
would have an average surface temperature of only 0° F instead
scary that it is only prudent for governments to slow the buildup
of 59° F. Reason: like the glass panes of a greenhouse, CO2 mole-
of CO₂ through preventive measures, from encouraging energy
cules are transparent to visible light, allowing the sun's rays to
conservation to developing alternatives to fossil fuels.
warm the earth's surface. But when the surface gives off its ex-
Some forecasters have suggested that the impact of global
cess heat, it does so not with visible light but with infrared radia-
warming will not be uniformly bad around the world. After all,
tion. And since CO2 absorbs infrared rays, some of the excess
Canada would not complain if the productive corn-growing
heat stays in the atmosphere rather than escaping into space.
lands of the U.S. Midwest shifted north across the border, and
How much heat is retained depends on how much CO2 is in the
the Soviet Union might welcome a warmer, more hospitable Si-
air.
beria. But while the broad outlines of a hotter world are easy to
draw, more specific projections are riddled with uncertainty,
ecent research has confirmed that this is more than
since the regional weather patterns that would prevail are large-
ly unpredictable. If Canada becomes much dryer than it is now,
R
just theory. By drilling deep into Antarctic and Arctic
ice, scientists have been able to measure the amount of
for example, higher temperatures will not help much.
CO₂ in air bubbles trapped in ancient layers of snow.
Moreover, while some nations will probably end up with a
They have also looked at fossilized plant tissues for clues as to
more benign climate than they now have, the pace of change
how warm the air was during the same period. The conclusion:
could be so jarring that the benefits would be lost. "We're talking
CO2 levels and global temperatures have risen and fallen togeth-
about rates of climate change perhaps 100 times faster than at
er, over tens of thousands of years. And there is evidence from
any time in human history," said Stephen Schneider of the Na-
space: Mars, which has little CO2 in its atmosphere, has a surface
tional Center for Atmospheric Research. Ecosystems will not be
temperature that reaches 24° F at best, while Venus, with lots
able to adjust so quickly, he said, "and the faster things change,
of CO₂, is a hellish 850° F.
the more likely it is that the impact will be negative." Warned
The ebb and flow of CO₂ on earth was caused by only natural
Thomas Lovejoy of the Smithsonian Institution: "There will be
processes until less than 200 years ago. With the arrival of the In-
no winners in this game of ecological chairs, for it will be funda-
dustrial Revolution in the early 1800s, man suddenly threw a
mentally disruptive and destabilizing, and we can anticipate
new factor into the climatic equation. Carbon dioxide is released
hordes of environmental refugees dwarfing the numbers of the
in large quantities when wood and such fossil fuels as coal, oil
Dust Bowl era or the boat people."
and natural gas are burned. As society industrialized, coal-burn-
Ironically, the same greenhouse effect that may be so dislo-
ing factories began releasing CO₂ faster than plants and oceans,
cating made earth hospitable to life in the first place. Without a
which absorb the gas, could handle it. In the early 1900s, people
heat-trapping blanket of naturally occurring CO2, the planet
began burning oil and gas at prodigious rates. And increasing
1.
What
Impose special taxes on carbon-dioxide emissions, which would encourage energy
conservation.
Nations
2.
Increase funding for research on alternative energy sources, including solar power, and
Should
safer designs for nuclear reactors.
D
3.
Provide financial aid to enable developing nations to build high-efficiency power plants
rather than conventional facilities.
4.
Launch a mammoth international tree-planting program.
5.
Develop techniques for recovering part of the methane that is given off by landfills and
cattle feedlots.
TIME, JANUARY 2, 1989
37
PLANET OF THE YEAR
CLEAN POWER: Mirrors near San Diego focus sunlight to change water to steam, which drives electric generators
population led to the widespread cutting of trees in less. devel-
World Resources Institute. Tree planting can be encouraged at
oped countries. These trees are no longer available to soak up ex-
all levels of society, from individuals putting an extra tree or two
cess CO2, and whether they are burned or left to rot, they instead
in their backyards to local communities and private organiza-
release the gas. By the late 1800s atmospheric CO2 had risen to
tions planting an acre at a time to provincial and national gov-
between 280 and 290 parts per million. Today it stands at 350
ernments reforesting on a more widespread basis.
p.p.m., and by 2050 it could reach 500 to 700 p.p.m., higher than
Admittedly, trees are just a stopgap. Unless a tree is used for
it has been in millions of years.
lumber, it eventually dies and rots:or is burned, releasing what-
But carbon dioxide, once thought to be exclusively responsi-
ever CO2 it has absorbed. But since the rapid pace of change may
ble for the greenhouse effect, is now known to cause only half the
be the greatest danger posed by global warming, stopgaps could
problem. The rest comes from other gases. Chlorofluorocarbons,
be important. If nothing else, reforestation will buy time to put
or CFCs, are not only destroyers of the stratosphere's ozone layer
other preventive measures into place.
but powerful greenhouse gases as well. So are nitrogen oxides,
Tree planting will have negligible impact, however, if people
which are pollutants spewed out of automobile exhausts and
continue to pump CO2 into the atmosphere at current rates.
power-plant smokestacks. Another greenhouse gas is methane,
While wood and fossil-fuel burning will never be eliminated,
the primary component of natural gas. Methane is also generat-
they can be cut down significantly. An immediate way to do so is
ed by bacteria living in the guts of cattle and termites, the muck
through conservation. When oil prices soared in the 1970s, in-
of rice paddies and the rotting garbage in landfills. Each of these
dustries responded by becoming much more energy efficient. But
sources is fostered by human activity-even the termites, which
the plunge in the price of oil from $36 per bbl. in 1982 to less than
thrive in the clearings left after tropical rain forests are cut down.
$12 per bbl. this fall has cooled the enthusiasm for conservation.
Humanity's contribution to the greenhouse effect comes from so
Governments must rekindle that interest and boost energy sav-
many basic activities that man cannot realistically expect to stop
ing by setting or raising minimum efficiency standards for auto-
the process, only slow it down.
mobiles, appliances and other machinery.
Although developed countries waste the most energy, there
first step toward doing that is to ban the production of
are plenty of opportunities for conservation in the developing
A
CFCs, which are used to make plastic foam and as cool-
world, where energy-using equipment tends to be older and
ants in refrigerators and air conditioners. These gases
more inefficient. Third World conservation would not only help
account for an estimated 15% of the greenhouse effect.
slow greenhouse warming but also let countries save money by
Another strategy is to burn as much methane as possible. That
reducing dependence on energy imports. If the industrialized
adds CO2 to the air, but getting rid of the methane is well worth
countries expect cooperation, though, they should make avail-
it. Both gases trap heat, but as a greenhouse gas, methane traps
able at minimal cost the most advanced energy-saving technol-
20 times as much heat as carbon dioxide, molecule for molecule.
ogy, especially for power plants, and help finance the purchase.
Methane from cattle feedlots will be very difficult to collect, but
By far the most efficient and effective way to spur conserva-
the gas in garbage landfills is already being tapped and burned at
tion is to raise the cost of fossil fuels. Current prices fail to reflect
many sites around the U.S. At the Fresh Kills landfill on New
the very real environmental costs of pumping carbon dioxide
York City's Staten Island, for example, methane that would other-
into the air. The answer is a tax on CO2 emissions-or a CO2
wise have escaped into the air is being collected by a gas company
user fee, if that is a more palatable term. The fee need not raise a
and used to heat thousands of homes. The technique essentially in-
country's overall tax burden; it could be offset by reductions in
volves driving a pipe into the depths of the garbage, then trapping
income taxes or other levies.
the gas that rushes out. This should be done at all landfills.
Imposing a CO2 fee would not be as difficult as it sounds. It is
Another step that could be taken to counteract global warm-
easy to quantify how much CO2 comes from burning a gallon of
ing is to slow-and ideally stop-deforestation. But that is an
gasoline, a ton of coal or a cubic yard of natural gas. Most countries
enormously complex task, and so a simple companion strategy
already have gasoline taxes; similar fees, set according to the
should be adopted at the same time: the planting of trees, and
amount of CO2 produced, could be put on all fossil-fuel sources. At
plenty of them, to absorb CO2 from the air. "It surely has to be
the same time, companies could be given credits against their CO2
one of the most benign things we can do," said Gus Speth of the
taxes if they planted trees to take some of the CO2 out of the air.
38
TIME. JANUARY 2, 1989
PLANET OF THE YEAR
A user fee would have
Speth. If they drop to $1, solar
benefits beyond forcing a cut-
power will become competi-
back in CO2 emissions. The
tive. That could happen with-
fuels that generate carbon di-
out significant Government
oxide also generate other pol-
research support-but it will
lutants, like soot, along with
happen sooner with it.
nitrogen oxides and sulfur di-
Sometime early in. the
oxide, the primary causes of
next century, solar enthusi-
acid rain. The CO2 tax would
asts hope to see vast tracts of
be a powerful incentive for
photovoltaic collectors pro-
consumers to switch from
viding cheap electricity that
high-CO2 fuels, such as coal
can be transmitted over long
and oil, to power sources that
distances. Alternatively, the
produce less CO2, notably
electricity could be used to
natural gas. When burned,
produce hydrogen from wa-
methane generates only half
ter. That could open up all
as much CO2 as coal, for ex-
sorts of possibilities. Cars, for
ample, in producing the same
example, could be redesigned
amount of energy.
to run on hydrogen, and that
Ultimately, though, the
SMALL WONDER: Wind farms like this one in Livermore,
would produce a dramatic re-
world must move away from
Calif., slow global warming only a little, but every bit helps
duction in CO2 emissions.
fossil fuels for most of its ener-
Nuclear power is more
gy needs. Said Berrien Moore, director of the Institute for the
controversial; until recently the mere mention of it made environ-
Study of the Earth, Oceans and Space at the University of New
mentalists blanch. They had good reason, considering the acci-
Hampshire: "Even if you cut emissions of CO2 in half, the atmo-
dents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, the problem of radio-
spheric concentration will keep going up. You're still adding CO2
active waste and the horror stories about U.S. weapons plants. But
faster than you're withdrawing it, so the balance keeps rising."
the greenhouse effect is forcing some antinuclear activists to re-
Of all the known nonfossil energy sources, only two are far
think their position. "I was a strong opponent of the nuclear pro-
enough along in their development to be counted on: solar and
gram in France," said Brice Lalonde, France's Environment Un-
nuclear, neither of which generates any greenhouse gases at all.
der Secretary and a former presidential candidate on the
Solar power is especially attractive. It produces no waste, and it is
Ecologist Party ticket. "Now I am reassessing the whole thing."
inexhaustible. Not all solar power comes directly from the sun:
France gets more than 70% of its electricity from nuclear plants
both wind and hydroelectric power are solar, since wind is created
and has an impressive safety record.
by the sun's uneven warming of the atmosphere and since the wa-
Reactors in France, like all conventional reactors, depend for
ter that collects behind dams was originally rain, which in turn
their safety in part on the skill and alertness of their operators. To
was water vapor evaporated by solar heating.
minimize the risk of human error, engineers have developed designs
But wind and hydroelectric power can be generated at only a
for much safer-types of nuclear reactors. But while these reactors,
relatively few sites, and so governments should redouble financing
like experimental solar cells, show great promise, they are not yet
for research to develop efficient, low-cost photovoltaic power.
economical enough to go on-line in significant numbers. It should
Photovoltaic cells, which produce electric current when bathed in
therefore be a priority of governments to spend more money on re-
sunlight, were briefly in vogue during the energy crises of the
search aimed at lowering the cost of safe nuclear and solar power
1970s, and while public attention and Government funding have
and making them primary energy sources. Otherwise the global
waned, research into the technology has continued. "The capital
warming that results from overreliance on fossil fuels could produce
costs have come down from about $50 a peak watt to $5," said
an increasingly uncertain and potentially bleak future.
The Good News: Osage, lowa, Counts Kilowatts
The houses and businesses in
The folks in Osage save energy the
thermogram, a test that pinpoints places
Osage, a town of some 3,600
old-fashioned way: they plug leaky win-
where the most heat is escaping. More
people in northern Iowa, seem
dows, insulate walls and ceilings, replace
than half the town's property owners ac-
just like buildings anywhere
inefficient furnaces and wrap hot-water
cepted the offer.
else in small-town America.
heaters in blanket insulation. Since 1974,
Birdsall's conservation campaign
Only a close look reveals the difference.
the community has cut its natural-gas
still flourishes long after similar efforts
Examine, for example, the new insulated
consumption some 45% and reduced its
elsewhere have flagged. The utility re-
roof on the local hospital that shaves utili-
annual growth in electricity demand by
cently decided to give customers $15 fluo-
ty bills 20%. Or venture into the basement
more than half, to less than 3% a year.
rescent light bulbs, which use far less en-
of Steele's Super Valu grocery to see the
Much of the town's energy saving can
ergy than incandescent models. While
wall that owner Everett Steele built
be traced to the zeal of Weston Birdsall,
Birdsall's strategies are based on simple,
around his cooling compressors to cap-
general manager of Osage Municipal
widely known techniques, few cities or
ture heat, which is then pumped into the
Utilities. Looking back to 1972, when he
towns apply the methods as diligently as
store. Osage's model conservation pro-
took over the utility company, Birdsall re-
Osage does. "Why aren't more people do-
gram saved the town an estimated $1.2
calls, "That's about the time OPEC reared
ing this?" Birdsall asks. Maybe more of
million in energy costs in 1988 and made a
its ugly head. We had to do something."
them will if they come to realize that con-
modest but worthwhile contribution to-
Birdsall preached conservation door to
serving energy not only saves money but
ward slowing down global warming.
door, offering to give every building a free
also helps save the environment:
TIME, JANUARY 2, 1989
39
PLANET OF THE ' Y E A R
A Global Bargain
Far more difficult than signing interna
tional treaties will be finding the money
to make them work: The impoverished
Thir World countries, burdened with
debt, cannot afford expensive environ-
mental projects without outside help. Nor
is the U.S in a position to fund a new eco-
logical Marshall Plan on its own. Here are
the elements of a north-south deal that
could pool the financial resources of the
industrialized world and channel them
REDUCED MILITARY SPENDING: The U.S. and the Soviet
into sustainable development plans for
Union could cut back their nuclear and conventional
the poorer countries.
forces, shrinking their defense budgets and freeing
funds for domestic and foreign environmental programs.
Hands Across the Sea
Richand and south,nations mus ittogether or face/common disaster
BY THOMAS A. SANCTON
en some important initiatives. In 1972 the U.N. organized the
landmark Stockholm conference, which set up the United Na-
t is easy to draw up a plan of action for protecting the earth.
tions Environment Program. It was under UNEP's sponsorship
But- that plan will fail unless it is forged with international
that 24 countries signed the 1987 Montreal Protocol, calling for a
fellowship and carried out on a global scale. How much good
reduction in the output of ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons.
can one country do by reducing carbon-dioxide emissions if an-
There have also been proposals to enhance UNEP's role as a sort
other nation offsets that with an increased output of CO2? How
of intergovernmental superagency on environmental questions.
can one country keep its beaches clean if its neighbor down the
Paralleling the U.N.'s efforts, multilateral financial institu-
coast dumps sewage or syringes into the sea? "On most environ-
tions have a crucial role to play. The World Bank, which lends
mental questions, the nation-state is obsolete," said Pace Univer-
money for Third World development projects, was long criti-
sity's Nicholas Robinson. "We have to talk about multinational
cized by environmental groups for backing large, ecologically
cooperation."
unsound programs-a cattle-raising scheme in Botswana that
The first goal of that cooperative effort should be to gather
led to overgrazing, for example. During the past few years, how-
the information needed to fashion effective policies. "We've got
ever, the World Bank has been seeking to factor environmental
to get the earth in intensive care, to start to monitor the vital signs
concerns into its programs. One product of this new approach is
of the planet," said John Eddy of the University Corporation for
an environmental action plan for Madagascar. The 20-year
Atmospheric Research in Boulder. This could be done by launch-
plan, which will be drawn up jointly with the World Wide Fund
ing an International Earthwatch Program, possibly under the ae-
for Nature, aims at heightening public awareness of environ-
gis of the United Nations, to coordinate multinational research
mental issues, setting up and managing protected areas and en-
projects and centralize essential data on the state of the world.
couraging sustainable development. Similar aims should also
Such an umbrella program could pool the results of hundreds of
guide the lending policies of the International Monetary Fund,
existing research efforts. A prime candidate for this program
regional development banks and bilateral assistance programs.
would be the Mission to Planet Earth, recommended by former
Much of the current environmental crisis is rooted in, and
astronaut Sally Ride, which would use NASA facilities to study the
exacerbated by, the widening gap between rich and poor na-
earth from space. In addition to improving knowledge of the
tions. Industrialized countries contain only 23% of the world's
earth's ills, an International Earthwatch Program could provide
population, yet they control 80% of the world's goods and are
the basis for a widespread awareness-building campaign aimed
also responsible for the bulk of its pollution. On the other hand, it
at preparing public opinion for the sacrifices and life-style
is the developing countries that are hardest hit by overpopula-
changes that will be necessary in the coming decades. Environ-
tion, malnutrition and disease. As these nations struggle to catch
mental education programs should be immediately introduced
up with the developed world, a vicious circle begins: their efforts
into schools and workplaces around the world, and government
at rapid industrialization poison their cities, while their attempts
leaders should bring these issues into the heart of political debate.
to boost agricultural production often result in the destruction of
But research and education are no substitutes for concrete
their forests and the depletion of their soils.
action. The world community must move promptly toward com-
The greatest obstacle to economic and environmental im-
prehensive treaties to protect the air, soil and water. A frame-
provements in the developing countries is their mammoth for-
work for the effort exists within the U.N., which has already tak-
eign debt. Collectively, the Third World owes $1.2 trillion to the
54
TIME. JANUARY 2, 1989
SAREN
NISSAN
BURDEN SHARING: U.S. allies like Japan and West
AID FOR THE THIRD WORLD: In exchange for
Germany would no longer be under pressure to raise
foreign funds, the developing nations would
military spending and could contribute to global se-
agree to curb deforestation and adopt other
curity by increasing aid to the developing countries.
responsible environmental policies.
banks and governments of industrialized countries. A new
ty" to include "the issues of population, environment and sustain-
World Bank report estimates that in 1988 the developing coun-
able development." Yet the U.S., the world's largest debtor, can
tries made net payments of $43 billion to the industrial nations,
no longer supply the bulk of aid to the Third World. Nor can the
up from $38 billion in 1987. How can the rich nations expect
economically strapped Soviet Union provide much financial
poor countries to launch environmental programs while strug-
help.
gling to pay off those crippling loans? Clearly, the Third World's
That leaves Japan, now the world's most financially powerful
debt payments will have to be lightened or postponed. The best
country, with a heavy responsibility for taking a leading role in
way of doing that seems to be using debt forgiveness as leverage
bankrolling solutions to the environmental crisis. Japan has long
for winning environmental concessions.
shied away from assuming a major place in international affairs
One approach that has already been pursued successfully on a
because of its militaristic adventures of the 1930s and '40s, but as
small scale is the so-called debt-for-nature swaps. Conceived by
Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita has made clear, his country re-
the Smithsonian Institution's Thomas Lovejoy in 1984, these in-
alizes its international duty and is willing to shoulder it.
novative deals often involve the cooperation of governments,
Japan's foreign aid appropriations of more than $10 billion
bankers and conservation groups. In a typical debt-for-nature
in 1988 outstripped U.S. outlays, and Tokyo has increased its
swap earlier this year, the World Wildlife Fund, a nonprofit orga-
contributions to the World Bank and other environment-con-
nization based in Washington, bought $1 million worth of Ecua-
scious lending institutions. The Takeshita government is willing
doran debt held by Bankers Trust at the discounted price of
to give more, but its efforts have ironically been hampered by the
$354,500. The bank was happy to get the troublesome loan off its
U.S., which is reluctant to give the Japanese a greater say in run-
books, while the World Wildlife Fund gained the power to im-
ning these international groups. One solution might be to set up a
prove that country's environment. The fund accomplishes this
new financial entity, an International Bank for Environmental
by transferring the loan payments to Fundación Natura, a
Protection, in which the Japanese could have a major responsi-
conservation group in Ecuador. Fundación Natura, in turn, uses
bility for both funding and management.
the money to protect and maintain national parks and wildlife
America, for its part, is at a turning point. The Reagan Admin-
preserves.
istration, with its poor record
However it is accom-
on environmental issues, is
plished, a greater share of the
Nobel for a Noble Cause
coming to a close. President-
world's capital will have to
flow into developing countries.
elect Bush, who turned the pol-
lution of Boston Harbor into a
What they need, said Senator
P
hysicists and chemists can earn the ultimate recogni-
successful campaign issue, has
Albert Gore, is a new Mar-
tion: a Nobel Prize. Why not accord the same honor to
shall Plan for economic devel-
an opportunity to show that he
environmental scientists? At the TIME conference, the pro-
is serious about saving the plan-
opment and environmental
posal was backed by everyone from U.S. Senator Albert
et-even after the election. He
preservation. But where will
Gore to Vasili Peskov, a correspondent for the Moscow
the money come from? For
sent out an encouraging signal
newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda. Peskov suggested that
last week by naming veteran
starters, the U.S: and the Sovi-
the first environmental Nobel be given posthumously to Ra-
et Union could reduce military
conservationist William Reilly
chel Carson, whose 1962 book Silent Spring helped alert the
to head the Environmental
spending in order to boost aid
world to the pollution threat.'
for environmental programs.
Protection Agency. Reilly, 48,
Alfred Nobel's will set up five awards:
Nobel laureate Murray Gell-
president of the World Wildlife
physics, chemistry, medicine or physiolo-
Mann, a professor of theoreti-
Fund, promised a "new and
gy, literature and peace. But that limita-
cal physics at the California
constructive course" on envi-
tion was overcome in 1968, when Swe-
Institute of Technology, ar-
ronmental problems. It is none
den's Central Bank financed a separate
gued that the superpowers
too soon.
-Reported by Barry
economics prize in memory of Nobel.
should redefine "global securi-
Hillenbrand/Tokyo and Richard
Hornik/Washington
TIME, JANUARY 2, 1989
63
PLANET OF THE YEAR
1.
Raise the Gasoline Tax
What
A gallon of unleaded gasoline, which costs roughly 95c, is nearly a third
The U.S.
cheaper now than it was eight years ago. When inflation is taken into ac-
count, the price decline is closer to 50%. Raising the federal gasoline tax
by 50c per gal., from 9c to 59c, over the next five years would renew driv-
Shou
0
ers' interest in fuel conservation.
2. Toughen Auto Fuel-Efficiency Requirements
Federal regulations require that automakers produce fleets of cars with an
The U.S. hasmade significant
average fuel efficiency of 26 m.p.g. The Government originally set a fuel-
strides in ion control and
efficiency target of 27.5 m.p.g. for 1986, but the Reagan Adminis
Menergy conser the
allowed the car companies to postpone that goal. The new Administration
spast 5 years, but the country
should institute the 27.5 m.p.g. requirement and then gradually raise it to
remains the
45 m.p.g. by the year 2000.
ofnatural and
despoiler the global
3. Encourage Waste Recycling
environment Because pf the
The Federal Government should set national goals and standards for recy-
of its economy the U.S.
cling programs but leave their implementation to state and local agencies.
consumes fourth the
As an immediate first step, the President and Congress should require
world's year.
federal agencies to increase steadily their use of recycled paper products.
fora givenamount of energy the
U.S. produces less than
4. Promote Natural-Gas Usage
much economic output as Japan
and West Germany Meanwhile,
Far more abundant than anyone thought a decade ago, natural gas is the
the commitment to reduce
cleanest hydrocarbon fuel available. But in many cases, utilities that wish
pollution has flagged. Although
to switch from coal-fired power generation to gas-fired must go through a
the U.S. accounts for less, than
lengthy process to obtain a federal permit. Such regulations, which inhibit
the global population,it
the increased use of natural gas, should be eased.
generates 15% of the world's
emissions and
5. Encourage Debt-for-Nature Swaps
25% of nitrogen oxides and
The U.S. opposes all government-subsidized debt relief for Third World
carbon Each American
countries. At a minimum, federal regulators should encourage U.S. banks
produces an average of 3½ lbs
to participate in programs that reduce debt in exchange for steps taken by
of trasha day.
debtor nations to protect tropical rain forests and other resources.
When energy was expensive,
Americans treatedit that way.
6. Support Family Planning
Be 973 and 1985, when
In 1984 the Reagan Administration cut off U.S. aid to the two major inter-
the of oilsurged U.S.
national family-planning organizations. Reason: the United Nations Fund
percapita energy consump tion
for Population Activities and the International Planned Parenthood Feder-
fell and the average
ation have been accused of assisting some local population agencies that
amount of goods and services
provide or pay for abortions. Unless the growth in the world population is
tedper person
slowed, it will be impossible to make serious progress on any environmen-
the past few years however,
tal issue. The U.S. should immediately restore the aid it withdrew.
has risenas the
price has declined. Americans,
7. Ratify the Law of the Sea
who own more than 135 million
s,or about one third of the
The U.S. has never ratified the 1982 U.N. Convention on Law of the Sea,
world's to have been driving
which sought to regulate mining and other commercial development. The
more and resume
Administration argues that the treaty interferes with private exploitation
love affair with gas-
of the sea. That ideological issue should be put aside SO that the U.S. can
guzzling
exercise global leadership and clear the way for international pacts aimed
Because of its sheer size and
at protecting the atmosphere.
inf the U.S. must be in the
8.
vanguard of the effort to solve
Make the Environment a Summit Issue
the environment crisis.
When the leaders of the major industrial nations gather next June in Paris
fore international bodies
for their 15th economic summit, George Bush should push to make envi-
come up with global strategies,
ronmental problems the No. 1 agenda item. Ronald Reagan's success at
the U.S. can take many steps,
previous summits stemmed from his insistence on dealing with only one
unilaterally and immediately.
major topic. Should Bush take that approach in Paris, global environmental
issues stand a better chance of getting the attention they deserve.
TIME, JANUARY 2, 1989
65
PLANET OF THE YEAR
And since they are harder than anything we have done before,
and the efforts may all come to naught anyway, why mess with
"What Is Wrong
them? Why not conserve our energy and just not even try? That
is a formidable barrier, not least because the solutions require in-
ternational cooperation on a scale that is totally unprecedented
With Us?"
in history.
A Senator simpassioned action.
T
hose five barriers must be overcome before the political
system reacts. The role of leadership is critical in spread-
ing awareness, in framing solutions, in offering a vision of
If the steps needed to save the environment are well known and
the future we want to create, as well as a vision of the nightmare
feasible, then why are they not taken? In a speech at the TIME con-
we wish to avoid.
ference, Senator Albert Gore of Tennessee, one of the most ardent
There is an old science experiment in which a frog is put into
environmentalists in Congress, explored this crucial question. Ex-
a pan of water, and the water is slowly heated to the boiling
cerpts from his remarks:
point. The frog sits there and boils because its nervous system
will not react to the gradual increase. But if you boil the water
W
hen I announced I was running for President, I said
first and then put the frog in, it immediately jumps out.
the greenhouse effect, the depletion of the ozone layer
We are at an environmental boiling point right now. Is the
and the global ecological crisis will, by the end of this
destruction of one football-field's worth of forest every second
election year, be recognized as the most serious issue facing this
enough to make the frog react and jump out of the pan? What
country and the world. Three days later, a George Will column
will it take? If, as in a science-fiction movie, we had a giant in-
ridiculed the naiveté of a politician
vader from space clomping across
who could imagine that issues of this
the rain forests of the world with
kind would be politically salable.
I guess he was partly right and
BARRY STAVER
football field-size feet-going boom,
boom, boom every second-would
partly wrong. I was right in that the
we react? That's essentially what is
issue has, during this year, attained
going on right now.
enormous importance and new rec-
We saw the two whales trapped
ognition. But he was right, since it
in the Arctic ice, struggling for air,
didn't do me any good politically.
and the world responded. The U.S.
There are still barriers to political
and the Soviet Union cooperated.
action. Let me discuss five of them.
Yet we see 40,000 babies starving
Number one, there are areas of
every day, and we don't react. What
uncertainty about the greenhouse ef-
is wrong with us?
fect and the dire nature of the ecologi-
There used to be a debate in the
cal crisis we face, which are seized
'70s about appropriate technology.
upon as excuses for inaction. This is a
Now the question is: Did God choose
psychological problem common to all
an appropriate technology when he
humanity. If strong responses are
gave human beings dominion over
needed and yet there is some residual
the earth? The jury is still out. And
uncertainty about whether you are
the answer has to come in our lifetime
going to have to make those respons-
from the political system.
es, the natural psychological tenden-
There are precedents. We made
cy is to magnify the uncertainty and
"Did God choose an appropriate
human sacrifice, once commonplace,
say, "Well, maybe we won't really
have to face up to it."
technology when he gave human
obsolete. We made slavery obsolete.
