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Andrews Air Force Base--Departure Statement 7/9/89 [OA 6266]
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26
19
2
3
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
June 29, 1989
INFORMATION
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
THROUGH: CHRISS WINSTON cw
FROM:
DANIEL MCGROARTY omer
SUBJECT: ANDREWS A.F.B. DEPARTURE STATEMENT
I. SUMMARY
On Sunday, July 9, at 7:00 a.m., you will deliver a
departure statement at Andrews Air Force Base.
II. DISCUSSION
These remarks provide a framework for your trip, evoking the
ideals of freedom and democracy both as foundations of
western government, and as a spreading force throughout the
world.
They also focus on the reforms taking place in Poland and
Hungary -- their movement towards greater economic and
political freedom -- and on the issues we plan to tackle at
the Economic Summit, in particular our approach to debt and
the worldwide environmental crisis.
McGroarty/Dooley
June 29, 1989
1:30 pm
Draft 3
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: DEPARTURE STATEMENT
ANDREWS AIR FORCE BASE
JULY 9, 1989
7:00 A.M.
This morning, I depart for Europe -- my second visit in two
months to a continent in the midst of change -- a time of
unprecedented opportunity for peace, prosperity and freedom.
I'm especially pleased to make my trip at this time. Just
five days ago, we celebrated the birth of our Nation. Just five
days from now, France will celebrate its rebirth as a modern
nation, the 14th of July. This year, it's a special celebration:
the bicentennial of Bastille Day.
Two hundred years ago, the democratic revolution that began
here in America crossed the Atlantic. The gates of the Bastille
opened onto a new era -- the era of the Rights of Man. In
Europe, as in America, an idea was unleashed that would change
the face of history -- an idea that is still shaping our world
today. That idea is democracy.
Then and now, freedom finds its allies everywhere.
Lafayette and Rochambeau, Kosciuszko and Pulaski: these names
are engraved in American history -- patriots not only in their
2
own countries, but in America as well. And the Revolution of
1789 had its roots in the Spirit of 1776. Remember what James
Monroe said about the French who fought at our side for America's
independence: "They caught the spirit of liberty here, and
carried it home with them. "
Today, that spirit of liberty remains strong, and the United
States remains the friend of any nation -- any people -- who love
freedom and cherish the Rights of Man.
This morning, I begin a journey that will take me to Europe
-- East and West --- a journey that underscores the tremendous
changes, challenges and opportunities ahead of us.
I travel first to Poland and Hungary -- nations on the
threshold of a new era, nations where the spirit of freedom is
strong. In both countries, we're witnessing remarkable changes -
- welcome developments no one would have thought possible even a
year ago. New voices are shaping the course of national affairs
-- and both countries are on the path towards economic rebirth
and political pluralism. My visit underscores the growing
importance our nation sees in the changing face of Central
Europe.
I will travel from Poland and Hungary to France, to join
leaders from the six major industrial democracies in my first
3
Economic Summit as President. Together, we are working to spread
the benefits of political freedom and economic prosperity around
the world. The Summit is a unique opportunity to assess our
progress. It's also an opportunity to show that we can forge a
common response to new challenges, such as the need to protect
the global environment.
Our agenda at the Economic Summit will include both
political and economic issues of global impact. We will review
the international economic scene, and we'll identify where we can
improve coordination. We'll focus on the problem of debt in the
developing world. I expect Summit leaders to make a firm
commitment to complete the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations by
December 1990.
And we will discuss ways of dealing with a number of
critical environmental issues that effect us all -- problems
including global warming, deforestation, and the pollution of the
world's oceans. We know there are no easy solutions. But --
provided we work together -- I'm confident we can find common
solutions to problems none of us can solve alone.
And finally, before returning home, I will visit an old and
honored ally: the Netherlands. Our friendship with the Dutch is
older than our own Constitution -- with a nation whose long
tradition of union and liberty shaped and inspired our own.
4
Today, our two nations are partners in commerce and common
defense, and the common values that bind us have never been
stronger.
Europe is at a turning point. A continent cruelly divided
for more than four decades now dreams of being whole and free.
Our task is clear: to see that we mend old divisions, that we
fulfill the decades-old dream -- and that the new Europe emerges,
secure, prosperous, peaceful and free.
Thank you. God bless you, and God bless the United States
of America.
# # #
McGroarty/Dooley
1969 JUN 27
June 27, 1989
5:30 pm
Draft 2
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: DEPARTURE STATEMENT
ANDREWS AIR FORCE BASE
JULY 9, 1989
7:00 A.M.
This morning, I depart for Europe -- my second visit in two
school
months to a continent in the midst of change -- a time of
unprecedented opportunity for peace, prosperity and freedom.
I'm especially pleased to make my trip at this time. Just
five
x
four days ago, our nation celebrated the 4th of July. Just five
days from now, France will celebrate its own day of independence,
the 14th of July. This year, it's a special celebration: the
bicentennial of Bastille Day.
Two hundred years ago, the democratic revolution that began
here in America crossed the Atlantic. The gates of the Bastille
opened onto a new era -- the era of the Rights of Man. In
Europe, as in America, an idea was unleashed that would change
the face of history -- an idea that is still shaping our world
today.
Then and now, freedom finds its allies everywhere.
opies Dan
Lafayette and Rochambeau, Kosciuszko and Pulaski: these names
are engraved in American history -- patriots not only in their
2
own countries, but in America as well. And the Revolution of
1789 had its roots in the Spirit of 1776. Remember what James
Monroe said about the French who fought at our side for America's
Dan
independence: "They caught the spirit of liberty here, and
carried it home with them."
Today, that spirit of liberty remains strong, and the United
States remains the friend of any nation -- any people -- who love
freedom and cherish the Rights of Man.
Today, I begin a journey that will take me to Europe -- East
and West -- a journey that underscores the tremendous changes,
challenges and opportunities ahead of us.
schoole
I travel first to Poland and Hungary -- nations on the
threshold of a new era, nations where where the spirit of freedom
is strong. In both countries, we're witnessing remarkable
changes -- encouraging developments no one would have thought
possible even a year ago. New voices are shaping the course of
national affairs -- and both countries are on the path towards
NSC
economic rebirth and political pluralism. My visit underscores
the growing importance our nation sees in the changing face of
Central Europe.
I will travel from Poland and Hungary to France, to join
NSC
leaders from the six major industrial democracies in my first
3
Economic Summit as President. The global economy is a fact of
life. The trend towards more open markets is favorable for all
of us -- whether it's our own free trade agreement with Canada,
or Europe's steady progress towards a truly common market in
1992. Contact between the governments of the world's major
economies -- contact of the kind that will take place this week
in Paris -- is more crucial than ever before.
Our agenda at the Economic Summit will include issues of
global impact. We'll focus on the problem of debt in the
NSC?
developing world -- and ways we can ease the burden and create
conditions for growth. We'll also address the increasing need
for a cooperative approach to threats to our environment --
threats like global warming, and other conditions that pose
dangers to us all. In each case, we'll be seeking at the Summit
common solutions to problems none of us can solve alone.
And finally, before returning home, I will visit an old and
honored ally: the Netherlands. Our friendship with the Dutch is
capies
older than our own Constitution -- with a nation whose long
tradition of union and liberty shaped and inspired our own.
Today, our two nations are partners in commerce and common
defense, and the common values that bind us have never been
stronger.
4
Europe is at a turning point. A continent cruelly divided
for more than four decades now dreams of being whole and free.
Our task is clear: to see that old divisions are erased, that
the decades-old dream is fulfilled -- and that the new Europe
emerges, secure, prosperous, peaceful and free.
Thank you. God bless you, and God bless the United States
of America.
# # #
Ref.
E176
F86
WH
THE
BULLY
PULPIT
Quotations from
America's Presidents
Edited by
Elizabeth Frost
11
A New England Publishing Associates Book
Facts On File Publications
New York, New York Oxford, England
FREEDOM 89
Of all nations of any consideration, France
Freedom
is the one which, hitherto, has offered the
fewest points on which we could have any
The love of power, which has been so often
conflict of right, and the most points of a
the cause of slavery-has, whenever
communion of interests. From these
freedom has existed, been the cause of
causes, we have ever looked to her as our
freedom.
natural friend,
Her growth, therefore,
we viewed as our own, her misfortunes
John Adams
"Dissertion on the Canon and the Feudal Law"
ours. There is on the globe one single spot,
August 1765
the possessor of which is our natural and
habitual enemy. It is New Orleans,
If it be the pleasure of Heaven that my
through which the produce of three-
country shall require the poor offering of
eighths of our territory must pass to
my life, the victim shall be ready, at the
market.
France, placing herself in that
appointed hour of sacrifice, come when
door, assumes to us an attitude of defiance.
that hour may. But while I do live, let me
.[These] circumstances render it im-
have a country, and that a free country.
possible that France and the United States
John Adams
can continue long friends, when they meet
Speech
in so irritable a position.
1776
Thomas Jefferson
Letter, Robert R. Livingston, U.S. minister to France
Posterity! You will never know how much
April 18, 1802
it cost the present generation to preserve
your freedom! I hope you will make good
use of it! If you do not, I shall repent it in
As for France and England, with all their
Heaven that I ever took half the pains to
preeminence in science, the one is a den of
preserve it!
robbers, and the other of pirates. And if
science produces no better fruits than
John Adams
Letter to Abigail Adams
tyranny, murder, rapine and destitution of
April 26, 1777
national morality, I would rather wish our
country to be ignorant, honest and
We, the General Assembly of Virginia, do
estimable, as our neighboring savages are.
enact that no man shall be compelled to
Thomas Jefferson
frequent or support any religious worship,
Letter, John Adams
place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be
January 21, 1812
enforced, restrained, molested, or
burthened in his body or goods, or shall
otherwise suffer, on account of his
The revolution of France undoubtedly
religious opinions or belief; but that all
took its origin from that of the United
men shall be free to profess, and by argu-
States. Her citizens fought and bled within
ment to maintain, their opinions in
our service. They caught the spirit of
matters of religion, and that the same shall
liberty here, and carried it home with
them.
in no wise diminish, enlarge, or affect their
civil capabilities.
James Monroe
Thomas Jefferson
Letter, J. M. Cowperthwaite
Virginia Act for Religious Freedom
1830
1786
The nation which reposes on the pillow of
The wit who describes the government of
political confidence, will sooner or later
France as despotism tempered by epigram
end its political existence in a deadly
was really formulating one of the
lethargy.
approaches to constitutional government.
