Ask the Scholar
Document scope · 1 page
Scholar
Ask about this object, its catalog metadata, its source description, or the page inventory.
For page-specific OCR and visual context, open one of the page chats.
Scholar Source Context
Document identity
localId
323152546
label
Kossuth Memorial Square 7/11/89 [OA 6266] [1]
core
doc
dtoType
document
citationUrl
pageCount
1
Source metadata
id
323152546
contentType
document
title
Kossuth Memorial Square 7/11/89 [OA 6266] [1]
citationUrl
identifierLocal
13676-011
collections
Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
imageCount
1
hasImages
yes
source
import
hasTranscription
no
Source extras
naId
323152546
levelOfDescription
fileUnit
recordType
description
ocrSource
nara-archive
Single page context
seq
1
pageIndex
0
type
document
mediaId
05076d4882e55506
ocrText
Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13676
Folder ID Number:
13676-011
Folder Title:
Kossuth Memorial Square 7/11/89 [OA 6266] [1]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
19
2
3
Kossuth
3
Here
X
who
Jossuth NSC draft (mitt) (iii) mony
Petrofi
Pessy
mat (ii)
Modoch 3
VoA/III) A (111)
You
6)
Cotls
Niney
men
Steve(11)
Vot A
I
New Schedule
MiayPlower Hotel
A szokás, hogy délben megkondulnak a harangok Kalixtus
1456. junius 29-én kiadott un. Török-büllája nyomán alakult ki.
+Kalixtus = (Eng.) Callistus
leidenden Züge seines Auftraggebers. Auch das Kunstgewerbe nahm
22. Juli 1456 bei Belgrad über die Türken. Kalixtus schrieb zur Er-
unter der für alles Schöpferische und Schöne begeisterten Initiative
innerung an diesen Sieg das Fest der Verklärung Christi aus. Die
des Papstes einen hohen Aufschwung. Einer seiner Lieblingspläne, die
Großmächte waren an der Ausnützung des Sieges so uninteressiert
Übersetzung der gesamten griechischen Literatur, vor allem Homers,
wie vorher, und der Papst und Carvajal standen in ihren Bemühun-
ins Lateinische, ist durch seinen frühen Tod ins Stocken geraten: Die
gen weiterhin allein, nachdem Hunyady der Pest, Johannes Capi-
Entwicklung der Renaissance hätte sonst einen anderen Verlauf ge-
strano den Entbehrungen erlegen waren. Antirömische Tendenzen in
nommen. Nikolaus' hohe, seine kleinen Schwächen weit überwiegen-
Deutschland und das plötzlich gespannte Verhältnis zu Alfons I. von
de menschliche Eigenschaften sind viel gerühmt worden. Er war
Neapel erschwerten die Lage des Papstes noch mehr. Doch tat er, be-
unfähig zu heucheln, und seine alle bezwingende Großmut und Groß-
sonders durch die Unterstützung des albanischen Nationalhelden
zügigkeit nahmen gegen ihn gerichtete bissige Bemerkungen nie übel.
Skanderbeg, weiterhin und nach wie vor allein alles in seinen Kräf-
Ludwig von Pastor schreibt: »Er war wohl der freigebigste Mann
ten Stehende, um die Türken abzuwehren. Weist sein Pontifikat, so
seines Jahrhunderts«, und Gregorovius: »Die Seligkeit des Gebens
gesehen, wahre Größe auf, so hat er durch seine verhängnisvolle
für edle Zwecke hat selten ein Mann so genossen wie Nikolaus V.«
Wiederbelebung des Nepotismus ein großes Unglück beschworen. Er
förderte nicht nur fast ausschließlich verwerfliche Familienmitglieder
seines unheilvollen Geschlechtes, sondern bahnte mit seinem fünf-
KALIXTUS III. Alonso de Borja. 8. 4. 1455 bis 6. 8. 1458
undzwanzigjährigen Neffen Rodrigo de Borja, dem späteren Alexan-
der VI., einer der nichtswürdigsten Gestalten den Weg. Es ist er-
Der gelehrte, trockene, an kulturellen Fragen uninteressierte Jurist,
wiesen, daß er Pedro Luis, dem Bruder Rodrigos, die Krone von Nea-
seit Damasus I. der erste spanische Papst, wird italianisiert Alfonso
pel gewinnen wollte, wo er das Thronfolgerecht Ferrantes, des Sohnes
Borgia genannt. Im Jahre 1378 geboren, war er von Gegenpapst Be-
Alfons' I., bestritt, der 1458 starb. Der Terror der Borjas, denen der
nedikt XIII.< zum Kanoniker gemacht worden; er war Professor an
Kirchenstaat ausgeliefert war, begann schon damals die Öffentlichkeit
der Universität Lérida gewesen, von wo ihn erst Alfons V. von Ara-
zu beunruhigen.
gon als König von Neapel Alfons I. -, sodann Martin V. in ihre
Das Mittagsläuten der Kirchenglocken geht auf Kalixtus' Türkenbulle
Dienste nahmen. Borja hatte Gegenpapst Klemens VIII.< veranlaßt,
vom 29. Juni 1456 zurück. Ein Bild Sano di Pietros aus der Akademie
sich zu unterwerfen, wofür ihm Martin V. durch Verleihung des Bis-
von Siena, wo die Madonna dem Papste erscheint, zeigt die Züge
tums Valencia dankte. Nachdem ihm die Versöhnung Alfons' von
Kalixtus' III., dessen Sarkophag mit der Grabstatue in den vatikani-
Neapel mit Eugen IV. gelungen war, erhob ihn der Papst zum Kardi-
schen Grotten steht.
nal. Wenige Wochen nach seiner Wahl, am 29. Juni, kanonisierte er
Vinzenz Ferrer, der ihm einst die höchste Würde geweissagt hatte. Zu
Beginn seines Pontifikates wurde die Türkengefahr immer drohender;
PIUS II. Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini. 19. 8. 1458 bis 15. 8. 1464
Kalixtus betrieb mit spanischem Glaubenseifer einen Kreuzzug. Wie
sein Vorgänger bemühte er sich als wichtigste Voraussetzung um
Er war am 18. Oktober 1405 in Corsignano bei Siena geboren. Seinen
Frieden unter den Mächten, entsandte hierzu Legaten in alle Länder
Geburtsort taufte er später in Pienza um. Den Papstnamen Pius
und veräußerte Schätze der Kirche nebst eigenem Besitz. Die von
wählte er zweifellos nicht im Hinblick auf den neunten Papst nach
Nikolaus V. begonnene Bautätigkeit brachte er aus Sparsamkeits-
Petrus, sondern als Humanist und Verehrer des pius Äneas Vergils.
gründen zum Stillstand. Er förderte statt dessen den Bau einer Flotte,
Er studierte an der Universität Siena und war Schüler Filelfos in Flo-
die 1456 in See stach, ohne etwas gegen die den griechischen Archipel
renz gewesen. 1432 begegnete er in Siena dem nach Basel zum Kon-
bedrängenden Türken ausrichten zu können. Sultan Mohammed II.,
zil reisenden Kardinal Domenico Capranica, einer der geistigen und
der Eroberer von Konstantinopel, setzte sich 1456 auf Belgrad zu in
menschlichen Größen des heiligen Kollegiums, wie sie unter den letz-
Bewegung. Da erschien Kardinal Juan Carvajal, seit Eugen IV. eine
ten Pontifikaten oft hervorgetreten sind. Capranica hätte vermutlich
der bedeutendsten und adeligsten Persönlichkeiten seiner Zeit, als
an Stelle von Pius den Thron bestiegen, wäre er nicht zwei Tage vor
Legat mit dem heiligen Johannes Capistrano auf dem Vorposten Un-
dem Konklave gestorben. Piccolomini wurde der Sekretär Capranicas,
garn. Beide standen dem ungarischen Nationalhelden Johannes Hun-
später anderer Kirchenfürsten, darunter auch des Kardinals Albergati,
yady bei, der zur Zeit Eugens IV. bei Varna gegen die Türken unter-
des Gönners Nikolaus' V. Nach der Rückkehr von einer geheimen
legen war. Ein kleines Kreuzheer, das Hunyady fast ganz auf eigene
Mission am schottischen Königshof blieb er in Basel, inmitten einer
Kosten aufgestellt hatte, siegte nach einer achttägigen Schlacht am
antipäpstlichen Atmosphäre. Doch mehr bedeutete ihm, der kein
96
7/315
97
Kossuth
agy
VOLUME 16
Jefferson to Latin
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
570
KOSSOVO-KOSTROMA
the protamines, which he distinguished as an
Conflict soon arose over Hungary's
entirely different class of proteins from the his-
ingness to help the monarch against his unwill
tones. By the end of his career Kossel was rec-
and other enemies and over its refusal Italiam
KOSYGII 1980), I
ognized as one of the leading biochemists in the
major concessions to the national minorities
1980.
world. He died in Heidelberg on July 4, 1927.
JOHN PATRICK SWANN
the Croats attacked, with the
First the Serbs revolted, and then.ing September
sidered mified 0
University of Wisconsin
circles in Vienna. The
As an a
resigned, whereupon the
rather Early t
KOSSOVO. See Kosovo.
Assembly entrusted executive a Na.
Feb. 20
tional Defense Committee led by Kossuth.
KOSSUTH, ko'shoot, Lajos (1802-1894), Hungar-
ian statesman, who led the national revolutionary
December the Austrians invaded, and Kossuth In
tionary
years 0
struggle against Austria in 1848-1849.
organized the brilliant spring
fled to Debrecen in eastern Hungary, where he
Russia
1919 to
Early Years. Lajos (Louis) Kossuth was born on
drove the Austrians out
Sept. 19, 1802, at Monok, in northeastern Hun-
Hapsburg dynasty and
14, 1849, the National Assembly dethroned th Assembly dethroned thed t
pleted
He
too
gary. His father, of old noble stock, was a land-
the
Sil
less and penniless lawyer. Though Kossuth's
governor-president.
parents were Lutherans, religion played almost
But victory was short-lived because the Aus.
tives pl u
the
no role in his upbringing. Graduating in 1821
trians, now completely triumphant in Italy, in.
This n
from a Calvinist law school, Kossuth practiced
vaded Hungary again in June. A vast Russian
mate a
law and served as a junior official in his own
army also came to the aid of Francis Joseph, the
econor
county between 1824 and 1832.
new emperor. By late summer the Hungarians
Comm
Journalist and Politician. In 1832, Kossuth was
were defeated, and on Aug. 11, 1849, Kossuth
late da
sent to the National Diet at Pozsony (now Brati-
resigned, appointing Arthur Görgey, his best
time fi
slava) to represent some absentee magnates.
general and archrival, as dictator of Hungary
Wit
There he hit upon the idea of issuing bulletins
Two days later Görgey surrendered to the Rus-
after 1
on the Diet's meetings. They became an instant
sians. Meanwhile, Kossuth had fled with thou-
rolled
success, partly because by 1832 a significant re-
sands of other revolutionaries to Ottoman terri-
leadin
formist element among the ruling nobility was
tory, from which he unjustly denounced Görgey
course
ready for the kind of liberal and nationalist re-
as a traitor, revealing the worst aspect of his own
years
porting Kossuth had to offer. These nobles
character: a readiness to shift blame.
of the
aimed at asserting Magyar autonomy within the
Exile. The Austrians' efforts to extradite him
grad.
Habsburg monarchy and Magyar authority over
helped make Kossuth world famous as a de.
manag
the national minorities in Hungary. They also
fender of liberty against tyranny. In 1851 he left
away
hoped to modernize the country, a process that
Turkish internment on a U.S. frigate. He made a
Soviel
ultimately abolished noble privilege.
triumphant voyage to England and from there to
the 19
After the ending of the Diet session in 1836,
the United States, where he was acclaimed as a
heava
Kossuth turned to reporting on Hungary's county
"Second Messiah," thrilling the public with mas-
Pol
assemblies. Judging him seditious, the authori-
terly orations delivered in excellent English
Kosyg
ties had him sentenced to four years in prison in
But what he wanted was effective help for Hun-
conte
1837. Amnestied three years later, he was per-
gary, which the United States could not and
in the
mitted in 1841 to become editor of Pesti Hirlap
would not grant. Returning to western Europe
per le
(the Pest News) and to turn it into Hungary's first
in 1852, he spent the rest of his long life plotting
Andre
political newspaper. In the same year he mar-
a new revolution in Hungary and then, when this
grad,
ried Teréz Meszlényi.
hope was dashed by Hungary's "Compromise"
comm
Angered by Kossuth's militancy, the authori-
with Austria in 1867, serving as the liberal con-
mayo
ties engineered his dismissal from Pesti Hirlap
science of his nation. He died in Turin, Italy, on
nation
in 1844. He continued the struggle in other
March 20, 1894, still an exile, his name forever
ated
papers and as a founder of several ill-fated asso-
linked with national independence, the emanci-
U
ciations for the development and protection of
pation of the peasantry, civil rights, and, unfortu-
held
Hungary's fledgling industries. His program
nately, nationalist intolerance in multinational
agem
aimed at political and economic autonomy for
eastern Europe.
lic fro
Hungary and drastic modernization. His great-
ISTVAN DEAK, Columbia University
USSI
est opponent, Count István Széchenyi, however,
indus
argued that an independent but backward Hun-
Further Reading: Deak, Istvan, The Lawful Revolution
ous t
gary could neither build a prosperous economy
Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848-1849 (Columbia Univ
the c
nor deal with the demands of the national minor-
Press 1979); Komlos, John, Louis Kossuth in America, 1851-
1852 (Hungarian Cultural Foundation 1973).
held
ities. Kossuth's views proved more popular, and
full I
in 1847 he was elected to the Diet as a leader of
KOSTROMA, kos-tra-mä', capital of Kostroma ob-
neve
the Liberals, or "National Opposition."
last in the Russian republic of the USSR. It is
caus
National Leader. Inspired by the French and
situated on the left (north) bank of the upper
cian:
Italian revolútions of 1848, the Hungarian re-
Volga River, in north central European Russia.
year
formers conducted a bloodless revolution in
Flax is grown in the region, and the city, which is
form
March of that year. They demanded and re-
an important textile center, processes it into
I
ceived from the emperor-king, Ferdinand, vir-
linen; it also manufactures textile machinery.
sygi
tual independence in a personal union with an
The region supports a dairying industry, and the
vario
equally liberal Austria, emancipation of the peas-
Kostroma cattle breed is well known in Russia.
plan
antry, civil rights, the abolition of privilege, and
Kostroma dates from the 12th century. In the
from
the promise of reunification with Transylvania
16th and 17th centuries it was one of Russia's
burc
and the so-called Military Border. In all this
largest towns. The walled Ipatiev monastery
the
Kossuth played a decisive role with his unsur-
from this period is well preserved. Population:
who
passed oratory and his political and legal flair.
(1979) 255,000.
Mol
He became minister of finance in Hungary's first
THEODORE SHABAD
195'
constitutional cabinet.
Editor, "Soviet Geography" Magazine
pow
(Smith/Blessey)
July 6, 1989
Draft Eight
HUNGARY1
7/7/81
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: KOSSUTH SQUARE
4:57p.m. p.m.
BUDAPEST, HUNGARY
TUESDAY, JULY 11, 1989
Mr. President, My Hungarian and American Friends.
That great poet of the 1848 Revolution, Sandor Petofi
[SHAHN-door PET-oo-fee], once wrote, "Let me address you in the
name of millions." Today, let me address you in the name of
millions who convey their warmest greetings: The people of the
United States.
Six years ago, I became the highest-ranking American
official to visit Hungary. Today, I become the first acting
American President to travel here. Now, as then, Barbara and I
are moved by your reception. And we thank you from the bottom of
our hearts.
I want to say to all of you that I have seen few cities
lovelier than Budapest. And I have seldom seen a city more
alive. Alive with commerce, change, and, above all, hope. Alive
with a people who believe that like a lamp lighting the darkest
night, liberty can light the globe.
In a few moments I will be received in a symbol of that
liberty -- the Hungarian Parliament. And as I speak, I will
recall how 137 years ago a true Hungarian patriot was received in
another house which embodied freedom -- the Congress of the
United States.
2
His name was Lajos Kossuth [LOY-osh KO-shooth]. His statue
stands behind me. And he arrived in America after Hungary's
struggle for freedom had, temporarily, been lost. Yet in his
remarks to Congress, he was hopeful, not embittered. For he
believed in that democracy which links the people of Hungary with
the peoples of the world.
"I have a steady faith in principles," he said. "I trust to
the future of republicanism." And he also added: "Bayonets may
support, but afford no chair to sit upon."
Even now, the memory of Lajos Kossuth lifts us, teaches us.
For his life was a celebration of bravery, and of dreams. He
knew that a courageous people would not bow to bayonets and
barbed wire. He knew that the light of liberty would shine
forever.
This great man became the conscience of Hungary. And just
two blocks away -- here, too, an eternal flame lights the fire of
democracy. Like other Hungarian heroes, Lajos Batthyany [LOY-osh
BAHT-on-ee] sought free assembly, free press and speech, and
freedom of religion. They knew that no matter how much suffering
beset this Nation, its light of liberty would shine forever.
When the Hungarian playwright Imre Madach [IM-reh MAW-dawch]
observed, "It is so great freely to choose between the good and
sinful ways," he was describing that belief -- the belief that
free expression would conquer tyranny. And he wrote those words
in that timeless literary work ironically entitled, "The Tragedy
of Man."
3
My friends, our mission is to help liberty proclaim The
Victory of Man. Proclaim it peacefully, not violently. For The
Victory of Man can help Hungary's future be worthy of her
history. And help Hungary live for what so many in the world
have died for: opportunity, human decency, and democratic
ideals.
Today, this quest for democracy fills the streets of
Budapest and the great plains of Hortobagy [HORT-oh-buy], and
from Debrecen [DEB-ray-cen] to Sopron [SHOW-prone]. It rides the
currents of the Danube, and touches the gentle towns that grace
its banks. For Hungary's love of liberty is political, and
economic; religious, and intellectual. Its apostles say, work
where you want. And vote as you choose. They believe that all
things are possible for a Nation, and for a people. And proclaim
the individual, not the State, as the voice of tomorrow.
Over the past twelve months, the world has watched this
liberty transform the Hungarian Nation. You have shown how
peace, freedom, and prosperity are allied. I applaud Hungary's
greater privatization, and economic liberalization. I salute
Hungary's movement toward democracy and increased flow of
information. I welcome, too, the withdrawal of Soviet troops,
and the planned cutbacks in the Hungarian military.
We watch with interest as the Soviet Union encourages such
change. Indeed, we salute General Secretary Gorbachev as he
encourages change through reform. Let us be clear: We want
perestroika to succeed. And in Brussels just six weeks ago, I
4
proposed mutual reductions in arms that would further reduce ---
significantly -- conventional forces in Europe.
Who would have dreamt that your love of liberty would do so
much, so quickly, to improve the lot of Hungary? Now, let us use
its promise to open boundaries, and minds.
We salute your decision for elections to be held in Hungary.
We salute your decision to encourage more participation in the
democratic process. For this holds the promise of an alternative
future for Hungary -- a democratic alternative.
And this week, Radio Free Europe begins broadcasts
originating from Hungary -- the first in a Communist country.
Let its coverage spur even closer ties between East and West. In
trade, as we remove unfair barriers, we must remember that only
when economic and political freedom go hand-in-hand can Hungary
be true to her heritage, and to her children. Becoming central
to a Europe that is whole and free.
Lajos Kossuth came to America after Hungary had, for the
moment, failed to secure its freedom. Yet his reception showed
how our two peoples share a common love of liberty. In New York
Harbor, an armada of ships sounded horns to delebrate his
arrival. And when the City of New York held a parade in his
honor, thousands rushed his open carriage. Perhaps no visitor
since Lafayette had been greeted so emotionally.
Like Hungarians, the Americans of that time admired those
who love what Kossuth called "the principle of
self-
government." They opposed closed societies. And they believed
5
in helping individuals, and Nations, who understood that real
freedom makes all progress possible. For they, like you, were
determined to ensure that the light of liberty would shine
forever.
Today, more than ever, this kinship binds the peoples of the
United States and Hungary. For your gallantry evokes our
admiration. Your example is our inspiration. Our Nations are
linked by many things -- hard work, the role of community, and a
deep religious devotion. And we will be with you always. As
partners. And as friends.
We see this kinship in the nearly two million Americans of
Hungarian descent. In giants like nuclear scientist Edward
Teller. or conductor Eugene Ormandy, who proved that music "is
the universal language." or Colonel Kovats [KO-vach], who gave
his life for America's struggle for freedom during our
Revolutionary War.
But this kinship isn't one-way: Americans admire Hungarians
whose deeds so inspire us. Heroes like the great founder of the
Hungarian State, Saint Stephen, and great composers like Liszt
and Bartok. Or Hungary's many winners of Nobel Prizes and
Olympic Medals. Or that great patriot by the name of Janos
Hunyadi [YAHN-osh HOON-yah-dee] who more than five centuries ago
stopped a would-be Turkish invasion. In his honor, the Pope
ordered each Catholic church to ring a bell at the time of day
the battle ended. And since then, Catholic church bells all over
the world ring precisely at mid-day.
6
Heroes, yes -- American, Hungarian. But there are other,
unknown heroes, too -- the student in Budapest, the vintner in
Lake Balaton [BAHL-ah-ton], the artist in Sarkoz [SHAHR-kooz].
Today, it is they -- you -- who are reducing the chasm between
East and West. Enriching, and making possible, a more open,
peaceful world. You are proving how liberty can expand Hungary's
horizons. And enlarge the possibilities of her people. For
liberty reflects the values of individuality, self-reliance, and
respect for others. Values which underscore the dignity of man.
Four weeks ago, thousands filled this city's Heroes
Square -- peacefully, movingly -- to honor the heroes, and
spirit, of 1956. Among them was a patriot who, with many others,
took part in that uprising. Astonished by the turnout, he found
pride in Hungary's past -- and hope in her future. "For this
day," he said, "it is worth living and forgiving. Today, this
unity is a kind of Hungarian wonder. "
My friends, you have endured much. And survived everything.
Survived through family, and faith in God. And through the human
spirit, oft-abused yet free. In coming years, your heroism can
write a new chapter in the history of your Nation. Love Hungary
-- as Imre Nagy [IM-reh NUDGE] did. Overcome oppression -- as
Lajos Kossuth did. Show the world that the light of liberty will
shine forever.
The darkness lifts. The bell resounds. The light grows
brighter by the day. Together, let us raise what Kossuth called
7
"the morning star of liberty." " The star that can lead us toward
tomorrow. And bless the children of the globe.
Thank you for this wonderful occasion. I will never forget
it. God bless you, God bless America -- and as your National
Anthem proclaims so unforgettably, "God Bless The Hungarians."
# # # #
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
5
1ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 The New York Times Company;
The New York Times
June 17, 1989, Saturday, Late Edition - Final
SECTION: Section 1; Page 1, Column 1; Foreign Desk
LENGTH: 1350 words
HEADLINE: Hungarian Who Led '56 Revolt Is Buried as a Hero
BYLINE: By HENRY KAMM, Special to The New York Times
DATELINE: BUDAPEST, June 16
BODY:
Thirty-one years after he was hanged and his body thrown into a prison grave,
Imre Nagy, who led the 1956 uprising against Soviet domination, was given a
solemn funeral today on Budapest's largest square, followed by a hero's burial.
The ceremonies were organized by the opposition, which worships the former
Prime Minister as a national hero, but four leading members of the ruling
Communist Party came to pay tribute.
They were announced to the crowd by their Government titles, because it had
been made clear that they would not have been welcome as party representatives.
The Interior Ministry estimated the crowd at 100,000, nowhere near the quarter
of a million the organizers had expected.
Eulogies and Condemnations
The four top party officials, Prime Minister Miklos Nemeth, Minister of State
Imre Pozsgay, Deputy Prime Minister Peter Megyessy and Matyas Szuros, the
president of Parliament, laid wreaths and stood briefly as honorary pallbearers
flanking Mr. Nagy's coffin.
They left before a succession of eulogies to Imre Nagy (pronounced im-reh
nuhdge) that were unsparing in their condemnation of the Communist Party and its
ally, the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Army crushed the uprising after feigning a withdrawal from
Hungary on Nov. 4, 1956. Its tanks began rolling after Mr. Nagy, yielding to
an aroused nation, formed a coalition government to replace one-party rule,
declared Hungary's neutrality and withdrew from the Warsaw Pact.
Kadar Deposed Last Year
Moscow secretly put Janos Kadar, whom Mr. Nagy had earlier freed from prison,
in full charge of the country, which he dominated until he was deposed last
year. Mr. Kadar has been relegated into oblivion by his successor, Karoly Grosz,
and is said by the party that for 32 years did his bidding to be physically and
mentally ill.
Many in the crowd looked up in shock and seemed to be holding their breath to
hear at 50 public a ceremony, in so sumptuous a setting, words of such
LEXIS® ® NEXIS® LEXIS® ® NEXIS ®
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
6
(c) 1989 The New York Times, June 17, 1989
astonishing candor. The Government network televised the ceremony live from 9
A.M. to 6 P.M.
Victor Orban, a spokesman for the Federation of Young Democrats, paid tribute
to Mr. Nagy as a man who, although a Communist, 'identified himself with the
wishes of the Hungarian nation to put an end to the Communist taboos, blind
obedience to the Russian empire and with the dictatorship of a single party.
As though speaking of the party leaders who shortly before had bowed before
the coffins of Mr. Nagy and his colleagues, Mr. Orban continued:
'We cannot understand that those who were eager to slander the revolution
and its Prime Minister have suddenly changed into great supporters and followers
of Imre Nagy. Nor can we understand that the party leaders, who made us study
from books that falsified the revolution, now rush to touch the coffins as if
they were charms of good luck.
Sandor Racz, who led the Budapest Workers' Council during the uprising and
spent seven years in prison, condemned the Soviet Army and the Communist Party
as 'obstacles for Hungarian society.
Looking toward the coffins, covered in wreaths and bouquets, as well as
single flowers laid on them by a long procession of mourners, Mr. Racz said,
These coffins are a result of the presence of Russian troops on our
territory.
He said the party was ''clinging fearfully to power, although it was clear
that 'what it failed to achieve in the last 44 years cannot be remedied now.
He continued, ''They are responsible for the past. They are responsible for the
damaged lives of Hungarians.
Budapest experienced a day full of anomalies and contradictions. No state
funeral could have been more solemnly and publicly marked or held in a more
prestigious setting, but for the Hungarian Government and the ruling party, Mr.
Nagy and the four companions who were sentenced to death and reburied with him
remain traitors and counterrevolutionaries.
A review of their trial is under way, and after today's rites it can hardly
end with anything short of restitution of their civil dignity and full
rehabilitation as victims of judicial murder. But their sentences still stand.
As recently as earlier this year, Mr. Grosz still ruled out Mr. Nagy's
rehabilitation. On the 30th anniversary of the hangings last year, the police
broke up with considerable violence a small tribute organized by dissidents on a
Budapest square.
It was an anomaly also that the Soviet Union and Hungary's other Communist
friends sent diplomats, but not their ambassadors, to attend the ceremony,
although it had no official character that would have obliged them to be there.
But other Communist countries - China, North Korea, Rumania and Albania - stayed
away.
The Heroes Square ceremony was staged, in one more irony, by the son of
another executed Communist, Laszlo Rajk, who was Interior and Foreign Minister.
Mr. Rajk, a loyal Communist, was hanged after a show trial in 1949 at the
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
7
(c) 1989 The New York Times, June 17, 1989
height of the Stalinist period.
The younger Laszlo Rajk, an architect and movie set designer, draped the
neo-classical facade of the art museum and a tall column in the center of the
square's vast expanse fully in black and white, traditional mourning colors
among the Hungarians of Transylvania, annexed by Rumania.
He devised strikingly modern wood and metal structures as a setting on which
to display the five coffins, as well as a sixth, empty one commemorating the
more than 300 victims of judicial retribution after the uprising.
Tall, flaming torches stood between the coffins, and a permanent rotation of
honorary pallbearers - including widows, children and other relatives of the
five victims being buried - flanked them. Each coffin was inscribed with the
name of the executed man and his dates, all ending in 1958.
Like all of the victims, Mr. Nagy was a lifelong Communist and friend of the
Soviet Union, where he spent nearly one-third of his 62 years. The others were
his Defense Minister, Gen. Pal Maleter; Minister of State Geza Losonczy; Jozsef
Szilagyi, the head of the Prime Minister's staff, and Miklos Gimes, a leading
journalist and close associate of Mr. Nagy.
General Maleter and Mr. Gimes were executed with Mr. Nagy, Mr. Szilagyi was
tried and put to death separately, and Mr. Losonczy died in prison.
Mr. Nagy was buried in secret in a prison lot while his wife and daughter
were interned in Rumania. He was reburied, again in secret and in an unmarked
grave a few years later and exhumed this year when the party leadership finally
yielded to demands for a decent burial.
Today, after the wreath-laying and eulogies, a procession of hearses,
followed by cars and buses, set out for the huge public cemetery next to the
prison where the hangings took place.
Potter's Field Is Landscaped
Plot 301, the once desolate potter's field that contains the graves of
perhaps 260 of the victims, had been turned in recent weeks, since the reburial
had been decided on, into a landscaped funeral park.
Fresh grass and trees now grow where only weeks ago there was only dirt and
weeds. Paved paths led through the field to five open graves aligned in a row
that had been dug for Mr. Nagy's companions and for the symbolic coffin.
Beyond them, in an adjoining field full of mainly unmarked graves, a tomb had
been dug for Mr. Nagy. His daughter had requested that he be laid to rest amid
the bulk of those who paid with their lives for following his lead.
Two actors read in alphabetical order the names of the 260 victims, who were
executed from 1956 to 1961, their occupations and their ages. At each name, a
torchbearer stepped forward, held high the flame and replied, ''He lives in us;
he has not gone.
When the name of one of the five was called, surname first, in the Hungarian
fashion, like ''Nagy Imre, Prime Minister, 62 years,' his coffin was
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS NEXIS R
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
8
(c) 1989 The New York Times, June 17, 1989
carried to the grave and a friend delivered a eulogy. Then, supporting one
another, his nearest relatives stepped to the grave to put down flowers and
stand, with bowed heads, allowed for the first time to mourn in public, together
with those who share their grief.
GRAPHIC: Imre Nagy, the Hungarian leader who was executed and buried in a
prison grave after Soviet troops crushed the 1956 uprising, was given a solemn
burial yesterday in Budapest. In the honor guard were Prime Minister Miklos
Nemeth, Minister of State Imre Pozsgay, Matyas Szuros, the President of
Parliament, and Deputy Prime Minister Peter Megyessy (Associated Press) (pg. 1);
thousands of Hungarians honoring Imre Nagy, the Prime Minister executed for
treason and buried in an unmarked grave after Soviet troops crushed the 1956
uprising. He and four aides were reburied yesterday (Agence France-Presse) (pg.
6)
NAME: NAGY, IMRE (D1958); KAMM, HENRY
GEOGRAPHIC: HUNGARY; UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (USSR)
LEXIS® NEXIS® ® LEXIS® NEXIS ®
Imre Madách
Lib
THE TRAGEDY OF MAN
FOREWORD
If we, Hungarians were asked to choose the literary work that
we consider to be the closest to us, the most expressive of our
history, the most modern classic which talks about our past and
present with the same power and which, I believe, will also have a
message for the future; well, this work would be The Tragedy of
Man.
The strange thing about it is that the play does not take place
in Hungary. It is a powerful vision of the poetplay wright about
mankind, beginning with the creation up to an imaginary future
through episodes of the history of the world in the form of the
main characters' dreams.
If asked, I would not hesitate to say that no other play reveals
so much about us to the world. For theatres and audiences
throughout the world, the most easily approachable and receptible
Hungarian drama would be The Tragedy of Man.
Up to now, it has been translated into 29 languages; there have
been 9 different translations into English only. It has been put on
the stage several times in different countries but I think the real
breakthrough is going to come now.
This present volume is being published to commemorate the
one hundredth anniversary of the first performance of the play and
1985
also to make it more widely and better known all over the world.
The book contains the thoughts and notes of the directors of
the most interesting performances in the past one hundred years
as well as an essay on the history of The Tragedy of Man on the
stage written by eminent Madách-scholar Dr. Ferenc Kerényi. There
are a lot of photographs and also a bibliography to make the book
complete.
The Tragedy is about the basic questions of our life today: it
presents a whole series of dramatic problems. It is a dream, a vision
7
about Hungarian history, about mankind, politics, love, about the
controversial relationship between man and God, between the
individual and the masses.
We have to be aware that the Tragedy was written in one of
the most tragic periods of Hungarian history. And in spite of all the
inner doubts and contradictions expressed in it, it is the drama of
everlasting fight and of survival.
György Lengyel
8
bout mankind, politics, love, about the
FERENC KERENYI
between man and God, between the
A DRAMATIC POEM FROM HUNGARY TO THE
THEATRES OF THE WORLD
hat the Tragedy was written in one of
ungarian history. And in spite of all the
tions expressed in it, it is the drama of
val.
It may sound like a paradox, but The Tragedy of Man, one of
György Lengyel
the most famous works of Hungarian literature which has been
translated into twenty-nine different languages, was born in 1859-
1860 in a small god-forsaken village (Alsósztregova/Dolná Strehová),
in the backwoods of prewar, historical Hungary.
The country seat of the Madách family was not the only one
in Hungary where landlords, after the daily toils of farming, found
refuge in a rich library and in the centuriesold documents of the
family archives. The Madáches could trace their origins back to the
beginning of the thirteenth century and had every right to be proud
of their past: they counted generals, poets and famous free masons
among their ancestors.
Our poet, Imre Madách (1823-1864), started reading at a
tender age; he studied books in the German, French, Latin and
Greek original, as well as, of course, in Hungarian. He was but five
and a half years old when he composed his first manuscript": a
two-line poem in French, written for his father's name-day. The
future poet was only 14 when he started his university studies. The
date was 1837; the year when the best sons of the Hungarian
gentry took the lead in a movement towards liberalism. Theoretical
books and practical experience had convinced them of the historical
necessity of progress. The movement was aimed at the defeudaliza-
tion of Hungary and at raising it to the Western European level of
that time. Unfettered by linguistic barriers, the youth of this gene-
ration devoured everything that promised spiritual enrichment and
social development: English economics, French political science,
German philosophy and, naturally, literature: the great works of
the flourishing Age of Romanticism. The subject of their enthusiasm
was constantly changing much like Adam's, the protagonist in The
Tragedy of Man. They searched for forms of rational human
activity, for means of self-expression and self-realization. Imre
8
9
Madách lived among these enthusiastic reformers, shared their
feelings and ideas. Like the other members of his generation, he
also tried his hand at poetry and romantic historical drama and
applauded the performances of the National Theatre. After his
graduation as a lawyer, Madách experienced the difficulties of
introducing into practice in local politics the liberal and radical
ideas he had encountered as a university student. The members of
this generation prepared themselves consciously for the great
historical task of de-feudalization; they tried to shape their roles
by imitating the heroes of antiquity and of the French Revolution
and Lord Byron, who had died for the cause of freedom. In 1848,
at the Spring-time of Nations", it was they who formed the Hun-
garian vanguard of the European revolutions, it was they who fought
the battles of the Hungarian bourgeois revolution and of the Natio-
nal War of Independence. In vain did Victor Hugo's, Heinrich
Heine's and Henrik Ibsen's poems greet their struggle with
enthusiasm, in vain did they enjoy the sympathy of the European
people and of the American public opinion: the two great military
powers of Europe at that time - the Emperor of Austria and the
Tsar of all Russians" - nipped the young Hungarian republic in
the bud by their joint military force. Hungary became temporarily
part and parcel of the powerful Habsburg Empire.
After 1849 Madách's liberal generation saw its very
incentive to live collapse. The Madáches - like almost every other
family in Hungary - mourned their sons who had fallen on the
battlefields, been carried of to captivity or been forced to emigrate.
Those who remained had to cope hidden among the walls of their
manor-houses, with an other internal but no less painful task: they
had to confront the recent past, pondering over their seemingly
defeated ideals, almost masochistically analysing the reasons for
their failure, at times casting doubt on the very judiciousness of
these ideals. In Hungary, as in all of Europe, the era of romantic
enthusiasm was followed by a decade of doubts.
Without this short historical survey it would be difficult to
understand how a poem on Mankind could have taken shape at the
writing desk of Madách, a poem, Hungarian to its very core, albeit
none of the scenes depicted takes place in Hungary and the work is
10
C-78261
3P
38
completely free from self-bewailing provincialism. Both heroes of
ese enthusiastic reformers, shared their
The Tragedy of Man represent the poet himself: Adam, the idealist,
the other members of his generation, he
as well as Lucifer, the sober disenchanter.
etry and romantic historical drama and
Madách wrote his poem on Humanity, a favourite genre of
ices of the National Theatre. After his
romantic literature with which he was familiar. His library contained
Madách experienced the difficulties of
copies of Goethe's Faust and Byron's Manfred and Cain, and their
in local politics the liberal and radical
influence on his work is undisputable. Madách's Tragedy, Victor
as a university student. The members of
Hugo's The Legend of Centuries and Ibsen's Peer Gynt are not
themselves consciously for the great
connected by the dates of their creation alone, but also by their
alization; they tried to shape their roles
common approach to the problem. Literary works dealing with
antiquity and of the French Revolution
the meaning of the acts of man and, raising the ultimate question
died for the cause of freedom. In 1848,
of human existence had not been unknown in Hungary either.
tions", it was they who formed the Hun-
Romantic fairy-tales, dramas which took place in the Land of
opean revolutions, it was they who fought
Nowhere and speculative poetry had dealt before Madách with
n bourgeois revolution and of the Natio-
moments of helplessness, moments which occur only in the life of
In vain did Victor Hugo's, Heinrich
men who are full of fervour and ready to act. All this was enhanced
n's poems greet their struggle with
by a new trend in philosophy which, in the 1850's, raised again the
ey enjoy the sympathy of the European
perennial question of the priority of matter over mind. In this
n public opinion: the two great military
period, new and more advanced scientific discoveries and arguments
time - the Emperor of Austria and the
strengthened the position of materialism. Natural sciences and the
ipped the young Hungarian republic in
philosophy of history, lyrical self-identification and positivistic
ary force. Hungary became temporarily
ideology are fused together in Madách's work. The Tragedy of Man
rful Habsburg Empire.