These things, just like changes in
But the fact that we face an eco-
beings dominion over the earth?
weather patterns, took a long period of
logical crisis without any precedent
The jury is still out."
time. But now, just as climate changes
in historic times is no longer a mat-
are telescoped into a very short period
ter of any dispute worthy of recogni-
of time, changes in human thinking of
tion. And those who, for the purpose of maintaining balance in
a magnitude comparable to the changes that brought about the abo-
debate, take the contrarian view that there is significant uncer-
lition of slavery must take place in one generation.
tainty about whether it's real are hurting our ability to respond.
We know how to solve the problem. It will be unimaginably
The second barrier to political action is an unwillingness
difficult. The cooperation required will be unprecedented. But
to believe that something so far outside the bounds of historical
we know what to do. What is required is a change in thinking
experience can, in fact, be occurring. To put it another way, this
and a change in the equilibrium of the world's political system.
set of problems sounds like the plot of a bad science-fiction mov-
Right now the political equilibrium is characterized by
ie. People automatically assume it can't be real.
short-term policies at the expense of long-term policies. It is
The third political barrier is the assumption that it will be
characterized by actions to confer national advantage at the ex-
easier and more sensible to adapt to whatever climate change OC-
pense of actions designed to promote global advantage. It is
curs than it will be to prevent the crisis. But the change could
characterized by preparations for war, ignorance and starvation.
come so swiftly that adaptation will be all but impossible.
Our challenge as political leaders is to come up with an agen-
The fourth barrier is the lack of widespread awareness
da of solutions, which we are doing. But the larger challenge for
among the peoples of the world about the nature of the problem.
all of us is to shift the world's political system into a new'state of
Most political leaders, let alone their public, are unaware of what
equilibrium, characterized by more cooperation, global agendas
is happening and how severe it is. That must be changed.
and a focus on the future. As General Omar Bradley said at the
The fifth barrier to political action is the knowledge that
end of World War II, "It is time we steered by the stars and not
many of the ultimate solutions are almost unimaginably difficult.
by the lights of each passing ship."
66
TIME. JANUARY 2. 1989
PLANET OF THE YEAR
The Greening of the U.S.S.R.
As public leanup, Gorbachey fights a of pollution
ers. "In this restructuring," said Nicholas Robinson, a Pace Uni-
BY DICK THOMPSON
versity professor and an expert on the Soviet environment, "the
he Soviet Union is an environmentalist's nightmare. The
Communist Party Central Committee has decided that, after
industrial city of Nizhni Tagil, some 700 miles east of
disarmament, environmental protection is the No. 1 world is-
Moscow, is sometimes wrapped in clouds of gaseous
sue." An aggressive cleanup program has already begun. Proj-
wastes so thick and toxic that drivers must turn on their head-
ects are being re-evaluated in light of their environmental im-
lights at noon and children walking home from school get skin
pact. Fines have been levied on some polluters, and criminal
rashes. Every year 700,000 tons of toxic substances are spewed
proceedings have been started against others.
into the city's air. Not only Nizhni Tagil but more than 100 other
Internationally, the Soviets are pushing for stronger accords
major cities, including Moscow, also have air-pollution levels ten
to protect the environment and are seeking ways to integrate
times as high as the acceptable standards set by the Soviets.
their atmospheric-research efforts with those under way else-
where. For the first time since World
War II, the Soviet Union and the U.S.
may have found a common enemy: glob-
al climate change. Said President Mik-
hail Gorbachev in his speech this month
to the U.N. General Assembly: "Inter-
national economic security is inconceiv-
able unless related not only to disarma-
CAMP
ment but also to the elimination of the
threat to the world's environment."
One sign of the Soviets' willingness
to join international environmental ef-
forts was their presence at the TIME con-
ference in Boulder. Fyodor Morgun, the
recently appointed head of Goskom-
priroda, made his first trip to the U.S.
(and only his second journey outside the
Soviet Union) to attend the meeting.
And he was startlingly frank about the
situation in his country. "We have start-
ed too late," Morgun told the group.
"Our air is not up to the proper mark,
our soil is polluted, and our forests are
affected. Drastic measures were taken in
CLOUDY SKIES: Gases billow from an apatite refinery on the Kola Peninsula
the West 15 to 20 years ago to improve
the environment. Now my country must
get to work on this as well."
The land and water are not in any better shape. The riverbed
The Soviet environmental disaster has been a long time in
of the Neva, which meanders beside the magnificent Hermitage
the making. Beginning in the days of Stalin, ecological concerns
in Leningrad, is covered with a thick layer of oil. Ill-advised dam
were shunted aside in the rush toward industrialization. Valo-
construction and inappropriate irrigation projects have caused
vaya produktsiya, a phrase that translates into "gross output"
the level of the Aral Sea to drop 40 ft. It is possible that this body
and is abbreviated as val, was at the heart of the problem. Indus-
of water, the world's sixth largest sea, will not exist in 20 years.
try bureaucrats have long been evaluated-and rewarded-only
Siberia, once pristine, is laced with wastes from steel, chemical
in terms of gross output. Rivers were fouled and forests stripped
and coal industries. Worrisome numbers. of dead sturgeon are
in the rush to transform raw materials into material wealth. No
floating atop the polluted Volga River, threatening the Soviets'
premium was placed on efficiency, and no environmental con-
prestigious caviar supply. Resorts along the Black Sea have
cerns restrained val. Trucks in Siberia, for example, are still left
banned swimming after the government's warning that the wa-
running every hour of every day throughout the winter because
ters are contaminated with dysentery and typhoid germs.
the vehicles are very difficult to start in the cold, and diesel fuel is
For decades the Soviet people accepted the situation in si-
plentiful.
lence. But glasnost has made them less afraid to speak out. Citi-
Nowhere are the consequences of unchecked industrializa-
zens worried about the environment are demonstrating by the
tion more obvious than in Siberia's Lake Baikal basin. Nearly 30
thousands and contributing to political unrest in the Baltic
years ago, Minlesbumprom (the Ministry of Timber, Pulp and
States. Elsewhere, budding environmental groups have even
Paper, and Wood Processing Industry) erected the Baikalsh pulp
sponsored candidates for city elections.
factory on the shores of this majestic body of crystal-clear water.
Amid the turmoil the Soviet government has finally begun to
The crescent-shaped lake holds 80% of the country's fresh water
move. The Kremlin has reorganized a number of departments
and 20% of the world's supply. Three-fourths of the lake's 2,500
into the new State Committee for the Protection of the Environ-
fish and plant species, including the Baikal пегра, a fresh-water
ment, Goskompriroda, and given it an impressive range of pow-
seal, are unknown anywhere else in the world.
68
TIME. JANUARY 2. 1989
PLANET OF THE YEAR
Preparing for the Worst
If the turns killer and the well runsidry how will humanity cope?
BY PHILIP ELMER-DEWITT
in sub-Saharan Africa or the vanishing coastline in Louisiana.
The other is that Homo sapiens is an immensely resourceful spe-
f the nations of the world take immediate action, the destruc-
cies, with an impressive ability to accommodate sweeping
tion of the global environment can be slowed substantially.
change. In countries and regions hit by climatic upheavals, peo-
But some irreversible damage is inevitable. Even if fossil-fuel
ple have come up with a variety of solutions that are likely to
emissions are cut drastically, the overall level of carbon dioxide
have broad applicability to the global problems of tomorrow.
in the atmosphere will still increase-along with the likelihood
How would societies respond, for example, if the oceans
of some global warming. Even if toxic dumping is banned out-
were to rise by 3 ft. to 5 ft. over the next century, as some scien-
right and that ban is strictly enforced, some lakes and aquifers
tists have predicted? One option would be to construct levees and
will be tainted by poisons that have already been released. Even
dikes. The Netherlands, after all, has flourished more than 12 ft.
if global population growth could somehow be cut in half, there
below sea level for hundreds of years. Its newest bulwark is a 5.6-
would still be more than 45 million new mouths to feed next
mile dam made up of 131-ft. steel locks that remain open during
year, putting further strain on a planet whose capacity to sustain
normal conditions, to preserve the tidal flow that feeds the rich
life is already under stress.
local sea life, but can be closed when rough weather threatens.
Sooner or later the earth's human inhabitants, so used to
Venice is beginning to put into place a 1.2-mile flexible seawall
adapting the environment to suit their needs, will be forced to
that would protect its treasured landmarks against Adriatic
adapt themselves to the environment's demands. When that day
storms without doing ecological damage to the city's lagoon.
comes, how will societies respond? How well will the world cope
Shoring up cities such as New York, Los Angeles, Paris,
with the long-term changes that are likely to be in store?
London and Rio de Janeiro would require equally monumental
To help answer those questions, political scientist Michael
measures. In the U.S. the Environmental Protection Agency es-
Glantz of the National Center for Atmospheric Research has
timates that the cost of protecting developed coastal areas could
pioneered the use of a technique known as "forecasting by analo-
reach $111 billion. Southern Louisiana, which is losing land to
gy" to predict the effects on society of future climatic change. In
the Gulf of Mexico at the alarming rate of one acre every 16 min-
a series of case studies, Glantz and his colleagues analyzed the
utes, has already drawn up an ambitious mix of programs. In the
response of state and local governments to actual environmental
biggest project, a $24 million pumping station would divert mil-
events across the U.S., from a 12-ft. rise in the level of Utah's
lions of gallons of silt-rich Mississippi River water onto the
Great Salt Lake to the depletion of the aquifer that supplies
coastline to help stop saltwater intrusion and to supply sediment
groundwater to eight Great Plains states.
that will build up the eroding land. At least one parish is consid-
When Glantz's forecasting technique is applied to the rest of
ering plans for a backstop dike to give residents time to escape
the world, two things become clear. One is that virtually every
should the sea finally reach their doors.
long-term environmental change is occurring in miniature
Poorer countries have fewer options. Wracked by periodic
somewhere on the planet, whether it is a regional warming trend
floods, Bangladesh cannot simply evacuate the "chars"-bars of
70
TIME. JANUARY 2. 1989
PLANET OF THE YEAR
All that is under assault. Currently, the
emissions and has begun criminal investi-
pulp factory produces 200,000 tons of cellu-
BARRY STAVER
gations against more than ten other plants.
lose fibers a year, and its effluent, dis-
But the Soviet leader may face a po-
charged directed into the lake, has created
tential conflict between his desire for a
a polluted zone 23 miles wide. Clouds of
cleaner environment and his hopes of rap-
yellowish smoke belching from the fac-
idly raising the living standards and con-
tory's smokestacks have settled over 770 sq.
sumption levels of his people. Without
mi. of Siberian wilderness and have killed
careful pollution control, boosting produc-
an estimated 86,000 fir trees.
tion will befoul the environment even
more. And money that goes into antipollu-
T
he environmental offenses at Baikal
tion equipment cannot be used for indus-
and elsewhere revived the deep rela-
trial expansion. In Boulder, Morgun em-
tionship that the Soviets have with
phasized that the Kremlin wanted to get
nature. "Please believe me," said Morgun,
around this dilemma by redirecting money
"the people have awakened." From Arme-
from military spending into the civilian
nia to Zaporozhye, hundreds of thousands
"We have started too
economy. That, he said, depended on con-
have taken to the streets to protest every-
thing from air pollution to nuclear-power
late. Our air is not up to
tinued progress in arms-control talks with
the U.S.
plants. In April 10,000 people demonstrat-
the proper mark, our
From an international perspective, the
ed against the conditions in Nizhni Tagil.
soil is polluted, and our
most disturbing aspect of the Soviet econo-
Protesters in Priozyorsk were successful in
forests are affected.
my is the enormous quantity of carbon di-
closing a major paper plant that had been
Drastic measures were
oxide it puts into the air. Because the ma-
dumping waste into Lake Ladoga, the
chines in many Soviet factories are obsolete
source of drinking water for 6 million peo-
taken in the West 15 to
and inefficient, they consume an inordinate
ple. Many of the political demonstrations in
20 years ago to improve
amount of energy, making the country one
the Baltic States are linked to the environ-
ment. Said Marshall Goldman, associate
the environment. Now
of the largest contributors to the green-
house effect. The Soviets are aware of this
director of the Russian Research Center at
my country must get to
problem and hope to solve it by importing
Harvard University: "In almost every re-
work on this as well."
technology designed to improve energy effi-
public in which there is a movement for in-
dependence or the assertion of political
FYODOR MORGUN
ciency and pollution control. They hope
that much of that technology will come
rights, it has been led by an environmental
from the U.S. Said Morgun: "We will go
movement."
anyplace, over any mountain, over an ocean to get the technol-
Gorbachev, whose background is in agriculture, has shown a
ogy. And if you offer some kind of technology, we will be glad to
special concern for the environment from the beginning of his
accept it. We would be most grateful."
reign. Early on, he toured the country and took care to detour
That is a plea the U.S. should take seriously, by easing restric-
from the carefully prepared showcase routes to inspect firsthand
tions on the export of industrial technology to the Soviets. Unfor-
the polluted rivers and devastated forests. Funds for environ-
tunately, the biggest barrier to such shipments is not export con-
mental protection, about $24 billion this year, are projected to
trols but the lack of hard currency. The U.S. cannot finance the
reach $46.4 billion annually in the first half of the 1990s. At the
Soviet drive to conserve energy and control pollution, but Ameri-
same time, Gorbachev's regime has cracked down on polluters.
ca should offer as much technical assistance as possible: The Sovi-
Around Lake Baikal, about two dozen violations of ecological
ets seem to be sincerely determined to clean up their act, and the
standards have been referred to prosecutors. In Nizhni Tagil the
U.S. should help out.
-Reported by Ann Blackman/Moscow
government has closed ten factories for failing to control toxic
and Richard Hornik/Washington
LUCHINE-OGONIOK-SYGMA
TROUBLED WATERS: The once majestic Aral Sea may be gone in 20 years; studying the dried-up bed
TIME, JANUARY 2, 1989
69
14
WYOMING
The Fur Trade Territory
15
goods that he distributed generously along the way. Most of the
tered Wyoming to trap and to explore. John Colter became the
goods went for beaver skins. The servants, Souci and Morrison,
first white American to reveal the wonders of Wyoming geogra-
showed the Indians how to prepare the pelts. Larocque's
phy, although there remains some doubt about where he went
eagerness to promote the harvest of beaver led him to disregard
and what he saw. Colter was with the Lewis and Clark expedi-
the usual inhibitions about taking pelts in summer. At the end of
tion as it returned in 1806 and encountered two trappers in
his tour he reported that he had bought 122 beaver pelts "not in
present-day North Dakota who persuaded Colter to go trapping
consideration of what they were worth (because they are all
with them. Since they could use Colter's knowledge of the
summer skins) but in order to show to the savages the value that
Montana country, the trappers offered to outfit him if he would
I attach to the beaver skins and to the goods that we give
enter a partnership with them. Lewis and Clark detached Colter
them." With his superiors in mind he added that "at the same
at the Mandan villages after exacting promises from all the other
time I wished to be able to prove that there are beaver in this
members of the expedition that they would not ask for the same
region.
privilege.
Larocque learned that while beaver dams adorned the whole
Presumably Colter and his partners trapped in the Crow
length of the Powder River, it might take some time to convince
country of northern Wyoming. They did not prosper; perhaps
the Indians of the value of the beaver trade. He wrote in a clas-
they quarreled. In the spring of 1807 Colter paddled a canoe
sic understatement that some of the natives "seemed to desire
down the Missouri all by himself until he met a fur trade party
that I go away." The Indians hinted that the twenty-three pelts
of forty-two men led by Manuel Lisa, prominent Spanish fur
Larocque had taken up to that time were "a great many more
trader out of Saint Louis, at the mouth of the Platte. For the sec-
than we needed." The Indians, like whites who were to come
ond time Colter postponed his return to Saint Louis. Lisa's party
and endure fur trapping for only a short time, disliked trapping
included three other veterans of Lewis and Clark's expedition-
beaver for money.
George Drouillard, John Potts, and Peter Wiser-who probably
The Larocque Journal includes other information that prob-
had a hand in arranging for Colter's employment by Lisa.
ably interested his employers: the fact that the Snake Indians
The Lisa party arrived in October at the confluence of the Big
placed great value on blue beads, that the Powder River was
Horn and Yellowstone rivers, where some of the men built a
always muddy and "scarcely drinkable," that August nights
trading post and others trapped, and where John Colter received
could get very cold along the Powder, and that many buffalo,
a special assignment to search for Crow Indians in northwestern
deer, antelope, and bear lived in the area, although the land be-
Wyoming and invite them to the new trading post. Presumably
tween the Powder and the Little Missouri was remarkably dry
he found one village and learned there about others. He carried
and had "scarcely any vegetation."
a thirty-pound pack loaded with items with which he could win
Larocque did in fact go away and stay away, though not for
good will and hire guide service. When Lisa gave Colter this as-
the Indians' reasons. When he said farewell to his hosts on Sep-
signment he unwittingly marked him for future fame, for in con-
tember 14, he asked them to "kill beaver and bear during the
ducting the search he discovered what came to be called Col-
whole winter" because he would return the following autumn
ter's Hell, Jackson Hole and Yellowstone Park.
with all the trade goods they desired. However, the North West
The official Journals of Lewis and Clark, published in 1814,
Company decided to concentrate on expanding in Canada for
included a map of their route with a dotted line added to show
the time being, and Larocque never came back to Wyoming.
where Colter went. On this map the topography around Colter's
But absence of the French Canadians was more than compen-
route is peculiar in several respects, which should not be sur-
sated for by the succeeding rash of white Americans who en-
prising, considering that Colter made a 500-mile hike in the
16
WYOMING
The Fur Trade Territory
17
dead of winter, kept no notes, had never done any mapping,
For some years few people believed the Colter stories about
conveyed his information to William Clark from memory three
the wonders of northwestern Wyoming. Then the Blackfeet In-
years later, and died before he had a chance to check the map.
dians and a German-born, New York-based fur trader unwit-
However, the map bears too much resemblance to modern maps
tingly combined forces to send many more whites through
of the area to be dismissed as imaginary. Particularly significant
Wyoming in one year than had been there in all previous years.
is the presence of two large lakes corresponding to Jackson
John Jacob Astor, head of the American Fur Company and its
and Yellowstone lakes and a large river flowing north out of one,
subsidiary, the Pacific Fur Company, sent Wilson Price Hunt
as the Yellowstone River does.
overland in 1811 to take charge of a trading post which a sea-
The thermal activity observed by Colter, to which the name
borne party was building at Astoria, Oregon, at the mouth of the
"Colter's Hell' was later applied, was on the Shoshone River
Columbia. Hunt's expedition, known as the Overland Astorians,
just west of present Cody, Wyoming. Little thermal activity
was the first expedition to cross the continent after Lewis and
occurs there now, but there is evidence to indicate that there
Clark. Astor's original plan called for Hunt to follow the route
could have been a good deal of it in Colter's time. Colter might
of Lewis and Clark, but fear of the Blackfeet in Montana caused
have seen hot springs and geysers at West Thumb but he missed
him to leave the Missouri River at the Arikara villages at the
by at least twenty miles the major geyser basins of what became
present line of the South Dakota-North Dakota border and head
Yellowstone Park.
toward the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming. Three Lisa vet-
The National Park Service Museum at Moose in Jackson Hole
erans-John Hoback, Jacob Reznor, and Edward Robinson—
exhibits a rhyolite lava stone, thirteen inches long, on which is
who had recently come in across northern Wyoming and had
carved "John Colter" and "1808." An Idaho farmer plowed up
joined Hunt's party, recommended the change of plan. Perhaps
this stone in 1931 just west of Jackson Hole. There is no way to
John Colter, who had talked to Hunt in Missouri, also suggested
establish the authenticity of the stone.
that the Blackfeet should be avoided.
Almost as well known as his discovery of the Yellowstone
After trading their boats for horses at the Arikara villages, the
Park area is Colter's footrace later in 1808 northwest of Yellow-
Astorians began their overland journey in July 1811. Many of
stone Park. Captured by Blackfeet Indians, Colter was given an
them had to walk because most of the horses were loaded with
opportunity to run for his life. Stripped naked and hotly pur-
packs of merchandise for the trading post at Astoria. As it ex-
sued, he ran six miles to a stream where he concealed himself in
tended along the Grand River in northern South Dakota, the cara-
driftwood until nightfall when very quietly he stole away. Seven
van included sixty-two men, one woman, and two children.
days later he arrived at Lisa's fort with sore feet and a sun-
The party must have crawled slowly from day to day as it
burned back.
wended up the rivers and across the grassy plains, a landscape
After other narrow escapes Colter returned to Missouri in
stirred by occasional dust devils in the summertime and broken
1810, got married, and settled down on a farm. Probably the
up only occasionally by landmarks like Devils Tower, the rocky
mountains would have lured him back sooner or later, had he
volcanic core that can be seen for twenty miles across the
not died of yellow jaundice in 1813. In 1976 the splendid Colter
plains. Making and breaking camp with such a multitude must
Bay tourist facilities on Jackson Lake made an impressive me-
have been an enormous undertaking, but not entirely unpleasant
morial for this heroic discoverer of the area. His fame all over
in the early stages when the party was well-stocked with sup-
the country has made many people think of remote, sparsely
plies. Then there would have been rich moments around the
settled Wyoming, something that practically no one was doing
campfire, since two-thirds of the men were French Canadians,
in Colter's own time.
who, Washington Irving said, were "ever ready to come to a
CARSON STATE BK
Wyoming
06/08/89
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NPS-18TH & C ST.
NO. 004
001
INFERED
United States Department of the Interior
a
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
the M
P.O. BOX 37127
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20013-7127
IN REPLY REFER TO:
DATE: 6/8/89
TIME: 10:25
NUMBER OF PAGES TO FOLLOW.
7
456-6218
TO:
BOB SIMON WH
FROM:
MOLLY Ross, AIR QUALITY DIV.
SUBJECT: SUMMARIES OF PARK AIR QUALITY
REMARKS: CALL WITH ANY QUESTIONS
(343-4911)
06/08/89
10:25
NPS-18TH & C ST.
NO. 004
002
Prepared for: President Bush
BRIEFING STATEMENT
Submitted: June 8. 1989
TITLE: Air Quality in Yellowstone, Grand Teton and Other National Parks (NPs)
ISSUE: Air pollution effects on national park resources.
STATUS:
The National Park Service has been monitoring rain chemistry at Yellowstone since 1980 and
other air quality parameters since 1987. Some monitoring was also conducted at Grand Teton
from 1983-1986. These parks have some of the best visibility and lowest pollutant levels
anywhere in the United States. However, both parks contain sensitive visual, aquatic, and
alpine resources. For example, given the relatively pristine visual air quality (visibil-
ity ranges from 100-250 km and averages 180 km) even small increases in fine particles
(e.g., sulfates) would be noticeable. Ozone and sulfur dioxide levels at Yellowstone are
below the national standards, but ozone levels may be high enough to injure sensitive
vegetation. No specific studies have been done in Yellowstone to determine whether air
pollution is affecting vegetation.
DEPARTMENT POSITION:
The Clean Air Act gives Federal Land Managers an affirmative responsibility to protect air
quality related values in "class I" areas (including Yellowstone and Grand Teton NPs) from
adverse impacts. The Act also establishes a national goal of remedying existing and
preventing future visibility impairment in such areas. The Department places a high
priority on protecting park resources from the adverse effects of air pollution.
ISSUE BACKGROUND:
The NPS operates and maintains a large network of over 60 monitoring stations throughout
the country, including in Yellowstone and Grand Teton NPs, which provides information on
visibility, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and acid rain. Monitoring data indicate that national
parks, including some in remote areas, are not immune to elevated levels of pollution. For
example, ozone levels above the national health and welfare standards have occurred in
several parks (e.g., Santa Monica Mountains NRA, Sequoia NP, Shenandoah NP, Indiana Dunes
NL, Cuyahoga Valley NRA), including remote parks like Acadia NP. Aoadia had ozone levels
that were above the national standards by 60 percent at least six times during the summer
of 1988. Ozone injury has been found on native vegetation in many parks, including some
areas where levels are below the national standards.
Visibility monitoring has shown that in excess of 90 percent of the time, scenic vistas are
impaired to some extent by marmade pollution at all monitoring sites. The best visibility
generally occurs in the West (i.e., Colorado Plateau, Rocky Mountain, and Great Basin
areas). The worst visibility occurs in the East, with the worst visibility monitored in
NPS units occurring at Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountains NPs. Sulfates are responsible
for 40-70 % of the visibility degradation in national parks throughout the country, except
in the Pacific Northwest, where smoke-related materials dominate.
PROGRAM CONTACT: John P. Christiano, Chief, Air Quality Division, National Park Service,
Telephone (303) 969-2070 or FTS 327-2070.
A/3 SURNAME:
06/08/89
10:26
NPS-18TH & C ST.
NO. 004
003
Enclosure 2
Highlights and Updates
Air Quality in the National Parks
May 1989
Ozone levels and impacts: Since the National Park Service began monitoring
ozone in selected parks in the 1980's, ozone concentrations have approached or
exceeded the national ambient air quality standard in several park units,
including remote "rural" parks (e.g., Acadia, Sequoia, Great Smoky Mountains,
Shenandoah, Channel Islands, Joshua Tree, Mammoth Cave, Pinnacles, Guadalupe
Mountains) as well as parks closer to urban areas (e.g., Saguaro, Indiana Dunes,
Cuyahoga Valley, Santa Monica Mountains). During the summer 1988 ozone episode
that affected the eastern United States, many eastern parks monitored very high
ozone concentrations (e.g., Acadia - 179 ppb; Shenandoah - 151 ppb; Mammoth
Cave - 140 ppb; Cape Cod - 182 ppb; Cuyahoga Valley - 164 ppb), threatening
not only park biological resources but also visitors' health. The attached maps,
one for 1987 and one for 1988, show the highest hourly ozone concentrations at
our ozone monitors for the indicated years.
Visible ozone injury affects vegetation in most of the approximately fifty park
units surveyed, including units where the national ambient air quality standard
for ozone has not been exceeded. For example, various species of pine (Jeffrey,
ponderosa, Eastern white) have been shown to be affected by ambient levels of
ozone in various parks. Also, preliminary experiments indicate that high levels
of ozone can affect root and shoot growth of sequoia seedlings. Narrower than
expected genetic diversity of ozone-sensitive species has been found in certain
park areas. The absence of sensitive genotypes of quaking aspen in parks with
high ozone concentrations may be indicative of an "unnatural" selection process.
Visibility: Air pollution causes varying degrees of visibility impairment at
all park monitoring stations virtually all the time. Sulfates are the single
most important contributor to visibility impairment in park units except in the
northwestern United States, where fine carbon plays a more prominent role. For
example, sulfates are responsible for approximately 70 percent of the overall
visibility impairment in Shenandoah National Park and 50 percent in the Colorado
plateau parks (e.g., Grand Canyon, Bryce Canyon, Canyonlands), and sulfates can
play an even greater role in significant visibility degradation episodes. NPS
modeling studies show that the sulfates impairing park visibility can originate
long distances away and accumulate regionally; under other meteorological
conditions, these pollutants can originate from local sources. For example, NPS
studies of the Grand Canyon show that in the summertime, when visibility at the
park is the worst on the average, the park's visibility is primarily affected
by regional, often long-distant sulfate-laden pollution; whereas in the
wintertime, when visibility at the park 18 the best on the average, the Grand
Canyon can nevertheless suffer extreme visibility degradation episodes caused
by local large sources whose sulfur emissions are trapped and transformed under
common stagnation conditions.
The attached map shows fine sulfur concentrations from the NPS visibility
monitoring stations for the 1984-1986 period. The figures indicate that fine
sulfur concentrations in the East are nearly an order of magnitude higher than
fine sulfur concentrations in the West. Correspondingly, typical visibility
conditions in many eastern park areas are considerably more degraded than in
06/08/89
10:26
NPS-18TH & C ST.
NO. 004
004
2
most western park areas. Nevertheless, the median visibility conditions at
panoramic western parks are perceptibly degraded from natural conditions, and
visibility degradation episodes can obscure the views significantly. The
Service's view monitoring, using 35mm cameras, documents this degradation, and
the Service has assembled the resulting alides into sets of "spectrum slides"
for approximately 40 parks. These slides graphically illustrate the difference
in the views on the best, worst, and average days. Finally, many western park
areas are particularly sensitive to increases in fine particulate (e.g., sulfate)
pollution, since relatively small additions of fine particles to a clean
atmosphere can dramatically degrade the visibility.