James Madison
Woodrow Wilson
Virginia Assembly
1908
January 23, 1799
püjäri
296
exacted revenge raids on Pula. For some 400
regency upon her
years Pula declined in importance, until the
July 4, 414, and the court
19th century. Plagues reduced the population
bhakti replacement of Upanisad
to only hundreds in the 1630s. Austria took
acterized by extreme piety chastity,
sacrifice 8:912b
the town in 1797; after 1866 it became the
421 she arranged the marriage of Theodo
Buddhist worship and stüpas 3:396f
with Athenais, who assumed the
main harbour and arsenal of the Austro-Hun-
Hindu idolatry and caste distinctions 3:985a
garian Navy. It passed to Italy in 1920 and af-
Hindu methods and beliefs 8:901h; illus.
ter 1947 became part of Yugoslavia.
440, and Eudocia in 443 permane
Eudocia. But the two withdrew narrelled
Hindu temple as royal court analogy 8:915d
The town's outstanding monument is the
ly to Jerusalem. The grand chamber!
Jain ritual and rationale 10:11h
elliptical Roman amphitheatre completed
jäträ troupe performances 17:158h
about AD 80 and seating 23,000. A temple of
Tantric forms and methods 8:896c; illus. 894
Augustus and a Byzantine basilica were exten-
püjäri, Hindu priestly ministrants.
sively restored after the destructive Genoa-
Hindu non-Brahmin folk sacrifices 8:899d
Venice conflict. The Kaštel, on the hill at the
Pukaki, Lake, in central South Island, New
centre of the old town, is a museum, previous-
ly a fortress of Rome, Venice, France, and
Zealand, occupying 31 sq mi (80 sq km) of a
Austria in turn. Pop. (1971) 47,400.
valley dammed by a terminal moraine (glacial
44°52' N, 13°50' E
debris). The lake receives the Tasman and
map, Yugoslavia 19:1100
Hooker rivers, which draw some of their wa-
ters from melting glaciers east of the Southern
Pulahan, religious movement in the Philip-
Alps. Pukaki drains southward by the Pukaki
pines c. 1894.
Pulcheria, gold coin by an unknown artist; in the
River; a dam at the outlet, near the town of
new tribal religious cults 18:704d
Museum
Lake Pukaki, regulates the lake's surface ele-
Pulakesin II (reigned 610-42), Indian king of
The Mansell Collection
vation as it releases water to power hydro-
the Câlukya dynasty.
electric stations on the Waitaki River. Pukaki
military campaigns and diplomacy 9:359d
Chrysaphius then acquired the dominant
is a Maori term meaning "bunched-up water."
fluence over Theodosius. When this advis
44°06' S, 170°10' E
Pulangi River (Philippines): see Mindanao,
fell from power shortly before Theodosh
River.
death (in July 450), Pulcheria again came
pukao, huge cylindrical topknots of red tuff
placed on top of the heads of the statues
Pulaski, town, seat (1895) of Pulaski Coun-
prominence. She selected Marcian as Theo
found on Easter Island.
ty, southwest Virginia, U.S., in the Allegheny
dosius' successor and agreed to become
Mountains. It developed after 1877 with the
nominal wife in order to preserve the Theod
Easter Island monumental statues 6:131g
sian dynasty.
discovery of local coal deposits around a rail-
Pukapuka (Cook Islands): see Danger
road flag stop. The town later adopted the
Throughout her life Pulcheria remained
Atoll.
county's name which honours the Polish
devout Christian. On Oct. 25, 451, she attend
Pukë, province of Albania.
count Kazimierz Pułaski, a hero of the Ameri-
ed the Council of Chalcedon and was louds
area and population 1:419f; table
can Revolution. Pulaski is a trade and ship-
acclaimed by the bishops assembled there
ping centre for agricultural and mining pro-
She built several churches in Constantino
pukío, plot of ground lowered to water table
ducts. Inc. 1886. Pop. (1980) 10,106.
and left all her possessions to the poor.
excavated in Virú Valley, Peru, constructed
37°03' N, 80°47' W
Pulci, Luigi (b. Aug. 15, 1432, Florence
by the Chimu.
Pułaski, Kazimierz, anglicized as COUNT
November? 1484), poet whose name is chiefly
Chimú agricultural practices 1:846g
CASIMIR PULASKI (b. March 4, 1747, Winiary,
associated with one of the outstanding epics
Pu-k'o Ho, river of Tsinghai province,
Pol.-d. Oct. 11, 1779, at sea, near Charles-
of the Renaissance, Morgante, in which
China.
ton, S.C.), Polish patriot and U.S. Colonial
French chivalric material is infused with a
36°56' N, 99°56' E
army officer, hero of the Polish anti-
comic spirit born of the streets of Florence.
Koko Nor drainage 10:499b
Russian insurrection of 1768 (the Confedera-
The use of the ottava rima stanza for the
P'u-k'ou, city, Kiangsu province, China, on
tion of Bar) and of the American Revolution.
poem helped establish this form as a vehicle
the Yangtze River opposite Nanking. It is a
Having distinguished himself in the defense of
for works of a mock-heroic, burlesque charac-
major river-rail transshipment point.
Berdichev (1768) and Czestochowa (1770-71)
ter. For many years Pulci lived under the pro-
against the Russians, he unsuccessfully at-
tection of the Medici family, especially Loren-
32°07' N, 118°43' E
tempted to kidnap King Stanisław II to the
zo il Magnifico, who first introduced him into
Yangtze dredging benefit 4:287d
confederates' camp (October 1771) and was
the circle of poets and artists that was gather.
puku (antelope): see Kobus.
falsely accused of trying to murder the King.
ing round him and later, after assuming pow.
Pula, Italian POLA, major port and industrial
After the Prussian and Austrian invasion of
er, entrusted him with various embassies and
Poland in the spring of 1772, Pułaski left
diplomatic missions. Nevertheless, poverty
centre and seat of the kotar regional adminis-
Czestochowa for Saxony; he later moved to
and other hardships caused him, when about
tration in Croatia, Yugoslavia, at the south-
France and lived in financial straits. In
38 or 40, to enter the service of a northern
ern tip of the Istria at the head of the Bay of
December 1776, in Paris, Pułaski met the
condottiere, Roberto Sanseverino, with whom
Pula. It is linked to Trieste and Ljubljana by
American statesman Benjamin Franklin, with
he remained until his death.
road and rail: Pula has a large, almost land-
whose recommendation to Gen. George
locked harbour in which there is a naval base
Washington he landed in America in June
and the Uljanik shipyards. Manufactures in-
1777. In Washington's army he served at
clude machinery, textiles, cement, and glass.
Brandywine, was made general and chief of
Conquered by Rome in the 2nd century BC,
cavalry by Congress, and fought at German-
Pula by the 2nd century AD was the seat of a
town and in the winter campaign of 1777-78.
Christian bishop, and in later centuries it was
The Pułaski Legion, a mixed corps he formed
part of the territories of Byzantium, of the
in 1778, exploited his experience in guerrilla
Franks, and of Venice. In 1380 the Genoese
warfare. In May 1779 he defended Charles-
ton. Wounded at Savannah, he died aboard
the "Wasp" on its way to Charleston. Biogra-
phies include W. Konopczynski's Kazimierz
Putaski (1931; Eng. trans., 1947) and C.A.
Manning's Soldier of Liberty: Casimir Pulaski
(1945).
Pulcher, Appius Claudius: see Claudius
Pulcher, Appius.
Pulcher, Publius Claudius: see Claudius
Pulci, detail from a fresco by Filippino
Pulcher, Publius.
Lippi, 1482-90; in the Brancacci Chapel,
Pulcher, Publius Clodius: see Clodius,
Sta. Maria del Carmine, Florence
Publius.
Mansell-Alinari
Pulcheria (b. Jan. 19, 399, Constantinople-
Pulci's literary output, all in Italian, was very
d. 453), Roman empress, regent for her
large. Among minor works, his Lettere and
younger brother Theodosius II (Eastern Ro-
Sonetti are revelations of his extravagant
man emperor 408-450) from 414 to C. 416,
character, wide but not always deep cultural
and an influential figure in his reign for many
interests, and biting criticism of contemporary
years thereafter. Her parents were the Eastern
Florentine writers and philosophers. But his
Roman amphitheatre, Pula, Yugos.
Roman emperor Flavius Arcadius (ruled 383-
masterpiece is the Morgante, or Morgante
408) and his wife, Eudoxia. She assumed the
Maggiore, an epic in 23 cantos, later expand-
Koryü
898
Rãmãyana, Kosala was ruled by kings de-
scended from the sun; one of these kings was
Kose Kanaoka (b. 802?-d. 897?, Japan).
Rãma, whose capital was Ayodhyã, near
first major secular artist in Japan. Information
modern Faizãbãd.
doncerning his life and works is sketchy; his
straight, bold contour of a Sung bowl
becomes a graceful, modest curve in a Koryo
Kosala rose in political importance early in
last documented painting was destroyed by
fire in the 17th century. Active during the for-
bowl, for example. Compared with the arts of
the 6th century BC to become one of the 16
mative days of the aristocratic culture of the
the Korean Three Kingdoms period (c. 57 BC-
states dominant in northern India. It annexed
Heian period (794-1185), he was reputed to
AD 668), Koryō art is more modernistic in ap-
the powerful kingdom of Kasi; and, during
have moved beyond Chinese-inspired subject
proach, reflecting the modernization of the so-
the reign of King Prasenajit (Pasenadi), c. 500
matter and techniques and to have forged
ciety itself. Koryo art is elegant, refined, and,
BC, it was regarded as one of the four powers
new style of painting that was uniquely Japa- a
in a sense, aristocratic in taste, though it still
of the north (perhaps the dominant power).
nese. As the scion of an aristocratic family, he
maintains the traditional humble naturalism
At that time Kosala could command the
held court rank and the office of director of
of Korean art.
trade routes of the Ganges Basin. The Bud-
the Imperial garden. As a painter, he excelled
Korean art, illus., 9:Visual Arts, East Asian,
dha, who was born in the Sakya (Sãkiya) tribe
in landscapes, portraits of officials, and ani-
Plate X
of northern Kosala (c. 563 BC), often
mals. It is said that his lines, although thin
Korean visual arts features 19:211e; illus. 212
preached at the capital Sravasti (Sävatthi),
and delicate, possessed much strength and Vi-
Koryu, Japanese school of floral art.
where he passed the rainy season during the
tality and that his horses and dragons were so
last 25 years of his life.
Japanese schools of floral art 7:418f
realistic that they seemed to come to life and
There had been a matrimonial alliance be-
escape from the paintings. While there are no
Korzeniowski, Józef Teodor Konrad: see
tween Kosala and Magadha, but, about 490
extant paintings that can be positively iden-
Conrad, Joseph.
BC, war broke out between them; as a result,
tified as his work, his name is so esteemed that
Kosala seems to have been weakened and
Korzhinsky, Dmitry Sergeyevich (b. Sept.
many paintings of merit have been attributed
never regained its position of control. Kosala
13, 1899, Russia), petrographer and geochem-
to him, including the famed portrait of
was absorbed into Magadha at some time
ist known for his investigations of the physio-
Sugawara Michizane, a contemporary schol-
during the reign of the latter's king, Ajatasa-
ar-statesman.
chemical aspects of mineralization processes.
tru (c. 491-c. 459 BC).
