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Hungary 7/89 [OA 6266] [2]
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Hungary 7/89 [OA 6266] [2]
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S; 1998-0194-F
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13677
Folder ID Number:
13677-002
Folder Title:
Hungary 7/89 [OA 6266] [2]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
19
2
4
Davis/Martin
July 6, 1989
Title: b:karl
Draft: Two
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: KARL MARX UNIVERSITY
July 12, 1:15 p.m.
Ladies and gentlemen, Dr. Csaki (CHAH-kee). It's a pleasure
to be back in Budapest, and I am proud to be the first American
President to visit Hungary.
Some might find it ironic that I am speaking at a university
named after Karl Marx. ((And I have to admit, from my vantage
point, he does seem to be staring right at me
)) But those
who know this great university know just how fitting this forum
is for an American President to address the people of Hungary.
After all, it is said that Tramline Number Two runs the
nation, since it originates at Karl Marx and makes stops at the
Planning office
National Center, Parliament and the Central Committee. Many
great Hungarian leaders have also moved along this same route,
among them Miklos (MEEK-losh) Nemeth (Namat) and Mihaly (MEE-hi)
Simai (SHE-mi-ee). But before any of them, there was a teacher
at Karl Marx University, and his name was Imre (EEMH-ray) Nagy
(NUDGE).
As the slow reburial procession moved through Heroes'
Square, the rising voice of Hungary was heard in the singing of
the National Hymn. And in this simple, somber ceremony, the
world saw something more than a dignified act of reconciliation.
2
We witnessed an act of truth. It is on this foundation of truth,
more solid than stone, that Hungarians have begun to build a new
future
and though only now is he honored by the last
generation, his courage will be an inspiration to the next.
While Hungary rediscovers its natural role in the affairs of
Europe, America is rediscovering Hungary. One of the most
popular non-fiction books in my country today is entitled
Budapest 1900. Dr. John Lukacs lovingly describes the Budapest
of memory
( (Quote to come) )
A city that rivaled Paris in its splendor
Vienna in
its music
London in its literature. A center of learning
that enlightened the world, and gave America one kind of genius
in Joseph Pulitzer, and another in Bela Bartok. But for decades,
this great city, this great nation, so central to the continent
in every respect, was torn from Europe and the West.
Today Hungary is changing opening again to the West --
becoming a leading light in European culture. I see people in
motion. I see color and creativity replacing grey conformity.
There's an electric atmosphere, alive with optimism.
Your people and your leaders -- government and opposition
alike -- are not afraid break with the past, to act in the spirit
of truth. And what better example of this could there be than
one simple fact: Karl Marx University has dropped Das Kapital
from its required reading list
Karl Marx traced only one thread of human existence, and
missed the rest of the tapestry -- the colorful and varied
3
tapestry of civilization. Marx regarded Man as an economic
being. But Man is more than that.
He is artistic. He has an innate need to create and enjoy
beauty. He is a loving member of a family, and a loyal patriot
to his people. And Man is something else which cannot be denied
he is a creature of God
The creative genius of the Hungarian people, long
suppressed, is again flourishing in your schools, your
businesses, your churches. This is more than a fleeting season
of freedom. It is Hungary returning home.
Voices long stilled are being heard again. An independent
Shepsy
daily newspaper is now sold on the streets
Commercial radio and
television stations, financed by American companies, will soon
x0
broadcast everything from the news
to
Huey Lewis and the
News.
And Radio Free Europe is opening its first Budapest
bureau.
Along your border with Austria, barbed wire fences are
coming down and being rolled into bales. The symbol of Europe's
division and Hungary's isolation is being dismantled, strand by
strand. For the first time, the Iron Curtain has begun to part.
And Hungary is leading the way.
The Soviet Union has withdrawn many troops, which I take
also as a first sign of overcoming the division of Europe. And
as they leave, let the Soviet leaders know they have everything
to gain, and nothing to lose or fear, from peaceful change. We
4
can work together to move beyond containment, beyond the Cold
War.
But all of these developments, as significant as they are,
pale before the fact that Hungary is at the threshold of great
and historic change. You are writing a new constitution -- a
Hungarian Rights of Man -- and you are moving toward democratic,
multiparty elections.
This is possible because brave men and women have formed
opposition parties. And this is possible because Hungarian
leaders are showing the ultimate political courage -- the courage
to submit their names before the people.
But you need partners -- partners to help promote lasting
change in Hungary. I am here to tell you that the United States
is poised and ready. I am here to offer Hungary the partnership
of the United States of America.
Three vital spheres stand out in our partnership --
economics, democratic and cultural exchange, and the environment.
Last Thursday, in Washington, I hosted a White House Symposium on
Eastern Europe. I spoke to leaders from the American private
sector -- from business, education, labor and other fields -- and
I urged them to be involved in Hungary, to help Hungary build its
democratic future. There was response was simple: America will
respond.
INVESTMENT IN HUNGARY
5
The United States believes in the acceleration of change,
not in its delay. So this our guiding principle -- the United
States will offer assistance not to prop up the status quo, but
to propel reform.
Of course, the dead weight of the past still burdens
Hungarian enterprise. There are remnants of the Stalinist
economy -- huge, inefficient industrial plants; the bewildering
price system no one understands; the massive subsidies that cloud
economic decisions -- all of this slows what you could otherwise
achieve. It's an economic Rubik's Cube that defies solution.
To make the transition to a productive economy will test
your mettle as a people. The prices of some commodities may
rise. Some inefficient factories will close. But the Hungarian
government has already started to leave the business of running
shops to shopkeepers and farms to farmers. And the creative
drive of the people, once unleashed, will create a momentum of
its own. This will bring you a greater treasure than the riches
you will create. It will give each of you control over your
destiny
a Hungarian destiny.
Just look to the West of the Danube -- your European
neighbors are forming a single market. Soon you will have the
chance to trade with this new economic colossus. But the United
States will also be your partner in this transformation to a
successful competitive economy.
(( (Some have raised the question of government assistance.
And yes, our governments are working together. However, we've
6
learned that private-sector investment is the best approach. The
United States can and will match American private-sector
investment in Hungary -- investment where it counts, in Hungarian
factories, products and jobs. )))
First, as I announced in Warsaw, I will propose at the Paris
Economic Summit the formation of a Consortium for Poland and
Hungary, which will coordinate the economic and technical
assistance programs of our Summit partners in support of your
reforms. And we need to take account of the different economic
situations in the two countries; our (?????) -rated program for
Hungary will be aimed at meeting your needs.
Second, I will ask the U.S. Congress to authorize a $25
million grant to establish a Hungarian-American Enterprise
Fevenden Bisina
Foundation to invigorate the Hungarian private-sector with new
capital.
Third, once your Parliament passes the new emigration
legislation proposed by your Council of Ministers, I will inform
our Congress that Hungary is in full compliance with our 1974
Trade Act. Hungary will then qualify for the maximum most-
favored nation trade status under U.S. law.
Fourth, America is prepared to provide your country with
access to our Generalized System of Preferences, which offers
selective tariff relief. Simply put, these last two measures
open the door to the largest single market in the world.
In the United States, the vibrancy and strength of our
economy is often exemplified by our small business sector.
7
Therefore, I am pleased to note our fifth measure, the formation
of the Hungarian Enterprise Group, which will match venture
capital, both foreign and Hungarian, with entrepreneurs -- the
small businessmen and -women with the grand ideas.
Sixth, we have concluded a draft agreement to authorize the
Overseas Private Investment Corporation to operate in Hungary.
Once our Senate passes enabling legislation, OPIC will be able to
provide insurance to encourage American investment in private
enterprises in Hungary. Consider, for example, the American
investment company, Bears-Stern, which has established a special
"Hungary Fund" to pool resources to purchase shares in Hungarian
companies.
What does private investment mean for Hungary? Yesterday,
at Kossuth Square, I quoted the words of that great Hungarian
patriot. But it was another Hungarian patriot, a contemporary of
Kossuth, Count Szechenyi (SAY-chaney), who coined a phrase in his
great work on economics: "Some think that Hungary has been; I
Hiter Hee-tel
like to think it will be. Of this we are sure -- Hungary will
be great again.
DEMOCRATIC AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE
(( (These are the economic proposals I will discuss with your
leaders. But I am also here to meet the Hungarian people. I
hope this visit leads to a wider exchange between East and West.
our scientists, our artists, our environmentalists can certainly
8
learn from one another. Let our soldiers and statesmen discuss
peace and our students discuss the future. )))
We want to help you as you seek a new beginning for your
country -- a democracy. To assist you, the United States is
committing more than $6 million to private cultural and
educational opportunities in Eastern Europe. We will make
available funds for a series of major new U.S. -Hungarian exchange
programs -- among Congressmen and legislative experts, among
labor and business leaders, among experts and practitioners in
the field of law, among community leaders educators and young
people. We are creating dozens of fellowships to enable
Hungarians to study at American universities, and we will fund
endowed chairs in American studies at your universities
and
books -- many thousands of them -- to fill the shelves of your
American Management Institute and the libraries of schools and
universities across Hungary.
The United States will also open, within the next two years,
an America House in the center of Budapest. The
celebrated
American architect Robert Stern will design the plans for this
center, which will be an open house of books, magazines and
videocassettes --- an open house of ideas.
And when it comes to the language of America, the teaching
of English is one of our most popular exports. As students you
know that English is the lingua franca of world business, the key
to clinching deals from Hong Kong to Toronto. So to give
Hungarians greater entree into the global marketplace, I am
9
pleased to announce that the Peace Corps will, for the first
time, operate in a European country. And our Peace Corps
instructors will come to Budapest and all 19 counties to teach
English.
ENVIRONMENTAL INITIATIVE
To learn a language, to start a business, or to work hard in
a free election, is to embark on a great adventure. But to
realize a promising future, we must also protect our basic common
heritage -- the environment. Six weeks ago, in Mainz, I proposed
cooperation between East and West on environmental issues. What
a tragedy it would be if your continent was again spoiled, this
time not by war, but by a more subtle and insidious danger --
that of poisoned rivers and acid rain.
Hungary has led Eastern and Central Europe in addressing the
concerns of your citizens for cleaner air and water. And you are
leading the way in environmental agreements with the West. The
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Hungarian government
have just agreed on new programs for exchanges and joint training
of environmental experts.
( (Substance to come) )
CONCLUSION
In economics, culture and the environment, we have much to
share and learn from each other. The United States is especially
determined to stand by Hungary as you meet an enormous challenge.
10
No Communist nation has yet attempted what Hungary is already
doing -- to build democracy and a free market.
I see a great Hungarian future in the bright faces of your
students. But not all young people in the East have as much
freedom as you do. Certainly not your brothers and sisters in
Transylvania.
Your press recently reported that a Romanian girl was lost
in the Maros River. We don't know exactly sure how she died.
But we know that if she had been traveling from Hungary to
Austria, she would have received nothing more than a friendly
wave from the border guard. But she attempted to cross the
Maros, and paid with her life
Her two brothers made it
across safely.
We do not know the torments that drove her to risk her life.
But we do know her heart. It is the heart of Anne Frank and
Jamos (Yanosh) Hertelendy (HAN-Yawn-dee)
It is the heart of
youth determined to live in freedom
Hertel-ender
Throughout the Communist world today, as a younger
generation prepares to assume power, a great debate is underway.
In this debate, Moscow advocates limited political freedom, but
without economic rights. Beijing practices limited economic
freedom, but without political liberty. Where are political and
economic liberty peacefully advancing together? In Hungary.
The people of Hungary know it is not enough to let men and
women purchase what they want or cast a symbolic vote. They must
be allowed to say what they believe. They must be allowed to
11
choose their government. Limited freedom, whether it is economic
or political, will not provide sufficient room for the restless
human spirit.
Benjamin Franklin, the sage of the American Revolution, said
that love of liberty and the rights of man should someday become
so widespread, "that a philosopher may set his foot anywhere on
the surface (of the earth) and say: This is my country.'
Because of your courage, that is the Hungary we can see
before us; a better Hungary, a greater Hungary, a place any
countryman of freedom could call home.
Thank you and God bless you all.
#
#
#
FBIS-EEU-89-106
5 June 1989
11
HUNGARY
think about these issues. I consider the values that have
Workers Party [MSZMP], trust that by that time the
been created by the social democratic movement in
MSZMP'S reform forces will come out in such a
Europe to be very important achievements and values,
strengthened position and stand in this election in such a
and I gladly support them.
way that we will find the person who fits these require-
ments and he will be elected, too.
Siegloch: Many thanks, Mr Pozsgay.
[Rangos] Can you anticipate that we shall see a new face?
Nemeth Interviewed, Discusses President's Role
Or would the person be chosen from the known faces?
LD0406222789 Budapest Television Service
in Hungarian 1700 GMT 4 Jun 89
[Nemeth] I consider both versions possible and my
answer [word indistinct]. Generally, I am a fan of new
[From the "This Week" program]
faces; today's age, and the system of demands of the
present in which we must operate makes this necessary
[Excerpt] [passage omitted] [Presenter] two persons
in an objective sense, too, but I think that a good number
whose present position could make them the most
exists among politicians already known too who are able
important partner to a future head of state, have given an
to match this system of requirements or who are able to
interview to Katalin Rangos:
gain the trust of the people. [passage omitted]
[Begin recording] [Rangos] In your view what powers
should the president of the Republic have?
Miklos Nemeth Addresses Army Meeting 19 May
AU3105150789 Budapest MAGYAR HIRLAP
[Nemeth] I would consider an arrangement for Hungary
in Hungarian 20 May 89 pp 1,3
which is very similar to the one in Finland. To put it
simply: The main task of the president of the republic is
["Slightly shortened" version of speech by Premier Mik-
to ensure the stability of the state or the organized
los Nemeth at a conference of Hungarian People's Army
operation of the system of the state while he also has a
commanders in the Ministry of Defense on 19 May:
determining role in making foreign policy interests pre-
"Premier Miklos Nemeth Speaks at Conference of Peo-
vail, in laying down foreign policy, in the control and
ple's Army Heads-A Smaller But More Modern
supervision of the forces of power. On the other hand,
Army"]
the government's role is primarily decisive in domestic
policy and the economy.
[Text] A conference was held in the Ministry of Defense
[Rangos] You have listed more powers than the alterna-
on 19 May with the participation of leading commanders
tive oganizations would like to see in the hands of the
and political staff members of the Hungarian People's
president of the Republic.
Army. Miklos Nemeth, member of the Hungarian
Socialist Workers Party [MSZMP] Politburo and chair-
[Nemeth] It is possible that I have listed more but then I
man of the Council of Ministers, participated and took
would add that it is important as to how and under what
the floor in the meeting..
control these power are exercised by the president;
because, for example, either in foreign policy or in the
area of defense in the course of issuing a decree-in my
The conference was opened by Defense Minister Colonel
view-the government would not be able to take a step
General Ferenc Karpati. who evaluated the conditions of
in matters of greater magnitude without the approving,
the Hungarian People's Army. He pointed out that. in
controlling role of the National Assembly. Thus, the
past years, the Army had fulfilled its defensive tasks, and
issue is not raised in my mind in the way as to what he
under increasingly difficult conditions. The discipline
has on his desk, what he holds in his hand at his disposal
and morale of its members are balanced and free of
but mainly in the way as to which those bodies are-and
extremism. The People's Army supports the comprehen-
with what publicity-which control his powers in the
sive social and economic reforms and the radical renewal
name of the people.
of socialism. Taking into consideration the new security
policy concept within the Warsaw Pact and the require-
[Rangos] By the way, what kind of personality would you
ments of the subsequent defense-oriented military doc-
like to see above you, assuming that you will head the
trine, our military leadership has begun working out the
government over which the post of the president of the
plans for the creation of a future army.
Republic will be created?
Premier Miklos Nemeth took the floor at the conference;
[Nemeth] I feel that only a man committed to the
here we publish a slightly shortened version of his
representation of national interests, taking a stand in
speech:
support of reforms, and creditable-that is, accepted by
the masses, the people too-can fill this highest public
"The Council of Ministers thinks that the Hungarian
life with honor. It is probable that every party will have
People's Army is carrying out successful activity: There
its candidate. I, as member of the Hungarian Socialist
is good discipline and there is a high level of military
DOUBLE MAP SUPPLEMENT: THE ARCTIC AND ITS PEOPLES
VOL. 163, NO. 2
FEBRUARY 1983
NATIONAL
GEO
HIC
US VIITE
MAR 24 10
PEOPLES
OF THE
ARCTIC 144
HUNTERS OF THE
LOST SPIRIT 150
ART OF THE
BERING SEA 198
PEOPLE OF
THE LONG SPRING 206
HUNGARY'S
NEW WAY 225
BEIRUT-UP FROM
THE RUBBLE 262
SEE "AUSTRALIA'S ANIMAL MYSTERIES" WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 9, ON PBS TV
A DIFFERENT COMMUNISM
Hungary's New Way
By JOHN J. PUTMAN
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SENIOR WRITER
Photographs by BILL WEEMS
N A SPRING DAY in Budapest,
stone buildings of Pest appeared so heavy it
O
when buds and tender leaves swell
seemed they might sink into the earth; when
on bare tree limbs and old people
the country's thousand-year past, often so
and young mothers with children
tragic, seemed to draw close, like the dark,
come again into the parks;
lowering clouds.
when the landing docks are
The year of that winter
being rigged along the Dan-
marked the 25th anniversa-
ube banks and excursion
ry of the uprising of 1956,
boats reappear; when on the
when Hungarians took to
shopping streets, as if on a
the streets to throw off an
single command, women
oppressive Communist re-
have abandoned winter's
gime and were crushed by
boots for pumps and the
Soviet tanks and troops. At
flash of ankles; when uni-
least 2,200 people-perhaps
versity students sprawl in
many more-died; 200,000
the sun around the National
fled to the West.
Museum to study and the
I had come to look into re-
first tourist buses arrive,
ports that in the years since,
great shiny ones from Aus-
Hungary had set off on a
tria; when roads are crowd-
new and distinctive socialist
ed with automobiles and the
course: that individual en-
Great Market Hall seems to
terprise was not only per-
groan under its weight of
Crown of St. Stephen, first king
mitted but encouraged; that
produce; well, on such a fine
of Hungary, symbolizes 1,000
factory managers were in-
day, you should not feel in
years of a proud but tragic history.
structed to make their own
the company of ghosts.
decisions and a profit rather
But I did, as I stood waiting for the No. 2
than follow some central plan; that members
streetcar. I was nearing the end of my travels
of farm cooperatives were assisted in grow-
in Hungary; two trips, eight weeks. I had
ing livestock and food on their farm plots for
come first in winter, when mists, rain, and
private sale; that commercial and touristic
snow shrouded the city in gray; when the old
ties to the West
(Continued on page 230)
Their moment to shine, students graduating from a secondary school in
Budapest exchange congratulations and good-byes, carrying armfuls of good
wishes from parents and friends. Ever hopeful as a people, the Hungarians-
in the most intriguing success story of central Europe-are carefully fashioning
a new style of socialism on the doorstep of the Soviet Union.
225
czechoslovakia
XCOAL
Sárospatak.
Tisza
WIEN
(Vienna)
Donau
Miskolc
(Danube)
Bratislava
Liflafüred
Tokaj
Salgótarján
959m
3,146
Neusiedler
Mts.
BUKK
See
Cserhet
Mountains
Mosenmagyaróvár
NATIONALPARK
Nyíregyi
Rots
Eger
COAL
AUSTRIA
Esztergor
3,330 ft
Gyor
Vác
COAL
Sopron
E LSL
Hatyan
HORTOBÁGY
Kapuvár
Györújbarát
Tata
2,484 ft
Tiszafüred
NATIONAL PARK
Tatabánya
Csomör
Debrecen
Oroszlány.