- as we have tried to elucidate - has values closely linked with the
's liberal generation saw its very
given period, both in Hungarian national culture and world literatu-
The Madáches - like almost every other
re, a more detailed analysis of which is left to the scholars.
rned their sons who had fallen on the
Here and now, however, we are intrigued by another paradox:
to captivity or been forced to emigrate.
which are those timeless, to be more precise, theatrical values of
0 cope hidden among the walls of their
The Tragedy of Man which have preserved its place for a century
r, internal but no less painful task: they
on the Hungarian stage and for more than nine decades on the
: past, pondering over their seemingly
stages of the world? The content of the more than 4100 lines in
sochistically analysing the reasons for
the work will be analyzed from the same perspective. Madách
ng doubt on the very judiciousness of
wrote lyrical poems which reflect many thoughts expressed later
in all of Europe, the era of romantic
on in The Tragedy of Man but, frankly speaking, as a poet he was
a decade of doubts.
quite mediocre. He, whose other dramas could be produced only
torical survey it would be difficult to
after considerable re-writing, found in the Tragedy the literary
Mankind could have taken shape at the
genre which suited him perfectly. Both the possibilities of a play
oem, Hungarian to its very core, albeit
unrestricted by time and space, and the structure of the dramatic
takes place in Hungary and the work is
poen, were eminently suited to his thoughts and style.
10
11
Madách based the substantial collection of thoughts in the
Tragedy on philosopher's, well-known theory, according to which
the clash between contradictions leads to the birth of a new, higher
quality. Adam, reviewing in his sleep the history of Mankind, is
confronted with the new and earthshaking ideas of the verious eras.
One by one these ideas turn into their opposites and thus become
the starting points of new historical epochs. Yet in the play, this
does not sound didactic or tedious as history is not presented with
philological accuracy but in the form of visions seen by Adam. The
thoughts of the historical ages presented in Adam's dreams in Scenes
IV-XIII, of the Tragedy are worked into the biblical framework
of Scenes I-III, and Scene XV. This arc is more than a mere dra-
matic fiction or a biblical paraphrase: it is a conflict-laden expositi-
on; it is the struggle between God and Lucifer for the most valuable
element of the newly-created world: Man. Madách preferred to
leave the struggle undecided, as a full-blooded dramatic conflict.
Up to Scene XV he interpreted the well-known biblical stories
relatively freely, almost as poetic raw material. This interpretation
distinguishes Madách's work from its predecessors, among others
from the celestial prologue in Goethe's Faust. Yet Madách had to
go beyond the traditional, romantic confrontation of Good and
Evil; he did not want to restrict the manifold conception of his
work to ethical problems. Thus, the struggle between God and
Lucifer cannot be interpreted purely statically; it is more than a
theological conflict, more than the beginning of a clash between
civitas dei" and civitas diaboli" and more than the philosophical
confrontation between idealism and materialism. A brief description
of the various scenes will illustrate this point. In the first scene of
the Tragedy, the mechanical perfection of the order of the newly
created world on the one hand is confronted by its antithesis,
eternal intellectual negation, on the other:
THE LORD
The giant structure is completed, yes!
The engine turns, while its Creator rests.
It will rotate for many million years
Before I must renew its wornout gears.
12
bs? Clear up my mind,
My Lord, who will assist me in my life
: my destiny -
That I may walk along the proper way?
f by it,
You took away Your guiding hands when I
worse than hell.
Tasted the fruit of that forbidden tree.
THE LORD
ich the hand of God
Your arms are strong, you have a noble heart,
searching human eyes.
An endless age invites you to your start.
: soul forever live
And if you listen, soon a call will sound
me stay on earth,
Steadily guiding and inspiring you;
er would be virtue.
Follow it always! If this godly voice
dust will take your soul
Is silenced by your active being's noise,
to majestic deeds,
Then far from every selfish venture's toll,
eeting moment's joy?
This tender woman with her spotless soul
e glimmers through a mist
Will hear that message. Through her heartveins, she
j your present lot,
Will filter it to song and poetry.
will lift
With these two instruments the smiling-eyed
e should make you stray,
Consoling Genius stands upon your side.
will barricade your way -
(To Lucifer.)
ill prevail secured.
And, Lucifer, you also are a link
In my creation. Strain yourself and think
rious career!
That your cold knowledge and negation will
all become your leaders -
Become the yeart to make man's spirit still
can be realized
Ferment and deviate! - But never mind,
norance
Man shall return to me; and if you find
ing guard beside them.
The very man you wanted to destroy
: great things with man?
Will keep on bearing beauty, greatness, joy -
and from mud he is
Your punishment will then become eternal.
: - in blindness he is great.
THE CHOIR OF THE ANGELS
It is so great freely to choose
1 need not laugh at me!
Between the good and sinful ways,
creation of your knowledge,
To realize that we are still
y human heart.
Shielded by God's eternal grace.
Act bravely, man, and never mind
If thankless people laugh and scream.
316
317
Man only should look at his goal
And follow it with self-esteem.
All other actions would be shameful;
And still the consciousness of shame
Should nail the scoundrel to the earth
And lift the right man to his fame!
Walking along your splendid path
Do not let visions make you blind!
In every action that you do,
You act for God Who is so kind.
And if He ever needs your help
To satisfy, tool-like, His will,
Then you will earn an honored prize
Because God asked you for your skill!
EVE
Thank God, I do well understand the song!
ADAM
I also guess it and will follow it -
Only that end! If I could just forget it!
THE LORD
I told you, man,
Struggle and trust!... Be always confident!
THE END
318
Speech given to a Congressional Banquet
at the National Hotel hosted by the
President of the Senate, Jan. 7, 1852.
452
SPEECH TO THE LADIES.
by Lajos Kossuth.
this brotherly love; and at the very moment of my entering this hall,
I was informed of n circumstance which I consider 80 important as
to beg permission to make in respect to it one single remark. I am
told that one of the newspapers, with friendly and generous intention
toward that cause which I have the honor to plead before you, has
pointed out as the success of my standing here, that there is a com-
mittee established out of such men whose very share in that commit-
tee gives importance to it, and who are about to raise money for the
purpose of revolutionizing Europe.-My axiom is that of the Irish
SPEECH IN WASHINGTON.
poet, Who would be free, themselves must strike the blow." All
that I claim is fifir play ; and that is the aim for which I claim the
United States to become the executive power of the laws of Nature
and of Nature's God. That is the aim for which I claim your gener-
ous public and private aid and support. The revolutions in Europe
will be made by the nations of Europe; but that they shall have fair
play is what the nations of Europe expect from the peotection of the
SIR,-As once Cyneas, the Epirote, stood among the senators of
United States of America. Remember the power which you have,
Rome, who, with an earnest word of self-conscious majesty, con-
and which I have endeavored to point out in a few brief words. Re-
trolled the condition of the world and arrested the mighty kings in
member this, and form associations establish ladies' committees to
their ambitious march, thus full of admiration and of reverence, I
raise substantial aid for Hungary. Who could, who would, refuse,
stand before you, Legislators of the new capitol-that glorious hall
when the melody of your voice is pleading the cause of my bleeding,
of your people's collective majesty. The capitol of old yet stands,
my oppressed native land.
but the spirit has departed from it and come over n yours, puritied
Now, ladies, I am worn out very much, so I am done. One word
by the air of liberty. The old stands a mo" monument of the
only remains to be said-a word of deep sorrow, the word, " Fare-
fragility of human things-yours as ductury of eternal rights.
well, New York New York that word will forever make thrill
The old beamed with the red .e of conquest, now darkened by
every string of my heart. I am like a wandering bird. I am worse
oppression's gloomy nin' yours beams with freedom's bright ray.
than a wandering bird. He may return to his summer home. I
The old absorbed
wrid by its own centralized glory-yours protects
have no home on earth ! Here, at New York; I felt almost at home.
your
against absorption, even by itself. The old was awful
But Forward" is my call, and I must part. I part with the hope
astricted power-yours is glorious with having restricted it.
that the sympathy which I have met here is the trumpet sound of
as the view of the old, nations trembled-at thé view of yours hu-
resurrection to my native land; I part with the hope that, having
manity hopes. To the old, misfortune was only introduced with fetter-
,found here a short, transitory home, will bring me yet back to my
ed hands to kneel at the triumphant conqueror's heels—to yours, the
own beloved home, that my ashes may yet mix with the dust of my
triumph of introduction is granted to unfortunate exiles, invited to
native soil. Ladies, remember Hungary, and-farewell!
the honor of a seat, and where kings and Cæsars never be hailed, for
their powers, might, and wealth, there the persecuted chief of a down-
trodden nation is welcomed as your great Republic's guest, precisely
because he is persecuted, helpless, and poor. In the old, the terrible
væ victis was the rule-in yours, protection to the oppressed, maledic-
tion to ambitions oppressors, and consolation to the vanquished in a
just cause. And while out of the old a conquered world was ruled,
you in yours provide for the common confederative interests of a
territory larger than the conquered world of the old. There sat men
boasting their will to be sovereign of the world-here sit men whose
glory is to acknowledge the laws of Nature and of Nature's God, and
to do that their sovereign, the people, wills.
Sir, there is history in these parallels. History of past ages, and
history of future centuries, may be öften recorded in a few words. The
454
SPEECH IN WASHINGTON.
SPEECH IN WASHINGTON.
455
small particulars to which the passions of living men cling with fer-
vent zeal-as if the fragile figure of men could arrest the rotation of
a principle valuable and dear to every republican heart in the United
dostiny's whool ; these particulars dio away. It is the issue which
States of America. Sir, you were pleased to mention in your toast
makes history, and that issue is always logical. There is a noces-
that I am unconquered by misfortune and unseduced by ambition.
sity of consequences wherever the necessity of position exists.
Now, it is a providential fact, that misfortune has the privilege to
Principles are the Alpha, they must finish with Omega, and they
ennoble man's mind and to strengthen man's character. There is a
will. Thus history may be told often in a fow words. Before yet
sort of natural instinct of human dignity in the heart of man, which
the heroie straggle of Greece first engaged your country's sympathy
steels his very nerves not to bond beneath the heavy blows of a groat
for the fato of Freedom in Europe, then S0 fur distant, and now 80
adversity. The palm-tree grows best beneath a ponderous weight-
near, Chateaubriand happened to be in Athens, and he heard from a
even 80 the character of man. There is no merit in it-it is a law of
minaret raised upon the Propylæan ruins, a Turkish priest in Arabic
psychology. The petty pangs of small daily cares have often bent
language announcing the lapse of hours to the Christians of Miner-
the character of men; but great misfortunes seldom. There is less
va's town. What immense history in the small fact of a Turkish
danger in this than in great good luck and as to ambition, I, indeed,"
Imaum crying out, " Pray, man, the hour is running fast, and the
never was able to understand how anybody can more love ambition
judgment draws near." Sir, there is equally a; history of future
than liberty. But I am glad to state a historical fact as a principal
ages written in the honor bestowed by you to my humble self. The
demonstration of that influence which institutions exercise upon the
first Governor of independent Hungary, driven from his native land
character of nations. We Hungarians are very fond of the princi-
by Russian violence, an exile on Turkish soil protected by a Moham-
ple of municipal self-government; and we have-a natural horror
medan Sultan against the blood-thirst of Christian tyrants, cast back
against the principle of centralization. That fond attachment to
n prisoner to far Asia by diplomacy, rescued from his Asiutic prison
municipal self-government, without which there is no provincial free-
by America, crossing the Atlantic, charged with the hopes of
dom possible, is a fundamental feature of our national character. We
Europe's oppressed nations, pleading, a poor exile, before the people
brought it with 118 from far Asia, a thousand years ago, and we con-
of this great Ropublic, his down-trodden country's wrongs, and its
served it throughout the vicissitudes of ten centuries.
intimate connection with the fate of the European continent, and with
No nation has perhaps 80 much struggled and suffered from the
the boldness of a just cause, claiming the principles of the Christian
civilized Christian-w as ours. We do not complain of this lot.
religion to be raised to a law of nations and to see not only the
It:may be heavy but it is not inglorious. Where the cradle of our
boldness of the poor exile forgiven, but to see him consoled by the
"Saviour stood, and where his divine doctrine was founded, there
another faith now rules, and the whole of Europe's armed pilgrimage
sympathy of millions, encouraged by individuals, meetings, cities and
could not avert this fate from that sacred spot, nor stop the rushing
states, supported by operative aid, and greeted by Congress and by
the Government ns the nation's guest, honored out of generosity,
waves of Islamism absorbing the Christian Empire of Constantine.
with that honor which only one man before him recoived-and that
We stopped those rushing waves. The breast of my nation proved
a breakwater to them. We guarded Christendom, that Lathers or
man received then out of gratitude-with honors such as no poten-
tate can ever receive, and this banquet here, and the toast which I
Calvins might reform it. It was a dangerous time, and the dangers
have to thank for-oh, indeed, Sir, there is a history of future ages
of the time often placed the confidence of all my nation into one
in all these facts.
man's hand, and their confidence gave power into his hands to be-
Sir, though I have the noble pride of my principles, and though I
come ambitious. But there was not a single instance in history
have the inspiration of a just cause, still I have also the conscience
where a man honored by his people's confidence had deceived his
of my personal humility. Never will I forget what is due from me
people by becoming ambitious. The man out of whom Russian
to the sovereign source of my public capacity. This I owe to my
diplomacy succeeded in making the murderer of his nation's confi-
nation's dignity, and, therefore, respectfully thanking this highly dis-
dence-be never had it, but was rather regarded always with distrust.
tinguished assembly, in my country's name, I have the boldness to
But he gained some victories when victories were the moment's chief
say, that Hungary well deserves your sympathy-that Hungary
necessity. At the head of an army, circumstances placed him in the
has a claim to protection, because it has a claim to justice. But as
capacity to ruin his country. But he never had the people's confi-
to тувеӏƒ, permit me humbly to express that I AM well aware not to
donce. So, even he is no contradiction to the historical truth, that
have in all those honors any personal sharo. Now, I know that even
no Hungarian whom his nation honored with its confidence, was ever
that which might seem to be personal in your toast, is only an ac-
seduced by ambition to become dangerous to his country's liberty.
knowledgment of a historical fact; very instructively connected with
That is a remarkable fact, and yet it is not accidental. It is the logi-
cal consequence of the influence of institutions upon the national
456
SPEECH IN WASHINGTON.
SPEECH IN WASHINGTON.
457
character. Our nation, through all its history, was educated in the
lics of Europe. Upon this basis will be got rid of the mysterious
school of municipal self-government, and in such a country, ambition
question of language, and nationalities raised by the cunning despo-
having no field, has also no place in man's character.
tisms in Europe to murder Liberty, and the smaller States will find
The truth of this doctrine becomes yet more illustrated by a quite
security in the principles of federative union, while they will con-
contrary historical fact in France. Whatever have been the changes
serve their national freedom by the principles of sovereign self-gov-
of government in that great country-and many they have been, to
ernment; and while larger States abdicating the principles of cen-
be sure we have seen a Convention, a Directorate of Consuls, and
tralization, will cease to be a blood-field to sanguinary usurpation,
one Consul, and an Emperor, and the restoration-the fundamental
and a tool to the ambition of wicked men, municipal institutions will
tone of the Constitution of France was power always centralized,
insure the. development. of local particular elements-Freedom
Omnipotence always vested somewhere and remarkably, indeed,
formerly an abstract, political theory, will become the household
France has nover yet raised the single man to the seat of power
benefit to municipalities, and out of the welfare and contentment of
Who has not sacrificed his country's freedom to his personal ambi-
all parts will flow happiness, peace, and security for the whole.
tion. It is sorrowful, indeed ; but it is natural. It is in the garden
That is my confident hope. There will at once subside the fluctua-
of centralization where the venomous plant of ambition thrives. I
tions of Germany's fate. It will become the heart of Europe, not
dare confidently affirm, that in your great country there exists not a
by melting North Germany into a Southern frame, or the South into
single man through whose brains has ever passed the thought that
a Northern not by absorbing historical peculiarities, by centralized
upon
the
ruins
of
omnipotence not by mixing in one State, but by federating several
your
country's
liberty.
it
ne
me
sovereign States into a Union like yours, upon a similar basis, will
United States. Institutions react upon the character of nations. He
take place the national regeneration of the Sclavonic States, and not
who 80WS the wind will reap the storm. History is the revelution
upon the sacrilegious idea of Panslavism, equivalent to the omnipo-
of Providence. The Almighty rules by eternal laws, not only the
tence of the Czar.
material but the moral world; and every law is a principle, and
Upon a similar basis will we see fair Italy independent and free.
every principle is a law. Men, as well as nations, are endowed
Not Unity, but Union, will and must become the watchword of nn-
with free will to choose n principle, but that once chosen, the con-
tional bodies, severed into desecrated limbs by provisional rivalries,
sequences must be abided. With self-government is freedom, and
out of which a flock of despots and common servitude arose. To be
with freedom is justice and patriotism. With centralization is ambl-
sure, it will be a noble joy to this your great Republic, to feel that
tion, and with ambition dwolls despotism. Happy your great coun-
the moral influence of your glorious example has operated in produ-
try, Sir, for being so warmly addicted to that great principle of self-
cing this glorious development in mankind's destiny; and I have not
government. Upon this foundation your fathers raised a home to
the slightest doubt of the efficacy of your example's influence. But
freedom more glorious than the world has ever seen. Upon this
there is one thing indispensable to it, without which there is no hope
foundation you have developed it to a living wonder of the world.
for this happy issue. This indispensable thing is, that the oppressed
Happy your grent country, Sir, that it was selected by the blessing
nations of Europe become the masters of their future, free to regu-
of the Lord, to prove the glorious practicability of a federative Union
late their own domestic concerns, and to secure this nothing is
of many sovereign States, all conserving their State rights and their
wanted but to have that fair play to all, and for all, which you, Sir,
self-government, and yet united in one. Every star beaming with
in your toast were pleased to pronounce as a right of my nation,
its own lustre, but all together one constellation on mankind's
alike sanctioned by the law of nations as by the dictates of eternal
canopy.
justice. Without. this fair play there is no hope for Europe-no
Upon this foundation your country has grown to a prodigious
hope of seeing your principle spread. Yours is a happy country,
power in a surprisingly brief period. You have attracted power in
gentlemen. You had more than fair play. You had active, opera-
that. Your fundamontal principles have conquered more in seventy-
tive aid from Europe in your struggle for independence, which, once
five years than Rome by arms in centuries. Your principles will
achieved, you 80 wisely used ns to become a prodigy of freedom and
conquer the world. By the glorious example of your freedom, wel-
welfare, and n Book of Life to nations. But we, in Europe-we,
fare, and security, mankind is about to become conscious of its aim.
unhappily, have no such fair play with us, against every palpitation
The lesson you give to humanity will not be lost, and the respect
of Liberty. All despots are united in a common league, and you
of the State rights in the Federal Government of America and in its
may be sure despots will never yield to the moral influence of your
several States, will become an instructive example for universal
great example. They hate the very existence of this example. It
toleration, forbearance, and justice, to the future States and Repub-
is the sorrow of their thoughts and the incubus of their dreams. To
20
458
SPEECH IN WASHINGTON.
SPEECH IN WASHINGTON.
459
stop its moral influence abrond, and to check its spreading develop-
ment at home, is what they wish, instead of yielding to its influence.
tors of that Republic, only to ascertain from their wisdom and expe-
We will have no fair play. The Cossack already rules, by Louis
rience what is their judgment upon a question of national law and
Napoleon's usurpation, to the very borders of the Atlantic Ocean.
international right. I hoped, and now hope, that they will by the
One of your great statesmen-now to my sorrow bound to the sick
foroboding events on the other great continent, feel induced to pro-
bed of advanced age-alas, that I uin deprived of the advice which
nounce in time their vote about that law and those rights, and I
his wisdom could have imparted to me-your great statesman told
hoped and hope that in pronouncing their vote, it will be in the broad
the world thirty years ago that Paris was transferred to St. Peters-
principles of international justice, and consomant with their republi-
can institutions and their democratic life.
burg. What would he now say, when St. Petersburg in transforred
to Paris, and Europe is but IHI appendix to Russin 7 Alas I Europe
That is all I know and Europe knows-the immense weight of
can no longer secure to Europe fair play. Albion only remains.
such a pronunciation from such a place. But never had I the impi-
But even Albion casts a sorrowful glanco over the waves. Still we
ous wish to try to entangle this great Republic into difficulties incon-
will stand our place, sink or swim, live or die. You know the word.
sistent with its own welfare, its own security, its own interest. 1
It is your own. We will follow it. It will be a bloody path -to
rather repeatedly and earnestly declared that a war on this account
strend. Despots have conspired against the world. Terror spreads
by your country is utterly impossible, and a mero phàntom. I al-
over Europe, and anticipating persecution rules from Paris to Pesth.
ways declared that the United States remained masters of their ac-
Thère is a gloomy silence, like the silence of nature before the ter-
tions, and under every circumstance will act as they judge consistent
rors of a hurricane. It is a sensible silence, only disturbed by the
with the supreme duties to themselves. But I said and say that such
thousand-fold rattling of muskets by which Napoleon murders the
a declaring of just principles would insure to the nations of Europe
people which gave him a home when he was an exile, and by the
fair play in their struggle for freedom and independence, because the
groans of new martyrs in Sicily, Milan, Vienna and Pesth The
declaration of such a power as your Republic will be respected even
very sympathy which I met in England, and was expected to meet
where it is not liked and Europe's oppressed nations will feel cheered
here, throws my sisters into the dungeons of Austria. Well, God's
in resolution, and doubled in strength, to maintain the decision of
their American brethren on their own behalf with their own lives.
will be done. The heart may break but duty will be done. We
There is an immense power in the idea to be right, when this idea
will stand in our place, though to us in Europe there be no fair play.
But so much I hope, that no just man on earth can charge me with
is sanctioned by a nation like yours, and when the foreboding future
unbecoming arrogance, when here, on this soil of freedom, I kneel
will become present, there is an immense field for private benevolence,
and sympathy upon the basis of the brond principles of international
down and raise my prayer to God-" Almighty Father of Humanity,
justice pronounced in the sanctuary of your people's collective ina-
will Thy merciful arm not raise a power on earth to protect the law
jority. So much to guard me against misunderstanding.
of nations, when there are 80 many to violate it ?". It is a prayer
Sir, I must fervently thank you for the acknowledgment that my
and nothing else. What would remain to the oppressed if they were
country has proved worthy to be free. Yes, gontlemen, I feel proud
not permitted to pray ? The rest is in the hand of God.
of my nation's charactor, heroism, love of freedom and vitality, and
Gentlomon, I know where I stand. No honor, no encouraging
I bow with reverential awe before the decree of Providence which
generosity, will make me ever forget where I stand and what is due
from me to you. Here my duty is silently to await what you in your
placed my country in a position that, without its restoration to inde-
wisdom will be pleased to pronounce about that which public opinion
pendence, there is no possibility for freedom and the independence
knows to be my prayer and myaim, and be it your will to pronounce,
of nations on the European continent. Even what now in France
or be it your will not to take notice of it, I will understand your will,
is about to pass, proves the truth of this. Every disappointed hope
and bow before it with devotion, love, and gratitude to your generous
with which Europe looked towards France, is a degree more added
people, to your glorious land. But one single word, even here, I
to the importance of Hungary to the world. Upon our plains were
may be permitted to say, only such a word as may secure me from
fought the decisive battles for Christendom. There will be fought
being misunderstood. I came to the noble-minded people of the
the decisive battle for the independence of nations, for state rights, for
United States to claim its generous operative sympathy for the im-
international law, and for democratic liberty. We will live free or
die like men but should my people be doomed to die, it will be the
pending struggle of oppressed freedom on the European Continent,
first whose death will not be recorded as a suicide, but as a martyr-
and I freely interpreted the hopes and wishes which these oppressed
dom for the world and future ages will mourn over the sad fate of
nations entertain, but as to your great Republic, as a State, as a
the Magyar race, doomed to perish, not because in the nineteenth
power on earth, I stand before the Statesmen, Senators and Logisla-
century there was nobody to protect the laws of nature and of nar
460
SPEECH IN WASHINGTON.
SPEECH IN WASHINGTON.
461
ture's God. But I look to the future with confidence and with hopel
and relying upon this very fact of your generosity, I may be permit-
Adversities manifold of a tempest-tossed life, could, of course, not
ted to say that that respectable organ of the free press may be mis-
fail to impart a mark of cheerfulness upon my heart, which, if not a
taken, which announced that I considered my coming hither to be a
source of joy, is at least a guarantee against sanguine illusions. I,
failure. I confidently trust that the nations of Europe have a future.
for myself, would not want the hope of success for doing what is
I am aware that the future is contradicted. Bayonets may support,
right to me. The senso of duty would suffice. Therefore, when I
but afford no chair to sit upon. I trust to the future of my native
11
hope, it has nothing in common with that desperate instinct of a
land, because I know that is worthy to have it ; and it is necessary
drowning man, who, half sunk, is still grasping at a straw for hel P.
to the destinies of humanity. I trust to the principles of republican-
No; when hope, there is motive for the hope.
ism, whatever be my personal fate. So much I know, that my
1 I have n stoady faith in principles. \I daro any that experience
country will remember you and your glorious land with everlasting
taught me the logic of events, in connection with principles. I have
gratitude.
fathomed the entire bottom of this mystery, and was, I perceive, right
in my calculations there, about onco in my life, I supposed It prin-
ciple to exist In n certain quarter, where, indeed, no principle proves
to exist. It was a horrible mistake, and resulted in a horrible issue.
The present condition of Europe is a very consequence of it but
precisely this condition of Europe proves, I did not wantonly suppose
a principle to exist there, where I found none would have existed.
The consequences could not have failed to arrive as I have contem-
plated them well. There is a providence in every fact. Without
this mistake, the principles of American, republicanism would, for
à long time yet, find a sterile soil on that continent, where it was
considered wisdom to belong to the French school. Now, matters
stand thus That either the Continent of Europe has no future at all,
or this future is American Republicanism. And who could believe
that three hundred millions of that Continent, which is the mother of
civilization, are not to have any future at all ? Such a doubt would
be almost blasphemy against Providence. But there is a Providence,
indeed-a just, a bountiful Providence-I trust, with the piety of my
religion in it; I dare say my very humble self was a continual in-
strument of it. How could I be else in such a condition as I was-
born not conspicuous by any prominent abilities 2 Having nothing
in me more than an iron will which nothing can bend, and the con-
aciousness of being right, how could I, under the most arduous cir-
cumstances, accomplish many a thing which my sense of honest duty
prompted me to understand ?
Oh, there is, indeed, a Providence which rules, even in my being
here, when four months ago I was yet a prisoner of the league of
European despots, in far Asia, and the sympathy which your glori-
ous people honor me with, and the bigh benefit of the welcome of
your Congress, and the honor to be your guest-to be the guest of
your great. Republic-I, the poor, humble, unpretending exile-is
there not a very intelligible manifestation of Providence in it ?-the
more when I remember that the name of your humble, but thankful
guest, is, by the furious rage of the Austrian tyrant, to the gallows
nailed. Your generosity is great, and loud your patriotism of repub-
lican principles against despotism. I firmly trust to those principles ;
20*
'89-06-21 00:08 ICM INT EXP IMP USA
P.1
Please give the following fees
pager fr heirs Bleosley
Vess Riss
I could and find the
full speeds of Vosemble Maybe cigin can
(use few fur countences what low verding blong
Filen Harrofe
'89-06-21 00:09 ICM INT EXP IMP USA
P.2
244
hand of A. C. Kingsland, Hayor of New York City, the sus of one
63
thousand dollars.
His brother-in-law, Mr. Barnus,
gave
a
Kossuth-
benefit in his "Huseus" in Philadelphia, turning over more than three
hundred dollars to the same fund. 64 Apollonia Jagello, who settled
with her husband, Major G. Tochman. in Washington, D.C., proposed to
start & collection in the city in order to purchase a home for Hossuth
in the nation's capital. and it vas only because Vjhasy di scouraged the
plan that she did not go through with it. 65 The Tochnans ware able to
assist Joseph Prick, leader of one hundred twenty-eight Hungarian Forty-
eighters from Swala, Turkey. who on their way to New-Buda, Iown, were
stranded in Chicago. Mrs. Tochman appealed to the President, who in
turn secured the financial assistance of the Washington financier, Hr.
Corcorna: who then supplied the necessary funds.
66
Shortly after Keseuth arrived in America, in his speech at
the Municipal Dinner at New York, he saids
Gentlemen, 1 would rather. starve than rely for myself end
family on foreign aid; but for BY country's freedom, I would
not be ashamed to E,O abegging from door to door (great cheer-
ing). Gentlemen, 1 mean financial aid: money to assist the
cause of freedom and independence of Hungary. There are
two means to see this, my humble wish, accomplished. The first
is from spontaneous subscription, to put the offerings of kind
friends at my disposal for the benefit of my country's cause.
The second is, should I be so happy to see that generous men
would form committees throughout the United States, to raise
out of the free offerings of the people, some material aid to
assist the second course of freedom and independence of
Hungary. 67
63
New York Taily Tribune, October 8, 1851.
64
Ibid., November 22, 1851.
65
The National Fre, (Washington, D.C.) February 2. 1852.
66
Ibid.
67 The New York paily Titune. December 12, 1851.
'89-06-21 00:09 ICM INT EXP IMP USA
P.3
212
65
answer of the Presidenti
But Acssuth knew what Fillmore's words meant.
"The curt, and decided speech of Mr. Fillmore. yesterday," wrote Everett's
informant from Washington, "in reply to the invocation of Kossuth, fell on
upon the illustrious exils like cold lead
66
It was after the private
dinner which President Fillmore gave to Zoseuth on January 3. 1852 that
Reasath say his failure with the administration and Congress. He wrote
that night to Webster:
1 will abide my fate, though I apprehend that my expectations in
respect to the foreign policy of the U.S. are about to fail; although
my prophecies 45 to the universality of impending danger to the
principles of freedom on earth become *ooner realized than even I
have expected. 67
In spite of the many rebuffs, Kossuth tried to make some capital out of
his stay in Washington.
In returning the private visits of the Cabinet - General Scott,
and other distinguished nersons holding office under the Government,
Kossuth has studiously tried, by going to the departments and places
of business 05 these gentlemen, attended by a retinue of Hungerians,
to give his visits the air of official ceremony,
wrote Vise to Everett. Iven diplomats, said Vise, could see his motives
and the act "will be universally stigmatized as a most criminal imposition
68
upon the hospitality of the nation.
The Kossuth reception. both in the Senate on the 5th and in the
House on the 7th, was only a formal affair. In the Senate
65
Lawslo Karoly, Manlotoradekek, (Budanest: Franklin Tarsulat, 1887).
154; also Alder Imrs. Vezlatok A SECURE Emigracio Fletebol, (Peat: 1870). 151.
66 H.A.Wise to Edward Everett. January 1, 1852, Everett Papers, MS
The Massachusetts Historical Society.
67
Koseuth to Webster, Washington, January 3, 1852. Webster Paners,
MS, The Massachusetts Historical Society.
68 Wise to Everatt, Washington, January 6, 1853, Everett Papers, HS.
The Massachusetts Historical Society.
89-06-21 00:10 ICM INT EXP IMP USA
P.4
213
he had searcely taken his sent, before Mr. Mangrim moved an
adjournment. of Oppression' as Hulsemann calls his. and weat through the urual
and then all the world flocked around the 'Child
American pump-handle expression of their feelings
The ex-
pression on his face vas full of modesty and pleasure - at the
same time he seemed proud and elated: and well he might - for an
honor that would not have been paid to a King. 69
of the House Reception, Wise wrote, "I was only able to hear 170 United
States' for there 1s a fierce Western Member beside me, who swore sound-
ly that if the Governor did not ston in a minute, that he
would
#70
hiss him down. Luckily Kossuth did stop in time.
More important was the congressional dinner tendered to Mossuth
on January 7, 1952, where even the caustic informant of Everett, Mr. Wise,
was charmed by Koscuth's oratory. "His manner is quite unlike that of any
crator 1 have ever heard. Hie expression is inexpressibly and and pleas-
ing. his gestures full of grace and dignity. with a voice most exquisitely
modulated - clear, full and manly. 71 The crowning glory of the dinner
was the very pro-Xossuth speeches made by Secretary Webster. General Cass,
and "the giant intellect of Young America," . Judge Stephen Douglas. At
first, Webster declined the invitation. It was only when Charles Summer
talked to Villiam Seward and asked him to convince Webster to go that he
72
consented to be present.
Webster
wrote
to
Fillmore
that be received
assurances that nothing would be said at dinner that could embarrass the
69
Wice to Ev-rett. Washington, January 5, 1852. Everett Papers,
MS, The Kassachusetts Historical Society.
70
Ibid., January 7, 1852, MS.
71 E. A. Vise to Edward Everett, Washington, January 8, 1852,
Everett Papers, MS. The Massachusetts Historical Society.
72
H.A.Vise to Edward Everett, Washington, January 19, 1852,
Everett Papers, MS. The Maesachusetts Historical Society.
'89-06-21 00:10 ICM INT EXP IMP USA
P.5
178
In Washington, Kossuth was given no opportunity to speak to the
general public. After his formal reception by both Houses of Congress, a
teni-official banquet was tendered him on January 7. 1852, and he was in-
vited to the annual Jackson-Day Dinner the following evening. He declared
to his audience at the Congressional banquet that "Furope is but an
appendage to Russia." and since the recent events in France only England
remained free, "but even Albion caste a sorrowful glance over the waves."
According to his, there was one possible advantage of Napoleon's rise to
poweri
The principles of American Republicanism would for & long time
find a sterile soil on that continent where it was considered wisdom
to belong to the French School of centralism. Now matters stand
thus: That either the continent of Enrobe has no future at all or
this future in American Republicanism. 59
In his Jackson-Day Dinner speech, Kossuth pleaded with America to foster
the idea of Anglo-Americen Union and to give moral support to his theory
of "intervention for non-intervention. .60
Kossuth's bitter disappointment in Washington was reflected in his
speech before the Legislature of Maryland at Annapolis on January 13, 1852,
where he said in discussing Minngary's fall' "America was silent, England
did not stir: and while you were assisted by & French kins. we were for-
saken by the French republic - itself now trodden down because it has for-
taken us. #61 In this Annapolis speech he spoke eloquently of the "glorious
destiny of America." According to Hossuth, now that America "had been as
59 The Independent. (New York Weekly). January 15, 1852.
60
New York Gerald. January 10, 1852.
82 Headley, on.cit.. 268.
89-06-21 00:11 ICM INT EXP IMP USA
P.6
179
an asylum for the oppressed. it should become, by regenerating Europe,
the pillar of manicind's liberty. 52
After his Washington experiences. Zossuth knew that be could ex-
pect no financial help for his projected revolutionary fight in Europe
from official government circles, so, accordingly his ayeeches in the
Western States became more and more appeals for money and for public
pressure on the government in behalf of Hungary. In his talk before the
Pennsylvania Legislature at Herrisburgh, he expressed his warm approval
of their official action in approving his theory of "intervention for non-
intervention," and be made a strong appeal for financial aid through the
63
forming of "Associations of Friends of Sungary.
In Pittsburgh, where
his speech was delivered in the Masonic Hall on January 26, 1852, he dis-
coursed at great length on the power of Russian secretediplemacy and of
its aim to exclude American exports from the continent of Europe. He
prophesied that if the United States would not abandon its diplomatic in-
difference toward Europe, sconer or later it would have to fight alone
against universal despotiem. 64 In Salem, Ohio. where Zossuth was somewhat
off guard because of his unpleasent experiences with the Fittsburgh Re-
ception Committee, 65 he blurted out rather openly his reason for forming
the "Associations of the Friends of Hungary." He saids
62
Endre Sebeetyen. "Kossuth on America and American Democracy,"
(Rittsburg Weekly). Cotober 10, 1943.
63
itteburch Post Garette, January 24, 1852.
64 Lassle Karoly, Manlotoredekek, (Budepest: Franklin Tarsulat,
1887), 170 ff.
65
Lende Geza. Manyarok Amerikaban, (Cleveland: Susbadwag Pub-
lishing Co., 1927). 1.
'89-06-21 00:11 ICM INT EXP IMP USA
163
country home of Mr. McAllister, 17 before he could continue his journey
to Philadelphia on the 24th of December, 1851.
The Philadelphia reception, which lasted from the 24th of
December to the 27th of December, and the Baltimore reception from the
27th to the 29th of December were in mony respects similar to that of
the New York one. It has been reported that more than twenty military
companies participated from surrounding towns in the Philadelphia parade.
19
W. T. Coggehall who had been myoointed by Sorace Greeley AS a special
reporter to cover the entire Kossuth Tour in America, wrote to his
papert "The civic procession exceeds that of the New York reception in
displays. There are incense crowds. 19
The nation's capital had no parades or mass meetings arranged
for Kossuth, but the greatest honors Washington could give were his. He
was received officially by both Houses of Congress on January 7, 1852.
Kossuth felt deeply honored when he said in the House of Representatives:
Through all the past, honors were bestowed upon slory, and
glory was attached only to success, the legislative authorities
of this great republic bestow honors upon a persecuted exile,
not conspicuous by glory. not favored by success. but engaged in
& just cause.
Therefore, there ie . trinaph of republican
principles in this fact. 20
How deeply the country was impressed by Kossuth's official reception in
Washington, can be sensed from & letter of Thomas Corwin written to J.J.
Crittenden, the day after the Kossuth reception. He wrote of the
17
luid.. December 23, 1951.
18
Carter, 00.015., I.
19
The New York Daily Tribune. December 27. 1851.
20 Rerublic, (Washington) January 8, 1852.
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
2
5TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 Reuters
The Reuter Library Report
June 8, 1989, Thursday, AM cycle
LENGTH: 254 words
HEADLINE: RADIO FREE EUROPE TO OPEN OFFICE IN BUDAPEST
DATELINE: BUDAPEST, June 8
KEYWORD: HUNGARY -RADIO
BODY:
Radio Free Europe, long jammed by Hungary's Communist authorities as
a tool of imperialist propaganda, will soon have an accredited correspondent and
office in Budapest.
"There is no obstacle of principle and implementation is under way," the
government daily Magyar Hirlap on Thursday quoted Foreign Ministry press
official Jeno Szombath as saying.
"We ourselves created the information monopoly of such media organisations as
RFE," Szombath said.
"Hungarians often learnt from them what was going on in the country but the
situation has radically changed."
One frequent criticism of RFE in Budapest is that the U.S.-funded radio
station, which prepares broadcasts to Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in
Munich, West Germany, incited Hungarians to senseless resistance against
invading Soviet tanks during the 1956 uprising.
"Of course RFE has changed, but Hungarian realities have changed even more,"
Szombath said.
An RFE spokesman in Munich welcomed the Hungarian decision,
saying the Budapest bureau would be RFE's first in Eastern
Europe although other countries in the region may soon follow
Hungary's example to allow greater access.
Some correspondents and researchers from RFE and its Radio Liberty affiliate
were recently allowed into the Soviet Union, but Moscow has barred other station
staffers for no apparent reason, the spokesman said.
Poland failed to act on a request from RFE for one of its correspondents to
travel there to cover the June 4 parliamentary elections.