He was a faculty member at the Leningrad
In later times Kosala was known as northern
Kösem Sultan (b. c. 1585-d. Sept. 2, 1651),
Mining Institute from 1929 until 1940 and
Kosala, a large kingdom known variously as
Ottoman sultana who exercised a strong influ-
also served as a member of the Central Geo-
Kosala, southern Kosala, or "Great Kosala,"
ence on Ottoman politics for half a century,
logical Survey Research Institute from 1926
on the upper Mahãnadi River, founded, ac-
first as the wife of Sultan Ahmed I and then as
until 1937, when he became a faculty member
cording to the Rãmãyana, by Rãma's son
mother of Murad IV and Ibrahim I and
of the Institute of Geology of the Soviet
Kusa and known by this name until the 12th
grandmother of Mehmed IV. She allowed the
Academy of Sciences; in 1956 he became the
century AD.
Janissaries to commit abuses and even to de-
head of the Section of Metasomatism and
.location and military expansion 9:348h; map
throne her son Ibrahim. In 1651 she attempt-
Metamorphism (chemical and structural
350
ed to kill Mehmed IV but was herself stran-
changes in rocks). He wrote Factors of Miner-
gled by men-in the entourage of her daughter-
al Equilibria and Mineralogical Facies of Plu-
Kosciusko [Kozzie ess ko], city, seat of At-
in-law, Turhan Sultan. Said to have been of
tonic Intrusion (1940), Formation of Skarn
tala County, central Mississippi, U.S. Settled
Greek origin, Kösem was beautiful when
Deposits (1945), Outline of Metasomatic Pro-
in the early 1830s on the old Natchez Trace, it
young but ambitious and unscrupulous.
cesses (1955), and Physiochemical Principles
was successively known. as Peking, Paris, Par-
rish, and Perish before being renamed to hon-
Kosen (political leader): see Sakai Toshihiko.
of the Analysis of the Parageneses of Minerals
(1957).
our Tadeusz Kościuszko, Polish volunteer
kosher, also KASHER (Hebrew: "fit," "prop-
general in the American Revolution. He was
Korzybski, Alfred (Habdank Skarbek)
er"), in Judaism, the fitness of an object for
commemorated in 1934 when 3,000 school
ritual purposes. Though generally applied to
(b. July 3, 1879, Warsaw-d. March 1, 1950,
children contributed cupfuls of earth from
foods that meet the requirements of the die-
Sharon, Conn.), Polish-born scientist and
their yards to build Kosciusko Mound, du-
tary laws (kashrut), kosher is also used to de-
philosopher known as the originator of gener-
plicating one near Kraków, Poland. Dairying
scribe, for instance, such things as a Torah
al semantics, a system of linguistic philosophy
and timber activities are the economic main-
scroll, ritual water (miqwe), and the ritual
that attempts to increase man's capacity to
stays, supplemented by light manufacturing.
ram's horn (shofar). When applied to food,
transmit ideas from generation to generation
Inc. 1836. Pop. (1980) 7,415.
kosher is the opposite of terefa ("forbidden");
(what Korzybski called man's "time-binding
32°58' N, 89°35' W
when applied to other things, it is the opposite
capacity") through the study and refinement
Kosciusko, Mount, Australia's highest peak
of pasul ("unfit").
of ways of using and reacting to language.
(7,310 ft [2,228 m]), in the Snowy Mountains
-dietary laws and religious identity 5:732f
of the Australian Alps, southeastern New
slaughtering by schachter 11:752f
South Wales, 210 mi (340 km) southwest of
Koshigaya, city, Saitama Prefecture (ken),
Sydney. Located in Kosciusko State Park
Honshu, Japan, on the alluvial plain of the
(2,074 sq mi [5,372 sq km]), it is near Mts
Naka-gawa (Naka River) and the Edo-gawa.
Townsend, Twynam, North Ramshead, and
The city was a post town and marketplace un-
Carruthers (all exceeding 7,000 ft), whose
til it was connected to Tokyo by railway in
melting snows feed the rivers and reservoirs
1899. After World War II it grew rapidly in
that comprise the Snowy Mountains Hydro-
conjunction with Soka (q.v.), to the south. In-
electric Scheme. The region has been devel-
dustrial products include chemicals, leather,
oped for winter sports. The mountain was
and machinery. Pop. (1970) 139,368.
named by Paul Strzelecki in 1840 in honour of
35°54' N, 139°48' E
Tadeusz Kościuszko, the Polish patriot.
36°27' S, 148°16' E
K'o-shih (China): see Kashgar.
map, Australian External Territories 2:433
Köshõ, 13th-century Japanese sculptor.
Kosciuszko, Tadeusz (Andrzei Bonawen-
Buddhist realistic trend 19:230c; illus.
Korzybski, 1947
tura) 10:534 (b. Feb. 4, 1746, Mereczowsz-
Köshoku gonin onna (1686), translated as
Kenneth S. Keyes, Jr.
czyzna, Pol., now in Belorussian S.S.R.-d.
FIVE WOMEN WHO LOVED LOVE (1956), novel by
Oct. 15, 1817, Solothurn, Switz.), Polish army
Ihara Saikaku.
During World War I, Korzybski served in
officer and statesman, gained fame both for
the intelligence department of the Russian
his role in the U.S. War of Independence and
plot summary 10:1070d
army general staff and in 1915 was sent on a
for his leadership of the national insurrection
Köshoku ichidai otoko (1682), translated as
military mission to the United States and
of his homeland.
THE LIFE OF AN AMOROUS MAN (1964), novel by
Canada. With the collapse of the tsarist re-
Abstract of text biography. After a military
Ihara Saikaku.
gime in 1917, he remained in the United States
education he fought (from 1776) on the side of
plot summary 10:1070d
to serve as secretary of the French-Polish
the colonists in the American Revolution. He
military mission. He later became a U.S. citi-
returned to Poland (1784) and to military ser-
Ko Shu-han, 8th-century Chinese general
zen. His best known work is Science and Sani-
vice (1789), fighting against Russian invaders
under the emperor An Lu-shan.
ty: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Sys-
at the Battle of Dubienka (1792). He led an
Ch'ang-an defense and defeat 1:927e
tems and General Semantics (1933).
unsuccessful uprising (1794) against the for-
Košice, German KASCHAU, Hungarian KASSA,
language and prejudice 16:507c
eign powers (Russia, Prussia, and Austria) OC-
capital of Východoslovenský kraj (Eastern
Kos (Greece): see Cos.
cupying Poland. Following his imprisonment
Slovakia Region), Czechoslovakia, on the
in St. Petersburg, he returned to the U.S.
Hornád River.
Kosala, a large kingdom of ancient India,
(1797). In 1798 he went back to France, where
Košice originated in the 9th century and was
roughly corresponding to the historic region
he tried, unsuccessfully, to promote Poland's
chartered in 1241; in the late Middle Ages it
of Oudh, extending across both banks of the
cause.
was one of the 24 Spiš (Zips) towns of the Pol-
Sarayu River (modern Ghäghara) and north
REFERENCE in other text article:
ish-Slovak frontier, of which Levoča (Ger-
into what is now Nepal. According to the
Battle of Maciejowice 14:647d
man, Leutschau; Magyar, Löcse) was the
Rocamadour 620
Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de
dustrial uses. The Rochdale Canal
Vimeur, comte de (b. July 1, 1725, Ven-
used) was constructed to improve (no
dôme, Fr.-d. May 10, 1807, Thoré), general
cations. Recent attempts to diversify
shellwork of artificial grottoes found in late
who supported the American Revolution by
dustrial structure have attracted
Renaissance gardens.
commanding French forces that helped defeat
and electrical works. Rochdale is engin well
Rococo furniture decorative material 7:801d
the British at Yorktown, Va. (1781).
by major road and rail links.
Rocamadour, village, Lot département,
After participating in several European wars,
Rochambeau reached the rank of brigadier
southwestern France. Its buildings, over-
five parks. Hollingworth Lake (117 museum ac)
Rochdale has an art gallery,
looked by a 14th-century château, rise in
general and inspector of cavalry by 1761
mi northeast. The town was the birthple
and in 1776 was appointed governor of Ville-
stages above the gorge of the Alzou River.
franche-en-Roussillon. Four years later he
wholesale and retail trade organization
the cooperative movement, an internation
Rocamadour owes its origin, according to tra-
was put in command of a French army of
dition, to St. Amadour (or Amateur), who
profits are distributed to member-custe
about 6,000 troops destined for North Ameri-
the Rochdale Society of Equitable
chose the spot as a hermitage; it became a
ca to join the Continentals in their struggle for
place of pilgrimage in the early Middle Ages.
(Rochdale Pioneers) being founded in
independence from France's traditional ene-
Their first shop, in Toad Lane, has
More than 200 steps lead up the rock to the
my. He disembarked at Newport, R.I., in July
served. Pop. (1973 est.) 93,780.
sanctuary. The churches in the sanctuary in-
1780 and placed himself under Gen. George
53°38' N, 2°09' W
clude the Romanesque basilica of Saint-Sau-
Washington; he remained inactive for almost
map, United Kingdom 18:867
veur and the 12th-century crypt of St. Ama-
a year, however, while he waited in vain for
dour. The lower town consists of a long street
the rest of his force. Furthermore, he refused
Rochefort, town and commercial
with fortified gateways and a restored 15th-
to abandon the French fleet that was blockad-
Charente-Maritime département,
century hall. The chief occupations in the area
ed by the British in Narragansett Bay.