COAL
BUDAPEST
Koszeq
Rába
Mor
Vecsés
vield
COAL
704 m
2,310 ft
BAUXITE
Albertirsa
Tisza
Szombathely
Mts.
Székesfehérváky
Szolnok
BAUXITE
KISKUNSAGI
kony
Veszprém
YBAUXITE
NATIONAL
piez
PARK
Lajosmizse Great Cegléd Hungarian Körös
Szeghalom
Ba
ABAUXITE
Oradea
Balatonfüred
Dunaújváros
Tapolca
Srofok
Kecskemét
Rn
Zalaegerszeg
BAUXITE
Lake Balaton
Szarvas
Szigliget
Hungary
Békéscsaba,
Kiskunfélegyháza
Paks
Kiskõrös
Orosháza
Nagykanizsa
Kaposvar
Dombóvár
Sió
Szekszárd
Zákányszék
&
Szeged
OIL FE
If
Nagyatád
682 m
2.238 ft
Maros
COALX
Mts.
MINE
Baja
OL PF
Duna
Mohacs
(Danube)
CANA
O
KLOWE
Dráva
YUGOSLAVIA
O
DRAWN SAM
IS in COMP/LEC
NATIONAL SEDER
POLAND AND
HOLY
as
KINGDOM
OF
POLAND
RUSSIAN
PRINCIPALITIES
GRAND DUCHY
ROMAN
POLAND
CONFED.
AR
HOLY
HOLY
OF LITHUANIA
OF
EMPIRE
THE
AUSTRIA
ROMAN
ROMAN
RHINE
EMPIRE
AUSTRIA
EMPIRE
KINGDOM
EMPIRE OF
OF
KINGDOM
KINGDOM
HUNGARY
OF HUNGARY
OF HUNGARY
HUNG
A
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
SERBIA
OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
NORMAN
BYZANTINE
PRINCIPALITIES
EMPIRE
KINGDOM
KINGDOM
KINGDOM
OF NAPLES
OF NAPLES
OF NAPLES
1100
I566
1740
1812
Kingdom of Hungary
Turkish Rule
Habsburg Rule
Napoleonic Era
Magyars, the first Hungarians,
Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I
Maria Theresa, the first female
Hungarian nationalism
invaded in the ninth century
defeated the Hungarian Army at
ruler of the Habsburg dominions,
the decades before 18+
after migrating from the Ural
Mohács in 1526, after which the
succeeded Charles III as monarch
revolution led by Lajor
Mountain region. They were
nation was divided under Ottoman
of Hungary, ushering in 40 years of
won independence. Be
converted to Christianity by
and Habsburg rule.
mild reform and domestic
Nicholas I of Russia he
Stephen I, crowned in 1001.
stability.
down the rebellion a
226
National Geographic, February 1983
Hungary: A Differ
KIA
XCOAL
trospatate
Tisza
carpathian Mountains
Hungary
Miskolc
Kisvárda
Lillafur
Tokaj
I'b THE HEART OF EUROPE, Hungary looks to
both East and West for trade and culture. As a
gotarjan
959m
3,148 ft
BUR
member of the Warsaw Pact, it stands firmly in
BURK
the alliance of socialist states. Yet half of its business
NATIONAL
PARK
Nyíregyháza
is with non-Communist countries, and its people
Rots
Eger
COALSA
3,330 ft
Nyírbátor
have a keen taste for Western styles of living. Perhaps
a million people of Hungarian
atvan
HORTOBÁGY
stock live in the United States,
Tiszafüred
NATIONAL PARK
more than 50,000 of whom
o
KM
Debrecen
fled Hungary following the
EST
vield
1956 uprising that was crushed
FED
csés
by the Soviet Union. More
REP
OF
than three million Hungarians
GERMANY
SOVIET
Albertirsa
Tisza
Szolnok
Gl
Cegléd
Lajosmizse
Szeghalom
ROMANIA
live in neighboring nations.
USTRIA
BLO
The Hungarian language is
HUNGAR
radically different from major
ITALY
Dradea
European tongues, giving its
YUGOSLAVIA
Körös
poets a frustrating sense of
BULGA
mét
Szárvas
isolation. Yet the warmth of
ALBANA
its people is translated into
Békéscsaba
GREECI
Kiskunfélegyháza
friendship each year for a
1983
growing number of visitors.
iros
Orosháza
AREA: 93,030 sq km (35,919 sq mi). POPULATION:
10,713,000. MAJOR CITIES: Budapest (capital), 2,064,000;
Miskolc, 209,000; Debrecen, 195,000. LITERACY: 98
kányszék
Szeged
OIL FIELD
percent. LIFE EXPECTANCY: 70 years.
Maros
MINE
GEOGRAPHY: Mostly flat plains with
OIL PIPELINE
hilly regions in the north and west.
CANAL
CLIMATE: Temperate. GOVERNMENT:
Communist state. ECONOMY:
o
KILOMETERS
50
Pharmaceuticals, transportation
lavia
O
STATUTE MILES
50
equipment, textiles, medical and scientific instruments,
DRAWN BY ISKANDAR BADAY
bauxite, corn, wheat, sunflower oil, sugar beets, wine.
COMPILED BY GRAHAM J. TRUSCOTT
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CARTOGRAPHIC DIVISION
PRUSSIA
OLY
DUCHY RUSSIAN
GERMANY
RUSSIAN
Areas acquired by
POLAND
OF
MAN-
CONFED.
WARSAW
EMPIRE
EMPIRE
Hungary 1938>1941
OF
FIRE
and lost in 1945
THE
AUSTRIA
GERMANY
RHINE
ISTRIA
EMPIRE OF AUSTRIA
AUSTRIA
KINGDOM
AUSTRO HUNGARIAN
HUNGARY
OF HUNGARY
EMPIRE
HUNGARY
ITALY
ITALY
ROMANIA
ROMANIA
OTTOMAN
SERBIA
BULGARIA
BULGARIA
OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
EMPIRE
ALBANIA
NGDOM
NAPLES
KINGDOM
OF NAPLES
GREECE
GREECE
1812
1914
1939-1945
irg Rule
Napoleonic Era
World War I
World War II
tresa, the first female
Hungarian nationalism grew in
Hungary entered World War I as
Hoping to regain lost lands, and
le Habsburg dominions,
the decades before 1848, when a
part of the expanded Dual
defenseless against Nazi Germany,
I Charles III as monarch
revolution led by Lajos Kossuth
Monarchy. After defeat in 918
Hungary entered the war on the
y. ushering in 40 years of
won Independence. But Tsar
Hungary lost 64 percent of its
Axis side. Soviet forces were
m and domestic
Nicholas I of Russia helped put
population and 71 percent of its
victorious in 1945; Communist
down the rebellion a year later.
territory (next map).
control was complete by 1949.
aphic, February 1983
Hungary: A Different Communism
227
Little Paris on the Danube, as it is colorfully described, Budapest has
of the Liberation Moni
all the worldly charm of other major European capitals. The hills of medieval
Germany in 1945. Wit
Buda on the river's west bank, at left, are linked to the elegant boulevards
coffeehouses and conce
of more modern Pest on the east by eight graceful bridges. The soaring figure
the city dominates the
228
National Geographic, February 1983
Hungary: A Different
no
Budapest has
of the Liberation Monument commemorates the Soviet victory over Nazi
The hills of medieval
Germany in 1945. With a fifth of Hungary's population and a host of
elegant boulevards
coffeehouses and concert halls, as well as government offices and factories,
The soaring figure
the city dominates the cultural, political, and economic life of the nation.
raphic, February 1983
Hungary: A Different Communism
229
were being strengthened; that the once iron
had met earlier, elsewhere: the rabbi, port-
A bell sound
hand of Communist authority had been
ly, in his yarmulke; the Calvinist bishop,
the great chan
withdrawn from daily life, so that you might
tall, elegant, a gold ring flashing on his left
television and
forget for days that you were east, rather
index finger; the burly bossof the coal mines
row of tables fo
than west, of the iron curtain.
near Pécs, well tailored, who paused to re-
rows of seats for
When the No. 2 streetcar arrived, I
call my visit there.
second row sat
hopped aboard and rode three stops to the
It was, in a way, showcase parliament: It
liament, First
Parliament Building, a neo-Gothic mass of
included a leading sculptor, a leading com-
Socialist Worke
stone raised at the turn of the century, a
poser, leading personalities from a cross sec-
In 1956, ami
remnant of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
tion of interests. It had, a Western diplomat
left Budapest; 1
With my credentials approved, I entered. It
told me, no power and met only a few days
Army, establish
was the first session of the year, and in the
each year; but, he added, it had influence in
led Hungary sin
ornate corridors members greeted one an-
the lengthier committee hearings, where
a traitor with blo
other and chatted.
proposals designed by the Hungarian So-
Hungarians seen
Hungary is a small country, I was remind-
cialist Workers' Party could be discussed
Once while a
ed again. Among the members were people I
and differing points of view expressed.
need to reform th
In the spotlight of a national
effort to expand foreign
trade, the Ikarus bus company,
based in Budapest, has
become one of the world's
largest bus manufacturers. A
worker in a drying chamber
(right) smooths a coach's
undercoat before final layers
of paint are applied.
Paralleling trends in other
industries, about 35 percent of
the firm's workers are women,
who hold positions from
manager to welder (left).
Stylized workers unite in
a statue outside the new
industrial town of
Dunaújváros (top left), where
modern blast furnaces
produce steel with iron ore
imported from the U.S.S.R.
Hungary relies upon the
Soviet Union for about a
third of its foreign trade,
buying mainly fuel and raw
materials in exchange for
machinery and food.
In response to the high cost
of oil and natural-gas imports,
Hungary plans to burn more
coal. At the 2,000-foot-deep
mine near the city of
Komló, miners bend to their
work (left).
230
ewhere: the rabbi, port-
A bell sounded and we took our places in
too bulky, too arcane-Mr. Kádár slipped
the Calvinist bishop,
the great chamber. In the center crouched
from his seat and walked alone down a corri-
ring flashing on his left
television and still cameramen; next came a
dor. He is 70, above average height, neither
dy boss of the coal mines
row of tables for ministers; above them were
fat nor thin. One shoulder seemed slightly
ored, who paused to re-
rows of seats for parliament members. In the
Hunched; he was plainly dressed, almost
second row sat János Kádár, member of par-
nondescript. There was an aura of power,
showcase parliament: It
liament, First Secretary of the Hungarian
but you might misread it; you might guess
culptor, a leading com-
Socialist Workers' (Communist) Party.
him to be the boss of a successful agricultural
nalities from a cross sec-
In 1956, amid the uprising, Mr. Kádár
cooperative.
ad, a Western diplomat
left Budapest; he returned with the Soviet
As I watched him disappear down the cor-
nd met only a few days
Army, established a government, and has
ridor, two of the ghosts at my side stirred.
Ided, it had influence in
led Hungary since. In 1956 many called him
They were the ghosts of two men: Mr. Kádár
littee hearings, where
a traitor with blood on his hands; today most
had served both, watched them fail, turned
by the Hungarian So-
Hungarians seem to fear his passing.
against them. In the relationships, I knew,
ty could be discussed
Once while a minister spoke about the
lay part of the explanation for Hungary's
of view expressed.
need to reform the legal code-it had grown
present course.
(Continued on page 236)
ational
1
ompany,
d's
ers. A
nber
h's
layers
other
rent of
women,
2
e in
where
ore
S.R.
1
raw
IT
2 cost
tports,
nore
eep
teir
Rocking and rolling in a
Budapest park, some 30,000
teenagers crush toward the
stage (left) during a
performance by Locomotiv
GT, one of Hungary's most
popular state-approved
groups. Screaming and
shouting and dancing on the
grass, the concertgoers
nevertheless managed to
leave the park almost as clean
as they found it, thanks
largely to only modest
amounts of drugs and
alcohol.
Klári Katona (below)
touches a different chord in
her listeners' hearts,
singing-in a pleasing style
halfway between new wave
and jazz-lyrics of love.
233
Hurrying to get ahead in a
society where consumer goods are
plentiful but wages are low,
200,000 people a day jam into
12
Budapest from 45 suburbs.
At the height of rush hour
(right), cars built in the Soviet
Union, East Germany, Poland,
and Romania jostle for running
room with Czech streetcars and
Hungarian-made buses.
Advertisements of the country's
abundance-in contrast to some
other Eastern European
L'AGYMANYOSI!
nations-legs of pork hang the
length of a butcher shop (below)
in the Great Market Hall of
downtown Pest. In nearby stalls,
salamis and other sausages fill the
air with fragrance, fruits are
piled high, and strings of red
paprikas, the nation's favorite
spice, loop over the counter tops.
Among the wealthiest men in
Hungary, Ernő Rubik (below
right) chats with his daughter,
Anna, as he twists his world-
famous cube. The teacher of
interior design lives modestly in a
modern Budapest house, despite
royalties from cube sales that have
made him a millionaire. More
important than the money is the
TD-46-21
idea behind the cube, he says. "It
gives you a good feeling when you
solve it."
(Continued from page 231)
It was a story
nose and feet set aside to make pig pudding.
then the quiet parts
that unfolded slowly as I crisscrossed Hun-
While the work went on, Mrs. Németh
lakes where carp an
gary, looking into life today.
invited me back into the house to sample
ares of wheat and CO
the fresh pig liver, sauteed in lard, sprinkled
notable eight metric
O
N COLD, DRIZZLY DAY with fog
with paprika; fresh brown bread, home-
But in Hungary's
drifting across the road, I drove to
made wine. But there was more "Come into
fully utilize labor, t
Gyór, a city halfway between Buda-
the kitchen, you must taste the sausage!" It
out: It held also a SI
pest and Vienna, and on into the vil-
was not yet smoked, but rich with the special
hunting preserve fi
lage of Gyórújbarát. I made inquiries until
musk of freshly killed meat, pungent from
Italians and West G
I located the house of Károly and Piroska
garlic and half a pound of paprika.
that drew a stream 0
Németh.
And then: "You can't leave yet, sit down
In the riding schoo
I had come for a pig killing. In the long.
again. The fresh cutlets are almost ready!"
ly of horses and hay
years before World War II, Hungary was a
Mrs. Németh placed on the table steaming
fireplace the coat of a
mostly rural country, backward, poor. A pig
cutlets, pickles, more paprika, more fresh
we talked of change
killing, with its promise of food, was a great
bread, more homemade wine. No man in all
"We used to have
ceremony, limned by poems and folklore.
Hungary ate better that morning.
Mr. Vetó said. "Min
That mystique remains. I wanted also to
As I ate, I talked with Mr. Németh. I told
termined the numbe
learn why the markets of Hungary were so
him some said that the farmers in Hungary
whatever the farm sh
well stocked.
were better off than city dwellers; that there
sometimes very low
Mr. Németh greeted me with törköly, a
were millionaires in this village.
produced, the greate
brandy made from the skins of grapes after
"It is not certain that we have a lot of mon-
"Then the approa
they have been crushed to make wine. A tra-
ey," he said, "but we have plenty to eat. We
work out the annual
ditional drink, he said, "to give strength to
work hard, from four or five in the morning
is some review by t
pig killers." While Mrs. Németh got their
until eight in the evening; we have time only
but very rarely wi
three children off to school, Mr. Németh
to sleep. But we have meat seven days."
change. And there is
said that he was a factory worker, and Mrs.
Later I was told by the farm editor of the
during the year.
Németh an accountant at the farm coopera-
local paper that about half of the pigs in
"And now it is imp
tive here. As a member, she received a fami-
Hungary-some 420,000-are raised on
profit. The profit is
ly farming plot, 0.6 hectares (1.5 acres) and
such plots. "It is good for the state. It has to
tween the state and t]
2,500 kilograms (5,500 pounds) of corn a
furnish no capital, and the pork is produced
a part going to the W
year for fodder. They also now had two
cheaply." The grandiose plans of the past,
nuses. So people use
mother pigs and seven piglets in their back-
when livestock was to be raised exclusively
their brains."
yard. They could sell the animals to the co-
in huge factory-like buildings, had been
There was another
operative, or privately. "We sold 19 piglets
abandoned-at least for a time.
Vetó, I discovered,
in March," Mr. Németh said, "to other fam-
There had been food shortages in Hunga-
member of the party
ilies, those who have no mother pigs. In fact,
ry in the past, when production was too
not a member. Ah,
that's a good business."
tightly controlled, when the incentive to
why. When I was the
They owned their house and had rented
work did not exist. Now, as one Hungarian
general manager, I
out another that they had inherited.
told me, "People are allowed to work, to
Now that I am the gel
Friends and relatives arrived to help in
make money, and so we have food, the best
er, I think I'm too old
the butchering. "All will get a part of the
in all the socialist world."
"When this social
meat, all will share pork-and-cabbage soup
introduced, the poin
afterward," Mrs. Németh said. We went out
0 GAIN THE VIEW of a farm man-
T
point people to top p
into the-cold of the backyard. Men wrestled
ager, I went to Tata, a town nearly 60
were traditionally le
the pig onto its side; one cut its throat. When
kilometers (35 miles) northwest of Bu-
working-class move
the pig was dead, the men used a blowtorch
dapest. There I toured the State Farm
loyal Communists. A
to burn off the bristles, then hung it from a
of Tata, occupying land once owned by the
level of training W
butchering rack. Pails of water were set to
old and noble Eszterházy family. My host
important.
boiling, the big cutting table scrubbed.
was József Vetó, managing director, a man
"Nowadays it is mc
As the pig was butchered, parts were tak-
with a raspy voice and a countryman's way
are a good expert in !
en into the basement for further processing.
of cocking his head as he sizes you up.
manager." Mr. Vetõ,
The bladder was cleaned, to hold "pig
We visited the noisy parts of the farm,
such good expert.
cheese," the odds and ends of butchering;
where 28,000 geese lay 900,000 eggs a year
The small city of ]
the intestines cleaned to hold sausage; the
and 7,000 ducks produce 500,000 young,
Danube 40 miles up
236
National Geographic, February 1983
Hungary: A Different (
to make pig pudding.
then the quiet parts, the 1,000 hectares of
The river here marks the border with
nt on, Mrs. Németh
lakes where carp are bred, and 1,200 hect-
Czechoslovakia. It is a place to pause, to
the house to sample
ares of wheat and corn, the latter yielding a
seek perspective. Near here, in Roman
eed in lard, sprinkled
notable eight metric tons per hectare.
times, the emperor-philosopher Marcus
brown bread, home-
But in Hungary's quest to earn money and
Aurelius wrote his Meditations, among
vas more: "Come into
fully utilize labor, the farm had branched
them: "Time is a sort of river
and strong
taste the sausage!" It
out: It held also a small plastics factory, a
is its current; no sooner is a thing brought to
it rich with the special
hunting preserve frequented by wealthy
sight than it is swept by and another takes its
meat, pungent from
Italians and West Germans, a riding school
place, and this too will be swept away.' And
1 of paprika.
that drew a stream of Austrian tourists.
so the Romans were swept away.
it leave yet, sit down
In the riding school's stable, smelling rich-
The Magyars arrived late in the ninth cen-
ts are almost ready!"
ly of horses and hay and still bearing on its
tury, and here in the 11th their first Chris-
in the table steaming
fireplace the coat of arms of the Eszterházys,
tian king, St. Stephen, was-crowned; here-
paprika, more fresh
we talked of changes on Hungary's farms.
Mongol invaders of the 13th century failed
e wine. No man in all
"We used to have a very strict system,"
to take the city's fortress; here in the 16th
t morning.