SUBJECT: PRESS & MEDIA; POLITICS
LEXIS® ® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS®
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
30-Jun-1989 15:18 EDT
MEMORANDUM FOR:
BENKO
FROM:
VMS MAIL user WHSR
(WHSR@VAXE@)
SUBJECT:
Received: From VAXE (WHSR) by VAXC with Jnet id 5128
for BENKO@VAXC; Fri, 30 Jun 89 15:18 EDT
Date:
Fri, 30-JUN-1989 15:16 EST
From:
<WHSR@VAXE>
To:
BENKO@VAXC
<DIST>
SIT: BENKO
<DIST>
PRT: HUGHES KELLER STUDDERT
SIT: BLACKWILL
<PREC>
IMMEDIATE
<CLAS>
CONFIDENTIAL
<OSRI>
RUDKDAA
<DTG>
231331Z JUN 89
<ORIG>
FM AMEMBASSY BUDAPEST
<TO>
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC IMMEDIATE 6690
RUEADWW/WHITE HOUSE WASHDC IMMEDIATE
DECLASSIFIED
Department of State Guidelines
<SUBJ>
E.O. 12958, SEC 3.4 (B), July 21, 1997
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
By It NARA, Date 06/02/23
-
<TEXT>
BT
C 0 N F I D E N T I A L SECTION 01 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
DECLASSIFIED
WHITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
PER NSC WAIVER,
By H NARA, Date 06/02/23
WHITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
DEPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
E.O. 12356: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
-
1. EVENT: ARRIVAL CEREMONY
DATE:
TUESDAY, 11 JULY, 1989
TIME:
6:45 P.M.
LOCATION: FERIHEGY AIRPORT 1
ATTENDEES: 15 PLUS PRESIDENT'S PARTY
PARTICIPANTS:
UNITED STATES
HUNGARY
PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH
PRESIDENT AND MRS.
-
BRUNO STRAUB
SECRETARY AND MRS. BAKER
FOREIGN MINISTER GYULA
-
HORN
LTGEN SCOWCROFT
CHIEF OF PROTOCOL
AIDE DE CAMP
AIDE DE CAMP
OTHERS FROM PRESIDENTIAL PARTY
AMBASSADOR AND MRS. PALMER
MR. AND MRS. DONALD KURSCH (DCM)
MR. AND MRS. THOMAS LYNCH (POL)
COLONEL RUTH ANDERSON (DATT)
LTC SEAN MAXWELL (ARMA)
CW2 JAMES CALL (AARMA)
SFC KAREN LEAYCRAFT
SSG RICHARD FRENCH (DAO)
GYSGT SULLIVAN CLARK
FOUR MARINE GUARDS
PRESS: PRESS PLANE WILL HAVE LANDED 20 MINUTES PRIOR
- ANTICIPATE FULL MEDIA COVERAGE.
SCENARIO: AT 6:45 P.M. AIR FORCE ONE ARRIVES AT
FERIHEGY AIRPORT BUDAPEST, HUNGARY. AMBASSADOR
PALMER AND THE CHIEF OF PROTOCOL WILL BOARD AIR FORCE
ONE AND WELCOME THE PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH. THE
PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH FOLLOWED BY AMBASSADOR PALMER
AND THE CHIEF OF PROTOCOL WILL THEN DISEMBARK IN
PROTOCOL ORDER.
THE PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH WILL BE GREETED AT THE
BOTTOM OF THE STAIRS BY PRESIDENT AND MRS. STRAUB.
THE TWO PRESIDENTS WILL THEN ENTER THE FIRST CAR AND
THE TWO LADIES THE SECOND FOR THE RIDE TO KOSSUTH
LAJOS TER. THE OTHER MEMBERS OF THE DELEGATION WHO
WILL PROCEED TO KOSSUTH LAJOS TER WILL THEN ENTER THE
CARS WHICH WILL JOIN THE POLICE - ESCORTED MOTORCADE.
2. EVENT: ARRIVAL CEREMONY AT KOSSUTH STATUE
DATE:
TUESDAY, JULY 11, 1989
TIME:
7:15 P.M.
LOCATION: KOSSUTH MEMORIAL, KOSSUTH SQUARE
ATTENDEES: THOUSANDS (HUNGARIAN CROWDS, HEADS OF
DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS, ATTACHE CORPS, HUNGARIAN
WELCOMING PARTY)
PARTICIPANTS:
UNITED STATES
HUNGARY
PRESIDENT BUSH
PRESIDENT STRAUB (SHTRAWB)
MRS. BUSH
MRS. STRAUB
SECRETARY BAKER
SECRETARY GROSZ (GROSS)
MRS. BAKER
PRIME MINISTER NEMETH
MR. SUNUNU
(NAY-MET)
AMBASSADOR HAJDU (HI-DOO)
-
AMBASSADOR PALMER
MINISTER HORN (HORN)
MRS. PALMER
INTERPRETER
INTERPRETER
PRESS: OPEN PRESS
BT
#6881
BT
C 0 N F I D E N T I A-L SECTION 02 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
WHITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
WHITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
DEPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
E.O. 12356: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
SCENARIO: AT 7:10 PM THE PRESIDENTIAL MOTORCADE
ARRIVES AT KOSSUTH SQUARE THROUGH ALKOTMANY
(CONSTITUTION) AVENUE AND MAKES A RIGHT TURN. CROWDS
OF HUNGARIANS ARE ON BOTH SIDES OF THE STREET THAT
SURROUNDS THE SQUARE. MOTORCADE CONTINUES ON THE
ROAD AS IT BENDS TO THE LEFT AND MAKES A LEFT TURN,
CROSSING THE TRAM TRACKS AT THE INTERSECTION WITH
BALASI BALINT STREET. THE MOTORCADE STOPS BY THE
ENTRANCE TO THE PARK WITH THE KOSSUTH MEMORIAL,
OPPOSITE FROM PARLIAMENT'S GATE XVII.
PRESIDENT BUSH AND PRESIDENT STRAUB DISMOUNT AND ARE
MET BY HUNGARIAN CHIEF OF PROTOCOL, AMBASSADOR HAJDU,
WHO ESCORTS THEM TO THE FRONT OF KOSSUTH MONUMENT.
ONCE THERE, PRESIDENTS BUSH AND STRAUB ARE JOINED BY
THEIR WIVES, SECRETARY AND MRS. BAKER, AND AMBASSADOR
AND DR. PALMER, AND PRESIDENT STRAUB, PRESIDENT
STRAUB MAKES A VERY BRIEF INTRODUCTION FOR PRESIDENT
BUSH (NOTE: PRESIDENTIAL PARTY STANDS EITHER BEHIND
OR TO THE RIGHT OF THE PRESIDENT AS HE MAKES HIS
REMARKS). PRESIDENT BUSH APPROACHES THE PRESIDENTIAL
PODIUM AND BEGINS HIS REMARKS, EXPECTED TO LAST 7-10
MINUTES (NOTE: TRANSLATOR'S MICROPHONE NOT ON
PODIUM. AS PRESIDENT BUSH MAKES HIS REMARKS, CROWDS
OF HUNGARIANS WILL BE IN FRONT, AND TO HIS LEFT.
ALSO, TO THE LEFT WILL BE THE PRESS, HEADS OF
DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS, MILITARY ATTACHES, AND HUNGARIAN
WELCOMING PARTY.)
UPON COMPLETION OF REMARKS, PRESIDENT BUSH WILL JOIN
PRESIDENT STRAUB AND PROCEED TO THE NATIONAL COLORS
STAND ALONG THE PATH TO THE LEFT, PARALLEL TO AND
CLOSEST TO THE STREET. CROWDS OF HUNGARIANS WILL BE
ON BOTH SIDES OF THE PATH. MEANWHILE, MRS BUSH AND
MRS. STRAUB WILL RETRACE THEIR STEPS TO THE MOTORCADE
AND PROCEED BY CAR TO THEIR PLACE AT THE OFFICIAL
RECEPTION CEREMONY IN FRONT OF THE PARLIAMENT
BUILDING, NEAR THE NATIONAL COLORS STAND. THE HEADS
OF DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS, MILITARY ATTACHES AND
HUNGARIAN WELCOMING PARTY WILL WALK TO THEIR
POSITIONS FOR THE NEXT CEREMONY.
3. EVENT: OFFICIAL RECEPTION CEREMONY IN FRONT OF
PARLIAMENT
DATE:
TUESDAY, JULY 11, 1989
TIME:
7:30 P.M.
LOCATION: KOSSUTH SQUARE, IN FRONT OF PARLIAMENT,
NEAR THE NATIONAL COLORS STAND.
ATTENDEES: THOUSANDS (HUNGARIAN CROWDS, HEADS OF
DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS, ATTACHE CORPS, HUNGARIAN
WELCOMING PARTY)
PARTICIPANTS:
UNITED STATES
HUNGARY
PRESIDENT BUSH
PRESIDENT STRAUB (SHTRAWB)
MRS. BUSH
MRS. STRAUB
SECRETARY BAKER
MINISTER HORN
MRS. BAKER
SECRETARY GROSZ (GROSS)
MR. SUNUNU
PRIME MINISTER NEMETH
AMBASSADOR PALMER
AMBASSADOR HAJDU (HI-DOO)
DR. PALMER
INTERPRETER
INTERPRETER
PRESS: OPEN PRESS
SCENARIO: ACCOMPANIED BY PRESIDENT STRAUB AND
INTERPRETER, PRESIDENT BUSH ARRIVES AT KOSSUTH SQUARE
AND IS MET BY THE COMMANDER OF THE HONOR GUARD, WHO
SALUTES AND REPORTS TO PRESIDENT BUSH. AFTER THE
COMMANDER OF THE HONOR GUARD REPORTS, THE HUNGARIAN
AND AMERICAN NATIONAL ANTHEMS ARE PLAYED BY THE
MILITARY BAND WHILE PRESIDENT BUSH AND PRESIDENT
STRAUB STAND AT ATTENTION. UPON COMPLETION OF THE
ANTHEMS, THE COMMANDER OF THE HONOR GUARD LEADS
BT
#6881
BT
CONFIDENTIAL SECTION 03 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
WHITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
WHITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
DEPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
E.O. 12356: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
PRESIDENT BUSH AND PRESIDENT STRAUB FORWARD TO SALUTE
THE HONOR GUARD'S REGIMENTAL STANDARD (COLORS), MAKE
A RIGHT TURN AND INSPECT THE HONOR GUARD. UPON
PASSING THE HONOR GUARD'S LAST MAN (FIRST RANK ONLY),
THE COMMANDER OF THE HONOR GUARD TURNS TO PRESIDENT
BUSH AND SALUTES. HUNGARIAN CHILDREN WILL PRESENT A
BOUQUET OF FLOWERS TO PRESIDENT BUSH AND MRS. BUSH,
WHO WILL JOIN THE PRESIDENT BUSH AT THAT POINT.
MAKING ANOTHER RIGHT TURN, THE PRESIDENT BUSH WALKS
WARD AND GREET/INTRODUCES SENIOR MEMBERS OF THE
SIDENTIAL PARTY AND EMBASSY STAFF. BY MAKING YET
)THER RIGHT TURN, PRESIDENT BUSH, FOLLOWED BY THE
ESIDENTIAL PARTY, CONTINUES WALKING TOWARDS THE
LCOMING HUNGARIAN PARTY, THE HEADS OF DIPLOMATIC
SSIONS AND MILITARY/AIR ATTACHES. NOTE:
ANWHILE, EMBASSY STAFF MOVES TO A POSITION IN LINE
TH THE WELCOMING PARTY AND OUT OF THE WAY OF THE
LITARY FORMATION.) AT THE END OF THE LINE,
ESIDENT BUSH RETURNS TO THE PRESIDENTIAL DAIS
CATED IN FRONT OF THE HUNGARIAN AND DIPLOMATIC
RTIES, AND OPPOSITE THE HONOR GUARD. MRS. BUSH,
RS. STRAUB, AND THE PRESIDENTIAL PARTY REMAIN
CHIND THE DAIS WITH EITHER PRESIDENT BUSH OR
RESIDENT STRAUB, WHILE THE OTHER IS SPEAKING. AFTER
RESIDENT STRAUB'S BRIEF INTRODUCTION, PRESIDENT BUSH
ILL MAKE SOME BRIEF REMARKS, AFTER WHICH, HE WILL
EVIEWS FROM THE DAIS THE CEREMONIAL MARCH OF THE
ONOR GUARD. AT THE COMPLETION OF CEREMONIES, THE
RESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH TURN TOWARDS THE MAIN
NTRANCE OF PARLIAMENT (TO THE RIGHT AND BEHIND THE
RESIDENTIAL PARTY/EMBASY STAFF) FOR DINNER.
EVENT: STATE DINNER AT PARLIAMENT
)ATE:
TUESDAY, JULY 11, 1989
TIME:
8:00 P.M.
LOCATION: PARLIAMENT
ATTENDEES: 100 - 120
PARTICIPANTS:
UNITED STATES
HUNGARY
(GUEST LIST TO BE PROVIDED BY MFA)
PRESS: POOL COVERAGE
SCENARIO: PRESIDENT BUSH AND THE OFFICIAL PARTY WILL
ARRIVE AT THE PARLIAMENT BUILDING AT 8:00 P.M. AT THE
MAIN ENTRANCE. THEY WILL BE ESCORTED BY THE CHIEF OF
PROTOCOL UP THE MAIN STAIRS TO THE DOME ROOM. AT THE
TOP OF THE STAIRS WILL BE THE OFFICIAL RECEIVING
LINE, HEADED BY PRESIDENT AND MRS. STRAUB. PRESIDENT
AND MRS. BUSH AND THE OFFICIAL PARTY WILL MOVE DOWN
THE LINE, SHAKING HANDS WITH ALL INVITED GUESTS, BOTH
HUNGARIAN AND AMERICAN. COCKTAILS WILL THEN BE
SERVED FOR FIVE TO TEN MINUTES. THE CHIEF OF
PROTOCOL WILL THEN LEAD PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH AND
PRESIDENT AND MRS STRAUB TO THEIR SEATS IN THE
HUNTERS' HALL, WHERE THE DINNER WILL TAKE PLACE. ALL
OTHER GUESTS WILL FOLLOW, AND WILL BE SEATED AFTER
PRESIDENT BUSH AND MRS. BUSH AND PRESIDENT AND MRS.
STRAUB HAVE BEEN SEATED. GUESTS WILL RECEIVE (PRIOR
TO THE DINNER) DIAGRAMS INDICATING THE SEATING
ARRANGEMENT AT THE SINGLE LONG TABLE AND ADDITIONAL
ROUND TABLES.
ONCE ALL THE GUESTS ARE IN PLACE, REMARKS FOLLOWED BY
A TOAST WILL BE OFFERED FIRST BY PRESIDENT STRAUB AND
THEN FOLLOWED BY PRESIDENT BUSH. BOTH REMARKS AND
TOASTS WILL BE TRANSLATED PRIOR TO THE DINNER;
PRINTED VERSIONS WILL BE AVAILABLE TO GUESTS AT THE
TABLE; THERE WILL BE NO INTERPRETERS FOR THE REMARKS
OR TOASTS. THE MEDIA WILL BE PRESENT DURING THE
REMARKS AND TOASTS, BUT WILL LEAVE PRIOR TO DINNER
(NOTE: MEDIA PARTICIPATION AT THE HUNTER'S HALL WILL
BE LIMITED DUE TO LIMITED SPACE.). AFTER THE MEAL IS
OVER AND COFFEE HAS BEEN SERVED (APPROXIMATELY
BT
#6881
BT
C 0 NFIDENTIA L SECTION 04 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
WHITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
WHITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
DEPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
E.O. 12356: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
10:00), PRESIDENT BUSH AND MRS. BUSH WILL BE ESCORTED
FROM THE HUNTERS' HALL BY PRESIDENT STRAUB TO THE
MAIN GATE FOR A 10:05 DEPARTURE. FOLLOWING PRESIDENT
BUSH'S DEPARTURE, OTHER GUESTS WILL LEAVE.
5. EVENT: GUEST HOUSE
DATE:
JULY 11-13, 1989, 1989
TIME:
10:10 P.M.
LOCATION: GOH GUEST HOUSE, XII BELA KIRALY UT 26
ATTENDEES: 50
PARTICIPANTS:
UNITED STATES
HUNGARY
PRESIDENT
CHIEF OF PROTOCOL
SECRETARY BAKER
GUEST HOUSE DIRECTOR
AMBASSADOR PALMER
MFA OFFICIALS
OTHER OFFICIAL GUESTS
PRESS: NONE
SCENARIO: THE PRESIDENT, MRS. BUSH, AND OTHER GUESTS
WILL ENTER THE MAIN FOYER OF THE GUEST HOUSE AND BE
MET BY GUEST HOUSE DIRECTOR, MR. ERIK GALOVCSIK. IT
IS NORMAL PRACTICE FOR THE MFA TO MAKE REMARKS AND
HOST A WELCOMING RECEPTION. THE PRESIDENT AND MRS.
BUSH WILL THEN PROCEED TO SUITE 301 FOR THE REMAINDER
OF THE EVENING. OTHER GUESTS WILL PROCEED TO THEIR
ASSIGNED ROOMS.
6. EVENT: MEETING WITH PRESIDENT STRAUB
DATE:
WEDNESDAY, JULY 12, 1989
TIME:
9:00 A.M.
LOCATION: NANDORFEHERVARI HALL, PARLIAMENT
ATTENDEES: 5
PARTICIPANTS:
UNITED STATES
HUNGARY
PRESIDENT BUSH
PRESIDENT STRAUB (SHTRAWB)
INTERPRETER
INTERPRETER
FRANCISCO GONZALEZ/NOTETAKER
PRESS: PHOTO OPPORTUNITY
SCENARIO: AT 8:58 A.M., PRESIDENT BUSH ARRIVES AT
PARLIAMENT'S GATE I AND IS MET ON ARRIVAL BY THE
COMMANDER OF PARLIAMENT GUARD. PRESIDENT BUSH IS
ESCORTED BY THE COMMANDER OF PARLIAMENT GUARD TO THE
ELEVATOR AND PROCEEDS TO NANDORFEHERVARI HALL, TO THE
LEFT OF THE ELEVATOR EXIT, TO MEET WITH PRESIDENT
STRAUB.
NOTE: CONCURRENT WITH PRESIDENT BUSH'S ARRIVAL,
MEMBERS OF THE WORKING PARTY ARRIVE AT GATE I OF
PARLIAMENT, VIA SEPARATE MOTORCADE, FOR SUBSEQUENT
MEETINGS. THE WORKING PARTY WILL BE MET ON ARRIVAL
AND WILL BE ESCORTED TO A WAITING ROOM ADJACENT
MUNKACSY HALL.
7. EVENT: MEETING WITH FIRST SECRETARY GROSZ
DATE:
WEDNESDAY, JULY 12, 1989
TIME:
9:15 A.M.
LOCATION: MUNKACSY HALL, PARLIAMENT
ATTENDEES: 16
BT
#6881
BT
CONFIDENTIA L SECTION 05 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
WHITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
WHITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
DEPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
E.O. 12356: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
PARTICIPANTS:
UNITED STATES
HUNGARY
PRESIDENT BUSH
FIRST SECRETARY GROSZ (GROSS)
SECRETARY BAKER
FOREIGN MINISTER HORN
AMBASSADOR PALMER
SIX OTHER HUNGARIANS
DON KURSCH/NOTETAKER
INTERPRETER
- FIVE OTHER
AMERICANS
INTERPRETER
PRESS: PHOTO OPPORTUNITY
SCENARIO: AT 9:10 A.M. PRESIDENT BUSH LEAVES
NANDORFEHERVARI HALL, TURNS LEFT AND WALKS TWENTY
YARDS STRAIGHT AHEAD TO FERHERVARY HALL. MEMBERS OF
THE WORKING PARTY WILL BE WAITING OUTSIDE THE
FEHERVARY HALL AND FOLLOW PRESIDENT BUSH. MEETING
WILL LAST FIFTY MINUTES.
8. EVENT: MEETING WITH PRIME MINISTER NEMETH
DATE:
WEDNESDAY, JULY 12, 1989
TIME:
10:10 A.M.
LOCATION: DELEGATION ROOM, PARLIAMENT
ATTENDEES: 16
PARTICIPANTS:
UNITED STATES
HUNGARY
PRESIDENT BUSH
PRIME MINISTER NEMETH (NAY-MET)
SECRETARY BAKER
FOREIGN MINISTER HORN
AMBASSADOR PALMER
INTERPRETER
SANDY DEMBSKI/NOTETAKER
- FIVE OTHER AMERICANS
ERPRETER
SS: PHOTO OPPORTUNITY
NARIO: AT 10:05 A.M. PRESIDENT BUSH LEAVES
DORFEHERVARI HALL, WALKS TO THE END OF THE HALL,
RE HE CONTINUES TO THE LEFT. PRESIDENT CONTINUES
N THE HALL UNTIL HE ARRIVES AT THE MAIN STAIRCASE
A, WHERE HE TURNS TO THE RIGHT INTO THE DELEGATION
M.
'E: UPON CONCLUSION OF THE MEETING WITH PRIME
[ISTER NEMETH, PRESIDENT BUS AND REMAINING WORKING
(TY ARE ESCORTED DOWN THROUGH THE MAIN ENTRANCE TO
: MOTORCADE FOR DEPARTURE.
EVENT: MEETING WITH STUDENTS
TE:
WEDNESDAY, 12 JULY 1989
ME:
12:25 P.M.
CATION: TANCSICS MIHALY NO. 9, THE VAR
TENDEES: 15
RTICIPANTS:
ITED STATES
HUNGARY
ESIDENT BUSH
ROBERT BRAUN, WALLENBERG
COMMITTEE
LBERT E. KINDELAN II
MARTA PELLARDI, EOTVOS LORANT
UNIV.
AO ECSODI
TAMAS SZIGETI, TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY
SGT SULLIVAN CLARK
TAMAS UNVARI, AIESEC
BUSINESS GROUP
SG #1
CHRISTOPHER PINON,
Γ
6881
Γ
0 N F I D E N T I A L SECTION 06 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
HITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
HITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
EPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
.0. 12356: OADR
'AGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
UBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
ISG #2
ZSUZSA SZELENYI (FIDESZ)
ISG #3
GABOR FODOR (FIDESZ)
SG #4
JULIANNA MATRAI (FIDESZ)
-
ANDRAS VAGVOLGYI (FIDESZ)
-
LASZLO KOVER (FIDESZ)
-
KMU #1
-
KMU #2
-
KMU #3
I
JATE #1
-
JATE, SZEGED
-
PEACE PEN #1
-
PEACE PEN #2
-
PEACE PEN GROUP
PRESS: POOL
SCENARIO: THE PRESIDENT WILL ARRIVE AT THE VAR FROM
THE GUEST HOUSE BY MOTORCADE. HIS CAR WILL EITHER
DRIVE INTO THE COURTYARD FROM TANCSICS MIHALY UTCA OR
HE WILL EXIT THE CAR AT THE STREET AND WALK INTO THE
COURTYARD THROUGH THE MAIN DOOR.
IMMEDIATELY INSIDE THE COURTYARD TO THE RIGHT WILL BE
A FOUR-MAN U. S. MARINE CORPS COLOR GUARD COMPOSED OF
PERSONNEL PERMANENTLY ASSIGNED TO THE BUDAPEST
EMBASSY MARINE SECURITY GUARD DETACHMENT. THE VAR
BUILDING CONTAINS THE RESIDENCE OF THE MARINE
SECURITY GUARD DETACHMENT.
AFTER REVIEWING THE COLOR GUARD, THE PRESIDENT WILL
BE ESCORTED STRAIGHT BACK THROUGH THE COURTYARD TO A
TABLE ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE WALKWAY (WITH THE OLD
PRISON AS BACKDROP) WHERE HE WILL BE PRESENTED WITH A
PEACE PEN. AFTER RECEIVING THE PEACE PEN, THE
PRESIDENT WILL BE ESCORTED DOWN DOWN THE STEPS TO THE
LOWER GARDEN OVERLOOKING THE DANUBE AND THE PEST
SKYLINE WHERE HE WILL HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO MEET AND
TALK WITH 15 HUNGARIAN AND AMERICAN UNIVERSITY
STUDENTS REPRESENTING A CROSS SECTION OF HUNGARIAN
INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION.
THE PRESS POOL WILL BE ABLE TO COVER ALL ASPECTS OF
THIS EVENT UP THROUGH THE FIRST FEW MOMENTS OF THE
PRESIDENT'S MEETING WITH THE STUDENTS. THE PRESS
WILL BE ABLE TO TALK WITH THE STUDENTS AFTER THE
PRESIDENT DEPARTS FOR KARL MARX UNIVERSITY OF
ECONOMIC SCIENCES AT 1:05 P.M.
AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE MEETING WITH THE STUDENTS,
THE PRESIDENT WILL BE ESCORTED BACK UP THE STEPS,
THROUGH THE COURTYARD TO TANCSICS MIHALY UTCA WHERE
HIS CAR AND THE MOTORCADE WILL BE WAITING. THOSE
STUDENTS INTERESTED IN ATTENDING THE KARL MARX SPEECH
WILL WALK WITH THE PRESIDENT TO THE STREET WHERE A
MINIBUS WILL BE AVAILABLE AT THE END OF THE MOTORCADE
TO TRANSPORT THEM TO KARL MARX.
10. EVENT: KARL MARX UNIVERSITY SPEECH
DATE:
WEDNESDAY, JULY 12, 1989
TIME:
1:15 P.M.
LOCATION: KARL MARX UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES
DIMITROV TER NO. 8
ATTENDEES: 2,000
PARTICIPANTS:
UNITED STATES
HUNGARY
PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH
CSABA CSAKI, RECTOR, KMU
AMBASSADOR MARK PALMER
FERENC GLATZ, MINISTER OF
-
EDUCATION
GILBERT E. KINDELAN II
JOAO ECSODI
PRESS: POOL
BT
#6881
BT
C
N
F
I
D
E
N
T
I
A
h
SECTION 07 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
WHITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
WHITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
DEPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
E.O. 12356: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
SCENARIO: THE SPEECH WILL TAKE PLACE IN THE AULA OF
KARL MARX UNIVERSITY. THERE WILL BE 2,000 INVITEES
COMPOSED PRIMARILY OF UNIVERSITY AND HIGH SCHOOL
(ENGLISH BI-LINGUAL SCHOOLS) STUDENTS FROM THROUGHOUT
HUNGARY, AMBASSADORS FROM THE DIPLOMATIC COMMUNITY,
HUNGARIAN AND AMERICAN BUSINESSMEN, AND INVITED
GUESTS OF THE EMBASSY. ABOUT 600 OF THE GUESTS WILL
BE SEATED IN THE AULA WHERE THE SPEAKER'S PLATFORM
WILL BE LOCATED; ANOTHER 150 SEATS WILL BE IN AN
ADJACENT HALL, BUT WITH LIMITED VISIBILITY; SEVERAL
HUNDRED STANDEES CAN BE ACCOMMODATED IN THIS ROOM
BEHIND THE CHAIRS; THREE CONTIGUOUS LECTURE HALLS,
ONE SEATING 450 AND TWO SEATING 350 EACH, WILL BE
AVAILABLE FOR THE OVERFLOW CROWD. THE ROOMS ARE
EQUIPPED WITH THREE-METER (12 FEET) VIDEO PROJECTION
SCREENS ON WHICH THEY WILL BE ABLE TO SEE THE
SPEECH. A PLATFORM WILL BE CONSTRUCTED AT THE REAR
OF THE AULA FOR USE BY THE PRESS POOL. A LIMITED
NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL TICKETS WILL BE AVAILABLE FOR
THE PRESS CORPS THROUGH THE PRESS CENTER IF IT IS NOT
POSSIBLE TO ARRANGE A LIVE VIDEO FEED FROM THE AULO
TO THE PRESS CENTER.
THE PRESIDENT WILL ARRIVE AT DIMITROV TER VIA THE
SZABADSAG BRIDGE FROM THE VAR AT 1;15 P.M. HE WILL
ENTER THE KARL MARX UNIVERSITY BUILDING BY THE
ENTRANCE FARTHEST FROM THE BRIDGE. KMU RECTOR CSABA
CSAKI (CHA-BA CHA-KI) WILL GREET THE PRESIDENT AT THE
STREET ENTRANCE AND ESCORT HIM DIRECTLY INTO THE
AULA. AT THE FIRST SEAT TO THE LEFT INSIDE THE AULA,
CSAKI WILL INTRODUCE THE PRESIDENT TO MINISTER OF
EDUCATION, FERENC GLATZ (FEH-WRENZ GLOTZ). CSAKI AND
THE PRESIDENT WILL MOUNT THE PLATFORM AND THE
PRESIDENT WILL SIT DOWN FOR A MOMENT WHILE CSAKI
INTRODUCES HIM. AFTER THE INTRODUCTION, CSAKI WILL
LEAVE THE PLATFORM AND TAKE A SEAT BESIDE THE
MINISTER. AT THE END OF THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS,
THERE IS A POSSIBLE PRESENTATION TO HIM OF A
MEDALLION AND SCROLL BY CSAKI ON BEHALF OF THE
UNIVERSITY. IF THIS PRESENTATION IS FORMALLY
PROPOSED BY THE UNIVERSITY AND ACCEPTED BY THE WHITE
HOUSE, APPROPRIATE ACCEPTANCE REMARKS WILL BE
PROVIDED FOR THE PRESIDENT.
AFTER THE CONCLUSION OF THE SPEECH (AND PRESENTATION
CEREMONY), CSAKI WILL ESCORT THE PRESIDENT BACK
THROUGH THE UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE HALL TO THE STREET
WHERE HIS CAR AND MOTORCADE WILL BE WAITING TO LEAVE
FOR THE RESIDENCE.
11. EVENT: MEETING WITH STATE MINISTERS REZSO NYERS
AND IMRE POZSGAY
DATE:
WEDNESDAY, JULY 12, 1989
TIME:
2:15 P.M.
LOCATION: RESIDENCE, GARDEN ROOM
ATTENDEES: 12
PARTICIPANTS:
UNITED STATES
HUNGARY
PRESIDENT BUSH
IMRE POZSGAY
SECRETARY BAKER
REZSO NYERS
PRESIDENTIAL PARTY
AMBASSADOR PALMER
JEFF FELTMAN/NOTETAKER
INTERPRETER
PRESS: PHOTO OPPORTUNITY. (STILL PHOTOGRAPHERS
ONLY.)
SCENARIO: ACCOMPANIED BY AMBASSADOR PALMER AND THE
PRESIDENTIAL PARTY, THE PRESIDENT ARRIVES AT THE
FRONT ENTRANCE TO THE AMBASSADOR'S RESIDENCE AND
PROCEEDS INSIDE. 45-DEGREE LEFT TURN; UP A FLIGHT OF
BT
#6881
BT
C O N F I D E N T I A L SECTION 08 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
WHITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
WHITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
DEPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
E.O. 12356: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
STAIRS; RIGHT TURN; THREE PACES; LEFT TURN; TEN PACES
TO GARDEN ROOM.
AMBASSADOR PALMER INTRODUCES THE PRESIDENT TO THE
MINISTERS OF STATE. PRESIDENT EXPRESSES PLEASURE AT
MEETING THE TWO LEADING REFORMISTS/PROGRESSIVE
FIGURES IN THE HUNGARIAN POLITICAL ESTABLISHMENT.
(TALKING POINTS.)
FOLLOWING THE MEETING, THE PRESIDENT PASSES THROUGH
FRENCH DOORS AT FAR END OF ROOM INTO THE DINING ROOM,
WHERE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE OPPOSITION ROUNDTABLE
ARE ASSEMBLED FOR FOLLOWING MEETING.
12. EVENT: MEETING WITH LEADERS OF NEW POLITICAL
PARTIES
DATE:
WEDNESDAY, JULY 12, 1989
TIME:
3:15 P.M.
LOCATION: RESIDENCE, LIVING ROOM
ATTENDEES: 20
PARTICIPANTS:
UNITED STATES
HUNGARY
PRESIDENT BUSH
MIKLOS VASARHELYI
SECRETARY BAKER
NINE OTHER NAMES FROM
PRESIDENTIAL PARTY
OPPOSITION ROUNDTABLE
AMBASSADOR PALMER
TO BE PROVIDED)
TOM LYNCH/NOTETAKER
INTERPRETER
PRESS: PHOTO OPPORTUNITY. (STILL PHOTOGRAPHERS
ONLY.)
SCENARIO: ACCOMPANIED BY AMBASSADOR PALMER, THE
PRESIDENT PASSES THROUGH DOOR AND HALLWAY FROM THE
RESIDENCE GARDEN ROOM INTO THE LIVING ROOM WHERE
MEMBERS OF THE OPPOSITION ROUNDTABLE ARE ASSEMBLED.
THE PRESIDENT AND SENIOR AIDES ASSUME SEATS ON THE
CENTER SOFA.
FOLLOWING AMBASSADOR PALMER'S INTRODUCTION, THE
PRESIDENT EXPRESSES PLEASURE AT MEETING
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE OPPOSITION ROUNDTABLE.
(TALKING POINTS.)
POINTS.)
POINTS. )
POINTS.)
13. EVENT: TENNIS
DATE:
WEDNESDAY, 12 JULY 1989
TIME:
5:50 P.M.
LOCATION: AMBASSADOR'S RESIDENCE - TENNIS COURT
ATTENDEES: SIX
PARTICIPANTS:
UNITED STATES
HUNGARY
PRESIDENT BUSH
PRIME MINISTER MIKLOS NEMETH
-
(MEEK-LOSH NEM-IT)
SECRETARY BAKER
RESZO NYERS (TENTATIVE)
-
(RES-O NERSH)
AMBASSADOR PALMER LASZLO HEGYESSY (REFEREE)
-
(LAS-LO HEDG-E-SEA)
PRESS: NONE
SCENARIO: THIS EVENT IS AN OPTION FOR THE
BT
#6881
BT
C 0 N F I D E N T I A L SECTION 09 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
WHITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
WHITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
DEPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
E.O. 12356: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
PRESIDENT'S SCHEDULE AND WOULD PROVIDE THE
OPPORTUNITY TO GET TOGETHER INFORMALLY WITH PRIME
MINISTER NEMETH. IF THE PRESIDENT DECIDES TO PLAY
TENNIS, HE SHOULD LEAVE THE GUEST HOUSE AT 5:40 P.M.
FOR THE AMBASSADOR'S RESIDENCE. HE WILL BE MET AT
THE RESIDENCE BY AMBASSADOR PALMER AND THE HUNGARIAN
PARTICIPANTS. THE COURT IS RED-CLAY. PRESIDENT BUSH
AND SECRETARY BAKER SHOULD PLAN TO CHANGE AT THE
RESIDENCE FOR THE FOLLOWING 7:00 P.M. RECEPTION ALSO
LOCATED AT THE AMBASSADOR'S RESIDENCE.
14. EVENT: RECEPTION
DATE:
WEDNESDAY, JULY 12, 1989
TIME:
7:00 - 7:45 P.M.
LOCATION: AMBASSADOR'S RESIDENCE
ATTENDEES: 200
PARTICIPANTS:
UNITED STATES:
PRESIDENT BUSH
MRS. BUSH
SECRETARY OF STATE BAKER
MRS. BAKER
NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR BRENT SCOWCROFT
WHITE HOUSE CHIEF OF STAFF SUNUNU
REMAINDER OF OFFICIAL PARTY
AMBASSADOR PALMER
MRS. PALMER
DAN FOGEL, ACADEMIC DEAN, INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT
- CENTER
BOB HISRICH, FULBRIGHT PROFESSOR, INTERNATIONAL
- MANAGEMENT CENTER
ANDREW SARLOS, CANADIAN BUSINESSMAN
LYNN CURTIS, MANAGER, BECHTEL HUNGARIAN ALLIANCE
LAJOS SCHMIDT, BAKER AND MCKENZIE
ROBIN WINCHESTER, GENERAL DIRECTOR, CITIBANK
EDWARD SCHWINN
ROBERT V.D. LUFT, GROUP VICE PRESIDENT,
- INTERNATIONAL, AND CHAIRMAN, DUPONT DE NEMOURS
- INTERNATIONAL S.A.
DAVE MCKINNEY, PRESIDENT, IBM--EUROPE
ROY HUFFINGTON, ROY M. HUFFINGTON, INC.