France, situated on the right bank of
the
are sheep raising and the sale of truffles, nuts,
rente River 10 mi (16 km) from the sea.
and lavender. Pop. (latest census) 144.
straight, regular streets and promenade
45°00' N, 1°30' E
ning along the sites of its old fortific
Rue Pierre Loti, a street named after the
Roca-Runciman Agreement (May 1933), a
century French novelist who was bom
trade pact between Argentina and Great Brit-
is located near the central Place
ain, signed in London by the Argentinian vice
president Julio Roca and by Lord Runciman
which tain. is ornamented by an 18th-century
for the British government, by which the Brit-
Rochefort derives its name from a
ish agreed to maintain their purchases of Ar-
built on the banks of the Charente to
gentine refrigerated beef at the level of 1932
Norman invaders. A small township
and the Argentinians agreed to buy only Brit-
around the castle in the 11th century, and
ish manufactured goods from the proceeds of
modern town was built in the 17th
such sales.
when Jean-Baptiste Colbert, minister to
The British had been the chief foreign inves-
XIV, established a military port and an
tors in Argentina, with more than 60 percent
nal there. The town was fortified and bet
of their investments in railroads. At the time
1696 and 1806 successfully resisted five
the trade pact was concluded, Roca gave the
Rochambeau, portrait by Charles Willson
tempts to destroy it. It was from Roche
British his own government's promise that it
Peale, 1782; in the collection of the
that the Marquis de Lafayette sailed to
would not construct highways to compete
Independence National Historical Park,
America in 1780 to participate in the
with the railways, but when British companies
Philadelphia
can Revolution-in which the fleet based
failed to replace obsolete equipment and im-
By courtesy of the Independence National Historical
Rochefort also took part. Napoleon stayed
prove service, Pres. Agustín Pedro Justo
Park, Philadelphia
Rochefort before surrendering to the
(served 1932-38) launched a building program
At last, in June 1781, Rochambeau persuad-
in 1815. The town was bombed during
that increased the highway mileage in Argen-
ed Washington to alter plans to attack New
War II.
tina by 100 percent. In the late 1940s and ear-
York in favour of joining forces with the Mar-
Rochefort is an important air force
ly '50s, Juan Perón's program to free Argen-
quis de Lafayette in Virginia. Accordingly,
with two specialized mechanical and technic
tina from foreign debts and foreign ownership
Rochambeau's army joined Washington's on
schools. Local industries are based on
and to promote industrialization achieved
the Hudson and made a swift descent to
products, coal, and timber. The town
some initial success but eventually led to eco-
Yorktown in August. Joining the Franco-
been developed as a spa since 1961. Pop.
nomic retrogression.
American forces already on the scene, the al-
est census) 28,223.
provisions and Argentine opinion 1:1148h
lies laid siege to Lord Cornwallis, bottled up
45°57' N, 0°58' W
on the peninsula, forcing him to surrender on
arsenal rebuilding under Colbert 7:634h
Roccella, genus of tropical fruticose lichen,
October 19 and virtually ending the war.
map, France 7:584
an important source of the dye orchil and lit-
Rochambeau's tact and ability made an ex-
mus (qq.v.).
Rochefort, Victor-Henri, marquis de
cellent impression on the North Americans.
characteristics and classification 10:888c
chefort-Luçay (b. Jan. 31, 1830, Paris
He remained in Virginia for another year
June 30, 1913, Aix-les-Bains, Fr.),
phat
Rocco, Alfredo (1875-1935), Italian jurist
and then embarked for Europe in January
polemical journalist under the Second Empia
and statesman.
1783. Acknowledging Rochambeau's distinc-
and the Third Republic who distinguis
Fascist governmental organization 7:185e
tive contribution to the peace, King Louis
himself, at first, as a supporter of the extress
XVI appointed him commander of Calais and
Rocha, department, southeastern Uruguay,
left and later as a champion of the extrem
later of the Alsace district. During the French
bounded on the east by Laguna Merín and
right. His career began in 1868 with
Revolution he commanded the Army of the
Brazil, on the east and south by the Atlantic
founding of the weekly newspaper La
North (1791) and was created a marshal of
Ocean. The low-lying coastal portion of the
terne, which was speedily suppressed for
France (1803). Arrested during the Reign of
territory of 4,244 sq mi (10,991 sq km) con-
outspoken opposition to Napoleon III.
Terror, he narrowly escaped the guillotine;
tains lagoons (lagunas), the largest of which
but Napoleon then pensioned him.
are Rocha, Negra, and Castillos. Its sandy
War of Independence French military aid
beaches attract increasing numbers of vaca-
19:604g; map 605
tioners. The colonial fortresses of San Miguel
and Santa Teresa have been preserved as his-
Rochas, Alphonse-Eugène Beau de (engi-
torical sites. Inland, Rocha is noted for its cat-
neer): see Beau de Rochas, Alphonse-Eugène.
tle and sheep ranches; swine and poultry also
Rochat, Ami-Napoléon, early 19th-century
are raised, and corn (maize), wheat, and sun-
French designer and maker of automata.
flower seeds are cultivated. Major highways
automata craft and mechanical
and a railroad traverse the department. Pop.
songbirds 2:494g
(1972 èst.) 57,900.
area and population table 18:1096
Rochdale, borough (1856) in the metropoli-
tan county of Greater Manchester (until 1974
Rocha, capital, Rocha department, south-
in Lancashire), England, on the north-
eastern Uruguay, situated in palm-dotted
northeastern perimeter of the Manchester re-
coastal lowlands. It is the department's main
gion, at the confluence of the rivers Spodden
commercial and manufacturing centre, with
and Roch. The town, at the foot of a western
Rochefort, portrait by an unknown artist,
wool and hides the main trade commodities.
spur of the Pennines, the relief "spine" of
C. 1868
The railroad and highway from Montevideo
northern England, grew as a market centre in
H. Roger-Viollet
to Rocha continue southeastward to the har-
the medieval period. Although it has a long
bour at La Paloma, which serves as Rocha's
industrial tradition, Rochdale became par-
Rochefort was elected to the Corps
port. Pop. (latest census) 19,063.
ticularly important in the 18th and 19th centu-
latif by a Paris constituency in 1869. When
34°29' S, 54°20' W
ries as a centre of cotton textile manufacture,
empire fell the following year, he became
map, Uruguay 18:1095
with special emphasis on heavy textiles for in-
member of the emergency government of
to Messina and took up literary work, found-
grant college named for a Lafayette business-
985 Lafayette
ing four liberal journals that were all quickly
man, John Purdue, whose gift secured its es-
the
suppressed. In 1839 he worked to organize
tablishment there. Inc. 1853. Pop. (1980) city,
an
Italian patriots in Naples, and a year later he
43,011; metropolitan area (SMSA), 121,702.
helped persuade the government of Louis
a
served as a delegate to a revolutionary assem-
40°25' N, 86°53' W
XVI to send a 6,000-man expeditionary army
he
bly at Palermo.
map, United States 18:908
to aid the colonists. Lafayette arrived back in
to
In Florence after 1841, La Farina lived by
America in April 1780 and was immediately
eks
his pen; in 1847 he founded the political jour-
Lafayette, city, seat (1824) of Lafayette Par-
given command of an army in Virginia. After
ced
nal 'Alba. At the outbreak of revolution in
ish, south central Louisiana, U.S., on Vermil-
forcing the British commander Lord Charles
1848, he returned to Messina, served succes-
ion River. The area was first settled by exiled
in
Cornwallis to retreat across Virginia, La-
Acadians from Nova Scotia in the late 18th
to
sively as deputy and secretary to the chamber
fayette bottled him up at Yorktown in late
of communes at Palermo, and was made min-
century. The earliest village, Vermilionville,
July. A French fleet and several additional
in-
ister of public instruction and public works
American armies joined the siege, and on Oc-
him
that August. Between September 1848 and
tober 19 Cornwallis surrendered. The British
at
February 1849 he acted as minister of war and
cause was lost. Lafayette was hailed as "the
ud.
the navy. But he was exiled again in April,
Hero of Two Worlds," and on returning to
ling
when the revolution failed, and he remained in
France in 1782 he was promoted maréchal de
ally
Paris until 1853, when he returned to Turin
camp (brigadier general). He became a citizen
he
and in 1856 founded a journal, Il Piccolo Cor-
of several states on a visit to the United States
nd.
riere Italia, which became the official organ
in 1784.
red
of the Italian National Society, a nationalist
During the next five years, Lafayette became
him
organization that he helped found in 1857. La
a leader of the liberal aristocrats who sought
Farina ultimately became president of the So-
to resolve France's deepening political and
His
ciety, which acted as both a pressure group
economic crisis by restricting the hitherto ab-
the
and a political organization supporting na-
solute power of the king. At the same time, he
City.
tionalist aims. In 1858 he wrote the Credo
became an outspoken advocate of religious
in
Politico, which demanded Italian indepen-
toleration and the abolition of the slave trade.
les-
dence and unity. After 1857 he was in frequent
Elected as a representative for the nobility to
as
secret contact with the unification leader
the States General that convened in May
ies
Count Cavour, planning annexation demands
1789, Lafayette supported the manoeuvres by
Bald cypresses on the campus of the University of
he
and policy and organizing military moves. Al-
which the bourgeois deputies of the Third Es-
Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette
though he helped to furnish Sicilian funds for
tate (the unprivileged classes) gained control
Charles May-Shostal
Giuseppe Garibaldi's conquest of Sicily and
of the States General and converted it into a
Naples in the name of unification in 1860, La
was established in 1824 but was renamed
revolutionary National Assembly. On July 11
Farina lost favour with Garibaldi when he be-
Lafayette in 1884. Until World War II the
he presented to the Assembly his draft of a
gan circulating an annexationist paper in
economy was dependent upon the intensive
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Palermo called L'Annessione, and he was ar-
cane, cotton, and corn production of the area.
Citizen. After extensive revisions, the docu-
rested and deported to Genoa in July 1860.
After the war it became the office and supply
ment was adopted on August 27. Meanwhile
Despite his unpopularity in southern Italy, La
centre for much of the booming oil and gas in-
on July 15, the day after a crowd stormed the
Farina was elected to the Chamber of Depu-
dustry of south Louisiana. Heymann Oil Cen-
Bastille, Lafayette was elected commander of
ties in the spring of 1860, and in January 1863,
ter, headquarters for many companies, has its
the newly formed national guard of Paris. By
several months before his death, he took over
own post office and shopping facilities. Before
admitting only persons of bourgeois back-
direction of the Rivista Contemporanea
the oil boom Lafayette was primarily a
ground into the guard, he created a force ca-
("Contemporary Review").
French Creole town and the older culture is
pable of controlling the rebellious lower
La Farina's greatest literary work was the
evident in the prevalence of the French Creble
classes and the scheming royalists. His troops
Storia Italia dal 1815 al 1850 (1851-52),
language. A growing population attracted by
saved Louis XVI and Queen Marie-An-
which included a discussion of Italy's future
the oil industry has created a more cosmopoli-
toinette from the fury of a crowd that invaded
as a nation, either under a republic or a mon-
tan community. Although many of the older
Versailles on October 6, and he then carried
archical form of government. In 1856 he pub-
customs have disappeared, the Live Oak $o-
the royal family to Paris, where they became
lished a pamphlet entitled "Murat and Na-
ciety still functions for the preservation of
hostages of the Revolution.
tional Unity,' and he wrote several political
these noble trees, and the Camellia Show and
For the next year, Lafayette's popularity and
pamphlets in 1857-58. His writings indicate a
Mardi Gras are still celebrated. The Universi-
influence were at their height. He supported
disillusionment among revolutionaries, after
measures that transferred power from the
ty of Southwestern Louisiana (1898) is located
their semireligious tone of 1848, and a turn to-
aristocracy to the bourgeoisie, but he feared
there, as is the seat of a Roman Catholic di-
ward a more realistic emphasis on military
that further democratization would encourage
ocese. Inc. 1836. Pop. (1960) city, 40,400,
and political force. His letters have been col-
the lower classes to attack property rights.