The Service has not been monitoring visibility for a sufficient time period to
establish long-term trends. However, National Weather Service data show that
average summertime visibility over much of the eastern United States has
decreased since 1948 more than 50 percent to a current visual range of less than
25 kilometers. In the Great Smoky Mountains, median summertime visibility is
less than twelve kilometers, compared to an estimated natural visibility of
approximately 60 kilometers. Seasonal trends have been documented at all NPS
monitoring sites, with more extensive visibility degradation occurring in the
summer than in the winter.
Aquatic Resource Effects: Through participation in the National Acid Deposition
Program for monitoring wet deposition, the Service has identified areas receiving
very acidic deposition and has documented regional trends and gradients. For
example, monitoring shows that Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks has
received wet deposition with concentrations of nitrate and sulfate that are two
and five times higher, respectively, than in remote parts of the world.
NPS research has documented the vulnerability to acidification of many park
lakes and streams, with the subsequent threatened loss of biological species
dependent on the potentially affected aquatic resources. Many park units are
located in areas with low buffering capacity and, therefore, subject to damage
if deposition depletes this reserve. In the West, for example, most low
alkalinity lakes and streams occur in the glaciated, high elevation and subalpine
zones of the numerous mountain ranges which are home to many parks and wilderness
areas. In these areas, watersheds are small, with steep slopes and thin, acidic
soils. The lowest alkalinity waters are associated most often with granitic and
gneissic rock types but may also be found in volcanic areas and certain
sedimentary areas. Research in Shenandoah National Park has shown that a
monitored stream-predicted for near-term acidification based on the limited
sulfate adsorption capacity of its associated soils--has actually become
approximately three times more acidic over a six-year period, as elevated
concentrations of loosely-bound sulfate have been washed out of the soils and
into the stream. At Isle Royale National Park, and in forested ecosystems
throughout the upper Midwest, sulfate is minimally adsorbed to the soil,
suggesting that nutrient leaching is possible in many of these systems, and that
the sulfate mobility could be accelerating ecosystem acidification. Preliminary
data show an increase in nutrient leaching across the region.
Parks have also documented instances of temporary increases in the acidity of
park lakes and streams following acid rain events. Studies show, for example,
that high elevation waters in the Sierra Nevada are being temporarily acidified
06/08/89
10:27
NPS-18TH & C ST.
NO. 004
005
3
during spring snowmelts and following acidic summer storms.
Cultural Resource Effects: The overwhelming majority of the nation's historic
properties are found in urban areas. Historic buildings and monuments in eastern
cities are presently exposed to less sulfur dioxide but to more acid in rain than
in the first three quarters of the 20th century. Research to determine the
impact of air pollutants on park cultural resources has been undertaken at Mesa
Verde (1983-1988), Gettysburg (1986-1989), and Independence (since 1984). Sulfur
dioxide pollution at Independence National Historical Park is five times greater
than at Gettysburg National Military Park, which is 20 times greater than at Mesa
Verde National Park (since several copper smelters have shut down). Rain acidity
(hydrogen ion) and sulfur dioxide are known to accelerate the decay of limestone,
marble, some sandstones, and bronze. As both sulfur dioxide concentrations and
rain acidity increases, so do marble erosion rates. Together, these pollutants
may account for 20-25 percent of marble loss through dissolution. In other
words, the lifespan of marble buildings and monuments may be decreased by one-
fifth to one-fourth. In areas protected from rain, the sulfates tend to
accumulate and cause discoloration and eventually spalling (fracturing).
There is some evidence that other pollutants (e.g., nitrogen oxides and airborne
particulate matter) also play a role in accelerating stone decay. Laboratory
studies in Sweden indicate that in the presence of nitrogen oxides, sulfur
dioxide uptake by limestone is substantially increased. Findings by research
groups in Italy and the United States indicate that fly ash and particulate
matter play a major role in pollution-related stone decay.
Bronzes corrode in the presence of sulfur pollutants, converting orignial bronze
surfaces to green and black streaks and pits, corrosion products that are
generally thought to be disfiguring. Below pH 4, these corrosion products
dissolve at an increased rate, removing original material and increasing staining
of masonry materials, such as statue bases and walls.
Effects on Park Visitors: Air pollution can affect the experience of park
visitiors. With respect to visitors' health, ozone concentrations in several
parks approach or exceed the national ambient air quality standard set to protect
human health. With respect to visitors' welfare, NPS research has documented
that an environment undisturbed by man, including clean, clear air, is very
important to park visitors. Degradation of such an environment threatens a
decrease not only in the level of inspiration and sense of well-being of park
visitors, but also in the amount of time and money park visitors are willing to
spend at affected park areas.
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
HIGHEST HOURLY OZONE CONCENTRATIONS 1988 - ppb
10:28 68/80/90
(NO. OF DAYS WITH HOURLY CONCENTRATIONS OVER 125)
50(0)
93(0)
79(5
100(0)
77(0)
102(11
68(0)
72(0)
NPS-18TH & C ST.
89(0)
58(0)
136(3)
119(0)
119(0)
164(6)
e
127(1)
B
(8(0)
e 127(1)
76(#)
140(5)
151(2)
118(0)
204(36)
NO. 004
140(4)
67(0)
100(0)
124(0)
900
1160
56(0)
107(0)
68/80/90
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
HIGHEST HOURLY OZONE CONCENTRATIONS 1987 - ppb
(NO. OF DAYS WITH HOURLY CONCENTRATIONS OVER 125)
10:28
80(0)
66(0) (59(0)
60(0)
160(1)
88(0)
40(0)
41(0)
1150
NPS-18TH & C ST.
$1(0)
133(2) 120(0)
145(3)
105(0)
146(5)
64(0)
12
138(4)
20501
195($5)
106(0)
NO. 004
148(10)
116(0)
82(0)
155(2)
200
23(0)
&
63(0)
NPS SAMPLING SITES
10:29 68/80/90
FINE SULFUR CONCENTRATIONS (ng/m3)
June 1984 - May 1986
279
c 252
222
A 418
811
563
or
NPS-18TH & C ST.
137
179
210
283
139
271
180
291
o
273
280
1669
NO. 004
298
240
282
337
265
343
1738 o
A 407
o 1289
382
800
547
A
525
477
562
06/08/89
10:45
NPS-18TH & C ST.
NO.006
002
KNOWN VISIBILITY EFFECTS IN NATIONAL PARK UNITS
May 1985
Introduction
Visibility monitoring has shown that in excess of 90% of the time scenic vistas
are affected by man-made pollution at all National Park Service (NPS) monitor-
ing locations within the lower 48 United States. Even in remote areas such as
Grand Canyon National Park, visitors sometimes cannot see the opposite canyon
rim or the canyon depths because of poor visibility. At Yosemite National
Park, smoke from fires sometimes obscures the view of the well known massive
cliffs and domes. In Shenandoah National Park, the "Blue Ridge" often appears
an unnatural white, gray, or brown, and in Great Smoky Mountains National Park,
the natural haze is usually overwhelmed by man-made haze. A brief synopsis of
the NPS visibility program follows.
Visibility Monitoring
Visibility monitoring has evolved from human observer-based measurements to the
use of complex, but highly accurate, automated electro-optical instruments.
Over the past years a number of federal agencies have operated and maintained
visibility monitoring programs as follows:
o
The longest historical visibility data record is based on the furth-
est distance large natural targets can be seen. The National Weather
Service has recorded "observer determined visual range" at airports
since 1948.
o
The National Park Service has established 35 long-term visibility
monitoring sites at various remote locations throughout the lower 48
states. The NPS monitoring program was initiated in 1978 at fourteen
National Park Service units in the Southwest. Shortly thereafter,
visibility monitoring sites were added in the northern Great Plains
and northern Rocky Mountains, and in Acadia, Shenandoah and Great
Smoky Mountains National Parks. Most recently, visibility monitors
have been deployed at parks in the Pacific Northwest and in California.
o
The Bureau of Land Management, United States Forest Service, Electric
Power Research Institute and other utility industries have operated
shorter term visibility monitoring programs.
Most monitoring programs incorporate, at a minimum, a celeradiometer measuring
sky-target contrast at 550 nanometers (green wavelength), a 35 millimeter camera
system, and a size selective fine particulate monitor.
06/08/89
10:45
NPS-18TH & C ST.
NO. 006
003
Visibility Monitoring Results
The National Weather Service data, although not specifically analyzed for
visibility trends within national parks, shows long-term trends for geographic
regions that include a number of national park units. Results of this analysis
show the following:
o
Summertime visibility over much of the eastern United States has
decreased since 1948 more than fifty percent to a current visual
range of less than 25 kilometers (km). In the Great Smoky Mountains,
median summer visibility is less than 10 km.
o
Although visibility in California's urban and industrial centers has
improved since 1967-1968, visibility in California pristine areas has
decreased from 1959 to 1976.
It is important to note that in order to simplify the discussion on this com-
plex subject, all the optical data from the visibility monitoring sites has
been portrayed in terms of standard visual range, a measure of how far one can
see. However, standard visual range is only one of several visibility indices
that should be considered in evaluating the degradation of scenic views. Al-
though standard visual range values indicate how far one can see, they do not
necessarily indicate how well one can see specific vista features. Other
indices would consider color, texture, and proximity of the scene.
Although the NPS monitoring network has not been operated over 8 sufficient
time period to establish long-term trends, it does yield information on season-
al and spatial variation in visibility, as follows:
o
Computations using data at all monitoring locations indicate that
even at & specific site, there is a wide range in the estimated
standard visual range. Appendix I, attached, lists the standard
visual ranges at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles (e.g., at the
10th percentile the visibility is equal to or less than the listed
value 10% of the time, or one day out of 10).
o
The standard visual ranges given in Appendix I also indicate that
there is great variability (a) from park to park, and (b) among
seasons, with the summer visual air quality generally the worst and
the winter the best.
o
Atmospheric pollution concentrations are highest during summer months
and lowest during winter season.
O
The above points are illustrated in the monitoring results for Grand
Canyon National Park as shown in Figure 1. The variations in stand-
ard visual range are consistent with the higher pollution concentra-
tions in both fine and coarse mass during summer months and lower
pollution concentrations during winter months. The higher concentra-
tion of particulates is responsible for reduced visual range. Fur-
thermore, the difference in the scenic view between the 90th percent-
ile standard visual range and the 10th percentile is significant.
The 10th percentile at Grand Canyon National Park is a visual range
of 105 km, a level at which many features in Grand Canyon cannot be
seen, the colors of nearby vistas are washed out and some textural
features are lost.
-2-
06/08/89
10:46
NPS-18TH & C ST.
NO. 006
004
300
04
SI TANDARD VISUAL HANGE
200
FINE SULFUN (µg/m³)
0.2
01
100
0.0
WINTER SPRING SUMMER FALL
WINTER SPRING SUMMER FALL
SEASON
SEASON
Figure la.
Figure 1b.
4.5
7.5
MASS I 1pg/m3)
30
SE MASS 1 μg/m³)
5.0
06/08/89
10:46
NPS-18TH & C ST.
NO. 006
005
o
Eastern visibility degradation from man-made pollution is significant-
ly worse than western visibility degradation. Summertime visual
range in the East is typically less than 25 km. A map of visual
ranges in the western United States for summer 1982 is shown in
Figure 2 (Note: numbers on this map should be compared to the best
possible visibility, which is 391 km.). The highest average visual
range (180 km), occurs in the northern parts of Nevada and Utah and
the southern portion of Idaho. The region with the next highest
average visual range (165 km), corresponds to that geographic area
that contains Grand Canyon, Bryce Canyon and Canyonlands National
Parks, commonly known as the Colorado Plateau. Southern Arizona, New
Mexico, and the "Front Range" area of the Rocky Mountains have an
average visual range of 140 km. The lowest visual range in the west-
ern United States is found in California.
o
The NPS has also documented "pockets" of wintertime layered haze at
Bryce Canyon and Mesa Verde National Parks. On winter mornings, for
instance, portions of Navajo Mountain as seen from Bryce Canyon were
completely or partially obscured as much as 80% of the time.
Particulate Monitoring Results
Fine particles (smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, i.e., one-tenth the
diameter of a fine human hair) are generally responsible for a major share of
visibility impairment. The National Park Service fine particulate monitoring
program shows the following:
o
In most national park units the largest single contributor to fine
mass is sulfates which make up 30 to 40% of the fine mass in the
western parks and 40 to 60% of the fine mass in the eastern parks.
Sulfates are "derivative" pollutants, formed in the atmosphere through
the transformation of gaseous sulfur oxide emissions.
o
Generally, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and the Big Bend
area of Texas have the highest fraction (greater than 40%) of the fine
mass as sulfates. In the Great Plains, Colorado Plateau area, and
southern California, the proportion of sulfates is between 30 and
40%, while in the remainder of the western U.S., where there is
sufficient data to report, the sulfates to fine mass ratio is near
20%. Finally, Shenandoah National Park, an eastern park, shows a 56%
sulfates to fine mass ratio. For the western United States, the
percent of fine mass that is sulfates for the year 1983 is shown in
Figure 3.
In the western United States, the highest sulfur concentrations are
found in southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico and in the Big
Bend area of Texas. Lowest year-round sulfur concentrations were
found in northern California and southern Oregon. These spatial
variations in sulfur corcentration in the western United States for
summer 1983 are shown in Figure 4.
-4-
06/08/89
10:47
NPS-18TH & C ST.
NO.006
006
60
80
00
120
120
00
80
63
127
43
23
on
40
122
20
68
133
160
163
109
180
135
185
134
150
140
40
140
160
153
0-24
144
187
177
3
179
39
167
24
162
154
170
167
50
177
160
147
158
20
40
60
124
60
OCi
144
120
140
146
140
Figure 2. Isopleths of Standard Visual Range over the western United States
for Summer, 1982.
-5-
06/08/89
10:48
NPS-18TH & C ST.
NO. 006
007
30%
19%
38%
20%
016%
34%
017%
20%
23%
018%
22%0
32%
36%
32%
29%
35%
40%
23%0
38%
39%
40%
37%
32%
35%
35%
30%
36%
38%
42%
41%
40%
45%
Figure 3.
Isopleths of fine sulfate to fine mass ratio in western United States
for Summer. 1983.
-a-
06/08/89
10:48
NPS-18TH & C ST.
NO.006
008
NPS PARTICULATE MONITORING NETWORK
JUN - AUG 1983 (SUMMER)
CONTOUR MAP OF FINE SULFUR
200
300
380
400
_200
280
470
.
250
200
190
250
- 430
300
290
B
100
500
500
350
390
440
500
5
460
520
350
470
SSO
.
029
500
SCO
600
R
700
800
900
CONTOUR LINES SHOW REGIONS OF EGUAL CONCENTRATIONS
BASED ON INDICATED AVERAGES IN NANOGRAMS/M--3.
CONTOUR LEVELS AT EVERY 100 NANDGRAMS/M.3.
Figure 4. Isopleths of Sulfur Concentrations in western United States for
Summer, 1983.
-7-
06/08/89
10:49
NPS-18TH & C ST.
NO. 006
009
Causes of Visibility Impairment
Visibility data, when combined with particulate composition and concentration,
allow for developing an understanding of which of the many atmospheric constit-
uents are responsible for visibility reduction ("light extinction budgets").
Because different size particles reduce visibility with varying degrees of
efficiency, it does not automatically follow that an aerosol species making up
a cettain fraction of total mass will be responsible for that same fraction of
visibility reduction. Sulfates are especially important contributors to visi-
bility impairment because their size usually makes them very effective scatter-
ers of light. Therefore, the relative contribution of sulfates to visibility
reduction can be significantly greater than their percentage contribution to
the total airborne mass. Statistical analysis of currently available visibili-
ty and particulate data show the following:
Sulfates are the single most important contributor to visibility
impairment in NPS units except in the northwestern United States,
where fine carbon plays a more prominent role.
In the Colorado Plateau, an area containing Grand Canyon, Bryce
Canyon, and Canyonlands National Parks as well as a number of other
park units, sulfates are responsible for 40 to 60% of visibility
impairment.
o
In Shenandoah National Park, sulfates appear to be responsible for
over 70% of visibility degradation.
On the average, soil-related ("crustal") material is responsible for
10-30% of the visibility impairment.
Typically, 20% of the visibility reduction is associated with other
fine mass, which is comprised of organic carbon, elemental carbon,
and nitrates.
Appendix II, attached, summarizes the relative importance of various particu-
lates to visibility reduction at several national park units.
06/08/89
10:50
NPS-18TH & C ST.
NO.006
010
APPENDIX I Standard Visual Ranges at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles at a
number of NPS monitoring sites. The visual range numbers listed in
this table reflect the effects of meteorological conditions as well
as atmospheric pollution.
STANDARD VISUAL RANGE (KM) : FREQUENCY OF OCCURENCE (%)
Winter 1982
Summer 1982
SITE
10%
50%
90%
10%
50%
90%
Acadia NP
40
76
146
40
75
140
Bandelier NM
112
207
379
107
166
257
Big Bend. NP
93
186
374
79
139
242
Bryce Canyon NP
163
274
*
113
159
222
Canyonlands NP
80
204
*
125
176
247
Capitol Reef NP
100
212
*
106
160
242
Capulin Mountain NM
155
253
*
89
140
221
Chaco Culture NHP
159
233
342
139
177
226
Chiricahua NM
128
228
*
80
139
240
Colorado NM
122
223
*
-
-
-
Craters of the Moon NM
-
-
-
109
170
265
Death Valley NM
119
214
384
65
110
185
Grand Canyon NP
156
259
*
105
153
223
Grand Teton NP
77
128
213
81
127
198
Great Smoky Mountains NP
2**
67**
176**
5**
24**
47**
Guadalupe Mountains NP
137
175
222
90
129
185
Joshua Tree NM
-
-
-
64
113
200
Lassen Volcanic NP
-
$0
-
84
143
242
Lehman Caves NM
-
-
-
120
188
293
Mesa Verde NP
184
241
316
117
162
226
Navajo NM
160
241
363
102
155
221
Olympic NP
-
-
1
36
65
117
Rocky Mountain NP
95
169
299
64
118
216
Shenandoah NP
-
-
I
3
17
78
Theodore Roosevelt NP
59
122
249
72
122
206
Wind Cave NP
-
1
-
70
123
217
Wupatki NM
92
186
376
86
141
232
Yellowstone NP
90
184
376
-
-
-
* Indicates undefined
** IVA data
-9-
011
APPENDIX II.
Chaco
Theodore
NO. 006
PARK:
Grand Canyon
Bryce Canyon
Canyonlands
Culture
Roosevelt
Blg
Bend
Shenandoah
% VISIBILITY
IMPAIRMENT DUE TO:
Sulfate
63%
61%
66%
36%
49%
64%
76%
-10-
Other Fine Mass
17%
23%
10%
23%
32%
17%
--
NPS-18TH & C ST.
Coarse Mass
20%
16%
24%
41%
19%
19%
--
10:50
68/80/90
JUN- 5-89 MON 15:42
P.01
Box 101700
Walter J. Hickel
Anchorage. Alaska 095/0-1700
907-270-7400
FAX TRANSMITTAL
DATE:
June 5, 1989
Edward E. McNally
TO:
ATTENTION:
(If applicable)
FAX NUMBER: 202/456-6218
(if International, Include Intl'l(011), country, & city code)
COMPANY:
The White House
122 OEOB, Washington, DC
ADDRESS:
FROM: Walter J. Hickel
NUMBER OF PAGES INCLUDING THIS PAGE:
10
IF YOU EXPERIENCE ANY PROBLEMS RECEIVING THIS FAX, PLEASE CALL US AT (907) 276-7400.
OUR TELEFAX NUMBER IS (907) 258-4857
THIS FAX WAS SENT BY: Yvonne
...
further to my conversation with Mead Treadwell..
...
JUN- 5-89 MON 15:43
P.02
THE IRVINE LECTURES
BY WALTER J. HICKEL
LECTURE NO. 4 - October 1976
THE EMPTINESS OF THE WORLD
LAST WEEK WE TOOK A LOOK AT A RE-DEFINITION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
AND DISCUSSED HOW OUR SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT CAN BE MADE TO
RESPOND TO THE PROBLEMS WE HAVE.
THIS WEEK WE ARE GOING TO LOOK AT AN ISSUE THAT TOTALLY
FASCINATES ME.
THE ISSUE IS THE QUESTION OF LIMITS.
WHAT LIMITATIONS ARE THERE ON THE EARTH
...
ON MAN
...
ON THE HUMAN CAPACITY TO CREATE?
AS YOU MAY HAVE GATHERED BY NOW, I DO NOT SUBSCRIBE TO THE
PHILOSOPHY OF GLOOM AND DOOM.
FROM TIME TO TIME HEADLINES PREDICT THE END OF THE WORLD.
THEY SAY WE ARE RUNNING OUT OF SPACE
WE ARE RUNNING
OUT OF RESOURCES
WE ARE RUNNING OUT OF EVERYTHING.
AN EXAMPLE OF THIS ATTITUDE WAS THE CLUB OF ROME.
THIS GROUP WAS MADE UP OF VERY PRESTIGIOUS, HIGHLY INTELLECTUAL
MEN.
THEY FED WHAT THEY WANTED TO FEED INTO A COMPUTER.
AND THE COMPUTER ANSWERED THAT THE WORLD WOULD SOON BE
PICKED CLEAN OF ALL RESOURCES.
THEIR SOLUTION WAS TO LIMIT GROWTH.
I IMMEDIATELY CHALLENGED THE CLUB OF ROME.
I CHALLENGED IT PUBLICLY.
IF THE HUNGRY AND THE NEEDY OF THE WORLD ARE TO BE CARED FOR
IF MAN IS TO BE MAN
IF CULTURES ARE STILL TO BE
CREATED
THERE MUST BE GROWTH.
THE CLUB OF ROME HAD BEEN GUILTY, LIKE THE ROMANS OF CENTURIES
AGO, OF DECIDING THAT BECAUSE THEY WERE COMFORTABLE THEY
EXPECTED THEIR SLAVES AND THEIR OTHER PEOPLE TO BE CONTENT.
JUN- 5-89 MON 15:43
P.03
4/2
LAST APRIL THE CLUB OF ROME ANNOUNCED IT HAD MADE A 180
DEGREE TURN.
I'M GLAD THEY'VE TURNED AROUND.
BUT THE PUBLIC, AND ESPECIALLY SOME EDUCATORS, HAVE BEEN
HEAVILY INFLUENCED BY THEIR ORIGINAL PROCLAMATION.
IT APPALLS ME WHEN OUR SCHOOL CHILDREN ARE TAUGHT THAT IT IS
SINFUL TO USE RESOURCES.
THERE IS NO BETTER WAY TO STUNT THE ASPIRATIONS OF A GENERATION
...
NO BETTER WAY TO UNDERCUT THEIR DESIRE, CLOUD THEIR
DREAMS, AND DAMPEN THEIR HOPES.
IT'S ESPECIALLY BAD, BECAUSE IT IS so UNREAL.
IT IS RIDICULOUS TO SAY WE ARE RUNNING OUT OF RESOURCES.
WE HAVEN'T EVEN SCRATCHED THE SURFACE OF WHAT GOD PUT ON
EARTH
AND WHAT GOD PUT IN MAN.
THE WEAKNESS OF PREDICTING THE FUTURE WITH A COMPUTER IS
THAT IT CAN ONLY COMPUTE ON THE BASIS OF WHAT IS KNOWN.
WHAT IF WE HAD USED A COMPUTER 200 YEARS AGO TO FORECAST
ENERGY RESOURCES FOR TODAY?
AT THAT TIME MAN DEPENDED ON FIREWOOD, HORSES, WATER, AND
WIND.
THE COMPUTER WOULD HAVE FORECAST DOOM AND STARVATION,
BECAUSE THERE AREN'T ENOUGH TREES AND HORSES ON EARTH TO
CARE FOR THE NEEDS OF TODAY'S POPULATION.
COMPUTERS HAVE THEIR PLACE, BUT I HAVE MORE FAITH IN THE
CREATIVE CAPACITY OF MAN
...
AND THAT IS UNCOMPUTABLE.
DON'T LISTEN TO THOSE WHO TELL YOU THERE ARE NO MORE TOOLS
TO WORK WITH
NO MORE OPPORTUNITIES TO EXPLORE
NO
MORE FRONTIERS TO CHALLENGE.
THEY ARE EVERYWHERE.
THE GREAT FRONTIER OF TOMORROW WILL BE TO DISCOVER THE
WORLD'S EMPTINESS.
IT CAN BE so EASY FOR THE WORLD TO HANDLE FIVE, SIX, OR
SEVEN BILLION PEOPLE.
JUN 5-89 MON 15:44
P.04
4/3
SHOCKING?
IT'S NOT SHOCKING. IF YOU FACE THE SITUATION AS IT IS
AND IF YOU HAVEN'T LOST YOUR CAPACITY TO IMAGINE
OR TO
CARE.
IN THE LAST CHAPTER OF WHO OWNS AMERICA?, I TOUCH ON THE
ISSUE OF WORLD POPULATION.
BASED ON THE PREDICTIONS OF POPULATION EXPERTS, CARTOONISTS
PICTURE MANKIND STANDING BACK TO BACK ON EVERY AVAILABLE
INCH OF GROUND.
THIS IS so UNREAL. BUT PEOPLE BELIEVE IT.
THE DAMAGING RESULT IS THAT IT BREEDS A VERY NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
ESPECIALLY ABOUT PEOPLE.
ONCE AGAIN, MAN IS SEEN AS THE ENEMY.
HAVE YOU EVER MET A POPULATION EXPERT WHO WAS AN OPTIMIST?
WELL YOU HAVE NOW.
IT MAY SOUND LIKE I AM ATTACKING THE TEN COMMANDMENTS
BUT MY THOUGHTS ARE MY OWN, AND I AM CONVINCED THEY
WILL STAND THE TEST OF TIME.
I AM NOT SAYING THAT THERE AREN'T PROBLEMS CONNECTED WITH
POPULATION.
BUT THOSE PROBLEMS AREN'T WHAT MOST PEOPLE THINK THEY ARE.
A GREATER PERCENTAGE OF THE WORLD'S POPULATION STARVED TO
DEATH A THOUSAND YEARS AGO THAN TODAY.
THE ISSUE IS ONE OF DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES
AND THE
WISE USE OF WHAT WE HAVE AVAILABLE.
THINK ABOUT IT FOR A MINUTE.
EVERY PERSON ON EARTH, NOT JUST EVERY AMERICAN, BUT EVERY
HUMAN BEING ON THE GLOBE, COULD EACH BE GIVEN 2,000 SQUARE
FEET
THAT'S THE EQUIVALENT OF A GOOD-SIZED HOUSE.
A FAMILY WITH THREE CHILDREN WOULD HAVE 10,000 SQUARE FEET.
YES, YOU COULD TAKE ALL THE PEOPLE ON EARTH
GIVE EACH
ONE THIS AMOUNT OF SPACE
AND THEY WOULD ALL FIT IN
THE STATE OF TEXAS.
FIGURE IT OUT. TEXAS CONTAINS 262,970 SQUARE MILES.
5-89 MON 15:44
P.05
4/4
THAT EQUALS 7.3 TRILLION SQUARE FEET. THE WORLD POPULATION
IS 4 BILLION.
NO, IT'S NOT GOD'S FAULT THAT HE GAVE US TOO LITTLE LAND.
IT'S OUR FAULT FOR NOT UTILIZING INTELLIGENTLY WHAT WE HAVE.
IF YOU WANT TO GO BACK IN HISTORY, WHEN MAN FIRST CAME TO
THIS EARTH, IT APPEARED TO BE CROWDED.
HE SEEMED TO BE RUNNING OUT OF THINGS IN HIS LITTLE CAVE, OR
THE ISOLATION OF HIS LITTLE SPOT ON EARTH.
NOW, IN MODERN TIMES WE ARE LOCKED INTO A BEEHIVE CONCEPT OF
LIVING.
AND BECAUSE OF THAT CONCEPT, WE HAVE BECOME NEGATIVE AND
PESSIMISTIC.
IF YOU FLY OVER, OR JUST LOOK AT A MAP OF THE GREAT VACANT
AREAS OF THE GLOBE, THEN YOU'LL UNDERSTAND WHAT I'M SAYING.
WE'RE NOT GOING TO RUN OUT OF SPACE OR RESOURCES.
THE ONLY THING WE MIGHT RUN OUT OF IS IMAGINATION.
}
THINK ABOUT THE OCEANS, THE OCEAN BOTTOM, THE JUNGLES, THE
ARCTIC, AND THE ANTARCTIC.
AS TO THE RESOURCES ON LAND, MAN HAS JUST SLID AROUND ON THE
SKIN OF THE APPLE.
WE HAVEN'T EVEN BEGUN TO THINK ABOUT THE CORE.