( INVITATION TO HILTON)
PETER PFUGK, SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT AND REGIONAL
- DIRECTOR, ESTEE LAUDER
MOGENS BAY, VALMONT INDUSTRIES
ROBERT EATON, GM
UPS REPRESENTATIVE
EDGAR BRONFMAN, WORLD JEWISH CONGRESS
ISRAEL SINGER, WORLD JEWISH CONGRESS
DR. ALEXANDER HARASZTI, CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD,
- AMERICAN HUNGARIAN FEDERATION
CHARLES GATI, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
HUNGARY
H.E. GYULA HORN (DYOO-LAH HORN), FOREIGN MINISTER
H.E. TAMAS BECK (TAH-MASH BECK), MINISTER OF TRADE
H.E. FERENCE HORVATH (FEH-RENTS HOR-VATH), MINISTER
- OF INDUSTRY
H.E. FERENC KARPATI (FEH-RENTS KAR-PAH-TEE), MINISTER
- OF DEFENSE
H.E. KALMAN KULCSAR (KAHL-MAN KOOL-CHAR), MINISTER OF
- JUSTICE
H.E. ANDRAS DERZSI (AHN-DRASH DEHR-ZSEE -- "ZS" LIKE
- ZSUZSA), MINISTER OF TRANSPORTATION,
- COMMUNICATIONS, AND CONSTRUCTION
H.E. CSABA HUTTER (CHU-BUH HUHT-TER), MINISTER OF
- AGRICULTURE
H.E. JUDIT CSEHAK (YOO-DEET CHEH-HAHK), MINISTER OF
- HEALTH AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS
H.E. FERENC GLATZ (FER-RENTS GLAHTZ), MINISTER OF
- CULTURE
BT
#6881
BT
CONFI DEN TIAL, SECTION 10 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
WHITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
WHITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
DEPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
E.O. 12356: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
H.E. LASZLO BEKESI (LAHS-LO BAY-KEH-SEE), MINISTER OF
- FINANCE
H.E. IVAN BEREND (EE-VAN BEH-REND), PRESIDENT,
- HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FERENC BARTHA (FEH-RENTS BAHR-TAH), PRESIDENT,
- NATIONAL BANK OF HUNGARY
DR. BIELEK JOZSEF (BYE-LEHK JO-SEF), MAYOR OF BUDAPEST
H.E. ZSIGMOND JARAI (SIG-MOND YAR-RYE), DEPUTY
- MINISTER OF FINANCE
LASZLO KOVACS (LAHS-LO KO-VACH), STATE SECRETARY,
- MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
DR. BELA HAVASI (BAY-LAH HAH-VAH-SEE), DEPUTY
- MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
FERENC RATKAI (FEH-REHNS RAT-KI-EE), DEPUTY MINISTER
- OF CULTURE
DR. ROBERT BOROS (ROE-BERT BOR-OSH), HEAD OF
- INTERNATIONAL DEPT, MINISTRY OF CULTURE
JOZSEF CZEGLEDI (JO-SEF SEH-GLEHD-EE), DIRECTOR
- GENERAL, HUNGARIAN TOURIST BOARD
GABOR HORVATH (GAH-BOR HOR-VAT), U.S. DESK OFFICER,
- MFA
LASZLO FODOR (LAHS-LO FO-DOR), U.S. DESK OFFICER, MFA
JOZSEF HAJDU (YO-SEF HI-DOO), PROTOCOL OFFICE, MFA
IMRE SZTANKOVICS (EEM-REH STAN-KO-VICH), HEAD OF
- CONSULAR AFFAIRS, MFA
DR. GEZA KILENYI (GAY-ZAH KEE-LAY-NYEE), DEPUTY
- MINISTER OF JUSTICE
DR. TAMAS BAN (TAH-MAHSH BONN), HEAD OF INTERNATIONAL
- DEPARTMENT, MINISTRY OF JUSTICE
DR. PETER TIMORANSZKY (PAY-TER TEAM-OR-ANS-SKEE),
- ASSISTANT HEAD OF INTERNATIONAL DEPARTMENT,
- MINISTRY OF JUSTICE
TIBOR MELEGA (TEE-BOR MEH-LEH-GEH), STATE SECRETARY,
- MINISTRY OF TRADE
SZABOLCS FAZAKAS (SAW-BOLCH FAZ-A-KAS), OFFICE
- DIRECTOR, MINISTRY OF TRADE
DR. IMRE SZABO (EEM-REH SAW-BOW), STATE SECRETARY,
- MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY
ARPAD SOMODY (AR-PAD SHOW-MO-DEE), HEAD OF
- INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY
PETER REININGER (PAY-TER RYE-NEEN-GER), MINISTRY OF
- INDUSTRY
ISTVAN TOMPE (EESHT-VAHN TUHM-PAY), COUNCIL OF
- MINISTERS
ILONA HARDI (EE-LO-NAH HAR-DEE), PRESIDENT,
- SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
MIHALY KUPA (MEE-HI-EE KOO-PAH), BUDGET REFORM
- SECRETARIAT, MINISTRY OF FINANCE
CSABA REPASSY (CHUH-BUH RAY-PAHSH-SHEE), MINISTRY OF
- FINANCE
EDE SZIKLAI (EH-DEH SEEK-LI-EE), MINISTRY OF TRADE
DR. ENDRE JUHASZ (AHN-DREH YOU-HAHS), MINISTRY OF
- TRADE
ODON SKONA (UH-DUN SHKOE-NAH), HEAD, CIVIL AVIATION
- ADMINISTRATION
PAL BANHALMI (PAUL BAHN-HAL-MEE), CHIEF,
- INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, MINISTRY OF
TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION
EVA MOLNAR (A-VAH MOL-NAR), U.S. DESK OFFICER,
- MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS AND
- CONSTRUCTION
ISTVAN SZALKAI (EESHT-VAN SAHL-KI-EE), VICE
- PRESIDENT, NATIONAL BANK OF HUNGARY
IMRE TARAFAS (EEM-REH TAR-AH-FAS), FIRST VICE
- PRESIDENT, NATIONAL BANK OF HUNGARY
EDE BAKO (EH-DEH BAH-KO), MANAGING DIRECTOR, NATIONAL
- BANK OF HUNGARY
ISTVAN RACZ (EESHT-VAN RATS), HEAD, INTERNATIONAL
- MONETARY DEPARTMENT, NATIONAL BANK OF HUNGARY
LAJOS BOKROS (LI-YOSH BOK-ROSH), HEAD, CAPITAL
- MARKETS DIVISION, NATIONAL BANK OF HUNGARY
LASZLO KAPOLYI (LAHS-LO KAH-PO-YEE), STATE
- COMMISSIONER, PARLIAMENT
LASZLO SOMOGYI (LAHS-LO SHOW-MO-GEE), COMMISSIONER,
- WORLD EXHIBITION COMMITTEE
ANDRAS GUYLAS (ON-DRAHSH GOO-YAHSH), HEAD, MFA PRESS
- DEPARTMENT
JENO SZOMBATH (YEH-NEW SOM-BUT), MFA PRESS DEPARTMENT
SANDOR IGAZ (SHAHN-DOOR EE-GAHZ), MFA PRESS DEPARTMENT
BT
#6881
BT
€ 0 N F I D E N T I A L SECTION 11 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
WHITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
WHITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
DEPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
E.O. 12356: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
H.E. VENCEL HAZI (VEHNT-SELL HAH-ZEE), AMBASSADOR,
- HUNGARIAN EMBASSY, WASHINGTON, D.C.
MR. ISTVAN PATAKI (EESHT-VAN PAH-TAH-KEE), DEPUTY
- CHIEF OF MISSION, HUNGARIAN EMBASSY, WASHINGTON
LAJOS FODOR (LAHS-LO FO-DOOR), RECTOR, TECHNICAL
- UNIVERSITY, BUDAPEST
BELA CSAKANY (BAY-LAH CHAH-KAH-NEE), RECTOR, JOZSEF
- ATTILA ACADEMIC UNIVERSITY, SZEGED
GYULA CSIKAI (DYEW-LAH CHEE-KYE-EE), RECTOR, KOSSUTH
- LAJOS ACADEMIC UNIVERSITY, DEBRECEN
MARIA ORMOS (MAH-REE-AH OR-MOSH), RECTOR, JANUS
- PANNONIUS ACADEMIC UNIVERSITY, PECS
CSABA CSAKI (CHUH-BUH CHAH-KEE), RECTOR, KARL MARX
- UNIVERSITY
DR. PETER HARDI (PAY-TER HAR-DEE), DIRECTOR,
- INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
DR. GYORGY NADOR (GEORGE NAY-DOOR), DIRECTOR,
- INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL INSTITUTE
DR. TAMAS SZECSKO (TAH-MAHSH SAYCH-KO), DIRECTOR,
- INSTITUTE FOR MASS COMMUNICATION
FERENC SZABO (FEH-RENTS SAH-BO), DIRECTOR GENERAL,
- KFKI -- CENTRAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS
MIHALY SIMAI (MEE-HI-EE SHE-MAH-YEE), DEPUTY
- CHAIRMAN, INSTITUTE FOR WORLD ECONOMY
GYULA BERECZKY (DYEW-LAH BEH-RET-SKEE), PRESIDENT, MTV
ISTVAN HAJDU (EESHT-VAN HI-DEW), PRESIDENT, HUNGARIAN
- RADIO
ISTVAN KULCSAR (EESHT-VAN KOOL-CHAR), FOREIGN AFFAIRS
- COMMENTATOR, HUNGARIAN RADIO
JANOS AVAR (YAH-NOSH AH-VAR), FOREIGN AFFAIRS
- COMMENTATOR, MAGYAR NEMZET
ZSOLT BAJNOT (ZSOLT BYE-NOTE -- "ZS" AS IN ZSAZSA
- GABOR), EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, MAGYAR HIRLAP
PAL EOTVOS (PAUL UHT-VUSH), EDITOR-IN-CHIEF,
- NEPSZABADSAG
LASZLO FODOR (LAHS-LO FO-DOR), EDITOR-IN-CHIEF,
- NEPSZAVA
TAMAS KOCSIS (TAH-MAHSH KO-CHEESH), EDITOR-IN-CHIEF,
- KEPES 7
ZOLTAN BIRO (ZOL-TAN BEE-RO), EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, HITEL
SANDOR FEKETE (SHAHN-DOOR FEH-KEH-TEH),
- EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, UJ TUKOR
LAJOS BURGET (LI-YOSH BURR-GET), EDITOR-IN-CHIEF,
- HATAR-SZEL
GYULA BANYAI (DYEW-LAH BAHN-YAH-EE), MANAGING EDITOR,
- VILAGGAZDASAG
PETER TOKE (PAY-TER TUH-KEH), EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, REFORM
ZOLTAN BRADY (ZOL-TAN BRAH-DEE), EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, KAPU
TAMAS PALOS (TAH-MAHSH PAL-OSH), GENERAL DIRECTOR, MTI
IVAN LIPOVECZ (EE-VAN LEE-PO-VEHTS), EDITOR-IN-CHIEF,
- HVG
ISTVAN SOLTESZ (EEST-VAN SHOL-TEHS), EDITOR-IN-CHIEF,
- MAGYAR NEMZET
GYORGY VARGA (GEORGE VAHR-GAH), EDITOR-IN-CHIEF,
- FIGYELO
ENDRE GOMORI (AHN-DREH GO-MO-REE), FOREIGN AFFAIRS
- COMMENTATOR, VILAGOSSAG
IVAN BABA (EE-VAN BAH-BAH), EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, DATUM
ALAJOS CHRUDINAK (AH-LAH-JOSH KRUDE-EE-NAHK), HEAD,
- FOREIGN AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT, MTV
ENDRE ACZEL (AHN-DREH AHT-SAIL), MTV EVENING NEWS
ISTVAN SZABO (EEST-VAN SAH-BO), FILM DIRECTOR
GYORGY KONRAD (GEORGE KON-RAD), AUTHOR
COL GENERAL JOZSEF PACSEK (YO-SEF PAH-CHEK), CHIEF OF
- STAFF OF THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE'S ARMY
LT. GEN TIBOR TOTH (TEE-BOR TOTE), FIRST DEPUTY CHIEF
- OF STAFF
MAJ GEN EGON SZABO (EH-GONE SAH-BO), FIRST DEPUTY OF
- THE POLITICAL CHIEF OF STAFF
LT CSABA CSENDES (CHUH-BUH CHEHN-DEHSH), U.S. DESK
- OFFICER, MINISTRY OF DEFENSE
MIKLOS VASARHELYI (MEE-KLOSH VAH-SHAR-HAY-EE), SOROS
- FOUNDATION
LASZLO RAJK (LAHS-LO RIKE), FREE DEMOCRATS
PAL FORGACS (PAUL FOR-GACH), TDDSZ (INDEPENDENT UNION)
GABOR FODOR (GAH-BOR FO-DOR), FIDESZ (INDEPENDENT
- YOUTH LEAGUE)
JANOS KIS (JAH-NOSH KEESH), FREE DEMOCRATS
FERENC KOSZEG (FEH-RENTS KUH-SEHG), FREE DEMOCRATS
BT
#6881
BT
C O N F I D E N T I A L SECTION 12 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
WHITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
WHITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
DEPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
E.O. 12356: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
GABOR DEMBSZKY (GAH-BOR DEMB-SKEE), FREE DEMOCRATS
ARPAD GONCZ (AHR-PAHD GONTS), FREE DEMOCRATS
BALINT MAGYAR (BAH-LEENT MUD-YAR), FREE DEMOCRATS
IMRE MECS (EEM-REH MECH), COMMITTEE ON HISTORICAL
- JUSTICE, FREE DEMOCRATS
OTTILIA SOLT (O-TEE-LEE-AH SHOLT), FREE DEMOCRATS
MIKLOS TAMAS GASPAR (MEEK-LOSH TAH-MAHSH GAHSH-PAR),
- FREE DEMOCRATS
JULIA VASARHELYI (YOO-LEE-AH VAH-SHAR-HAY-EE), FREE
- DEMOCRATS
PAL SCHIFFER (PAL SHEE-FEHR), DEMOCRATIC LEAGUE OF
- INDEPENDENT UNIONS
LASZLO BRUSZT (LAHS-LO BROOST),
- DEMOCRATIC LEAGUE OF INDEPENDENT UNIONS
LASZLO SOLYOM (LAHS-LO SHOW-YOM), OPPOSITION
- ROUNDTABLE
PETER TOLGYESSY (PAY-TER TOL-JEH-SHEE), OPPOSITION
- ROUNDTABLE
GYORGY SZABAD (GEORGE SAH-BAHD), HUNGARIAN DEMOCRATIC
- FORUM
ZOLTAN BIRO (ZOL-TAHN BEE-ROO), HUNGARIAN DEMOCRATIC
- FORUM
JOZSEF ANTALL (JO-SEF AHN-TAL), HUNGARIAN DEMOCRATIC
- FORUM
DR. ENIKO BOLLOBAS (EH-NEE-KUH BOL-LO-BAHSH)
- HUNGARIAN DEMOCRATIC FORUM
GYORGY BANFFY (GEORGE BAHN-FEE), INDEPENDENT MP
DR. LASZLO CZOMA (LAHS-LO TSO-MAH -- "TS" AS IN
- "TSAR"), INDEPENDENT MP
DR. LASZLO LAKOS (LAHS-LO LAH-KOSH), INDEPENDENT MP
DR. EVA BALLA (AA-VAH BAHL-LAH), INDEPENDENT MP
GYULA BUBLA (DYOO-LAH BOOB-LAH), INDEPENDENT MP
JUDIT BENJAMIN (YOO-DEET BEN-YAH-MEEN), LEADER OF
- INDEPENDENT MP CAUCUS
EDIT B. ROZSA (EH-DEET RO-ZSAH -- "ZS" LIKE ZSAZSA),
- INDEPENDENT MP
DR. SUDI BERTALAN (SHOO-DEE BEHR-TAH-LAHN),
- INDEPENDENT MP
MIHALY BIHARI (MEE-HI-EE BEE-HAH-REE), INDEPENDENT
- LAWYER
GYORGY RUTTNER (GEORGE ROOT-NER), INDEPENDENT LAWYER
SANDOR SZILAGY (SHAHN-DOOR SEE-LAH-GEE), REFUGEE
- COMMITTEE
BELA TOTH (BAY-LAH TOTE), INDEPENDENT TEACHERS UNION
TIBOR VIDOS (TEE-BOR VEE-DOSH), TDDSZ (INDEPENDENT
- UNION)
DR. SANDOR KERESZTES (SHAHN-DOOR KEH-REHS-TESH),
- CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY
PETER BACSO (PAY-TER BA-CHO), FILM DIRECTOR
JUDIT EMBER (YOO-DEET EHM-BEHR)
MARIKA NEMETH (MAH-REE-KAH NAY-MET)
FERENC KOSA (FEH-RENTS KO-SHA)
FERENC BESENYI (FEH-RENTS BEH-SHEN-YEE), ACTOR:
- FIDDLER ON THE ROOF
SANDOR NEMETH (SHAHN-DOOR NAY-MEHT), ACTOR: SINGING
- IN THE RAIN
IMRE VARGA (EEM-REH VAR-GAH), SCULPTOR
DR. GYULA KODOLANYI (DYOO-LAH KO-DO-LAHN-YEE),
- HUNGARIAN DEMOCRATIC FORUM
MARIA ILYES (MAH-REE-AH EE-YEHSH)
CARDINAL LASZLO PASZKAI (LAHS-LO PAHS-KI-EE),
- CATHOLIC PRIMATE
BISHOP KAROLY TOTH (KAHR-O-YEE TOT), BISHOP OF
- REFORMED CHURCH
RABBI ALFRED SCHONER (AL-FRED SHOO-NER), CHIEF RABBI
- OF BUDAPEST
LASZLO LUKACS (LAHS-LO LOO-KACH), EDITOR OF VIGILIA
BISHOP ELEMER KOCSIS (EH-LE-MER KO-CHEESH), REFORMED
- BISHOP OF DEBRECEN
DR. ANDRAS LOSONCI (AHN-DRAHSH LO-SHONT-SEE),
- PRESIDENT OF JEWISH COMMUNITY
MIKLOS BLANKENSTEIN (MEEK-LOSH BLAHN-KEN-SHTINE),
- CATHOLIC BASE COMMUNITIES
TIBOR BARANYAI (TEE-BOR BAH-RAHN-YAH-EE), SOCIAL
- DEMOCRATS
GYORGY SZAKOLCZAI (GEORGE SAH-KOL-TSI-EE -- "TS" LIKE
- TSAR), CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY
CSABA VARGA (CHUH-BUH VAHR-GAH), HUNGARIAN PEOPLE'S
- PARTY
BT
#6881
BT
C 0 N I D E N T I A L SECTION 13 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
WHITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
WHITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
DEPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
E.O. 12356: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
ZSOLT ZETENYI (ZSOLT ZAY-TEHN-YEE -- "ZS" LIKE
- ZSAZSA), BAJCSY-ZSILINSZKY FRIENDSHIP SOCIETY
KAROLY EPERJES (KAH-ROO-YEE EH-PEHR-YASHE), ACTOR:
- ELDORADO
LEVENTE JANOSSI (LEH-VEN-TEH JAH-NO-SHEE), WORKERS'
- SOLIDARITY
GEZA BUDA (GAY-ZAH BOO-DAH), FIDESZ WORKERS' GROUP
ISTVAN VASS (EESHT-VAN VAHSH), FREE DEMOCRATS
JUDIT VASARHELYI (YOO-DEET VAH-SHAR-HAY-EE), GREENS
SANDOR CSOORI (SHAHN-DOOR CHOO-REE), POET, HUNGARIAN
- DEMOCRATIC FORUM
GYULA CSABA KISS (DYOO-LAH CHUH-BUH KEESH), HUNGARIAN
- DEMOCRATIC FORUM
RUDOLF JOO (ROO-DOLF YOO), HUNGARIAN DEMOCRATIC FORUM
JANOS VARGHA (YAH-NOSH VAHRG-AH), DANUBE CIRCLE
MIKLOS HARASZTI (MEEK-LOSH HAH-RAHS-TEE), FREE
- DEMOCRATS
PETER HARDI (PAY-TER HAR-DEE), INDEPENDENT
- SMALLHOLDERS' PARTY
LASZLO ANTAL (LAHS-LO AHN-TAL), SECRETARY, ECONOMIC
- REFORM COMMITTEE
MARTON TARDOS (MAHR-TON TAHR-DOSH), ECONOMIST,
- FINANCIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
LASZLO LENGYEL (LAHS-LO LEND-YELL), ECONOMIST,
- FINANCIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
TAMAS BACSKAI (TAH-MAHSH BAHCH-KAH-EE), SENIOR
- ECONOMIST, KARL MARX UNIVERSITY
TAMAS BAUER (TAH-MAHSH BAH-WER), INSTITUTE OF
- ECONOMICS
CSABA HALMOS (CHUH-BUH HAHL-MOSH), HEAD OF STATE
- OFFICE FOR WAGES AND LABOR
ANDRAS GABOR (AHN-DRAHSH GAH-BOR), PRESIDENT, CHAMBER
OF COMMERCE
PETER LORINCZE (PAY-TER LUH-REENT-SEH), SECRETARY
- GENERAL, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
JANOS PALOTAS (YAH-NOSH PAH-LO-TAHSH), PRESIDENT,
- VOSZ (NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENTREPRENEURS)
PAL FISCHER (PAUL FEESH-EHR), SECRETARY, KIOSZ
- (ASSOCIATION OF ARTISANS AND SMALL ENTREPRENEURS)
JANOS GYULLAI (YAH-NOSH DYOOL-LAY-EE), KISOSZ
- (ASSOCIATION OF PRIVATE RETAILERS)
MRS. PAL SZAMOSI (MRS. PAUL SAH-MO-SHEE), OKISZ
- (ASSOCIATION OF INDUSTRIAL COOPERATIVES)
JANOS BORSAY (YAH-NOSH BOR-SHY-EE), HEAD OF SMALL
- BUSINESS DEPARTMENT CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
EDE HORVATH (EH-DEH HOR-VAHT), GENERAL DIRECTOR, RABA
ROBERT BURGERT (ROE-BERT BUR-GERT), GENERAL DIRECTOR,
- BALBONA
NA TATAI (EE-LO-NAH TAH-TAH-EE), GENERAL DIRECTOR,
TAURUS
IOS DEAK (YAH-NOSH DAY-AHK), MANAGING DIRECTOR,
KOPINT/DATORG
)RAS PINTER (AHN-DRAHSH PEEN-TER), GENERAL
DIRECTOR, LEVI STRAUSS
NO RUBIK (EHR-NUH ROO-BEEK), INVENTOR, ENTREPRENEUR
RE BEKE (EEM-REH BAY-KEH), HEAD OF U.S.-HUNGARIAN
BROKERAGE FIRM
DRAS LASZLO (AHN-DRAHSH LAHS-LO), CHAIRMAN, CO-NEXUS
NDOR DEMJAN (SHAHN-DOOR DEHM-JAHN), GENERAL
DIRECTOR, CREDIT BANK
ZA LENK (GAY-ZAH LEHNK), GENERAL DIRECTOR,
COMMERCIAL AND CREDIT BANK
NES CSERESNYES (AHG-NEHSH CHEH-REHSH-NEHSH),
GENERAL DIRECTOR, UNICBANK
ZSEBET BIRMAN (AIR-ZSEH-BET BEER-MAN -- "ZS" AS IN
ZSAZSA), INNOFINANCE
CAR HEGEDUS (OSH-CAR HEH-GEH-DUSH), GENERAL
DIRECTOR, BUDAPEST BANK
BOR ERDELY (GAH-BOR AIR-DAY-YEE), PRESIDENT,
HUNGARIAN FOREIGN TRADE BANK
UZSANNA BRANYIK ZSOO-ZSAHN-NAH BRAN-YEEK -- "ZS"
LIKE ZSAZSA), DIRECTOR, IBM
:TER SIMSA (PAY-TER SHEEM-SHAH), MANAGING DIRECTOR,
KONSTRUCT
R. LASZLO NOGRADI (LAHS-LO NO-GRAH-DEE), GENERAL
RECTOR, SCHWINN
R. LAJOS JAHODA (LI-YOSH YAH-HO-DEE), GENERAL
DIRECTOR, MALEV
Γ
6881
Γ
o
2
F
I
D E N T I A L SECTION 14 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
HITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
HITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
EPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
.0. 12356: OADR
AGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
UBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
ABOR VARSZEGI (GAH-BOR VAR-SEHG-EE), DIRECTOR, FOTEX
SUZSA RAJKI (ZSOO-ZSAH RYE-KEE -- "ZS" AS IN
ZSAZSA), DIRECTOR, DOW CHEMICAL REPRESENTATION
OFFICE
ERENC ARVAY (FEH-RENTS AHR-VAY), DIRECTOR, 3M
REPRESENTATION OFFICE
STVAN PAPP (EEST-VAN PAP), DIRECTOR GENERAL,
ENERGIAGAZDALKODASI INTEZET
,AJOS KOVESKUTI (LI-YOSH KUH-VESH-KOOT-EE), DIRECTOR
- GENERAL, HIRADASTECHNIKA SZOVETKEZET
BELA FELEK (BAY-LAH FEH-LEHK), DIRECTOR, HERENDI
- PORCELLANGYAR
ERIKA SZEMENKAR (AIR-EE-KAH SEH-MEN-KAR), PRESIDENT,
- IBUSZ
JUDIT GERGELY (YOU-DEET GEHR-GEH-YEE), MANAGER
- DIRECTOR, INVEST CENTER
ANDRAS SEMSEY (AHN-DRAHSH SHEM-SHAY), DIRECTOR
- GENERAL, IKARUS
LAJOS TOLNAY (LAH-YOSH TOL-NAY), DIRECTOR GENERAL,
- LENIN METALLURGICAL WORKS
LAJOS DOZSA (LAH-YOSH DO-ZSAH), MAT -- HUNGARIAN
- ALUMINUM INDUSTRY TRUST
GABOR SZELES (GAH-BOR SAY-LESH), PRESIDENT,
- MUSZERTECHNIKA COOPERATIVE
GABOR RENYI (GAH-BOR RAYN-YEE), PRESIDENT, NOVOTRADE
ANDRAS MESTENY (AHN-DRAHSH MEHS-TAINN), PRIVATE
- ENTREPRENEUR (RUNS CAMPING GROUND/RESTAURANT NEXT
- TO RESIDENCE)
MIKLOS HAVASS (MEE-KLOSH HAH-VAHSH), DIRECTOR
- GENERAL, SZAMALK COMPUTER APPLICATION COMPANY
ISTVAN MATYAS (EESHT-VAN MAHT-YASH), DIRECTOR
- GENERAL, TECHNOIMPEX
LASZLO RANKY (LAHS-LO RANK-EE), DIRECTOR GENERAL,
- TERIMPEX
KATI MELIS (KAH-TEE MEH-LEESH), PAN AM
ZSUZSANNA RANKI ZSOO-ZSAH-NAH RANK-EE -- "ZS" LIKE
- ZSAZSA), MANAGING DIRECTOR, INTERNATIONAL
- MANAGEMENT CENTER
PRESS: POOL COVERAGE
SCENARIO: THE RECEPTION WILL BE HELD IN THE LOWER
GARDEN AT THE AMBASSADOR'S RESIDENCE. IF PRESIDENT
BUSH DECIDES TO PLAY TENNIS WITH PRIME MINISTER
NEMETH, HE WILL CHANGE CLOTHES AT THE RESIDENCE (THE
SITE OF THE TENNIS MATCH) FOR THE RECEPTION; MRS.
BUSH WILL TRAVEL SEPARATELY FROM THE GUEST HOUSE.
WITHOUT THE TENNIS OPTION, THE PRESIDENT AND MRS.
BUSH WILL ARRIVE FROM THE GUEST HOUSE (5-MINUTE
DRIVE). THE CAR WILL PROCEED UP THE DRIVEWAY AND BE
MET BY AMBASSADOR PALMER. PRESIDENT BUSH AND MRS.
BUSH WILL STAND WITH AMBASSADOR PALMER AND
INTERPRETER ON THE SIDEWALK IN FRONT OF THE
RESIDENCE, ABOVE THE LOWER GARDEN. THE GUESTS WILL
WALK UP THE DRIVEWAY, THEN CROSS IN FRONT OF THE
HOUSE TO WHERE THE PRESIDENT IS STANDING TO SHAKE HIS
HAND. THE GUESTS WILL THEN CONTINUE DOWN THE
SIDEWALK TO THE STAIRS AND FILE DOWN INTO THE LOWER
GARDEN, WHERE THE REST OF THE OFFICIAL PARTY WILL BE
STANDING. A BAR WILL BE SITUATED IN THE LOWER
GARDEN, AND A JAZZ BAND WILL PLAY ON THE UPPER
TERRACE (CLOSED TO GUESTS). AFTER A 15-MINUTE
RECEIVING LINE, THE PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH WILL
DESCEND THE STAIRS INTO THE LOWER GARDEN TO MINGLE
WITH THEIR GUESTS. AT 7:45 AMBASSADOR PALMER WILL
ACCOMPANY PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH BACK TO THEIR CAR
FOR DEPARTURE TO THE GUEST HOUSE. ALTERNATIVELY, THE
PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH MAY DECIDE TO STAY AT THE
RESIDENCE FOR A PRIVATE DINNER. THE GUESTS WILL BE
USHERED OUT THE EXIT THROUGH THE LOWER GARDEN.
EVENT: PRESIDENT'S MEETING WITH EMBASSY STAFF
) AMERICAN COMMUNITY
TE:
THURSDAY, JULY 13, 1989
ME:
7:55 A.M. - 8:30 A.M.
CATION: AMBASSADOR'S RESIDENCE, ZUGLIGETI UT 98
381
7
N
EL
H
D
E
N
H
I A SECTION 15 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
ITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
ITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
PARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
0. 12356: OADR
GS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
BJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
TENDEES: 500
RTICIPANTS:
ITED STATES - EMBASSY AMERICAN STAFF AND FAMILIES
M DON AND CHRISTINE KURSCH, KATRINA
0 JAMIE AGNEW, AMELIA
TT COL. RUTH AND ANDY ANDERSON
AO BRUCE AND CHRISTIANE ARMSTRONG, PAULA
6 VIENNA BAGANZ
NSUL LIZ BARNETT
CLIFF AND HYUNG JA BRZOZOWSKI
0 J.D. AND CHERIE CALL, ALICIA, CHRISSY
ON OFF SANDY DEMBSKI
0 JOAO AND JOANA ECSODI, JOANA II
ON JEFF FELTMAN
0 DON AND MARY FISCHER
0 RICK AND KATHY FRENCH, TIMOTHY, LUKE, DAVID,
NJAMIN
L FRANCISCO GONZALEZ
F SHIRLEY HAUGROSE
0 JOHN AND SHARON HARLAK TRACY, JONATHAN
S DAVID AND CATHERINE HUGHES, MORGAN
NSUL MARGARET HIGGINS
JOHN AND DONNA INGERSOLL
M SEC LILLIAN AND AREF IZZET, ALEXA
OFF KEN AND VALERIA KAYATIN, JUSTIN, KIERAN
ON OFF GIL AND LINDEN KINDELAN, MATTHEW, CECILIA,
IN
NSUL JOE AND HIROMI KOZA, JOSEPH, SOPHIA, STEFAN
JOHN KEYS
HILDA KROLL
D KRIS LABARRE
o KAREN LEAYCRAFT
IS CHRISTY LIMPACH, JOHANNA
MIN OFF WAYNE AND MIMI LOGSDON
o MORGAN AND VICTORIA LUOMA
L OFF TOM AND ANNE (HARRINGTON) LYNCH, MEREDITH
MATT LT. COL. SEAN AND GLORIA MAXWELL, MARY, SAM,
HN, GABI, ANGUS
O MAC MCADOO
PERS MIA MCCALL
PAO BOB AND MARJORIE MCCARTHY, BRIAN, MAUREEN
FBO BOB AND ANNE MENTION
AMB SEC CAROL MILLS AND MATTHEW GRAHAM
ACAO KEN MOSKOWITZ
IBM BRIAN O'CONNOR
POL FREDD AND SUSAN SNELL, CHRISTOPHER
GSO GREG SEEFELD
SCI TOM SCHLENKER
CC DAN AND TERRI TILLER, ASHLEIGH
CC FRONTIS WIGGINS
MSG DETACHMENT GUNNY SGT. SULLIVAN AND JUDY CLARK
SGT. MARK GARRISON
SGT. SPENCE EDWARDS
SGT. BILL KELLY
SGT. SCOTT GREENING
CPL. MIKE SWAILS
CPL. RON LEE
CPL. TOM SCHNEGELSBERGER
CPL. TIM JURGENS
LCPL. DEAN ADAMS
MR. AND MRS. ANDOR SCHEDEL
CSABA AND ANIKO SZAKOLCZAI, CHRISTOPHER
LASZLO AND LINDA LENARD, SANDY, LANCE
PIROSKA SAVANY, ADRIAN
MR. RANDALL PRICE
UNITED STATES: - AMERICAN COMMUNITY
MANAGEMENT CENTER:
DAN AND SUE FOGEL, CHILDREN
SUSAN KUTOR
PETER COLE
MR. AND MRS. J. H. ZOFFER
TOM KELLER
BT
#6881
BT
€ 0 N F I D E N THE I A L SECTION 16 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
WHITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
WHITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
DEPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
E.O. 12356: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF BUDAPEST:
DIRECTOR JOHN AND MARY JOHNSON
TOM AND BRETT ENGISCH
NANCY FENNESSEY
JOAN AND PATRICK BYRNE, MICHAEL, KATIE
BRUCE SWANK
JOHN AND LISSA LALONDE, ROBBIE, JAMIE
BILLY GRAHAM EVANGELISTIC ASSOC.:
MR. TOM PHILLIPS
MR. MIKE SOUTHWORTH
DR. WALTER AND GENEVA GRIST
TRICIA NICE
SOUTHERN BAPTIST MISSIONARIES:
DR. ERROL AND MARY SIMMONS
FULBRIGHT SCHOLARS:
MR. GERALD DENNING
MR. AND MRS. CECIL EBY
MR. AND MRS. NICHOLAS FINDLER
MS. ANDREA KAZAL
MS. JULIE KEREKES
MR. AND MRS. EDWIN LEWIS AND SON
MR. CHARLES MCKEOWN
MR. AND MRS. DONALD MORSE
MR. CHRISTOPHER PINON
MR. DALE POST
MS. MARIA RABB
MS. PATRICIA ROUNDS AND SON
MS. LOUISE SCHULTZ
MR. AND MRS. ROGER CONANT
MR. AND MRS. CHRISTOPHER WILSON
MR. DAVID MASON
MR. AND MRS. ROBERT HISRICH AND CHILDREN
MR. AND MRS. IVAN SANDERS AND CHILD
AMERICAN BUSINESS:
MR. AND MRS. LYNN CURTIS - BECHTEL HUNGARIAN ALLIANCE
MR. MARK DUKOW - MCDONNEL DOUGLAS
MR. STEVE BINA - SCHWINN
DR. LAJOS SCHMIDT - BAKER AND MCKENZIE
MR. CHARLES RUDD - INTERCONCEPTS INC.
MR. MIKLOS SZABO PELSACZY - GLOBALCONSULT INC.
HUNGARY - EMBASSY HUNGARIAN STAFF AND FAMILIES
MR. GABOR ABONYI
MR. AND MRS. LASZLO ABRI
MR. AND MRS. ANTAL ALBRECHT
MR. AND MRS. GYORGY ALEX
MR. AND MRS. GYULA ASBOTH
MR. AND MRS. ZOLTAN BAK
MR. LASZLO SZIRMAI AND KATALIN BARAZDA
MRS. MARTA BARSONY
MS. JUDIT BARTL
MR. ZOLTAN BATA
MS. CSILLA BANYAR
MR. AND MRS. BIRO
MR. AND MRS. GEZA BENCSIK
MR. AND MRS. ANDRAS BENYI
MR. AND MRS. GUSZTAV BENYO
MR. AND MRS. BELA BERCZI
MR. AND MRS. BELA BERES
MR. ISTVAN BIHARI
MR. AND MRS. IMRE BOCZONADI
MR. AND MRS. JANOS BUDAI
MR. AND MRS. MIHALY BUDAI
MR. AND MRS. ISTVAN BUZASI
MR. AND MRS. FERENC CSERESZNYES
MR. AND MRS. DEZSO CZECZEI
MR. AND MRS. TAMAS DECSY
MR. AND MRS. KALMAN DEMJEN
MR. AND MRS. BELA DENES
MR. AND MRS. BELA DUBOVSZKY
MR. AND MRS. JOZSEF DURMITS
MR. AND MRS. EID EL KHODARY
MR. AND MRS. JOZSEF FEHER
MR. AND MRS. KALMAN FURJES
BT
#6881
BT
G 0 N F I D E-N-T I A L SECTION 17 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
WHITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
WHITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
DEPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
E.O. 12356: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
MS. FLORA FEJER
MR. AND MRS. PAL GANYO
MR. AND MRS. SANDOR GERHARD
MR. AND MRS. TAMAS GERHARD
MR. GABOR GERO
MR. AND MRS. ANDRAS GUNSZT
MR. AND MRS. ISTVAN GYONGY
MRS. KLARA GYORE
MR. AND MRS. BELA HAJDU
MR. AND MRS. MIHALY HORVATH
MR. AND MRS. ZOLTAN HUSVETH
MS. GABRIELLA ILYES
MR. AND MRS. KAROLY JANCZER
MS. VIKTORIA JONAS
MR. AND MRS. JANOS KASZNER
MR. AND MRS. SANDOR KATONA
MR. AND MRS. ATTILA KESZI
MR. AND MRS. KELEMAN
MR. AND MRS. JENO KISS-FARKAS
MR. AND MRS. LAJOS KONDOR
MR. AND MRS. JOZSEF KOSZEGI
MR. AND MRS. ZSOLT KOVATS
MR. AND MRS. BARNABAS KRASNYANSZKI
MR. AND MRS. TIBOR KUN
MR. DENES KUTSA
MR. AND MRS. ISTVAN LAKI
MS. EVA LANYI
MR. AND MRS. SANDOR LEDO
MR. AND MRS. JANOS LEVELEKI
MR. AND MRS. ISTVAN LUKACS
MS. PIROSKA MAGYAR
MR. AND MRS. LASZLO MARX
DR. AND MRS. LASZLO MATOS
MR. AND MRS. SANDOR MICK
MR. AND MRS. ANTAL MIKO
MS. KATI MOLNAR AND HUSBAND
MR. AND MRS. PAL MODOS
MS. ZSUZSANNA MUNKACSI
MR. AND MRS. MIKLOS NAGY
MR. MIKLOS NAGY
MR. AND MRS. ZOLTAN NAGY
MR. AND MRS. KALMAN NAGY
MR. AND MRS. LASZLO NAGY
MR. AND MRS. FERENC NEMES
MR. AND MRS. LAJOS NEMETH
MR. ISTVAN NYESTE
MR. ISTVAN OLAH
MRS. KLARA OROSI
MR. TIVADAR PINTER
MR. AND MRS. SANDOR POKORNYI
MR. AND MRS. GUSZTAV QUITTNER
MR. AND MRS. PETER RACZ
MR. AND MRS. KAROLY RUTTERSCHMIDT
MR. AND MRS. DENES SAGHY
MR. AND MRS. ISTVAN SANDOR
MR. TAMAS SIMON
MRS. VERONIKA SIMON
MR. AND MRS. ANDRAS SOMLO
MR. AND MRS. PAL SULI
DR. AND MRS. EGON SVASTICS
MR. AND MRS. TIBOR SZEBERENYI
MR. AND MRS. LASZLO SZEP
MR. AND MRS. GABOR SZAKALOS
MR. AND MRS. ISTVAN SZILAGYI
MR. MIHALY SZILAGYI
MR. AND MRS. GEZA TAKACS
MR. AND MRS. BALINT TOKAJ-NAGY
MS. CSILLA TOTH
MR. AND MRS. TOKES
MR. AND MRS. ISTVAN TOTH
MS. MAGDA UJHAZI
MS. ANNA VARHEGYI
MR. AND MRS. PETER VASTELEKI
MR. AND MRS. JOZSEF VIRAG
MS. SAROLTA ZADORI
MR. AGOSTON ZAJKAS
MR. AND MRS. GUSZTAV ZAMBORI
MR. AND MRS. TAMAS ZEMPLENYI
MR. AND MRS. LASZLO ZSIRAI
BT
#6881
BT
C ONFIDENTIAL SECTION 18 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
WHITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
WHITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
DEPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
E.O. 12356: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
MS. AGOTA ZSUPPAN
MR. AND MRS. STEVEN HEREIN
MR. AND MRS. KECSKEMETI
MR. AND MRS. KREISZ
MR. AND MRS. ANNA GRECZULA
MR. AND MRS. JOZSEF ACS
MS. ERZSEBET HERDY
MR. AND MRS. FERENC SOMOGYI
MR. AND MRS. GYORGY BEDE
PRESS: POOL COVERAGE
SCENARIO: AT 7:55 THE PRESIDENT'S MOTORCADE WILL
ARRIVE AT THE AMBASSADOR'S RESIDENCE. THE PRESIDENT
WILL EXIT AT THE ENTRANCE OF THE HOUSE WHERE HE WILL
BE GREETED BY THE AMBASSADOR. THEY WILL WALK TO THE
RIGHT TO THE PATH IN FRONT OF THE HOUSE, PAST THE
AMERICAN FLAG AND OVER TO THE SIDE OF THE STAIRS NEXT
TO THE HOUSE. THE PRESIDENT WILL STAND HERE TO
RECEIVE THE COMMUNITY. AT 8:00 THE MEMBERS OF THE
AMERICAN COMMUNITY AND EMBASSY STAFF WILL WALK
QUICKLY THROUGH THE RECEIVING LINE TO GREET THE
PRESIDENT. AS THE COMMUNITY MEMBERS PASS THE
PRESIDENT THEY WILL TURN TO THE RIGHT AND PROCEED
DOWN THE STAIRS INTO THE GARDEN. THERE WILL BE A
PHOTOGRAPHER PRESENT TO TAKE PICTURES OF AMERICANS
AND STAFF MEMBERS WITH THE PRESIDENT. THE PRESS POOL
WILL STAND TO THE FAR RIGHT BEYOND THE STAIRS NEXT TO
THE TERRACE. AT APPROXIMATELY 8:15 THE RECEIVING
LINE SHOULD HAVE ENDED AND ALL WILL STAND IN THE
GARDEN BELOW WAITING FOR THE PRESIDENT'S REMARKS.