(1980) city 81,961; metropolitan area (SMSA)
lected and edited by Ausonio Franchi in the
Hence he became alarmed as republicans be-
150;017.
two-volume Epistolario di Giuseppe La Fari-
gan to assail the new system of constitutional
30°14' N, 92°01' W
monarchy. When a crowd of petitioners gath-
na (1869). La Farina's other works include the
map, United States 18:908
two-volume Studi sul secolo XIII (1841;
ered on the Champ de Mars in Paris (July 17,
Lafayette, class of U.S. ballistic missile sub-
1791) to demand the abdication of the King,
"Study of the 13th Century"), the 10-volume
Storia Italia (1846), and Rivoluzione sicilia-
marines.
Lafayette's guards opened fire, killing or
na nel 1848 e 49 (1851). Further information
nuclear submarine development in
wounding about 50 demonstrators. The inci-
on La Farina may be found in Raymond
U.S. 17:751a
dent destroyed his popularity, and in October
he resigned from the guard.
Grew's A Sterner Plan for Italian Unity (1963)
Lafayette,
(Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-
and George Martin's The Red Shirt and the
Roch-Gilbert du Motier), marquis de (b.
n for
Cross of Savoy (1969).
Sept. 6, 1757, Chavaniac, Fr.-d. May 20,
ward
Lafayette, city, seat of Tippecanoe County,
1834, Paris), French noble who fought with
avels
west central Indiana, U.S., on the Wabash
the American colonists against the British in
0 his
River. Laid out by William Digby on May 24,
the American Revolution; by allying with the
Iven-
1825, it was named for the French general the
revolutionary bourgeoisie, he became one of
cenes
marquis de Lafayette, who was making his
the most powerful men in France during the
acific
last visit to America. It is 4 mi (6 km)
first two years of the French Revolution.
were
northeast of the first white settlement in In-
Born into an ancient noble family, Lafayette
tist's
diana (Ft. Ouiatenon), built by the French in
had already inherited an immense fortune by
f the
1717 to exploit their fur trade with the Indi-
the time he married the daughter of the influ-
ans. Lost to the English in 1763 and then to
ential Duc d'Ayen in 1774. He joined the cir-
1815,
the Americans in 1779, it was a centre of Indi-
cle of young courtiers at the court of King
urin),
an agitation. The fort was destroyed by the
Louis XVI but soon aspired to win glory as a
orian
Scott and Wilkinson expeditions in 1791.
soldier. Hence, in July 1777, 27 months after
the outbreak of the American Revolution, he
r na
Tippecanoe County was named in memory of
aly-
the battle fought Nov. 7, 1811, when Gov.
arrived in Philadelphia. Appointed a major
re in-
William Henry Harrison and his small army
general by the colonists, he quickly struck up
n na-
defeated an Indian confederacy under the lea-
a lasting friendship with the American com-
dership of the Prophet, brother of Tecumseh.
mander in chief, George Washington. La-
ragis
The site of the battleground, now a state
fayette fought with distinction at the Battle of
ree in
park, is 7 mi north of the city. It is an industri-
Brandywine, Pennsylvania, on Sept. 11, 1777,
Marquis de Lafayette, lithograph by
secret
al city and an agricultural market. West La-
and, as a division commander, he conducted a
François-Séraphin Delpech (1778-1825) after a
portrait by Maurin
orced
fayette, across the river, is the seat of Purdue
masterly retreat from Barren Hill on May 28,
By courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum; photograph, J.R.
on in
University (1869), a state institution and land-
1778. Returning to France early in 1779, he
Freeman & Co. Ltd.
irned
La Fayette, Marie-Madeleine 986
under the name of J. Regnault de Segrais in
mended Laffite as "one of the ablest men" of
1670. La Princesse de Clèves, published
the battle, and Pres. James Madison issued a
anonymously in 1678, is her masterpiece. Set
public proclamation of pardon for the group.
Appointed commander of the army at Metz
in the middle of the 16th century, though its
Nevertheless, after the war the pirate chief
in December 1791, Lafayette hoped to sup-
manners are those of the author's own time, it
returned to his old ways, and in 1817 with
press the radical democrats (and perhaps rule
is notable as France's first serious "historical"
nearly 1,000 followers he organized a com-
in the King's name) after France went to war
novel, as distinct from "heroic" romances
with Austria in April 1792. His plans failed,
about pseudo-classical people in an ill-defined
and on Aug. 10, 1792, the monarchy was
antiquity. Its outstanding literary merits are
overthrown in a popular insurrection. La-
the dignified pathos of the dialogue and the
fayette would have been tried for treason had
author's psychological insight into the theme
he not defected (August 19) to the Austrians,
of tragically but deliberately unconsummated
who held him captive until 1797. When Napo-
love. Madame de La Fayette's last novel, La
leon Bonaparte came to power in 1799, La-
Comtesse de Tende, appeared posthumously
fayette returned to France and settled down
in 1724.
as a gentleman farmer. He sat in the chamber
French literature development 10:1157b
of deputies during most of the reign of King
influence on La Rochefoucauld 10:682g
Louis XVIII (1814-24), and in 1824-25 he vis-
La Fayette, Gilbert Motier de (b. c. 1380,
ited the United States, where he was received
Auvergne, Fr.-d. Feb. 23, 1462, Auvergne),
with wild adulation. In July 1830, he com-
marshal of France during the Hundred Years
manded the national guard that helped
War and noted adviser to King Charles VII.
overthrow King Charles X and install Louis-
After serving in Italy under Marshal Jean le
Philippe on the throne. Lafayette retired six
Meingre Boucicaut in 1409, he became stew-
months later.
ard of the Bourbonnais. In the wars with En-
BIBLIOGRAPHY. W. Woodward, Lafayette
gland, Jean I, duc de Bourbon, made him lieu-
(1939); A. Maurois, Adrienne: The Life of the
tenant general in Languedoc and Guyenne.
Marquise de La Fayette (Eng. trans., 1961); see
After victories over the English and the Bur-
also the series (1935-57) of biographical works
on Lafayette by Louis Gottschalk.
gundians on the Loire, he was made governor
antislavery society membership 7:643c
of Dauphiné in 1420 and a marshal of France.
Jean Laffitte
Taken prisoner by the English in 1424, he was
The Bettmann Archive
French Revolution compromise
soon released and served with Joan of Arc at
attempt 7:651h
mune called Campeche on the island site of
Louis-Philippe's support for kingship 7:664a
Orléans and Patay in 1429. A member of
the future city of Galveston, Texas, where he
Mirabeau's political rivalries 12:269b
Charles VII's great council, he took part in
served briefly as governor in 1819. From this
Robespierre's monarchist opposition 15:908e
the conferences of Nevers and Arras (1435),
depot he continued his privateering against
Samuel Morse's friendship 12:458d
which prepared the King's reconciliation with
the Spanish, however, and his men were com-
Burgundy. La Fayette worked to reform the
La Fayette, Marie-Madeleine (Pioche de
monly acknowledged as pirates. When several
army from 1445 to 1448 and was recalled to
la Vergne), comtesse de, known as MADAME
of his lieutenants attacked U.S. ships in 1820,
military service in 1449 for a campaign against
DE LA FAYETTE (baptized March 18, 1634, Par-
official pressure was brought to bear on the
the English in Normandy. he remained a
is-d. May 25, 1693, Paris), French writer
operation. As a consequence, the following
friend and adviser to the King all his life.
whose masterpieces began a new era in the
year Laffite suddenly picked a crew to man his
history of the novel.
Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.,
favourite vessel, "The Pride," burned the
In Paris during the civil wars of the Fronde,
flanks the White House (north) and is the site
town, and sailed away-apparently continu-
young Mlle de la Vergne was brought into
of a number of important buildings and
ing his depredations on trade in the area of the
monuments including Blair House and statues
Spanish Main (the name applied to the main-
of Lafayette, Pres. Andrew Jackson, and Kos-
land of Spanish America, especially to the
ciusko, the Polish patriot. George Washing-
coastal region of South America between
ton proposed the site as a public park in 1791.
Panama and the Orinoco River) for several
reconstruction plans and problems 19:627c;
more years.
map 624
Laffitte, Jacques (b. Oct. 24, 1767,
Laffite, also spelled LAFITTE, Jean (b. 1780?,
Bayonne, Fr.-d. May 26, 1844, Maisons-sur-
France-d. 1825?), privateer and smuggler
Seine), banker influential in politics during
who interrupted his illicit adventures to fight
heroically for the United States in defense of
New Orleans in the War of 1812.
Little is known of Laffite's early life, but by
1809 he and his brother Pierre apparently had
established in New Orleans a blacksmith shop
that reportedly served as a depot for smug-
Marie-Madeleine La Fayette; detail of an engraving by
gled goods and slaves brought ashore by a
E.-J. Desroches (1661-1741)
band of privateers. From 1810 to 1814 this
By courtesy of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris
group probably formed the nucleus for
Laffite's illicit colony on the secluded islands
contact with her stepfather's niece Madame
of Barataria Bay south of the city. Holding
de Sévigné, now famous for her letters. She
privateer commissions from the republic of
also met a leading political agitator, the future
Cartagena (in modern Colombia), Laffite's
Cardinal de Retz. Married in 1655 to François
group preyed on Spanish commerce, illegally
Motier, comte de La Fayette (1616-83), she
disposing of its plunder through merchant
lived for some time with him on his estates in
connections on the mainland.
the province of Auvergne. In 1659, however,
Because the Baratarian Bay was an impor-
Jacques Laffitte, drawing by A. Devéria
it was decided that he would settle perma-
tant approach to New Orleans, the British in
(1800-57): in the Bibliothèque Nationale,
nently in Auvergne while she returned to Par-
their desire to capture it during the War of
Paris
is, where she could devote herself to her two
1812 offered Laffite $30,000 and a captaincy
By courtesy of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris
sons, to fashionable pursuits, and to litera-
in the Royal Navy for his allegiance. Laffite
Napoleonic and post-Napoleonic times. He
ture.
pretended to cooperate, then sent the British
made himself useful to Louis XVIII during
Throughout the 1660s Madame de La
papers to Louisiana officials to warn them of
the Hundred Days and subsequently to Napo-
Fayette was a favourite of Henrietta Anne of
New Orleans' peril. Instead of believing him,
leon after Waterloo. Deputy for the Seine dé-
England, duchesse d'Orléans. During this time
Gov. W.C.C. Claiborne aided the U.S. Army
partment from 1816, he was elected president
she also began what was to be a lasting and
and Navy in dispatching an expedition to wipe
of the Chamber of Deputies during the July
intimate friendship with the Duc de -La
out the colony. Some of Laffite's ships were
revolution in 1830. Louis-Philippe made him a
Rochefoucauld, author of the famous Max-
captured, but neither his business nor his
minister of state and then prime minister in
imes. With him she formed a distinguished
manpower was destroyed. Still protesting his
November 1830, but his caution concerning
literary circle, in which such works as Racine's
loyalty to the U.S., Lafitte next offered aid to
revolutionary movements abroad led to his
Alexandre, Corneille's Pulchérie, and Boi-
the hard-pressed forces of Gen. Andrew Jack-
leau's Art poétique were read and discussed.
son in defense of New Orleans if he and his
resignation on March 13, 1831.