IT MAY BE THAT I HAVE A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE BECAUSE OF THE
AREA IN THE WORLD WHERE I LIVE.
I HAVE SPENT MY ADULT LIFE IN THE ARCTIC AND IT'S HARD FOR
THE REST OF AMERICA TO UNDERSTAND THE UNTOLD RICHES WAITING
THERE.
YOU ALREADY KNOW SOMETHING ABOUT NORTH SLOPE OIL.
THIRTY BILLION BARRELS HAVE BEEN LOCATED IN THE REGION OF
PRUDHOE BAY.
THIS IS ENOUGH TO SUPPLY THE SOUTH 48 WITH TWO MILLION
BARRELS A DAY FROM NOW UNTIL THE YEAR 2000.
BUT THAT'S JUST THE BEGINNING.
JUN- 5-89 MON 15:45
P.06
4/5
ESTIMATES OF OTHER ALASKA OIL RESERVES, BOTH ON- AND OFF-
SHORE ADD ANOTHER 20 TO 30 BILLION BARRELS.
AND NOW NINE OFF-SHORE CONTINENTAL SHELF AREAS ARE BEING
LEASED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FOR OIL EXPLORATION.
POTENTIAL RESERVES OUT TO A DEPTH OF 200 METERS, SWELL THE
TOTAL OIL POTENTIAL BY ANOTHER 600-700 BILLION BARRELS.
TO TOP ALL THIS, ALASKA'S COAL RESERVES MAY EXCEED A TRILLION
TONS, AND NATURAL GAS ESTIMATES COME IN AT 238 TO 438 TRILLION
CUBIC FEET.
THIS IS NOT TO MENTION THE COPPER, NICLE, IRON, ZINC, AND
ALL BUT ONE OF THE THIRTY MAJOR MINERALS USED BY MODERN
INDUSTRY.
BUT REMEMBER, I'M TALKING NOW ONLY ABOUT ALASKA
AND
ALASKA IS A SMALL PART OF THE WORLD ARCTIC.
THE ARCTIC COVERS A TOTAL OF SOME TEN MILLION SQUARE MILES
ON THE TOP OF THE GLOBE, EXTENDING ROUGHLY FROM THE 60TH
PARALLEL UP AND ACROSS THE NORTH POLE.
IN THIS REGION LIES ALMOST HALF OF CANADA, ALL OF GREENLAND
AND ICELAND, PARTS OF SCANDINAVIA, AND AN INCREDIBLE SWEEP
OF NORTHERN RUSSIA AND SIBERIA.
IN AREA, IT'S AS BIG AS WESTERN EUROPE, THE CONTINENTAL
UNITED STATES, JAPAN, INDIA, AND CHINA COMBINED
NATIONS THAT SUPPORT TWO BILLION PEOPLE.
ALASKA IS SEPARATED FROM THE REST OF THE UNITED STATES.
THEREFORE ITS UNIQUE CHARACTER AND POTENTIAL IS ALIEN TO
AMERICAN UNDERSTANDING.
BUT OUR NEIGHBORS, THE CANADIANS, HAVE UNDERSTOOD THEIR
ARCTIC, AND so HAVE THE RUSSIANS
BECAUSE THEY HAVE HAD TO LIVE WITH IT.
IT WAS THE RUSSIANS WHO WERE THE FIRST TO GRASP THE ARCTIC'S
INCREDIBLE POTENTIAL.
IRONICALLY, IT WAS AN AMERICAN WHO GAVE THEM THE IDEA.
HIS NAME WAS PERRY MCDONOUGH COLLINS, A SAN FRANCISCO
BUSINESSMAN IN THE 1850s.
JUN- 5-89 MON 15:46
P.07
4/6
HE HAD AN ALMOST RELIGIOUS BELIEF IN THE DESTINY OF SIBERIA.
COLLINS TRAVELLED SEVERAL TIMES ACROSS THE PACIFIC AND
AMAZED AND DELIGHTED HIS HOSTS WITH HIS DREAMS OF OPENING UP
WHAT WAS CONSIDERED BY CZARIST RUSSIA TO BE A HOSTILE COUNTRY
FIT ONLY FOR CONVICTS.
ONE OF THOSE WHOM COLLINS MET WAS COUNT AMURSKI, A DYNAMIC
SOLDIER IN HIS LATE THIRTIES WHO COMPLETED THE CONQUEST OF
SIBERIA BY WINNING THE VAST AMUR TERRITORY FROM CHINA.
THE COUNT WAS SURROUNDED BY YOUNG OFFICERS WHO AT ONE POINT
TALKED OF CREATING A UNITED STATES OF SIBERIA LINKED ACROSS
THE PACIFIC OCEAN WITH THE U.S.A.
COLLINS PLANTED THE SEED. HE URGED THE RUSSIANS TO BUILD A
RAILROAD ACROSS SIBERIA.
HIS SUGGESTION, ADOPTED A HALF CENTURY LATER, WAS TO BECOME
THE TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILROAD
STRETCHING 5500 MILES FROM
THE URAL MOUNTAINS TO VLADIVOSTOK.
IN 1891 THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE LINE BEGAN.
AFTER A HUMAN SAGA THAT MUST HAVE RIVALLED THAT OF THE
PYRAMIDS, UNINTERRUPTED RAILS LAY ACROSS THE BREADTH OF
RUSSIA IN 1904.
IN THE PROCESS THE RUSSIANS LEARNED TO WORK IN THE ARCTIC.
THEY WERE FORCED TO BUILD FIRES TO WARM THE "ARCTIC STONE,"
THE NAME THEY GAVE TO PERMAFROST.
IN THE WINTER THEY HAD TO CHOP OUT AND MELT VAST QUANTITIES
OF ICE FOR THEMSELVES, THEIR HORSES, AND EVEN THEIR LOCOMOTIVE
BOILERS.
FOR IN SOME AREAS, ALL BUT THE LARGEST RIVERS WERE FROZEN TO
THE BOTTOM.
CRITICS IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA LAUGHED AT THE RAILROAD.
THEY CALLED IT "RUSTY STREAKS OF IRON THROUGH THE VASTNESS
OF NOTHING TO THE EXTREMITIES OF NOWHERE."
BUT THE RUSSIANS SUCCEEDED.
EVEN THEY, HOWEVER, DIDN'T REALIZE THEY WERE BUILDING A
CAUSEWAY TO THE FUTURE.
IN MANY WAYS, THE SAGA OF SIBERIA HAS JUST BEGUN.
WHILE WE IN THIS COUNTRY ARE IN A PHILOSOPHICAL TURMOIL, OF
WHETHER TO DEVELOP OUR RESOURCES, A NEW GENERATION OF SIBERIANS
IS CARVING A CIVILIZATION OUT OF THEIR ARCTIC.
JUN 5-89 MON 15:46
P.08
4/7
I PREDICT THAT SIBERIA WILL BECOME THE GREAT INCENTIVE
NATION OF THE FUTURE.
AT THIS VERY TIME, AS WE MEET HERE IN THIS ROOM, THE NEW
BREED OF SIBERIAN IS BUILDING A 2000-MILE EXTENSION TO THE
TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILROAD.
THEY CALL IT "THE PROJECT OF THE AGE." AND IT HAS CAPTURED
THE IMAGINATION OF THE YOUNG PEOPLE ACROSS RUSSIA.
THE NEW RAILROAD LOOPS UP TOWARDS SOUTHEAST SIBERIA
THE SITE OF THE GREAT MINERAL AND OIL AND GAS DISCOVERIES OF
THE FUTURE.
FIFTY-SIX INCH GAS PIPELINES ARE UNDER CONSTRUCTION
4000 MILES OF THEM
TO TAKE SIBERIAN GAS WEST TO
EUROPE AND EAST TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN.
YES, SIBERIA IS CHARGED WITH EXCITEMENT AND DRIVE AND PROMISE.
AND, UNLIKE THE SOCIALISM ENVISIONED BY MARX AND LENIN, THE
YOUNG HAVE BEEN LURED TO SIBERIA BY FRINGE BENEFITS, LONGER
HOLIDAYS, AND MORE PAY.
CALL IT WHAT YOU LIKE
THAT'S CAPITALISM.
MY CONCERN IS THAT IN TWENTY YEARS WE WILL LOOK ACROSS THE
BERING STRAIT
FROM A NATION WHOSE GREATNESS HAS BEEN
ECLIPSED
AS SURELY AND COMPLETELY AS THE GREAT BRITAIN
OF TODAY
AND WE'LL SAY
"THE SIBERIANS ARE SUCCEEDING WITH A SYSTEM WE
ENVISIONED. WE JUST DIDN'T HAVE THE GUTS TO FOLLOW THROUGH."
AND THEY HAVE ONLY BEGUN TO TOUCH THE VASTNESS OF THEIR
LAND.
AFTER ALL, THE SOVIET UNION HAS ELEVEN TIME ZONES.
IT HAS FIVE OF THE WORLD'S THIRTEEN LONGEST RIVERS, ALL
FLOWING NORTH INTO THE ARCTIC OCEAN.
BUT IT'S NOT THEIR WEALTH OF SPACE OR RESOURCES THAT WILL
MAKE THE DIFFERENCE.
IF RUSSIA EVER BURIES US
AS KHRUSCHEV SAID THEY WOULD
IT WILL NOT BE BECAUSE OF IDEOLOGY OR MILITARY MIGHT
IT WILL BE BECAUSE THEY OUTWORK US.
YOU CAN CARVE THAT IN GRANITE. IT'S A FACT OF LIFE.
4/8
THE SOUR FACE IN MOSCOW DOESN'T BOTHER ME. JUST WAIT TILL
THE HAPPY FACE OF SIBERIA OVERWHELMS IT.
AND DON'T WRITE OFF THE SIBERIANS' SUCCESS BECAUSE YOU
IMAGINE THEY DISREGARD ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS.
TEN PERCENT OF THEIR CONSTRUCTION BUDGET IS ALLOCATED TO
PROTECTING ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES.
IN MANY WAYS, THESE REMOTE AREAS OF THE WORLD ARE THE BEST
AREAS FOR RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.
IN CARING FOR THE ENVIRONMENT, YOU HAVE TO TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION
THREE FACTORS
MAN, MAN'S NEEDS, AND NATURE.
IN THE ARCTIC, YOU BASICALLY ELIMINATE ONE OF THOSE THREE
CONCERNS
MAN-
AS LIVING SPACE, THE ARCTIC WILL NEVER COMPETE WITH WARMER
CLIMATES.
NO ONE IS GOING TO PRUDHOE BAY, ON ALASKA'S NORTH SLOPE, AND
BUY A RETIREMENT HOME.
IT'S ONE OF THE MOST DESOLATE REGIONS ON THE FACE OF THE
EARTH.
IT IS NOT ONLY COLD AND SEES NO SUN FOR MANY WEEKS IN MID-
WINTER
IT IS A DESERT
WITH ONLY THREE OR FOUR INCHES
PER YEAR.
IT IS NOT A WELCOME ENVIRONMENT FOR HUMANS.
THEREFORE, IN THE ARCTIC WE CAN CONCENTRATE ON MAKING MAN'S
NEEDS AND NATURE COMPATIBLE.
I'M NOT SAYING IT'S EASY.
I'M SAYING IT IS DO-ABLE
AND THE CHALLENGE CAN HELP
REJUVENATE OUR NATION.
A COUPLE OF MONTHS AGO I WAS SITTING IN THE OFFICE OF A
GOVERNOR OF ONE OF OUR OIL-RICH STATES.
HE SAID, "I KNOW AMERICA NEEDS THE OIL
BUT OUR COASTLINE
IS so DELICATE."
JUN- 5-89 MON 15:47
P.10
4/9
I REPLIED, "YES, IT IS DELICATE, AND so ARE THE COAL-BEARING
AREAS IN MONTANA
AND so ARE THE OIL-SHALE REGIONS IN COLORADO
...
AND THE VAST OIL DEPOSITS IN GEORGE'S BANKS OFF THE
ATLANTIC COAST
...
AND so IS THE NORTH SLORE OF ALASKA!!!
YES, ALL THESE AREAS ARE DELICATE.
BUT DOES THAT MEAN WE QUIT?
DO WE THROW UP OUR HANDS AND GIVE UP?
WHO SAYS WE CAN'T TAP THESE RESOURCES AND PROTECT THE
ENVIRONMENT AS WE DO IT?
THE ENGLISH AND THE NORWEGIANS HAVE SUCCEEDED IN THE EXTREMELY
DIFFICULT CONDITIONS IN THE NORTH SEA.
THE SIBERIANS ARE DOING IT AT THIS VERY MOMENT.
AMERICA CAN DO IT
IF WE AREN'T STOPPED BY THE FEARFUL
AND THE PROPONENTS OF DOOM AND GLOOM.
THE FRONTIERS ARE OUT THERE.
WE MUST FIRST CONQUER THE FRONTIERS WITHIN OURSELVES.
YOUR QUESTIONS PLEASE.
14
WYOMING
The Fur Trade Territory
15
goods that he distributed generously along the way. Most of the
tered Wyoming to trap and to explore. John Colter became the
goods went for beaver skins. The servants, Souci and Morrison,
first white American to reveal the wonders of Wyoming geogra-
showed the Indians how to prepare the pelts. Larocque's
phy, although there remains some doubt about where he went
eagerness to promote the harvest of beaver led him to disregard
and what he saw. Colter was with the Lewis and Clark expedi-
the usual inhibitions about taking pelts in summer. At the end of
tion as it returned in 1806 and encountered two trappers in
his tour he reported that he had bought 122 beaver pelts "not in
present-day North Dakota who persuaded Colter to go trapping
consideration of what they were worth (because they are all
with them. Since they could use Colter's knowledge of the
summer skins) but in order to show to the savages the value that
Montana country, the trappers offered to outfit him if he would
I attach to the beaver skins and to the goods that we give
enter a partnership with them. Lewis and Clark detached Colter
them." With his superiors in mind he added that "at the same
at the Mandan villages after exacting promises from all the other
time I wished to be able to prove that there are beaver in this
members of the expedition that they would not ask for the same
region.
privilege.
Larocque learned that while beaver dams adorned the whole
Presumably Colter and his partners trapped in the Crow
length of the Powder River, it might take some time to convince
country of northern Wyoming. They did not prosper; perhaps
the Indians of the value of the beaver trade. He wrote in a clas-
they quarreled. In the spring of 1807 Colter paddled a canoe
sic understatement that some of the natives "seemed to desire
down the Missouri all by himself until he met a fur trade party
that I go away." The Indians hinted that the twenty-three pelts
of forty-two men led by Manuel Lisa, prominent Spanish fur
Larocque had taken up to that time were "a great many more
trader out of Saint Louis, at the mouth of the Platte. For the sec-
than we needed." The Indians, like whites who were to come
ond time Colter postponed his return to Saint Louis. Lisa's party
and endure fur trapping for only a short time, disliked trapping
included three other veterans of Lewis and Clark's expedition-
beaver for money.
George Drouillard, John Potts, and Peter Wiser-who probably
The Larocque Journal includes other information that prob-
had a hand in arranging for Colter's employment by Lisa.
ably interested his employers: the fact that the Snake Indians
The Lisa party arrived in October at the confluence of the Big
placed great value on blue beads, that the Powder River was
Horn and Yellowstone rivers, where some of the men built a
always muddy and "scarcely drinkable," that August nights
trading post and others trapped, and where John Colter received
could get very cold along the Powder, and that many buffalo,
a special assignment to search for Crow Indians in northwestern
deer, antelope, and bear lived in the area, although the land be-
Wyoming and invite them to the new trading post. Presumably
tween the Powder and the Little Missouri was remarkably dry
he found one village and learned there about others. He carried
and had "scarcely any vegetation."
a thirty-pound pack loaded with items with which he could win
Larocque did in fact go away and stay away, though not for
good will and hire guide service. When Lisa gave Colter this as-
the Indians' reasons. When he said farewell to his hosts on Sep-
signment he unwittingly marked him for future fame, for in con-
tember 14, he asked them to "kill beaver and bear during the
ducting the search he discovered what came to be called Col-
whole winter" because he would return the following autumn
ter's Hell, Jackson Hole and Yellowstone Park.
with all the trade goods they desired. However, the North West
The official Journals of Lewis and Clark, published in 1814,
Company decided to concentrate on expanding in Canada for
included a map of their route with a dotted line added to show
the time being, and Larocque never came back to Wyoming.
where Colter went. On this map the topography around Colter's
But absence of the French Canadians was more than compen-
route is peculiar in several respects, which should not be sur-
sated for by the succeeding rash of white Americans who en-
prising, considering that Colter made a 500-mile hike in the
Wyomings fort tourist
16
WYOMING
The Fur Trade Territory
17
dead of winter, kept no notes, had never done any mapping,
For some years few people believed the Colter stories about
conveyed his information to William Clark from memory three
the wonders of northwestern Wyoming. Then the Blackfeet In-
years later, and died before he had a chance to check the map.
dians and a German-born, New York-based fur trader unwit-
However, the map bears too much resemblance to modern maps
tingly combined forces to send many more whites through
of the area to be dismissed as imaginary. Particularly significant
Wyoming in one year than had been there in all previous years.
is the presence of two large lakes corresponding to Jackson
John Jacob Astor, head of the American Fur Company and its
and Yellowstone lakes and a large river flowing north out of one,
subsidiary, the Pacific Fur Company, sent Wilson Price Hunt
as the Yellowstone River does.
overland in 1811 to take charge of a trading post which a sea-
The thermal activity observed by Colter, to which the name
borne party was building at Astoria, Oregon, at the mouth of the
"Colter's Hell" was later applied, was on the Shoshone River
Columbia. Hunt's expedition, known as the Overland Astorians,
just west of present Cody, Wyoming. Little thermal activity
was the first expedition to cross the continent after Lewis and
occurs there now, but there is evidence to indicate that there
Clark. Astor's original plan called for Hunt to follow the route
could have been a good deal of it in Colter's time. Colter might
of Lewis and Clark, but fear of the Blackfeet in Montana caused
have seen hot springs and geysers at West Thumb but he missed
him to leave the Missouri River at the Arikara villages at the
by at least twenty miles the major geyser basins of what became
present line of the South Dakota-North Dakota border and head
Yellowstone Park.
toward the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming. Three Lisa vet-
The National Park Service Museum at Moose in Jackson Hole
erans-John Hoback, Jacob Reznor, and Edward Robinson—
exhibits a rhyolite lava stone, thirteen inches long, on which is
who had recently come in across northern Wyoming and had
carved "John Colter" and "1808." An Idaho farmer plowed up
joined Hunt's party, recommended the change of plan. Perhaps
Wyoning
this stone in 1931 just west of Jackson Hole. There is no way to
John Colter, who had talked to Hunt in Missouri, also suggested
establish the authenticity of the stone.
that the Blackfeet should be avoided.
anyon
Almost as well known as his discovery of the Yellowstone
After trading their boats for horses at the Arikara villages, the
Park area is Colter's footrace later in 1808 northwest of Yellow-
Astorians began their overland journey in July 1811. Many of
stone Park. Captured by Blackfeet Indians, Colter was given an
them had to walk because most of the horses were loaded with
opportunity to run for his life. Stripped naked and hotly pur-
packs of merchandise for the trading post at Astoria. As it ex-
sued, he ran six miles to a stream where he concealed himself in
tended along the Grand River in northern South Dakota, the cara-
driftwood until nightfall when very quietly he stole away. Seven
van included sixty-two men, one woman, and two children.
days later he arrived at Lisa's fort with sore feet and a sun-
The party must have crawled slowly from day to day as it
burned back.
wended up the rivers and across the grassy plains, a landscape
After other narrow escapes Colter returned to Missouri in
stirred by occasional dust devils in the summertime and broken
1810, got married, and settled down on a farm. Probably the
up only occasionally by landmarks like Devils Tower, the rocky
mountains would have lured him back sooner or later, had he
volcanic core that can be seen for twenty miles across the
not died of yellow jaundice in 1813. In 1976 the splendid Colter
plains. Making and breaking camp with such a multitude must
Bay tourist facilities on Jackson Lake made an impressive me-
have been an enormous undertaking, but not entirely unpleasant
morial for this heroic discoverer of the area. His fame all over
in the early stages when the party was well-stocked with sup-
the country has made many people think of remote, sparsely
plies. Then there would have been rich moments around the
settled Wyoming, something that practically no one was doing
campfire, since two-thirds of the men were French Canadians,
in Colter's own time.
who, Washington Irving said, were "ever ready to come to a
today, Wyoning Weed residents
take a different toward
visitors.
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET
ROUTE SLIP
Take necessary action
TO
Approval or signature
Dave Gibbons
Comment
Bob Grady
Prepare reply
Discuss with me
For your information
See remarks below
FROM Mark Taylor
DATE
6/1/89
REMARKS
Attached is an Interior press release, dated today, that
describes the new Interior and Agriculture fire suppression
policy.
The new policy strengthens but does not radically change
prior practice, under which all fires on public lands were
suppressed except those that met certain criteria
("prescriptions") set by area-specific fire management
plans. The new policy requires that all fires, including
prescribed fires, be suppressed until fire management plans
are strengthened to meet various broad requirements
recommended by the Departments joint fire policy review
team. As plans are, in effect, recertified, prescribed
burns will resume.
The target date for completing the review and revision of
all fire management plans is May 1, 1990. Most will be
recertified much sooner -- probably this summer. However,
plans as complex as Yellowstone's will probably require the
entire period to update. There will be no prescribed burns
at Yellowstone this year.
OMB FORM 4
Interior has briefed congressional staff and
Rev Aug 70
interest groups on the new policy and the
initial reaction seems positive.
OF THE INTERIOR
DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR
March
3,
1849
news release
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
For Release June 1, 1989
Steve Goldstein, USDI (0) 202-343-6416
(H) 202-887-5248
Kelly Shipp, USDA (0) 202-447-4623
NEW U.S. FIRE MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
APPROVED BY SECRETARIES OF INTERIOR AND AGRICULTURE
Secretary of the Interior Manuel Lujan and Secretary of Agriculture
Clayton Yeutter today directed federal officials to suppress all natural
fires in national parks and wilderness areas until individual fire
management plans for the areas are determined to be in compliance with new
federal recommendations.
The directive was one of fifteen the two cabinet members adopted from
the recommendations of the federal interagency Fire Management Policy
Review Team. The team was established last year to analyze
U.S. Department of the Interior and U.S. Department of Agriculture fire
management policies in national parks and wilderness areas.
The recommendations affect fire management policies of USDI's National
Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife Service and
Bureau of Indian Affairs, and USDA's Forest Service.
Lujan and Yeutter said many of the fifteen recommendations will require
long-range planning and coordination for implementation, but that others
will become effective immediately.
In addition to the recommendation to suppress for the interim all
natural fires in national parks and wilderness areas, other directives to
be adopted immediately include the following:
(more)
All wildland fires will be declared either prescribed fires or
wildfires. All wildfires will be fought with appropriate suppression
action.
(A prescription as it applies to a prescribed fire is a written
statement of the limits under which a fire may burn in a specific
geographic area. The limits include such criteria as weather conditions
and fuel moisture. A prescribed fire is managed by qualified personnel in
order to achieve specific resource management objectives. Prescribed
fires may be started by management ignition or by natural ignition such as
lightning. A wildfire is declared when a fire occurs in an area for which
there is no prescription, or when a prescribed fire exceeds the prescribed
conditions or geographic limits of the prescribed area.)
The responsible line officer will certify in writing daily that
prescribed natural fires are within prescriptions, and that adequate
resources are available to ensure that each prescribed fire will remain
within prescribed boundaries and conditions throughout the next 24 hours,
given reasonably foreseeable weather conditions and fire behavior. If
these conditions cannot be met, the fire shall be declared a wildfire and
suppressed.
Other review team recommendations include measures for improving
interagency coordination, providing adequate staffing, training, research,
equipment and funding, strengthening fire management plans, bringing those
plans into compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act, and
measures for increasing public involvement in policy decisions.
In reviewing federal firefighting policies, the team gathered input
from state and local officials, private citizens, academic experts,
concessionaires and outfitters, environmental groups and business
interests. Eleven public meetings were held across the country to solicit
comments on the report. The public comments and the resulting findings
were incorporated and submitted in a final report to the secretaries of
the Interior and Agriculture.
Recommendations from the final report are attached.
-DOI-
Fire Management Policy Review Team
May 5, 1989
Department of Agriculture
Department of the Interior
FINAL REPORT OF THE
FIRE MANAGEMENT POLICY REVIEW TEAM
May 5, 1989
RECOMMENDATIONS
The Team recommends that the Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior implement the following
policy and direction:
1. Existing USDI and USDA fire management policies governing wilderness and parks must be
strengthened and reaffirmed to limit their application to legitimate prescribed fire programs. Clarification
is needed to prevent inappropriate use of fundamentally sound policies.
2. The agencies reaffirm their policies that fires are either prescribed fires or wildfires. The agencies
reject as impractical and unprofessional the practice that fires can be allowed to burn free of
prescriptions or appropriate suppression action.
3. USDA and USDI agencies will periodically review fire management plans for parks and wilderness
for compliance with current policy, direction, and the additional requirements recommended by this
report. No prescribed natural fires are to be allowed until fire management plans meet these standards.
4. Current fire management plans must be strengthened by:
a. Developing joint agency fire management plans, agreements, or addendums to existing plans for
those areas where fires could cross administrative boundaries. Periodic joint review of these
plans should occur. These will include agreement on processes and criteria to be used to make
decisions on prescribed vs. wildfire and suppression strategies and tactics.
b. Including a comprehensive set of criteria which will be used in deciding whether or not to allow
natural ignitions to burn as prescribed fires. In addition to those criteria currently required and
commonly used, the following factors will be considered:
(1) Energy release component.
(2) 1000-hour fuel or duff moisture content.
(3) Appropriate consideration of the national and regional fire situation, including the numbers of
fires and amount of available resources to suppress them.
(4) Limits on numbers of fires burning in the planning unit at one time.
(5) Limits on projected length of active perimeter and acreage burned.
(6) Indicators of cumulative drought effects on fire behavior.
(7) Potential impacts upon visitors, users, and local communities, both on and off site.
Recommendations - Page 2
C. Clearly describing the decision process and factors to be addressed before a fire is declared a
prescribed natural fire.
d. Including criteria to be used in declaring a prescribed fire a wildfire. There must be interagency
agreement on these factors in areas where fire may move across administrative boundaries and
shared suppression resources may be required.
e. Clearly identifying areas that need protection from fire, such as developments within or adjacent
to wilderness and park boundaries. Fire management plans should also include actions that are
to be taken, such as hazard fuel reduction or installing fuel breaks, to protect such develop-
ments or areas.
f. Clearly stating the management objectives being addressed by the prescribed natural fire
program, including identification of specific values gained as a result of allowing natural fires to
burn unsuppressed within prescribed conditions and areas.
g. Clearly describing the process to be used to ensure adequate public involvement and coordina-
tion with local governments in both plan development and implementation.
5. Agencies will cooperatively develop regional and national contingency plans and procedures and
provide the appropriate program monitoring and direction, including curtailment of prescribed fire
activities when necessary because of competition for national and regional fire suppression resources.
6. The responsible line officer or designee shall certify in writing daily that a fire is within prescription
and adequate resources are available to ensure that each prescribed natural fire will remain within
prescription through the ensuing 24-hour period, given reasonably foreseeable weather conditions and
fire behavior. If the fire cannot be kept within prescription with available forces and funds, it shall be
declared a wildfire and appropriate suppression action initiated.
7. Agencies must re-evaluate the opportunities to use management ignited prescribed fire to achieve
management objectives and to complement prescribed natural fire programs. Additionally, hazard fuels
must be reduced to protect selected areas, particularly developments within and adjacent to boundaries.
from prescribed natural fire and high wildfire risk. Fuels will be treated along park and wilderness
boundaries or internally where there are high values at risk.
8. Fire program management will be improved by establishing properly staffed regional and unit level
organizations.
a. Agencies will ensure the availability of qualified staff and knowledgeable line officers for develop-
ing, implementing, and managing prescribed fire programs.
b. National Park Service regional offices will establish a full-time regional fire coordinator to develop
and oversee park programs in accordance with FIREPRO III, where appropriate.
C. Agencies will implement the concept of highly trained, well-equipped and mobile tactical teams
to provide on-the- ground monitoring and management of prescribed natural fires in national
parks and wilderness.
d. Agencies will ensure the strengthened policy is understood and implemented by all appropriate
personnel.
e. Agency managers will assure that personnel develop a thorough understanding of the manage-
ment objectives for the lands they are managing.
f. The National Park Service is to complete an analysis of normal fire year operations. FIREPRO
III, in order to define essential minimum wildland fire program needs and to take action to meet
those needs.