THE PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH, ACCOMPANIED BY THE
AMBASSADOR WILL WALK TO THE TOP OF THE STAIRS AND
GREET THE COMMUNITY WITH A FEW REMARKS. THE
PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH, ACCOMPANIED BY THE
AMBASSADOR, WILL WALK DOWN THE STAIRS INTO THE GARDEN
WHERE THEY WILL MIX AND MINGLE WITH THE COMMUNITY AND
EMBASSY MEMBERS FOR APPROXIMATELY 15 MINUTES. AT
8:30 THE PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH WILL RETURN UP THE
STAIRS TO THE ENTRANCE OF THE HOUSE WHERE THEY WILL
RETURN TO THEIR LIMOSINE. AT 8:35 THE MOTORCADE WILL
DEPART THE AMBASSADOR'S RESIDENCE FOR THE AIRPORT.
16. EVENT: DEPARTURE CEREMONY
DATE:
THURSDAY, JULY 13, 1989
TIME:
8:45 A.M.
LOCATION: FERIHEGY AIRPORT
ATTENDEES: 30 PLUS HUNGARIAN COLOR GUARD AND BAND
PARTICIPANTS:
UNITED STATES
HUNGARY
PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH
PRESIDENT AND MRS.
-
STRAUB
SECRETARY AND MRS. BAKER
PRIME MINISTER MIKLOS
-
NEMETH
OTHERS IN PRESIDENTIAL PARTY
PARTY SECRETARY KAROLY
GROSZ
AMBASSADOR AND MRS. PALMER
CHIEF OF PROTOCOL
MR. AND MRS. DON KURSCH
OTHERS TO BE DETERMINED
MR. AND MRS. THOMAS LYNCH
COL. RUTH ANDERSON
LTC SEAN MAXWELL
CW2 JAMES CALL
SFC KAREN LEAYCRAFT
SSG RICHARD FRENCH
GYSGT SULLIVAN CLARK
FOUR MARINE GUARDS.
PRESS: PRESS PLANE WILL DEPART 20 MINUTES AFTER AIR
FORCE ONE. ANTICIPATE FULL MEDIA COVERAGE.
SCENARIO: AT 8:45 A.M. THE PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH
ACCOMPANIED BY AMBASSADOR AND MRS. PALMER ARRIVE AT
FERIHEGY #1. IMMEDIATELY UPON ARRIVAL ALL REMAINING
BT
#6881
BT
CONFIDENT I A L SECTION 19 OF 19 BUDAPEST 06881
WHITE HOUSE FOR KELLER AND STUDDERT
WHITE HOUSE PASS NSC FOR BLACKWILL
DEPARTMENT FOR A/TSS-JEANNIE BULL AND EUR/EEY
E.O. 12356: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)
SUBJECT: SCENARIO FOR PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
OFFICIAL PARTY MEMBERS SHOULD BOARD. (NON-OFFICIAL
PARTY MEMBERS WILL ARRIVE ONE-HALF HOUR PRIOR TO THE
PRESIDENT TO PERMIT BOARDING.)
PRESIDENT BUSH ACCOMPANIED BY PRESIDENT STRAUB WILL
PROCEED PAST THE MILITARY BAND AND TAKE UP A POSITION
IN FRONT OF THE COLOR GUARD. THE CAPTAIN OF THE
MILITARY HONOR GUARD WILL REPORT. THE PRESIDENT
SHOULD RECEIVE THE REPORT WITHOUT REPLY. THE
NATIONAL ANTHEMS OF BOTH NATIONS ARE THEN PLAYED.
UPON CONCLUSION, PRESIDENT BUSH ACCOMPANIED BY
PRESIDENT STRAUB AND THE HONOR GUARD CAPTAIN WILL
REVIEW THE HUNGARIAN SOLDIERS.
ON CONCLUSION OF THE REVIEW, THE TWO PRESIDENTS WILL
PROCEED TO THE LINE OF HUNGARIAN DIGNITARIES WHERE
THEY WILL JOIN MRS. BUSH AND THE OFFICIAL PARTY.
AFTER BIDDING FAREWELL TO HUNGARIAN DIGNITARIES AND
EMBASSY STAFF, THE PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH SHOULD
PROCEED TO THE AIRCRAFT STEPS, BID FAREWELL TO
PRESIDENT AND MRS. STRAUB AND AMBASSADOR AND MRS.
PALMER AND BOARD AIR FORCE ONE.
KURSCH
BT
#6881
<SECT>
SECTION: 01 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623101817 MSG000235909097
<SECT>
SECTION: 02 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623102003 MSG000235909203
<SECT>
SECTION: 03 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623102855 MSG000235909735
<SECT>
SECTION: 04 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623102546 MSG000235909546
<SECT>
SECTION: 05 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623102703 MSG000235909622
<SECT>
SECTION: 06 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623103031 MSG000235909831
<SECT>
SECTION: 07 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623103213 MSG000235909933
<SECT>
SECTION: 08 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623104031 MSG000235910431
<SECT>
SECTION: 09 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623104352 MSG000235910632
<SECT>
SECTION: 10 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623104550 MSG000235910750
<SECT>
SECTION: 11 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623104752 MSG000235910872
<SECT>
SECTION: 12 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623104944 MSG000235910984
<SECT>
SECTION: 13 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623105140 MSG000235911100
<SECT>
SECTION: 14 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623105333 MSG000235911213
<SECT>
SECTION: 15 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623105450 MSG000235911290
<SECT>
SECTION: 16 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623105608 MSG000235911368
<SECT>
SECTION: 17 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623105727 MSG000235911447
<SECT>
SECTION: 18 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623105904 MSG000235911544
<SECT>
SECTION: 19 OF 19
<SSN>
6881
<TOR>
890623105952 MSG000235911592
(Smith/Blessey)
June 28, 1989
Draft Six
HUNGARY
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: KOSSUTH SQUARE
BUDAPEST, HUNGARY
TUESDAY, JULY 11, 1989
Mr. President, My Hungarian and American Friends.
That great poet of the 1848 Revolution, Sandor Petofi, once
wrote, "Let me address you in the name of millions." Today, let
me address you in the name of millions who convey their warmest
greetings: The people of the United States.
Six years ago, I became the highest-ranking American
official to visit Hungary. Today, I become the first American
President to travel here. Now, as then, Barbara and I are moved
by your reception. And we thank you from the bottom of our
hearts.
I want to say to all of you that I have seen few cities more
lovely than Budapest. And add that I have seldom seen a city
more alive. Alive with commerce, change and above all, hope.
(flame,fire, light)
Alive with a people who love the lamp of liberty.
Parlisment
8 symbo / ?
In a few moments I will be received in a symbol of that
liberty -- the Hungarian Parliament. And as I speak, I will
recall how 137 years ago a true Hungarian patriot was received in
another house which embodied freedom -- the Congress of the
United States.
2
His name was Lajos Kossuth. His statue rests behind me.
And he arrived in America after Hungary's struggle for freedom
had, temporarily, been lost. Yet in his remarks to Congress, he
was hopeful, not embittered. For he believed in that democracy
which links the people of Hungary with the peoples of the world.
"I have a steady faith in principles," he said. "I trust in
the future of republicanism. " And then he added: "Bayonets may
support, but afford no chair to sit upon."
Even now, the memory of Lajos Kossuth lifts us, teaches us.
For his life was a celebration of bravery, and of dreams. He
knew that no matter how many bayonets struck a courageous people,
the lamp of liberty would shine forever.
This great man became the conscience of Hungary. And just
two blocks away -- here, too, an eternal flame lights the fire of
democracy. Like other Hungarian heroes, Lajos Batthyany and Imre
Nagy sought free assembly, free press and speech, and freedom of
religion. They knew that no matter how much suffering beset this
Nation, its lamp of liberty would shine forever.
When the Hungarian playwright Imre Madach observed, "It is
SO great freely to choose between the good and sinful ways," he
was describing that belief -- the belief that free expression
would conquer tyranny. And he wrote those words in that great
literary work ironically entitled, "The Tragedy of Man. "
My friends, our mission is to help liberty proclaim The
Victory of Man. Proclaim it peacefully, not violently. Proclaim
it through ballots, not bullets. For The Victory of Man can help
3
Hungary's future be worthy of her past. And help us live for
what some have died for: opportunity, human decency, and
democratic ideals.
Today, this mission fills the streets of Budapest and
Keckshemet. The folk murals of Tolna. And the farmland of
Tanyak. It lifts your boats that ride the Danube, and your
gentle small towns. For Hungary's love of liberty is political,
and economic; religious, and intellectual. Its apostles say:
Work where you want, and vote as you choose. And: Freedom will
crush those who try to crush it. They believe: All things are
possible for a Nation, and for a people. And proclaim: The
individual, not the State, is the voice of tomorrow.
Over the past few decades, the world has watched this
liberty transform the Hungarian Nation. For you have shown how
peace, freedom, and prosperity are allied. I applaud Hungary's
greater privatization, and economic liberality. I salute
Hungary's increased democracy and information. I welcome, too,
the withdrawal of Soviet troops, and the planned cutbacks in the
Hungarian military. And we watch with interest as the Soviet
Union encourages such change.
Who would have dreamt that your love of liberty would do so
much, so quickly, to improve the lot of Hungary? Now, let us use
its promise to open boundaries, and minds.
Next year, elections will be held in Hungary. Let them be
free, open, and multi-partied. And this week, Radio Free Europe
begins broadcasts in Hungary -- the first in a Communist country.
4
Let its coverage spur an even closer merging of East and West.
In trade, as we remove unfair barriers, let us recall that only
when economic and political freedom go hand-in-hand can Hungary
be true to her heritage, and to her children. Becoming central
to a Europe that is whole and free. And to the community of
Nations.
Lajos Kossuth came to America after Hungary had, for the
moment, disappeared from that community. Yet his reception
showed how our two peoples share a common love of liberty. In
New York Harbor, an armada of ships sounded horns to celebrate
his arrival. And when the City of New York held a parade in his
honor, thousands rushed his open carriage. Perhaps no visitor
since Lafayette had been greeted so emotionally.
Like Hungarians, the Americans of that time admired those
who love what Kossuth called "the principle of self-government."
They opposed societies that are closed. And they believed in
helping individuals, and Nations, who spur the freedom that makes
all progress possible. For they, like you, were bent on ensuring
that the lamp of liberty would shine forever.
Today, more than ever, this kinship binds the friendship
between the United States and Hungary. We see it in the lives of
the million Americans of Hungarian descent. Heroes like
nuclear scientist Edward Teller. Conductor Eugene Ormandy,
to
proving how music "is the universal language.' Or Colonel Kovach
unit
[Kov as ezredes], who created founded the U.S. Cavalry during the Civil
American
War.
commonded
Revolution
5
But our kinship isn't one-way: It touches, too, Hungarians
for whom America feels such pride. People like Saint Stephen,
and composers Liszt and Bartok. Or Hungary's many winners of
Nobel Prizes and Olympic Medals. Or the great patriot by the
name of Ganosh Hunyadi [Parosh Hoondundu] who more than five
centuries ago stopped a would-be invasion. In his honor, Pope
-
ordered each church to ring a bell at the time of day the battle
ended. And since then, church bells all over the world ring
precisely at mid-day.
Heroes, yes -- American, Hungarian. Some greatly-noted.
Others, little-noted -- the student in Budapest, the Great Alfold
shop-keeper, the artist in Sarkoz. Today, it is they -- you --
who are reducing the chasm between East and West. Enriching, and
making possible, a more open, peaceful world. You are proving
how liberty can expand Hungary's horizons. And enlarge the
possibilities of her people. For liberty reflects the values of
individuality, self-reliance, and respect for others. Values
which underscore the dignity of man.
Six years from now, Budapest and Vienna will jointly host
the World's Fair. That event will celebrate those values. And
so did that day, four weeks ago, when thousands filled this very
square -- peacefully, movingly -- to honor the hero, and spirit,
of the 1956 uprising. Among them was a man, Tibor Kalmar, who
took part in that rebellion. And who now had tears in his eyes.
"Today," he said of the public ceremony, "this unity is a kind of
6
Hungarian wonder. For this day, it is worth living and
forgiving. It was worth it to go through everything."
My friends, you have endured much. And survived everything.
Survived through family, and faith in God. And through the human
spirit, oft-abused yet free. In coming years, your heroism can
write a new chapter in the history of your Nation. Love
democracy -- as Imre Nagy did. Confront oppression -- as Lajos
Kossuth did. Show the world that the lamp of liberty will never
go out.
The bell resounds The light expands. The lamp grows
brighter by the day. Together, let us raise what Kossuth called
"the morning star of liberty." The star that can lead us toward
tomorrow. And bless the children of the globe.
Thank you for this wonderful occasion. I will never forget
it. God bless you, God bless America -- and as your National
Anthem proclaims so unforgettably, "God Bless The Hungarians."
# # # #
E757. R7958
Vol. 7
THE LETTERS OF
Theodore Roosevelt, Pra.
u.s.
SELECTED AND EDITED BY
In Humpary
ELTING E. MORISON
p. 345-
JOHN M. BLUM
ALFRED D. CHANDLER, JR.
Associate Editor
Assistant Editor
371-375.
SYLVIA RICE
Copy Editor
Harvard University Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
1954
Naples, April 3, 1918
Dear Dr. Abbott: Through The Outlook I wish to make a statement to my fel.
low-Americans regarding what has occurred in connection with the Vatican.
am sure that the great majority of my fellow-citizens, Catholics quite as much
Protestants, will feel that I acted in the only way possible for an American
act, and because of this very fact I most earnestly hope that the incident will
treated in a matter-of-course way, as merely personal, and, above all, as not war
ranting the slightest exhibition of rancor or bitterness. Among my best and closes
friends are many Catholics. The respect and regard of those of my fellow
Americans who are Catholics are as dear to me as the respect and regard of those
who are Protestants. On my journey through Africa I visited many Catholic
25
well as many Protestant missions, and I look forward to telling the people at home
all that has been done by Protestants and Catholics alike, as I saw it, in the field of
missionary endeavor. It would cause me a real pang to have anything said or done
that would hurt or give pain to my friends, whatever their religious belief, but
any merely personal considerations are of no consequence in this matter. The
important consideration is the avoidance of harsh and bitter comment such
may excite mistrust and anger petween and among good men. The more any
American sees of other countries the more profound must be his feelings of grati-
tude that in his own land there is not merely complete toleration but the heartiest
good will and sympathy between sincere and honest men of different faith
good will and sympathy so complete that in the inevitable daily relations of our
American life Catholics and Protestants meet together and work together without
the thought of difference of creed being even present in their minds. This is
condition so vital to our National well-being that nothing should be permitted
to jeopard it. Bitter comment and criticism, acrimonious attack and defense, are
not only profitless, but harmful, and to seize upon such an incident as this as 20
occasion for controversy would be wholly indefensible and should be frowned
upon by Catholics and Protestants alike. I very earnestly hope that what I say will
appeal to all good Americans.
Faithfully yours,
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
Lyman Abbott,
Editor of The Outlook.
Meanwhile I had seen the three leading representatives of the Metho
dists, including Ezra Tipple, and had appealed to them not to embarrass me,
and had arranged that I should see them and various other members of the
American colony at a reception at the Ambassador's. They explicitly agreed,
in response to my request, to say nothing that would aggravate the situa-
tion or cause any unnecessary heart-burnings. Two of them loyally képt
to the agreement; but Tipple, with a sense of morality and fitness not much
better than that of Merry del Val himself, violated the agreement, and,
merely in order to advertise himself by raising a rumpus, issued a screed
violently attacking the Vatican. His two colleagues disapproved of what he
had done, but followed the course so common among well-meaning and not
very strong men, and for twenty-four hours refused to disavow his action
or to say that it did not represent them. I had to act promptly in order
to prevent becoming involved in an uncomfortable situation; for if after
Tipple's speech I had then seen him, I would have convinced many ment
358
Naples, April
that the Pope was quite right in having refused to receive me. Accordingly
I wish to make a statement to my
canceled the reception at the Ambassador's, and did not attend any meet-
red in connection with the Vatican,
ow-citizens, Catholics quite as much
ing at which the Methodists were represented. However, certain of the
only way possible for an American(
Methodists, and certain Catholic ecclesiastics, including Abbot Janssens of
earnestly hope that the incident will
the Benedictines, called to see me to explain their entire sympathy with the
ely personal, and, above all, as not
position I had taken. Next to having both sides behave well, it was to my
or bitterness. Among my best and closs
:t and regard of those of my fello
interest that both sides should behave ill, so that I could avoid having
to me as the respect and regard of the
anything to do with either; and this was precisely what occurred.
ough Africa I visited many Catholic
I was immensely impressed with my whole visit to Rome. I attended
ok forward to telling the people at ho
dinner given me by Mayor Nathan, the Syndic, and his colleagues of
Catholics alike, as I saw it, in the field
the municipal council. Mayor Nathan was a Jew, who spoke excellent Eng-
real pang to have anything said or do
lish, and was apparently a good public servant. When I dined with him I
nds, whatever their religious belief.
of no consequence in this matter
had already taken lunch with a number of Members of the Administration,
of harsh and bitter comment such
sitting beside the Prime Minister, also a Jew, and a man of more intellectual
and among good men. The more?
type than Nathan. Think what a contrast this meant! In the Eternal City,
e profound must be his feelings of
in the realm of the Popes, the home of the Ghetto,⁷ I lunched sitting beside
rely complete toleration but the hearti
re and honest men of different faith
one Jew who was Prime Minister of Italy, and dined as the guest of another
it in the inevitable daily relations of
Jew who was the head of the Roman Government itself! The Prime Minister
neet together and work together withd
and his colleagues struck me as upright men, sympathizing with liberal and
gn even present in their minds. This
progressive ideas, and anxious to do justice, and also on the whole as culti-
being that nothing should be permitts
vated men, well read, and, in short, good fellows; but they did not strike
ism, acrimonious attack and defense
seize upon such an incident as this as:
me as possessing very great force. Mayor Nathan was precisely like many
olly indefensible and should be frown
an American municipal politician of good type. He would have been quite
very earnestly hope that what I say
at home as Reform Mayor of any American city of the second class. Among
his colleagues were a number of Socialists, mostly parlor or study Socialists
Faithfully yours,
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
of the Latin type, well-meaning people with lofty aspirations, wild eyes,
and a tendency to pay overmuch heed to fine phrases. What I saw of Italy
made me feel that there was infinite need for radical action towards the
leading representatives of the Meth
betterment of social and industrial conditions; and this made me feel a very
strong sympathy with some of the Socialistic aims, and a very profound
appealed to them not to embarrass
distrust of most of the Socialistic methods.
em and various other members of
Ambassador's. They explicitly agree
The king and queen⁸ were delightful people. I had already seen the
king, for when I was on my way to Africa he had come down in a battle-
thing that would aggravate the SITE
-burnings. Two of them loyally
ship to Messina, and at his request I had gone aboard the battleship and had
been presented to him; and I had a very genuine respect for him. More-
sense of morality and fitness not mus
over I found him most companionable. There were many things in which
himself, violated the agreement
both of us were interested, from big game hunting to history and social
by raising a rumpus, issued a scre
wo colleagues disapproved of what
progress. Some time before he had written asking me to come on a shooting
trip with him after ibex, and I was genuinely sorry to refuse; and when I
common among well-meaning and
or hours refused to disavow his act
them. I had to act promptly in ORG
Paul IV in the bull, cum nimis absurdum. In the following year, a formal ghetto
The principle of a systematic segregation of the Jews was established in 1555 by
Venice. was set up in Rome. The name derived from the name of the Jewish quarter of
1 uncomfortable situation; for if aft
1, I would have convinced many IF
negro. Victor Emmanuel III and Queen Helene, daughter of Nicholas I, King of Monte-
5 8
359
made my formal call upon him he showed me the heads of all kinds of game
animals, including for instance the very rare South Italian chamois; and he
showed that he took much more than a pure sportsman's interest in them.
As for his general reading, I need only mention that I found on his desk
open, a copy of Mahaffy's Empire of the Ptolemies, in which he was inter-
a
ested. I have always had a liking for the early history of the House of
a
Savoy. Happening to say that I supposed that the fact that the House of
hi
Savoy had elected to live under Roman and not under Lombard law indi-
ha
cated that it was probably of native and not of invading Germanic origin,
in
the king at once became interested and he told me many queer incidents of
ou
early Savoy history; and showed us his noteworthy collection of Savoyard
the
coins, from the earliest to modern times. While I was President he had sent
pe
me, together with a handsome edition of Dante, a score of volumes of the
du
original reports and papers of Eugene of Savoy - one of my favorite
to
heroes.
pos
The king showed that he was deeply and intelligently interested in every
COI
movement for social reform, and was not only astonishingly liberal but
for
even radical, sympathizing with many of the purposes and doctrines of the
hav
Socialists. He took me in to see his children, who were well-behaved and
inte
simple. When I spoke of how well the queen was bringing them up, he
it h
laughed and said, yes, he wished his son to be so trained that, if necessary,
he would be fit to be the First President of the Italian Republic. Later he
our
called for me at the hotel, causing thereby frightful agitation among the
face
hotel attendants and guests, and spent a morning driving me round the
shal
city - I had already made the correct formal call and had left a wreath
ing
on Victor Emmanuel's tomb in the Pantheon. He slightly embarrassed me
the
by making me sit on the right-hand in the carriage, as almost all the kings
priv
did - I suppose on the theory that I was a kind of ex-sovereign myself; I
inter
always wished they wouldn't do it, but after one or two trials I made no
opp
further protest, as it always became evident that if I insisted on sitting on
amb;
the left-hand I should cause a fuss, which was just exactly what I was de-
priva
sirous of not doing. He took me to the cavalry school, where I was greatly
at an
impressed by the riding of his officers, and especially by the way in which
or si
they took their horses down well-nigh perpendicular banks. Evidently he
sired
knew the army and its needs just as he knew the civil and social needs of
I
wa
the country; and in fact I do not see how Italy could have a more intelli-
heart
gent, devoted and sympathetic ruler. I told him I wished we had a few
and a
men like him in the Senate! He asked us - Mrs. Roosevelt and I - to drive
tomai
out with him and the Queen and spend a day and a couple of nights at
and 0
their country place not far from Rome, saying that they would dig out some
demo
badgers - I think it was badgers - but we had so many other engagements
public
and were so pressed for time that, as he asked me to say frankly whether it
there
would be convenient or not, I begged off, stating that we would infinitely
be che
rather go with him to his place, but that it would cause us serious incon-
est mc
360
rare South Italian chamois; and
being as considerate as possible. In a way, I should have liked to see more
a pure sportsman's interest in them.
of him; but after all I am doubtful whether it would have been worth while,
mention that I found on his
for even with the pleasantest and kindliest king there must of necessity be
re Ptolemies, in which he was inter-
a
little that is artificial in association with a civilian foreigner, and especially
the early history of the House
of
civilian foreigner from a huge overseas democracy. To have gone with
sed that the fact that the House of
him on a hunt, where we should have had a real object in common, or to
1 and not under Lombard law indis
have met him while I was President, when also we would have had interests
d not of invading Germanic origin
in common, would of course have been an entirely different thing. I thor-
he told me many queer incidents of
oughly liked and respected almost all the various kings and queens I met;
noteworthy collection of Savoyard
they struck me as serious people, with charming manners, devoted to their
While I was President he had
people and anxious to justify their own positions by the way they did their
of Dante, a score of volumes of
duty - it is no disparagement to their good intentions and disinterestedness
e of Savoy --- one of my favorite
to add that each sovereign was obviously conscious that he was looking a
possible republic in the face, which was naturally an incentive to good
and intelligently interested in every
conduct. I was very glad to have met them; and it was pleasant to see them
not only astonishingly liberal but
for a short while; but longer intercourse, or renewed intercourse, would
of the purposes and doctrines of the
have been unnatural unless there had been, as there was not, some real
ildren, who were well-behaved and
intellectual interest, or other bond in common, and if there was any such,
he queen was bringing them up,
it happened not to develop itself.
n to be so trained that, if necessary
I was much amused, by the way, when I reached Rome, at finding that
nt of the Italian Republic. Later he
our ambassador was engaged in an intricate controversy with the puffy-
reby frightful agitation among the
faced, entirely pompous and well-meaning local baron who was Court Mar-
a morning driving me round the
shal or Master of Ceremonies, or something of the sort; the ambassador wish-
formal call and had left a wreath
ing to have me treated with the courtesies granted a visiting sovereign, and
ntheon. He slightly embarrassed me
the court marshal taking the entirely proper view that I was simply a
the carriage, as almost all the kings
private citizen, with no title and no claim to any precedence. I hastily
as a kind of ex-sovereign myself;II
interfered, telling the ambassador that I absolutely shared the views of his
t after one or two trials I made no
opponent, that I wished him himself to act upon and to notify all our other
ident that if I insisted on sitting 02
ambassadors that they were to act upon, the theory that I was purely a
ich was just exactly what I was de-
private citizen, with no claim to any position of precedence at all, and that
cavalry school, where I was greatly
at any function, formal or informal, I should be perfectly happy to walk
and especially by the way in which
or sit or stand anywhere, and below anyone, just as the local people de-
perpendicular banks. Evidently
sired - or not to appear at all, unless they expressly wished it. I added that
knew the civil and social needs of
I was really speaking less in a spirit of humility than of pride. I have a
now Italy could have a more intelli-
hearty and sincere respect for a king who does his duty and acts decently,
I told him I wished we had a few.
and am delighted to show him any kind of formal courtesy which is cus-
S - Mrs. Roosevelt and I - to drive
tomary; but I have no patience with a sham and least of all a snobbish sham;
id a day and a couple of nights at
and of all snobbish shams there is none more contemptible than that of the
saying that they would dig out some
democrat who loudly contends that he is such and yet wishes in private or
we had so many other engagements
public life to grasp privileges which give the lie to his contention. To me
asked me to say frankly whether
there is something fine in the American theory that a private citizen can
off, stating that we would infinitely
be chosen by the people to occupy a position as great as that of the mighti-
at it would cause us serious incon-
est monarch, and to exercise a power which may for the time being surpass
361
that of Czar, Kaiser, or Pope, and that then after having filled this position
the man shall leave it as an unpensioned private citizen, who goes back into
the ranks of his fellow citizens with entire self-respect, claiming nothing
save what on his own individual merits he is entitled to receive. But it is
not in the least fine, it is vulgar and foolish, for the president or ex-president
to make believe, and, of all things in the world, to feel pleased if other
people make believe, that he is a kind of second-rate or imitation king. It is
as if a Roman ex-dictator wished to be treated like a king of Pergamum or
Antioch! The effort to combine incompatibles merely makes a man look
foolish. The positions of President and King are totally different in kind
not degree; and it is silly, and worse than silly, to forget this. It is not of
much consequence whether other people accept the American theory of the
Presidency; but it is of very much consequence that the American people,
including especially any American who has held the office, shall accept the
theory and live up to it.
However, in this case, the Italian king insisted upon treating me upon
"the most favored guest" principle. When we dined at the palace, by the
way, I struck one bit of etiquette which I did not strike at any other court.
I had endeavored to dispose of my hat when I left my coat in the anteroom,
but it was returned to me with every symptom of surprise and horror, and
as the other male members among the guests retained theirs, I went on with
mine. When the royal party came in, and I was brought up to the queen
to take her in to dinner, I again thought it was time for me to get rid of
the hat. But not a bit of it! I found I was expected to walk in with the
queen on my arm, and my hat in my other hand - a piece of etiquette which
reminded me of nothing with which I was previously acquainted except a
Jewish wedding on the East Side of New York, where the participants and
guests of honor wear their hats during the ceremony, and where, on the
occasions when I was Police Commissioner, and occasionally attended such
weddings, I would march solemnly in to the wedding feast with the bride,
or the bride's mother, on one arm, and my hat in my other hand. Both at
the Italian Court and at the East Side weddings, however, some attendant
took the hat as soon as I sat down at the table.
At dinner I took as great a fancy to the queen as I had already taken
to the king. I sat between the queen and her niece - whom she had always
treated as an elder daughter or younger sister - the Princess Royal of
Serbia.⁹ Both spoke French, not English. I am sorry to say that I am too
much like Chaucer's Abbess in that my French is more like that of Stratford-
at-Bow, than to French of Paris. But still, such as it is, I speak it with daring
fluency; and I thoroughly enjoyed myself. The queen is a really fine woman,
with a strong touch of the heroic in her, and I greatly liked the princess also.
Princess Helen, daughter of Peter
I, King of Serbia and his Queen, Zorka, was
a niece of Queen Helene of Italy.
Zorka, a Montenegrin, was a sister of Queen
Helene.
362.
hat then after having filled this
interested me because, to an American, it was curious to meet culti-
ned private citizen, who goes back
women, fond of reading, whose acquaintance with books barely
th entire self-respect, claiming
the limits of English literature. In other words, they were cultivated
erits he is entitled to receive. Bur
of the Balkans of Southwestern Europe. They knew French well
foolish, for the president or ex-pro
German, but very little English. Both had a passionate love for
in the world, to feel pleased.if
fontenegrin land, for its people and its history, and they were delighted
d of second-rate or imitation king.
they found that I really did know its history and shared to the full
be treated like a king of Perganni
admiration for it. They were also interested to find that I knew
acompatibles merely makes a man
ben Sylva's writings,¹⁰ especially her translations of the Roumanian
and King are totally different
songs; and the various translations of the poetry of the Balkan Slavs.
se than silly, to forget this. It is
princess was in sympathy a thorough Montenegrin and not a Serbian,
cople accept the American theory
found respected the Bulgarians more than she did the Serbians. It
consequence that the Americanso
be pretty awful to be connected with the Serbian royal family! and
who has held the office, shall acce
brother, the crown prince,³ was a dreadful creature, whom later I
sed to meet as long as possible, until finally I had to be presented to
in king insisted upon treating the
for just a moment at the king's funeral in London. I was amused to
When we dined at the palace,
that the Princess knew all about my family, and put me many questions
hich I did not strike at any other
my elder daughter, whom she laughingly referred to as "the Prin-
hat when I left my coat in the anter
Alice." The Italian queen herself was obviously a fine and noble woman,
y symptom of surprise and horror
she was the real peasant-queen, the Saga queen, the queen of the folk
he guests retained theirs, I went'd
is
and fairy tales - the kind of queen whom the hero meets when he
in, and I was brought up to there
out with his valet and staff and travels "far and far and farther than
ought it was time for me to gets
and finally comes to a palace up to which he strolls, and sees the king
id I was expected to walk in
in front of the door looking at the sheep or the chickens. To be
other hand - a piece of etiquettes
or queen in a country like Italy at the present day means unending
h I was previously acquainted CTC
and worry, and both the king and the queen were faithfully and
New York, where the participan
scientiously and wisely, and with great self-devotion and self-abnegation,
ring the ceremony, and where,o
everything they could to meet the difficulties of an uncommonly
issioner, and occasionally attended
cult situation. They are loving and faithful to each other - I know you
in to the wedding feast with thet
my bourgeois prejudices against domestic immorality, which are
and my hat in my other hand. T
per directly in proportion as the social position of the offenders is
ide weddings, however, some attent
- and it was good to see their relations, together and with their
't the table.
Wren. The queen spoke with horror of war and violence, and mentioned
cy to the queen as I had already{
she did not think she could ever strike a blow herself, unless in defense
and her niece - whom she had al
her children, or if her husband was attacked by an assassin; and as she
tounger sister - the Princess Roy
her eyes smouldered and she straightened her tall form. She loves
aglish. I am sorry to say that I
talk of her life at home in Montenegro, and one anecdote she told me
ny French is more like that of Stratt
Carmen Sylva, who was Elisabeth, Queen Consort of Charles I, King of Roumania,
still, such as it is, I speak it within
collected and translated many Roumanian songs and stories. Among her books are
ivself. The queen is a really fine wo
The Dreamer of Dreams (London, 1915) and Edleen Vaughan or Paths of Peril
(New York, 1891).
her, and I greatly liked the princess
The Crown Prince of Serbia in 1911 was Alexander Petrovitch, later King of
the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, in 1921 King of Yugoslavia. He was assassinated at
King of Serbia and his Queen Zort
lorka, a Montenegrin, was a sister CARD
Marseille in October 1934 by a Croat revolutionist. His elder brother, George
Petrovitch, was probably the man Roosevelt had in mind. An unstable person, who
filled his valet in a fit of passion, he was forced to renounce his rights to the throne.
362
363
gave me an insight into the reason why the
medieval devotion to their sovereign. She said that when she was a child
a year in
famine came to the people, who were finally reduced to eat only rice and
Rome as
her father, the then reigning prince and present king, summoned his family
in
orde
together, and told them that their mother had much to do and needed meat
Ambassa
and would continue to eat it, but that he and the children would from
my omit
that time on eat only rice, until the people too had more than rice to
had their
and his proposal was carried out to the letter.
Minister
After leaving Rome Mrs. Roosevelt and I tried to repeat the drive over
that the
the Cornechi which we had taken twenty-three years before on our honey
ceived th
moon, doing it the reverse direction. We started in an old-style three-horse
Lecture
carriage - not a motor - from Spezia, and as we had been able to conceal
Berlin, P
the fact that we were going to Spezia our first day's drive to Sestri Levante
and Den
was delightful, and we enjoyed the night at a funny little old-style hotel
point by
the waves washing the wall beneath our balcony. But they found us our
land was
even before the end of this afternoon, and the officers of the municipality
Dutch de
called upon us that evening, and the band gave us a serenade; and next day
through
both the natives and the tourists all along our route had heard about our
was glad
coming; and by noon it had become evident that the enjoyment of our
eign; for
trip was at an end, and we abandoned it. After that, throughout my stay
cans in d
in Europe, the visits to Arthur Lee and yourself, and my twenty-four hours
good per
with Edward Grey in the valley of the Itchen, and through the New Forest,
is no wa
represented the only occasions when I was able to shake off my semipublic
that the
character for more than an hour or two at a time.
I most C(
We spent a week with Mrs. Roosevelt's sister at her house at Porto
called up
Maurizio; then I left Mrs. Roosevelt and Ethel there, for I wished them not
no right
to get overtired, while Kermit and I made a flying trip to Vienna and Buda-
are not {
that Sew
pest.
I had originally intended to come straight home to America from Africa
lic life,
I abandoned this idea on receiving the invitation to deliver the Romanes lec.
evidently
ture at Oxford, because this was an invitation I wished to accept; and 1.
tion, anc
appreciated being asked to deliver the lectures. It was the kind of thing 1.
visit alm
was really glad to do. But immediately afterwards I was asked to speak at
such cou
the Sorbonne. This again I was glad to do. When I accepted, however, I was
the Calv
certain that the Kaiser would not stand my speaking in England and France
by the (
and not in Germany; and, sure enough, I soon received from the German
oring to
Ambassador, by his direction, a request to speak at the University of Berlin;
been tha
and this again I was glad to do. I then felt that I had entered into all the
not go t
engagements I could carry through without hurrying myself, and I endeav-
great ma
ored to avoid making any others; and I also endeavored to avoid visiting
would e'
any other countries save France, Germany and England. But I soon found
the fact
that while the different rulers did not really care a rap about seeing me, they
they illu
did not like me to see other rulers and pass them by; and that the same state
kind" by
of mind obtained among the peoples. At Messina the King of Italy had made
perience
364
vhy the Montenegrins show a more
than
n. She said that when she was a child
point of my returning to Italy, and the municipality of Rome had - then
ere finally reduced to eat only rice
year in advance - made such representations about my coming through
Rome as to make it evident that I would give grave offense if I went round
and present king, summoned his family
in order to get up into France. Accordingly I had to go. Then the Austrian
other had much to do and needed.
Ambassador, (a Hungarian) whom I like, raised a perfect clamor against
that he and the children would from
my omitting Austria; and I also found that the Hungarians would really have
e people too had more than rice to
had their feelings hurt if I did not visit Hungary. Then the Norwegian
the letter.
Minister to Washington, and our own Minister in Norway, both wrote me
velt and I tried to repeat the drive
that the Norwegians would feel permanently aggrieved if after having re-
wenty-three years before on our honey.
ceived the Nobel Prize I failed to come to Christiania and give the Nobel
1. We started in an old-style three-horse
Lecture customary in such cases, inasmuch as I was giving addresses in
zia, and as we had been able to concer)
Berlin, Paris and Oxford. As soon as I accepted this, I found that Sweden
zia our first day's drive to Sestri Levante.
and Denmark would in their turn have had their feelings injured to the last
e night at a funny little old-style hotel
point by failure on my part to visit them when I was so near, and that Hol-
th our balcony. But they found us
land was already making great preparations because, on account of my
on, and the officers of the municipality
Dutch descent, they claimed a certain proprietorship in me. As I had to pass
e band gave us a serenade; and next
through Belgium, and as the Belgians had been very kind to me in Africa, I
II along our route had heard about
was glad to stop there also; I had not intended to be presented to any sover-
me evident that the enjoyment of
eign; for I have the strongest feeling about the attitude of so many Ameri-
ned it. After that, throughout my
cans in desiring to be presented to the different sovereigns. The latter, poor
and tyourself, and my twenty-four hours
good people, must be driven nearly mad by such requests; for which there
the Itchen, and through the New Forest
is no warrant whatever, in the great majority of cases. Moreover I believed
in I was able to shake off my semipubke
that the sovereigns could not care to see me; an attitude of mind with which
two at a time.