Mr. Vetó said. "Ministries in Budapest de-
century came the conquering Turks, who
h Mr. Németh. I told
termined the number of geese or ducks or
ruled much of Hungary for 150 years; and
farmers in Hungary
whatever the farm should have, and we had
here thereafter, under the Habsburgs of
y dwellers; that there
sometimes very low prices. The more we
Austria, arose the fine baroque houses, the
$ village.
produced, the greater the loss on the farm.
churches, and ecclesiastical buildings that
we have a lot of mon-
"Then the approach changed. Now we
give the town its present character.
ave plenty to eat. We
work out the annual plan on the farm. There
Esztergom is called Hungary's Vatican;
r five in the morning
is some review by the higher authorities,
its great cathedral holds treasuries of gold
g; we have time only
but very rarely will they suggest some
chalices, embroidered vestments, the tombs
neat seven days."
change. And there is no interference at all
of the archbishops. I wondered: When the
he farm editor of the
during the year.
river of time brought Communism, what
half of the pigs in
"And now it is important to gain
000-are raised on
profit. The profit is divided be-
or the state. It has to
tween the state and the farm, with
the pork is produced
a part going to the workers as bo-
se plans of the past,
nuses. So people use their minds,
be raised exclusively
their brains."
uildings, had been
There was another change. Mr.
r a time.
Vető, I discovered, was not a
shortages in Hunga-
member of the party. "Nem, I'm
production was too
not a member. Ah, God knows
en the incentive to
why. When I was the deputy to the
V, as one Hungarian
general manager, I did not join.
llowed to work, to
Now that I am the general manag-
: have food, the best
er, I think I'm too old.
"When this social system was
introduced, the point was to ap-
EW of a farm man-
point people to top positions who
ta, a town nearly 60
were traditionally leaders of the
es) northwest of Bu-
working-class movement, very
ured the State Farm
loyal Communists. And the actual
once owned by the
level of training was not that
Tapping the talents of handicapped
zy family. My host
important.
workers, the Rozmaring flower
ing director, a man
"Nowadays it is more important that you
cooperative outside Budapest has
1 countryman's way
pioneered a unique hiring program.
are a good expert in your field, and a good
sizes you up.
In hopes of broadening their
manager. Mr. Vetõ, it was clear, was one
parts of the farm,
opportunities, it has filled its accounting
such good expert.
department with 50 disabled people.
900,000 eggs a year
The small city of Esztergom lies on the
ice 500,000 young,
Danube 40 miles upriver from Budapest:
aphic, February 1983
Hungary: A Different Communism
237
Spicy revues at the Moulin Rouge
(opposite) and other Budapest cabarets
are tailored to please an international
audience. A plush new casino also
caters to foreign visitors, though no
Hungarians are permitted to enter.
Following 1981 economic reforms, the
city's night life has come alive with
small, independent enterprises such as
restaurants, bars, and taxis (left).
Recognizing the need for more specialty
businesses, the state wants to bring into
the open the vast "second economy" of
moonlighters, in which perhaps 80
percent of all workers participate.
On a street in the downtown district,
filmmaker Gyula Gazdag (below center)
directs a scene for a modern adaptation
of Balzac's "Lost Illusions." The movie
tells the story of a Hungarian journalist
in the late 1960s who loses his integrity
TK-98-01,
through compromises. "Our history
bears heavily on all the films we make
here," Gazdag explains.
hic, February 1983
Hungary: A Different Communism
239
was the effect on the Catholic Church,
which had once claimed two-thirds of Hun-
gary's people as communicants?
I
N THE PALACE OF the cardinal pri-
mate, I talked with Father Pál Cséfal-
vay, director of the museum. He said
there were no statistics on church mem-
bership; answers could not be precise.
"Religious commitment is growing a bit
stronger in urban areas; materialistic trends
are stronger in the rural areas than they used
to be." Here there was an adequate number
of candidates for the seminary.
As for government policy: "The first sec-
retary, János Kádár, said he is not bothered
if someone goes to church in his free time, or
goes to see a soccer match in his free time; the
important matter is that someone should
work well after doing so."
The church runs eight secondary schools
in Hungary, six for boys, two for girls.
"They are not free, and so the parents bear
an extra burden. As for the state primary
schools, it is not forbidden to have religious
instructions if the parents so wish. The in-
struction may be in the morning before the
first class, or after the last. In some places,
very many students attend these instruc-
tions; in other places, not so many."
The priest saw a positive sign in this ar-
rangement. "It is not explicitly stated, but
there is an implication in this that makes us
feel that we are somehow urged to go on with
our religious instructions, to put a good im-
pact on the children in schools, to have them
under a good influence."
But there was a ghost in this place, the
ghost of a man who once dwelt here, József
Do-it-yourself house building is a
Cardinal Mindszenty. His bitter resistance
common pastime in Hungary, both in
suburban neighborhoods (above) and
to Communism had made him a martyr. He
in the countryside. Private construction
died in exile in Vienna in 1975.
in 1982 accounted for 60 percent of the
"For sure he had some good qualities,' the
nation's new housing, including homes
priest said. "He was very strongly protecting
built by contractors and apartments
the rights of the church, but he also tried to
put up by construction cooperatives.
defend political positions that did not exist
In the village of Szigliget, family and
any longer. He did not recognize a republic;
friends of Béla Kovács (right) pass
he called himself prince primate, a title from
building blocks hand to hand It will
the Habsburg kings; and he thought of him-
take the Kovács family more than two
self as the foremost 'baron' of the country.
years to finish the new house, which
will stand next to that of Béla's mother.
"He expected everybody to become a mar-
tyr like himself. But it was not naturally de-
sired by everyone, nor by the political
situation, nor by (Continued on page 248)
240
National Geographic, February 1983
Outperforming the rest of
the Soviet bloc, Hungary's
farms bring in bumper
crops of grain under a system
of loose controls unlike any
other in the Communist
world. Managers of the
nation's 130 state farms
follow production
guidelines, but chairmen of
the 1,360 cooperatives that
cultivate 80 percent of the
farmland are left largely on
their own to show a profit for
their members. The results
have been rewarding. While
most Eastern European
nations import foodstuffs,
Hungarian agriculture
contributes nearly a fourth
of the country's exports.
Many cooperatives have
diversified into light industry
such as plastics
manufacture or tire
retreading. Such initiative
can be important to their
profitability since, though
some cooperatives receive
technical advice and
financial aid from the state,
they must purchase their
own supplies and equipment.
242
Entrepreneurial fever grips nearly
At least 1.5 millic
everyone in the countryside after the
such private garden
day's work is finished at state farms
animals. On these SI
or cooperatives. In a field near
manage to raise halj
Kiskunfélegyháza a member of the Lenin
third of the beef and
Cooperative sows corn with a
percent of the poultr
homemade planter on the small portion
and wine grapes, an
set aside for his private use (above).
vegetables-in all, a
To supplement income, a housewife
everything produced
in Zákányszék (left) raises nutrias in her
Private plots have
backyard to sell to furriers, and a boy
in fact, that life in so
outside Szeged (right) helps harvest
said to be the most C
beets from his family's private plot.
profitable-in the CO
244
National Geographic, February 1983
Hungary: A Differen
ever grips nearly
At least 1.5 million families keep
ntryside after the
such private gardens or raise their own
ed at state farms
animals. On these small parcels they
= field near
manage to raise half of all the pigs, a
: member of the Lenin
third of the beef and dairy cattle, 70
OFFL with a
percent of the poultry, half of the fruit
on the small portion
and wine grapes, and 40 percent of the
rate use (above).
vegetables-in all, about 30 percent of
come, a housewife
everything produced in Hungary.
7) raises nutrias in her
Private plots have been so successful,
furriers, and a boy
- in fact, that life in some villages is
ht) helps harvest
said to be the most comfortable-and
hrs private plot.
profitable-in the country.
phic, February 1983
Hungary: A Different Communism
245
247
Hungary: A Different Communism
hic, February 1983
Fit for a queen: The Diósgyör castle
on the outskirts of Miskolc (right) was
the scene of royal hunting parties
during the 14th and 15th centuries, when
it was known as the queen's castle. It is
now used on summer evenings for open-
air concerts of classical music, jazz,
and operettas.
A commercial center since the Middle
Ages, Miskolc is the nation's second
largest city, with a population of
209,000. Expansion of its heavy industry
in recent decades has created new
urgency for additional housing. In
response the state has erected strings
of prefabricated apartment projects,
background, like those going up all
over Hungary.
To get away from it all for a while,
many apartment dwellers keep a garden
in the nearby countryside. Outside the
city of Györ in western Hungary, László
and Agnes Csontos (above) taste the
year's vintage. They also grow peaches,
apples, and enough vegetables for their
whole family on a plot with a tiny
weekend house for sleeping. "It's a good
place to relax," László says. "We come
out every day after work and on most
weekends in summer. Our granddaughter
loves to play in the garden."
246
National Geographic, February 1983
Hungary:
A
r.
(Continued from page 240)
the policies of
Kádár, until he slipped away to the Russian
What had he le
the church itself. Of course, anyone who is
side. In Eastern Europe, Mr. Kádár could
is impossible to m
religious fears the withering away of Cathol-
clearly see, good intentions and popularity
against their will:
icism, but there are many ways one can act
are not enough.
one to subject a P
in this situation. To be very stiff, just to re-
But there was another ghost in this mat-
ments. So it is our
ject everything: That is not the only way."
ter, a man whose name I would hear from
tem is to be built wi
And so, as the perception of János Kádár
time to time in Hungary, spoken as if a ver-
sweat, and tears: и
has changed over the years, so, in the minds
bal charm, to ward off the return of evil: Rá-
people happy, not
of some, has the perception of József Minds-
kosi. Mátyás Rákosi was, some remember, a
zenty, prince primate, baron, martyr.
dumpy little man with a moon face, always
BEGAN with
dressed in the regulation black suit and sil-
HE JOURNALIST and I sat in a hotel
I
so rich and pej
ver tie, always accompanied by two men,
be eaten with
T
dining room by the Danube. Through
each with a hand in his pistol pocket.
brown toast; th
the curtains passersby outside ap-
Rákosi came to power with the Russian
the house special
peared as silhouettes, spectral. "You
Army after World War II. He destroyed op-
beefsteak, smother
could call me a survivor," he said. He had
position parties bit by bit, "like slicing sa-
onions, paprika. y
been a member of the Communist Party in
lami." Then he proceeded to oppress his
Hajdú, watched
1956; in the midst of the uprising he found
fellow Hungarians: "If the doorbell rang af-
now and then refi
himself in the Parliament Building, a func-
ter ten in the evening, you were terrified."
with a white wine
tionary of the government of Imre Nagy.
The terror, the oppression helped inspire the
Balaton region. J
I pressed him: Why did Nagy, a Commu-
events of 1956. Among those who served
wife, Marika, oper
nist, declare Hungary neutral and ask the
Rákosi, and who were jailed by him and in
rant Aranyhid (Gol
United Nations to help get the Russians out?
jail tortured, was János Kádár. There were
a contract restaura
"He was desperate, all else had failed.' And
lessons to be drawn.
ample of the indivio
who was in the streets? Who had the guns?
I sat in a large book-lined office in the Par-
that is now encour
Who led them? What did they want? Exact-
liament Building. The man opposite had
gary. I wanted to It
ly what happened?
been an orphan, raised in institutions; once
how it worked.
"To this day, my friends and I spend
he had wanted only to read poetry. Now he
József told me tl
hours digging up every little detail. Still, we
was a deputy prime minister, a member of
owned by the stati
don't understand what happened. It was so
the politburo, soon to be secretary of the cen-
south Buda, which
quick. Perhaps if it had taken more time, we
tral committee. His graying hair was swept
taurants and coffeeh
could see what really happened. Power to-
backward, his nose prominent, his shoul-
rent out some to emp
tally collapsed. All this in just a few days!"
ders stooped as if weighted by more than a
a long time with su
He remembered the time after the revolt
single lifetime of experience.
and I had done so. 1
had been suppressed. "Strange things were
"I have no personal reasons to say that
ment, and monthly
happening. Some came back from arrest,
what happened before 1956 could be por-
food and drink supp
others didn't. Ministers seemed to come
trayed in clean colors," György Aczél said.
The hours are long
back from the earth. I didn't join the party
He had spent more than five years in prison.
ing. "Before we took
again. I had some difficult years, employ-
His perceptions of the events that led to
offered just beer, so
ment problems."
the uprising:
Now we have a kitc
Why didn't he rejoin the party? A silence,
"There was a group of leaders who mis-
ety, everything cooke
then: "Some who were executed were party
used the name of the Communist Party and
the restaurant was
members. Perhaps that is one reason."
made several faults by misusing that name.
now it is open to mi
Among the party members executed was
There were brutal deeds attributed to these
just as long as people
Imre Nagy, the man he had served. Nagy
people, and I would state that the Hungar-
Now their goal wa
was a thickset man with a farmer's mus-
ian people in 1956 were disappointed not
side terrace: "If we ge
tache and a schoolmaster's pince-nez. The
because of socialism but because of these
contracts, and then и
ghost of Nagy was often with me, especially
brutal distortions."
After testing indivi
as I walked in Budapest. He had liked to
In Mr. Aczél's view the revolt had been
taurants, the governn
stroll the boulevards. boutonniere in place,
started by young people wishing to reform
areas, such as computer
responding to the greetings of admirers. He
the Communist Party, then was seized by
And so one fine sp
was a kindly man, popular.
people wishing to overthrow the socialist
László Barthó. 37,
Another who had been in the Parliament
system. And so it was crushed. This is the
anxious expression
Building, serving under Nagy, was János
view taught in schoolbooks.
wife and two childre
248
National Geographic, February 1983
Hungary: A Different (
1 away to the Russian
What had he learned in prison? "That it
pe, Mr. Kádár could
is impossible to make a people happy if it is
In her dreams a young Gypsy, Gizella
tions and popularity
against their will; an ideology should not be
Bogdán, travels far from her village near
the Yugoslav border to the world of
one to subject a people to tests and experi-
high fashion she finds in magazines. A
her ghost in this mat-
ments. So it is our conviction that this sys-
tough people with a footloose past,
le I would hear from
tem is to be built without unnecessary blood,
Hungary's 320,000 Gypsies are slowly
y, spoken as if a ver-
sweat, and tears; we have to make
being drawn into the rest of society.
the return of evil: Rá-
people happy, not force them."
as, some remember, a
a moon face, always
BEGAN with marrow soup,
on black suit and sil-
panied by two men,
I
so rich and peppery it had to
be eaten with slices of thick
pistol pocket.
brown toast; then I addressed
er with the Russian
the house specialty, Hungarian
II. He destroyed op-
beefsteak, smothered in tomatoes,
bit, "like slicing sa-
onions, paprika. My host, József
eded to oppress his
Hajdú, watched with interest,
the doorbell rang af-
now and then refilling my glass
you were terrified."
with a white wine from the Lake
on helped inspire the
Balaton region. József and his
g those who served
wife, Marika, operate the restau-
jailed by him and in
rant Aranyhid (Golden Bridge) as
Kádár. There were
a contract restaurant. It is an ex-
ample of the individual enterprise
ned office in the Par-
that is now encouraged in Hun-
: man opposite had
gary. I wanted to learn a little of
in institutions; once
how it worked.
read poetry. Now he
József told me that the restaurant was
abandon a certain salary for the risks of
inister, a member of
owned by the state catering company of
entrepreneurship.
secretary of the cen-
south Buda, which operates about 160 res-
In lieu of a card he presented me with a
ying hair was swept
taurants and coffeehouses. "They decided to
freshly printed sheet of stationery. It read:
ominent, his shoul-
rent out some to employees who had worked
"DATACOM, Számítástechnika [Comput-
hted by more than a
a long time with such companies. My wife
er Technology].' He said there were three
ence.
and I had done so. There was a down pay-
other partners in the company, that their cli-
reasons to say that
ment, and monthly payments. We can buy
ents were state-owned enterprises, from the
1956 could be por-
food and drink supplies anywhere."
largest software house to small businesses.
György Aczél said.
The hours are long, but the results satisfy-
"We have about ten years' experience in the
five years in prison.
ing. "Before we took over the restaurant, it
field, a lot of connections. Some companies
le events that led to
offered just beer, some warm sandwiches.
advertise; we have not felt the need."
Now we have a kitchen, offer a wide vari-
He cited an example: "One large-scale
of leaders who mis-
ety, everything cooked to order. And before,
state company got in trouble with a con-
ommunist Party and
the restaurant was open only to 10 p.m.;
tract. It needed a packaged program in one
misusing that name.
now it is open to midnight or even 4 a.m.,
month, a very short deadline. No one want-
$ attributed to these
just as long as people stay."
ed the job. They came to us."
te that the Hungar-
Now their goal was to build a large out-
While building their business, the part-
re disappointed not
side terrace: "If we get it, we will get tourist
ners hold onto their old jobs. The company's
ut because of these
contracts, and then we will succeed!"
business is handled "after work, on the
After testing individual enterprise in res-
weekends, whenever there is time. But it's
the revolt had been
taurants, the government allowed it in other
impossible to go on like this always. One
e wishing to reform
areas, such as computer software.
must choose.
then was seized by
And so one fine spring day I talked with
"It's a little bit dangerous. The future is
throw the socialist
László Barthó, 37, who had the slightly
hopeful. We do not know if there will be
:rushed. This is the
anxious expression of any man with a
changes, and if so, in what direction. But the
oks.
wife and two children who is planning to
company is useful and good, and in it I feel
aphic, February 1983
Hungary: A Different Communism
249
that I am truly responsible for what I do."
In the 1950s Hungary utilized a classic so-
cialist economic system, one patterned on
that of the Soviet Union in the 1930s and
'40s. This was successful in turning an agri-
cultural country into an industrial nation.
But by the beginning of the 1960s, results di-
minished. "We realized," one economist
said, "that if we wanted to continue the eco-
nomic development of our country, we had
to change our methods."
So in 1968 the state introduced the New
Economic Mechanism, a set of rules that to a
degree decentralized planning and control,
reinstated the profit motive, allowed the
functioning of supply and demand, and per-
mitted accumulation of individual wealth.
"I think our system is unique," the econo-
mist said. "And the reason is that our posi-
tion in the socialist bloc is unique. Almost 50
percent of our national income is based on
foreign trade. So we are obliged to have a
very elastic, very flexible system."
OOR in natural resources, save for its
P
good earth and bauxite, Hungary
must import (petroleum, natural gas,
automobiles). To pay for those im-
ports, it must export (pharmaceuticals, bus-
es, axles, salami, wheat, alumina). About
half the trade is with nonsocialist nations.
In the scramble for foreign earnings Hun-
gary vigorously seeks joint enterprises with
Western companies and searches for new
markets. The French and Italians like very
much the taste of white rabbits? Well, send
them 40 million dollars' worth a year. Send
them also doves, pigeons, goose liver.
Does the world seek new novelties? Send
it a rather curious toy, the Rubik's Cube.
Doing battle to protect a national
I caught up with Ernő Rubik at the Acad-
treasure, a helicopter sprays a vineyard
emy of Applied Arts in Buda, where he is a
of the northeast, where raisinlike aszú
professor (page 235). I had read somewhere
grapes are grown to produce a world
that he had created the cube as a tool to help
famous sweet wine. Praised by Voltaire
his students; I expected an old, kindly, pos-
and cherished by Peter the Great, Tokaj
(Tokay) wines reflect the skills of nine
sibly distracted gentleman. Instead I found
centuries of vintners.
a 38-year-old father of two, of moderate
In a dank cellar of the state winery at
height, with a finely wrought face, quick
Eger, wine master János Árvai (right)
eyes, clad in brown slacks and sweater and
draws a sample of Egri Bikavér, called
open-necked shirt. In the cabin of a jetliner,
bull's blood for its velvet color and potent
where he is often found nowadays, you
kick. Excellent wines are also made in
might mistake him for a French entrepre-
the hills above Lake Balaton.
neur, bound to or from a ski holiday.