Recommendations - Page 3
9. Additional interagency emphasis will be given to addressing opportunities for improving fire
management programs.
a. The National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) charter should be expanded specifically to
include prescribed fire program coordination.
b. The NWCG should take the lead in developing common terminology for prescribed burning
programs and describing wildfire suppression alternatives.
C. Agencies will develop joint criteria for selecting appropriate suppression tactics in wilderness and
parks.
d. Agencies will improve public and agency understanding and acceptance of using appropriate
suppression tactics that meet fire management objectives and minimize the adverse impact on
wilderness values and park resources.
10. Agencies will ensure NEPA compliance for fire management plans. Agencies will increase
opportunities for public involvement and coordination with state and local government when revising or
developing fire management plans.
11. Interpretation and public information before and during fires will be improved.
a. Agencies will ensure that timely, accurate, and consistent information is provided for the public
on the purpose, presence, and status of prescribed natural fires, as well as impacts on the
community due to closed roads, trails, smoke, back country restrictions, and other effects.
b. Interpretive and fire status messages are for different purposes, and agencies should strive to
keep them separate and distinct. There should also be a distinction between the information
needs for prescribed fires and wildfires.
C. Agencies should ensure that the public is informed of the risks involved in fire management
programs.
d. Agencies will use common terminology for prescribed natural fire programs.
12. USDI and USDA will review the methods of funding prescribed fire and fire protection programs
with the objective of improving interagency program effectiveness. Planning and presuppression activi-
ties should be financed by program funds rather than through emergency fund transfers and
supplementals.
13. There is a need for additional research related to fire management programs.
a. USDI and USDA will develop coordinated research programs utilizing the unique capabilities of
both organizations.
b. The feasibility of prescribed burning forests using stand replacement fire will be investigated and
tested by implementing an appropriate interagency field research program.
C. Research will be increased to improve the ability to predict severe fire behavior, conduct
long-term weather forecasting, and identify past abnormal events.
d. Efforts will be undertaken to develop and implement an expert system that integrates a wide
array of fuel, topographic, weather, climatological, fire behavior, post-fire effects. and other
information and readily displays such information in an interactive mode for the user at a
computer terminal. This expert system would help to assure that important variables are not
overlooked as decisions are made regarding long duration fires.
Recommendations - Page 4"
e. Efforts will also be undertaken to develop comprehensive data bases for park and wilderness
resources and provide for state of the art analyses and display as well as an efficient,
continuous monitoring system to insure timely update of information.
f. Development of additional emission factors for wildland fuels and better methods for projecting
air quality impacts of prescribed and wildfires are needed, since smoke and air pollution are
major considerations in deciding when to terminate prescribed natural fires and in scheduling
management ignited prescribed fires.
14. If any Federal bureau engages in prescribed natural fire programs in Alaska, that bureau is
responsible for adherence to the standards established as a result of these recommendations. The
well-established terminology describing levels of wildfire suppression in Alaska should not be changed
for the sake of conformity with the broader categories used elsewhere.
15. The agencies will cooperate fully in determining whether allegations of misuse of policy are true
and take measures to ensure that any such practices not occur in the future.
June 6, 1989
MEMORANDUM FOR ED MCNALLY
FROM:
BOB SIMON
SUBJECT:
HISTORY OF THE JACKSON AREA
John D. Rockefeller visit Jackson Lake for the first time in
1924. He was disturbed by the growing tacky commercialism of the
area. In 1927, Horace Albright, the Yellowstone superintendent,
convinced Rockefeller to buy up land in the Jackson hole area to
preserve it as parkland. Rockefeller formed the Snake River Land
Co. and secretly bought over 30,000 acres for more than $1.4
million. This land, and other land, was eventually turned into
the present Grand Tetons National Park.
pap.
President Chester Arthur was the first President to travel
through the Tetons and Yellowstone, in 1883. By this time, word
had travelled East about the beauty of the area, so Arthur took a
vacation out there to see the sights and meet some Indians.
After debarking the train, the Presidential party, including half
the cabinet, traveled by pack train, and slept in tents, along
the Snake River, through Jackson Hole and up to Yellowstone.
They were accompanied by two troops of cavalry.
Newspaper reporters were banned from the trip. Gen.
Sheridan told two reporters from Chicago that if they followed,
they would be arrested and jailed. President Arthur occasionally
issued press releases on their activities on the trip.
The path Arthur followed was known as the "Bottle trail"
named for the empty bottles of booze that trailed the
Presidential party.
nothor become port
1872
Yellowstone Today
A National Park Service Publication For Yellowstone Visitors
Summer 1989 * Information * Regulations & Safety * Activities
USE A Message From Superintendent Bob Barbee
For International Visitors
I welcome you to a special time of
1988; these are described in the
Old Faithful and West Thumb.
year in Yellowstone National Park.
enclosed fire supplement. As the first
Thank you for your patience.
Yellowstone National Park has
post-fire summer visitors, you have a
unique dangers; see page 5.
Summer is an exciting season in
unique opportunity to view a changed
We benefit today from the care past
Yellowstone; many visitors enjoy the
and evolving Yellowstone. Please feel
generations have given Yellowstone.
Le Parc national de Yellowstone
park's thermal features, world-renowned
free to share your impressions with us.
This is fitting, since it is for both pres-
présente des risques particuliers.
wildlife and other scenic wonders. But
ervation and use that national parks
Regardez la page 5. Des renseigne-
it is also a time for careful planning.
Over the last several years the National
have been set aside. Our care now
ments en francais sont disponibles
Information to help you stay safe and
Park Service has made a major effort to
will help keep the park a priceless,
aux centres des visiteurs dans le
to protect the park can be found else-
repair and rehabilitate many of Yellow-
wild gift for future generations.
where in this newspaper.
stone's historic facilities. We are now
parc.
in the process of repairing or replacing
My staff and hope your adventure
Much of the park was affected by
several of the park's roads, and you may
Der Yellowstone National Park hat
in Yellowstone is safe, fulfilling and
wildland fires during the summer of
experience delays, especially between
unforgettable.
gewisse Gefahren. Sehen Sie
Seite 5. Sie können Information
Craig Pass Construction
auf Deutsch in den Besucherzentren
bekommen.
North
Entrance
Craig Pass, the 17 mile road linking Old
Existen peligros únicos en el Parque
Faithful and West Thumb, is undergoing
Northeast
Nacional Yellowstone. Vea página 5.
Entrance
construction to rebuild and Improve the
Mammoth
Se puede conseguir Información en
Hot Springs
Tower/
roadbed, so travel will be restricted
español en los Centros de Visitantes.
Roosevelt
at certain times, as indicated in the
following table. Hikers: This will affect
access to trailheads located on that
N
stretch of road (see page 6). Bicyclists:
Bicycles are not permitted on the Craig
it
7
Norris
Pass Road. Craig Pass closes for the
Canyon
season on September 11, 1989.
Madison
Day
Night
West
9am-9om
90m-9am
Emergency Dial 911
Entrance
Monday
Open- 15 min. delay
Closed
Flehing
Contact A Ranger 344-7381
Bridge
Tuesday
Open- min. delay
Closed
Lake
Wednesday
Open-15 min. delay
Closed
Bridge
Bay
Thursday
Open-15 min. delay
Closed
East
Friday
Open
Open
Index
Old Falthful
"Craig Pass
Entrance
Saturday
Open
Open
Sunday
Open
Closed
Park Map
Page 12
West
Thumb
Safety
5
Grent
Regulations.
6
Village
Hiking
7
Visitor Centers
3
Campgrounds.
6
Facilities
11
Fire Information. Page 2, Section B
South
Entrance
Photo Copy Preservation
2 YELLOWSTONE TODAY, Summer 1989
$5.00
Telling the Fire Story in Two Parks
Interested in the wildfires of 1988? Turn to the separate fire supplement enclosed in this newspaper for some background reading. Then, use this map and descriptions
to view several fire sites - from burns which occurred in 1988 and earlier in both Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Look for other fire sites along the roads.
After June 17, stop to see the special fire exhibit at the Grant Village Visitor Center (see page 3). Finally, ask a park ranger your fire-related questions.
SELECTED FIRE SITES IN
SELECTED FIRE SITES IN
GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
1. Beaver Creek Fire
4. Lewis River Canyon
In August, 1985, a lightning-caused fire burned over
Shooting firebrands far in advance of the flame wall, a
1,000 acres on the west side of the Teton Park Road
wind-whipped blaze leapt the 500 yard wide Lewis River
between Moose and South Jenny Lake Junction. A
YELLOWSTONE
Canyon in summer 1988. The scene puts human-made
summer walk to Taggart Lake reveals wildflowers,
barriers in perspective; even the most resourceful fire-
grasses and flowering shrubs; many lodgepole pines
fighting crews cannot control fires of this magnitude.
have germinated and aspens have suckered in the
NATIONAL
PARK
growing seasons following the fire.
5. Blow Down/Fire Site
In 1984, a violent storm - windshear or tornado -
2. Mystic Iste Fire
snapped and scattered these pine trees. Though
Along the east shore of Leigh Lake, you can witness
seedlings sprouted the next spring and the forest had
what has occurred since lightning struck Mystic Isle in
begun to recover, the fallen trunks were ready fuel
August 1981. Notice the abundant young lodgepole
when flames reached the site in 1988. After two
pines which have germinated in fire-created openings.
successive deforestations, it may remain a meadow
for decades but fire-adapted lodgepole
3. Signal Mountain
cones will eventually reseed a new forest.
Drive the Signal Mountain Summit Road (no trailers or
large motorhomes, please) to view a forest that burned
6. Burn Mosalc on Bunsen Peak
in 1879, when massive fires swept through the Jackson
Wildfires do not burn evenly, but rather leave a
Hole valley. In the past 110 years, lodgepole pines
mosaic pattern of completely charred, slightly singed,
have matured. Sub-alpine fir and Engleman spruce
and untouched vegetation. Such uneven burns are a
will continue to replace the lodgepole
boon to wildlife, with varied
pine until fire once again returns the
habitat attracting diverse
forest to a younger stage.
birds and mammals.
SERVICE
Exploring Yellowstone: Getting Started
"Now that I'm here, where do go?" It's
frost heaves, and traffic may be heavy
northern-most extent of the canyon
particular time. Early morning and
not an unusual question, especially for
and slow moving. Note: If you plan to
is visible from Tower Fall and Calcite
evening hours are when animals tend to
first time visitors. Consider the facts:
drive Craig Pass, linking Old Faithful
Springs overlooks 19 miles north of
feed and thus are more easily seen. But
Yellowstone is the largest national park
and West Thumb, delays and closures
Canyon Village. The drive between
remember that the numbers and variety
in the lower 48 states, encompassing 2.2
are in affect due to road construction;
Tower Junction and Canyon Village
of animals you see are largely a matter
million acres or 3,472 square miles. It is
see maps on the front and back pages
over Dunraven Pass, the highest road in
of luck and coincidence. Check at visitor
larger than the states of Delaware and
of this newspaper. While it is possible
the park at 8,859 feet. Along the way
centers for detailed information. Please
Rhode Island combined and spreads
to drive the Grand Loop in a day, major
you will find spectacular views of the
use pullouts when viewing wildlife, and
across the borders of three states
attractions like Old Faithful Geyser and
Absaroka Mountains, the Yellowstone
remember that Yellowstone's animals are
Wyoming, Montana and Idaho. Three
the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
caldera and, on a clear day, the Teton
wild; use binoculars or telephoto lenses
hundred fifty miles of paved road wind
can only be seen by driving to a parking
Mountains to the south. During June and
for safe viewing and to avoid disturbing
through the park, crossing the Continen-
area and walking to the feature. If you
July, wildflowers carpet the slopes of Mt.
them.
tal Divide three times. Elevations range
have limited time, consider spending it at
Washburn. A visitor center is located
from approximately 5,300 feet at the
just one area instead of trying to "see the
at Canyon Village.
North Entrance to almost 12,000 feet at
park" from the road. Many people
Eagle Peak on the park's east boundary,
believe that to fully appreciate just the
History
although most roads lie at 7,500 to 8,000
major attractions in Yellowstone requires
feet.
Mammoth Hot Springs is park headquar-
a minimum of three days.
Lake Area
ters. It is also the site of Fort Yellow-
Yellowstone Lake, with 110 miles of
stone, built during the Army era (1886 to
Historically, visitors often referred to
shoreline and a 136 square mile surface
Yellowstone as "Wonderland," and that
1918) of park administration. The former
area, is North America's largest mountain
Bachelor Officers' Quarters is now the
may be even more appropriate today. An
Geysers and Hot Springs
lake. Its relatively high elevation (7,733
unparalled array of geothermal phenom-
Albright Visitor Center where the story of
Yellowstone's volcanic past is embodied
feet) is one reason why the lake is ice-
ena geysers, hot springs, steam vents
Yellowstone's colorful history is told.
in its geysers and hot springs. The
locked at least half of the year. The area
and mud pots are preserved here,
world's greatest concentration of thermal
evidence of a volcanic past (and future?).
is prime habitat for a variety of birds and
features is located in Yellowstone: about
The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
mammals, and spectacular scenery plus
10,000 thermal features are known, of
is famous for its colors, shapes, and
fishing and boating have long made the
which 200 to 250 are geysers. Many of
SERVICES AND FACILITIES
waterfalls (the Lower Falls, at 308 feet,
area popular with visitors. Nearby, Mud
the most famous features can be found
is the highest In the park). The park
Volcano and West Thumb Geyser Basin
See page 11 for a directory of visitor
along the fifty mile road between Mam-
shelters a variety and abundance of
hint at a complex geologic history;
services. All facilities, accommodations
wildlife found in few other places.
moth Hot Springs and Old Faithful.
present activity is unique and ever-
and services are available from approxi-
Areas of thermal activity include the
changing. Permits, required for fishing
mately mid-June to late August. How-
Yellowstone Lake and numerous rivers,
Mammoth Hot Spring Terraces, Norris
and boating, are available at Lake
ever, facilities and services are limited
streams, and waterfalls constitute a major
Western water resource. With so much
Geyser Basin, Fountain Paint Pots,
Ranger Station and Grant Village Visitor
before and after that period. Please note
Firehole Lake Drive, Midway Geyser
Center (note that the general fishing
opening and closing dates. General park
to see and do, it's easy to be over-
Basin, Biscuit Basin, Black Sand Basin,
season begins May 27; June 15 on
information is available by calling
whelmed. The following tips and infor-
and the Old Faithful area. Visitor Centers
mation will help you plan your time
Yellowstone Lake; July 15 on the lake's
National Park Service headquarters at
along this road are located at Mammoth
to suit your interests and energy level.
tributary streams). A museum is located
(307) 344-7381. Reservations for
Hot Springs, Norris Geyser Basin, and
at Fishing Bridge.
lodging and activities such as bus tours,
Rangers at visitor centers can fill in the
details and help you make the most of
Old Faithful. A self-guiding museum is
horse rides, boat rental, etc. may be
located near Madison Junction.
made through TW Recreational Services,
your visit to Yellowstone,
Inc.; call (307) 344-7311.
The park's major scenic attractions are
Wildlife Viewing
These highlights will help you plan your
located along the Grand Loop Road, the
Grand Canyon
Yellowstone is home to a variety and
visit to Yellowstone, but much is left for
roughly figure-eight shaped road in the
abundance of wildlife unparalleled in the
The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
you to discover. If you supply the time
center of the park. The total mileage
lower 48 states. Nearly all wildlife species
and curiosity, Yellowstone's wonders will
around the Loop is 142 miles. The
extends from Canyon Village north to
inhabiting the park when it was first
be revealed to you. May your visit be
distance around the Upper Loop is 70
Tower Junction. However, the most
officially explored 117 years ago survive
safe, rewarding and memorable.
miles; the Lower Loop, 96 miles. Actual
famous and spectacular section, Includ-
today. It is difficult to describe exactly
driving time is difficult to estimate
ing the Upper and Lower Falls of the
where wildlife may be seen; habitat pref-
because the maximum speed limit is 45
Yellowstone River, is seen from over-
erences and seasonal cycles of move-
Yellowstone Today is published four times
mph or lower where posted, roads are
looks along the North and South Rim
ment determine, in a general sense,
annually by the Division of Interpretation,
narrow, winding, and full of pot holes and
Roads in the Canyon Village area. The
Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190,
where a particular animal may be at a
(307)344-7381, ext. 2204, in cooperation
with the Yellowstone Association.
Photo Copy Preservation
YELLOWSTONE TODAY, Summer 1989
Visitor Centers and Museums
ALBRIGHT VISITOR CENTER,
CANYON VISITOR CENTER
FISHING BRIDGE
MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS
Hours 9:00am-5:00pm through June 10;
VISITOR CENTER
Open year round. Hours 8:30am
8:00am-6:00pm June 11-August 26; after
Hours 9:00am-5:00pm through June 10;
GRANT VILLAGE
5:00pm through June 10; 8:00am-
August 27 hours will be reduced and
8:00am-6:00pm June 11-August 26; after
VISITOR CENTER
7:00pm June 11-August 26; 8:00am-
posted. Information, publications,
August 27 hours will be reduced and
Open June 17. Hours 8:00am-
6:00pm August 27-Sept. 4. Information,
exhibits of Canyon geology and natural
posted. Information, publications, and
6:00pm June 17-August 26; after
exhibits of the park's natural and human
history. A movie, "The Faces of Yellow-
exhibits of Yellowstone's birds, wildlife
August 27 hours will be reduced
history, publications. A movie, "The
stone" and a slide program are shown
and lake geology. Call (307)344-7381,
and posted. A special exhibit
Challenge of Yellowstone," is shown
throughout the day. Call (307) 344-7381,
ext. 6150 for more Information.
"Yellowstone and Fire," depicting
throughout the day. Call (307)344-7381,
ext. 6205, for information.
the causes, events, response of
ext. 2357 for more information.
MADISON EXPLORERS MUSEUM
people and renewal processes
NORRIS MUSEUM
associated with fire, will be on
OLD FAITHFUL VISITOR CENTER
Open May 28. Located 1/4 mile south
Hours 9:00am-4:30pm through June 10;
8:00am-6:00pm June 11-August 26; after
of Madison Junction; open morning to
display. A video with footage of
Hours 8:30am-4:30 pm through June 10;
August 27 hours will be reduced and
evening. Exhibits describe the explora-
the fires will also be shown every
8:00am-6:00pm June 11-Sept. 4; after
tion and establishment of Yellowstone
half hour. Come explore a fascin-
Labor Day hours will be posted. Infor-
posted. Information, publications,
mation, publications, geyser eruption
exhibits on geothermal features and on
as the world's first national park. Facility
ating natural process that has been
is unstaffed.
occurring in Yellowstone every 250-
predictions. A nine minute movie,
the extraordinary life forms that live in
400 years. For more information,
"Yellowstone: A Living Sculpture" is
the geyser basin, Call (307)344-7733
call (307)344-7381, ext. 6602.
shown throughout the day. Call (307)
for more information.
344-7381, ext. 6001 for more information.
Self-guiding Trails
Many of Yellowstone's famous scenic splendors can be seen from these trails. Slow down, stretch your legs, and discover the sights, smells and sounds of wilderness.
MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS
ever-changing mud pots make this area
Fountain. Avoid damaging thermal
GRAND CANYON OF
TERRACES
unique, as does the variety of thermal
features or yourself by staying on
THE YELLOWSTONE
Unique among Yellowstone's thermal
activity and color. To protect fragile
designated boardwalks and trails.
The Canyon and the Upper and Lower
features, almost two tons of new rock
formations and delicate thermal colors,
Falls can be seen from overlooks along
are added to the terraces each day by
and for your safety, please stay on
WEST THUMB GEYSER BASIN
the rim drives. The North Rim Drive
hot spring waters. Paths wind through
boardwalks.
Situated on the shore of Yellowstone
takes you to Inspiration, Grandview,
a hillside of active and inactive terraces.
Lake, boiling springs meet icy lake
and Lookout Points. A spur road leads
For your safety and the protection of
THREE SENSES NATURE TRAIL
water. Stay on boardwalks and paths
to an overlook at the brink of the Upper
fragile formations, please stay on board-
Located on Firehole Lake Drive. One-
to preserve delicate features and avoid
Falls. The South Rim Drive leads to
walks and trails,
way road begins about one mile south
injury.
Uncle Tom's Trail and Artist Point.
of the Fountain Paint Pots parking area.
Trails also wind along both rims.
NORRIS GEYSER BASIN
Braille and visual texts help you "tune
MUD VOLCANO TRAIL
Explore the hottest, most active thermal
into" the sounds, smells and textures
Located approximately. 6 miles north of
CALCITE SPRINGS OVERLOOK
basin in the park. Trails start at the
of Yellowstone.
Fishing Bridge Junction (approximately
AND TOWER FALL
museum and lead to colorful hot springs
10 miles south of Canyon Junction).
and a number of active geysers. In this
UPPER GEYSER BASIN
Calcite Springs overlook is located
Thermal features of unusual color and
approximately 1-1/2 miles south of
area of thin crust, unstable ground and
The world's greatest collection of geysers
activity are found here Mud Volcano
Tower Junction. From the trail you can
boiling water, please stay on designated
is located here, including Old Faithful
and Dragon's Mouth to name
see Calcite
paths and boardwalks.
Geyser. Several miles of trail begin at
Thin crust and unstable ground overlie
geological formations. Two miles south
the Old Faithful Visitor Center; stop in for
boiling water. Protect yourself and help
of Tower Junction is the Tower Fall area.
FOUNTAIN PAINT POT TRAIL
orientation information, and for eruption
preserve fragile formations by staying
A short trail leads from the General Store
Located 8 miles north of Old Faithful on
times of predictable geysers: Castle,
on designated tralls and boardwalks.
to an overlook of the 132 foot waterfall.
the road to Madison Junction. Active,
Grand, Riverside, Daisy and Great
Entrance Fees
The Yellowstone Association
Legislation passed by Congress last
a calendar year, allows the permit holder
The Yellowstone Association was
You are invited to become a member.
year raised the ceiling on entrance fees
and accompanying passengers to enter
founded in 1933 to assist with educa-
of the Yellowstone Association. Benefits
charged at Yellowstone and Grand Teton
all parks which charge entrance fees.
tional, historical and scientific programs
to Yellowstone Associates, aside from
National Parks. Entrance fees are now
for the benefit of Yellowstone National
demonstrating interest and support in
$10 for a private, noncommercial
The Golden Age Passport (for those
Park and its visitors. One of the Assoc-
the organization's philosophy and
automobile, and $4 for each visitor
over 62) and Golden Access Passport
lation's major activities is the operation
projects, include:
entering by snowmobile, motorcycle, bus,
(for the handicapped) are still offered
of book sales outlets in park visitor
**Discounts on class fees
bicycle or on foot. These fees are good
free of charge to qualifying individuals.
centers. Proceeds from these sales and
"A 15% discount on books sold by
for a seven day pass to both parks.
They entitle the holder and accompany-
from membership revenues are used to:
The Yellowstone Association in visitor
ing passengers in a private, noncommer-
"Support expanded naturalist training
centers or by mail
Also available for $15 is an annual
cial vehicle free admission to parks plus
and programs
**An informative newsletter
calendar year pass to Yellowstone and
a 50 per cent reduction in user fees for
**Publish trail guides, books and pam-
**Discounts on Institute products
Grand Teton National Parks. The $25
camping, boat launching, etc.
phiets about Yellowstone
**Invitations to special events
Golden Eagle Passport, also effective for
**Sponsor the Yellowstone Institute (see
**A family membership covering donor,
page 10)
spouse, and children through age 20
"Purchase books for the park research
**A tax deduction
library and employ part-time librarians
**Discounts at many association book-
**Contribute to funding of museum
stores in other national parks
exhibits and research equipment.
Associate
$ 25
Contributing
50
Sustaining
100
Patron.
250
Sponsor.
500
Bonefactor
1000
NAME
ADDRESS
CITY
STATE
ZIP
Make checks payable to "The Yellowstone Association" or
charge to ( )Visa
(
) MasterCard
Number
Expiration Date
DISCOVER YELLOWSTONE. WITH A RANGER
Ranger-led activities, offered from mid-June through Labor Day, are featured
Signature
in Discover Yellowstone. Look for this publication at visitor centers, stores
Mail to: The Yellowstone Association, P.O. Box 117, Yellowstone National Park,
and gift shops starting June10.
WY, 82190 or leave at the sales desk at any Visitor Center.
Photo Copy Preservation
YELLOWSTONE TODAY, Summer 1989
The Wondrous Ways of Heat and Water
Perhaps no single natural feature in any national park
"paint pots." Mudpots are found on the Fountain Paint
enjoys the fame and notoriety of Old Faithful Geyser.
Pots Trail, at Mud Volcano, Artist's Paint Pots, and
Millions of visitors have journeyed from all around the
in numerous backcountry locations in the park.
world to view this spectacular geo-logic wonder. For
many, it comes as a surprise to discover that Old Faith-
Fumaroles are basically steam vents. The steam is
ful is just one of some 10,000 thermal features sprinkled
often expelled with tremendous force causing the
liberally across the sprawling Yellowstone landscape.
ground to tremble and producing a strong roaring
Indeed, the number and variety of Yellowstone's thermal
sound. Fumaroles are commonly found in many of
splendors is unmatched anywhere in the world.
the major geyser basins in Yellowstone.
All thermal activity in nature is the result of volcanically
Undoubtedly the most spectacular of the various kinds
heated water that comes to the surface in a variety of
of thermal features are the geysers. Geysers have a
ways. In Yellowstone, the different thermal features
complex plumbing system in which great quantities of
are classed as hot springs, mud pots, fumaroles, and
hot water are stored at depth under tremendous
geysers.
pressure. A narrow part of the conduit leading to the
geyser's vent or pool is blocked by steam bubbles
It is generally assumed by geologists that a slowly
preventing the water from coming to the surface.
cooling body of molten rock (magma) exists at relatively
shallow depths beneath Yellowstone. As rain and snow
Eventually the build-up of steam and super-heated
fall on the park, some of it seeps down into the earth
water is great enough so that a small decrease in
and eventually comes in contact with the heat from this
pressure within the system causes a chain reaction in
magma.
which much of the hot water flashes Instantly to steam.
The steam then pushes the remaining water up and
Under tremendous pressure, this water is able to be
out of the tube in a violent eruption.
heated to great temperatures without turning to steam
temperatures much higher than the boiling point. The
Geysers have been known to erupt to heights of 1,000
superheated water begins to rise and works it way back
feet in the past. Currently, the world's largest geyser,
to the surface emerging as one of Yellow stone's
Steamboat (found at Norris Geyser Basin in Yellow-
thermal wonders.
stone, see photo), reaches heights of 400 feet during
eruptions, the force of which is sometimes great enough
A hot spring occurs anytime hot, rising thermal water
to throw rocks into the air. Some geysers occasionally
reaches the surface. In most cases, the water forms a
blow out their own Internal plumbing, either altering or
steamy, sometimes bubbling pool. A great amount of
stopping entirely their eruptive activity.
variety Including color, temperature, amount of water
discharged, and level of activity exists among the
Steamboat Geyser, the world's largest, erupted in
The park contains over 200 geysers, the largest concen-
various hot springs adding much to their charm.
January and again on May 5, 1989. This geyser is
tration found anywhere. Each one has a different
highly unpredictable; these eruptions were the first
pattern of activity, and these patterns are themselves
Mudpots occur when a small amount of heated water
since September, 1984.
constantly changing. For many people, the chance to
rises to dissolve and mix with the overlying rock. The
experience close-up the power and beauty of the earth's
result is a bubbly, soupy mixture ranging In texture from
For more Information of the thermal features of
inner workings is a moving experience; one that has
thin to thick and viscous. Though generally tan in color,
Yellowstone or to obtain geyser eruption predictions,
contributed mightily to Yellowstone's popularity and the
mudpots often contain minerals that create shades of
ask at any visitor center.
shaping of its destiny.
gray, black, white, pink, and red, giving rise to the term
Yellowstone Park Medical Services
If injury or sudden Illness threatens to
across the country. We work closely
spoil your visit to Yellowstone, or you
with National Park Service Medical
left your prescription drugs in last night's
Technicians and Park Medics to provide
motel room, or you require periodic
up-to-date prehospital care. Patients
clinical laboratory testing throughout
requiring advanced medical care are
your travels - Yellowstone Park Medical
transported to area hospitals or medical
Services (YPMS) is there when you need
centers for further evaluation and
us. YPMS, a division of West Park
treatment.