I
most cordially sympathized. I can imagine nothing more dreary than being
Roosevelt's sister at her house at Porte
called upon to receive retired politicians, who have no official standing and
t and Ethel there, for I wished them BY
no right to any official honors, and who nevertheless may be sensitive if they
I made a flying trip to Vienna and Buda
are not given the honors to which they have no claim. (I am sorry to say
that Seward, for instance, when he went round the world after leaving pub-
e straight home to America from Africa
lic life, showed much sensitiveness). However, the unfortunate sovereigns
he invitation to deliver the Romanes lec-
evidently felt that it would be misunderstood if they did not show me atten-
in invitation I wished to accept; and
tion, and through the ambassadors or foreign ministers I was requested to
the lectures. It was the kind of thing!!
visit almost every country in Europe, and to visit the sovereign of every
itely afterwards I was asked to speaker
such country. Switzerland was an exception. Here I had been asked to attend
to do. When I accepted, however, I
Was
the Calvin Quadricentenary which I could not do; and as I was not asked
and my speaking in England and France
by the Government until my trip was half over, when I was eagerly endeav-
ough, I soon received from the German
oring to cut out every possible engagement, I did not go there. The result has
lest to speak at the University of Berlin;
been that to this day I am now and then called upon to explain why I did
then felt that I had entered into all the
not go there; and to my concern I found that I had hurt the feelings of a
without hurrying myself, and I endeav-
great many good people who thought I had slighted them-not that they
and I also endeavored to avoid visiting
would ever have dreamed of caring one way or the other if it were not for
fermany and England. But I soon found
the fact that they saw a fuss made about me in other countries; whereupon
ot really care a rap about seeing me, they
they illustrated Lincoln's view that "there's a deal of human nature in man-
and pass them by; and that the same state
kind" by promptly proceeding to feel injured. I had precisely the same ex-
i. At Messina the King of Italy had made
perience with Russia. I do not for a moment believe that the Russians wished
364
365
to see me, and least of all the Czar; they would have been anything but
pleased had I come; but inasmuch as I never went near Russia, they all now
feel slightly aggrieved; and only the other day I received a warm invitation
from the Czar to come to Russia this Summer, together with a complaint
about my not having visited it already. I did not deem it necessary to explain
in full, as no good would come of it; but I would hate to go to Russia in
any way as guest of the ruling authorities, and feel that I was thereby
stopped from speaking on behalf of Finland, of the Jews, of the persecuted
Russian liberals, and of all the many other people upon whom the non
despotism of the bureaucracy bears with such crushing weight.
I said above that I doubted whether the sovereigns cared to see me.
am now inclined to think that they did, as a relief to the tedium, the dull
narrow routine of their lives. I shall always bear testimony to the courtesy
and good manners, and the obvious sense of responsibility and duty, of the
various sovereigns I met. But of course, as was to be expected, they were
like other human beings in that the average among them was not very high
as regards intellect and force. Indeed the kind of driving force and energy
needed to make a first-class president or prime minister, a great general or
war minister, would be singularly out of place in the ordinary constitutional
monarch. Apparently what is needed in a constitutional king is that he shall
be a kind of sublimated American vice-president; plus being socially at the
head of that part of his people which you have called "the freemasons of
fashion." The last function is very important; and the king's lack of political
power, and his exalted social position, alike cut him off from all real com-
radeship with the men who really do the things that count; for comradeship
must imply some equality, and from this standpoint the king is doubly barred
from all that is most vital and interesting. Politically he can never rise to
and socially he can never descend to, the level of the really able men of the
nation. I cannot imagine a more appallingly dreary life for a man of ambi-
stol
tion and power. The kings whom I saw were not as a whole very ambitions
or very forceful, though fine, honest, good fellows; and the monotony of
their lives evidently made them welcome any diversion in the shape of
a
afte
stranger, who gave them an entirely new point of view, and with whom
because of the nature of the case, they knew they could be intimate without
Mai
any danger of the intimacy being misconstrued, or leading to unpleasant situ-
hom
ations in the future. They had made the advances, not I; they knew that I
toria
was not coming back to Europe, that I would never see them again, or try
parc
in any way to keep up relations with them; and so they felt free to treat us
nece
with an intimacy, and on a footing of equality, which would have been:
prim
impossible with a European, the subject of some one of them (I think this
caus
was why they asked us to stay in the palaces). In a way, although the com-
hand
parison sounds odd, these sovereigns. in their relations among themselves and
neve
with others, reminded me of the officers and their wives in one of our west
they
ern army posts in the old days, when they were all shut up together and
trip.
366
Czar; they would have been anything be
away from the rest of the world, were sundered by an impassable gulf from
ch as I never went near Russia, they all no
the enlisted men and the few scouts, hunters and settlers around about, and
the other day I received a warm invitation
were knit together into one social whole, and nevertheless were riven asun-
ia this Summer, together with a complain
der by bitter jealousies, rivalries and dislikes. Well, the feelings between a
ready. I did not deem it necessary to explain
given queen and a given dowager-empress, or a small king and the emperor
of it; but I would hate to go to Russia
who on some occasion had relished bullying him, were precisely the same
authorities, and feel that I was thereb
15 those between the captain's lady and the colonel's spinster daughter, or the
of Finland, of the Jews, of the persecuted
sporting lieutenant and the martinet major, in a lonely army post.
many other people upon whom the iro
As we traveled, we found that the royalties at one court were almost
ars with such crushing weight.
sure to have written to their kinsfolk at the next court (for they are all
whether the sovereigns cared to see me!
interrelated) things about us, just exactly as people wrote from one army
ney did, as a relief to the tedium, the du
post to another in the old days. They were always sure to wish to hear from
hall always bear testimony to the courter
me about some of the things that I had done while I was President, especially
us sense of responsibility and duty, of
the building of the Panama Canal, the voyage of the battle fleet, the han-
course, as was to be expected, they
dling of the coal strike, and various matters concerning the control of the
ne average among them was not very
trusts and the control of the mob, and the relations of both with Socialism;
leed the kind of driving force and energ
and they were at least as anxious to hear about my regiment, and especially
dent or prime minister, a great general
about my life in the West, evidently regarding it as an opportunity to ac-
out of place in the ordinary constitution
quire knowledge at firsthand and at close range concerning the Buffalo-Bill
led in a constitutional king is that he
and Wild-West side of American existence. Most of them had obviously
vice-president; plus being socially
read up my writings for the occasion, and would appeal to me for enlighten-
hich you have called "the freemasons
ment upon points which they could not understand; and then when I illus-
important; and the king's lack of politic
trated these points by stories and incidents, they would usually need further
ion, alike cut him off from all real CDP
enlightenment about some of the expressions I used in telling the stories, and
lo the things that count; for comradesh
they would evidently solemnly write or tell one another just what these ex-
1 this standpoint the king is doubly barz
pressions were. Accordingly, after the usual formal and perfunctory conver-
resting. Politically he can never
sation with the new king or crown prince, or whoever it was, he would,
0, the level of the really able men offe
with a little preliminary maneuvering, ask me if I would mind repeating the
pallingly dreary life for a man of am
story I had told some preceding king about this, that, or the other frontier
saw were not as a whole very ambition
hero who had afterwards become a public servant holding my commission
st, good fellows; and the monotony
wishing to know just how and why it was that Benjamin Franklin Daniels,
come any diversion in the shape ON
ifterwards Marshal of Arizona, had his ear "bit off" in the course of the
V new point of view, and with whod
exercise of his duties as peace officer, or why Hon. Seth Bullock, who was
y knew they could be intimate witho
Marshal in South Dakota, and was to meet me in London, had regarded
construed, or leading to unpleasant SHE
homicide as a regrettable but inevitable incident of a political career in terri-
the advances, not I; they knew that
torial days; or he might (and in two cases actually did) say "I beg your
t I would never see them again, or tr
pardon, but I do not quite understand what is a two-gun man," which would
them; and so they felt free to treats
necessitate a brief review of the exercise of the right of private war under
of equality, which would have be
primitive conditions in the Far West, and the advantages accruing to the
ect of some one of them (I thinkle
cause of virtue if its special champion was able to use a revolver in either
palaces). In a way, although the con
hand. All these small kings had vague ambitions, which they knew would
n their relations among themselves
never be gratified, for military distinction, and hunting dangerous game, and
ers and their wives in one of our we
they always had questions to put about the Spanish War and the African
n they were all shut up togethers.
trip. They also all stood distinctly in awe of the German Kaiser, who evi-
66
367
dently liked to drill them; and both the big and the small ones felt much
jealousy of one another, and at the same time felt joined together and
sundered from all other people by their social position. Before I had seen
them I had realized in a vague way that a king's life nowadays must be
very limited life; but the realization was brought home to me very closely
on this trip. I can understand a woman's liking to be queen fairly well, (thar
is, if she is not an exceptional woman) for if, as is sometimes the case, as was
the case for instance with both the Queen of Norway¹² and the Crown
Princess of Sweden,13 she has made a love match, she has the ordinary hap.
piness that comes to the happy woman with husband and children, and in
addition the ceremonial and social part would be apt to appeal to her and
to be taken seriously by her. But as for the man: It would be very attractive
to be a king with the power of a dictator, and the ability to wield that
power, to be a Frederick the Great, for instance, or even a man like the old
Kaiser William, who if not exactly a great man yet had the qualities which
enabled him to use and be used by Bismarck, Moltke and von Roon. But the
ordinary king - and I speak with cordial liking of all the kings I met has
to play a part in which the dress parade is ludicrously out of proportion to
the serious effort; there is a quite intolerable quantity of sack to the amount
of bread. If he is a decent, straight, honorable fellow, he can set a good
example - and yet if he is not, most of his subjects, including almost all the
clergymen, feel obliged to be blind and to say that he is; and he can exercise
a certain small influence for good on public affairs in an indirect fashion.
But he can play no part such as is played by the real leaders in the public
life of today, if he is a constitutional monarch. Understand me. I do not
Fren
mean that he fails to serve a useful purpose, just as the flag serves a useful
had
purpose. Only a very foolish creature will talk of the flag as nothing but
2
bit of dyed or painted bunting, because it is a symbol of enormous conse
some
quence in the life and thought of the people. Similarly, the king may serve
view,
a purpose of enormous usefulness as a symbol, and I have no question that for
ticula
many peoples, it would be a misfortune not to have such a symbol, such
a
old sy
figurehead. I am not speaking of the king from the standpoint of his useful-
preser
ness to the community, which I fully admit; I am merely saying that from
himse
his own standpoint, if he is a man of great energy, force and power, it must
knew
be well-nigh intolerable to have to content himself with being simply in
suddei
when
the figurehead or symbol fashion.
When I went to Vienna, I met Harry White, an old friend and the best
"c'étai
man in our diplomatic service, who had, most unfortunately and improperly,
few m
and for reasons of unspeakable triviality, been turned out of the service by
Leopo.
President Taft. Without White's help I really do not see how I could have
Th
gotten through my Austro-Hungarian experience. The Hengelmüllers, the
those f
one ho
12 Queen Maud, third daughter of Edward VII of England.
"Fn
18 Princess Margaret of Connaught, wife of Gustavus Adolphus who in 1950 became
Le
Gustaf VI, King of Sweden.
368
the big and the small ones felt
extrian representatives in Washington, had crossed the ocean to meet me,
e same time felt joined together
was so flooded with attractive invitations, public and private, both
their social position. Before I had
Vienna and Budapest, that I hardly had one moment to myself. I did, how-
that a king's life nowadays must
get an hour to visit certain bookstores, because I wanted to buy some
was brought home to me very cl
the old German hunting books. The popular reception in Vienna was
n's liking to be queen fairly well, (th
greater than the popular reception in Rome; I was received very much
for if, as is sometimes the case
was received when as President I visited San Francisco, or Seattle, or
Queen of Norway12 and the
Crow
Louis, or New Orleans. The streets and squares around the hotel were
love match, she has the ordinary
with crowds, and when I drove to Schönbrunn to dine with the
an with husband and children, and
Emperor, the whole route was lined on both sides with onlookers. It was
art would be apt to appeal to her
evident to me that the people did not in the least understand my real posi-
r the man: It would be very attract
although I had done everything in my power to make it plain; they
lictator, and the ability to wield
dought of me as still the great American leader, the man who was to con-
or instance, or even a man like the
to play in the future of American politics something like the part he
great man yet had the qualities which
played in the past. Moreover this was the view that almost all the states-
narck, Moltke and von Roon. Buty
took. No explanations of mine were treated as anything but rather in-
dial liking of all the kings I met
acere and affected self-depreciation, and my statement of the bald fact that
de is ludicrously out of proportion
oder our system and traditions an ex-President became of little or no im-
erable quantity of sack to the amou
France was always greeted with polite but exasperating incredulity; and I
honorable fellow, he can set
a
only gave up any attempt to do more than at each successive capital to
f his subjects, including almost allitic
NC the fact with entire clearness, and then to let them refuse to believe it
1 to say that he is; and he can exercit
they chose. I hated to have them deceive themselves; but they absolutely
public affairs in an indirect fashia
fused to let me undeceive them, and that was all there was about it.
yed by the real leaders in the public
The Emperor14 was an interesting man. With him again I had to speak
monarch. Understand me. I do
French. He did not strike me as a very able man, but he was a gentleman, he
rpose, just as the flag serves a usef
had good instincts, and in his sixty years' reign he had witnessed the most
will talk of the flag as nothing but
extraordinary changes and vicissitudes. He talked very freely and pleasantly,
se it is a symbol of enormous conse
ometimes about politics, sometimes about hunting; and after my first inter-
people. Similarly, the king may serv
new, when he got up to tell me "good-by," he said that he had been par-
mbol, and I have no question that EX
ocularly interested in seeing me because he was the last representative of the
e not to have such a symbol, such
old system, whereas I embodied the new movement, the movement of the
ng from the standpoint of his useful
present and the future, and that he had wished to see me so as to know for
dmit; I am merely saying that from
himself how the prominent exponent of that movement felt and thought. He
eat energy, force and power, it must
knew that I disliked the old king of the Belgians1 who was just dead, and
ntent himself with being simply
suddenly asked me if I would have visited Belgium if he had been alive; and
when I said no, he responded that he quite understood why, and added
y White, an old friend and the besn
"c'était un homme absolument méchant," explaining that there were very
most unfortunately and improperly
few men who were absolutely and without qualification "méchant," but that
; been turned out of the service
Leopold was one.
really do not see how I could have
The dinner at Schönbrunn was interesting, of course, and not as dull, as
experience. The Hengelmüllers, the
those functions are apt to be. The Emperor and all the Austrian guests had
one horrid habit. The finger bowls were brought on, each with a small
i VII of England.
Gustavus Adolphus who in 1950 became
Francis Joseph of Austria-Hungary.
Leopold II, King of the Belgians, who had ruthlessly subjugated the Belgian Congo.
369
tumbler of water in the middle; and the Emperor and all the others pray
strongly
ceeded to rinse their mouths, and then empty them into the finger bowk,L
with AI
felt a little as if the days of Kaunitz had been revived-I believe that eminent
while to
servant of Maria Theresa used to take a complete toilet set with him to dirk
told the
ner, including a toothbrush, which he used at the close of the feast. How
wished t
ever, all of the guests were delightful; and both the men and the women
which W
came in after dinner were on the whole charming. I was told that Viennex-
Hofer 01
society was frivolous, but it happened, I suppose naturally, that those mer
tude cou
whom I saw were most of them interested in real problems of statecraft and
footing
warcraft. However, the world that lives for amusement was much in evidenc
fact that
at the Jockey Club. This struck me as a typical Viennese institution Only
discordar
the higher nobility belong, and a few outsiders of note. The people were
substan
charming, well-bred, with delightful manners, joining to the love of sport
because i
among corresponding Englishmen a love of gambling and a propensity
fundamer
fight duels, which gave them a different touch, and living in a world as
might be
mote from mine as if it had been in France before the revolution.
I visit
hailed me with the utmost good comradeship, because they were almost
one can S
big game hunters, and were immensely interested in my African hunt
of Newc:
were also much interested in my regiment and my experiences in the Spanist
spected a
War. Of course the fact that I had been President, and at the same in
where ag
had done the kind of thing in war and sport which it would have gratified
soldier, al
their ambitions to do, also impressed them; and then, to my intense amuse-
being ver
ment, I found that they were in cordial sympathy with me because
by both t
attacked the big financial interests, and because I frankly looked down
OR
We W
mere monied men, the people of enormous wealth who had nothing but
had a cast
their wealth behind them, and whose power was simply the power of the
looked ex
"money touch." There was to me something very humorous in finding what
within -
in America was regarded as a democratic movement against the powerful
period. Or
and arrogant aristocracy of wealth was among these Viennese looked upon
helped for
as a movement fundamentally in the interests of the right kind of aristocracy
thirst for
because it was teaching the man of mere money bags that his money by itse
thing exce
simply rendered him vulgar, and entitled him to no consideration. In the
ing that th
same way I was much amused to find from casual remarks made by my
to which t
hosts that what they called the "Kleiner Adel" were not admitted to the club
as naturally
any more than the financiers were. They had not such feeling against me
when it W
and Kermit. We represented men of a totally alien life. I found that they
have studie
already knew that I as strongly objected to Americans marrying into their
largely, my
titled families as they could object themselves. This gave them, on the one
few hours
hand, a feeling of understanding and sympathy with me, and, on the other
doubt if I
hand, put our relations just as they ought to be; that is, they felt they could
things as a
be absolutely courteous to me, and establish absolutely good relations with
yar history
me, just as they could with an Arab Sheik, and ask me to their houses and
visit my house and yet not be afraid of any complications following One
"William
vention, 1
or two of them had a slight curiosity to find out exactly why I objected
1667). It
37°
e Emperor and all the others
rongly to any closer alliance with them as they did to any closer alliance
"mpty them into the finger bowl
with Americans; but most of them were too well-bred to think it worth
een revived-I believe that eming
while to make inquiries. To those that did make the inquiries I laughed and
complete toilet set with him to
d them that they would understand my position if they realized that I
sed at the close of the feast. Ho
rished to keep for myself and all my kinsfolk and all my people an attitude
1 both the men and the women
which would make us respect equally and feel equally at home with, Andreas
charming. I was told that Vienn
Hofer on one side and Count Andrássy on the other, and that such an atti-
I suppose naturally, that those
tude could only be kept as long as their people and our people met on a
d in real problems of statecraft
footing of entire equality and good will, but with full recognition of the
or amusement was much in evider
,isct that any attempt at too intimate relations would result in showing utter
typical Viennese institution. Or
discordance. In other words we could really enjoy not merely friendship, but
utsiders of note. The people
to substantial measure of intimacy, if we did not try to make it too close;
nners, joining to the love of
cause if we came too close we should find that our systems of life were
: of gambling and a propensity
fundamentally irreconcilable, altho each might have many good points and
touch, and living in a world
snight be the best for a given set of surroundings.
rance before the revolution.
I visited the riding school, one of the very few places in Europe where
-ship, because they were almost
one can still see the manège as it is described in that great book of the Duke
interested in my African hunt
of Newcastle's I think it is his - in the seventeenth century;16 and I in-
and my experiences in the Spart
spected a Hungarian Hussar regiment, which interested me immensely, and
n President, and at the same
where again I was received with the most genuine cordiality as a fellow-
port which it would have gratify
soldier, all the officers, who of course had themselves seen no actual fighting,
n; and then, to my intense amus
being very anxious to know about my regiment. I was very much impressed
sympathy with me because It
by both the officers and the enlisted men, and also by the horses.
ecause I frankly looked down o
We went out to lunch with a perfect old trump, Count Wilczek, who
ous wealth who had nothing!!
had a castle a few miles out of Vienna which he had restored, so that it
wer was simply the power of
looked exactly as it did in the Middle Ages and was similarly arranged
ng very humorous in finding wb
within - although he had embellished it with books and pictures of a later
C movement against the powerf
period. On this trip - here while visiting this castle, just as at Cairo - I was
nong these Viennese looked upo
helped for the first time in my life by the fact that I had always gratified my
sts of the right kind of aristocrac
thirst for useless information. I have never demanded of knowledge any-
oney bags that his money by itsc
thing except that it shall be useless. Now this means that while I know noth-
him to no consideration. In th
ing that the average scholar does not know, yet that I know a good deal as
rom casual remarks made by
to which the average politician or man of affairs is abysmally ignorant; and
del" were not admitted to the
25 naturally my life has been chiefly led among politicians and men of affairs,
had not such feeling against
when it was not led among frontiersmen, there are a great many things I
tally alien life. I found that the
have studied about which I have rarely or never had a chance to speak
to Americans marrying into the
largely, my dear sir, because it is only occasionally that I am thrown for a
:lves. This gave them, on the on
few hours intimately in your company! Until I went abroad this time I
bathy with me, and, on the other
doubt if I had ever derived the slightest benefit, however small, from such
to be; that is, they felt they coul
things as a knowledge of Moslem travels in the thirteenth century, or Mag-
ish absolutely good relations
yar history, or the Mongol conquests, or the growth of the races of Middle
i, and ask me to their houses
ny complications following Oo
William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, A New Method, and Extraordinary. In-
vention, to Dress Horses, and Work Them According to Nature
(London,
nd out exactly why I objected
1667). It was first published in French in Antwerp in 1658.
371
Europe and the deeds of their great men. On this occasion, however,
knowledge of these things really added to my pleasure, and brought me
touch with people. For instance, Wilczek hugely enjoyed finding that,
sides a general interest in sport and in medieval ways and customs,
I
taken it for granted that his family, if not Czech, was of Polish origin,
7
descended from the Piasts and from Boleslav the Glorious; that when
and
showed me a portrait of Báthory, I was familiar with that Hungarian
of Poland and his wars against Ivan the Terrible; that I knew the details of
Rudolph's fight with Ottakar of Bohemia; and so on and so on. He took
a great fancy to Kermit, whom he called "leetle" Kermit - for although
non
Kermit was nearly six feet, Wilczek towered above him - led him round
by the hand through most of the building, and then kissed him good-b
Kermit is an impassive person, and was much less upset by this than an Eng
non
lish boy would have been; still he was distinctly embarrassed; and I had
peace
fearful apprehensions myself when I came to say good-by, but fortunately
sight
the Count merely enfolded me in a bear-like arm clasp.
were,
After leaving Vienna I went to Hungary. On the way to Budapest
B
their
stopped for lunch at Count Apponyi's. Apponyi met us at the station (where
sttitu
there was the usual reception) and drove us to his castle. It was interesting
In my
to an American to pass successively through various villages each consisting
resolu
only of Slavs, Magyars or Germans. Apponyi is a really fine fellow. He had
Navy
been in Washington with the Inter-Parliamentary Peace Congress, and had
that tl
dined with me at the White House He represented a type of Liberal much
form
more common in Continental Europe prior to 1848 than at present; but in
ably h
some ways, purely Hungarian. In Hungary, in striking contrast to what was
the P°
the case in France, in Italy, and I believe in Spain, and certainly in much of
had fa
Germany, I found that Liberalism and very strong religious feelings were
would
not regarded as incompatible. In France and Italy devout Catholics were
Appon
almost always reactionary, not only in matters ecclesiastical but in matters
the op|
governmental; and Liberals were always anticlerical - probably inevitably
should
so. In Hungary I met many Liberals, most of them Catholics, some of them
shocke
Calvinists, who were good "church people" in much the same sense that so
many of my associates in America are good church people; and in conse-
garded
attitude
quence they felt that I understood them and that they were in sympathy
of the 1
with me, as they could not be expected to be in sympathy with men sharing
One
their political views who at the same time ridiculed, or at least were wholly
on well
unable to understand their religious views. Apponyi was a devout Catholic,
but he was not only an advanced Liberal in matters political but also in mat-
history
ters ecclesiastical; he was a staunch friend of many Protestants, and later took
that the
me round to see the younger Kossuth, a Protestant. In this respect he was
17
"Ba
like an American Liberal of the best type; yet in matters purely political it
was half amusing, half melancholy, to realize the doctrinaire limitations of
his attitude. He was in theory an almost irrational advocate of immediate
international peace; just as the Norwegians also were, in theory; and he and
372
at men. On this occasion, however
Norwegian delegates whom I had met among the various international
ded to my pleasure, and brought me'u
delegations, were all for universal arbitration and disarmament, and
Vilczek hugely enjoyed finding that:
peace passing high-sounding resolutions in favor of immediate peace all over
d. in medieval ways and customs,
earth (resolutions which always remind me of Tilmon Joy's sneer in
if not Czech, was of Polish origin,
the of John Hay's poems, 17 at those who "rezoloot till the cows come home"
m Boleslav the Glorious; that when
and cannot and will not give practical effect to their resolutions; and yet he
was familiar with that Hungarian
enresented the violent and extreme Hungarian party which was practically
the Terrible; that I knew the details:
working for a separation from Austria that would probably bring war; just
hemia; and so on and so on. He
the Norwegian peace people were at the very time championing separa-
called "leetle" Kermit - for althor
from Norway, a separation which certainly told against peace and might
a towered above him - led him
bon sell have produced immediate war. In other words, these peace champions
building, and then kissed him good-b
of Hungary and Norway, who in word and in resolution, and in proclama-
as much less upset by this than an
non at their conventions, went much further in demanding arbitration and
was distinctly embarrassed; and
than I was willing to go (simply because for a really cool and far-
came to say good-by, but fortunate
johted man to act as they were acting would have been base hypocrisy)
bear-like arm clasp.
as regards the only practical matters where they could give effect to
lungary. On the way to Budapest,
their theories doing all they could to provoke war. This is not an exceptional
Apponyi met us at the station (when
tritude among professional peace advocates. I have met it again and again.
ove lus to his castle. It was interesti
amy own country I have had labor unions and similar organizations pass
rough various villages each consisting
solutions, and send them to me, demanding that we cease building up the
pponyi is a really fine fellow. Hegh
Navy and insist on universal international arbitration, at the very same time
arliamentary Peace Congress, and ha
that they demanded that I adopt the policy of Japanese exclusion in such
e represented a type of Liberal muc
form as would certainly have brought us war with Japan. War would prob-
prior to 1848 than at present; but
ably have come if I had either yielded to their wishes as to the form which
gary, in striking contrast to what w
the policy of exclusion was to take, (in accordance with their wishes), or
ve in Spain, and certainly in much
had failed to keep at the highest point of efficiency the American Navy. It
I very strong religious feelings
would certainly have come if I had yielded to their wishes in both regards.
'ce and Italy devout Catholics we
Apponyi in Hungary was honestly convinced that he was standing up for
matters ecclesiastical but in matte
the oppressed and for the cause of righteousness by insisting that the Magyar
vs anticlerical - probably inevitable
should be at least on an equality with the Austrian German; and he was
ost of them Catholics, some of the
ple" in much the same sense that
shocked and puzzled by finding that a large number of Hungarian Slavs re-
good church people; and in conse
garded his attitude, and the attitude of the Magyars, toward them as itself an
n and that they were in sympatif
attitude of pure oppression, and which showed the fundamental hypocrisy
CO be in sympathy with men sharin
of the Magyar attitude toward the German.
e ridiculed, or at least were wholh
One reason why he and the other Hungarian politicians whom I met got
'S. Apponyi was a devout Catholic
on well with me was probably the fact that I knew a good deal of Hungarian
in matters political but also in mat
history and Hungarian constitutional claims; that I understood, for instance,
of many Protestants, and later took
that the Emperor of Austria was not emperor in Hungary, and always al-
Protestant. In this respect he WAS
e; yet in matters purely political
"Banty Tim" in The Pike County Ballads. The concluding stanza runs:
alize the doctrinaire limitations di
You may rezoloot till the cows come home,
irrational advocate of immediate
But ef one of you tetches the boy,
He'll wrastle his hash to-night in hell,
S also were, in theory; and he and
Or my name's not Tilmon Joy!
373
luded to him as the king - to give him his full, and delightful title,
would
between England and Ireland was to be found, not in Austria's attitude
tolic king" - while I was in Hungary; that I understood that the analogy
00 res
infinite
ward Hungary, but in Hungary's attitude toward Croatia etc. etc. As I
said, any ordinary scholar with a good second-hand knowledge of history, have
had
Gover
acquainted with all this as a matter of course; but among politicians the one.
develo
eyed is apt to be king - so far as concerns foreign history, or indeed SO
tended
tics, applied economics, or money-making. When I was received in the pos
as concerns any branch of abstract knowledge not dealing with applied
Austri:
fellow,
lative hall at Budapest, I was at first a little bit puzzled to know why they
Prime
immensely appreciated my allusions to Arpád, St. Stephen, Matthew Corvinus so
I was
and other Hungarian heroes, to the battle of Mohács, to the provisions
esting
the Golden Bull of one King Béla, and to the curious indirect results of the
Eightfu
Bogomil heresy, and the double part played by racial and religious conside
imposs
tions in causing the Protestants of Hungary and Transylvania to side
mately
the Turk rather than with the Austrian; ultimately I found that the reason
couple
was their sensitiveness to the fact that all these names meant nothing what
forty-e
ever to the public men of other European countries. Evidently they felt
forty-e
regards the ignorance they encountered concerning their own national his
struck
tory when they went to Berlin, Paris, or London, much as an American fels
the fac
forty or fifty years ago, when he found that Europe quite simply ignored
than W
the men and events that he had believed to be of capital importance. It was
ways o
the feeling of injured dignity natural to the man who does not like to have
great S(
his cherished heroes and their deeds treated as provincial, and who is not as
ica. Th
yet sufficiently self-confident to realize that such treatment reflects, not on
Contine
him or them, but on those who really show themselves provincial by failing
I could
to appreciate the fundamental importance of what has happened outside their
Mrs. L
own ken. To a Hungarian the fact that the Golden Bull was analogous to
country
the Great Charter, and was issued about the same time that the latter was
met at
signed, seemed of such interest that He could not understand an Englishman
were cl
never having heard of the said Golden Bull; and in consequence he was much
mans,
pleased to find that an ex-President from across the ocean had heard about
lacked.
it, and knew for instance that it solemnly reserved to the nobles the right of
I great]
revolution if the king misbehaved himself - I did not think it necessary to
whethe
elaborate the comparison between this and the action of certain South Amer-
usual m
ican republics in inserting into their constitutions a guarantee of the right of
worth
secession.
ters, an
In Vienna they had been very much pleased when, while President, I had
interest
cordially approved the action of Austria in changing the title, although not
either h
really the substance, of the Austrian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
the way
Ultimately I hope that the Balkan States will be able to stand by themselves
perhaps in some sort of confederacy; but as yet the example of Serbia is not
18 Co
His
sufficiently encouraging to make me believe that Bosnia and Herzegovina
produ
374
im his full, and delightful title
more progress alone than under Austria; for Austrian rule bears
that I understood that the anat
Austrian rule half a century ago, and in any event is
be found, not in Austria's attitude,
to the rule of the Turk. In Hungary they knew that
ide toward Croatia etc. etc. As in
Fed approved of this action, and were on the whole glad - the Austrian
second-hand knowledge of history
Governor of the two provinces (Kallay) did a really remarkable work in
course; but among politicians the
- but the Magyars were a little uneasy at anything that
erns foreign history, or indeed
the Slav populations of the Dual Empire. In Budapest the
wledge not dealing with applied
archduke who represented the empire and who was a very good
ng. When I was received in the
Kistrian know, but whose name I cannot now remember, gave me a lunch, and the
ttle bit puzzled to know why they
Prime Minister a dinner, and the head of the Opposition another dinner, and
Arpád, St. Stephen, Matthew Corvi
taken out to see a stock farm where I took lunch. The really inter-
ttle of Mohács, to the provisions
Ering was part, however, was meeting the people themselves. They were de-
to the curious indirect results oft
Eghtful. Of course I became hopelessly mixed as to their names; it was
yed by racial and religious conside
impossible to meet a couple of hundred men and women, even very inti-
igary and Transylvania to side
tentely, for forty-eight hours, and disentangle them completely from the
1; ultimately I found that the
couple of hundred different men and women I had met in the previous
Il these names meant nothing who
forty-eight hours, or the couple of hundred whom I met in the preceding
an countries. Evidently they felt.
forty eight hours. However, the general impression was very vivid. I was
i concerning their own national
struck in Hungary, as later in Holland and the Scandinavian countries, by
London, much as an American
fact that I was really more in sympathy with the people whom I met
d that Europe quite simply ignore
with the corresponding people of the larger continental nations. Their
to be of capital importance. Its
of looking at life were more like mine, and their attitude toward the
the man who does not like to
reat social and economic questions more like those of my friends in Amer-
ted as provincial, and who is not
The Hungarian women, for instance, were almost the only women of
that such treatment reflects, note
Continental Europe with whom I could talk in the same intimate way that
ow themselves provincial by failm
could with various American and English women whom I have known -
of what has happened outside the
Mrs. Lodge, Mrs. La Farge, Mrs. Selmes, and other friends, of my own
the Golden Bull was analogous
-country, and Lady Delamere and Mrs. Sanderson of your country, whom I
the same time that the latter
met at Nairobi, and Lady Spring Rice and others. The Hungarian women
uld not understand an Englishm
were charming. They seemed to have the solid qualities of the North Ger-
1; and in consequence he was muc
mans, and yet the French charm, which the North Germans so totally
across the ocean had heard abov
licked. I was genuinely sorry to think that I should never see them again.
reserved to the nobles the rightld
I greatly liked the Hungarian men. Whether it was simply an accident, or
- I did not think it necessary
whether those I met were typical, I cannot say, but I certainly met an un-
the action of certain South Amer-
usual number who were both interesting, and interested in things that were
tutions a guarantee of the right of
worth while; and who were keenly alert about political and economic mat-
ters, and yet were enthusiastic sportsmen or were well-read or had other
eased when, while President, I mg
interests that were not merely stodgy. Teleki, the African explorer, was one;
n changing the title, although no.
either his wife or his sister-in-law had written a novel worth reading. 18 By
ation of Bosnia and Herzegoving
the way, a Hungarian novelist whose books I had always liked, the author of
ill be able to stand by themselves
Count Samuel Teleki, discoverer of Lakes Rudolf and Stephanie in East Africa.
S yet the example of Serbia is not
His relative, Countess Sandor Teleki, well-known in Hungarian literary circles,
ve that Bosnia and Herzegoving
produced, under the pen name Spark, a great many novels and plays.
375
St. Peter's Umbrella,¹⁹ also called on me, and later caused me no slight
barrassment by giving an interview in which he contrasted my attitude
of
question me out a
appreciation of his novels with the lack of such appreciation on the part
Kaiser in
the Austrian imperial family!
tary of S
At the different dinners and in the houses I visited I found almost every
universal
body able to speak English, and well acquainted with whatever of note
written in either French, English, or German. Of course there is not much Was
somethin
obligatio
written in Magyar, and in order to hold communion with the rest of the
nection
world cultivated people in Hungary have to know foreign languages in
Smithson
way that it is not necessary for Englishmen, Frenchmen, or Germans, and
8
African 1
they are pleasanter for foreigners to get on with. One of the leading public
although
men I met - I think an ex-Prime Minister - was a Calvinist, and I was in-
see whet
terested to see the strong impress that Calvinism had stamped upon the
any good
Magyar character. Evidently the Calvinistic theology was much more of
From
force with him than with most even of the descendants of the Puritans with
part, it g
whom I am intimate in America; and while the liberalizing spirit of the age
peace; W
and of his political party and the needs of Hungary had greatly broadened
who, par
him, he still retained to a curious degree traits which reminded me all thes
to identif
time of those of men with whom I was familiar in my own country Hist
always d
ancestors and mine had been at the Synod of Dort together three centuries
papers. E
before, and though he was very much broader and more tolerant than they
and prob
were, he was not able to look at their work from quite the detached stand-
policies
point that to me seemed the only possible standpoint. But he was a fine
Fredericl
fellow, and I was in thorough sympathy with him; and his wife was a bril->
tempt fo
liant and charming woman. Altogether I could not overstate how thoroughly
facts - a
at home I felt in Hungary, and how I enjoyed myself in spite of the rush
foolishly
in which I was kept.
Having t
There was a sequel to my visit to Vienna which was rather amusing. By
in the kii
appointment I called on the Prime Minister - confound it! I have forgotten
fellow pi
his name²⁰ also for the moment, but I will remember it before I get through
internatic
this letter. He was a statesman and diplomat of the old school, very polished
believed
and cultivated, with real power, and entirely cynical. Down at bottom he
generatio
had no more sympathy with me than Merry del Val, but unlike Merry del
now bein
Val he recognized the fact that the world had moved; and went out of his
and the 1
way, as did the Emperor, to thank me for what I had done at Rome, saying
of the ve
that it made their task a little easier; and I think he was instrumental in hav.
trian Prir
ing the Papal Nuncio call on me when our Ambassador, who is himself
2
a question
Catholic, gave me a reception at the Embassy - a fact which drove the ultras
had told
of the Vatican nearly crazy. He speedily brought the subject round to the
one betw
repeating
19 Kálmán Mikszáth, St. Peter's Umbrella, translated from the Hungarian by B. W.
between
Worswick (New York, 1900). Based on an intricate plot concerning a ragged redd
cient nav
umbrella, a misplaced treasure, and a sly old misanthrope, St. Peter's Umbrella is 1
restful narrative of life in out-of-the-way Slovak villages.
Princ
20 Richard von Bienerth.
III; bre
6
d later caused me no slight
question of universal peace and disarmament, and cautiously tried to draw
h he contrasted my attitude
me out as to what my attitude would be on these subjects when I saw the
:uch appreciation on the part
Kaiser in Berlin. Carnegie, personally and through Root, my onetime Secre-
of State, had been asking me to try to get the Emperor committed to
I visited I found almost even
universal tary arbitration and disarmament, and had been unwary enough to let
nted with whatever of note
something leak into the papers about what he had proposed. Root was under
in. Of course there is not
obligations to Carnegie for the way that Carnegie had helped him in con-
ommunion with the rest of
nection with the Pan-American movement, and he had also helped the
to know foreign languages in
Smithsonian in fitting out the scientific people who went with me on my
Frenchmen, or Germans, and
African trip; and Carnegie's purposes as regards international peace are good,
with. One of the leading pub!
although his methods are often a little absurd; and so I told him that I would
- was a Calvinist, and I was
see whether I could speak to the Emperor or not, but that I did not believe
lvinism had stamped upon
any good would come of it.
: theology was much more
From America, I suppose through some inadvertence on Mr. Carnegie's
descendants of the Puritans
part, it got into the newspapers that I was to speak to the Emperor about
the liberalizing spirit of the
peace; whereupon all the well-meaning and unspeakably foolish busybodies
Hungary had greatly broaden
who, partly from sincere interest and partly from fussiness and vanity, like
aits which reminded me all
to identify themselves with large reforms, and whose identification therewith
miliar in my own country. Hit
always does damage to the said reforms, began to write to me and to the
of Dort together three centuri
papers. Evidently this had much alarmed the German foreign office people,
der and more tolerant than the
and probably the German Kaiser himself. Those responsible for Germany's
from quite the detached stand
policies at the present day are most ardent disciples of, and believers in,
standpoint. But he was a
Frederick the Great and Bismarck, and not unnaturally have an intense con-
th him; and his wife was a brils
tempt for the mock altruism of so many worthy people who will not face
Id not overstate how thoroughly
facts - a contempt which Bismarck showed for Motley when Motley very
yed myself in spite of the rush
foolishly thrust upon him advice about how to deal with conquered France.
Having been trained to believe only in loyalty to the national welfare, and
a which was rather amusing BF
in the kind of international morality characteristic of one pirate among his
- confound it! I have forgotte
fellow pirates, they are unable to understand or appreciate the standards of
emember it before I get through
international morality which men like Washington and Lincoln genuinely
of the old school, very polished
believed in, which have been practiced on a very large scale for two or three
ly cynical. Down at bottom her
generations by your people in India, and latterly in Egypt and which are
y del Val, but unlike Merry del:
now being applied by our own people on a smaller scale in the Philippines
had moved; and went out of Ity
and the West Indies. Evidently the German foreign office availed themselves
what I had done at Rome, saying
of the very close relations between Austria and Germany, and got the Aus-
nink he was instrumental in hav
trian Prime Minister to sound me as to my intentions. He took advantage of
r Ambassador, who is himself
a question I put to him anent a remark to me by the Duke of Abruzzi,2¹ who
- a fact which drove the ultres.
had told me that in Europe they firmly believed that two wars were certain,
rought the subject round to the
one between Japan and ourselves, one between you and Germany. After
repeating this remark, I said that I did not believe war would ever come
slated from the Hungarian by B.
between Japan and ourselves, certainly not if we kept up a sufficiently effi-
tricate plot concerning a ragged reds
cient navy, and fortified Hawaii and the Canal; and I asked the Prime Minis-
misanthrope, St. Peter's Umbrella is
ak villages.