In her later years she acted as a diplomatic
men could be granted a full pardon. Jackson
Le National financing 7:663f
correspondent between France and Savoy.
accepted, and in the Battle of New Orleans
Laffitte, Pierre (b. Feb. 21, 1823, Béguey,
Madame de La Fayette's first novel, La Prin-
(December 1814-January 1815) the Baratari-
Fr.-d. Jan. 4, 1903, Paris), philosopher, the
cesse de Montpensier, was published anony-
ans, in charge of artillery, signally distin-
closest disciple of the philosopher Auguste
mously in 1662; her second, Zayde, appeared
guished themselves. Jackson personally com-
Comte, who taught in his doctrine of positi-
05-06-89
The Spirit
For us, the spirit of '76
Of '89
is a uniting force. For
301/173/33
the French, the spirit
Chicago.
of '89 has always been
HIS YEAR'S celebration of the
divisive.
T
bicentennial of the French
Revolution reminds us that
our own celebration of independence
colors. in order to mourn the first
is already 13 years behind us. It is
revolutionary of the modern world.
hard to believe that 13 years now
But America, imitated by the
French Revolution. also imitated the
French Revolution. America tried. as
By Garry Wills
it were, to catch up with its own
offspring. The majority of Americans
voted for Jeffersonian politicians.
separate us from the Tall Ships, that
when more conservative Americans
surprising (and somewhat irrele-
considered them too radical.
vant) hit of the American show.
Yet in the end, despite these mu-
If our celebrations of 1976 are
tual imitations, the two revolutions
any indication, French fascination
took very different courses. For us,
with a bicentennial will build to the
the spirit of '76 is a uniting force.
July anniversary date - July 4 for
For the French. the spirit of '89 has
us. July 14 for the French (Bastille
always been divisive. French fought
Day) - and then it will slacken off.
French in their revolution. We did
rapidly decreasing the rest of the
not fight loyalist sympathizers - we
year.
certainly did not guillotine them or
It is fitting that Americans lead
even seize their property in an irrev-
the way in this celebration of histo-
ocable way.
ry, since our revolution inspired
King George III. from whom we
many of the French Revolution's
separated the colonies, was far
original supporters - military men
away, and the bulk of his empire
such as Lafayette and Rochambeau:
easily survived the revolt of one
naval officers such as de Grasse and
batch of his colonies. From the first.
d'Estaing. In his brilliant new histo-
the king the French overthrew was
ry of the French Revolution, "Citi-
near at hand, in the country's very
zens," Simon Schama pays special
capital: and when he was over-
attention to the role of American
thrown, he was executed.
veterans in the early years of the
Thus, despite all the points of
French Revolution.
similarity, the two revolutions were
The French deliberately pat-
entirely different in character and in
terned their revolution on the Ameri-
outcome. America's revolution was
can precedent. The Declaration of
successful in terms of stability. Our
Independence offered a model for the
government was by the revolution-
French "Declaration of the Rights of
aries themselves. The French revo-
Man." Even after the revolution was
lution killed a king, and went on to
over. Napoleon claimed that he was
kill the very citizens formed by the
preserving the achievements of '89.
revolution itself.
When George Washington died, Na-
But the French Revolution. if less
poleon had his military forces wear
successful than ours, had far the
black crepe trimming on their own
greater impact on world history.
America could stay safely distant
from the struggle of the great powers
in the late 18th and early 19th cen-
turies. France was at the center of
the struggle. and on several sides of
it. King Louis XVI joined the Ameri-
cans in their war of independence:
then. when the French had set in
motion their own revolution. Ameri-
ca gave no more support beyond re-
payment of its own war debts. We
had a little war of colonial secession.
They remade the map of Europe.
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: DEPARTURE STATEMENT
FINAL
ANDREWS AIR FORCE BASE
Peggy
JULY 9, 1989
7:00 A.M.
THIS MORNING, I DEPART FOR EUROPE -- MY SECOND
VISIT IN TWO MONTHS TO A CONTINENT IN THE MIDST OF
CHANGE -- A TIME OF UNPRECEDENTED OPPORTUNITY FOR
PEACE, PROSPERITY AND FREEDOM.
- 2 -
I'M ESPECIALLY PLEASED TO MAKE MY TRIP AT THIS
TIME. JUST FIVE DAYS AGO, WE CELEBRATED THE BIRTH OF
OUR NATION. JUST FIVE DAYS FROM NOW, FRANCE WILL
CELEBRATE ITS REBIRTH AS A MODERN NATION, THE 14TH OF
JULY. THIS YEAR, IT'S A SPECIAL CELEBRATION: THE
BICENTENNIAL OF BASTILLE DAY.
Two HUNDRED YEARS AGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION
THAT BEGAN HERE IN AMERICA CROSSED THE ATLANTIC.
- 8 -
THE SUMMIT IS A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY TO ASSESS OUR
PROGRESS. IT'S ALSO AN OPPORTUNITY TO SHOW THAT WE CAN
FORGE A COMMON RESPONSE To NEW CHALLENGES, SUCH AS THE
NEED TO PROTECT THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT.
OUR AGENDA AT THE ECONOMIC SUMMIT WILL INCLUDE BOTH
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES OF GLOBAL IMPACT.
- 7 -
MY VISIT UNDERSCORES THE GROWING IMPORTANCE OUR NATION
SEES IN THE CHANGING FACE OF CENTRAL EUROPE.
I WILL TRAVEL FROM POLAND AND HUNGARY TO FRANCE, TO
JOIN LEADERS FROM THE SIX MAJOR INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACIES
IN MY FIRST ECONOMIC SUMMIT AS PRESIDENT. TOGETHER, WE
ARE WORKING TO SPREAD THE BENEFITS OF POLITICAL FREEDOM
AND ECONOMIC PROSPERITY AROUND THE WORLD.
- 10 -
AND WE WILL DISCUSS WAYS OF DEALING WITH A NUMBER
OF CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES THAT EFFECT US ALL --
PROBLEMS INCLUDING GLOBAL WARMING, DEFORESTATION, AND
THE POLLUTION OF THE WORLD'S OCEANS. WE KNOW THERE ARE
NO EASY SOLUTIONS. BUT --PROVIDED WE WORK TOGETHER --
I'M CONFIDENT WE CAN FIND COMMON SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
NONE OF US CAN SOLVE ALONE.
AND FINALLY, BEFORE RETURNING HOME, I WILL VISIT AN
OLD AND HONORED ALLY: THE NETHERLANDS.
- 9 -
WE WILL REVIEW THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC SCENE, AND
WE'LL IDENTIFY WHERE WE CAN IMPROVE COORDINATION.
WE'LL FOCUS ON THE PROBLEM OF DEBT IN THE DEVELOPING
WORLD. I EXPECT SUMMIT LEADERS TO MAKE A FIRM
COMMITMENT TO COMPLETE THE URUGUAY ROUND OF TRADE
NEGOTIATIONS BY DECEMBER 1990.
Page 16
IHT4/5/89
INTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE, MONDAY, JUNE
Eiffel Tower, at 100,
Has Defeated Its Critics
International Herald Tribune
Eiffel was caught short and
the close of the
bought his employees' plan.
1889 world's fair, of which it
With Stephen Sauvestre, Eiffel
had been the uncontested star,
modified the plan and his project
there was talk of junking the Eif-
was accepted. Sauvestre has been
fel Tower or transforming it. Why
forgotten to the point where even
not cover it in tiles for the 1900
the date of his death is unknown,
world's fair, suggested one im-
but such was Eiffel's prestige that
prover, or festoon it in metal
the project, known as the Tour de
frills? An architect named Gau-
300 Mètres, was promptly re-
tier recommended that it be
named the Tour Eiffel.
The tower was considered scary
MARY BLUME
and denounced as hideous even
turned into a multi-level pagoda,
before construction began in a
another named Samson submit-
famous letter of protest signed by
ted a project in which the tower
Gounod, Maupassant and the ar-
was thickened and covered entire-
chitect of the Paris Opéra,
ly in soil and grass, with a winding
Charles Garnier.
road spiraling its waist and a wa-
Garnier's signature was possi-
terfall cascading from its top.
bly a case of professional jealousy
The Eiffel Tower remained un-
and was certainly out of order. He
scathed to celebrate its centennial
was the consulting architect of the
this year: unlovely perhaps but
1889 exhibition and the creator of
much loved, celebrated in paint
one of its major attractions: the
by Seurat, Rousseau, Delaunay
unintentionally hilarious Histoire
and Chagall and in words by
de l'habitation, which featured
Apollinaire, Aragon and Roland
Gustave Eiffel, about 1889.
Garnier's "historically accurate"
Barthes.
renderings of human dwellings
In retrospect, the tower was
from the stone and iron ages to
original but inevitable. As early as
still does to anyone standing be-
modern times and from the Etrus-
1833 an English engineer named
neath it) that the tower would fall
cans and Aztecs to the Chinese,
Trevithick suggested that a 1,000
down.
Scandinavians and Hindus. The
foot (304.80-meter) metal tower
World's fairs represent the
houses were similar in form and
be erected to celebrate the pas-
lofty and the daffy in ephemeral
bore a striking resemblance to
sage of the 1832 Reform Bill, and
collusion, and 1889 was no excep-
19th-century seaside homes. It
in 1876, again unsuccessfully, a
tion. It also had themes specific to
was in fact pointed out that Gar-
The Eiffel Tower as seen by Robert Delaunay.
metal tower was proposed for the
its date: celebration of the centen-
nier's fine "Phoenician" dwelling
Philadelphia world's fair.
nial of the French Revolution
was not unlike his own villa in
pervasive, to the point where Le
a local lowlife who turned out to
In June, 1884, five months be-
without scaring off participating
Bordighera.
Figaro's guide to the fair was
be a bit too real.
fore the formal announcement of
monarchies; the need to show a
The Eiffel Tower was con-
called Le Guide Bleu.