Hospital, Cody, Wyoming, has been
providing health care for Yellowstone
YPMS provides medical services to
CAUTION
National Park's visitors and employees
5,000 to 6,000 visitors and employees
FROST
since 1980.
each year. We see routine problems as
HEAVES
well as unique ones: scaldings from the
HOLES
Outpatient services are offered at three
super-heated waters of thermal features;
convenient locations throughout the park
gorings by bison, moose or elk; or, very
-- Lake, Old Faithful and Mammoth. The
rarely, bear maulings. Please be careful
Lake facility is also a full service hospital
and cautious throughout your visit.
with 10 inpatient beds, 24-hour ambu-
lance and emergency service, and
It is our goal to offer. the very best
laboratory, pharmacy and radiology
medical care possible to Yellowstone's
services.
visitors and employees in this uniquely
beautiful wilderness setting.
Our medical staff includes experienced
and highly qualified professionals from
Auto Assistance with
COMPREHENSIVE MEDICAL CARE IN A WILDERNESS SETTING.
Yellowstone Park Service Stations
Lake Clinic, Pharmacy & Hospital
Old Faithful Clinic
Since its admittance to Yellowstone
Emergency Room, 24-hour service
YPSS also provides emergency road
Hours: 8:30am-5:00pm
National Park in 1915, the automobile
Clinic Hours: 8:30am-8:30pm
and wrecker service from its four repair
Open 7 days per week
has become a sightseeing bus, a security
shops. The shops are staffed with
Open 7 days per week
May 29 October 11, 1989
blanket and a lifeboat for people touring
certified automotive technicians to assist
May 29 September 15, 1989
Phone (307) 545-7325
the park. With over 350 miles of paved
park visitors with minor vehicle problems.
Phone (307) 242-7241
roads through one of North America's last
remaining Intact wilderness ecosystems
On behalf of our 100 employees, YPSS
Mammoth Family Clinic
and the world's greatest collection of
welcomes you to Yellowstone National
Hours: 8:30am-5:00pm,
geothermal features, Yellowstone offers
Park. We ask that you treat the park,
EMERGENCIES DIAL 911
Monday-Friday
an unmatched touring experience.
its wildlife, its resources and your fellow
Open Year Round
park visitor with respect. Enjoy your
Phone (307) 344-7965
Yellowstone Park Service Stations
stay and remember, "Keep your eyes on
(YPSS) operates eight full-service service
the road, your hands on the wheel, for in
stations and four automotive towing and
Yellowstone, SAFE DRIVING IS NO
YELLOWSTONE PARK MEDICAL SERVICES
repair shops to meet the needs of the
ACCIDENT."
A division of West Park Hospital - Cody, Wyoming
motoring public. Our service stations
offer gasoline as well as other automotive
We're there when you need us!
accessories. We also perform tire
repairs, oil changes and other routine
maintenance.
Photo Copy Preservation
5 YELLOWSTONE TODAY, Summer 1989
Some things all visitors must know
Hazards in Yellowstone National Park
Emergency:Dial,911
Contact A Ranger 3447381
Yellowstone is a wilderness filled with
Beware ofFalling.Treesi
natural wonders that are also potential
hazards. There Is no guarantee of your
safety. Regulations are strictly enforced
Following the fires of 1988, thousands
to protect you and the park's wonders.
of dead trees, known as snags, were
left standing in Yellowstone. These
All wildlife, especially bison and bears,
snags may fall with very little warning.
are unpredictable and dangerous. View
animals at a distance or from your car.
Be cautlous and alert for falling
Keep a safe distance from all wildilfe.
snags along tralls and roadways,
It Is against the law to approach within
and in campsites and picnic areas.
100 yards of bears or within 25 yards
Avoid areas with large numbers of
dead trees.
of other wildlife. For your safety and
the animals' welfare, avoid all wildlife
with young.
Again, there is no guarantee of your
safety.
Avoid These.Situationsz
Your visit may be marred by tragedy if
-improper food storage
you violate park rules. Law enforcement
-camping violations
rangers strictly enforce park regulations
-pets off leash
to protect you and the park. Please help
-littering
keep our contacts with you pleasant by
-swimming in thermal pools
paying special attention to park regula-
-removal of natural features
tions and avoiding these common
-approaching wildlife too closely
problems:
Bears Dangerous,
-boating and fishing violations
-speeding (radar enforced)
-failure to remove detachable side
-driving while intoxicated
mirrors when not pulling trailers
All of Yellowstone is Bear Country.
of garbage in bear-proofed trash or
People have been seriously injured,
garbage cans. Store all food and
maimed, and killed by bears, Do not
cooking utensils In a,secure place
approach bears! Observe them at a
such as:
distance (you are at risk if you are closer
-the trunk of your car
than 100 yards). Bears may appear
-suspended 10 feet above the ground
tolerant of people but are known to attack
and 4 feet horizontally from a tree or
without warning. Feeding wildlife Is
post
unlawful. Animals who are fed often
food storage box is available in
become demanding and aggressive,
selected sites in campgrounds.
cause personal injury, and must be
destroyed.
If you are Involved In a conflict with
a bear, (regardless of how minor) or if
Odors attract bears! Bears need your
you observe a bear or bear sign, report
concern not your food. Never leave
it to a park ranger as soon as possible.
food or garbage unattended. Dispose
Someone's safety may depend on it.
Animals A Unpredictable Hill drive
PLEASE
Warning: Bison are more dangerous
Bison may appear tame and slow but are
STAY ON
than they appear. Each year visitors
wild, unpredictable and dangerous.
approach bison too closely and are
BOARDWALL
gored. People have been killed by these
Do not approach bison or any wildilfe.
animals which weigh up to 2,000 pounds
View and photograph them from the
and sprint at 30 mph, three times faster
safety of your vehicle.
than you can run.
Scalding.V Vater Can Ruin Your Vacation
Stay on boardwalks and designated
Yellowstone's thermal features are
tralls. Scalding water underlies thin,
extraordinary natural wonders. Here, the
breakable crusts; pools are near or above
world's last great array of geysers, hot
boiling temperatures. Each year, visitors
springs, mud pots and fumaroles is
off trail in thermal areas have been
preserved. However, thermal features
seriously burned, and people have died
are fragile and easily damaged. Walking
in the scalding water. Boardwalks and
on them, carving or defacing them, or
trails protect you and preserve delicate
removing souvenir pieces of formation
formations,
destroys decades or centuries of intricate
natural processes. Throwing objects into
Pets are prohibited In thermal areas.
thermal features clogs underground
channels, affects water circulation and
Swimming or bathing In thermal pools
has destroyed a number of geysers and
or streams whose waters flow entirely
hot springs. It is illegal to deface features,
from a thermal spring or pool is prohib-
throw objects into them or remove any
ited.
natural features from the park.
Watch Your Children
Your hand and your voice may be too
far away once your child leaves your side.
Please -- Protect Yourself and Your Park
Photo Copy Preservation
6- YELLOWSTONE TODAY, Summer 1989
Important Information
Emergency Dial 911
Contact A Ranger 344-7381
ACCIDENTS
pullouts, picnic areas, or parking lots.
no off road or trall travel ls allowed,
Exposure to wind, rain, or cold can result
Report all accidents or Injuries to a park
Canyon Village Campground, Fishing
Operators must carry a valid state
In hypothermia. This rapid loss of body
ranger.
Bridge RV Park and Fishing Bridge
driver's license and vehicles must
heat can cause death if not treated.
Campground are restricted to hard-
display valid state license plates.
Early warning signs: shivering, slurred
BICYCLING
sided camping units only.
speech, memory lapses, drowsiness,
Bicycling is permitted on established
PERMITS
and exhaustion. Cold water is a special
public roads, parking areas, and desig-
CAMPFIRES
Permits are required for boating, fish-
hazard to fishermen and boaters,
nated routes. There are no bicycle paths
Campfires are permitted in designated
Ing, and overnight backcountry use.
along roadways. Bikes are prohibited
campgrounds and in picnic areas where
Carefully read the regulations and safety
STREAM CROSSING
on backcountry trails and boardwalks.
fire grates are provided. Backcountry
Information you receive with your permit.
Fording a stream can be hazardous,
We strongly recommend that safety gear,
Use permits are required for campfires In
especially during spring snowmelt/high
Including helmet and high visibility
the backcountry. Any dead and down
PETS
water. Check at local ranger stations for
clothing, be worn by all bicyclists. Park
material may be used as firewood.
Pets must be leashed. They are prohib-
current trail and stream conditions.
roads are narrow and winding; most do
CLIMBING
ited on trails, in the backcountry and in
not have a shoulder, or shoulders are
thermal areas.
SWIMMING
covered with gravel. During April, May,
Rock climbing in Yellowstone is danger-
and June, high snowbanks make travel
There are no swimming pools in Yellow-
ous due to loose, crumbly rock. Climbing
PICNIC AREAS
more dangerous. Road elevations range
stone, and swimming, bathing, or wading
is not recommended.
Overnight camping is not allowed in any
in thermal features, or in streams whose
from 5,300 to 8,860 feet and relatively
long distances exist between services
of the park's picnic areas. Fires may be
waters flow from thermal features, is
DEFACING PARK FEATURES
and facilities. Motorists frequently do not
built only in fire grates available in picnic
illegal. River, stream, and lake water is
Collecting natural or archeological
see bicyclists or fail to give them suffi-
areas at Lava Creek, Snake River, Grant
so cold that hypothermia is a serious
objects, or removing, defacing or des-
cient space on the road. Drivers some-
Village, Spring Creek, Nez Perce, and
possibility. Swimming is generally
troying any plant, animal, or mineral is
times pass on hill crests, blind curves or
the east parking lot of Old Faithful. Liquid
discouraged.
prohibited. Travel into fragile thermal
in oncoming traffic. Vehicles, especially
fuel stoves may be used for cooking at
areas may result in damage to the area
motor homes or those towing trailers,
other locations. Most picnic areas have
THEFT
or serious injury from scalding water.
may have wide mirrors. Extraordinary
pit toilets, but none have drinking water.
Theft is a potential problem. To avoid
caution is advised.
becoming a victim:
FIREARMS
SHOULD YOU DRINK
-lock your vehicle.
BOATING
Firearms are not allowed in Yellowstone.
THE WATER?
-keep all valuables out of sight.
However, unloaded firearms may be
transported in a vehicle when the weapon
Intestinal infections from drinking un-
-put your name, address, or identifica-
A permit is required for all vessels and
must be obtained in person at any of the
is cased, broken down or rendered
treated water are increasingly common.
tion number on all valuable property.
following locations: South Entrance,
inoperable, and kept out of sight.
Waters may be polluted by animal and/or
-report theft or vandalism to a ranger
Lewis Lake Campground, Grant Village
Ammunition must be placed in a
human wastes. When possible, carry a
immediately.
Visitor Center, Bridge Bay Marina, Lake
separate compartment of the vehicle.
supply of water from a domestic source.
Ranger Station, and Mammoth Visitor
If you drink water from lakes and streams
TRAFFIC
Center. The fee is $10 for motorized
LOST AND FOUND
boil it a minimum of two minutes to
Yellowstone has over 350 miles of
vessels and $5 for nonmotorized vessels.
reduce the chance of Infection.
roads. Most are narrow, rough, and
Grand Teton National Park's boat permit
Report lost and found items to any visitor
busyl Some sections are steep with
will be honored; however, a free Yellow-
center or ranger station. A report will be
STORMS
sharp drop offs. Drive cautiously and
filed and the article returned when
stone tag is required. All vessels are
Yellowstone's weather is unpredictable.
courteously; use pullouts to observe
prohibited on park rivers and streams
possible. For more assistance write:
A sunny warm day may become fiercely
wildlife and scenery and to allow other
except the channel between Lewis and
Yellowstone National Park, Visitor
Shoshone Lakes, where only hand
Services Office, P.O. Box 168, Yellow-
stormy with wind, rain, sleet and some-
traffic to safely pass. Be especially
cautlous of frost heaves and road
stone National Park, Wyoming 82190.
times snow, Lightning storms are
propelled vessels are permitted.
common; get off-water or-beaches andrew
damage; cool temperatures may occur
any time of the year. The maximum
MOTORCYCLES
stay away from ridges, exposed places,
CAMPING
and isolated trees. Without adequate
speed limit Is 45 mph unless otherwise
Camping is permitted only In designated
Motorcycles, motor scooters, and motor
posted. Watch out for animals on the
clothing and gear, an easy day hike or
campgrounds. It is illegal to camp in
bikes must be operated on park roads;
boat trip can turn Into a battle for survival.
road, especially at night. Bicycles and
motorcycles present special hazards.
Drive defensively.
123117
Camping in Yellowstone National Park
Twelve campgrounds are operated by
NJ 07601, or by phone by calling one of
All camping is limited to 7 days between
streams In this beautiful environment.
the National Park Service In Yellowstone.
the following numbers, 9:00am-9:00pm
June 16 and August 25. Check out time
Respect the rights of other campers and
All campsites are available on a first-
Pacific time: (213) 410-1720;
for all campgrounds is 10:00am. Addi-
comply with the law by adhering to quiet
come, first-served basis with the
(303) 825-8447; or (602) 340-9033.
tional camping facilities are available in
hours, 8:00 pm to 8:00 am, which will
exception of Bridge Bay campground
national forest areas and communities
be strictly enforced. No generators, loud
which Is on the nationwide Ticketron
Camping or overnight vehicle parking
outside the park.
audio devices or other noise disturban-
campground reservation system.
In pullouts, parking areas, plcnic
ces will be allowed during this time.
This reservation system is in effect
grounds, or any place other than a
June 10 to September 3. Reservations
RV Park
designated campground is not
for Bridge Bay may be made up to eight
permitted, and there are no overflow
A trailer village (no tents or tent trailers
Group Camping
weeks in advance in person at any one
camping facilities.
allowed) is operated by TW Recreational
Group camping areas are available for
of 600 Ticketron outlets throughout the
Services, Inc. at Fishing Bridge. Water,
large organized groups with a designa-
country, Including Bridge Bay camp-
Canyon Village and Fishing Bridge
sewer, and electrical hookups are avail-
ted leader such as youth groups, edu-
ground. Reservations may also be made
campgrounds are restricted to hard-sided
able for $17.00 per day. For Information
cational groups, etc. (family reunions
by mail through Ticketron, Department R,
camping units only no tents or tent
and reservations, call TW Recreational
or similar gatherings do not qualify).
401 Hackensack Avenue, Hackensack,
trailers due to the frequency of bears.
Services, Inc. at (307) 344-7311 or
write TW Recreational Services, Inc.,
The nightly fee is $2.00 per person.
Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190
Advance reservations are required
and can be made beginning January 1
Dump
No. of
1989
Quiet Hours
by contacting Yellowstone National
Campground
Camping in Yellowstone is a special
Park, Attention Visitor Services Office,
Station
Sites
Fee
Dates2
experience. Each visitor deserves the
Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
Mammoth
No
85
Year Round
opportunity to hear the birds, wildlife and
82190, (307) 344-7381.
$7.00
Madison
Yes
292
$7.00
May 5 October 31
Bridge Bay 1
No
420
$9.00
May 26 September 25
Norris
No
116
$7.00
May 19 September 18
Slough Creek
No
29
$5.00
May 26 October 31
Tower Fall
No
32
$5.00
June 2 September 18
IF YOU PLAN TO HIKE NEAR CRAIG PASS
*Fishing Bridge
Yes
98
$7.00
May 26 September 5
*Canyon Village
Yes
280
$7.00
June 9 September 11
Road construction on Craig Pass, located between Old Faithful and
Indian Creek
No
75
$5.00
June 9 September 18
West Thumb, will affect access to and use of trailheads along this route.
Grant Village
Yes
403
$7.00
June 16 October 16
Parking may not be available.
Pebble Creek
No
36
$5.00
June 16 September 11
Lewis Lake
No
85
$5.00
June 16 October 31
Please plan your trip accordingly; talk with a park ranger concerning
*Hard sided camping vehicles only
access before hiking these trails.
On Reservation System (see description above)
Dates may change due to weather or resource management concerns
Photo Copy Preservation
7 YELLOWSTONE TODAY, Summer 1989
Hiking Information
Yellowstone National Park, encompassing 2.2 million acres, is one of America's premier wilderness areas, Most of the park is backcountry and managed as wilderness. Over
1,100 miles of trails are available for hiking. However, there are dangers inherent in wilderness: unpredictable wildlife, changing weather conditions, remote thermal areas,
cold water lakes, turbulent streams, and rugged mountains with loose, "rotten" rock are among them. Visiting wilderness means experiencing the land on its terms. You have
chosen to explore and enjoy the natural wonders of Yellowstone but there is no guarantee of your safety. Be prepared for any situation! Carefully read all backcountry guide-
lines and regulations.
Rules
To preserve Yellowstone's backcountry
48 hours in advance. Each designated
wood. Wood or ground fires are not al-
and enhance your wilderness experience,
SANITATION
campsite has a maximum limit for the
lowed in some campsites. Your fire must
the National Park Service has established
number of people and stock allowed per
Bury human waste 6 to 8 Inches below
the following regulations and guidelines.
be attended at all times and be com-
night. The maximum stay per campsite
the ground and a minimum of 100 feet
pletely extinguished before you leave,
varies from 1 to 3 nights per trip. A day-
from a watercourse. Waste water should
Contact a park ranger before you begin
use permit is required for some areas.
be disposed of at least 100 feet from a
PACK IT IN PACK IT OUT
a day hike or overnight trip.
Bear activities sometimes require hiking
watercourse and campsite. Do not
All refuse must be carried out of the
and camping restrictions. Permits are
pollute lakes, ponds, rivers, or streams
PERMITS
backcountry. This includes items partly
also required for boating and fishing.
by washing yourself, clothing or dishes
burned In the fire pit such as foil, tin or
Permits are required for some day hikes
in them.
Information and permits are available
glass.
and all overnight trips. Yellowstone Park
at ranger stations and visitor centers.
has a designated backcountry campsite
PROTECTING NATURAL FEATURES
FIREARMS PETS
system and a non-fee permit is required
CAMPFIRES
Removing, defacing or destroying any
Firearms, pets, motorized equipment,
for overnight stays. Permits can be
Campfires are permitted only in estab-
plant, animal, or mineral is prohibited.
obtained only in person and no more than
and wheeled vehicles are prohibited in
lished fire pits. Burn only dead and down
Leave historical and archeological items
the backcountry.
in place. Report your findings to a park
ranger.
Hiking and Camping in Bear Country
Yellowstone Park is home to both grizzly
-Sleep a minimum of 100 yards from
IF YOU ENCOUNTER A BEAR
and black bears. Although the risk of
where you hang your food, garbage, and
If a grizzly charges, your options are:
an encounter with a bear Is low, there
Even if you have taken all precautions,
*drop a pack or jacket to distract the
prepare your meals.
are no guarantees. Know how to
you may still encounter a bear. If you do:
bear
-Keep your sleeping gear clean and
minimize the risks.
-Stay calm; it will probably leave you
free of food odor.
*climb at least 12 feet up a stout tree
alone. Do not make abrupt moves or
*as a last resort, assume a "cannon
-Do not sleep in the clothes you cook in.
HIKING
noises that might startle the bear.
-Hang the clothing you wore while
ball". position to protect your head
Make your presence known; do not
-Give the bear plenty of room. Slowly
cooking and eating in plastic bags.
and stomach while playing dead.
surprise a bear. Hike in groups and
detour, keeping upwind SO it will get your
-There is evidence that menstruation,
make noise. Many experienced hikers
scent and know you are there. If you
Because grizzlies can attain short bursts
sexual intercourse, cosmetic odors and
wear bells, whistle, talk loudly, or sing.
cannot detour, look for a climbable tree
sweet smelling substances may attract
of speed up to 40 mph, running away is
If you see a bear, give it plenty of room.
while waiting for the bear to move away
bears.
a poor option.
Do not make abrupt moves or noises
from your route.
that might startle it. If you cannot detour,
If you are involved in a conflict with a
wait until the bear moves away from
bear, regardless of how minor, report it
your route. Do not try to approach it for
to a park ranger as soon as possible.
a better look or a picture. Sows with
Someone else's safety may depend on it.
young or bears defending a carcass
are especially dangerous be alerti
BEAR MANAGEMENT AREAS
Exceptional combinations of food,
CAMPING
shelter and space draw grizzlies
Never camp in an area that has obvious
to some parts of Yellowstone
evidence of bear activity such as digging,
more than others.
tracks, or scat.
MIN.
MIN
SLEEPING AREA
In these BEAR MANAGEMENT
ODORS ATTRACT BEARS
AREAS, human access is restricted to
-Avoid carrying or cooking odorous
MINIMUM
MINIMUM DISTANCE 100 YARDS
reduce impacts on the bears and their
foods.
habitat. Information about these areas
-Food and garbage must be secured
and their restrictions is available at
from bears. Hang all food at least 10 feet
ranger stations and visitor centers.
above the ground and at least 4 feet
COOKING AND FOOD STORAGE AREA
horizontally from any post or tree trunk.
Bear Facts: Characteristics of Grizzly & Black Bears
GRIZZLY
BLACK
Hump
GRIZZLY BEAR
BLACK BEAR
Rump lower
Hump absent
than shoulders
Rump higher
(Ursus arctos horribilis Ord)
(Ursus americanus Pallas)
than shouklers
COLOR: Varies from black to blonde;
COLOR: Varies from pure black to
frequently with white tipped fur, giving a
brown, cinnamon or blonde; in the
grizzled "silvertip" appearance.
Rocky Mountains about 50 percent
are black with a brown muzzle.
HEIGHT: About 3-1/2 feet at the shoul-
der; reaches 6 to 7 feet when standing
HEIGHT: About three feet at the
Dish-shaped
Straight profile
on hind legs.
shoulder.
profile
WEIGHT: Adults average 350 lbs. Some
WEIGHT: Adults range from 125 to over
weigh 650 to 700 lbs and, rarely, 800 lbs
500 lbs. Females are generally smaller
or more. Females are generally smaller
than males,
Ruff of
long fur
Rulf absent
than males,
HOME RANGE SIZE: Males: 2 to 76
HOME RANGE SIZE: Males: 73 to 1059
Claws longer
square miles; Females: 1 to 19 square
and curved
Claws shorter
are
and more curved
square miles; Females: 11 to 486 square
miles,
miles.
LIFE EXPECTANCY: 15 to 20 years in
LIFE EXPECTANCY: 15 to 20 years in
the wild; 30 or more in captivity.
the wild; 30 or more in captivity.
Claws
longer
Claws
shorter
Toss closer
together and
Toes more
less arced
seperated and
A small grizzly is often difficult to distinguish from a large black bear. However,
more arced
*
all bears are dangerous; treat them with extreme caution. Sows with cubs
are especially ferocious when protecting them from real or perceived danger.
If you discover an animal carcass, be alert; these are important sources of food,
especially during spring, and bears will aggressively defend their caches.
*
line drawn under big too across top of pad runs through top 1/2 of this 100 on
black bear tracks and through or below bottom 1/2 of title los on grizzly tracks.
Photo Copy Preservation
YELLOWSTONE TODAY, Summer 1989
Where Are The Bears?
In the past, bears were a common sight
garbage out of the park daily are addi-
The first years of the program showed
sources. Those bears that returned to
in Yellowstone National Park - along the
tional measures the National Park
that as unnatural food sources were
areas with concentrations of people and
roads, in campgrounds and developed
Service takes to meet this objective.
eliminated inside the park, some bears
continued to seek unnatural foods and to
areas. Massive traffic "bear jams,"
switched to natural diets. Bears that
threaten the safety of park visitors were
personal property damages and injuries
3. Prompt Management Response:
continued to utilize unnatural food
removed from the population.
caused by bears were also common, As
When prevention, through the elimination
sources were trapped and relocated
visitation to the park increased, so did the
of all unnatural food attractants, does not
away from concentrations of people In
As the program progressed and as
number of bear incidents. During the
deter a bear from frequenting an area
hopes they would establish themselves
bears either switched to natural diets or
period from 1931 through 1969, bears,
where people congregate, an attempt is
totally independent of unnatural food
were removed from the population, the
both black and grizzly, caused an
numbers of property damages and
average of 148 property damages and
injuries and the need to remove "prob-
48 personal injuries per year. Some
lem" bears were reduced. The intense
roadside beggar bears were being
bear management program begun in the
accidentally killed by motor vehicles, and
1960s and early 1970s remains in place
aggressive bears involved in personal
today in Yellowstone. However, it is no
property damage or injuries had to be
longer aimed at correcting a problem
destroyed. The situation was not good
situation but at preventing such a
for either people or bears, and the
situation from developing.
National Park Service sought to correct it.
Bears continue to be observed in
What caused this problem? Bears were
Yellowstone, many from the roadways.
associating people with mealtime.
Most bear observations occur during
Ninety-five percent of the injuries to
early morning or evening hours, and near
people by bears were related to bears
tree cover along the edge of open areas.
seeking human foods and garbage. In
The bear population in Yellowstone today
the early days of the park, both black and
is wild and continues to exist as part of a
grizzly bears quickly developed a taste
natural system, providing park visitors
for readily available human foods. The
lucky enough to see a bear with a true
presence of open garbage dumps and
National Park experience.
the willingness of travellers to stop and
feed bears along the roadsides only
encouraged this taste, Simply put, bears
made to modify the bear's behavior.
had come to depend on peoples' food
Trapping the bear and relocating it to an
behavers
Aversive Conditioning to Manage Bears
and garbage as a substitute for their
area away from concentrations of people
natural diet.
is the most common method used. If
In cooperation with the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, the National Park
attempts fail, and the bear continues to
Service is researching the possibility of modifying bear behavior through aversive
So what was the National Park Service
pose a threat to people, it is removed
conditioning. This program targets bears that are in danger of getting into problem
to do to correct this problem? During the
from the population.
situations which could lead to their removal from the Yellowstone population.
late 1960s and early 1970s, an intensive
bear management program began with
4. Continued Research on and
If you see or hear about park rangers or game wardens shooting at bears with "odd
an emphasis on restoring and maintain-
Monitoring of Bears and Their
looking" weapons, they are using a modified gas gun to propel a projectile. This
ing natural populations of grizzly and
Activities: Research provides manage-
projectile is filled with water and is designed to explode on impact, creating a source
black bears as part of the park's native
ment with factual knowledge about bear
of pain without causing harm to the bear. When a bear is involved in an activity that
fauna, and on providing for the safety of
distribution, population dynamics, behav-
could lead to problems, it will be shot with one of these projectiles. The objective is
park visitors. To accomplish these goals,
iors and the ecology of bear-human
for the bear to associate pain with that particular activity and hopefully avoid similar
the following objectives were critical:
interactions. This information is essential
situations in the future.
when evaluating the effectiveness of
1. Public Awareness: Inform and
management programs affecting or
While preventing bears from getting into problem situations in the first place is the
educate people about bears, especially
affected by the grizzly bear population.
best method of Insuring the survival of the bear, this project may provide a future
about the value of having bears and how
means of saving bears that would otherwise be removed from the population.
to minimize conflicts when visiting or
The monitoring of bear activity identifies
living in bear country. Emphasize the
areas where the potential for a conflict
need to eliminate unnatural food sources
between people and bears exists and in-
Trumpeter Swans Need Your Help
in the form of human food and garbage
sures that the management program is
in order to reduce property damage,
In the past, Yellowstone National Park
implemented when necessary. To insure
Livingston, Montana. The project calls
has been instrumental in conservation
personal injuries and the subsequent
the safety of park visitors and employees
for replacing existing mute swans on
removal of problem bears,
efforts to save the trumpeter swan.
and the protection of bears, areas with
the ranch with captive bred trumpeter
Recently, the trumpeter swan has been
high levels of bear activity are patrolled
swans; the eventual goal is for natural
2. Eliminate Unnatural Food Attrac-
facing more problems, both natural and
reproduction of trumpeter swans on the
by rangers and posted with warning
man-caused, than ever before.
tants: This is a program based on
ranch, with the offspring flying freely in
signs, or restricted,
prevention. All human food and garbage
the Paradise Valley and throughout the
In an effort to reduce man-caused
is secured so that it is unavailable to
The majority of information about bear
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. You
bears. This is accomplished by providing
problems, the Trumpeter Swan Recovery
activity comes from people who report
can help in the recovery of the trumpeter
Fund was established. Our most recent
visitors and employees with bearproof
sighting bears or signs of a bear being in
swan by making donations to the follow-
garbage cans and by implementing strict
project is a cooperative venture involving
ing tax deductible fund:
an area (such as tracks or scat). Every-
Yellowstone National Park, the Montana
food security regulations. Ranger patrols
Trumpeter Swan Recovery Fund
one who sees a bear, or is involved in a
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks,
c/o Yellowstone Association
insuring regulation compliance, prohibit-
bear incident, should report it to a park
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
P.O. Box 117
ing the feeding of wildlife, frequent
ranger. The bear's welfare and safety of
the Call of the Wild Ranch just south of
garbage pickups, and the hauling of all
Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190
other park visitors may be at stake.