21 Prince Luigi of Savoy-Aosta, Duke of the Abruzzi; dousin of Victor Emmanuel
III; brother of Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Aosta.
377
595
founded 1st unit U.S. 1/35 2) Colvary Unit
Korats
Disble
during Revolutionary Wer
Mihaly KOVACS
MEE high
Veled sirok, hogy korcsok fiaid,
Szavával olyan fél-mindenható!
S hivom le rájok isten átkait,
Föl, föl barátom, hangoztasd szavad,
S veled szégyenlem, hogy a nagyvilág
Áraszd ki lelked e lángözönét,
Téged, szegény hazám te, meg se' lát,
Hogy föllobbantsd a rokon szíveket,
Hogy, aki rajta egykor úr valál,
S hogy szétégesd az ellenség hadát!
És reszketett parancsod hanginál,
Dörögd a gőgnek és a butaságnak
Most rája nézve nem is létezel.
A rá jövendő végitéletet.
S érted teszek majd, hogyha tenni kell!
Föl, föl barátom, csüggedetlenül
Koltó, 1847. október
S nem tántorogva egy pillanatig sem!
A díj, amelyet egykor aratunk,
Küzdelmeinkhez méltó díj leszen
KAZINCZY GÁBORHOZ
De mit beszélek mért említem ezt?
Nem fáradunk mi jutalom-reménnyel,
V
Miljók nevében emelem szavam,
Mint a hazugság aljas zsoldosi,
Miljók nevében mondom el neked
De önzés nélkül, isten-ihletésből,
A köszönet, a hála szavait,
Mint hajdanában az apostolok!
Hős pályatársam, lelkem rokona:
Koltó, 1847. október
A nép nevében! melynek hive vagy,
Melyért csatázol bátran és vitézül.
Szentebb, mint a keresztesháborúk,
AZ UTÓSÓ VIRÁGOK
Szentebb a harc, amelyet vív e század,
Melynek te, mint én, katonája vagy.
Őszi idő a javából,
Ott fekszik, mint egy új Prometheus,
A természet homlokáról
Évezred óta a bilincsre vert nép,
Minden szépet leragad.
És rágja máját a saskeselyű,
Nincsen a mezőkön semmi,
És vérzi lábát és kezét a lánc.
Még a kertben is keresni
Le fogjuk rázni róla a vasat,
Kell már a virágokat.
S elűzzük tőle a saskeselyűt!
Mienk, mienk lesz majd a győzelem,
Kis Juliskám összeszedte
Mert jó az ügy, mely fölfegyverze minket,
És bokrétává kötötte
Mert a jó ügynek végre győzni kell.
A maradék szálakat.
Az ellenségé még a hatalom,
Jól tevéd, kis feleségem,
Kicsiny, kicsiny még a mi seregünk, de
Kedvet szerzesz evvel nékem
Akik vagyunk, mind elszánt férfiak,
S tán velök sem tész roszat.
S ha ott a többség, itten az erő,
Mert a mi fegyverünk az élesebb,
Mert az igazság a mi fegyverünk.
S nem volna messze már a diadal,
Ha minden harcos olyan volna, mint te,
736
737
1
Date: 6/13/89
MEMORANDUM TO: Miss Stephanie Blessey, Research, White House
FROM:
Veronika B. Ludmer, editor, Hungarian Service, VOA
SUBJECT:
Transcript of attached tape for useful Hungarian phrases
1. Great, Fabulous, Excellent
-
REMEK
2. Thank you
- KÖSZÖNÖM
3. My Friend / My Friends
-
BARÁTOM / BARÁTAIM
4. Hungarian/ Hungarians
-
MAGYAR / MAGYAROK
5. Good-bye, See you, See you again - very appropriate in all situations, public or
private, at the end of a speech or at leaving a place - VISZONTLÁTÁSRA
King Alfonso XIII of Spain. The British Bat-
gland during the mid-18th century. It is espe-
879 Battle Creek
enbergs changed their name to Mountbatten
cially noted for the high quality of its transfer
1917.
painting. Battersea ware was made at York
Battenberg, Louis Alexander, prince of
House in Battersea, a district in London, by
In the ensuing civil war, Batthyány tried to
Milford Haven, Louis Alexander Mount-
Stephen Theodore Janssen between 1753 and
mediate, but finally took the side of the revo-
batten, 1st Marquess of.
1756. This ware is variably composed of soft
lutionaries. On October 11 he was wounded in
white enamel completely covering a copper
battle, fell from his horse, and broke an arm.
Battenberg, Louis Francis, prince of see
ground. A design is applied to the white
In attempting to negotiate with the Austrian
Mountbatten of Burma, Louis Mountbatten.
enamel either by painting by hand or by trans-
forces, he was captured on Jan. 3, 1849, and
atter: see dough and batter.
fer printing (q.v.), a process by which an im-
sentenced to death by hanging. The night
pression from an engraved metal plate
before the execution Batthyány tried, unsuc-
patteries and fuel cells 2:764, devices for
brushed with enamel colours is transfered to
cessfully, to kill himself with a knife. The next
producing electric current by chemical means.
paper and then to the surface to be decorated.
morning, badly wounded, he was shot for the
In a battery the chemicals are self-contained
Transfer painting was used on a large scale for
crime of sedition. His death caused deep
the fuel cell. The chemicals are stored sepa-
the first time at Battersea. Most of the articles
mourning across the nation and aligned Euro-
rately and supplied to the electrodes on de-
produced there, etuis such as snuff boxes and
pean public opinion against Austria.
nand.
watchcases, were small and decorated in the
Hungary's post-revolutionary
The text article covers history, basic battery
Rococo style with mottos, portraits, land-
government 2:464f
principles, primary and secondary batteries,
scapes, or flowers. The shapes of the objects
independent Hungarian Ministry 9:36h
tandard cells, fuel cells, nuclear batteries,
and the decorative motifs are often imitative
Kossuth finance ministry
nd oxidation-reduction (redox) cells.
of Meissen porcelain ware (q.v.).
appointment 10:536d
EFERENCES in other text articles:
characteristics and colour use 6:777d
Batticaloa, district and capital of Eastern
dry cell production 19:1149f
battery (law): see assault and battery.
Province, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), on an island off
electrochemical applications 6:643e
the eastern coast. It is linked to the mainland
electroplating development 6:691g
battery, in baseball, the pitcher and the
energy conversion device development 6:856e
by causeway, bridge, and ferry and by road
catcher.
Galvani's influence and voltaic pile 7:860f
and railway connections. Batticaloa is the
gasoline engine construction 7:935d
function and required skills 2:745c
trading centre for rice and coconuts from
lead-acid battery production and uses 10:729b
battery, isotope, source of electrical energy
nearby plantations and for other agricultural
light clock photoelectric charge 4:747a
in which a thermionic or thermoelectric device
products. It was captured by the Portuguese
magnesium dry cell efficiency and
is provided with energy by a radioactive iso-
in 1622 and by the Dutch in 1638, and it was
uses 11:304a
tope. In one type, electrons emitted by a ra-
surrendered by them to the British in 1796.
mercury cell types and uses 11:922g
dioactive source, such as strontium-90, trans-
Ruined Portuguese and Dutch forts remain
satellite solar cell 16:264b
fer from a collector circuit.
from the colonial period. Pop. (1971) 36,761.
ilver in industrial use 16:777g
pacecraft power supplies 17:358h
thermionic device power output and
area and population table 17:522
lifetime 18:289f
Ceylon history to independence 4:6c
hermionic device comparison 18:289b
map, Sri Lanka 17:520
attering ram, medieval weapon consisting
battery, mercury, source of electrical energy
that depends on the chemical reaction be-
batting, in baseball, taking one's turn at bat,
a heavy timber with a metal knob or point
tween a potassium hydroxide electrolyte, an
or hitting a ball with a bat.
the front; such devices were used to batter
anode of amalgamated zinc, and a cathode of
strategy, style, and player order 2:741b
own the gates of a besieged city.
incient fortifications and sieges 7:549c
mercuric oxide mixed with about 5 percent
Battipaglia, town, in Salerno province, Cam-
Roman army engineering 6:863d
graphite. It provides a more constant output
pania region, southern Italy. Food processing
iege weaponry development 19:682b
voltage during its lifetime than the common
and the manufacture of soap and paper pro-
zinc dry cell, but it is also more expensive.
ducts are among the main industries. The
itter's box, in baseball, rectangular areas
dry cell types and designs 2:766a
town was the scene of heavy fighting after the
either side of home plate in which a batter
electrolysis of brine in mercury cell 11:922g
Allied landing at Salerno in 1943. Pop. (1971
ands during his turn at bat.
battery, nuclear, device in which nuclear en-
prelim.) mun. 31,807.
aseball field layout 2:739e; illus.
ergy is converted directly to electrical energy.
40°37' N, 14°58' E
attersea, district of London, on low-lying
In one type, electrons emitted by a radioactive
Battishill, Jonathan (b. May 1738, London
ound on the south bank of the River
source are caught on a collector and dis-
-d. Dec. 10, 1801, Islington), composer of
ames, in the borough of Wandsworth. The
charged to the external circuit. Nuclear bat-
church music and popular songs. He was a
erside is lined with factories and is dominat-
teries are characterized by high output volt-
chorister at St. Paul's Cathedral (1747) and
by an electric power station, a well-known
age (more than 10,000 volts), very low current
later a harpsichordist at Covent Garden. He
ndon landmark. Battersea Park (200 ac [80
(around 50 micromicroamperes, or 50 X 10⁻¹²
composed songs and choruses for plays, nota-
D, bordering on the river between Albert
amperes), and their high cost.
bly, Almena (1764), an opera produced at
d Chelsea bridges, was laid out (1858) as a
voltage generation and efficiency 2:769c;
Drury Lane as the work of Battishill and Mi-
inicipal park and adapted as pleasure gar-
table
chael Arne. In 1764 he became organist at St.
ns with rides and other amusement devices
Batthyány, Lajos, Count (b. Feb. 14, 1806,
Clement Danes and St. Martin's-in-the-Fields
the Festival of Britain (1951). The home
Pozsony, Hung., now Bratislava, Czech.-d.
and wrote psalms settings and hymns,
unded 1860) in Battersea Park Road for
Oct. 6, 1849, Pest, now Budapest, Hung.),
catches, glees, and madrigals. He ceased com-
ay and unwanted dogs and cats is also fa-
statesman, who during the revolution of 1848
posing after his wife's elopement in 1777, de-
us.
was premier of the first Hungarian parliamen-
voting himself to his book collection.
ttersea enamelware, considered the
tary government and a martyr for Magyar in-
Battle, town, county of East Sussex, En-
st painted enamelware produced in En-
dependence.
gland, just inland from Hastings. A ridge to
The son of wealthy liberal landowners whose
the southeast, called Senlac was the site,
nobility dated to 1398, Batthyány entered the
where William I the Conqueror defeated the
military, but left it in 1827 to manage his es-
English in 1066. Before the battle (known as
tates and to take a law degree at the Universi-
the Battle of Hastings) William vowed to
ty of Zagreb. Travel in Western Europe ac-
build an abbey on the spot if victorious, and
quainted him with advanced liberal ideas and
in 1094 its church was consecrated, with an al-
capitalist business practices, which he applied
tar standing where the English king Harold II
successfully to his interests.
fell. The great gateway of the abbey, built in
He became a member of Hungary's upper
1338, survives, but after the Reformation the
house in 1830, and in 1845 led the forces seek-
church was pulled down and the abbey (now a
ing independence from the Habsburg mon-
girls' school) was converted into a mansion.
archy. At the same time, he continued his
Pop. (1971 prelim.) 33,563.
business activity and in 1843 headed the sugar
50°55' N, 0°29' E
industry trust. He went to Vienna in March
battle, trial by: see duel.
1848, as a member of the committee that pre-
sented Hungarian demands for parliamentary
Battle-Ax (culture): see Beaker folk.
reform to the imperial court. The following
Battle Creek, city, Calhoun County, central
month the emperor Ferdinand V appointed
Michigan, U.S., at the juncture of Battle
Batthyány prime minister of the new parlia-
Creek (stream) with the Kalamazoo River.
mentary government, which took office on
Settled in 1831, it became a flour and woollen
April 7. Despite his able leadership and the
mill centre and the site of a Seventh-day Ad-
sea enamelware plaque, 1750-56; in the Victoria
passing of important social legislation, his
ventist colony. In 1866 the colony founded the
bert Museum, London
government found itself caught between the
Western Health Reform Institute (renamed
esy of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London photograph, AC
forces of the monarchy and the extreme
Battle Creek Sanitarium, 1876, and Battle
separatist Hungarian elements.
Creek Health Center, 1959). Under the direc-
DU19
P3
WH
THE
Facts On File®
DICTIONARY
OF
20th CENTURY
HISTORY
By Alan Palmer
Facts On File
119 West 57th Street
New York, N.Y. 10019
Huai-Hai, Battle of
Hungarian National Rising
1969, becoming a member of the ruling politburo in 1973 and deputy premier
Hukbalahap Movement. Abortive left-wing movement in the Philippines (q.v.),
in 1975. Although little known outside China he was appointed successor to
showing many of the characteristics of the Viet-Minh in Indo-China. The
Chou En-lai as Prime Minister in February 1976. When Mao died seven months
'Huks' originated as the Anti-Japanese People's Liberation Army and carried
later Hua Kuo-feng won the ensuing struggle for control of the party. and he
out successful operations against the Japanese in the jungle in 1943-5. Their
was recognized as Chairman of the Central Committee on 8 October 1976.
commander was Luis Taruc, and in the period 1946-50 the movement secured
Almost immediately he denounced a radical group - the so-called 'Gang of
virtual control of Luzon, governing more than half a million people. The outbreak
Four' - on the Politburo: Wang Hung-wen, Chang Cun-chiao, Yao Wen-yuan,
of the Korean War and the American need for bases in the Philippines led the
who were influential communists from Shanghai; and Chiang Ching, the widow
United States to encourage the Filipinos to stamp out this left-wing revolutionary
of Mao Tse-tung. All were subsequently arrested. By August 1978 Chairman
force, a task virtually achieved by the summer of 1954. The Huk failure em-
Hua felt sufficiently sure of his position to undertake visits to Romania, Yugo-
phasized the debt which successful communist movements on the Asian mainland
slavia and Iran: there were no precedents for such visits during the Mao years.
owed to their interior lines of communication with Mao's China.
Huai-Hai, Battle of (November 1948 to January 1949). Decisive engagement of the
Chinese Civil War. The battle takes its name from the two principal defensive
Hull, Cordell (1871-1955), American Secretary of State. Born at Olympus,
positions of the Nationalists, the Huai river and the Lung Hai railway. Com-
Tennessee, sitting for six years in the state legislature before becoming a Democrat
munist forces from Shensi and Honan in central China supported by a massive
congressman from 1907 to 1921 and from 1923 to 1931. After two years as a
communist army coming down from the north successfully enveloped the
Senator, he resigned in order to become Franklin Roosevelt's Secretary of State,
nationalists whose commander, General Tu Yu-ming, had been ordered to
an office he held until his health gave way in November 1944. During the pre-war
hold the key railway junction of Suchow. Static defensive tactics led to the
period he concentrated on securing reciprocal trade agreements so as to reduce
isolation of successive units of his army, Suchow itself falling on 1 December.
tariff barriers. He also improved U.S. relations with Latin America, notably with
The Chinese communist victory destroyed the will of the Nationalists to resist as
Cuba and Haiti (qq.v.). From 1939 onwards he favoured as much assistance as
well as much of their equipment and opened the traditional invasion route to
possible to the western allies. Once America became a belligerent, he gave his
Nanking and Shanghai, which fell to the communists in the following spring.
mind to the problems of peace, helping to create the organization which became
the United Nations. For this work he received a Nobel Peace Prize in 1945.
Hughes, William Morris (1864-1952), Australian Prime Minister. Born in London,
educated in Llandudno, emigrated to Australia at the age of twenty, entered
Hungarian National Rising (23 October to 4 November 1956). The posthumous
the state parliament of New South Wales as a Labour representative in 1894
denunciation of Stalin at the Twentieth Soviet Party Congress (q.v.) in February
and moved into the first Federal parliament in 1901, remaining a member all his
1956 excited dissidents within the East European Communist Parties. In Hungary
life. He held minor office in the short-lived Labour Government of 1904, was
the ferment was swollen by a patriotic pride in the nation's history: left-wing
Attorney-General in 1910 and succeeded Andrew Fisher as Prime Minister
intellectuals evoked the memory of Sándor Petöfi, the young poet and rebel
on 27 October 1915, heading a Labour Government until February 1917 and
martyr of 1849. Soviet attempts to appease the Hungarians by encouraging the
thereafter a National Coalition until February 1923. In 1931 he played the leading
hated Stalinist party leader Rákosi (q.v.) to resign (18 July) merely intensified de-
role in founding the United Australia Party, holding minor office again in 1934-
mands for 'democratization'. A bad harvest and a fuel shortage in a wet and cold
5, serving as Minister for External Affairs, 1937-9, and Attorney-General,
autumn led to increased unrest and demands for the withdrawal of Soviet troops.
1939-41, as well as being Minister for the Navy, 1940-41. Hughes was a con-
On 23 October students and workers in Budapest demonstrated, pulling down
troversial figure, respected and feared rather than liked. His demagogic skill and
the massive statue of Stalin as a symbol of their protest. At first the Soviet
vituperative pen too often ran away with him so that he seemed a petty-minded
authorities believed they could collaborate with a new government and a new
antipodean Lloyd George, mercurially active but excessively emotional. He
party administration: Russian troops began to pull out of the country, and two
regarded hostility to his conscription proposals of 1916 as a personal insult and
former victims of Rákosi, Imre Nagy and János Kádár (qq.v.) were appointed
his reaction widened rather than healed the rift in the Australian Labour Party
respectively Prime Minister and First Secretary of the party. Nagy brought into
(q.v.). Outside Australia, and notably in London during the First World War, he
his government former leaders of the Smallholders' Party and a courageous
was accepted as a great imperial statesman preaching a hatred of the 'Hun'
social democrat, Anna Kethly. He also lifted many restrictions, allowing the
worthy of the newspapers of Northcliffe (q.v.). He regarded the principles of
re-forming of the political parties of 1945 and the release of the Hungarian
Woodrow Wilson (q.v.) with suspicion, fearing that if the equality of nations was
primate, Cardinal Mindszenty (q.v.), who broadcast to the nation on 31 October.
recognized in the League Covenant Australia would not be able to keep out
Nagy announced that Hungary would withdraw from the Warsaw Pact (q.v.)
Asian immigrants; and his attitude at the Paris Peace Conference caused particular
and seek a neutral status, similar to Austria and Switzerland. These changes
resentment to non-white delegates, especially the Japanese. At times he seemed to
were too rapid and drastic for the Russians or for Kádár, who left Budapest and
favour transforming the British Empire into a closely federated white man's
established a new government in eastern Hungary to save the republic from
association: few agreed with him.
'Horthyite fascist counter-revolutionaries'. Soviet tanks supporting Kádár
180
181
AE5
E5
1982
WH
Hungary
The New
st,
Encyclopædia
Britannica
in 30 Volumes
MACROPEDIA
Volume 9
Knowledge in Depth
FOUNDED 1768
15 TH EDITION
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
William Benton, Publisher, 1943-1973
Helen Hemingway Benton, Publisher, 1973-1974
Chicago/Geneva/London/Manila/Paris/Rome
Seoul/Sydney/Tokyo/Toronto
42 Hungary, History of
the persons using these descriptions were mere tools of
from the prime ministership in favour of Imre Nagy-a
the Communists. In August a new constitution was enact-
"Muscovite" but a Hungarian in his attitudes and not
ed-a copy of that of the Soviet Union. Hungary, a
unpopular in the country. Nagy promised a new course-
republic since February 1, 1946, now became a "people's
end of the forced development of heavy industry, more
republic," and, although its president (Zoltán Tildy) and
consumer goods, no more forcing of peasants into the
for a while its prime ministers (Ferenc Nagy, then Lajos
collectives, release of political prisoners, and closing of
Dinnyés) were Smallholders, all real power rested with the
internment camps. He introduced some of these reforms,
Workers' Party, which was controlled by its first secre-
but Moscow hesitated to support him. In the spring of
tary, Mátyás Rákosi, by then the real power in the
1955 Nagy was dismissed from office and expelled from
country. Finally, the party's "Muscovite wing" turned on
the party. Rákosi, reinstated, put the country back on its
its "national wing." The leader of this latter group, László
previous course but was dismissed again in July 1956, this
Rajk, was executed on questionable charges in October
time from all his offices and in disgrace. The new Soviet
1949, and his chief adherents were similarly executed or
leader, Nikita S. Khrushchev, had sacrificed Rákosi as a
imprisoned. Meanwhile, hundreds of persons had been
gesture to President Tito of Yugoslavia, whom he wished
executed or imprisoned as war criminals, many of them
to placate and whom Rákosi had offended personally.
for no other offense than loyalty to the Horthy regime.
The new man in charge was Ernő Gerő, Rákosi's deputy
Many thousands more were interned. The State Security
and almost as detested as Rákosi himself. Gerő promptly
Department (AVO) was omnipotent. The judiciary, civil
announced that there would be no concessions on matters
service, and army were purged, and party orthodoxy
of principle to Nagy and his group.
became the criterion for positions in them. The trade
The relaxation of pressure under Nagy, however (though
unions were made into mere executants of party orders.
transitory), Khrushchev's "secret speech" denouncing Sta-
After the dissolution of the parties, the chief ideological
lin's cult of personality delivered at the 20th Congress of
opposition to the Communist regime came from the
the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (February
churches; but their estates were expropriated, making it
1956), and the Polish challenge to the Soviet Union in the
impossible for them to maintain their schools, and in July
spring and summer of 1956 emboldened Hungarians. On
1948 the entire educational system was nationalized. The
October 23, students in Budapest staged a great pro-
Calvinist and Lutheran churches accepted arrangements
cession, which was to end with the presentation of a
under which the state made good their remaining expendi-
petition asking for redress of the nation's grievances.
Revolution
ture. The head of the Roman Catholic Church, József
People flocked into the streets to join them. Gerő an-
and change
Mindszenty, who refused to follow their example, was
swered with an unwise and truculent speech, and police
arrested on transparent charges in December 1948 and
fired into the crowds. The shots turned a peaceful demon-
condemned to life imprisonment. The monastic orders
stration into a revolutionary one. The army joined the
were dissolved. After this the Roman Catholic Church
revolutionaries, and army depots and munitions factories
accepted financial terms similar to those of the other
handed out arms. Outside Budapest local councils sprang
churches; and eventually the bishops, with visible repug-
up in every centre; the peasants reoccupied their confis-
nance, took the oath of loyalty to the state.
cated fields. The Communist bureaucracy melted away.
The Communists' economic program, like their political
Prison doors were opened. The members of the AVO fled
program, could not be realized immediately, because in
if they could. A cheering crowd escorted Cardinal
1945 the country was in a state of economic chaos worse
Mindszenty back to the palace.
even than that of 1918. This time the country had been
In kaleidoscopic political changes, Nagy resumed power
a theatre of war. Many cities, notably Buda, were in
but was driven from one concession to the next, until he
ruins, and communications were wrecked; the retreating
found himself at the head of a genuine coalition govern-
Germans had destroyed the bridges between Buda and
ment composed of Smallholders, the Social Democrats,
Pest and had taken with them all they could of the
and the National Peasant parties, which, with a "Catholic
country's portable wealth. The Soviet armies lived off the
Association," had reconstituted themselves.
land, and the Soviet Union took its share of reparations
The Soviet troops had withdrawn and Nagy was nego-
in kind, placing its own values on the objects seized.
tiating for the complete evacuation of Hungary. On
A three-year plan introduced in August 1947 was devot-
November 1 he announced Hungary's withdrawal from
Economic
ed chiefly to the repair of immediate damage. This was
the Warsaw Pact (to which it had adhered since 1955)
programs
declared completed, ahead of schedule, on December 31,
and asked the United Nations to recognize Hungary as a
1949. By then the Communists were in full political
neutral state, under the joint protection of the Great
control, and measures nationalizing banking, most indus-
Powers. High officials from Moscow flew to Budapest and
try, and most internal and all foreign trade had been
were in two minds whether to let matters take their
enacted. The land, outside the big estates, was not
course. But Nagy's denunciation of the Warsaw Pact
touched at first, but in 1948 Rákosi announced a policy
seemed too dangerous to them, and their tanks, which
of collectivization of agriculture. Three forms were en-
had halted just across the frontier, began to return, rein-
visaged: state farms and two types of cooperative. Peas-
forced by other units. By November 3, the tanks were in
ants were forced by various pressures into the coopera-
position around the main centres of Hungary; at 4 AM on
tives, the character of which approached ever more close-
the 4th they entered Budapest. Nagy took refuge in the
ly that of the state farms.
Yugoslav Embassy, Cardinal Mindszenty in the U.S. Le-
The three-year plan was succeeded by a five-year plan,
gation. Gen. Pál Maléter, head of the Hungarian national
the aim of which was to turn Hungary into a predomi-
forces, who had been invited by the Soviet commanders
nantly industrial country, with heavy industry taking first
to negotiate, was imprisoned.
place. Huge sums were devoted to the construction of
A Communist leader, Ferenez Münnich, speaking from a
foundries and factories, many of them planned with little
radio station behind the Soviet lines, announced the for-
regard for Hungary's real resources and less still for its
mation of a new "revolutionary peasant-worker govern-
needs. In fact, the plan was concerned with the needs of
ment." János Kádár, a "National Communist" who had
the Soviet Union, for which Hungary was to serve as a
been imprisoned under Rákosi and had actually joined the
workshop. Hungary's newly discovered deposits of urani-
revolutionaries on October 24, formed a new government,
um went straight out of the country. Industrial produc-
consisting entirely of Communists, with himself as prime
tion rose steeply, but the standard of living did not; the
minister. Kádár promised that when the "counter-revolu-
production of consumer goods was throttled, and that of
tion" had been suppressed and order restored he would
agriculture stagnated.
negotiate on the withdrawal of the Soviet garrison (al-
though the denunciation of the Warsaw Pact was retract-
THE REVOLUTION OF 1956
ed); he dissociated himself from the "Rákosi-Gerő clique"
Rákosi-who in 1952 came to preside over the govern-
and promised internal reforms.
ment as well as the party-was, under Moscow, all-
The country was not convinced, and fighting broke out.
powerful until the death of Stalin in 1953, when a period
But the odds were too heavy, and the major hostilities
of fluctuations set in. In July 1953 Rákosi was deposed
were over within a fortnight. The workers, however, pro-
Hung Hsiu-ch'uan
43
claimed a general strike, and it was many weeks before
the world market also aggravated the situation of a
they were brought to heel.
country that was dependent on the Soviet Union for oil,
Meanwhile, Nagy, who had left his place of refuge under
produced about 80 percent of its needed coal and lignite
safe conduct, had been abducted to Romania. After a
and negligible hydroelectric power, and imported 70 per-
End of the
secret trial, he, Maléter, and a few close associates were
cent of the nonferrous metals for its rapidly developing
revolution
executed in 1958. Many lesser figures were seized and
industries. The gap between the price of energy, sophis-
transported to the Soviet Union, some never to return.
ticated industrial hardware, and raw materials on the one
More than 150,000 refugees escaped to the West. Thus, a
hand, and the price of agricultural products, a main item
substantial proportion of Hungary's educated classes was
in Hungary's foreign trade, on the other, grew.
lost to the country. Material damage was also heavy.
To prevent the deterioration of a stagnating economy,
the government in the summer of 1979 increased rather
THE KADAR REGIME
considerably the price of consumer goods, including food
In the first uncertain weeks of his regime Kádár made
and fuel as well as basic services in many walks of life,
many promises. Workers' councils were to be given a
as a first step in the direction of adjusting the price of
large amount of control in the factories and mines. Com-
commodities to the cost of their production. Hungarians,
pulsory deliveries of farm produce were to be abolished,
who had hardly recovered from the monstrosities of the
and no compulsion, direct or indirect, was to be-put on
first Five-Year Plan, were again adjured not to live
the peasants to enter the collectives. The five-year plan
beyond their means and to tighten the belt. The question
was to be revised to permit more production of consumer
was whether this could be done without forfeiting that
goods. The exchange rate of the ruble and forint was to
relative measure of sunshine in which this talented and
be adjusted and the uranium contract revised. For a time
hardworking people had for some time been basking.
there was even talk of a coalition government.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. There are three major histories of Hun-
The larger hopes were dashed after representatives of the
gary: S.A. SZILAGYI (ed.), A Magyar nemzet története, 10 vol.
Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania,
(1895-98); B. HOMAN and G. SZEKFU, Magyar történet, 2nd
and Bulgaria conferred with those of Hungary in Buda-
ed., 5 vol. (1936; the first two vol. trans. into German,
pest in January 1957. A new program was soon issued
Geschichte des ungarischen Mittelalters, 1940-43); three of an
stating that Hungary was a dictatorship of the proletariat,
intended 10-vol. history, Magyarország története, vol. 6, EN-
which in foreign policy relied on the Soviet Union and the
DRE KOVACS (ed.), vol 7, PETER HANAK (ed.), and vol. 8,
Soviet bloc. Further, it was asserted that the Soviet
GYORGY RANKI (ed.), covering the period 1848-1945, appeared
in 1976-79. Major sections dealing with Hungary in the
garrison was in Hungary. to protect the nation from
Austrian Academy's multivolume Die Habsburgermonarchie
imperialist aggression. Internal reforms were again prom-
1848-1918, ed. by ADAM WANDRUSZKA and PETER URBANITSCH,
ised, however, and foreign trade agreements were to be
appeared in 1973 and 1975. All these, with the exceptions
based on complete equality and mutual advantage.
noted, are in Hungarian. In English there are short histories,
Subsequently, Kádár was at great pains to give the
such as D. KOSARY, A History of Hungary (1941); D. SINOR, A
Soviet Union no cause for uneasiness over Hungary's
Short History of Hungary (1959); and C.A. MACARTNEY, Hun-
loyalty. Whenever any international issue arose, he invari-
gary, a Short History, 2nd ed. (1962).
ably supported Moscow's policy with meticulous or-
Works on special periods and questions (in English, French,
and German only) include: (Origins and early settlement):
thodoxy, even-sending a contingent into Czechoslovakia in
C.A. MACARTNEY, The Magyars in the Ninth Century (1930, re-
1968. At home he ignored some of his promises and
printed 1968). (Medieval period): B. HOMAN (op.cit.). (Eigh-
honoured others only superficially. The peasants were put
teenth century): H. MARCZALI, Hungary in the Eighteenth Cen-
under such pressure to enter cooperatives that within a
tury (Eng. trans. 1910); E. WANGERMANN, From Joseph II to the
few years practically no private farms survived. The
Jacobin Trials, 2nd ed. (1969); D. SILAGI, Ungarn und der Ge-
workers' councils were dissolved, but trade unions were
heime Mitarbeiterkreis Kaiser Leopold II (1966). (1790-1918):
later granted rights to query decisions by management.
C.A. MACARTNEY, The Hapsburg Empire, 2nd ed. (1971), a gen-
Parliament remained a rubber stamp, and a "Patriotic
eral survey. (19th century): G. BARANY, Stephen Széchenyi and
the Awakening of Hungarian Nationalism, 1791-1841 (1968);
People's Front," on which non-Communists were repre-
GYORGY SPIRA, A Hungarian Count in the Revolution of 1848
sented, was a mere facade.
(1974, Hung. ed. 1964); B.K. KIRALY, Ferenc Deák (1975);
Nevertheless, conditions changed very much for the bet-
ISTVAN DEAK, The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the
Improve-
ter. Kádár enunciated the principle that "he who is not
Hungarians, 1848-1849 (1979); L. EISENMANN, Le Compromis
ments
against us is with us;" which for the ordinary people
Austro-Hongrois de 1867 (1904); E. WERTHEIMER, Graf Julius
under
meant that they could go about their business without
Andrássy, 3 vol. (1910-13). (The nationalities question): R.W.
Kádár
fear of molestation or even much surveillance and could
SETON-WATSON, Racial Problems in Hungary (1908); C.A. MA-
speak, read, and even write with reasonable freedom.
CARTNEY, Hungary and Her Successors (1937, reprinted 1965).
(1918-19): M. KAROLYI, Fighting the World (Eng. trans. 1923)
Technical competence replaced party orthodoxy as a cri-
and Faith Without Illusion (Eng. trans. 1956); R.L. TOKES, Béla
terion for posts of responsibility. More scope was allowed
Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic (1967). (Treaty of Tria-
to private small-scale enterprise in trade and industry, and
non): The Hungarian Peace Negotiations, published by the
the New Economic Mechanism (NEM), initiated in 1968,
PEACE CONFERENCE DELEGATION, 3 vol. (1921-22); F. DEAK,
even introduced the profit motive into state-directed enter-
Hungary at the Paris Peace Conference (1942). (1920-45): C.A.
prises. Agricultural cooperatives were allowed to produce
MACARTNEY, October 15th: A History of Modern Hungary,
industrial goods for their own use or to sell on demand,
1929-1945, 2nd ed., 2 vol. (1960); (Hungary under Commu-
while the private plots of their members supplied a large
nism): E.C. HELMREICH (ed.), Hungary (1957); MIKOS MOLNAR,
A Short History of the Hungarian Communist Party (1978).
proportion of fruits and vegetables for the rest of the
(Revolution of 1956): F. VALI, Rift and Revolt in Hungary
population. Contacts with the West were encouraged. A
(1961); P.E. ZINNER, Revolution in Hungary (1962). Current
modus vivendi was found with the Vatican and with
information may be found in the Austrian History Yearbook
Protestant churches. The standard of living began to rise
(annual).
substantially. In 1978 almost 10,000,000 tourists, 1,100,-
(C.A.M./G.Ba.)
000 of them from western Europe, the U.S., and Canada,
visited Hungary. Hungarians travelling abroad surpassed
Hung Hsiu-ch'uan
5,000,000, including 350,000 visitors to the West.
Inspired by Christianity and believing himself to be the
The decade of the NEM, which went beyond the liberali-
second son of God, Hung Hsiu-ch'Uan (in Pinyin romani-
zation that took place in the Soviet Union itself, was only
zation Hong Xiuquan) led the Taiping Rebellion (1850-
partially successful. Productivity failed to rise according
64). This great upheaval, in which more than 20,000,000
to expectations. Government regulations persisted in
people are said to have been killed, drastically altered the
many areas, and the economy remained geared to the
course of modern Chinese history.
Soviet-led Comecon. A burdensome system of subven-
Hung was born January 1, 1814, in the small village of
tions aimed at keeping down the price of basic necessities
Fu-yllan-shui in the South China province of Kwangtung.
and services and at promoting the production of state-
He was the youngest son of four children in a poor but
preferred goods made realistic cost accounting impossible.
proud Hakka family. The Hakkas were an industrious
The price rise of oil and other industrial raw materials on
people who had migrated into South China from the
AE5
.E4
Nagy
1934
WH VOLUME 19
Meyer to Nauvoo
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
712
NAGURSKI-NAIAD
NAGURSKI, na-gûr'skē, Bronco (1908-
),
American football player, who has been called
the finest all-around performer in the history of
Toltecs and Aztecs, is still spoken by more than
NAHUATL, nä'wät-el, the language of the ancient
the game. Bronislaw Nagurski was born in the
the language belongs to the Uto-Aztecan family.
a million people in Mexico. Also called Aztec,
Rainy River district of Ontario, Canada, on Nov.
3, 1908, and grew up in International Falls,
Three groups of modern dialects are distin-
Minn. He starred for the University of Minne-
guished by the retention of the classical conso-
sota team in 1927-1929, playing both tackle and
change to t or l.
nant tl (pronounced as a single sound) or its
fullback, and winning All-American honors.
Nagurski played both positions for the pro-
After the Spanish conquest of Mexico in the
fessional Chicago Bears (1930-1937; 1943).
early 16th century, Aztecs acting as servants
One of football's most powerful runners, he
and escorts for the Spaniards carried Nahuatl
gained more than 4,000 yards (3,660 meters)
place-names in Mexico and Guatemala outside
far beyond its home territory. Today, many
with the Bears and also was an excellent passer.
Forced to retire in 1937 because of arthritis, he
the limits of the former Aztec Empire
returned for one year in 1943. A poll of leading
Nahuatl in origin. The name "Mexico" itself are is
coaches in 1944 named him "the greatest all-
Nahuatl. Among the English words derived
around football player of all time." He also per-
from Nahuatl, by way of Spanish, are tomato
formed as a professional wrestler. Nagurski is a
avocado (ahuacatl), and coyote (coyotl).
(tomatl), chocolate (xocoatl), chili (chilli),
charter member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
NAGY, nôj, Imre (1896?-1958), Hungarian Com-
NAHUM, Book of, nã'em, in the Old Testament,
munist politician, who served as minister presi-
a collection of prophecies of the destruction of
dent during the Hungarian uprising against
Nineveh, capital of Assyria, in the 7th century
Moscow in 1956. Born of poor peasant parents,
B. C. Its message is that God will punish nations
Nagy became a Communist at an early age, and
that disregard his laws. The author, Nahum, is
after the failure of the short-lived Communist
one of the 12 "minor (shorter) prophets." He
regime of Béla Kun in 1919 he emigrated to
is called the Elkoshite, probably meaning that
he came from the village of Elkosh, whose loca.