I asked if indeed he had developed his
250
National Geographic, February 1983
Refreshing their spirits after a long day of picking hops destined for a brewery
cowering in a cell
in Budapest, a farm couple unpack a little supper. The standard of living in
She remembers the
rural areas has steadily improved since the end of World War II, when the
terrible fear that it
Communists dismantled a feudal-like system of large estates. Today every village
the appearance of
is said to have electricity, though not every farmhouse has it.
Mrs. Seifert P
clear and clean tas
a short woman,
diminished. "We h
gogues and prayer
greatest Jewish co
rope. Perhaps 80,0
pital with 200 beds
kindergarten, a SC
ters, and a kosher k
older people who
themselves. And W
logical Seminary,
such school remain
Europe. It has 18
Soviet Union, one fr
from the German D
The cost for all th
tions from the state,
ganizations, and th
Mrs. Seifert led
gogue, built in 185
museum adjoining
ject a small simple cl
and the small gar
Nazi legacy, a mas
cube as a teaching aid. "Everything a teach-
meeting rooms, a library, and an audito-
think, 3,500 buried
er does is related to the teaching process."
rium. Something about the auditorium
With that backg
But a teacher is human like everyone else,
seemed odd. It was, the official said, previ-
peared good. The re
and he creates for himself as well as for oth-
ously a synagogue; the new part of the build-
gan after 1956. "Th
ers. "I could say the reason I started to be ac-
ing had been built around it. All over
in our time it is n
tive in this field is simply my own character.
Hungary synagogues now serve such pur-
somebody has writte
You could say it grew out of my profession. I
poses. In them, if you have an imagination,
a capital letter or wit
am an architect and an interior designer."
you may hear a terrible cry.
interesting if someb
Of his earnings (more than 30 million
In 1944 German and Hungarian Nazis
gious. What is impo1
cubes have thus far been produced) he
rounded up 600,000 Jews and shipped them
the country.
would only say: "In my case, which would
to concentration camps and death. Today
"And after this be
characterize the situation of other inventors
perhaps 20,000 Jews remain outside Buda-
By all rights, som
also, I get a certain share of the sales. Of
pest: not enough to keep the rural syna-
should not be in Hui
course, in the case of the cube, which is so
gogues alive; only enough, perhaps, to
guage is incompreh
popular, the profit is quite large."
muster the required ten Jewish men for ser-
bors, if their history I
Yes, he has other ideas, new ones, and is
vices in a prayerhouse. So the synagogues
is their own doing.
pursuing them. Among them a book.
were sold, for uses deemed appropriate.
from? I talked with
The Jews of Budapest were luckier. Their
Ethnographical Inst
S
OMETIMES, in Hungary, a sense of
total destruction in the ghetto was frustrat-
Academy of Sciences
tragedy sneaks up on you. I was visit-
ed. Two days before a final effort by the Na-
a large map of the So
ing the bauxite mines near Tapolca
zis to eliminate them all, the Soviet Army
"Here is the place,
when an official led me proudly into
fought its way into the city. Mrs. Ilona Sei-
western Siberia: Ne
the miners' social and educational center. It
fert, secretary-general of the Central Board
east, not west, of t
was a fine new building with classrooms,
of Hungarian Jews, was then a young girl,
region was then a P
252
National Geographic, February 1983
Hungary: A Different
stined for a brewery
cowering in a cellar with 84 other people.
hunters and fishermen. They were a mix
iard of living in
She remembers the cellar door opening, the
of Caucasian and Mongoloid. They are now
ir II, when the
terrible fear that it was a Fascist killer, then
S. Today every village
called the Finno-Ugric people.
the appearance of a young Russian soldier.
"Some of those people migrated north.
Mrs. Seifert poured kosher slivovitz,
Some became the Finns, while smaller
clear and clean tasting, into glasses. She is
groups settled across the northern part of
a short woman, stout now, energy un-
what is now the Soviet Union. There, per-
diminished. "We have in Budapest 30 syna-
haps 25 ethnic groups still speak Finno-
gogues and prayerhouses; ours is now the
Ugric languages. Some live a very archaic
greatest Jewish community in middle Eu-
life. Some are hunters and fishermen and
rope. Perhaps 80,000 strong. We have a hos-
also deal in reindeer breeding. We study
pital with 200 beds, three old-age homes, a
them, to find out about our own past.
kindergarten, a school, two day-care cen-
"Between the 12th and 10th centuries B.C.
ters, and a kosher kitchen to prepare food for
a change of climate took place in western Si-
older people who cannot shop or cook for
beria. The groundwater began to rise, the
themselves. And we have the Jewish Theo-
area became a sort of marsh, and the people
logical Seminary, a century old, the only
had to move. The ancestors of the Hungar-
such school remaining in Eastern or middle
ians moved south. They abandoned their
Europe. It has 18 students; three from the
life as hunters and fishermen and became a
Soviet Union, one from Czechoslovakia, one
pastoral people, always in movement.
from the German Democratic Republic."
Gradually, over a period of 2,000 years, they
The cost for all these was met by contribu-
moved to the west, arriving here in the
tions from the state, international Jewish or-
year 896."
ganizations, and the Jewish community.
Mrs. Seifert led me into the main syna-
HAT REMAINS of the old cul-
gogue, built in 1859 in Moorish style; the
museum adjoining it, its most eloquent ob-
W
ture? "Elements in our folkloric
music. Our skill at husbandry. And,
ject a small simple cloth, six pointed, yellow;
there are old people alive today who
and the small garden behind it, another
remember shamanism-how certain peo-
Nazi legacy, a mass grave. "There are, I
ple, when they became shamans, could cure
ry, and an audito-
think, 3,500 buried there," she said.
illness, could locate lost or stolen goods,
it the auditorium
With that background the present ap-
could find the answers to problems."
official said, previ-
peared good. The renaissance, she said, be-
And there was the language, the language
:W part of the build-
gan after 1956. "Then Mr. Kádár said that
that binds Hungarians together. Only 15
ound it. All over
in our time it is not interesting whether
million people in the world speak it, the
>W serve such pur-
somebody has written the name of God with
nearly 11 million within Hungary, some
ve an imagination,
a capital letter or with a small letter. It is not
four million outside-among them perhaps
ry.
interesting if somebody is an atheist or reli-
two million in Romania, 800,000 in Czecho-
Hungarian Nazis
gious. What is important is to build together
slovakia, 800,000 in Yugoslavia.
S and shipped them
the country.
It is an irony that after World War I, when
and death. Today
"And after this began a new life."
Hungary regained its independence for the
nain outside Buda-
By all rights, some say, the Hungarians
first time in the modern era, it lost by a treaty
ep the rural syna-
should not be in Hungary at all; if their lan-
71 percent of its territory, much of its popu-
ough, perhaps, to
guage is incomprehensible to their neigh-
lation. Those lost people remain in the con-
Jewish men for ser-
bors, if their history has been problematic, it
sciousness of the Hungarians. Especially
So the synagogues
is their own doing. Where had they come
those in Romania: "They are badly treated,"
ed appropriate.
from? I talked with Dr. Péter Veres of the
I was told more than once.
were luckier. Their
Ethnographical Institute of the Hungarian
But there were life-affirming memories I
hetto was frustrat-
Academy of Sciences. He jabbed a finger at
would take from Hungary. liked the street-
al effort by the Na-
a large map of the Soviet Union.
cars, three little cars in tandem, bright yel-
the Soviet Army
"Here is the place, just east of the Urals, in
low, darting this way, that way, like goldfish
ity. Mrs. Ilona Sei-
western Siberia: New evidence places it
in a row the Bükk Mountains, lilliputian,
the Central Board
east, not west, of those mountains. The
with forests, castles, pine smells, and then
then a young girl,
region was then a pine forest, the people
you are out of them. Iliked Gypsy musicians,
phic, February 1983
Hungary: A Different Communism
253
India
Millions of sun lovers
come each summer to Lake
Balaton (above) from all
over Europe to swim, sail, or
just soak up a tan by a
log-cabin-style tent (left).
The number of tourists
visiting Hungary has doubled
during the past decade to
more than ten million in
1981, 85 percent from
socialist nations such as
Czechoslovakia and East
Germany. Winter sports are
popular in the Bükk
Mountains of the northeast,
where a skiing family
(right) takes a break for a
bite of hot lunch.
hic, February 1983
but you must be lingering over wine and with
to the Tokaj wine region in the northeast,
opposite. "I've just
friends (and perhaps two of those friends are
where the Great Hungarian Plain meets
my daughter-18
falling in love; he will give her earrings, she
the Carpathian Mountains. The southern
We'll open it soon.
will have her ears pierced). Iliked the young
slopes of these mountains have been culti-
cabbage and suc
Budapest couple's flat on Molnár Street, the
vated for the grape since medieval times.
toilets!
old-fashioned windows; the boarder who
One old cellar, 2,700 meters of labyrinth,
"Listen, I've jus
uncorked plum brandy from his father's
held 6,000 barrels; I sampled from 14. The
yard. I have a nice ]
house in Yugoslavia; the old lady who lived
wines varied from clear, sharp new ones to
retired factory wor
alone and came each day just to sit quietly
sweet, old, brownish ones, some made with
"Here," he said,
and hear voices and so hold on to life.
raisinlike aszú grapes. As I sipped, very con-
homemade sausag
Ilike Hungarian poetry, the way it evokes
tentedly, a wine company official told me
bread, and a knife.
the mystery of the land, and the way tragedy
that about half of the vineyards were in pri-
By now I knew 1
runs through it as rivers, creeks, and rivu-
vate hands, with 14,000 owners. Grapes re-
the sausage, drank
lets of rain run through the land itself. I like
quire intensive seasonal work, he said. But
a secular sacramer
its devil-take-the-hindmost defiance. The
the owners can call on relatives and friends
prospects.
poet Attila József shocked his university
at the harvest; they are all inspired by the
teachers in the early 1900s but later won the
profit motive to relentlessly pursue the de-
TIMES I wa
hearts of his countrymen with this bold chal-
manding handwork.
A
country gove
lenge to life, its blows, its demands:
On the way back to Budapest I stopped at
adopting asp
Without father without mother
another famous wine-producing center,
ism and We
without God or homeland either
Eger. In the little limestone valley where the
the while wrapping
caves cluster, I chose one at random: per-
Marxist dialectic. I
without crib or coffin-cover
without kisses or a lover
haps because the vintner, standing at its en-
might help clarify n
trance, appeared rough cut, the cave simple.
I called on Dr. E
Even on journeys with only pleasure in
As he drew the wine, the vintner talked of
of the Center for V
mind, I found more ways that individual
business. "It's good. I sell to the Hilton. He
pest. He is a young
enterprise is harnessed in Hungary. I went
pointed out across the valley to the caves
quick in word and n
Shoulder to shoulde
highest ranking Sovie
in Hungary, third froi
leading military and {
officials salute the yes
officer corps at a Con:
Day ceremony.
Since the unsuccess
of 1956, when Soviet 1
into Budapest, the pa
controlled governmen:
strictly supported the
Union in foreign polic
as it experiments with
reforms at home.
With four Soviet di
stationed in their cow
Hungarians are worri
unrest in Poland may
relations with Moscow
A chalked heart (rig
Budapest wall-still P
the gunfire of 27 years
symbolizes the feeling
matter what, life will &
256
National Geographic, February 1983
in the northeast,
opposite. "I've just bought a cellar there for
part in the events of 1956, and then spent a
Plain meets
my daughter-180,000 forints [$4,800].
year in jail. There he learned, he said, "not
The southern
We'll open it soon. We'll have food, stuffed
to be afraid. In Eastern Europe the person
have been culti-
cabbage and such, and even beautiful
who learns this has learned the most impor-
edieval times.
toilets!
tant thing. Then one indeed is free."
of labyrinth,
"Listen, I've just bought a fourth vine-
And today? "A kind of game is played in
from 14. The
yard. I have a nice home, a bicycle. I'm 61, a
this country. Everybody knows the rules,
new ones to
retired factory worker, but I have a life!
what he can do, what he can accept for
some made with
"Here," he said, pulling from a paper bag
what. And this is more or less working. It
sipped, very con-
homemade sausage, a slab of fat bacon,
has been working for the past 20 years."
official told me
bread, and a knife. Glasses were refilled.
There were at least two results. One
vards were in pri-
By now I knew the ritual: As we cut into
edged on politics.
Grapes re-
the sausage, drank the local wine, it seemed
"We have a kind of slowly developing plu-
he said. But
a secular sacrament, commemorating life,
ralism. There are special-interest groups,
and friends
prospects.
agrarian and industrial lobbies, the cooper-
inspired by the
ative farms and those in the second or pri-
pursue the de-
T TIMES I was confused: Here was a
vate economy, and so on. And they have a
A
country governed by Communists,
number of ways of protecting their interests.
apest I stopped at
adopting aspects of Western capital-
All behind the scenes."
oducing center,
ism and Western socialism, and all
And there was an important sociological
valley where the
the while wrapping the reforms in veils of
result. a sort of healing. "Before World War
at random: per-
Marxist dialectic. I wondered if a sociologist
II we had very strong class identities. After
tanding at its en-
might help clarify matters.
that war these identities were destroyed,
the cave simple.
I called on Dr. Elemér Hankiss, director
conscipusly and surgically, by the Commu-
vintner talked of
of the Center for Value Sociology in Buda-
nist Party at that time. Everybody was mor-
the
Hilton.
He
pest. He is a youngish man, spare in body,
tified and humiliated. If you were a small
to the caves
quick in word and movement. He had taken
landholder, you were called an oscillating
Shoulder to shoulder with the
highest ranking Soviet officer
in Hungary, third from left,
leading military and government
officials salute the year's new
officer corps at a Constitution
Day ceremony.
Since the unsuccessful revolt
of 1956, when Soviet tanks rolled
into Budapest, the party-
controlled government has
strictly supported the Soviet
Union in foreign policy, even
as it experiments with social
reforms at home.
With four Soviet divisions
stationed in their country, many
Hungarians are worried that
unrest in Poland may upset their
relations with Moscow.
A chalked heart (right) on a
Budapest wall-still pocked by
the gunfire of 27 years ago-
symbolizes the feeling that, no
matter what, life will go on.
February 1983
Pride and joy in their eyes,
József and Katalin Nagy
(right) emerge from a
Reformed Church in Debrecen
after the baptism of their son,
Lörinc. Dubbed the Calvinist
Rome, Debrecen is the
spiritual center of Hungarian
Protestantism and the home
of a 450-year-old seminary.
Dr. Tivadar Rózsay (below
right) emphasizes a point in
the religion class he teaches.
On a carpet of flowers that winds
all through the village of Csömör, a
priest blesses the congregation
(right) during the Day of the Lord
procession-Urnapi körmenet. Each
family decorates a section of the carpet
with a variety of bright patterns,
combining their artistic talents and
Roman Catholic heritage.
Traditional in their clothes as well
as their customs, the women of the
village (left) return home after Mass.
Of the nation's estimated nine million
church members-only a portion of
them active-six million are Roman
Catholics, two million belong to the
Reformed Church, and 500,000 are
Lutherans. Hungarian Jews-
600,000 of whom were shipped to Nazi
concentration camps-now number
only 100,000.
258
National Geographic, February 1983
were called
stead of the
of guilt was
"With the
my of the pa
ing of good :
identity. W
can achieve
have been g
three or four
OCIO]
S
poets
memo
seize
complement
me at No. 9
long the mo
Budapest. t
house crami
80, the most
writer, appe
and some sig
Cakes we
Mr. Illyés
in the 1920s.
has been; ]
revolutionar
He spoke
long ago on
circumstance
concluded fr
geous people
But for him
Hungarian I
work, if they
they can wor
As for too
feature of th
Hungarian (
country. Not
very much lil
ficial passpor
od. and one (
any feeling t
perhaps it is 1
this means he
peasant; if you were an intellectual, you
"And I could be on a train and have a con-
were called a servant of fascism. And so in-
versation. The other passenger may dis-
stead of these old identities, a kind of feeling
agree, and may say so, but it is inconceivable
of guilt was substituted. A skillful strategy.
that he would leave the train at the next stop
"With the prosperity, the growing econo-
and request the police to come. It is just im-
my of the past 20 years, there is a slow grow-
possible to imagine that. So there is a feeling
ing of good feeling about ourselves, a sort of
of freedom.
identity. We have begun to feel maybe we
"And, in relation to this. the leading strata
can achieve something, and these feelings
of the society somehow have adjusted to the
have been growing very quickly in the past
taste of the inhabitants of this country. They
three or four years."
have a rather modest attitude and a modest
way of life. For instance, János Kádár lives
OCIOLOGISTS WORK from data:
in a house nearby. The garden does not be-
S
poets and writers from intuition.
long to him, and the house itself has three
memories, perceptions, as if trying to
rooms only."
seize reality from some ether. They
The future? "The small people always de-
complement one another. The taxi dropped
pend on the big powers."
me at No. 9 Józsefhegyi Street on Rose Hill,
long the most fashionable neighborhood in
T WAS a bright, sunny day. The noises of
Budapest. An older woman let me into a
house crammed with books. Gyula Illyés,
I
the traffic in the city below arrived on
Rose Hill only as a murmur: You could
80, the most distinguished living Hungarian
hear the songs of birds, the voices of an
writer, appeared, a man with a kindly face
old man and his grandson carried by the
and some signs of recent illness.
breeze. I decided to walk down to the city.
Cakes were brought. wine opened.
What do the Hungarians think in their
Mr. Illyés began publishing his poems
heart of hearts? Would they prefer. as one
in the 1920s. He is not a Communist, never
Western diplomat suggested, to be like Aus-
has been; he calls himself a leftist, a
tria, neutral, free of bonds to East or West? I
revolutionary.
don't know. Perhaps in a small country in
He spoke of how the Magyars had come
the middle of Europe with powerful neigh-
long ago on horseback and under romantic
bors, one deals with realities, while wishes
circumstances, and how Hungarians have
atrophy. I do know that most Hungarians
concluded from this that they are a coura-
believe their life to be "not bad"; much better
geous people, very brave. with hot tempers.
than before, better than that of their socialist
But for him, "the genuine quality of the
neighbors. But I know also that two ques-
Hungarian people is that they are able to
tions hang like specters over those with
work, if they have a chance to do that, and if
memories: "Will there be war? What will
they can work freely."
happen after Kádár?"
As for today: "The most characteristic
The first question is universal, the second
feature of the situation nowadays is that
Hungarian. While Communism wears a
Hungarian citizens can legally leave the
humanistic face in Hungary today, the clas-
country. Not immediately, but if one would
sic party apparatus of control remains in
very much like to leave, one could get an of-
place, to be taken in hand and wielded by
ficial passport within a relatively short peri-
another Rákosi, should one arise. And, as
od, and one can come back. So there is not
one former Communist told me, "the next
any feeling that we are closed in. For you
chapter will be written in Moscow." We
perhaps it is not so easy to understand what
quickened our steps, the ghosts and I. down
this means here in central Europe.
Rose Hill.
Laid-back cowboy of Hungarian legend, today's csikós displays his mastery of
horses mainly at tourist shows like this one-though it's not clear in this case
whether he's resting or being rested on. Their history has helped make
Hungarians a pragmatic people who make the best of what life gives them.
Hungary: A Different Communism
261
Chris
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
89 JUN 21 P4: 40
June 16, 1989
Memorandum to Gregg Petersmeyer
From:
Jim Pinkerto
Re:
A good deed from Gallo Winery
As the attached clip from today's Wall Street Journal
indicates, Gallo has voluntarily suspended sales of cheap
wine in the "skid row" section of San Fransisco.