Photographers: Don't Let This Develop
Yellowstone inspires the photographer in
approached to within 10 to 15 feet to
all of us. Wildlife are particularly fascinat-
take a picture. In the past few years, two
ing to observe and photograph, perhaps
people have been killed by grizzly bears
because there are few places where it is
in national parks while trying to get
possible to see an animal in its natural
photos. As a rule, a camera lens of less
environment. Nearly all the animals
than 200mm is inadequate for wildlife
inhabiting Yellowstone when it was
photography. If your camera is not
established 117 years ago still roam this
equipped with telephoto lenses, do not
vast wilderness. However, no matter how
attempt closeup photography. Instead,
tame these animals may appear to be,
photograph the animal in its surroundings
they are wild, unpredictable and danger-
or purchase slides or books. Be espe-
ous. Females with young are very
cially alert when photographing bears.
protective and can be ferociously
Look for signs of activity such as tracks,
aggressive. Keep a safe distance
scat, or animal carcasses. Make the bear
from all wildlife. It is against the law
aware of your presence by making noise.
to approach within 100 yards of bears
or within 25 yards of other wildlife.
Animals in the wild behave differently
A simple way to know if you are disturb-
than animals in zoos, and undisturbed
ing wildife is: if you cause an animal to
space Is among the greatest of their
move, you are too close.
needs. Respect this, and you will be
rewarded by seeing more of their natural
Every year, the major cause of injury to
activities and discovering how they live in
visitors by wildlife is approaching animals
the wild. You'll also expand your photo
too closely. At least 90 percent of bison
opportunities and have a safe, rewarding
gorings have resulted when visitors
visit.
Photo Copy Preservation
9 YELLOWSTONE TODAY, Summer 1989
Hamilton Stores, Oldest Park Concessioner
HAMILTON STORES INC.
As 1990 approaches, Hamilton Stores
Hamilton Stores takes pride in its many
looks forward to celebrating its 75th
years of serving the traveling public with
EST. 1915
anniversary. We take great pride in
its fifteen facilities within Yellowstone.
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
being the oldest concessioner under the
Comprised of eight general stores, three
jurisdiction of the National Park Service
photo shops, two mini-convenience
Serving the traveling public since 1915,
and a family owned, third generation
stores, a Christmas and Photo Shop in
Hamilton Stores, Inc. offers a wide variety
business. In 1915, Charles Ashworth
the Mammoth area, and a tackle shop
Hamilton established Hamilton Stores,
located in the Bridge Bay Marina, we
of merchandise including Yellowstone souvenirs, film and
Inc. with the purchase of the old Klamer
carry and provide'a broad range of
photo supplies, fishing and camping equipment, T shirts and
General Store in the Upper Geyser Basin
products and services needed by visitors
sweatshirts, liquor, groceries and food, hot coffee, cold beer
of the Old Faithful area. Pictures of the
during their stay in Yellowstone.
facility, complete with horses and buggies
and other beverages.
parked in front, still exist. Very quickly
From food products, home decor and
after those pictures were taken, Hamilton
gifts, apparel, souvenirs, fishing, camping
We feature one-hour on-site film processing at our Old
Stores, Yellowstone Park, and most
and photo supplies, right down to on-site
definitely, the entire nation, moved into
Faithful and Canyon Village Photo Shops, and at our Fishing
photo processing in select locations,
the automobile age. Hay barns were
we try to offer the various conveniences
Bridge and Grant Village General Stores.
replaced by service stations and we all
necessary and desirable to assist in
moved into a new era.
making your Yellowstone stay as
Come in and try our premium, hand-dipped ice cream made
pleasant and memorable an experience
The wonders of Yellowstone are now
as possible.
locally in Montana. A wide variety of flavors is available
accessible to all who wish to explore
at all of our General Stores.
and enjoy them. To those who prefer a
Hamilton Stores Invites you to visit its
leisurely pace, much of this great park
locations and share a bit of our history.
can be viewed by car. To those who
Welcome to Yellowstone... and our best
A special invitation to visit our Christmas Shop at Mammoth
desire a more personal experience,
wishes for an enjoyable stay in your
Hot Springs, open from June 2 through August 31. Opened
nature walks, backcountry hiking and
National Park.
for the first time in 1986, it carries merchandise exclusive
backpacking. by permit, are options.
to that location, a working toy train, and trees decorated to
represent the Rockies and the uniqueness of Yellowstone.
(It also features unscheduled visits by Santa himself!)
Providing electricity to
mpc
Yellowstone National Park
For locations and dates of operation, consult the Directory
since 1959. May your visit to
Yellowstone be memorable.
of Visitor Services on page 11.
The Montana Power Company
WOLF
Grades through 12
For entry information, call
(307) 344-7381, ext. 2255
You Can Help Support Fishing in Yellowstone
Through the Yellowstone Fishery Fund
A growing number of people are dedicated to preserving the fisheries of
Yellowstone National Park. Although fishing in the park is free. voluntary finan-
cial support needed to protect this national treasure. Your contribution will
be used for fisheries research and law enforcement.
Yellowstone Fishery Fund
National Park Service
P.O. Box 168 YNP. WY 82190
Church Services & Handicapped Access
WELL
Expedition Yellowstone -- An
Schedules of services of worship are
A listing of facilities, scenic areas and
Exciting Learning Experience
posted at visitor centers, campgrounds
features which are accessible to the
and on other bulletin boards throughout
handicapped can be obtained at any
The National Park Service announces a
planning an "Expedition!" to the park.
Yellowstone. Services take place both
visitor center. For more information,
new curriculum for upper elementary
Rustic cabins at the Lamar Buffalo Ranch
in the park and in communities located
or to make suggestions, contact the
grades called Expedition: Yellowstonel
may be reserved and school groups are
outside of the park.
Handicapped Access Coordinator,
Students are now able to learn about the
assigned a park ranger to help plan and
Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190.
park either by studying it at their school or
prepare their trip.
by combining classroom work with a trip
(an" Expedition!") to Yellowstone.
For more information, mail this coupon to
the address below, leave it at any visitor
Aimed at the 4th, 5th and 6th grade
center or call (307) 344-7381, ext. 2338.
levels, the curriculum materials consist
Expedition Yellowstone
Yellowstone Park Activities
of a teacher's workbook and a storybook,
National Park Service
Guided Horseback Rides
tied together by shared concepts.
P.O. Box 168
Teachers registering to participate in the
Yellowstone National Park,
at Roosevelt, Canyon and Mammoth
program will also receive information for
Wyoming 82190
Old West Cookouts at Roosevelt
(Dinner and Breakfast)
Stagecoach Outings
at Roosevelt
Please send me more information about the Expedition Yellowstonel program
Lake Cruises, Boat Rentals, Guided Fishing Trips
at Bridge Bay Marina on Yellowstone Lake
Name
Sightseeing Bus Tours
for all major locations
For information and reservations, phone (307) 344-7311
School
or stop at any TW Recreational Services Activity Desk,
located at most in-park locations.
Address
TW
RECREATIONAL
City, State, Zip
SERVICES, INC.
(Check)
(Area Code) Phone
Please call me, have
a question.
Photo Copy Preservation
10- YELLOWSTONE TODAY, Summer 1989
LEE
Nature Study at Yellowstone Institute
Information On Neighboring Parks
Information about roads and facilities in
Grand Teton National Park
Grand Teton and Glacier National Parks
(307) 733-2880
is available by calling these numbers:
Glacier National Park
(406) 888-5441
TW
RECREATIONAL
SERVICES, INC.
TW Recreational Services, Inc., operates hotels and lodges
throughout the park as well as gift shops, restaurants and snack
shops. Other services and activities include horse rides, cook-
outs, stagecoach outings, lake cruises, boat rentals and bus
tours. Reservations for accommodations and activities are
suggested. Call (307) 344-7311.
Don't forget to ask about winter vacation opportunities in
Yellowstone Park.
For locations of accommodations and activities, and dates of
Bill Lang, editor of Montana the Magazine of Western History, conducting a class
operation, consult the Directory of Visitor Services on page 11.
at the Yellowstone Institute in the Lamar Valley. Over 60 courses on topics such as
geysers, grizzlies, photography, wildflowers and park history are offered. For details
on these learning vacations, call (307) 344-7381, ext. 2384 or write to Box 117,
Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190 (Photo by Gene Ball)
Don't Forget Your Fishing Permit
TW Recreational Services, Inc.
SIZE
Yellowstone's Lodging Concessioner
In Yellowstone, bald eagles, osprey,
fishing opportunities for park visitors
pelicans, otters, grizzly bears and other
consistent with the first two goals.
TW Recreational Services, Inc. has been
During the past several years, TW
wildlife take precedence over humans as
Yellowstone's lodging concessioner since
Recreational Services, Inc. has provided
consumers of fish. Additionally, all fish
With some exceptions, Yellowstone's
1979. Summer operations include the
millions of dollars in investment funding
are wild (there is no stocking), so there
fishing season begins on the Saturday of
park's lodging facilities, R.V. Park,
for new concession facilities at Yellow-
must be sufficient adult fish to reproduce
Memorial Day weekend and closes
restaurants, cafeterias, snack shops,
stone, Zion and Bryce Canyon National
and maintain populations and to assure
on October 31. Exceptions: all rivers
cocktail lounges, gift shops; cookouts;
Parks, and improvements in concession
genetic diversity. These facts require
and streams in the Yellowstone River
corrals, sight-seeing services and a full
facilities at Grand Canyon's North Rim
both a philosophical and literal distinction
drainage south of the Chittenden Bridge
service marina on Yellowstone Lake.
and Everglades National Parks.
between recreational angling and
at Canyon open July 15 (including those
Winter operations include lodging,
consuming fish. In Yellowstone, angling
portions of Yellowstone Lake within 100
restaurants, lounges, ski
The staff and management extend a
is based on fishing for native species or
yards of a river or stream outlet); all lakes
coach tours and snowmobile rental.
warm welcome to Yellowstone visitors.
wild trout in a natural setting.
in the Yellowstone River drainage south
We invite your questions and comments
of the Chittenden Bridge open June 15;
TW Recreational Services, Inc. has
and will do our utmost to assure your visit
Fishing regulations in Yellowstone
the Trout Lake drainage above Soda
decades of experience in providing
to Yellowstone is a memorable experi-
National Park have evolved as ongoing
Butte Creek including Trout, Buck and
lodging, food, gift shops and other visitor
ence. Contact TW Recreational Services,
research reveals population trends and
Shrimp Lakes opens June 15; Agate
services at national parks, state parks,
Inc., Yellowstone National Park, WY
interrelationships with the rest of the
Creek and Cottonwood Creek, and the
state lodges and recreational areas. The
82190. Phone (307) 344-7311 for
Yellowstone ecosystem. Increasing
Yellowstone River within 100 yards of
company operates visitor facilities at Zion
information and reservations.
numbers of anglers have also influenced
the mouths of Agate and Cottonwood
and Bryce Canyon National Parks In
the development of regulations by their
Creeks, open to fishing on July 15; the
Utah, North Rim Grand Canyon National
TW Recreational Services, Inc. hires
Impact on certain species and aquatic
Madison, Firehole, Gibbon, Snake, Lewis
Park in Arizona, Everglades National
more than 2000 seasonal employees in
habitats. Regulations have been
(below the falls), Lamar and Gardner
Park in Florida, and Scotty's Castle,
Yellowstone National Park. For employ-
simplified to a concept known as "species
Rivers and Soda Butte Creek will remain
Death Valley National Monument in
ment information and applications, please
management." This approach is com-
open until the West Entrance Road is
California.
contact the above address.
monly used by fish and wildlife agencies
closed to visitor traffic for the winter.
in the western United States, and it will
more effectively achieve management
A current fishing permit (issued free of
USWEST
goals of preserving and restoring native
charge) is required and must be carried
fishes and their habitats, managing fish
by all persons 12 years of age and older
COMMUNICATIONS
as an essential part of the total park
who are fishing in Yellowstone Park.
ecosystem, and providing recreational
Contact a ranger for more information.
Have a safe and enjoyable visit to
Yellowstone, the world's first National Park.
Wolf Pac Now Available for Teachers
A new series of curriculum materials on wolves is currently in production by the
National Park Service and the Denver Museum of Natural History. "Wolf Pacl" is
YPS
designed to help teachers and parents, together with their children, learn more about
one of the most fascinating and controversial animals in North America, the gray wolf.
YELLOWSTONE PARK
"Wolf Pac!" consists of several publications about wolves as well as activities for
young people targeted to grade levels K-4, 5-8, and 9-12.
SERVICE STATIONS
These materials will be ready for shipment in June, 1989, and the best part is. they're
Yellowstone Park Service Stations has been serving visitors to
free! How do you get them? Simply supply us with the information requested below,
Yellowstone Park since 1947. We offer quality petroleum
and we'll see that a copy of "Wolf Paci" is sent to you as soon as it's available.
products at eight full-service stations located throughout
Yes, I would like to receive "Wolf Pacl" Please send my copy to:
Yellowstone. See page 11 for opening dates.
Your Name
Tires Batteries - Automobile Accessories
Your School
LP Gas bottle filling plants are located at
Address
Old Faithful, Grant Village and Fishing Bridge
City, State, ZIP
Automobile towing and repair facilities are located at
Grades Taught
Is this your home or school address?
Old Faithful, Grant Village, Fishing Bridge and Canyon
Please turn this coupon in to any Yellowstone Visitor Center or mail it to: "Wolf Pac!",
Division of Interpretation, P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190.
MasterCard, Visa and Conoco credit cards are accepted
Photo Copy Preservation
11 YELLOWSTONE Summer 1989
Directory of Visitor Services
Facilities & Services offered by
Hamilton Stores, Inc. * TW Recreational Services, Inc. * Yellowstone Park Service Stations Yellowstone Park Medical Services
Reservations are suggested for lodging & activities; call TW Recreational Services (307) 344-7311.
National Park Service Information (307) 344-7381; Emergency Dial 911
Light Meals
Accommodations
Fast Foods
Marina
OLD FAITHFUL INN Rooms, suites. May 5-
OLD FAITHFUL PHOTO SHOP April 20-October 22
BRIDGE BAY MARINA Dock rental June 2-
October 11
OLD FAITHFUL BASIN STORE May 6-October 11
September 18; Scenicruiser excursions June 5-
OLD FAITHFUL SNOW LODGE Rooms and cabins.
OLD FAITHFUL BAC STORE May 14-September 14
September 18; Boat rental, guided fishing trips
May 19-October 30
WEST THUMB STORE April 28-October 15
June 15-September 18.
OLD FAITHFUL LODGE Cabins. May 23-
GRANT VILLAGE GENERAL'STORE June 10-
September 25
September 18
GRANT VILLAGE Rooms. May 31-September 18
BRIDGE BAY MARINA STORE June 9-Sept. 16
LAKE YELLOWSTONE HOTEL Rooms, suites,
LAKE GENERAL STORE May 21-September 17
Horse Operations
cabins. May 24-September 17
FISHING BRIDGE GENERAL STORE May 20-
MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS Trail rides. May 27-
LAKE LODGE Cabins. June 5-September 11
September 7
September 17
CANYON LODGE Cabins. June 12-August 28
CANYON PHOTO SHOP April 27-October 10
CANYON LODGE Trail rides. June 10-Sept. 5
ROOSEVELT LODGE Cabins. June 3-September 5
CANYON VILLAGE GENERAL STORE May 26-
ROOSEVELT LODGE Trail rides, June 3-
MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS HOTEL Rooms, cabins.
September 4
September 4; Stagecoach Outing, June 3-Sept. 4;
May 27-September 17
TOWER FALL STORE May 27-September 12
Old West Cookouts: Dinner, June 4-September 4;
ROOSEVELT STORE June 3-September 5
Breakfast, June 27-August 18.
MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS GENERAL STORE
Restaurants, Cafeterias
Open year round
Fast Foods
Medical Services
OLD FAITHFUL INN DINING ROOM May 5-
lo
General Stores
October 11
LAKE HOSPITAL May 29- September 15
OLD FAITHFUL INN, PONY EXPRESS SNACK
Phone (307) 242-7241
OLD FAITHFUL BASIN STORE May 6-October 11
SHOP May 25-September 25
OLD FAITHFUL CLINIC May 29-October 11
OLD FAITHFUL BAC STORE May 14-September 14
OLD FAITHFUL SNOW LODGE FAMILY
Phone (307) 545-7325
GRANT VILLAGE MINI STORE June 1-September 26
RESTAURANT May 19-September 5;
MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS CLINIC Open year
"GRANT VILLAGE GENERAL STORE June 10-
reopens October 1-October 30
round, weekdays; phone (307) 344-7965
September 18; one hour film processing approx.
OLD FAITHFUL LODGE SNACK SHOP May 24-
June 10-September 4
September 25
WEST THUMB STORE April 28-October 15
OLD FAITHFUL LODGE CAFETERIA May 23-
BRIDGE BAY MARINA STORE June 9-Sept. 16
Campgrounds
September 24
LAKE GENERAL STORE May 21-September 17
OLD FAITHFUL FOUR SEASONS SNACK SHOP
Operated by the National Park Service. First come,
"FISHING BRIDGE GENERAL STORE -May 20-Sept.
May 26-September 5
first served except for Bridge Bay. Select sites early.
One hour film processing approx: May 20-Sept. 4
GRANT VILLAGE RESTAURANT May 31-Sept. 18
Dates subject to change.
CANYON VILLAGE GENERAL STORE May 26-
GRANT VILLAGE STEAK HOUSE May 31-June 6,
September 4
dinner only; June 7-Sept. 4, breakfast and dinner
*MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS Open Year Round
TOWER FALL STORE May 27-September 12
LAKE YELLOWSTONE HOTEL DINING ROOM
*MADISON May 5-October 31
ROOSEVELT STORE June 3-September 5
May 24-September 17
BRIDGE BAY May 26-September 25
MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS GENERAL STORE
LAKE LODGE CAFETERIA June 5-September 11
On reservation system; see page 6.
Open year round
LAKE LODGE SNACK SHOP June 6-August 27
*NORRIS May 19-September 18
This location offers one hour film processing
CANYON LODGE SNACK BAR June 5-Sept. 5
SLOUGH CREEK May 26-October 31
CANYON LODGE CAFETERIA June 12-August 28
TOWER FALL June 2-September 18
CANYON LODGE DINING ROOM June 18-Aug. 25
Photo Shops
*FISHING BRIDGE Hard-sided camping
ROOSEVELT LODGE DINING ROOM June 3-
.80
vehicles only; May 26-September 5
Gifts, Souvenirs
September 5
FISHING BRIDGE RV PARK Utility hookups.
ROOSEVELT LODGE COOKOUT Dinner June 4-
Hard-sided camping vehicles only. Maximum
**OLD FAITHFUL PHOTO SHOP April 20-October 22
September 4. Breakfast June 27-August 18
length 40 feet. Operated by TW Recreational
One hour film processing approx. May 1-Sept. 10
MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS HOTEL DINING ROOM
Services, Inc. Call (307)344-7311 for reservations.
BRIDGE BAY MARINA STORE June 9-Sept. 16
May 27-September 17
May 27-September 10
**CANYON PHOTO SHOP April 27-October 10
MAMMOTH FAST FOODS May 13-September 24
*CANYON VILLAGE Hard-sided camping
One hour film processing approx. May 26-Sept. 4
vehicles only. June 9-September 11
MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS CHRISTMAS AND
*GRANT VILLAGE June October 16.
Dinner reservations required. Inquire at hotel front
PHOTO SHOP June 2-August 31
desk or dining room host stand.
*INDIAN CREEK June 9-September 18
This location offers one hour film processing
PEBBLE CREEK June 16-September 11
LEWIS LAKE June 16-October 31
Hotel & Lodge
Triangle Firewood sells firewood at these
is
Service Stations
campgrounds
Gift Shops
OLD FAITHFUL, Lower Station -April 20-Oct. 31or later
OLD FAITHFUL INN May 5-October 11
OLD FAITHFUL, Upper Station May 13-September 5
OLD FAITHFUL SNOW LODGE May 19-October 30
GRANT VILLAGE June 1-September 18
OLD FAITHFUL LODGE May 23-September 25
Facilities and services are available in
LAKE YELLOWSTONE May 20-September 18
GRANT VILLAGE May 31-September 18
FISHING BRIDGE May 1-October 31 or later
communities near the park. For information,
LAKE YELLOWSTONE HOTEL May 24-Sept. 17
CANYON VILLAGE May 8-October 10
contact the Chambers of Commerce in:
LAKE LODGE June 5-September 11
TOWER JUNCTION June 3-September 5
CANYON LODGE June 12-August 28
MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS May 12-October 9
Billings, Montana
Bozeman, Montana
ROOSEVELT LODGE June 3-September 5
(406)245-4111
(406)586-5421
MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS HOTEL May 27-
OLD FAITHFUL REPAIR SERVICE May 26-
September 17
September 4. Wrecker service will be provided from
Cody, Wyoming
Cooke City-
the Old Faithful stations May 8-October 14.
(307)587-2297
Silver Gate Montana
GRANT VILLAGE REPAIR SERVICE June 1-
(406)838-2265
Public Showers
September 18
Gardiner, Montana
FISHING BRIDGE REPAIR SERVICE May 26-
Laundry
(406)848-7681
September 10. Wrecker service will be provided from
Jackson, Wyoming
Fishing Bridge stations May 8-October 14.
(307)733-3316
OLD FAITHFUL LODGE Showers. May 23-Sept. 25
CANYON REPAIR SERVICE May 26-September 4
Livingston, Montana
GRANT VILLAGE CAMPGROUND Showers and
(406)222-0850
Red Lodge, Montana
laundry. June 16-October 16
OLD FAITHFUL LP GAS PLANT May 15-Sept. 16
(406)446-1718
LAKE LODGE Laundry. June 5-September 11
GRANT VILLAGE LP GAS PLANT June 1-
West Yellowstone
FISHING BRIDGE RV PARK showers and laundry.
September 18
Montana
Dubois, Wyoming
May 27-September 10
FISHING BRIDGE LP GAS PLANT May 1- Oct. 31
(406)646-7701
CANYON VILLAGE CAMPGROUND Showers and
(307)455-2556
laundry. June 9-September 11
Photo Copy Preservation
Yellowstone National Park Roads and Facilities
Emergency: Dial 911
Contact a Ranger: (307) 344-7381
To Livingston
To Bozeman
Gardiner
Silver Gate &
North Entrance
Cooke City
To Red Lodge
S ml.
Northeast
& Billings
Entrance
Mammoth Hot Springs
in
A
FS
18 ml.
A
A
Yellowstone
29 ml.
Tower-Roosevelt
Institute
A
in
A
FS
21 ml.
19 ml.
Norris Geyser Basin
Canyon
in
in
FS
12 ml.
West
Yellowstone
14 ml.
To Ashton &
Idaho Falls
16 ml.
West
Entrance
14 ml.
Madison
Fishing Bridge
in
&
11
In
16 ml.
in
FS
Lake
In
Pm
1
Bridge
27 ml.
Pahaska
Bay
Tepee
To Cody
*Craig Pass
Yellowstone
East
Entrance
Old Faithful
17 ml.
in
FS
West Thumb
In
**The Cralg Pass road, between Old Faithful
Grant Village
and West Thumb, opens for the season
in
A
FS
on May 22. However, travel will be restricted;
Craig Pass will be closed 9:00 pm 9:00 am,
Sunday -Thursday, Inclusive.
A
22 ml.
Hikers: Access to trailheads is affected.
See page 6.
Blcyclists: Bicycles are not permitted on the
Craig Pass road,
North
Craig Pass closes for the season on Sept. 11.
South Entrance
Flagg Ranch
307-543-2467
To Jackson
Visitor Center or
11
Pm
Food Service
Hospital or Clinic
Ranger Station
in
General Store
I
Gasoline
A
Campground
i
Marina
FS
Full Services*
Campground Hard-
&
sided vehicles only
*Full services indicates lodging, food service, general store, gasoline, rest rooms and telephone.
A listing of park facilities and services, with opening and closing dates for the 1989 season, is on page 11.
A more complete park map can be obtained at any entrance station, visitor center or service station.
Photo Copy Preservation
June 6, 1989
MEMORANDUM FOR ED McNALLY
FROM:
BOB SIMON
SUBJECT:
HISTORY OF THE JACKSON AREA
John D. Rockefeller visit Jackson Lake for the first time in
1924. He was disturbed by the growing tacky commercialism of the
area. In 1927, Horace Albright, the Yellowstone superintendent,
convinced Rockefeller to buy up land in the Jackson hole area to
preserve it as parkland. Rockefeller formed the Snake River Land
Co. and secretly bought over 30,000 acres for more than $1.4
million. This land, and other land, was eventually turned into
the present Grand Tetons National Park.
President Chester Arthur was the first President to travel
through the Tetons and Yellowstone, in 1883. By this time, word
had travelled East about the beauty of the area, so Arthur took a
vacation out there to see the sights and meet some Indians.
After debarking the train, the Presidential party, including half
the cabinet, traveled by pack train, and slept in tents, along
the Snake River, through Jackson Hole and up to Yellowstone.
They were accompanied by two troops of cavalry.
Newspaper reporters were banned from the trip. Gen.
Sheridan told two reporters from Chicago that if they followed,
they would be arrested and jailed. President Arthur occasionally
issued press releases on their activities on the trip.
The path Arthur followed was known as the "Bottle trail"
named for the empty bottles of booze that trailed the
Presidential party.
June 6, 1989
MEMORANDUM FOR ED McNALLY
FROM:
BOB SIMON
SUBJECT:
TETON SCIENCE SCHOOL
The Teton Science School is a non-profit private school
formed in 1967. Its budget is covered 70% by tuition and 30% by
donations.
The School is on Park Service land, leased to the school
until 2003.
The School's mission is to educate interested citizens and
students about the natural history and ecology of the
Teton/Yellowstone area and wildlife.
Students range from 5th grade to senior citizens. Local
schools, college students, and high school students from as far
as New England take advantage of the varied courses offered.
Senior citizens make up an increasing number of the students.
Scouting groups also take courses.
The school operates 50 weeks of the year. Classes last from
1 day to six weeks. The typical course is 3-5 days. Lectures,
field trips, and raft trips are some of the teaching methods.
Sometimes the School will conduct research for the Park Service,
but the main purpose of the research is as a teaching method.
Visible at the speech site: Grand Teton peaks in the
background, grasses and pale green sagebrush in the foreground.
Wildflowers likely to be present: purple larkspur, blue lupine,
yellow arrow-leafed balsam root. Hawks and bald eagles are
present overhead. Elk, muledeer, and moose can be seen sometimes
near the school.
At the school is the Murie museum: a collection of 2,500
specimens of stuffed birds and animals. Olaf and Mardy Murie
collected these specimens over a long lifetime of pioneering work
in surveying the Jackson area for the government in the early
part of this century. Mardy, 86, still lives in the area. Olaf,
one of the guiding forces in the founding of the Wilderness
Society, is now deceased.
June 6, 1989
MEMORANDUM FOR ED MCNALLY
FROM:
BOB SIMON
SUBJECT:
THE PRESIDENT AND GEORGE P. AT JACKSON LAKE
The President, Mrs. Bush and George P. spent three nights at
Jackson Lake on June 5-8, 1987. Jeb Bush did not go.
George P. didn't catch any fish while with the President,
but he did catch three when he went fishing with Mrs. Bush.
The President caught two or three fish. They let all the
fish go.
The President let George P. drive the power boat. Later,
they went out together in a row boat.
(McNally/Simon)
June 8, 1989, 11:00 a.m.
Draft Two (TETONS)
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: ENVIRONMENTAL ADDRESS
GRAND TETONS NATIONAL PARK
TUESDAY, JUNE 13, 1989
Thank you,
,
for that warm introduction. And
thank you also for one of the best birthday presents anybody in
the state of Wyoming ever got -- an evening with my grandson,
fishing on Jackson Lake.
Maybe you know the classic line from the Wind in the
Willows: "There is nothing -- absolutely nothing -- half so much
worth doing as simply messing about in boats." [[PAUSE]] And
it's a good thing. Because we sure didn't catch any trout.
And it's always good to see my other fishing buddy, Al
Simpson, and my friend Malcolm Wallop. But I was a little
surprised to see them here in the Tetons to look at wildlife.
You'd think they'd see enough of that in Congress.
It's well known here that Wyoming's first tourist was a
trapper named John Colter, a veteran of the Lewis and Clark
Expedition. In 1808 Colter was captured by the locals and --
stripped naked and hotly pursued -- given a chance to run for his
life. Seven days later he arrived at a Spanish fort -- with sore
feet and a sunburned back. [[PAUSE]] Today, George P. and I are
awful glad Wyoming's attitude towards visitors is -- what's the
phrase? -- kinder, gentler.