Soviet Russia. Chiefly concerned with agricul-
ture and economics, he returned to Hungary in
tion is a matter of speculation. Most likely con-
the wake of the Russian occupation in 1945 and
nected with the Temple in Jerusalem, he proph.
served as minister of agriculture in the first post-
esied between the death of the great Assyrian
war cabinet. Soon there were signs that Nagy
emperor Ashurbanipal in 626 B. C. and the fall
was disconcerted by the ruthless exploitation of
of Nineveh in 612. His oral pronouncements
were later collected and edited to make the book.
his native country and by the complete sub-
The Book of Nahum opens with an acrostic
servience of his fellow Communist rulers to dic-
tation from Moscow.
psalm that superbly envisions the coming of an
avenging God to judge all nations (1:2-8). It
After the death of Joseph Stalin on March 5,
then describes the overthrow of the Assyrian
1953, Nagy was appointed minister president of
Empire, which had previously conquered Israel
Hungary in June 1953. He soon won a measure
and now threatened Judah (1:9-11, 14). Be-
of popularity through his liberalizing policies,
cause its form differs from that of the rest of the
especially in agriculture. In 1955 he was re-
book and because it does not specifically men-
moved by his enemy Mátyás Rákosi, who re-
tion Nineveh, some scholars have considered this
placed him at the head of the government.
section not to be by Nahum but to be earlier or
During the night that followed the outbreak
later material added by the editor.
of the Hungarian revolution on Oct. 23, 1956,
Chapter 2 depicts the impending siege and
Nagy was called from retirement to serve again
capture of Nineveh by the Medes and the Chal-
as minister president. After some hesitation, he
deans (Neo-Babylonians). Chapter 3 describes
sided with the Hungarian revolutionaries and
the ruin of the mighty walled city as God's
opposed Russian efforts to reestablish commu-
punishment for its sins of lies, robbery, and the
nism in Hungary by force. On November 4,
harlotry of buying and selling nations for its
when reinforced Soviet forces attacked Buda-
own advancement. Nineveh's fall is compared
pest, Nagy made a dramatic radio appeal to the
with Ashurbanipal's conquest of No-Amon
non-Communist world. He then found asylum
(Thebes) in Egypt about 50 years earlier. The
at the Yugoslav embassy, from which he was
chapter ends with references to nations that, like
guaranteed by Soviet authorities safe passage to
Israel and Judah, had been tyrannized by As-
his home. This promise was broken on Novem-
syria and could now rejoice over its downfall.
ber 22 when he was forcibly abducted by Rus-
The book's style is animated, fanciful, and
sian troops. He was first detained in Rumania,
original, the language forceful and vivid. With
then brought to secret trial. His execution was
a wide view of the working of divine provi-
announced on June 17, 1958.
dence, and an avoidance of any moralistic utter-
ances relating to Judah's conduct, the book is a
NAHA, nä-hä, is a seaport city in Japan, on the
unified prophecy of majesty and power.
southwest coast of Okinawa, largest of the
Further Reading: Davidson, Andrew Bruce, Nahum,
Ryukyu Islands. The city is the administrative
Habbakuk, and Zephaniah, Cambridge Bible series
and commercial center of Okinawa prefecture.
(1896); Kraeling, Emil G.H., Daniel-Malachi, vol. 2
of Commentary on the Prophets (Nelson 1966).
During World War II, Naha was the scene
of bitter fighting between Japanese and U.S.
NAIAD, nã'ad, in classical mythology, one of a
forces. Completely destroyed, it was rebuilt on
group of beautiful water nymphs who inhabited
modern lines after the war and was headquar-
fountains, wells, springs, rivers, and lakes. The
ters of the U.S. administration in the Ryukyu
Naiads (or Naiades) were benevolent and, in
Islands until 1972. The city's economy is largely
certain localities, were patronesses of poetry and
tied to U.S. military bases in Okinawa. Popula-
song. The waters of their domains were sup-
tion: (1974) 306,446.
posed to possess curative or prophetic powers.
(Smith/Blessey)
June 28, 1989
Draft Six
HUNGARY
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: KOSSUTH SQUARE
BUDAPEST, HUNGARY
TUESDAY, JULY 11, 1989
Mr. President, My Hungarian and American Friends.
That great poet of the 1848 Revolution, Sandor Petofi, once
wrote, "Let me address you in the name of millions." Today, let
me address you in the name of millions who convey their warmest
greetings: The people of the United States.
Six years ago, I became the highest-ranking American
official to visit Hungary. Today, I become the first American
President to travel here. Now, as then, Barbara and I are moved
by your reception. And we thank you from the bottom of our
hearts.
I want to say to all of you that I have seen few cities more
lovely than Budapest. And add that I have seldom seen a city
more alive. Alive with commerce, change, and, above all, hope.
Alive with a people who love the lamp of liberty.
In a few moments I will be received in a symbol of that
liberty -- the Hungarian Parliament. And as I speak, I will
recall how 137 years ago a true Hungarian patriot was received in
another house which embodied freedom -- the Congress of the
United States.
2
His name was Lajos Kossuth. His statue rests behind me.
And he arrived in America after Hungary's struggle for freedom
had, temporarily, been lost. Yet in his remarks to Congress, he
was hopeful, not embittered. For he believed in that democracy
which links the people of Hungary with the peoples of the world.
"I have a steady faith in principles," he said. "I trust in
the future of republicanism.' And then he added: "Bayonets may
support, but afford no chair to sit upon."
Even now, the memory of Lajos Kossuth lifts us, teaches us.
For his life was a celebration of bravery, and of dreams. He
knew that no matter how many bayonets struck a courageous people,
the lamp of liberty would shine forever.
This great man became the conscience of Hungary. And just
two blocks away -- here, too, an eternal flame lights the fire of
democracy. Like other Hungarian heroes, Lajos Batthyany and Imre
Nagy sought free assembly, free press and speech, and freedom of
religion. They knew that no matter how much suffering beset this
Nation, its lamp of liberty would shine forever.
When the Hungarian playwright Imre Madach observed, "It is
so great freely to choose between the good and sinful ways," he
was describing that belief -- the belief that free expression
would conquer tyranny. And he wrote those words in that great
literary work ironically entitled, "The Tragedy of Man."
My friends, our mission today is to help liberty proclaim The
Victory of Man. Proclaim it peacefully, not violently. Proclaim
it through ballots, not bullets. For The Victory of Man can help
Libration
3
Hungary's future be worthy of her past. And help us live for
what some have died for: opportunity, human decency, and
democratic ideals.
Today, this mission fills the streets of Budapest and
Keckshemet. The folk murals of Tolna. And the farmland of
Tanyak. It lifts your boats that ride the Danube, and your
n/l forms freedom
willits
gentle small towns. For Hungary love) of liber ty is political,
formo :
and economic; religious, and intellectual. Its apostles say:
Work where you want, and vote as you choose. And: Freedom
will
crush those who try to crush it. They believe: All things are
possible for a Nation, and for a people. And proclaim: The
individual, not the State, is the voice of tomorrow.
Over the past few decades, the world has watched this
liberty transform the Hungarian Nation. For you have shown how
indivisible
peace, freedom, and prosperity are allied. I applaud Hungary's
greater privatization, and economic liberality. I salute
Hungary's increased democracy and information. I welcome, too,
the withdrawal of Soviet troops, and the planned cutbacks in the
Hungarian military. And we watch with interest as the Soviet
Union encourages such change.
Who would have dreamt that your love of liberty would do so
much, so quickly, to improve the lot of Hungary? Now, let us use
its promise to open boundaries, and minds.
Next year, elections will be held in Hungary. Let them be
free, open, and multi-partied. And this week, Radio Free Europe
begins broadcasts in Hungary -- the first in a Communist country.
Hitle Poland meaged
sreste 4 opening
Let its coverage spur an even closer merging of East and West.
In trade, as we remove unfair barriers, let us recall that only
when economic and political freedom go hand-in-hand can Hungary
be true to her heritage, and to her children. Becoming central
vital part
to a Europe that is whole and free. And to the community of
Nations.
Lajos Kossuth came to America after Hungary had, for the
moment, disappeared from that community. Yet his reception
showed how our two peoples share a common love of liberty. In
New York Harbor, an armada of ships sounded horns to celebrate
his arrival. And when the City of New York held a parade in his
honor, thousands rushed his open carriage. Perhaps no visitor
since Lafayette had been greeted so emotionally.
Like Hungarians, the Americans of that time admired those
who love what Kossuth called "the principle of self-government."
They opposed societies that are closed And they believed in
helping individuals, and Nations, who spur the freedom that makes
all progress possible. For they, like you, were bent on ensuring
that the lamp of liberty would shine forever.
Today, more than ever, this kinship binds the friendship
between the United States and Hungary. We see it in the lives of
the
million Americans of Hungarian descent. Heroes like
nuclear scientist Edward Teller. Conductor Eugene Ormandy,
proving how music "is the universal language." Or Colonel Kovach
Kov CS ezredes], who founded the U.S. Cavalry during the Civil
War.
Americans him. Aren't
proud 5
But our kinship isn' one-way: It touches, too, Hungarians
for whom America feels such pride. People like Saint Stephen,
and composers Liszt and Bartok. Or Hungary's many winners of
Nobel Prizes and Olympic Medals. Or the great patriot by the
name of Ganosh Hunyadi [Parosh Hoondundu] who more than five
centuries ago stopped a would-be invasion. In his honor, Pope
Clem
ordered each church to Ciotholic ring a bell at the time of day the battle
ended. And since then, church bells all over the world ring
precisely at mid-day.
Heroes, yes -- American, Hungarian. Some greatly-noted.
Others, little-noted -- the student in Budapest, the Great Alfold
shop-keeper, the artist in Sarkoz. Today, it is they -- you --
building bridges
who are reducing the chasm between East and West. Enriching, and
making possible, a more open, peaceful world. You are proving
how liberty can expand Hungary's horizons. And enlarge the
possibilities of her people. For liberty reflects the values of
individuality, self-reliance, and respect for others. Values
which underscore the dignity of man.
Six years from now, Budapest and Vienna will jointly host
the World's Fair. That event will celebrate those values. And
so did that day, four weeks ago, when thousands filled this very
square -- peacefully, movingly -- to honor the hero, and spirit,
of the 1956 uprising. Among them was a man, Tibor Kalmar, who
took part in that rebellion. And who now had tears in his eyes.
"Today," he said of the public ceremony, "this unity is a kind of
6
Hungarian wonder. For this day, it is worth living and
forgiving. It was worth it to go through everything."
My friends, you have endured much. And survived everything.
Survived through family, and faith in God. And through the human
spirit, oft-abused yet free. In coming years, your heroism can
communists
write a new chapter in the history of your Nation. Love
your democracy country -- as Imre Nagy did. Confront oppression -- as Lajos
Kossuth did. Show the world that the lamp of liberty will never
go out.
The bell resounds. The light expands. The lamp grows
brighter by the day. Together, let us raise what Kossuth called
"the morning star of liberty." The star that can lead us toward
tomorrow. And bless the children of the globe.
Thank you for this wonderful occasion. I will never forget
it. God bless you, God bless America -- and as your National
Anthem proclaims so unforgettably, "God Bless The Hungarians."
# # # #
Sue Bennko
(Smith/Blessey)
June 23, 1989
Draft Four
HUNGARY
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: KOSSUTH SQUARE
BUDAPEST, HUNGARY
TUESDAY, JULY 11, 1989
Mr. President, My Hungarian and American Friends.
Six years ago, I became the highest-ranking American
official to visit Hungary. Today, I become the first American
President to travel here. Now, as then, Barbara and I are moved
by your reception. And we thank you from the bottom of our
hearts.
That great poet of the 1848 Revolution, Sandor Petofi, once
wrote, "Milliok Neveben Emelem Szavam." [Milyoke nevaeben emelem
&
suvum: "Let me address you in the name of millions"]. Today,
exur
let me address you in the name of millions who convey their
warmest greetings: The people of the United States.
I want to say to all of you that I have seen few cities more
lovely than Budapest. And add that I have seldom seen a city
more alight. Alight with commerce, change, and, above all, hope.
Alight with the lamp of liberty. Sonnd byte if fill sentence
In a few moments I will be received in a symbol of that
liberty -- the Hungarian Parliament. I will speak one hundred
and forty years after a true Hungarian patriot was received in
another house that set its torch aflame -- the Congress of the
United States.
2
His name was Lajos Kossuth, and his statue rests behind me.
And in his remarks to the Congressmen who welcomed him, he spoke
eloquently about the quest for freedom which links the people of
Hungary with the peoples of the world.
"We are very fond of the principle of
self-
government," he said. And then he added, prophetically:
"Bayonets may support, but afford no chair to sit upon. "
My friends, the memory of Lajos Kossuth lifts us, teaches,
Imre Modach
us. For he believed, as a Hungarian playwright said, that
"Struggle and trust be always confident." He knew that no matter
how many bayonets oppose the human spirit, the lamp of liberty
would not go out.
This great man became the conscience of a people. And just
combotive
two blocks away -- here, too, an eternal flame lights the fire of
democracy. Like other Hungarian heroes, Lajos Batthyany and Imre
Nagy sought free assembly, free press and speech, and freedom of
religion. They knew -- as Hungarians have always known -- that
the lamp of liberty would not go out.
In 1848, its light led Hungarians to oppose the forces of
tryanny. And, in a war of revolution, to demand the free
expression so central to humanity. And forty three years ago, in
another violent uprising, the lamp of liberty moved Hungary to
seek the same right "to [choose] freely
between the good
and sinful ways," and so "realize that we are still shielded by
God's eternal grace."
gax
lesson
history
3
Imre Madach wrote those words in that great literary work
perhaps closest to the heart of Hungary: "The Tragedy of Man. "
Our mission is to proclaim The Victory of Man. For we can light
the lamp of liberty peacefully, not violently -- the liberty
which is larger than any country, and as soaring as the heart.
Combotities
Our revolution must be one of democracy, not brutality. And we
proceful
can win it with speeches and ballots, not bullets and tanks.
Today, this revolution illuminates the streets of Budapest
and Keckshemet. The folk murals of Tolna. And the farmland of
Tanyak. Its flame lights your boats that ride the Danube, and
your gentle small towns. For the lamp of liberty is political,
and economic. It is religious, and intellectual. Its apostles
say: "Work where you want, and vote as you choose." And:
"Freedom will crush those who try to crush it." They believe:
"All things are possible for a Nation, and for a people.' And
proclaim: "The individual, not the State, is the voice of
tomorrow. "
Over the past few decades, the world has watched this lamp
transform the Hungarian Nation. For you have shown how peace,
freedom, and prosperity are allied. I applaud Hungary's greater
privatization, and economic liberality. For free and open
markets lead to greater affluence. I salute Hungary's revolution
of more democracy and information. For politically, like
commercially, liberty can open boundaries, and minds. I welcome,
too, the withdrawal of Soviet troops, and the planned cutbacks in
4
the Hungarian military. And we watch with interest as the Soviet
Union encourages such change.
Who would have dreamt that the lamp of liberty would do so
much, so quickly, to improve the lot of Hungary? Now, let us use
its light to go still further.
centrin
is it
Next year, elections will be held in Hungary. Let them be
free, open, and multi-partied. And this week, Radio Free Europe
in
begins broadcasts in Hungary -- the first such Communist country.
Let its coverage spur an even closer merging of East and West.
In trade, as we remove unfair barriers, let us recall that only
when economic and political freedom is not divisible can Hungary
be true to her heritage, and to her promise. Becoming central to
a Europe that is whole and free. And a light unto the world.
Lajos Kossuth came to America after the struggle for that
light Aickering had, temporarily, been lost. Yet his reception showed how
X
the United States and Hungary revere the lamp of liberty. In New
York Harbor, an armada of ships sounded horns to celebrate his
arrival. And when the City of New York held a parade in his
honor, thousands rushed his open carriage. Perhaps no visitor
since Lafayette had been greeted SO emotionally.
Like you, those Americans admired those who defend the
peace, not break it. And who opposed societies that are closed
-- and foreign policies that are belligerent. And they believed
in helping individuals, and Nations, who spur the freedom that
makes all progress possible. For they, like you, were intent on
seeing that the lamp of liberty would not go out.
5
Now, as then, this light illumines the friendship between
the United States and Hungary. We see it in the lives of the
million Americans of Hungarian descent. Heroes like nuclear
scientist Edward Teller. Conductor Eugene Ormandy, proving how
music "is the universal language." Or Colonel Kovach [Kov CS [KO-vach]
ezredes], who founded the U.S. Cavalry during the Civil War.
And we see it, too, in the Hungarian deeds, and people, for
whom America feels such pride. People like Saint Stephen, and
composers Liszt and Bartok. Deeds like Hungary's many Nobel
Prizes and Olympic Medals. Or a deed which happened more than
five centuries ago, when a great patriot by the name of Ganosh
Hunyadi [Parosh Hoondundu] stopped a would-be invasion. In his
church
honor, Pope ordered each person to ring a bell at the time of
day the battle ended. And since then, church bells all over the
world ring precisely at mid-day.
Deeds, yes, by famous heroes. And by little-noted heroes
-- the Budapest student, the Great Alfold shop-keeper, the artist
in Sarkoz. For today, it is their deeds --
your
deeds
--
which
are reducing the chasm between East and West. Enriching, and
making possible, a more open, peaceful world. They are deeds
which reflect the values of work, freedom, and opportunity.
Values which span the oceans, and centuries. And that we must
resolve to carry to the world.
Six years from Budapest and Vienna will jointly host the
World's Fair. That event will celebrate those values. And so
did that day, four weeks ago, when thousands filled this very
TMoo
TdjFa
6
djnr
square -- peacefully, movingly -- to honor the hero, and spirit,
of the 1956 uprising. Among them was a man, Tibor Kalmar, who
took part in that rebellion. And who now had tears in his eyes.
"Today," he said of the public ceremony, "this unity is a kind of
Hungarian wonder. For this day, it is worth living and
forgiving. It was worth it to go through everything."
"Kedves mag yarok" [Kedvesh mah djar oh: "My dear Hungarian
friends], you have endured much. And survived everything.
Survived through family, and faith in God. And through the
arching human spirit, oft-abused yet free.
In coming years, your
heroism can write a new chapter in the history of your Nation.
Love democracy -- as Kossuth did. Confront oppression -- as Imre
Nagy did. Show Hungary -- show the world -- that the lamp of
liberty will never go out.
The bell resounds. The light endures. The lamp grows
brighter by the day. Together, let us join hopes, link hearts,
and raise what Kossuth called "the morning star of liberty." The
star that can light tomorrow. And bless the children of the
globe.
Thank you for this wonderful occasion
I will never forget
As you begin your NASL
it. God bless you, God bless America, and "Isten Al Meg a
Anthem
Magyart" [eshtehn ahld mehg ah moyyart] -- yes, "God Bless The
Hungarians. "
#
#
#
#
IMMEDIATE
CONF IDENTIAL
4/5
WHITE HOUSE SITUATION ROOM
smith
PAGE 01 OF 04
PRT: HUGHES KELLER STUDDERT
SIT: PRES MSGS BLACKWILL RICE VAX
PREC> IMMEDIATE <CLAS> CONF t DENTIAL DTG> 011030Z JUN 89
FM AMEMBASSY BUDAPEST
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC IMMEDIATE 5876
INFO RUFHFR/AMEMBASSY PARIS IMMEDIATE 1689
C
0
N
E
N
AL
SECTION 01 OF 02 BUDAPEST 05834
DEPARTMENT FOR EUR/EEY
PARIS FOR PEGGY DOOLEY, WHITE HOUSE ADVANCE TEAM
E.0. 12356: DECL: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)R HU
SUBJECT: DRAFT TEXT OF ARRIVAL REMARKS AT THE
KOSSUTH STATUE
REF: BUDAPEST 5635
1. (CONF DENTIAL - ENTIRE TEXT. )
-
2. BELOW IS A REVISED DRAFT TEXT OF ARRIVAL REMARKS
BY PRESIDENT BUSH AT THE KOSSUTH STATUE. THE
PRESIDENT SHOULD, AT SOME POINT DURING HIS VISIT,
ADDRESS THE WITHDRAWAL OF SOVIET TROOPS FROM
HUNGARY AND THE PLANNED CUTBACKS IN THE HUNGARIAN
MILITARY. WE BELIEVE THAT THE MOST APPROPRIATE
PLACE TO DO THIS WOULD BE DURING HIS ARRIVAL REMARKS.
-
3. BEGIN TEXT.
MR. PRESIDENT, MY HUNGARIAN AND AMERICAN FRIENDS:
THANK YOU FOR THIS VERY WARM WELCOME ON MY RETURN
TO HUNGARY. MAY I SAY HOW VERY HAPPY I AM TO BE BACK
HERE IN YOUR EXTRAORDINARY COUNTRY.
AS I LOOK AROUND THIS SQUARE THIS EVENING, I CAN
DECLASSIFIED
SEE WHY BUDAPEST IS FAMOUS AS ONE OF THE MOST
Department of State Guidelines
E.O. 12958, SEC 3.4 (B), July 21, 1997
By It NARA, Date 06/03/23
CONF IDENTIAL
IMMEDIATE
CONF IDENTIAL
WHITE HOUSE SITUATION ROOM
PAGE 02 OF 04
BEAUTIFUL CAPITALS OF THE WORLD. AND I AM REMINDED
THAT IT IS A CITY FULL OF HISTORY. NOWHERE PERHAPS
MORE SO THAN IN THIS SQUARE NAMED AFTER YOUR GREAT
PATRIOT, LAJOS KOSSUTH.
IN A FEW MINUTES I WILL BE RECEIVED IN YOUR PARLIAMENT
BUILDING: ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY YEARS AGO MR. KOSSUTH
WAS RECEIVED IN OUR CONGRESS. IN HIS REMARKS TO
THE CONGRESSMEN WHO WELCOMED HIM, MR. KOSSUTH SPOKE
ELOQUENTLY ABOUT THE STRIVING OF THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE
FOR FREEDOM. HE NOTED "WE HUNGARIANS ARE VERY FOND
OF THE PRINCIPLE OF MUNICIPAL SELF-GOVERNMENT: AND
WE HAVE A NATURAL HORROR AGAINST THE PRINCIPLE OF
CYTRALIZATION. HE STRESSED THAT "BAYONETS MAY
SUPPORT, BUT AFFORD NO CHAIR TO SIT UPON. KOSSUTH
SPOKE ABOUT "THE IMMENSE POWER OF THE IDEA TO BE
RIGHT. THE POWER OF THE IDEA, OF THE RIGHT IS
BEING DEMONSTRATED NOWHERE BETTER THAN TODAY IN THIS
CITY ON THE DANUBE, WHERE WE ARE SEEING SO MANY
CHANGES. THE WORLD WATCHES WITH US AS HUNGARY IS
TRANSFORMED, AS DEMOCRACY AND FREEDOM ARE AT
LAST COMING INTO THEIR OWN.
AT THIS TIME WHEN WE EAGERLY LOOK FORWARD TO A BRIGHTER
FUTURE FOR THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE, IT IS APPROPRIATE
ALSO TO LOOK BACK AT THE BRAVE MEN AND WOMEN WHO
HAVE FOUGHT SO VALIANTLY IN THE NAME OF FREEDOM. WE
KNOW THE NAME OF KOSSUTH AND OF THE TWO PRIME
MINISTERS WHO STROVE FOR DEMOCRACY - - LAJOS BATTHYANY
IN 1848 AND IMRE NAGY IN 1956. AND WHO ARE COMMEMORATED
WITH AN ETERNAL FLAME JUST TWO BLOCKS FROM HERE. BUT
THERE WERE MANY OTHERS WHOSE NAMES WE DO NOT KNOW,
WHO STRUGGLED TO MAKE HUNGARY FREE.
WE SALUTE THOSE BRAVE PATRIOTS.
PEACE, FREEDOM AND PROSPERITY GO HAND-IN-HAND.
HUNGARIANS WHO THROUGHOUT THE CENTURIES HAVE
CONF IDENT
IMMEDIATE
CONFIDENTIAL
WHITE HOUSE SITUATION ROOM
PAGE 03 OF 04
SUFFERED SO MUCH FROM THE RAVAGES OF WAR RECOGNIZE
THIS. TODAY, AS EAST-WEST TENSIONS SUBSIDE, YOU
SEE THAT YOU ARE NOW LIVING IN A MORE PEACEFUL
WORLD. HUNGARY FACES NO MILITARY THREAT FROM ACROSS
ITS WESTERN BORDERS AND YOUR GOVERNMENT HAS ACTED
ON ITS RECOGNITION OF THIS FACT. WE WELCOME THE
WITHDRAWAL OF SOVIET TROOPS THAT HAS TAKEN PLACE
a
AND THE PLANNED CUT BACKS IN THE HUNGARIAN MILITARY,
AND WE HOPE THAT PROGRESS WILL CONTINUE ON THIS FRONT.
WE APPRECIATE THE POSITIVE HUNGARIAN CONTRIBUTIONS
IN SUCH FORA AS THE CONVENTIONAL ARMS REDUCTION
AND CONFIDENCE BUILDING TALKS NOW UNDERWAY IN
VIENNA.
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, AS THE FIRST AMERICAN PRESIDENT
TO VISIT HUNGARY WHILE STILL IN OFFICE. I BRING YOU
THE WARM WISHES OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. ONE HUNDRED
AND FORTY YEARS AGO. THE WHOLE WORLD LOOKED IN
ADMIRATION AS THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE ROSE UP IN
REVOLUTION, AND I AM CONSCIOUS. AS I LOOK OUT ON
BT
#5834
BT
C
0
N
D
E
N
A
SECTION 02 OF 02 BUDAPEST 05834
DEPARTMENT FOR EUR/EEY
PARIS FOR PEGGY DOOLEY, WHITE HOUSE ADVANCE TEAM
E.0. 12356: DECL: OADR
TAGS: OVIP (BUSH, GEORGE)R HU
SUBJECT: DRAFT TEXT OF ARRIVAL REMARKS AT THE
THIS SQUARE, THAT 43 YEARS AGO, PEACEFUL DEMONSTRATORS
WERE SHOT DOWN HERE. TODAY WE WATCH IN RESPECT AS
ANOTHER REVOLUTION IS GOING ON IN HUNGARY. TODAY A
PEACEFUL REVOLUTION IS BRINGING THOSE THINGS TO
HUNGARY FOR WHICH THE GREAT KOSSUTH STRUGGLED SO
HARD. THE REFORM PROCESS THAT IS MAKING THIS
COUNTRY FAMOUS ONCE AGAIN CAN BRING WHAT WE ALL
OF US, WHEREVER WE LIVE, WANT FOR OURSELVES AND OUR
CONFIDENTIAL
iMMEDIATE
CONFIDENTIAL
WHITE HOUSE SITUATION ROOM
PAGE 04 OF 04
CHILDREN -- DEMOCRACY, PEACE, A DECENT STANDARD
OF LIVING, AND FREEDOM TO DETERMINE OUR OWN FATES.
I BRING YOU TONIGHT THE HOPES OF MY PEOPLE THAT THIS
PROCESS WILL GO FORWARD IN PEACE.
GOOD EVENING.
ALMER
BT
*5834
CONFIDENTIAL
-
PRESIDENT'S ARRIVAL REMARKS AT KOSSUTH STATUE
July 11, 1989
MR. PRESIDENT, MY HUNGARIAN AND AMERICAN FRIENDS:
THANK YOU FOR YOUR WARM WELCOME TO HUNGARY. MAY I SAY HOW
DELIGHTED I AM TO BE WITH YOU IN THESE EXCITING TIMES.
AS I LOOK AROUND ME, I CAN SEE WHY BUDAPEST IS RENOWNED AS
ONE OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL CAPITALS OF THE WORLD. AND I AM
REMINDED OF BUDAPEST'S RICH HISTORY, NOWHERE PERHAPS MORE SO
THAN IN THIS SQUARE NAMED AFTER YOUR GREAT PATRIOT, LAJOS
KOSSUTH (LAH-yosh KO-shute).
IN A FEW MINUTES, I WILL BE RECEIVED IN YOUR PARLIAMENT
BUILDING. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY YEARS AGO, LAJOS KOSSUTH WAS
RECEIVED IN OUR CONGRESS. IN HIS REMARKS TO CONGRESS, KOSSUTH
SPOKE ELOQUENTLY OF THE STRIVING OF THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE FOR
FREEDOM. HE OBSERVED THAT "HUNGARIANS ARE VERY FOND OF THE
PRINCIPLE OF MUNICIPAL SELF-GOVERNMENT; AND WE HAVE A NATURAL
HORROR AGAINST THE PRINCIPLE OF CENTRALIZATION." HE ALSO
REMARKED THAT "BAYONETS MAY SUPPORT, BUT AFFORD NO CHAIR TO SIT
UPON." KOSSUTH SPOKE ABOUT "THE IMMENSE POWER OF THE IDEA TO
BE RIGHT. THE POWER OF THE IDEA TO BE RIGHT IS BEING
DEMONSTRATED HERE TODAY IN YOUR CITY ON THE DANUBE. THE WORLD
WATCHES WITH US AS HUNGARY IS TRANSFORMED, AS DEMOCRACY AND
FREEDOM ARE AT LAST COMING INTO THEIR OWN.
- 2 -
AT THIS TIME WHEN WE LOOK TOWARD A BRIGHTER FUTURE FOR THE
HUNGARIAN PEOPLE, IT IS APPROPRIATE ALSO TO LOOK BACK AT THE
BRAVE MEN AND WOMEN WHO HAVE FOUGHT SO VALIANTLY IN THE NAME OF
FREEDOM. WE KNOW THE NAME OF KOSSUTH AND NAMES OF THE TWO
PRIME MINISTERS WHO STROVE FOR DEMOCRACY, LAJOS BATTHYANY
(LAH-yosh BUH-tyee-AH-nyee) IN 1848 AND IMRE NAGY (EEM-ruh
NOD-jyuh) IN 1956, WHO ARE COMMEMORATED WITH AN ETERNAL FLAME
JUST TWO BLOCKS FROM HERE. BUT THERE WERE MANY OTHERS WHOSE
NAMES WE DO NOT KNOW, WHO STRUGGLED TO MAKE HUNGARY FREE.
WE SALUTE THOSE BRAVE PATRIOTS.
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, AS THE FIRST AMERICAN PRESIDENT TO
VISIT HUNGARY, I BRING YOU THE WARM WISHES OF THE AMERICAN
PEOPLE. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY YEARS AGO, THE WHOLE WORLD
LOOKED IN ADMIRATION AS THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE ROSE UP IN
REVOLUTION. IN 1945 WE WITNESSED DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS THAT
WERE LATER CRUSHED. AND TODAY, WE WATCH IN RESPECT AS ANOTHER,
PEACEFUL REVOLUTION IS TAKING PLACE IN HUNGARY. THAT
REVOLUTION IS FULFILLING THE PROMISES FOR WHICH KOSSUTH
STRUGGLED SO VALIANTLY. I CARRY THE SINCERE HOPES OF THE
AMERICAN PEOPLE THAT HUNGARY WILL GO FORWARD WITH PRIDE AND
HONOR.
SMITH
PRESIDENT'S ARRIVAL REMARKS AT KOSSUTH STATUE
July 11, 1989
MR. PRESIDENT, MY HUNGARIAN AND AMERICAN FRIENDS:
THANK YOU FOR YOUR WARM WELCOME TO HUNGARY. MAY I SAY HOW
DELIGHTED I AM TO BE WITH YOU IN THESE EXCITING TIMES.
AS I LOOK AROUND ME, I CAN SEE WHY BUDAPEST IS RENOWNED AS
ONE OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL CAPITALS OF THE WORLD. AND I AM
REMINDED OF BUDAPEST'S RICH HISTORY, NOWHERE PERHAPS MORE SO
THAN IN THIS SQUARE NAMED AFTER YOUR GREAT PATRIOT, LAJOS
KOSSUTH (LAH-yosh KO-shute).
IN A FEW MINUTES, I WILL BE RECEIVED IN YOUR PARLIAMENT
BUILDING. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY YEARS AGO, LAJOS KOSSUTH WAS
RECEIVED IN OUR CONGRESS. IN HIS REMARKS TO CONGRESS, KOSSUTH
SPOKE ELOQUENTLY OF THE STRIVING OF THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE FOR
FREEDOM. HE OBSERVED THAT "HUNGARIANS ARE VERY FOND OF THE
PRINCIPLE OF MUNICIPAL SELF-GOVERNMENT; AND WE HAVE A NATURAL
HORROR AGAINST THE PRINCIPLE OF CENTRALIZATION." HE ALSO
REMARKED THAT "BAYONETS MAY SUPPORT, BUT AFFORD NO CHAIR TO SIT
UPON." KOSSUTH SPOKE ABOUT "THE IMMENSE POWER OF THE IDEA TO
BE RIGHT: THE POWER OF THE IDEA TO BE RIGHT IS BEING
DEMONSTRATED HERE TODAY IN YOUR CITY ON THE DANUBE. THE WORLD
WATCHES WITH US AS HUNGARY IS TRANSFORMED, AS DEMOCRACY AND
FREEDOM ARE AT LAST COMING INTO THEIR OWN.
- 2 -
AT THIS TIME WHEN WE LOOK TOWARD A BRIGHTER FUTURE FOR THE
HUNGARIAN PEOPLE, IT IS APPROPRIATE ALSO TO LOOK BACK AT THE
BRAVE MEN AND WOMEN WHO HAVE FOUGHT so VALIANTLY IN THE NAME OF
FREEDOM. WE KNOW THE NAME OF KOSSUTH AND NAMES OF THE TWO
PRIME MINISTERS WHO STROVE FOR DEMOCRACY, LAJOS BATTHYANY
(LAH-yosh BUH-tyee-AH-nyee) IN 1848 AND IMRE NAGY (EEM-ruh
NOD-jyuh) IN 1956, WHO ARE COMMEMORATED WITH AN ETERNAL FLAME
JUST TWO BLOCKS FROM HERE. BUT THERE WERE MANY OTHERS WHOSE
NAMES WE DO NOT KNOW, WHO STRUGGLED TO MAKE HUNGARY FREE.
WE SALUTE THOSE BRAVE PATRIOTS.
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, AS THE FIRST AMERICAN PRESIDENT TO
VISIT HUNGARY, I BRING YOU THE WARM WISHES OF THE AMERICAN
PEOPLE. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY YEARS AGO, THE WHOLE WORLD
LOOKED IN ADMIRATION AS THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE ROSE UP IN
REVOLUTION. IN 1945 WE WITNESSED DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS THAT
WERE LATER CRUSHED. AND TODAY, WE WATCH IN RESPECT AS ANOTHER,
PEACEFUL REVOLUTION IS TAKING PLACE IN HUNGARY. THAT
REVOLUTION IS FULFILLING THE PROMISES FOR WHICH KOSSUTH
STRUGGLED so VALIANTLY. I CARRY THE SINCERE HOPES OF THE
AMERICAN PEOPLE THAT HUNGARY WILL GO FORWARD WITH PRIDE AND
HONOR.
World
DIPLOMACY
tion for the invasion of Czechoslovakia in
'Gorbi! Gorbi! Gorbi!"
1968. Joked Soviet Foreign Ministry
spokesman Gennadi Gerasimov: "Now
we have the Frank Sinatra doctrine-let
In Bonn, the Soviet leader envisions "a common European home"
them do it their way."
The two sides also signed elev-
N
ot since John F. Kennedy ar-
en other agreements, all involving
rived to denounce the Berlin
trade. Commerce between the two
Wall in 1963 have West Germans
countries, which fell 36% from its
lavished such adulation on a foreign
peak in 1984 to a total of $8 billion
visitor as they did last week on Sovi-
last year, has lately begun to pick
et President Mikhail Gorbachev.
up again. Gorbachev was especial-
But the messages left by the two
1y taken with demonstrations
travelers, their visits separated by 26
of the high-tech wizardry that
years of history, were nearly as dis-
abounds in West German industry.
parate as the directions from which
In one factory a robot poured
they arrived. Whereas Kennedy's
glasses of a local wine for a toast
aim was to spread a message of re-
with Baden-Württemberg Minis-
solve at the very height of the cold
ter President Lother Späth. Gorba-
war, the Soviet leader proclaimed a
chev repeatedly encouraged West
new era in which East and West
German industrialists to partici-
could peacefully share their com-
pate in joint ventures in the Soviet
mon continent.
Union. Said he: "Those who look
Everywhere he went, Gorba-
ahead and take calculated risks are
chev and his wife Raisa were be-
doing the right thing."
sieged by cheering and excited
At a news conference shortly
crowds chanting, "Gorbi! Gorbi!
before he left, Gorbachev respond-
Gorbi!" Chancellor Helmut Kohl,
The Gorbachevs lift a greeter during a reception
ed somewhat evasively to a ques-
who faces a tough campaign for re-
tion about the Berlin Wall, calling
election in 1990, made seven appearances
common European home." The wording
it "no great problem." He repeated the
with his visitor, hoping, perhaps, to ab-
of the first point was crucial to the
standard East German position that the
sorb some of the generous warmth. Gor-
West Germans, who hope that someday
Wall could be torn down when the condi-
bachev's popularity rating among West
one of the divisions to give way will be the
tions that created it have disappeared. But
German voters is considerably higher
separation of the two Germanys. The sec-
even if Gorbachev were open to discussion
than Kohl's; a poll taken for the weekly
ond is Gorbachev's formulation for plac-
on that matter, he would face certain resis-
Der Spiegel in early June gave Gorbachev
ing the Soviet Union in the European
tance from East Germany, which opposes
a score of +2.2 on a scale of +5 to -5,
mainstream.
most of his liberal reforms. One measure
compared with -0.6 for Kohl.
In addition, both countries endorsed
of Gorbachev's standing in East Berlin:
The most concrete accomplishment of
"the right of peoples to self-determina-
press coverage of his trip was consistently
the four-day visit was a joint declaration
tion." For the Soviets that code phrase
minimal.
-By William R. Doerner.
committing both countries to "overcom-
amounted to a virtual renunciation of the
Reported by James O. Jackson/Bonn and
ing the division of Europe" and sharing "a
so-called Brezhnev Doctrine, the justifica-
John Kohan with Gorbachev
Catharsis in Hungary
After the speeches, the coffins were reinterred in the Rákos-
keresztúr cemetery in the same plot from which they had been
exhumed. A sixth coffin was lowered empty into the ground in
A
pyramid of funeral wreaths lay beside the wooden
symbolic memory of more than 200 other Hungarians who
coffins in Heroes' Square. There, last week, more than
were executed in the terror that followed the uprising.
200,000 mourners gathered in downtown Budapest to bury
the Stalinist ghost in Hungarian history. Church bells tolled,
and the people sang the Szozat, the emotionally charged
hymn of the nation's repeated triumphs over foreign
PETER JORDAN
domination.
It was a proper tribute for Imre Nagy. He was Hungary's
Prime Minister in 1956, when Soviet tanks stormed into Bu-
Imre
dapest to crush the tumultuous uprising that for a moment
seemed to promise freedom and democracy in one of Mos-
cow's East European satellites. Nagy and four of his top
aides were executed in 1958 after a secret trial and buried in
an unmarked grave. Earlier this year, their bodies were ex-
NEPERT MINDHAL Al
humed for a formal, cathartic reburial. "Never again should
such a terror occur," Miklos Vasarhelyi, Nagy's former press
secretary, told the crowd. "We hereby close once and for all
a tragic, painful epoch to be able to open a new page in the
history of our nation."
Stalinist ghost: Nagy's flower-covered coffin in Heroes' Square
38
TIME, JUNE 26, 1989
inspiring performance
luxury of all.
expensive luxury sedans. Its spacious and
For additional information about the
elegantly appointed interior pampers driver
Mazda 929, call this toll-free number today:
and passengers alike. And the 929's 36-month/
800-424-0202, ext. 702. And discover the
50,000-mile "bumper-to-bumper" warranty*
unequaled luxury of exceptional performance.
is clear proof of the outstanding confidence
Mazda has in its long-lasting quality.
The Mazda 929
mazna
See your Mazda dealer for limited warranty details © 1989 Mazda Motor of America. Inc