I think this is exactly the sort of benevolent project
that the President ought to be encouraging. Note that we
don't need a government program, or any sort of bureaucracy.
All we need is for the President to offer the appropriate
encouragement to the San Fransisco community leaders and to
Gallo.
In my book, these people and organizations are worthy
"points of light. "
Attachment
#
CC: Roger Porter
Bill Roper
bcc: Dave Demarest
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL FRIDAY. JUNE 16, 1989 B3
periment would be determined.
Gallo Conducts Test
The decision follows efforts by a re-
cently formed organization called Safe and
To Placate Critics
Sober Streets. made up of merchants. resi-
hn
dents and community groups. That group
Of Its Cheap Wines
sought to convince local markets and liq-
uor stores to quit selling cheap wines. in
hopes of decreasing the number of alco-
holics on the streets. especially near the
Partial Ban in San Francisco
neighborhood's park.
Aims to Determine Effect
"We think it's going to make a differ-
ence." said Nancy Russell. director of the
r
On Alcoholism Problem
North of Market Planning Coalition. lo-
11
cated in the Tenderloin. "Most of the bot-
S
tles I sweep up outside our doorway every
1
By CARRIE DOLAN
day are wine bottles." The group hopes
ne
Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
other makers of cheap liquor may follow
its
MODESTO. Calif. E&J Gallo Winery
suit. Ms. Russell said Gallo's decision
says bans on booze don't "deter alcoholics
shows "a company admitting their prod-
JN
from seeking out the alcohol they unfortu-
ucts may not be moral. Those wines are
om
nately seem to need."
aimed at street alcoholics. There are no
led
But just to test that belief. the company
other customers."
ing
said it will temporarily stop selling its po-
The Tenderloin district. home to about
uld
tent. cheap wines in San Francisco's so-
25,000 including many elderly and low-in-
ted
called Tenderloin district.
come residents. has long been plagued
with drinking and drug-abuse problems. In
ng-
Gallo. the nation's largest volume pro-
ses
recent years. the neighborhood has experi-
ducer of wine. said it will halt sales of its
aw
enced some revitalization. spurred in part
Thunderbird and Night Train wines for SIX
by the influx of Southeast Asian immigrant
ng
months "to see if it makes any differ-
families. There are now an estimated 5.000
ence. The company said it doesn't believe
children living in the Tenderloin.
on.
that stopping sales of the wines. which are
"We don't think for a minute it will
)r-
18% alcohol and typically retail for less
he
overcome all the problems. but it's a step
than SI a bottle. will help those "afflicted
in right direction. said Phillip Faight.
'O-
with alcoholism."
chairman of the Safe and Sober Streets
he
A Gallo spokesman said if the sales ban
group. "I'm absolutely convinced we !I see
S.
does seem to improve the alcoholism prob-
to
progress. Any progress IS great progress.
lem in the Tenderioin. "we may do the
I'm tired or stepping over drunks." Mr.
it
same in other neighborhoods. However.
Faight IS owner or The Ram S Head. a Ten-
he declined to say how success of the ex-
der:oin bar.
e
r
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2
2ND STORY of Level 2 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 Newsweek
May 22, 1989, UNITED STATES EDITION
SECTION: BUSINESS; Pg. 64
LENGTH: 695 words
HEADLINE: Wall Street Philanthropist
BYLINE: MICHAEL MEYER in Budapest
HIGHLIGHT:
George Soros rains money on the East bloc
BODY:
Two years ago George Soros was the hot performer on Wall Street. His
Quantum Fund, started with $ 250,000 in 1969, had grown to a staggering $ 2.5
billion. Then came the October '87 crash. In a few frenzied days, he lost $
750 million - a devastating blow from which he has never fully recovered. Now,
perhaps in consolation, the New York financier is extending himself on another
front: Eastern Europe. Recently he was in Warsaw, plugging his plan to revive
Poland's economy by swapping foreign debt for stakes in Polish industry. Last
week he was in Budapest, helping set up the communist world's first
Western-style business school. Soon he was off for Moscow. Soros isn't
canvassing the Soviet bloc for opportunities to make more money; instead, he's
looking to give it away.
Soros, 58, is a new breed of nationalist philanthropist. Born in Hungary,
he is proud of his East European roots and thinks he can use some of his
diminished but sizable $ 300 million fortune to speed social change behind the
Iron Curtain. He puts his money where his heart is. Five years ago he set up
the Soros Foundation in Budapest; today it dispenses some $ 3.5 million a year
for everything from international art exchanges to underwriting Hungary's
independent political groups. Similar foundations were established last year in
Poland and China, each with endowments of $ 1 million, and Soros expects to put
up to $ 4 million a year into a new Soros Foundation in Moscow. "Communism is
collapsing," says Soros. "My goal is to speed the process by helping to create
more open societies."
Busy schedule: His first step is to establish ties with key elements in the
East bloc. In Budapest last week, he bounced from a meeting with a leading
Hungarian industrialist to lunch with the country's foreign minister to coffee
with student radicals. When a friend complained about Budapest's uninspired
modern architecture, Soros proposed an international design competition.
"Communism cannot withstand comparison to the West," he says. "If you want to
break it down, you only need to show an alternative."
Soros does just that. "He uses his money well," says a Western diplomat in
Budapest. "He puts it into the right hands, and it makes a huge difference."
Last year the Soros foundation spent more than $ 1 million to send about 800
Hungarian academics, businessmen and students abroad, mostly to the United
States and Britain. It bought books for local libraries around the country, put
up money to refurbish small-town churches and funded "oral histories" on
subjects ranging from Gypsy culture in Transylvania to Hungary's bloody 1956
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(c) 1989 Newsweek, May 22, 1989
uprising against Moscow. It also dispatched American business professors to
Budapest's Karl Marx University of Economics. The quite blatant idea is to
train communists to be capitalists.
Soros's dabbling often strays into politics. In Poland, he is reputedly
channeling money to solidarity, the newly legal trade union that is contesting
the well-heeled Communist Party apparatus in the East bloc's first free
elections in more than 40 years. He has been especially generous to Hungary's
political opposition, buying computers and copying machines and hiring
dissidents who lost their jobs for political reasons.
Hungary's Communist leaders are remarkably tolerant of his behavior. Just
two years ago the regime harassed Soros to the point that that he threatened to
pull out. Today a party spokesman shrugs off his political tinkering: "He does
many things we like, and some things we don't. But it's hard to ban one
activity and not the other." So Soros enjoys a relatively free hand in Budapest
and, increasingly, in Moscow, Poland and Beijing.
Whether Soros can continue his largesse will depend on the health of his
fund. Two years after the crash, the Quantum Fund still languishes. With $
1.8 billion in assets, it has recovered only a bit of its lost ground and
recently was battered once again by a big wrong bet on the U.S. dollar. Eastern
Europe can only hope that Soros, once dubbed the "world's greatest money
manager" by Institutional Investor, hasn't lost his financial magic.
GRAPHIC: Picture, Training communists to be capitalists: Soros, ANDY FREEBERG
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5TH STORY of Level 2 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 The New York Times Company;
The New York Times
March 27, 1989, Monday, Late City Final Edition
SECTION: Section D; Page 8, Column 5; Financial Desk
LENGTH: 528 words
HEADLINE: INTERNATIONAL REPORT;
Investment Adviser Seeks Funds for Soviet Foundation
BYLINE: By KATHLEEN TELTSCH
BODY:
After contributing millions of dollars from his personal fortune to the
project, George Soros, a Budapest-born money manager, is looking for wealthy
Americans to contribute to a foundation that he established in the Soviet Union.
The foundation, the Cultural Initiative, is intended to bolster Mikhail S.
Gorbachev's attempts to establish a more open society by encouraging innovations
in education, arts and sciences.
It has its headquarters in Moscow and will open regional offices later. It
has granted $1.5 million for 25 projects that include the writing of a new
Russian encyclopedia, the manufacture of wheelchairs and a program to help
consumers test food for harmful substances. Applications are being sought for
new grants.
Mr. Soros, a financier, is the president of Soros' Management Fund Inc. and
the founder and head of the Quantum Fund, money market funds. In the past five
years, he set up foundations in Hungary and China and is starting one in
Poland.
'I'm an Independent'
''I'm an independent,' Mr. Soros said in a recent interview. ''I have
certain values and beliefs, and I can afford to put money behind it. I consider
what I do an indulgence, and it has been a lot of fun.'
The Soros foundation in Hungary provides $3 million a year to support
hospitals, cultural activities and travel programs for scholars and artists. In
China, a club was opened last year in Beijing to serve as a meeting place for
writers, artists and scholars, with others planned outside the capital.
The foundation in Moscow is in a 17th century palace that is being renovated
to provide office space, meeting rooms, a concert hall and a library equipped to
give Soviet researchers access to computer data in the United States, including
information from the Library of Congress.
Mr. Soros said he is looking for contributions to expand the Soviet
foundation's operations and make it less dependent on one contributor. He has
donated $3 million, and said he would match up to $2.5 million in outside
contributions, which he hopes to attract from American philanthropists.
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5
(c) 1989 The New York Times, March 27, 1989
Soviet Intellectuals
Mr. Soros invited Soviet intellectuals to serve as foundation board members
and set policy. His own role is as financial supporter and adviser. The Soviet
Cultural Fund supplied the building. Contributions to the foundation come partly
from the Soviet Peace Foundation, which receives donations from workers and
organizations.
''If Gorbachev were to succeed in transforming Soviet society into an open
society, there would be no need to think of the Soviet Union as our arch enemy
and the Soviet Union could become an ally of the West in much the same way as
Japan or Germany, an economic rival but an ally and friend,'' he said.
The Soviet foundation has stimulated so many innovative proposals, it
sometimes seems to be ''going off in all directions,' said Antonina W. Bouis,
an American of Russian ancestry who is a specialist in Soviet literature and
co-chairman of its board. ''It is as if the people have been waiting a long time
to try out new ideas in the fields of economics, environment, consumerism, legal
affairs, architecture, whatever.
SUBJECT: CULTURE; SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; EDUCATION AND SCHOOLS
ORGANIZATION: CULTURAL INITIATIVE (SOVIET FOUNDATION)
NAME: SOROS, GEORGE; GORBACHEV, MIKHAIL S; TELTSCH, KATHLEEN
GEOGRAPHIC: UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (USSR)
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PAGE 16
15TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Proprietary to the United Press International 1983
September 23, 1983, Friday, PM cycle
SECTION: Washington News
LENGTH: 440 words
BYLINE: By JIM ANDERSON
DATELINE: WASHINGTON
KEYWORD: Bush-React
BODY:
Hungary has politely turned down a U.S. invitation to move out of Moscow's
orbit and suggested that it could play a role as a moderating influence in the
dialogue between the super-powers.
The American invitation to Hungary, as well as Romania, to play a role more
independent of the Kremlin was made publicly in Vienna Wednesday by Vice
President George Bush at the conclusion of an eastern European tour.
He said the United States would respond positively to those eastern European
nations who took a more western-oriented policy.
The Bush speech was described by a State Department spokesman'as a
restatement of the U.S. policy of 'differentiation'" -- treating Soviet allies
differently, according to their behavior. In that policy, East Germany would be
given less trade or credit benefits than Hungary, for example.
But the timing of Bush's remarks, in the aftermath of world reaction to the
Soviet shooting down of the Korean airliner over Sakhalin island on Sept 1 --
made it a sensititve issue.
The approach for better relations was also made privately to Hungarian
Foreign Minister Peter Varokyin, who happened to be in Washington on an official
visit when Bush made the speech in Vienna.
A Hungarian official, who could not be further identified under the ground
rules of the talk, told reporters that Hungary seeks better relations with the
Union. United States, but not at the expense of Hungary's close ties with the Soviet
'We want to be partners (with the United States), but you have to accept us
with the Soviet Union,' he said.
as we are. We are members of the Warsaw Pact and have a common foreign policy
However, the official expressed deep concern over the strained relations
different role than it does now:
between Moscow and Washington and suggested that Hungary could play a
'Translating from Russian to English is not only a language problem. If no
effort is made to understand the nuances, it will be very difficult. In this
period, countries such as Hungary can do much to damp emotions and to have a
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Proprietary to the United Press International, September 23, 1983
translasting role in order to create the conditions for a minimum of mutual
trust.
The official said the airliner incident has maginified the lack of
understanding.
'Since the Soviet Union was formed in 1917, he said, ''It has not had ten
years when it did not feel threatened and encircled from the outside. That
feeling is so strong ... that they still feel threatened, and react.
He insisted the Soviets, like the United States, want a strategic balance at
a lower level of armaments.
''If we are not going to blow up the world, we'll have to work together on
our problems.
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32ND STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
The Associated Press
The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Associated Press.
September 20, 1983, Tuesday, PM cycle
SECTION: International News
LENGTH: 275 words
DATELINE: BUDAPEST, Hungary
KEYWORD: Bush
BODY:
Vice President George Bush today accused the Soviets of bargaining in bad
faith at the intermediate-range missile talks, and said NATO would begin
deploying new arms in December unless an accord is reached.
"We have two tracks, one is negotiating, one is deployment," Bush told
reporters in Communist Hungary before flying to Vienna at the end of a tour of
East bloc nations. He said if the Soviets and Americans fail to agree at the
talks in Geneva, "that deployment track is firm," he said.
Bush indicated that talks on the weapons would likely continue beyond their
Nov. 15 deadline, saying, "We'd be still willing to negotiate on the theory that
what goes in can also come out."
The vice president, listing U.S. figures showing a progressive increase in
the number of Soviet SS-20 intermediate-range missiles, said the Soviets at
Geneva "keep saying there is a balance when their numbers are going up and the
(Atlantic) Alliance's stay at zero."
NATO plans to begin deploying 572 U.S. cruise and Pershing 2 missiles at the
end of the year to counter the Soviet threat.
Earlier, Bush met with Pal Losonczi, head of Hungary's Presidential
Council, whose duties are largely ceremonial.
They discussed Hungarian-U.S. relations and "opportunities for the promotion
of cooperation," the official news agency MTI reported of the closed meeting.
"Both parties stressed the importance of disarmament talks and confirmed
their view that meetings that can contribute to the reduction of international
tension were of paramount importance," the report said.
Bush laid a wreath at the Hungarian Heroes Monument in central Budapest this
morning.
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38TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1983 The New York Times
Company;
The New York Times
September 20, 1983, Tuesday, Late City Final Edition
SECTION: Section A; Page 4, Column 3; Foreign Desk
LENGTH: 334 words
HEADLINE: BUSH PRAISES HUNGARY ON RIGHTS
BYLINE: UPI
DATELINE: BUDAPEST, Sept. 19
BODY:
Vice President Bush praised Budapest's human rights record today and said
the United States wanted better relations with all East European countries.
But Mr. Bush also stressed that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, while
seeking a ''fair agreement'' on arms control, would respond to Soviet threats to
military stability in Europe.
In Rumania, before flying to Hungary, he said that even though Washington
was willing to prolong the United States-Soviet arms control talks in Geneva
beyond the November cut- off date, new United States Pershing 2 and cruise
nuclear missiles would be deployed in Europe in December if no agreement was
reached by then.
Mr. Bush arrived in Budapest on the sixth leg of a 10-day, 7-nation tour of
North Africa and Eastern and Central Europe.
'We in the United States are heartened by Hungary's efforts to expand
contacts, to foster tolerance and to meet the commitments that bind both our
countries under the Helsinki final act, he said in a toast at a dinner at
which Prime Minister Gyorgy Lazar was host.
In the relations between our two nations, human rights and fundamental
together, he said.
freedoms have not represented a point of discord, but instead brought us closer
He called United States-Hungarian relations a model for the rest of the world
and added, ''The United States is deeply committed to the construction of a
sounder, more cooperative and constructive relationship with all of the nations
with which your country is aligned.
Mr. Bush, however, said that NATO ¹¹⁵ responding and will continue to
respond to threats to the military stability that has for nearly four decades
kept the peace in Europe and much of the rest of the world.
"We seek agreements that are in the enlightened self-interest of both
alliances for and of all peoples, he said. ''We look for signs of understanding,
to the outstretched hand that seeks a fair agreement.
a readiness to construct this new relationship and we will readily respond
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39TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1983 Reuters Ltd.
September 20, 1983, Tuesday, AM cycle
SECTION: International News
LENGTH: 95 words
DATELINE: BUDAPEST, Sept 20
KEYWORD: Bush-Reagan
BODY:
Vice President George Bush predicted today that President Reagan would
run for a second term next year and said his chances for victory were good.
Bush told a news conference at the end of a two-day visit to Hungary that
he expected to be Reagan's running mate, as the president had made clear
publicly he wanted him on the ticket.
"If the United States economy continues to recover as at present, President
Reagan is going to be exceptionally difficult to beat," Bush said. "If the
election forward." were held today, he would beat anybody the democrats would put
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40TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1983 Reuters Ltd.
September 20, 1983, Tuesday, PM cycle
SECTION: International News
LENGTH: 470 words
BYLINE: By Ronald Farquhar
DATELINE: BUDAPEST, Sept 20
KEYWORD: Bush
BODY:
Vice President George Bush and Hungarian Communist Party chief Janos
Kadar are believed to have exchanged widely diverging views on the dangers of
new nuclear weapons in Europe in yesterday's talks in the Hungarian capital.
No details were disclosed of Bush's meeting with Kadar or of his talks with
Prime Minister Gyoergy Lazar, but Lazar said in his toast at an official dinner
for Bush that a new round of the arms race threatened Europe with the gravest
consequences.
He said Hungary was against new nuclear missiles being based in countries
at present without such weapons.
Lazar seemed clearly to be referring to NATO's plans to deploy new U.S.
missiles in Western Europe and the likelihood Moscow would base new missiles in
some Warsaw Pact countries if East-West arms control talks in Geneva fail.
In his reply Bush, who arrived yesterday on the last leg of a five-day tour
through East Europe, said NATO would continue to respond to threats to military
stability in Europe.
He said Washington wished to negotiate agreements "in the enlightened
self-interest of both alliances."
Bush said he came away from his 1- 3/4 -hour talks with Kadar "convinced that
it is possible for the members of our two alliances to talk soberly and
responsibly in a mutual search for understanding and for peace."
He described the 71-year-old Hungarian leader as "a man of enormous capacity
and leadership capability."
Lazar said the visit by Bush, the highest-ranking America official ever to
come to Hungary, was "an important landmark."
He said that despite international tensions and differences between their
countries there were possibilities of increasing trade and economic, scientific
and cultural cooperation as well as human contacts.
U.S. diplomats in Budapest said the visit was intended as a mark of
recognition of Hungary's comparatively relaxed social and cultural policies
and continued commitment to economic reforms and cultural ties with the West.
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(c) 1983 Reuters Ltd., September 20, 1983
Bush praised Hungary's human rights record and its efforts to foster
tolerance and said there was no discord between the two countries on human
rights and fundamental freedoms.
In a reference to Hungary's moves to honor its Western debts, Bush said
Washington understood and admired Budapest's efforts to maintain fiscal
solvency.
The United States was also impressed by Hungary's economic reforms and
innovative policies giving opportunities for enterprising and creative citizens.
Economic relations between the countries were good and active and should
become more regular and dynamic in future years, Bush said.
The Vice President winds up his visit tomorrow with a call on President Pal
Losonczi before leaving for Vienna, the final stop on a seven-nation tour that
has taken him also to Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Yugoslavia and Romania.
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PAGE 24
46TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
The Associated Press
The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Associated Press.