But above all there was Eiffel's
the 1889 Paris world's fair, a
profit, which it did (the previous
structed, mostly from prefabricat-
Blue was especially evident in
tower, that "solitary suppository
Swiss engineer named Maurice
fair, in 1878, ended in deficit);
ed pieces, at breakneck speed but
the Palais des beaux arts et des
riddled with holes," the writer
Koechlin drew a plan for a 300-
using a fair as means to rejoice in
with only one casualty: a youth
arts libéraux, the most important
Huysmans called it, with which
meter metal pylon standing on
the new prosperity and to provide
who was showing off to his fian-
structure in the fair along/with the
four metal feet. Koechlin was an
at least temporary work for the
everyone, despite themselves,
cée on a girder after working
tower and the galerie des ma-
sooner or later fell, or falls, in
employee of the world-famous
many umemployed. There was
hours. As good a businessman as
chines, a vast, domed shed filled
love. "We are all citizens of the
engineer Gustave Eiffel.
also technology to flaunt: The fair
he was an engineer, Eiffel paid off
with pistons, conveyor belts, flat-
Eiffel Tower," a former critic
The 1889 exhibition and its
marks the apogee of 19th-century
his investors within a year and
bed presses, flywheels and com-
said.
most famous monument are the
metal architecture and France's
made a deal with the tower's own-
plex plaster statues writhing in
subject of a show at the Musée
first widespread use of electric
Sonnets, letters, polkas, waltzes
er, the city of Paris, whereby his
allegory.
d'Orsay, "1889: La Tour Eiffel et
light.
and even a symphony were writ-
company would manage the tow-
The foreign pavilions were
ten in praise of the tower. The
l'exposition universelle" (until
Even before the decree an-
er for 20 years. One way or anoth-
built in approximate native style
symphony, whose first movement
Aug. 15), which includes Koech-
nouncing the exposition, there
er (there must have been a lot of
by French architects, with Albert
lin's sketch as well as such spin-
exists in a piano transcription, be-
had been talk of a 300-meter tow-
fine print), the contract did not
Ballu's grandiose Argentinian pa-
gins lento with the arrival of the
offs as an Eiffel tower-shaped
er, and architects were working
expire and the city finally took it
vilion such a success that it was
workers and ends lento e grandio-
birdcage. A plan outlined on the
on designs. Eiffel had seen the
over nearly a century later, in
dismantied and shipped to Bue-
so with a hymn to the French flag.
exhibition's floor shows that the
plan of Koechlin and another of
1980.
nos Aires, where it stood until
Eiffel kept the souvenirs of
tower's base was surrounded by
his employees, Emile Nouguier,
If the 1889 exhibition marked
1933. Foreign countries were
praise and discarded criticism. He
pavilions from minor powers such
and was not interested. According
the triumph of iron, it was also a
urged to fill their ersatz pavilions
died in 1923, seven years before
as Bolivia, Panama and Norway,
to one historian, when asked by
remarkable for its lively colors
with real natives, and a reproduc-
the Chrysler building eclipsed his
a sign of prudence, perhaps, for it
the authorities to submit a design
which inspired Debussy, Tiffany
tion of a Cairo street was made,
tower as the tallest building in the
seemed abundantly clear (and
for the world's fair competition,
and Galle. Blue was particularly
including a mosque, a bazaar and
world.
Photo Copy Precervation
Date
ROUTING AND TRANSMITTAL SLIP
6/23/89
TO: (Name, office symbol, room number,
Initials
Date
building, Agency/Post)
1. Courtney
2.
White House Research
3.
4.
5.
Action
File
Note and Return
Approval
For Clearance
Per Conversation
As Requested
For Correction
Prepare Reply
Circulate
For Your Information
See Me
Comment
Investigate
Signature
Coordination
Justify
REMARKS
Copied from:
The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington,
D.C. A Comprehensive Historical
Guide by James M. Goode. 1974
Hope acall. this helps, If not, give me
DO NOT use this form as a RECORD of approvals, concurrences, disposals,
clearances, and similar actions
FROM: (Name, org. symbol, Agency/Post)
Room No.-Bldg.
* 5041-102 audrey U.S. Government Printing Calhoun Office: 1987-181-246/60000
Phone No.
OPTIONAL FORM 41 (Rev. 7-76)
Prescribed by GSA
FPMR (41 CFR) 101-11.206
J-11
Title MAJOR GENERAL MARQUIS
GILBERT DE LAFAYETTE, 1891
Location Lafayette Park, southeast
corner, Pennsylvania Avenue
between Jackson and Madison
Places, NW
Sculptors Jean Alexandre Joseph
Falguière and Marius Jean
Antonin Mercié
Architect Paul Pujol
Medium Bronze
This memorial, inscribed in a cartouche on the south face of the pedes-
tal, "To General Lafayette and his Compatriots, 1777-1783, was de-
scribed on its completion in 1891 as "not a portrait but a gallery." A
heroic bronze portrays Lafayette petitioning the French National As-
sembly for assistance to the Americans in their fight for independence.
He stands on a marble pedestal, facing south, wearing civilian dress but
carrying a sword. The general's right arm is outstretched, while a cloak
is thrown over his left arm as the left hand rests on the hilt of the sword.
On the south pedestal face a bronze female figure, symbolizing America,
turns toward him and imploringly lifts up a sword. On the east face are
portrait bronzes of the Comte d'Estaing and the Comte de Grasse, dis-
coursing. An anchor indicates their command of the French naval forces
sent to America as a result of Lafayette's plea. On the west are similar
portrait bronzes of the Comte de Rochambeau and the Chevalier du
Portail. A cannon indicates their command of the French army in
America. On the north face of the pedestal are two cherubs, proclaimed
"the delight of the populace" in the 1890s, holding hands and pointing
to a cartouche bearing the inscription "By the Congress, in commemo-
ration of the services rendered by General Lafayette and his compatriots
during the struggle for the independence of the United States of
America. The names of the sculptors, architect, and founder are also
inscribed on this piece. The memorial was commissioned by Congress,
the sculptors chosen through a competition. There were no dedicatory
ceremonies.
Lafayette (1787-1834) overcame many obstacles to join the fight for
American independence. Only nineteen years old and recently married,
he fitted out his own vessel, La Victoire, in defiance of Louis XVI and
372 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Detail: the east side with the
portrait statues of the Comte
d'Estaing and the Comte de
Grasse
face of the pedes-
7-1783," was de-
sailed for America in the spring of 1777. He was appointed a major gen-
eral in the Continental Army and served General Washington as aide-
but a gallery." A
de-camp at Valley Forge. In October 1778, he returned to France to
nch National As-
plead the Americans' cause. Though he had hoped to command the
for independence.
civilian dress but
French forces himself, he gracefully accepted the appointment of the
hed, while a cloak
more experienced de Rochambeau. At Yorktown, Virginia, as Washing-
ton and de Rochambeau ad vanced from the north and Comtes de Barras
hilt of the sword.
bolizing America,
and de Grasse took command of the coast, Lafayette skillfully maneu-
vered the British forces, under Cornwallis, into a position from which
n the east face are
they could not escape. When Cornwallis surrendered he wished to do so
ite de Grasse, dis-
to the French, and, although this was not allowed, it was a tribute to the
tench naval forces
e west are similar
role Lafayette had played in the war. After the surrender, Lafayette
returned to France. He revisited America on two later occasions, in 1784
the Chevalier du
and in 1824, when he was enthusiastically acclaimed. Lafayette had in-
French army in
vested more than $200,000 of his own money in the American Revolu-
erubs, proclaimed
tion. In appreciation, Congress later granted him $200,000 and a town-
ands and pointing
ship of land. Although several individual states conferred upon him the
ess, in commemo-
title of honorary citizen, he was never made an honorary citizen of the
d his compatriots
United States of
United States, that title having been granted by Congress only to Sir
I founder are also
Winston Churchill. When Lafayette died in France on May 20, 1834,
his grave was covered with earth from Bunker Hill.
ned by Congress,
ere no dedicatory
The bronze portrait statue of Lafayette is approximately 8 feet high
and 4 feet wide, while the entire monument is 36 feet high and 20 feet
wide. Lafayette's full name was Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert
join the fight for
Motier de Lafayette. During the American Revolution he was known
recently married,
of Louis XVI and
personally by fellow officers as "Gilbert" while official dispatches were
usually addressed to "Major General, the Marquis de Lafayette."
373 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
J-14
This statue portrays Major General Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) as he
Title MAJOR GENERAL ANDREW
appeared while reviewing his troops at the Battle of New Orleans, in
JACKSON, 1853
Louisiana, on January 8, 1815. His spirited mount rears, ready to charge,
Location Lafayette Park, center
but is restrained with a steady hand, as Jackson raises his hat in
axis, Pennsylvania Avenue
acknowledgment of the salute of his troops. This last battle of the War
between Jackson Place and
of 1812, actually fought after peace had been signed in Washington,
Madison Place, NW
was a major victory of the American army over the British forces. At
Sculptor Clark Mills
first an attempt was made to cast the statue from bronze cannon cap-
Architect Clark Mills
tured by Jackson at Pensacola, Florida. When this attempt failed, the
Medium Bronze
Navy Department provided the sculptor with surplus brass and copper
for casting in 1850. Jackson stands on a simple granite pedestal on
which is inscribed: "Jackson" and "The Federal Union, It Must Be Pre-
served It is interesting to note that, although Mills devised the latter
tion and are remi-
inscription for the pedestal in 1853, it was not inscribed on the stone
is known of their
until 1909. The statue faces west, and the heads of Jackson and his
ssigned. They are
charger turn slightly south toward the White House. Grouped around
Washington D.C.
the base are four of the cannon captured by Jackson at Pensacola,
ar by order of the
Florida. These four are rare pieces cast by Josephus Barnola at the royal
obeson, who de-
foundry in Barcelona, Spain, and are named El Aristo (1773), El Apolo
di examples of the
(1773), Witiza (1748) and El Egica (1748) after Visigothic kings and
furnaces in which
Greek gods. They have 31/2-inch bores and weigh about 870 pounds
dolph Cluss, dur-
each. A cast-iron fence surrounds the elliptical grass plot on which the
e used during the
monument stands.
e location for the
This bronze statue, measuring about 9 feet high and 12 feet wide,
his park plan of
was the first equestrian statue cast in the United States. The sculptor,
gned by Downing
Clark Mills, was self-taught, and, when commissioned by the Jackson
ral form, but not
Monument Committee, sponsored by the Democratic Party, to execute
on Downing Urn
the monument, had never even seen an equestrian statue. With a char-
n. The Lafayette
acteristically American inventiveness and dauntless self-confidence,
in the center of
which Andrew Jackson himself would have relished, Mills attacked and
west of the statue
solved a problem which had baffled Leonardo da Vinci. He erected a
I Places. In 1879,
furnace and studio near the square in 1849 at Fifteenth Street and Penn-
with flowers and
sylvania Avenue, NW, just south of the Treasury Department Building
they were moved
where the statue of General William T. Sherman now stands. Mills had
urns, 5 feet high
to make six castings of the horse before the final casting was completed
each side of the
in December 1852. The entire work was cast in ten pieces, four of the
horse and six of Jackson-a total of 15 tons of bronze. Mills used con-
377 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
temporary portraits as a guide in modeling Jackson; he doubtlessly also
used a number of prints of equestrian statues which had been executed
in Europe. Working against almost insurmountable difficulties, Mills
cast the statue himself in his nearby foundry. The statue was dedicated
on January 8, 1853, the 38th anniversary of the battle of New Orleans,
amid extravagant fanfare. The crowd of 15,000 people cheered Mills as
he walked in the procession down Pennsylvania Avenue, and they
jammed the square and the roofs of the adjoining houses to see the un-
veiling. President Franklin Pierce, the entire Cabinet, Lieutenant Gen-
eral Winfield B. Scott, Major General John Ellis Wool, Major General
Sam Houston, and journalist Francis P. Blair were present. Stephen A.