We meet in the heart of an environmental success story.
Part of a tradition that began when Abraham Lincoln granted
2
Yosemite Valley to California, to set aside as a preserve, and
continued through Teddy Roosevelt and others who found
inspiration in these majestic American peaks.
Creating national parks was an American idea -- an idea
imitated around the world. And it was one of our best.
Since these lands were set aside, five generations of
Americans have enjoyed Yellowstone and the Tetons -- the largest
intact natural area in the temperate zones of the Earth. And
yesterday I stood in the East Room at the White House to announce
a proposal designed to ensure we do our part to improve and
preserve our natural heritage from coast to coast -- and beyond.
For another five generations -- and beyond.
And today, with my back to the Pacific and the jewels of the
American Rockies, I look east across this fertile and productive
land and call on the American people -- and on Congress -- to
join me in this new initiative to make a better world.
Last summer, I called 1988 "the year the Earth spoke back. "
Time dubbed spaceship Earth "the Planet of the Year. " And
although, ultimately, medical waste and that wandering barge may
not present as grave a danger as the ozone holes that we cannot
see, touch or smell, they helped provide the jolt we needed.
I've said it before, when talking about issues such as drug
abuse, crime and national security: The most fundamental
obligation of government is to protect the people -- the people's
health, the people's safety, and, ultimately, our family values
and traditions.
3
Clean air and a healthy environment is essential for the
safety of all our people, and the protection of our traditions.
Nowhere are these traditions more real -- more alive -- than
here in the western reaches of Wyoming.
It is a land of legend, of campfire tales of brave Sioux
warriors, of Butch Cassidy and the Union Pacific Railroad, of
range wars between cattlemen and sheep ranchers. Just over that
ridge to the east lies the headwaters of the Wind River, one of
the settings in the epic Western, Lonesome Dove. The book begins
with the famous passage from T.K. Whipple:
"All America lies at the end of the wilderness road, and our
past is not a dead past, but still lives in us. Our forefathers
had civilization inside themselves, the wild outside. We live in
the civilization they created, but within us the wilderness still
lingers. What they dreamed -- we live. And what they lived --
we dream. "
Frontier legends have filled America's movie screens -- and
America's imagination -- for most of this century.
But the frontier is not the end of the road. It is our
inspiration.
The frontiers we face in the final decade leading to the
year 2000 are different from those our forefathers faced in the
mountains and meadows of the American Rockies. What we face are
the frontiers of the mind -- scientific, geographic, cultural --
that remain to be crossed. Let's cross them.
4
Some say we are running out of time. Running out of
resources. Running out of everything.
The only thing we are running out of is imagination -- and
the will to bring what we can imagine to life.
Yes, there is a new breeze blowing. And borne upon that
wind is a new breed of environmentalism. Our mission is not just
to defend what's left -- but to take the offense, to improve our
environment across the board.
And we're off and running. With a Clean Air proposal that
promises recovery, renewal, and restoration.
And it cannot be an American effort alone. As I said in
Europe last month, environmental destruction knows no borders.
And as the mistrust of the cold war begins to give way to a new
recognition of our common interests, international environmental
challenges offer model opportunities for cooperation.
Last fall, two whales were saved off American shores by a
Soviet icebreaker, a Japanese-built tractor -- and a group of
determined American Eskimos with saws and boathooks. Yes, there
is a new breeze blowing. And as we speak it is carrying a 156
foot schooner from the Statue of Liberty to Leningrad, an East-
West voyage for the environment. And a week ago the airwaves
were filled with a five hour concert telecast -- broadcast around
the world from New York, London and Brazil -- on environmental
challenges and our common future.
Many such international events are symbolic. But here at
home, the substance awaits. It's in my new proposals to Congress
5
urbansmoy
-- proposals for cleaner air, for an end to acid rain,
ozone
toxic
depletion and other harmful emissions.
Congress has been deadlocked on Clean Air for a long time.
When my proposals pass, it will mark the first improvements in
the Act in 12 years. Other attempts have failed. Competing
interests have gridlocked.
I understand the traffic jam. Before deciding on these
proposals, I met with representatives of business, energy, mining
and consumer groups. With people like you here today, who share
my passion for the outdoors. And just last Thursday I sat down
with the leaders of every major environmental group in America.
I've listened to these competing voices -- to their well-
intentioned ideas -- and the sometimes strident honking of their
gridlocked horns.
Now, none of the special interest groups are going to get
everything they wanted. But today, there's some important common
ground. Because there's one thing everyone agrees on: We need
action. And we need it now. It is the right -- the right -- of
every American to breath clean air. And you damned well
shouldn't have to drive two thousand miles to do it.
Environmental gridlock must end.
Now, this isn't the first time Congress has had to struggle
with questions about the kind of America we are going to bequeath
to our children. And it's not even the first time the debate was
carried right on into the Tetons.
6
A little over a hundred years ago, a battle over the future
of the parks was building in Congress. Some wanted to exploit
the land. And as the debate raged in the summer of 1883,
President Chester Arthur boarded a train headed west out of
Washington. By the time he reached Chicago, the press was warned
that any reporters who followed would be dropped off the next
railroad bridge. [[PAUSE]] No, Marlin. That wouldn't work on
Air Force One.
On August 5th, 1883, the presidential train stopped in
Wyoming at the banks of the North Platte River, and Arthur
embarked by mule wagon for a small fort in the Wind River valley.
There the roads ended. And there began a three week, 350 mile
odyssey by horseback, as the President traversed the Tetons and
Yellowstone. And for anybody inconvenienced by my Secret Service
motorcade, I apologize. But you ought to be glad I didn't bring
along the 75 calvary soldiers that followed Arthur through
Jackson Hole.
President Arthur emerged from the Tetons having retained his
reputation as a skilled fisherman. And -- unlike me -- he had
105 pounds of trout to prove it. He called the journey "better
than anything [he] ever tried before," and returned to Washington
to tell the glory of the Tetons.
You know how the story ended. You are looking at it -- a
scene so unspoiled it is little different from the view John
Colter first saw in 1808.
7
And yet, today the Tetons are again threatened by
development. And this time the threat comes not from steam
engines and logging saws, but from the very West Wind that shaped
those peaks, bearing the often invisible acids that gust in from
the sun-baked smog of the coast.
It's ironic that, as I've visited with people in these
mountains, again and again people say how nice it is to get away
from urban air pollution. Well, the bad news is: It's starting
to follow you here. But the good news is: We're not going to
put up with it any longer. Not here. And not at home where you
live most of your lives.
The clean air initiatives we launched yesterday at the White
House mark a new chapter in the tradition of protecting our
people and their parks. And with the help of Congress, we will
conquer the challenges of acid, ozone and emissions.
Wherever
the next generation may find your children, our goal is nothing
less than an America where all the air breathes as clean as
morning in the Rockies. Let's cross those frontiers.
June marks the beginning of summer. A family time. A time
of remembrance and tradition. An estimated 300 million visitors
will come to America's national parks this year -- and yes, I
know it sometimes seems like most of them are camped out at your
campsite. And with each new day, American families clamber
across the craggy trails above us, around Jenny Lake and
Paintbrush Canyon, and the aptly-named Rock of Ages. Hands young
and old press against the hard basement rock -- exposed by the
8
elements and nearly as ancient as the Earth itself -- touching
the past, testing their future. People return from these spaces
rejuvenated, confident, somehow younger.
Our stewardship of the Earth is brief. We owe it to those
who follow to keep that in perspective, to be responsible
passengers along the way. There is a saying in the Himalaya:
"To a flea, alive for 80 days, a man is immortal. And to a man,
alive for 80 years, a mountain is immortal. Both are wrong."
We stand in the shadow of the Tetons -- still an unspoiled
frontier thanks to the vision of leaders no longer alive. But it
is not the last frontier. After the sun went down last night, we
got a glimpse of the frontier beyond, George P. and I. It was up
there beyond the peaks -- past the clear mountain air that we
want to preserve for all Americans -- up there in the stars. And
as we closed our eyes to rest, we saw again the one frontier
beyond the stars -- the frontier within ourselves.
In the frontiers ahead, there are no boundaries. We must
pioneer new technology, new solutions. We were reminded recently
of the potential -- still struggling to get beyond theory -- of
fusion power and superconductivity at room temperature.
Look upon these American peaks -- and at the American people
around you -- and remember. We have hardly scratched the surface
of what God put on Earth -- and what God put in man.
#
#
#
June 6, 1989
MEMORANDUM FOR ED McNALLY
FROM:
BOB SIMON
SUBJECT:
THE PRESIDENT AND GEORGE P. AT JACKSON LAKE
The President, Mrs. Bush and George P. spent three nights at
Jackson Lake on June 5-8, 1987. Jeb Bush did not go.
George P. didn't catch any fish while with the President,
but he did catch three when he went fishing with Mrs. Bush.
The President caught two or three fish. They let all the
fish go.
The President let George P. drive the power boat. Later,
they went out together in a row boat.
Yellowstone fires 1988
A Special Supplement to
Today
NPS photo by Jim Peaco
NPS photo by lim Peaco
Photos clockwise from top:
Crown fire in a lodgepole pine stand.
A mosaic of burned and unburned forest on
the slopes of Bunsen Peak.
Some lodgepole pine cones require fire to
release seeds.
Fireweed is one of the first plants to appear
after a fire.
A bull elk grazes in a newly burned meadow.
NPS photo by Jim Peaco
NPS photo by Don Despain
Welcome To A Changing Yellowstone
In 1988, Yellowstone and its neighbors
knew that if the smoke cleared it meant
Yellowstone Today has been produced to
A number of individuals, organiza-
experienced a summer like no other in
that the winds had returned and the fires
introduce you to what happened here,
tions, corporations and school groups
local memory. The Yellowstone fires are
were again on the move. It has been a
what it means to the park's natural
have expressed interest in helping
already being described as the greatest
time of human drama, intense media
communities, and what it means to you.
Yellowstone National Park recover
ecological event in the history of the
attention, and most of all, awe-inspiring
from the fires. In response, the Park
national parks, and they also were the
natural changes in the Yellowstone
So welcome to Yellowstone, a park with a
Rehabilitation and Recovery Program
cause of the greatest fire fighting effort in
landscape.
new face. The features that have
has been organized to coordinate
all of history.
attracted tens of millions of visitors in the
donations and provide information
Yellowstone is still the magnificent place
past are still here: the geysers, wildlife,
about recovery and rehabilitation
Those of us who live in this part of the
it always has been; fires are a part of the
trout streams, beautiful vistas and
projects.
Rockies, and the many others who visited
life processes here, and the park will
peaceful moments are as available as
the park last summer, received a lesson
heal and regenerate its natural scars as it
ever. But to them has been added a new
To find out more, ask at any visitor
in the power of nature that we will never
has countless times before. I'm excited
attraction, a memorable lesson in
center or write/call the Superintendent,
forget. We saw spectacular and some-
about that process, and equally excited to
wilderness processes that in their own
P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National
times frightening fire behavior, and
welcome you. We have the rare opportu-
way are as beautiful as an elk or a
Park, WY 82190, (307) 344-7381,
together we rode an emotional roller
nity to witness wilderness regeneration
mountain lake.
ext. 2363; or write/call the Student
coaster while the fires grew and spread,
on a scale rarely seen anywhere on
Conservation Association, P.O. Box
sending convection clouds to the
earth. Nature is not always a gentle
Enjoy your park. It has never offered
550, Charlestown, NH 03603,
stratosphere. We knew the oppressive
hostess, but it never fails to be an
more than it does now.
(603) 826-5206.
effects of the dense smoke, but also
inspiring teacher. This supplement to
Robert Barbee, Superintendent
Yellowstone Fires Page 2
1111111111
WILL
111/1111
Illustration by Doug Griswold, San Jose Mercury News
Naturally caused fires have occurred in
vegetative landscape of Yellowstone.
After the park was established in 1872,
In the early days, fire suppression was
the Yellowstone area as long as there
During several thousand years of
park managers gradually improved their
most effective on the park's northern
has been vegetation to burn - at least
intermittent occupation of the Yellow-
ability to monitor and control fires.
grasslands; fires were not allowed to burn
since vegetation appeared following the
stone area, native Americans may also
Virtually no effective fire fighting was
freely on the grasslands and groves of
retreat of glaciers about 12,000 years
have influenced the vegetation in many
done until 1886, when the U.S. Cavalry
the northern range for nearly a century.
ago. Fire, climate, erosion, and a vast
ways, such as setting fires (accidental or
was placed in charge of protecting the
Over the rest of the park, which is largely
assortment of life forms ranging from
intentional), moving seeds (in plant foods
park. In fact, the soldiers marked the
covered by forest, reliable and consistent
microbes to insects to mammals have all
or horse's feed, for example), or influenc-
debut of federal involvement in fighting
fire suppression had to wait until modern
played roles in the creation of the
ing the numbers or movements of
wildfires in the United States.
airborne firefighting techniques became
various plant-eating animals.
available, in the last thirty or forty years.
Fire Management Plan
Ecologists have known for many years
Yellowstone's fire management plan has
deemed necessary) in as safe, cost-
a small area. In most years Yellowstone
that wildfire is essential to the evolution of
four goals:
effective, and environmentally sensitive
is too wet to allow fires to reach any
a natural setting. In 1972, Yellowstone
ways as possible.
significant size. The largest natural fire in
initiated a program to allow some natural
1. To permit as many lightning-caused
the park's written history prior to 1988
fires to run their courses. The plan was
fires as possible to burn under natural
4. To resort to prescribed burning when
was a burn at Heart Lake in 1931. It was
developed and implemented after consul-
conditions.
and where necessary and practical to
fought, but burned about 18,000 acres.
tation with related agencies, and with the
reduce hazardous fuels, primarily dead
endorsement of the conservation and
2. To prevent wildfires from destroying
and downed trees.
Fire was permitted to reassert its role in
scientific communities. Over the years,
human life, property, historic and cultural
creating and maintaining the natural
the plan has been revised and updated
sites, special natural features, or threat-
During the sixteen years since this plan
variety of habitats and vegetation types
as the lessons of each fire season were
ened and endangered species.
has been in effect, tens of thousands of
typical of a healthy wilderness.
translated into management practice. All
lightning strikes have simply fizzled out
park fires are managed according to
3. To suppress all man-caused fires (and
with no acreage burned. Of those that
During 1989, the Fire Management Plan
criteria in the fire management plan.
any natural fires whose suppression is
have occurred, 235 produced fires that
is suspended pending complete review.
were allowed to burn. Most burned only
All fires will be fought this year.
1988 Drought Worst On Record
The fall of 1987 was unusually dry in the
Yellowstone experienced an untypical
April rainfall was 155 percent of normal,
But those that survived into the extremely
Yellowstone area. With that in mind, park
weather pattern in recent years. Though
and May rainfall was 181 percent of
dry weeks of late June and July met
fire specialists began monitoring more
there was below-average precipitation in
normal, but practically no rain fell in June,
dramatically changed conditions. By late
than a dozen separate fire danger indices
winter, summers were abnormally wet,
July, or August, an event previously
July, moisture content of grasses and
in early April, 1988. By July 1, each was
reaching 200 to 300 percent of normal
unrecorded in the park's 112-year written
small branches in the park reached levels
being monitored at 26 locations around
rainfall in July.
record of weather conditions. In early
as low as two or three percent, and
the park as part of the routine administra-
summer, about 20 lightning-caused fires
moisture in downed trees was measured
tion of the park's fire management plan.
Anticipating the continuation of this
had been allowed to burn. According to
at seven percent. At 8 to 12 percent
Through this monitoring system, coupled
pattern, park managers and fire behavior
the fire plan, fires were evaluated on a
moisture, lightning will start lots of fires,
with regular consultation with regional fire
specialists saw reason to expect that
case-by-case basis, each on its own
many of which will burn freely. A series
authorities and close attention to weather
natural fires could be allowed to burn.
situation and merits, before being allowed
of unusually high winds, associated with
conditions, fire risk seemed well within
Six consecutive years of significantly
to burn. Eleven of these burned them-
dry fronts, fanned flames that even in the
established parameters based on experi-
above-average July rainfall suggested
selves out, behaving as such fires did in
dry conditions would not normally have
ence. But it was weather that eventually
that July of 1988 would be similarly wet.
previous years.
moved with great speed.
proved most difficult to anticipate.
Yellowstone Fires Page 3
Commonly Asked Questions
How many people fought fires in the Greater Yellowstone Area and how
What effect will the fires have on grizzly bears?
many were injured?
Many research biologists now believe the effects of the fires will enhance areas used by
A total of more than 25,000 fire fighters worked in the Greater Yellowstone Area in
grizzly bears by increasing the diversity of both plant and animal food sources available
1988. There were no fireline fatalities or critical injuries prior to October. In early
to the bear. Much needs to be learned, however, and no clear answers may be readily
October, there was one fatality on the Clover Mist Fire on the Shoshone N.F. and one
available for several years, although sightings were made of grizzlies eating carcasses
critical injury resulting from falling snags. This is a remarkable record considering that
last fall and this spring.
suppression continued more than three months with a peak of some 9,500 people and
117 aircraft, with strong, erratic winds, major fire runs and numerous falling trees. A
In an effort to gain more information of future movements in burned areas, the Inter-
pilot was killed in a light plane crash after transporting fire personnel on September 12.
agency Grizzly Bear Study Team will attempt to increase the number of radio-collared
On September 20, a Bell 206 helicopter crashed while filling a bucket on the Clover-Mist
bears in the area of the Clover-Mist Fire. At present, 36 bears are radio-collared in the
Fire, but the pilot was not seriously injured.
Greater Yellowstone Area, but not all are in areas in or near the burns.
There were 19 sightings of female grizzlies with 40 cubs of the year in the Greater
What was the total amount spent on fire suppression for the 1988 Greater
Yellowstone Area in 1988, which is considered excellent cub production for this popula-
Yellowstone Fires?
tion.
Nearly 120 million dollars has been spent on fire suppression efforts.
Concern has been expressed about fire effects on whitebark pine, a fall food source for
grizzlies. Less than 20 percent of the whitebark pine stands in and near the fire areas
were affected. Impacts will not be known for several years.
What were the major fire suppression impacts?
What was the extent of soll sterilization from the fires?
About 665 miles of hand lines and 137 miles of bulldozer lines were constructed; 32
miles of bulldozer line was in Yellowstone National Park. About 1.4 million gallons of
Extensive study, mapping of burn intensity, and soil sampling at hundreds of locations
fire retardant were dropped, 10 million gallons of water were dropped by helicopters
have shown that most fires heated soil only to light or moderate intensity; less than one-
alone, and innummerable water pumping stations were established. There were also
tenth of one percent of the soil received heat intense enough to penetrate more than
51 spike camps, 150 helispots and a major camp established for each fire. Portions of
two inches deep and kill seeds, roots, bulbs, rhizomes, and other plant matter neces-
National Forests were closed to hunting for safety reasons. Many of these impacts
sary to regeneration. However, because of steep topography and canyon "chimneys"
required restoration, which began last fall.
the percentage of high intensity burn on the Shoshone National Forest has been
estimated to be as high as 10-15 percent.
How many acres burned in Yellowstone National Park?
What buildings were burned or damaged?
Structures destroyed in Yellowstone National Park included 18 cabins used by employ-
Burn Type
Percentage of
Total Percent of
Burn Area (Acres)
ees and guests, a backcountry patrol cabin, storage structures and other miscellaneous
Burned Area
YNP Area
structures. The Forest Service structures destroyed were the Bull Moose Cabin in the
Canopy
562,350
56.9
25.3
Hellroaring drainage of the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness and a Shoshone National
Surface
372,350
37.7
16.8
Forest toilet. One trailhead was damaged. Private structures destroyed and damaged
Meadow
25,200
2.5
1.1
in the Crandall area included 17 mobile homes, 4 dwellings, a general store, and 12
Sage/Grassland
29,025
2.9
1.3
garages and outbuildings. The estimated value of "facilities" damaged or destroyed is
Unburned
1,232,875
55.5
$3,280,000.
Total in
Where will / see the effects of the 1988 fires as / drive through the park
burned area
988,975
and how can / learn more about them?
Figures are preliminary; final
Total acres in park
221 800
The below locations of during the 1988
Percent of total YNP
places.
acres affected
44.5%
Asterisks (*) indicate locations of roadside exhibits explaining particular aspects of the
fires; exhibits will be in place by the end of June.
Where will trees be planted to reforest burned areas?
Within the next three or four years, about 7500 acres of tree planting will occur on the
North Entrance
Gallatin, Shoshone, and Targhee National Forests. These are preliminary estimates
Northeast
and may be revised upwards.
Mammoth
Entrance
Hot Springs
Tower-
No major reforestation efforts are planned for Yellowstone National Park or for wilder-
Roosevelt
ness in Greater Yellowstone Area National Forests. In keeping with the legislative man-
dates of these areas, natural reforestation will be permitted to occur. Research indi-
cates that trees in burned areas released abundant seeds following the fires varying
with the severity of the burns. Yellowstone Park plant ecologist Don Despain has
already documented seed densities in burned forests ranging from 50,000 to 1,000,000
seeds per acre, which equals one to 20 seeds per square foot. Within five years there
may be 1,000 seedlings per acre, depending upon how much competition they face
from grasses, wildflowers and shrubs. Allowing the park to reforest itself is a concept
West Entrance
Norris
Canyon
widely supported in the scientific community
Madison
How many animals died in the Greater Yellowstone Area as a result of the
Fishing
fires?
Bridge
The following chart summarizes where and how many animals are known to have died.
East
Area
Elk
Deer
Moose
Black Bear
Bison
Entrance
National Forest
Old Faithful
Yellowstone
Lake
lands in Montana
5
2
1
2
0
West
Thumb
Grant
National Forest
Village
lands in Wyoming
83
30
9
4
0
Yellowstone Nat'l
Park
257
4
2
0
9
Totals
345
36
12
6
9
South Entrance
No dead grizzly bears, antelope or bighorn sheep were found, but it is now suspected
that 2 grizzly bears may have died as a result of the fires. There were also numerous
Grant Village Visitor Center features a special new exhibit, "Yellowstone and Fire,"
small mammals and birds lost as well as an unknown number of trout. A total of 345
(open June 17) with displays interpreting the role of fire in Yellowstone's landscape as
dead elk were discovered in the Greater Yellowstone Area by post-fire surveys. The
well as peoples' attitudes about fire.
summering elk population in the Greater Yellowstone Area is approximately 93,000.
Visitor centers feature books and a video tape about the fires. Rangers will present
Large animals were relatively unaffected during the fires. This conclusion is based on
programs and conduct walks or hikes into areas that burned last year. To find out what
the movements of over 150 collared large mammals and observations from numerous
may be offered during your visit, ask at any visitor center or purchase Discover
aerial surveys. Data indicated that there was short-term displacement from normal
Yellowstone, a biweekly magazine listing all ranger-led activities offered in Yellowstone
ranges as fire moved through an area.
during the summer months. Discover Yellowstone is sold at visitor centers, stores and
gift shops throughout the park.
Yellowstone Fires Page 4
What Burned?
No topic has caused more confusion in
country surrounding Yellowstone Park
threatened Old Faithful, Madison,
Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness of the
the media and in the public mind than the
was hit heavily. A number of major fires,
Canyon, Norris, West Yellowstone,
Custer National Forest northeast of
actual extent of the fires. Confusion has
most notably the North Fork Fire, the
Mammoth Hot Springs, and Tower-
Yellowstone Park, and eventually
resulted from all fires in the Greater
Hellroaring Fire, the Storm Creek Fire,
Roosevelt, was a human-caused fire that
threatened the Cooke City-Silver Gate
Yellowstone Area, which includes more
the Huck Fire, and the Mink Fire, started
originated in the Targhee National Forest
area, where it received exstensive
than ten million acres of public land,
outside the park and moved in. These
and was the subject of immediate
national television coverage and was
being called "Yellowstone Park fires;"
fires accounted for more than half of the
suppression efforts. The Storm Creek
usually reported as a result of Yellow-
from all fires in the Yellowstone area
total burn in the Greater Yellowstone
Fire started as a lightning strike in the
stone Park's natural fire program.
being ascribed to the park's natural burn
area, and include most of the ones that
program; and from frequent and unfortu-
have received intensive media attention.
Additional confusion resulted from
nate oversimplification and exaggeration
The North Fork Fire, which
continued media and public belief that
of burn acreages.
managers in the Yellowstone area let
park fires continue burning unchecked,
Throughout the West, 1988 was an
out of devotion to the natural fire plan,
extremely difficult fire year, and the
Gallatin National Forest
long after such fires were in fact being
Custer
fought. Public confusion was probably
Storm Creek
National
heightened by misunderstandings over
Fire
Forest
just what the firefighting strategies were;
if crews were observed letting a fire burn
Cooke City
an area, it may have seemed to the
Fan Fire
Mammoth
Hellroaring Fire
casual observer that the burn was merely
Gallatin National Forest
Hot Springs
being monitored. In fact, in many
Tower
Roosevelt
instances fire bosses recognized the
hopelessness of stopping fires in certain
situations, and concentrated their efforts
on the protection of buildings and
developed areas. The most
unfortunate public and
North Fork
media miscon-
Fire
ception about
the Yellowstone
Norris
Canyon
Clover-Mist
firefighting effort may have
Fire
been that human beings can always
control fire if they really want to; the raw,
unbridled power of these fires cannot be
Madison
overemphasized.
Fishing
Perhaps the worst source of confusion,
Bridge
however, has resulted from oversimplifi-
National Forest
cation of burn acreages. The daily
reports issued cooperatively by the U.S.
Forest Service and the National Park
Service on fire status gave total acreages
within the perimeters of each fire, pointing
Old Faithful
Yellowstone
out that, "only about half of the vegetation
Lake
West
has burned within many fire perimeters."
Forest
Targl
Village
statement about unburned vegetation.
The park was regularly portrayed as a
Snake River Fire
blackened moonscape.
(several fires
burned together)
Aerial mapping indictes that about 1.4
million acres in the Greater Yellowstone
Area received some type of burning.
Within Yellowstone Park, mapping
indicates that a maximum of 988,925
acres experienced some kind of burning.
Mink Creek Fire
Of that, 562,350 acres was "canopy
Note: Not all vegetation
burn," meaning that the forest was
within burn perimeters is
Bridger Teton National Forest
blackened. Another 372,350 acres was
burned. More detailed maps
Huck Fire
"surface burn," meaning that only the
will be available later.
forest understory burned and most trees
will not die. Burned meadow and sage-
grasslands totalled 54,225 acres, only
2.4% of the park.
Natural and Human-caused Fires, Greater Yellowstone Area, 1988
Natural fires originating in Yellowstone
Natural fires originating on adjacent
Human-caused fires originating outside
National Park
U.S. Forest Service lands
the park
What the Fires Mean to Yellowstone's Friends
Ultimately, the greatest impacts of the
well as over the natural fire management
how far we are willing to let nature go in
Our goal in the national parks is the same
1988 Yellowstone fire season will not be
plan itself.
giving it to us.
as it has always been: to find some
ecological. Yellowstone itself is already
balance - some "reasonable illusion," as
well on its way to responding to the
The American public, management
Fire is one of the last great natural "public
ecologist A. Starker Leopold so aptly put
massive stimuli provided by the fires:
agencies, and many special interest
enemies." The same ecological commu-
it in 1963 - between the directions the
natural revegetation is underway, wildlife
groups now face a singular challenge:
nity that decades ago taught us that
natural setting might take on its own and
is adapting, and the wilderness setting
to come to grips with a newfound under-
predators are not bad in any intrinsic
our needs of it. We seek a course of
survives.
standing of the power of the natural
sense, and that natural diversity is as
action that will permit us to appreciate
settings we are attempting to preserve
useful to human culture as a closely
fire's place and power without so wholly
Far greater concern is now being
and celebrate in the national parks.
managed harvest, has more recently
risking the financial and emotional
expressed in many circles over the future
Beyond the operational questions of just
recognized that wildfire also has it values
disasters of the 1988 fire season. But
of management of Yellowstone and other
how best to fight fires in wilderness, and
- scientific, esthetic, and even commer-
even at that we would be well advised to
parks. The course of the summer's fire
beyond the policy questions of how an
cial. Fire is and has always been an
retain enough humility to know that
management raised many questions, and
agency can be true to its mandate and
essential part of the setting in our parks
nature will not always be controlled
some management actions and policies
yet anticipate an extraordinary event of
and natural areas; we cannot ignore its
despite our best, most carefully planned
will be challenged. There are debates
this sort, are deeper questions of just
role, and to return to the total exclusion of
management.
underway about firefighting logistics, as
what we want from our parks, and just
it from those areas would be a folly for
which our descendants would pay dearly.
4/89