September 19, 1983, Monday, AM cycle
SECTION: International News
LENGTH: 686 words
HEADLINE: Bush and Western leaders YOW continued efforts on arms reduction
BYLINE: By GEORGE JAHN, Associated Press Writer
DATELINE: BUDAPEST, Hungary
KEYWORD: NATO Missiles
BODY:
Vice President George Bush told the leaders of this Soviet-bloc country
Monday that America would continue nuclear arms talks talks with the Soviets "in
good faith" to reduce the threat of war.
Also on Monday, the United States received renewed expressions of support
from British, West German and Italian leaders in the U.S.-Soviet negotiations in
Geneva on medium-range missiles in Europe.
Bush, at a dinner given by Prime Minister Gyoergy Lazar, referred to the
Geneva talks and said the United States has put forward proposals "to lower the
levels of the most dangerous, destabilizing weapons now in Europe." The vice
president, winding up a seven-nation tour, flies to Austria Tuesday and then
returns to the United States.
Lazar, in his response, did not directly criticize the United States, but
said Moscow's position in the Geneva negotiations "is fair and certainly
suitable to serve as grounds for substantive negotiations."
The missile talks have entered their last scheduled phase, and if there is no
progress, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization plans to begin deploying 572
U.S.-made Pershing 2 and cruise missiles in Western Europe later this year.
Moscow has indicated it would react by placing more new SS-20 missiles in
Eastern Europe.
Bush, in Romania Sunday, said deployment of the NATO missiles would go ahead
as planned, but the Geneva talks could extend beyond the Nov. 15 cutoff date and
the United States would negotiate for "as long as it takes."
Both Romania and Hungary are Soviet allies, but Romania has skirted the
missile issue while Hungary supports the Soviet stand, accusing the United
States of seeking arms superiority.
There were these other developments involving the Geneva talks:
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The Associated Press, September 19, 1983
In Washington, administration sources disclosed that President Reagan has
written the heads of all the NATO governments telling them the United States was
prepared to make limited changes in its negotiating position.
One source said, "The changes under consideration are by no means
earthshaking. They are mostly at the edges." He declined to provide details, but
said there would be no yielding in the basic U.S. stand.
West German government spokesman Peter Boenisch said in Bonn that Reagan had
written to Chancellor Helmut Kohl "several days ago" describing "modified
proposals" that the United States would offer in Geneva.
He said the contents of the letter were secret, and denied a report in the
Bonn-based Die Welt newspaper that said Reagan was willing to reduce the number
of new missiles to be deployed by NATO from 572 to 300.
"I have not read the letter," Boenisch said. "Those who have read the letter
told me that number (300) is wrong, but they refused to name the number."
British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, visiting the Netherlands, told a
news conference in the Hague that even if NATO begins deploying the new
missiles, the Geneva negotiations should continue. The deployment could be
halted at a later date if progress is made in the talks, she said.
In an interview with the British Broadcasting Corp., she said it was certain
some NATO missiles would be installed before the end of the year, but again
expressed hope the deployment wouldn't scuttle the Genera negotiations.
Mrs. Thatcher will to to West Germany Tuesday and meet with Kohl, who said
Saturday that it would be the beginning of the end of NATO if West Germany went
back on its commitment to deploy some of the new missiles.
In Rome, Italian Premier Bettino Craxi also said the West should press for
an agreement with the Soviets at Geneva even if NATO goes ahead with its
deployment plans. Craxi's office said the premier was responding to a letter
from Reagan last week asking for his "personal judgment" before the United
States took a final position at the negotiations.
Craxi's office reported the socialist premier reaffirmed Italy's support of
the NATO deployment plan if there is no Geneva agreement and said the Western
allies should be prepared to state "their readiness to resume the negotiations
with equal resolution even after a possible start of deployment."
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LADIES AND GENTLEMEN. DOCTOR CSAKI:
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I THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND INVITATION TO SPEAK HERE
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AND THIS WARM WELCOME. MAY I ADD THAT THOUGH AT
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FIRST GLANCE IT MAY SEEM SURPRISING TO SEE AN
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AMERICAN PRESIDENT SPEAKING AT A UNIVERSITY CALLED
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KARL MARX. AT THIS TIME IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
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EAST- WEST RELATIONS I CANNOT BUT THINK IT IS A
VERY APPROPRIATE PLACE AFTER ALL.
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THIS COUNTRY HAS CHANGED AMAZINGLY SINCE MY VISIT
IN 1983: THERE HAVE BEEN MAJOR CHANGES IN THE POLITICAL
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CLIMATE; THERE IS NOW STARTLINGLY OPEN POLITICAL
DEBATE IN THE PRESS: THE SOVIET UNION HAS
IN
WHAT WE HOPE S JUST A FIRST STEP
WITHDRAWN
SOME
OF ITS TROOPS FROM HUNGARIAN SOIL THE FIRST MEASURES
TOWARD AN EFFICIENT, MARKET-ORIENTED ECONOMY HAVE
BEEN TAKEN: THE BORDERS TO THE WEST HAVE BEEN OPENED
TO ALL ORDINARY CITIZENS WHO WANT TO VISIT ABROAD;
AND THE UGLY BARBED WIRE OF THE IRON CURTAIN IS BEING
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TORN DOWN.
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WE IN THE UNITED STATES HAVE WELCOMED THESE FIRS
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EFFORTS TOWARD THE LIFTING OF THE POLITICAL AND
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ECONOMIC RESTRAINTS ON THE PEOPLE OF HUNGARY. WE HAVE
REJOICED TO SEE THE WAVE OF DEMOCRACY, NOW SURGING
AROUND THE WORLD, BEGIN TO SWEEP OVER THIS COUNTRY.
TOO.
-
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IT IS MY AIM, AND THAT OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. TO
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HELP THE PEOPLE OF HUNGARY WORK TOWARD THE TIME WHEN
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YOU ARE FREE TO TAKE AN ACTIVE PART IN THE PEACEFUL
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DEVELOPMENT OF YOUR COUNTRY. WHEN YOU CAN ACHIEVE A
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FULL DEMOCRACY AND THE PROSPERITY THAT HISTORY HAS
SHOWN ONLY A MARKET-ORIENTED ECONOMY CAN PRODUCE.
AS I HAVE SAID BEFORE. WE WANT FREEDOM TO SUCCEED. AND
I SAY NOW WE WANT IT TO SUCCEED HERE.
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HUNGARY TODAY STANDS ON THE VERGE OF A NEW ERA.
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OPPORTUNITIES ARE HERE FOR DEMOCRACY, AND FOR AN
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EFFECTIVE ECONOMY THAT CAN PROVIDE A BETTER STANDARD
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OF LIVING FOR ALL HUNGARIANS. THE PATH TO A RETURN
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TO DEMOCRACY HAS BEEN TREAD BEFORE BY OTHER NATIONS.
BUT IT IS NOT AN EASY PATH. IT TAKES POLITICAL AND
MORAL COURAGE TO GO FORWARD, TO AVOID THE TRAP OF
COVERING STAGNATION WITH POLITICAL RHETORIC, TO TAKE
THE DIFFICULT STEPS THAT ARE NECESSARY TO TURN THIS
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COUNTRY AROUND.
WE BELIEVE THIS NATION HAS THAT COURAGE.
WE BELIEVE IN THE FUTURE OF HUNGARY.
AND WE WILL SHOW OUR CONFIDENCE IN THIS COUNTRY THROUGH
CONCRETE STEPS TO ENCOURAGE THE PROCESS OF REFORM.
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WE WILL BACK THE PROCESS, ALREADY BEGUN, OF GETTING THE
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GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACY OUT OF THE BUSINESS OF RUNNING
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THE HUNGARIAN ECONOMY, AND OF RETURNING HUNGARIAN
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BUSINESS, INDUSTRY, AND AGRICULTURE TO PRIVATE
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HANDS. WE WILL DO THIS THROUGH PROMOTION OF
SENSIBLE INVESTMENT IN WELL-RUN ENTERPRISES. WE WILL
HELP YOU TO TRAIN THE BUSINESS MANAGERS AND FINANCIAL
EXPERTS THE COUNTRY NEEDS. WE WILL ENCOURAGE MORE
TWO-WAY TRADE. MY ADMINISTRATION HAS MAPPED OUT A
SERIES OF MEASURES TO MOVE FORWARD IN ALL OF THESE
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AREAS. I AM HERE ON BEHALF OF THE PEOPLE OF AMERICA
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TODAY TO OFFER YOU A HELPING HAND.
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ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO, HUNGARY WAS IN THE MIDST OF
ITS GOLDEN ERA. WITH UNPRECEDENTED PROSPERITY AND
DEVELOPMENT. AT THAT TIME HUNGARY WAS A WELL-RESPECTED
AND ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY OF NATIONS.
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EXPORTING ALL OVER EUROPE ITS INDUSTRIAL AND
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, ITS IDEAS, ITS ART AND CULTURE.
IT WAS A COUNTRY KNOWN NOT ONLY FOR THE BEAUTY OF
ITS CAPITAL, BUT ALSO FOR ITS RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE,
AS A PLACE WHERE PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES
LIVED AND WORKED TOGETHER IN PEACE. WESTERN VALUES
OF DEMOCRACY AND FREE ENTERPRISE WERE RESPECTED,
AND HELPED TO BUILD THE NEW HUNGARY.
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UNFORTUNATELY, THE ERA OF PROSPERITY AND PEACEFUL
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DEVELOPMENT WAS SHORT-LIVED. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
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HAS SEEN A SUCCESSION OF EXTRAORDINARILY DIFFICULT
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TIMES FOR THIS NATION: THE DESTRUCTION AND LOSS
OF TWO WORLD WARS. THE ECONOMIC DEPRESSION OF THE
1930S. THE PERSECUTION AND NEAR-ANNIHILATION OF TWO
MAJOR COMMUNITIES-- THE JEWS AND THE GYPSIES, AND THE
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IMPOSITION OF AN ALIEN AND REPRESSIVE GOVERNMENT,
WITH TRAGIC CONSEQUENCES IN 1956.
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AS WE NEAR THE END OF THIS CENTURY, HOWEVER, AND
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PREPARE TO ENTER A NEW ONE. WE CAN SEE AT LAST THE
BEGINNING OF A NEW ERA OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR PEACE,
FOR PROSPERITY. AND FOR FREEDOM OF THE PEOPLE OF
HUNGARY.
WE IN THE UNITED STATES, WITH MORE THAN TWO HUNDRED
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YEARS OF EXPERIENCE WITH A WORKING CONSTITUTION,
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HAVE COME TO APPRECIATE THAT A DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM IS
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FULL OF CONFLICTS AND OFTEN MESSY. THE RETURN TO
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DEMOCRACY AFTER A PERIOD OF REPRESSION IS OFTEN
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NOT STRAIGHTFORWARD OR EASY, BUT THE PROCESS OF
STRIVING FOR A TRULY DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM MUST GO
FORWARD.
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WE HAVE BEEN IMPRESSED BY THE PUBLIC DEBATES IN THE
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MEDIA HERE ON THESE SUBJECTS. WE APPRECIATE THE
DRAMAT CALLY NCREASED SCOPE FOR PRESS FREEDOMS NOW
ENJOYED IN HUNGARY RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED BY THE
START OF THE COUNTRY'S FIRST NDEPENDENT DAILY
NEWSPAPER THE DEGREE TO WHICH HUNGARY HAS OPENED
UP TO THE WEST IN THIS REGARD IS SHOWN BY A VERY
RECENT AND WELCOME DEVELOPMENT -- I AM PLEASED TO
NOTE TODAY THAT THE HUNGARIAN GOVERNMENT HAS AGREED
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TO ALLOW AN OFFICE OF RADIO FREE EUROPE TO OPEN HERE IN
BUDAPEST AND THAT IT IS ALREADY FUNCTIONING.
AM
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ALSO ENCOURAGED THAT PERMISSION HAS BEEN GIVEN FOR
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THE OPENING HERE OF A PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AMERICAN
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RADIO STATION. WE ARE ALSO PLEASED THAT WHITE COLLAR
INDEPENDENT UNIONS NOW FUNCTION HERE; WE HOPE THAT
SOON SUBSTANTIAL INDEPENDENT BLUE COLLAR UNIONS WILL
REPRESENT HUNGARIAN WORKERS. LIKE MOST HUNGARIANS,
WE ARE ENTHUSIASTIC OVER THE PROSPECT OF THE COUNTRY'S
FIRST FREE MULTIPARTY ELECTIONS SINCE 1945. AND BY
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THE PROSPECT OF THE COUNTRY'S TRANSITION TO A GENUINE
MULTIPARTY SYSTEM. HUNGARIAN-AMERICANS. PARTICULARLY
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SHARE OUR GRATIFICATION THAT THE PROCESS OF NATIONAL
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RECONCILIATION AND HEALING FOLLOWING 1956. WHICH
SEEMED INCOMPLETE AND STALEMATED A FEW YEARS AGO.
HAS TAKEN MAJOR STEPS FORWARD WITH THE PEACEFUL
REBURIAL AND REHABILITATION OF 1MRE NAGY.
IN THE FOREIGN POLICY AREA. WE ARE ALSO GRATIFIED BY
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HUNGARY'S STEPS TOWARD FULL PARTICIPATION IN THE
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INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY AS A SOVEREIGN STATE: ITS
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ESTABLISHMENT OF RELATIONS WITH SOUTH KOREA, ACCESSION
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TO THE UNITED NATIONS REFUGEE CONVENTION, AND ITS
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PARTICIPATION IN UN PEACEKEEPING ACTIVITIES. WE
HOPE YOU WILL HAVE FULL DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH
ISRAEL BEFORE LONG. IN ITS TROUBLED RELATIONSHIP
WITH ROMANIA, HUNGARY HAS OUR SYMPATHY AND SUPPORT
BECAUSE WE SHARE HUNGARY'S HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNS
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AND SUPPORT THE INTEGRITY OF THE HELSINKI PROCESS
WHICH THE ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT HAS SOUGHT TO UNDERMINE.
THESE CHANGES ARE IMPORTANT. WE RECOGNIZE THEY ARE
INCOMPLETE, AND REPRESENT A BRIEF PERIOD IN A LONG
PROCESS. WE SUPPORT THE PROCESS AND IN DOING SO,
WE BELIEVE THE MAIN ISSUE IS NOT WHETHER THE
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PROCESS IS GOING TOO SLOW OR TOO FAST, BUT THAT
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SAME TIME. STABILITY WITHOUT CHANGE IS NOT POSSIBLE.
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A MAJOR AND VERY DRAMATIC PART OF THE LIBERALIZATION
OF THE HUNGARIAN POLITICAL SYSTEM AND THE RETURN OF
RIGHTS TO THE PEOPLE HERE HAS BEEN THE DECISION LAST
YEAR OF THE GOVERNMENT OF HUNGARY TO LIBERALIZE THE
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RESTRICTIONS ON THE TRAVEL OF ITS CITIZENS. WE
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WELCOME THE DRAFT LEGISLATION THE GOVERNMENT HAS
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PREPARED THAT WILL RECOGNIZE THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
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OF HUNGARIANS TO EMIGRATE LEGALLY IF THEY SO WISH.
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ON THE BASIS OF THIS CHANGE IN HUNGARIAN LAW, MY
ADMINISTRATION WILL SUPPORT THE EXTENSION OF MULTI-
YEAR MOST-FAVORED-NATION STATUS TO HUNGARY.
MEANWHILE, WE ARE DOING ALL WE CAN TO PROMOTE THE
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VISITS OF AMERICANS HERE AND OF HUNGARIANS TO OUR
COUNTRY, IN THE BELIEF THAT SUCH PRIVATE CONTACTS
STRENGTHEN THE CAUSE OF PEACE BY BUILDING PRACTICAL
COOPERATION IN A THOUSAND DIFFERENT FIELDS AND
MUTUAL INTEREST. I UNDERSTAND THAT LAST YEAR OVER
ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND AMERICANS CAME HERE, AND THAT OVER
TWENTY THOUSAND HUNGARIANS WENT TO AMERICA. WE ARE
DELIGHTED TO SEE THE PEOPLE OF HUNGARY EXERCISING
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THEIR RIGHT TO TRAVEL AND TO HAVE FREE CONTACT WITH
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PEOPLE FROM OTHER COUNTRIES. IN ORDER TO MAKE SUCH
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CONTACTS EASIER ON BOTH SIDES, I AM PLEASED TO
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ANNOUNCE TWO NEW AGREEMENTS WITH YOUR GOVERNMENT--
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ON TOURISM AND CIVILIAN AIR TRAFFIC.
ON ALL FRONTS WE ARE ENCOURAGING THIS KIND OF DIRECT
CONTACT. HUNGARY HAS BEEN ONE OF THE LEADING WARSAW
PACT NATIONS IN SUPPORTING CONTACTS BETWEEN OUR
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RESPECTIVE MILITARY PEOPLE. THROUGH THESE CONTACTS,
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AMERICAN AND HUNGARIAN MILITARY PERSONNEL ARE
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STEADILY IMPROVING THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF EACH OTHER'S
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FORCES AND THEREBY GAINING CONFIDENCE THAT NEITHER
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NATION'S FORCES POSE UNKNOWN THREATS TO THE OTHER.
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AMERICAN MILITARY PERSONNEL HAVE IN THE LAST YEAR
OBSERVED MILITARY EXERCISES HERE. AND NOTED THE FULL
COOPERATION AND OPENNESS OF THE HUNGARIAN COMMANDERS.
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OTHER CONTACTS ARE TAKING PLACE AT VARIOUS LEVELS.
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AND I AM VERY PLEASED AT THIS TIME TO ANNOUNCE THAT
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COLONEL GENERAL PACSEK, COMMANDER OF THE HUNGARIAN
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ARMY, HAS ACCEPTED OUR INVITATION TO VISIT THE UNITED
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STATES IN OCTOBER AND MEET WITH THE CHAIRMAN OF THE
JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF. THIS WILL BE THE FIRST TIME
THAT SUCH A HIGH RANKING MILITARY OFFICER FROM HUNGARY
WILL MAKE SUCH A VISIT.
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I WOULD LIKE TO TURN NOW TO ONE OF THE MOST ACTIVE
AREAS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OUR TWO COUNTRIES
AND ONE I BELIEVE IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT. WHEN
I WAS LAST HERE IN 1983 THERE WERE TWENTY-FOUR
FULBRIGHT SCHOLARS; NOW THERE ARE OVER FIFTY.
THE
NUMBER OF STUDENTS TRAVELLING FROM HUNGARY TO THE
UNITED STATES HAS INCREASED TENFOLD. IN 1983
THERE WERE FEWER THAN THREE HUNDRED EXCHANGE VISITORS:
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NOW THERE ARE ALMOST NINE HUNDRED. TWENTY AMERICAN
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COLLEGES NOW HAVE EXCHANGE PROGRAMS OF THEIR OWN,
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IN ADDITION TO THOSE WE SPONSOR. I KNOW SOME
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AMERICAN STUDENTS STUDYING HERE IN HUNGARY ARE WITH
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US TODAY. ALSO EXCITING FOR US IS THE DEVELOPMENT
OF MANY PRIVATELY-SPONSORED PROGRAMS FOR YOUNG HIGH
SCHOOL STUDENTS, WHO OFTEN SPEND A SEMESTER OR A YEAR
IN EACH OTHER'S HOMES. LEARNING ABOUT EACH OTHER'S
COUNTRIES IN A FAMILY SETTING. WE ENTHUSIASTICALLY
APPLAUD THE MANY PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS
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WHO MAKE THESE PROGRAMS POSSIBLE.
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TODAY I AM VERY PLEASED TO ANNOUNCE THAT THE UNITED
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STATES INFORMATION AGENCY IS GOING TO GRANT THREE
HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS TO SUPPORT SIX NEW YOUTH
EXCHANGES WITH HUNGARY. SOME HERE IN THIS AUDIENCE
WILL BE GOING TO THE UNITED STATES.
THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN HUNGARY HAS
BECOME WILDLY POPULAR. AND WE HAVE BEEN ASKED BY THE
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HUNGARIAN GOVERNMENT TO SUPPORT IT.
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THEREFORE IT IS WITH PARTICULAR PLEASURE THAT
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ANNOUNCE THAT WE ARE SENDING 20 PEACE CORPS VOLUNTEERS
TO HUNGARY TO TEACH ENGLISH--ONE FOR EACH OF YOUR 19
COUNTIES AND FOR BUDAPEST. THIS IS THE FIRST PEACE
CORPS PROGRAM IN AN EAST CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRY.
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THE U.S. INFORMATION AGENCY IS PROVIDING TEACHERS
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AND TRAINING AS WELL.
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THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE HAS BECOME MORE THAN THE
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VEHICLE FOR THE CULTURES OF THE COUNTRIES TO WHICH
IT IS NATIVE- IT IS NOW THE ACCEPTED LANGUAGE OF
INTERNATIONAL TRADE. GOOD HUNGARIAN MANAGERS AND
BUSINESS PEOPLE MUST BE ABLE TO COMMUNICATE ABROAD
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IN ORDER TO DEVELOP YOUR TRADE, AND SO I HOPE THESE
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TEACHERS WILL BE PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF
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HUNGARIAN BUSINESS AS THEY TEACH THE BEAUTIES OF
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SHAKESPEARE AND HEMINGWAY.
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THE HUNGARIAN GOVERNMENT AND THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE
SEE THE NEED FOR BOTH ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL REFORM
TO ENABLE HUNGARY ONCE AGAIN TO JOIN THE DEVELOPED.
DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITY OF NATIONS. HUNGARY IS AT THE
FOREFRONT OF ECONOMIC REFORM IN THIS REGION. STEPS
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HAVE BEEN TAKEN TO ENCOURAGE PRIVATIZATION, FOREIGN
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INVESTMENT, LIBERALIZE IMPORTS, AND GRADUALLY REALIGN
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PRICES TO WORLD LEVELS. BUT IT HAS BEEN A SLOW
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PROCESS AND MUCH REMAINS TO BE DONE.
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THE UNITED STATES IS WILLING TO BE A PARTNER IN THE
REFORM PROCESS, IN A TRUE EFFORT TO ESTABLISH HUNGARY
AS AN EFFECTIVE ECONOMY, INTEGRATED INTO THE WORLD
ECONOMY AND TRADING SYSTEM. WE WANT TO HELP YOU
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CREATE THE INFRASTRUCTURE NECESSARY FOR THAT, AND TO
HELP YOU ADDRESS YOUR DEBT PROBLEMS. IN RETURN, WE
REQUIRE ONLY THAT THE REFORM PROCESS BY GENUINE, AND
NOT A MATTER OF RHETORIC UNSUBSTANTIATED BY REAL
ACTION.
TODAY I AM ANNOUNCING A NUMBER OF CONCRETE STEPS WE
HAVE MAPPED OUT IN THIS AREA. THESE STEPS WILL OPEN
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UP TRADE BETWEEN OUR TWO COUNTRIES, WILL FOSTER
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SENSIBLE INVESTMENT, AND WILL HELP TRAIN A NEW
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ECONOMIC LEADERSHIP.
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CONGRESS THIS FALL THAT HUNGARY BE GRANTED MULTI-YEAR
MOST-FAVORED-NATION STATUS FOLLOWING ITS ADOPTION OF
LEGISLATION ALLOWING FOR THE FREE EMIGRATION IF ITS
CITIZENS.
- - SECOND, WE ARE INCLUDING HUNGARY IN THE GENERAL
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SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES, WHICH PROVIDES TARIFF
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PREFERENCES TO DEVELOPING ECONOMIES.
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- - THIRD, MY ADMINISTRATION IS EXTENDING THE TRADE
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AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM TO HUNGARY. THE FIRST TDP
PROJECT HERE WILL BE HELPING TO FUND PLANNING FOR
THE REDEVELOPMENT OF BORSOD COUNTY. SIMILAR
PROGRAMS HAVE HELPED MOVE DEPRESSED REGIONS INTO
NEW AREAS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND AWAY FROM LOSS-
MAKING ENTERPRISES.
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-- FOURTH, MY ADMINISTRATION IS ALSO SUPPORTING THE
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EXTENSION OF THE PROGRAMS OF THE OVERSEAS PRIVAT
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INVESTMENT CORPORATION TO HUNGARY TO ENCOURAGE
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AMERICAN INVESTMENT IN SENSIBLE. WELL-MANAGED.
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FINANCIALLY SOUND ENTERPRIESES.
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-- TO HELP FOSTER TRADE IN BOTH DIRECTIONS, MY
ADMINISTRATION HAS AGREED TO ALLOW THE GOVERNMENT OF
HUNGARY TO OPEN A TRADE OFFICE ON THE WEST COAST.
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- - I AM ALSO PLEASED TO ANNOUNCE THE ESTABLISHMENT
BY THE AMERICAN INVESTMENT COMPANY BEARS-STEARN OF
A SPECIAL INVESTMENT FUND TO BE CALLED THE "HUNGARY
FUND. " THIS PRIVATE INITIATIVE WILL BUY STOCK IN
HUNGARIAN COMPANIES AND HELP DEVELOP THE BUDDING
STOCK MARKET AND FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM IN THIS
COUNTRY.
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THE GREAT STRENGTH OF AMERICA IS OUR PRIVATE COMPANIES.
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I AM THEREFORE PLEASED TO BE ABLE TO ANNOUNCE THAT
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SUBJECT: SUGGESTED TEXT OF PRESIDENT BUSH'S SPEECH
NINE MAJOR AMERICAN COMPANIES ARE CONCLUDING NEW
DEALS IN HUNGARY.
A NEW BOUNTY OF GOODS WILL COME FROM THESE DEALS FOR
THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE- GENERAL MOTORS CARS. ESTEE LAUDER
PERFUMES. SCHWINN BICYCLES. LEVI STRAUSS JEANS. DOW
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STYROFOAM, GUARDIAN GLASS. REMINGTON SHAVERS, JOHNSON
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AND JOHNSON'S HEALTH PRODUCTS. A NEW MARRIOTT HOTEL.
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THIS WILL INCREASE AMERICAN EXPORTS TO HUNGARY AND
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HUNGARIAN EXPORTS TO EUROPE.
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THIS IS A MAJOR ADVANCE IN OUR BUSINESS PRESENCE IN
YOUR COUNTRY. IT WILL MEAN A TENFOLD INCREASE IN
THE NUMBER OF AMERICAN BUSINESSMEN HERE.
I ALSO WISH TO NOTE THE SALE TO HUNGARY THIS WEEK
OF 50 MILLION DOLLARS OF AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT
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WHITE HOUSE SITUATION ROOM
PAGE 12 OF 14
MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES.
NOW WOULD LIKE TO TALK ABOUT A PROJECT THAT I
BELIEVE IS ESSENTIAL TO THE KIND OF PROGRESS WE WANT
TO PROMOTE HERE IN HUNGARY. A COUPLE OF YEARS AGO,
THE UNITED STATES HELPED TO ESTABLISH THE INTER-
NATIONAL MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE, TO HELP TRAIN HUNGARIAN
MANAGERS IN WESTERN BUSINESS METHODS. TODAY I WOULD
E
LIKE TO ANNOUNCE WITH YOUR GOVERNMENT THAT WE ARE
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OPENING A NEW CENTER TO PROMOTE THE FORMATION OF
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SMALL PRIVATE BUSINESSES IN HUNGARY. WE BELIEVE THAT
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IT IS IN THIS SECTOR THAT THE TRUE GENIUS AND
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CREATIVITY OF THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE STANDS OUT. CALLED
THE HUNGARIAN ENTERPRISE GROUP, THE CENTER WILL HELP
TO MATCH UP VENTURE CAPITAL, BOTH FOREIGN AND HUNGARIAN,
WITH SMALL BUSINESS PEOPLE WITH GOOD, INNOVATIVE IDEAS
FOR NEW PRODUCTS AND SERVICES.
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FINALLY, I AM PARTICULARLY PLEASED TO ANNOUNCE TODAY
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THAT WE WILL BE OPENING. WITHIN THE NEXT TWO YEARS,
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AN AMERICA HOUSE IN THE CENTER OF BUDAPEST. THIS
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NEW CENTER WILL HELP HUNGARIANS TO BECOME MORE
FAMILIAR WITH AMERICAN CULTURE AND WILL ALSO
PROMOTE OUR TRADE RELATIONS. THE FACILITY WILL
INCLUDE A WELL EQUIPPED LIBRARY. A CULTURAL CENTER
AND SPACE FOR COMMERCIAL EXHIBITIONS. THE CELEBRATED
AMERICAN ARCHITECT. ROBERT STERN.
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PLANS FOR THIS CENTER. WHICH WE INTEND
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TO BE A NOTABLE ADDITION TO YOUR CITY OF GREAT
D
I
BUILDINGS ARE BEING RELEASED TODAY.
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I DON'T WANT TO TRY TO FOOL YOU. YOU KNOW AS WELL
AS I DO THAT ALL THESE EFFORTS ALONE ARE NOT GOING
TO SOLVE THE VERY SERIOUS DIFFICULTIES LYING AHEAD
OF THIS COUNTRY AS YOU SEEK TO MAKE UP FOR MANY
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WHITE HOUSE SITUATION ROOM
PAGE 13 OF 14
YEARS OF POLITICAL REPRESSION AND POOR ECONOMIC
POLICIES WHICH WERE BASED ON IDEOLOGY RATHER THAN
REALITY. YOU KNOW THAT TURNING THIS COUNTRY AROUND
WILL TAKE HARD EFFORT, AS WELL AS SUPPORT FROM YOUR
FRIENDS.
BUT WE, YOUR FRIENDS IN THE UNITED STATES, BELIEVE
THAT THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE, RELEASED FROM THE
E
RESTRAINTS ON YOUR INITIATIVE AND RESOURCEFULNESS,
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ARE EQUAL TO THIS CHALLENGE. FOR TOO MANY YEARS
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WE IN THE WEST HAVE HAD TO STAND BY AND WATCH THE
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SUFFERING OF THE PEOPLES OF EASTERN EUROPE UNDER
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REPRESSIVE GOVERNMENTS, EFFECTIVE IN LITTLE BEYOND
HOLDING DOWN DISSENT AND KEEPING THEMSELVES IN POWER.
THOSE DAYS ARE OVER, AND IT IS TIME TO GO FORWARD.
WHEN VISITED THIS COUNTRY IN 1983, "I SAW A VASTLY
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DIFFERENT HUNGARY FROM THE ONE I SEE TODAY. TODAY
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I SEE A COUNTRY IN WHICH THE RIGHTS OF MAN ARE
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BEGINNING TO BE RESPECTED, AS THEY HAVE NOT BEEN
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FOR MANY YEARS. I SEE A COUNTRY IN FERMENT. WHERE
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THERE IS FREE AND OPEN DEBATE ABOUT THE PAST AND THE
FUTURE. I SEE A COUNTRY WHICH HAS GONE FURTHER ALONG
THE ROAD TO REFORM THAN ANY OTHER IN THIS REGION.
I SEE A COUNTRY RICH IN HUMAN RESOURCES. AND RICH
IN THE MORAL POWER AND DEEP COURAGE OF ITS PEOPLE.
I SEE A NATION THAT IS EMERGING FROM THE PAST, AND
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BUILDING ITS FUTURE. I CONGRATULATE YOU ON LIVING
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AT SUCH A TIME, AND I AND THE PEOPLE OF AMERICA
WISH YOU WELL. END QUOTE.
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CONF IDENTIAL
CONF
muxed group
Brezrench
speech
MARK
PRESIDENT'S SPEECH AT KARL MARX UNIVERSITY
July 12, 1989
LADIES
AND
GENTLEMEN,
DOCTOR
CSAKI
(CHAH-kee)
:
wont Her to
THANK YOU FOR YOUR WARM WELCOME. THIS IS THE FIRST TRIP TO
Puer
HUNGARY BY A U.S. PRESIDENT AND IT REFLECTS THE STRONG BONDS
BETWEEN THE AMERICAN AND HUNGARIAN PEOPLES. THE TIES OF
modern Europers andustry
CULTURE AND KINSHIP ENDURE; THEY PROVIDE A STRONG BASE FOR
verates student rd
10
RELATIONS BETWEEN OUR COUNTRIES IN GOOD TIMES AND BAD.
the
THESE ARE GOOD TIMES. HUNGARIAN ACTIONS AS WELL AS
Dav
5
AMERICAN AFFECTIONS HAVE BROUGHT ME HERE.
HUNGARY, WITH
supplare
POLAND, IS AT THE HEAD OF A GREAT HISTORIC MOVEMENT FELT FROM
BUDAPEST TO BEIJING. HUNGARY AND POLAND ARE TAKING A HAND IN
SHAPING THEIR OWN DESTINIES AND, I BELIEVE, THE DESTINIES OF
were
OTHERS.
HUNGARY IS TODAY A DIFFERENT COUNTRY FROM THE ONE I VISITED
IN 1983: THE NATION RESOUNDS WITH FERMENT AND CREATIVITY;
OPEN, HONEST DEBATE FILLS THE PUBLIC PRESS; THE SOVIET UNION --
IN WHAT WE HOPE IS JUST A FIRST STEP -- HAS BEGUN TO WITHDRAW
SOME OF ITS TROOPS; THE FIRST STEPS TOWARD AN EFFICIENT
MARKET-ORIENTED ECONOMY HAVE BEEN TAKEN; THE BORDERS TO THE
WEST ARE NOW OPEN; AND THE BARBED WIRE -- TERRIBLE REMNANT OF
EVIL TIMES -- IS BEING TORN DOWN. LET IT ALL COME DOWN; LET IT
RUST INTO NOTHINGNESS; AND LET IT NEVER RETURN.
Schever Seycle Une
Radio Free Europe
opening
Can
Swat commine andress radio statem-
of
Cm Hung Po.)
CONFIDENTIAL
DECL: OADR
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Hungarian Democratic form DETERMINED
TO BE AN
last certal Eirope
ADMINISTRATIVE MARKING,
stages encourage
PER E.O. 12958, SEC. 3.3 (C)
fronk ach D, madern sem can RML 10/1/04
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Constitute process wom
central europe -
CONF IDENTIAL
-2-
HUNGARY IS BUILDING ITS OWN HOUSE WITH ONE EYE ON
AUSPICIOUS CIRCUMSTANCES AND ONE EYE ON THE BEST IN HUNGARY'S
PAST.
Hungary's Hope and Fate
IN POLAND, I SPOKE OF THE HOPES OF 1945. I REMEMBER THOSE
TIMES. I AM ONE OF THE SURVIVORS OF THAT TERRIBLE
CONFLAGRATION WHO VOWED TO BUILD A BETTER WORLD.
AT THE END OF THE WAR AND EVEN BEFORE IT, DEMOCRATIC
HUNGARIANS CONTEMPLATED WHAT A FREE, CENTRAL EUROPE COULD LOOK
LIKE. THEY SAW IT AS SOMETHING OTHER THAN A BLOC OR EMPIRE, OR
PART OF AN EMPIRE: CENTRAL EUROPE COULD BE A COMMUNITY OF
INDEPENDENT NATIONS, TOLERANT, DEMOCRATIC; FREE OF THE POISON
OF HEGEMONIC AMBITION; AT PEACE WITH ITSELF AND WITH ITS GREAT
NEIGHBORS; A CREATIVE PART OF A EUROPE ITSELF FREE AND WHOLE.
THIS HOPEFUL IDEA WAS TAKEN AWAY FROM YOU IN BLOOD AND
PAIN, FIRST THROUGH THE IMPOSITION OF STALINISM AND THROUGH ITS
REIMPOSITION IN 1956. YET, THIS VISION OF CENTRAL EUROPE DID
NOT DIE; IT REMAINED VALID; IT IS VALID, AND IT IS NOW BEFORE
US AGAIN.
A New Beginning
HUNGARY HAS JUST HELD A LONG-DEFERRED FUNERAL AND A
MEMORIAL. YOU HAVE LAID TO REST STATESMEN AND ENDED A
SORROWFUL CHAPTER OF HISTORY. THE REBURIAL OF IMRE NAGY
(EEM-ray NAZH) AND HIS ASSOCIATES WAS AN ACT OF RECONCILIATION
CONF IDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
-3-
AND AN ACT OF TRUTH. IT OPENS THE WAY TO MOVE AHEAD ON A
FOUNDATION OF TRUTH -- FOR THE TRUTH WILL SET YOU FREE.
HUNGARIANS ARE BUILDING THE FOUNDATIONS FOR PEACE,
PROSPERITY, AND FREEDOM, FOR THEMSELVES BUT ULTIMATELY FOR
OTHERS AS WELL. YOU ARE WRITING A NEW CONSTITUTION -- A REAL
CONSTITUTION. THE PROSPECTS FOR DEMOCRATIC, MULTIPARTY
ELECTIONS ARE GREATER THAN AT ANY TIME SINCE 1945. AMERICANS
ARE IMPRESSED BY THE START OF "DATUM," HUNGARY'S FIRST
INDEPENDENT DAILY NEWSPAPER IN DECADES. WE ARE INTRIGUED BY
YOUR GOVERNMENT'S PERMISSION FOR ABC TELEVISION TO SET UP AN
INDEPENDENT STATION. SOME INDEPENDENT WHITE COLLAR UNIONS ARE
NOW FUNCTIONING HERE AND WE HOPE TO SEE REAL INDEPENDENT BLUE
COLLAR UNIONS AS WELL.
SO HUNGARY IS ON ITS WAY.
MY NATION RECENTLY CELEBRATED 200 YEARS OF UNBROKEN
CONSTITUTIONAL RULE. WE HAVE LEARNED MUCH FROM THE
EXPERIENCE. DEMOCRACY, ULTIMATELY, AFFIRMS THE HOPEFUL
POTENTIAL IN HUMAN NATURE, NOT THE DISPAIR DRAWN FROM HUMAN
IMPERFECTION. AMONG THE VIRTUES NECESSARY TO DEMOCRACY ARE
TOLERANCE, WISDOM AND PATIENCE. REVENGE OR HATRED OR A DESIRE
TO ACCEPT NO SOLUTION BUT THE MAXIMUM SOLUTION, CAN BE FATAL.
I SAY THIS BECAUSE I RECOGNIZE, AS YOU RECOGNIZE, THAT THE
DEMOCRATIC TRANSFORMATIONS JUST BEGINNING IN HUNGARY AND
POLAND, AND PERHAPS SOON IN OTHER NATIONS OF EAST AND CENTRAL
EUROPE, WILL BE LONG AND DIFFICULT.
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CONFIDENTIAL
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SOME WILL CRITICIZE THE PACE OF CHANGE AS TOO SLOW; OTHERS
WILL SAY IT IS ALL HAPPENING TOO FAST. EVERYONE WILL AT
VARIOUS TIMES FIND THE PROCESS FRUSTRATING AND OCCASIONALLY
UNNERVING.
REAL CHANGE IS NOT EASY; OFTEN IT IS MESSY; IT CERTAINLY
WILL NOT UNFOLD ACCORDING TO A BLUEPRINT. THE IMPORTANT THING
IS THAT IT CONTINE TO MOVE FORWARD, WITHIN A POLITICAL
FRAMEWORK WHICH KEEPS IT BETWEEN THE POLES OF CHAOS AND
STAGNATION.