Douglas, senator from Illinois, gave the dedicatory address. Clark Mills,
when asked to speak, mutely but eloquently pointed to his epochal
creation as it was unveiled, being too overcome with emotion to utter a
word.
This work, with its fine attention to naturalistic detail and fiery ten-
sion of pose, has aboutlit an air of naive, almost primitive, exuberance.
It is a fitting monument to the colorful military figure and president
Detail: Jackson saluting his
(1829-1837), who saw himself as the political heir of Jefferson, and as
troops
the protector of the individual liberties of the people of the United
States against the oppression of organized monopolies. Mills cast two
replicas of this statue, one for New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1856 and
one for Nashville, Tennessee, near Jackson's home, The Hermitage, in
1880. In later years, the has been often criticized, and there have
been several attempts to move it from Lafayette Park. It has been sug-
gested it be removed to a site elsewhere in the city since all of the other
statues in the park relate to the Revolutionary War. In 1917, for in-
stance, government officials attempted to move it out of Lafayette
Square but World War I intervened. In 1934, President Franklin D.
Roosevelt suggested the Jackson equestrian statue be exchanged for
Mills's equestrian portrait of George Washington at Washington Circle
on Pennsylvania Avenue, NW. It-is this writer's opinion, however, that
the statue of Jackson should remain here, for it is far more pleasing
aesthetically and it has remained at this location since it was first
erected in 1853.
The known works of Clark Mills (1810-1883) include 4 equestrian
statues and 124 portrait busts. One of Mills's last major projects was
undertaken between 1875 and 1880 when he was commissioned to
make plaster life masks of American Indians for the federal govern-
ment. He completed masks of 64 Indians at St. Augustine, Florida, and
47 Indians near Hampton Roads, Virginia. These masks are now in the
collections of the National Museum of Natural History of the Smith-
sonian Institution.
The success of the Jackson equestrian statue proved that bronze cast-
ing could be successfully conducted in America, that American sculp-
tors were capable of creating realistic sculptures uninspired by the
Italian masters, and that a sculptor could be successful in the United
States without European training. Nothing in Mills' career ever equaled
in importance his Jackson equestrian statue.
Just before Mills died in 1883 he was contemplating an enormous
sculptured memorial to Abraham Lincoln, which would have included
thirty-six figures and a huge pedestal four stories high. This Lincoln
memorial was to have six equestrian statues of the most prominent
Union generals of the Civil War around the base, portrait statues of
Lincoln's cabinet members at the second level, allegorical statues of
Liberty, Justice, and Time at the third level, and a seated figure of Lin-
coln at the summit. Mills fortunately was never able to secure funds
from Congress for this project. The Lincoln memorial was to have been
executed by Mills and his two sculptor sons at his nearby farm,
"Meadow Bank Spa Springs," three and a half miles from downtown
Washington. Today descendants of Clark Mills still reside in the city.
378 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Detail: Liberty defending America
; he doubtlessly also
h had been executed
ole difficulties, Mills
statue was dedicated
ttle of New Orleans,
ople cheered Mills as
a Avenue, and they
houses to see the un-
net, Lieutenant Gen-
Nool, Major General
present. Stephen A.
address. Clark Mills,
inted to his epochal
th emotion to utter a
: detail and fiery ten-
rimitive, exuberance.
figure and president
Γ of Jefferson, and as
people of the United
polies. Mills cast two
uisiana, in 1856 and
ie, The Hermitage, in
cized, and there have
'ark. It has been sug-
since all of the other
Nar. In 1917, for in-
J-15
This sculptural group memorializes the arrival of the Comte Jean Bap-
it out of Lafayette
Title MAJOR GENERAL COMTE JEAN
tiste Donatien de Vineur de Rochambeau (1725-1807) in America in
resident Franklin D.
DE ROCHAMBEAU, 1902
1780, as the commander of the 5,500-man Royal French Expeditionary
ue be exchanged for
Location Lafayette Park, southwest
Force. A heroic bronze of the Comte de Rochambeau, atop a granite
at Washington Circle
corner, Pennsylvania Avenue
pedestal, shows him in the uniform of a major general of the Continen-
pinion, however, that
between Jackson and Madison
tal Army, directing his forces. He faces south, pointing decisively with
is far more pleasing
Places, NW
his right hand, a plan of battle unfurled in his left. At his feet, on the
on since it was first
Sculptor J. J. Fernand Hamar
south pedestal face, a bronze group symbolizes France coming to the aid
Architect Unknown
of America. A female figure, Liberty, grasps two flags in her left hand,
I include 4 equestrian
Medium Bronze
symbolizing the unity of France and America, while, with a drawn
st major projects was
sword in her right hand, she prepares to defend an embattled eagle
was commissioned to
symbolizing America. She has just disembarked from a boat whose
IT the federal govern-
prow is visible behind her, and waves break at her feet. The group is
ugustine, Florida, and
placed on a ledgelike extension of the pedestal, enhancing its defensive
masks are now in the
posture. The eagle grasps with his right claw a shield with thirteen stars
History of the Smith-
symbolizing the thirteen colonies, while with his left he fends off ag-
gressors; a sheaf of laurel lies upon the pedestal at his feet. On the west
oved that bronze cast-
face of the pedestal is the coat of arms of the de Rochambeau family,
that American sculp-
and on the east face, that of France. The north face bears the following
es uninspired by the
uedicatory inscription, "We have been contemporaries and fellow
ccessful in the United
laborers in the cause of liberty and we have lived together as brothers
lls' career ever equaled
should do in harmonious friendship-Washington to Rochambeau,
February 1, 1784 A granite plaque bearing the inscription 'Rocham
nplating an enormous
beau is attached near the top of the pedestal on the south side.
1 would have included
The sweeping lines of the pedestal, the billowing of Liberty's gar-
ies high. This Lincoln
ments, the breaking of the waves, the blowing of de Rochambeau's map,
f the most prominent
and the decisive gestures of the figures all produce a work of great exu-
se, portrait statues of
berance. The feeling of action as captured by the instantaneous click of
allegorical statues of
a camera shutter is imparted to these allegorical figures. The monument,
a seated figure of Lin-
surmounted by the 8-foot-high portrait statue, is a copy of one at
r able to secure funds
de Rochambeau's birthplace in Vendôme, France. It was erected by Con-
orial was to have been
gress, dedicated by President Theodore Roosevelt, and unveiled by the
at his nearby farm,
Comtesse de Rochambeau on May 24, 1902, in the presence of the
miles from downtown
de Rochambeau and Lafayette families, who attended as the guests of
still reside in the city.
the American people.
379 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
343-7394
X
Rochambrau inscrip?
WH
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Buron von Steaken
WH
in grateful mog of his
services to the am people
in their atruggle for whirty
Barn in Prisoded 9/17/1730
Did in NY 11/28, 1794
after during as aid cll - amp
to Fred the theat of Pruseia
he offered his award To the
am colonies & was apptd
maj Aen Impectar -then in
the continintal army.
discipline to the utizen -soldred
No gave mil training &
who achieved the indep of
the US
Benjamin Wulker
lot Wm north, may
and & Fuinds of
Min can stuchers
X
to Gen Lafagette* of his compations
dates ?
inscrip?
X
[Clark mills]
Jackson incrip?
guyon horse
485 755 9836 / Andway Calloun
X
Kosciuszko Saratoga
4
sin. Thadders Kosciuszko
1745-1817, son of Poland
Ractawice
" freedom shinked as
Kaseinazko fell"
h
exected by the Polion nate
allianes of america &
presented to the US on
whalf of the Palish am
Cityino May 11,1910
Mil engineer in the am Rev
furtified Saratogo & West Pt
Paris
Emmanuel de Margerie, French ambarsador
to US:
paraphrase
The Funch have been hound to the
us aince its inception. not only politically,
through the celebrated friendship of
Lafalyette & Washington, but also through
a commonality of ideas or as de
magerie puto it, by a mutual "taste for
preedom." It was not by accident, he paints
out that the French Declaration of Human
Rights the american Bill of Rights were
signed w/in a week of each other.
"There wasa constant exchange of
ideas during that time. "The principles
of Libert', Egalite & Fraternité have
hun shared by the americane & the
French.
7r emphasize equality while ams
emphaseze interprise Wherty lap liberty of
p.56 by Margo Hammond
TWA ambassador June 1989,
Cityins Simon Schama - pays
special attention to the role of
years of the French Revolution
american meterans in the early
"Folly 4 power are human constants. "
Kenneth Menager, WSJ 5/8/89
Carope 7 file
"The morethe commission regulates,
the more it will well up its current
fund of idealistic good will, the more
it will come into conflict w/national
traditions. These traditions are a
but sleepy at the moment, it suits
many of Europes leaders to bave them
that way. It won't last."
Kenneth Minague, WSJ, 5/8/89
Polioh govt-in-exil during WWII first
Paris (later moved to Loncion
natl assembly
drunko in gaiden pefore
lunch - probably no remarks
Dallenes dec 7êtes - lunch
Notel di hursay res. of Pres of natt anambly
music d'Oroay
dinner (no remarks)
drinks man floor anant
dinner -Salle des Fites
Hatel de la Marine
on 14th
unner (no remarks)
drinks want/coffee after Dip. Pelleption Rm.
Room of the adminale - 8 head of delegations
balury after dinnes
Prnamide du house
drinks tourmtgs
dinner -heads of dela. only
fortuas hourse
palace
american Cathodral
American Churches in Emape -
Paris The am turnedial
Waterloo all Sants 'church
Generia Emmanuel thurch
munich thruch of the
Frankfurt France uniot the King Pariel
Rame
st James Church
St Paul w/in the Walls
Wilshaden church of st augustine
of Canterbury
memo to um troope in areade on
way out
Opera dela Buotille
Bush presento Ui dela Bastille a
mitterand - after prisentation of,
plaque, agrifying opening of opera
show= = excerpts from French aplias
Panorattic Shirly Banett
narman, Barbara Kendricks
"Space" by Giorge Wilson (wineton)
after performance, leaders will greet the
astiols performers 1 tradition in apera
anche de la Defence
shoto aps - 3rd level - 8 hends of state
before or after lunch Saturday
1st dun - discuss adopt political statement
July 15th - heads of dela - lunch, 34th floor
July 16th heads poreign minustere, u
Rénaut - artist of vodiac sculptures, 4
constyando, 35th floor
US delegation offere - 32nd H.