The Economic Challenge
THE CHALLENGE OF DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL REFORM IN HUNGARY,
INTRINSICALLY DIFFICULT IN ITSELF, WILL BE COMPLICATED BY THE
ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES YOU HAVE INHERITED.
SOME MIGHT FIND IT IRONIC THAT AN AMERICAN PRESIDENT IS
STANDING AT KARL MARX UNIVERSITY. BUT I BELIEVE IT FITTING, AS
WE CONTEMPLATE A BETTER FUTURE, TO BE REMINDED OF ONE SOURCE OF
THE UNSATISFACTORY PRESENT.
WHATEVER THE COURSE OF THE THEORETICAL DEBATE ABOUT MARX,
WHO AFTER ALL WAS A THINKER OF THE 19TH NOT THE 20TH CENTURY,
THE PRACTICAL RESULT IS ABSOLUTELY CLEAR. IN EVERY CORNER OF
THE WORLD, PEOPLE ARE APPRECIATING THAT ECONOMIC GROWTH AND
PROSPERITY COME FROM UNLEASHING THE ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT IN
OUR CITIZENS, NOT FROM THE DECISIONS OF GOVERNMENT PLANNERS
DETACHED FROM THE REALITIES OF THE MARKET.
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-5-
THE PEOPLE OF HUNGARY FACE THE TASK OF REBUILDING THE
PRODUCTIVE INSTITUTIONS AND MECHANISMS OF MODERNITY. AND WHILE
YOU DO so, YOU ARE FORCED TO LIVE WITH THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE
OLD ECONOMY FORCED UPON YOU.
AND IT IS NOT SIMPLY THE REMNANTS OF THE STALINIST SYSTEM
YOU MUST LIVE WITH, BUT WITH ITS PHYSICAL AND STRUCTURAL LEGACY
AS WELL: THE HUGE, INEFFICIENT INDUSTRIAL PLANTS; THE
BEWILDERING PRICE SYSTEM NO ONE UNDERSTANDS; THE MASSIVE
SUBSIDIES THAT CLOUD ECONOMIC DECISIONMAKING AND PRODUCE
MASSIVE WASTE; THE ABSENCE OF MODERN FINANCIAL AND CAPITAL
MARKETS; AND MORE.
LET US BE FRANK WITH EACH OTHER: YOUR ECONOMY MAY EVEN GET
WORSE BEFORE IT GETS BETTER. THIS CAN BE MITIGATED ONLY TO A
DEGREE. IT CANNOT WHOLLY BE AVOIDED. THE SITUATION IN
HUNGARY, AS IN POLAND, WILL REQUIRE SACRIFICE. ONLY HUNGARIANS
CAN MAKE THE HARD DECISIONS.
HUNGARY'S JOB IS IMMENSE AND I APPRECIATE THAT YOU HAVE
ALREADY MADE A START. HUNGARIANS HAVE BEGUN TO GET GOVERNMENT
OUT OF THE BUSINESS OF RUNNING THE ECONOMY, AND OF RETURNING
BUSINESS, INDUSTRY, FINANCE AND AGRICULTURE TO THE INDEPENDENT
ENGINEERS, ENTREPRENEURS AND FARMERS WHO CAN DO THE JOB.
U.S. Support
WHILE HUNGARY TAKES THE RESPONSBILITY FOR ITS FUTURE, THE
UNITED STATES WILL STAND BY ITS SIDE. WE CANNOT DO THE JOB FOR
YOU, BUT WE WILL DO WHAT WE CAN TO HELP HUNGARY HELP ITSELF.
IN RETURN, WE ASK THAT YOUR REFORM PROCESS BE GENUINE, NOT JUST
RHETORIC UNSUBSTANTIATED BY ACTION.
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IF WE DO OUR PARTS, THE UNITED STATES WILL BE A PARTNER IN
THE EFFORT TO TRANSFORM HUNGARY INTO A SUCCESSFUL, COMPETITIVE
ECONOMY, INTEGRATED INTO THE WORLD ECONOMY.
A COUPLE OF YEARS AGO, THE UNITED STATES HELPED ESTABLISH
IN BUDAPEST THE INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT CENTER TO TRAIN
HUNGARIAN MANAGERS IN WESTERN BUSINESS METHODS.
TODAY I AM ANNOUNCING A NUMBER OF OTHER CONCRETE STEPS TO
HELP. OUR GUIDING PRINCIPLE WILL BE CAREFULLY-CONSIDERED
SUPPORT FOR THE EMERGING NEW HUNGARIAN ECONOMY. WE CANNOT, NOR
SHOULD WE, PROTECT THE OLD, INEFFECTIVE WAYS.
THESE STEPS WILL OPEN UP TRADE BETWEEN OUR TWO COUNTRIES,
FOSTER SENSIBLE INVESTMENT, AND HELP TRAIN A NEW GENERATION OF
BUSINESS LEADERS.
-- FOLLOWING HUNGARY'S IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGISLATION
ALLOWING FOR THE FREE EMIGRATION OF ITS CITIZENS, I WILL
INFORM CONGRESS THAT HUNGARY IS NOW IN FULL COMPLIANCE WITH
THE 1974 TRADE ACT, AND THEREFORE ENTITLED TO THE MAXIMUM
MOST-FAVORED-NATION TARIFF STATUS POSSIBLE UNDER U.S. LAW.
-- WE ARE PREPARED TO INCLUDE HUNGARY IN THE GENERALIZED
SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES, WHICH PROVIDES DUTY FREE ENTRY FOR
CERTAIN GOODS.
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-7-
-- [THE U.S. IS EXTENDING A TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
TO HUNGARY, HELPING TO FUND A MODEL REDEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR
A HUNGARIAN COUNTY. SIMILAR PROGRAMS IN OTHER COUNTRIES
HAVE HELPED MOVE DEPRESSED REGIONS INTO NEW AREAS OF
ENTREPREURIAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND AWAY FROM LOSS-MAKING
ENTERPRISES.]
-- I HAVE ASKED CONGRESS TO AUTHORIZE THE OVERSEAS PRIVATE
INVESTMENT CORPORATION TO OPERATE IN HUNGARY. OPIC WILL
ENCOURAGE AMERICAN INVESTMENT IN SENSIBLE, WELL-MANAGED,
FINANCIALLY-SOUND ENTERPRISES IN HUNGARY.
--I AM PLEASED TO LEARN OF THE ESTABLISHMENT BY THE
AMERICAN INVESTMENT COMPANY, BEARS-STEARN, OF A SPECIAL
INVESTMENT FUND TO BE CALLED THE "HUNGARY FUND." THIS
PRIVATE INITIATIVE WILL PURCHASE SHARES IN HUNGARIAN
COMPANIES AND HELP DEVELOP THE NEW STOCK MARKET AND FREE
ENTERPRISE SYSTEM IN HUNGARY.
-- NINE MAJOR AMERICAN COMPANIES ARE NEGOTIATING
INVESTMENTS IN HUNGARY. THIS SHOULD INCREASE AMERICAN
EXPORTS TO HUNGARY AND HUNGARIAN EXPORTS TO EUROPE. OUR
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS ARE ALREADY GROWING -- JUST THIS WEEK
$25 MILLION OF U.S.-MANUFACTURED AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT WAS
SOLD TO HUNGARY -- AND U.S. BUSINESS PRESENCE IN HUNGARY
SHOULD GROW EVEN FURTHER.
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-8-
--I HAVE SPOKEN ABOUT THE NEED TO FOSTER THE NEW, EMERGING
HUNGARIAN ECONOMY. I AM PARTICULARLY PLEASED TO ANNOUNCE A
U.S. -HUNGARIAN AGREEMENT TO OPEN A NEW CENTER TO PROMOTE
THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL, PRIVATE BUSINESS IN
HUNGARY. CALLED THE HUNGARIAN ENTERPRISE GROUP, THIS
CENTER WILL HELP MATCH VENTURE CAPITAL, BOTH FOREIGN AND
HUNGARIAN, WITH SMALL BUSINESS PEOPLE WHO HAVE INNOVATIVE
IDEAS FOR NEW PRODUCTS AND SERVICES.
-- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT MUST BE ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND. IN
MAINZ SEVERAL WEEKS AGO, I PROPOSED COOPERATION WITH
EASTERN NATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES. IN KEEPING WITH
THIS, I AM HAPPY TO ANNOUNCE THAT THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY AND THE HUNGARIAN GOVERNMENT HAVE AGREED
ON NEW PROGRAMS FOR EXCHANGES AND JOINT TRAINING OF
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPERTS.
-- WE ARE WORKING TO PROMOTE VISITS OF AMERICANS HERE AND
OF HUNGARIANS TO OUR COUNTRY, IN THE BELIEF THAT SUCH
PRIVATE CONTACTS BUILD PRACTICAL COOPERATION. [I AM
PLEASED TO ANNOUNCE TWO NEW AGREEMENTS WITH YOUR GOVERNMENT
-- ON TOURISM AND CIVILIAN AIR TRAFFIC.]
-- OUR STUDENT EXCHANGES HAVE BEEN GROWING FAST, BUT THERE
IS MUCH MORE ROOM FOR EXPANSION. I AM VERY PLEASED TO
ANNOUNCE THAT THE UNITED STATES INFORMATION AGENCY IS GOING
INITIATE SIX NEW YOUTH EXCHANGE PROGRAMS WITH HUNGARY.
SOME HERE IN THIS AUDIENCE WILL BE GOING TO THE UNITED
STATES SOON.
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-- [WE ARE ON THE THRESHOLD OF ANOTHER EXCITING EDUCATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT; ONE WHICH WILL BRING THE PEACE CORPS FOR THE
FIRST TIME TO A EUROPEAN COUNTRY. THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE IN HUNGARY HAS BECOME VERY POPULAR. WE AND THE
HUNGARIAN GOVERNMENT STRONGLY SUPPORT IT. THEREFORE IT IS
WITH PARTICULAR PLEASURE THAT I ANNOUNCE THAT THE U.S. WILL
SEND 20 PEACE CORPS VOLUNTEERS TO HUNGARY TO TEACH ENGLISH
- ONE FOR EACH OF YOUR 19 COUNTIES AND FOR BUDAPEST.]
-- FINALLY, I AM PLEASED TO ANNOUNCE THAT THE U.S. WILL
OPEN, WITHIN THE NEXT TWO YEARS, AN AMERICA HOUSE IN THE
CENTER OF BUDAPEST. THIS CENTER WILL HELP HUNGARIANS TO
BECOME MORE FAMILIAR WITH AMERICAN CULTURE AND WILL WORK TO
PROMOTE OUR TRADE RELATIONS. WE HAVE CHOSEN THE CELEBRATED
AMERICAN ARCHITECT ROBERT STERN TO MAKE THE PLANS.
Meeting the Future
FRANK
I WILL BE HONEST: YOU KNOW AS WELL AS I THAT THESE EFFORTS
ALONE WILL NOT SOLVE THE ECONOMIC CHALLENGES THAT AWAIT YOU.
HUNGARY HAS A LOT OF WORK AHEAD; so DO THE UNITED STATES
AND HUNGARY, WORKING TOGETHER TO BUILD A BETTER FUTURE.
YOUR CHALLENGE IS ENORMOUS AND HISTORIC, NO NATION HAS YET
ATTEMPTED WHAT HUNGARY IS NOW ATTEMPTING: TO BUILD POLITICAL
Poland?
DEMOCRACY AND DECENTRALIZED ECONOMIC ENTERPRISE ON THE RUINS OF
A FAILED SYSTEM.
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GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY TO SHOW THEIR CHARACTERISTIC
INITIATIVE, CREATIVITY, AND RESOURCEFULNESS, THE HUNGARIAN
PEOPLE WILL MEET THE CHALLENGE.
YOU ARE READY TO FACE THE FUTURE. I SEE A COUNTRY WELL ON
THE WAY TO FREEDOM AND PROSPERITY. I SEE A PEOPLE RICH IN
HUMAN RESOURCES AND RICH IN MORAL POWER AND COURAGE. I SEE A
PROUD NATION EMERGING REALIZING ITS DESTINY. I CONGRATULATE
YOU FOR HAVING COME SO FAR.
LET US ALL BE EQUAL TO THE OPPORTUNITY THAT LIES BEFORE
US. IF WE SO CHOOSE, HISTORY WILL WRITE THAT OURS WAS THE
GENERATION WHICH MADE EUROPE FREE.
THANK YOU.
CONFIDENTIAL
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
June 14, 1989
MEMORANDUM FOR THE CHIEF OF STAFF
BOBBIE KILBERG
DAVID BATES
PATTY PRESOCK
RICHARD BREEDEN
LINDA CASEY
ANDREW CARD
ROBERT GUTTMAN
JAMES CICCONI
TIMOTHY MCBRIDE
DAVID DEMAREST
ROSE ZAMARIA
MARLIN FITZWATER
TONY LOPEZ
BOYDEN GRAY
DAVID VALDEZ
FRED MCCLURE
BILLY DALE
BONNIE NEWMAN
JAY ALLISON
ROGER PORTER
BRUCE ZANCA
BRENT SCOWCROFT
LAURIE FIRESTONE
STEPHEN STUDDERT
CASEY HEALEY
CHASE UNTERMEYER
JEAN LAMB
SUSAN PORTER ROSE
DEB ANDERSON
ED ROGERS
USSS/PPD OPS
JOE HAGIN
WHCA AUDIO/VISUAL
JIM WRAY
WHCA OPERATIONS
CHRISS WINSTON
MEDICAL UNIT
PRESIDENTIAL
DOCUMENTS
THRU:
STEPHEN M. STUDDERT
ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR SPECIAL
ACTIVITIES AND INITIATIVES
FROM:
JOHN G. KELLER, JR. JEK
DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND
DIRECTOR OF PRESIDENTIAL ADVANCE
SUBJECT:
TRIP OF THE PRESIDENT TO EUROPE
JULY 9 - 18, 1989
For your use and planning purposes, the attached is information
for the Trip of the President to Europe. As you will see,
departure is Sunday, July 9, 1989 at 7:00 am from Andrews Air
Force Base.
Please note that schedules are subject to change.
DRAFT
6/14 11:00 am
Washington, DC
SCHEDULE OF THE PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH
TO
WARSAW, POLAND
JULY 9-11, 1989
Sunday, July 9, 1989
7:00 am (B) Depart Andrews Air Force Base en route Warsaw,
Poland.
*
DEPARTURE STATEMENT
5-7mm
outline of McGroarty *
-Open Press
(Flight Time: 8 Hours 50 Minutes)
Doday
(Time Change: Ahead 6 Hours)
(Interchange: Yes)
9:50 pm (B) Arrive Warsaw, Poland.
*
ARRIVAL CEREMONY
5min
mcNally Simon
-Arrival Statement
-Pool Coverage
10:10 pm (B) Depart Airport en route Parkowa Guest House.
(Drive Time: 20 Minutes)
10:30 pm (B) Arrive Parkowa Guest House for RON.
Monday, July 10, 1989
8:35 am
Depart Guest House en route Tomb of the Unknown
Soldier.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
8:45 am
Arrive Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
*
WREATH LAYING CEREMONY
-Open Press
9:00 am
Depart Tomb of the Unknown Soldier en route
Umschlagplatz.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
9:10 am
Arrive Umschlagplatz.
*
WREATH LAYING CEREMONY
-Pool Coverage
9:20 am
Depart Umschlagplatz en route Belwedere Palace.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
9:30 am
Arrive Belwedere Palace.
*
BILATERAL MEETING WITH GENERAL
JARUZELSKI
-Photo Opportunity
*
EXPANDED BILATERAL MEETING WITH
GENERAL JARUZELSKI
-Photo Opportunity
no statement
11:30 am
Depart Belwedere Palace en route Ambassador's
Residence.
(Drive Time: 15 Minutes)
11:45 am
Arrive Ambassador's Residence.
*
LUNCHEON WITH SENATE LEADERS (opp., non gut. leader
(12:00 pm - 1:30 pm)
-Photo Opportunity
*
POLISH LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL EVENT
Smith
(1:45 pm - 2:00 pm)
-Pool Coverage
Blassey
Blefremarks
2:00 pm
Depart Ambassador's Residence en route The Sejm.
(Drive Time: 15 Minutes)
2:15 pm
Arrive The Sejm.
(8:15 (EST)
*
ADDRESS JOINT SESSION OF PARLIAMENT
-Expanded Pool Coverage
Jammed
-Teleprompter
20min
Langellace
(trons.)
3:15 pm
Depart The Sejm en route Council of Ministers.
(Drive Time: 5 Minutes)
3:20 pm
Arrive Council of Ministers.
*
MEETING WITH PRIME MINISTER
-Photo Opportunity
4:00 pm
Depart Council of Ministers en route American
Embassy.
(Drive Time: 5 Minutes)
4:05 pm (B)
Arrive American Embassy.
*
AMERICAN COMMUNITY GREETING
*
Large Wallace
-Pool Coverage
Tacking paints
4:45 pm (B)
Depart American Embassy en route Parkowa Guest
House.
:
(Drive Time: 5 Minutes)
4:50 pm (B)
Arrive Parkowa Guest House.
AdMINISTRATIVE
(PRIVATE TIME: 2 HOURS 55 MINUTES)
7:45 pm (B) Depart Guest House en route Radziwill Palace.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
7:55 pm (B) Arrive Radziwill Palace.
*
STATE DINNER HOSTED BY GENERAL
*
McNally Simon
JARUZELSKI
-Pool Coverage
Toasts
-Official Party + (35)
5min.
-Business Suit
10:00 pm (B) Depart Radziwill Palace en route Guest House.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
10:10 pm (B) Arrive Guest House for RON.
Tuesday, July 11, 1989
9:40 am (B) Depart Parkowa Guest House en route Warsaw
Airport.
(Drive Time: 20 Minutes)
10:00 am (B)
Arrive Warsaw Airport.
10:10 am (B)
Depart Warsaw, Poland en route Gdansk, Poland.
(Flight Time: 1 Hour 15 Minutes)
(Time Change: None)
(Interchange: Yes)
DRAFT
6/14 11:00 am
Washington, DC
SCHEDULE OF THE PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH
FOR
GDANSK, POLAND
TUESDAY, JULY 11, 1989
8:00
Admin. TIME
11:25 am (B)
Arrive Gdansk Airport, Gdansk, Poland.
11:35 am (B) Depart Gdansk Airport en route Oliva Cathedral.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
11:45 am (B)
Arrive Oliva Cathedral.
*
MEETING WITH BISHOP GOCLOWSKI
-Photo Opportunity
12:35 pm (B) Depart Oliva Cathedral en route Walesa Residence.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
12:45 pm (B) Arrive Walesa Residence.
*
PRIVATE LUNCH WITH LECH WALESA
-Photo Opportunity
1:45 pm (B) Depart Walesa Residence en route Solidarity
Worker's Monument.
(Drive Time: 15 Minutes)
2:00 pm (B) Arrive Solidarity Worker's Monument. (slipgara gates)
*
WREATH LAYING CEREMONY
-Photo Opportunity
* McNally
*
ADDRESS
-Open Press
(10/10)
Simon
10min.
(ref. next stap)
2:35 pm (B)
Depart Solidarity Worker's Monument en route
Westerplatte.
(Drive Time: 25 Minutes)
3:00 pm (B) Arrive Westerplatte.
*
WREATH LAYING CEREMONY
-Pool Coverage
3:30 pm (B)
Depart Westerplatte via Boat en route Downtown
Dock.
(Cruise Time: 30 Minutes)
4:00 pm (B)
Arrive Downtown Dock.
*
OFFICIAL GREETING WITH GDANSK CITY
OFFICIALS
-Photo Opportunity
4:20 pm (B)
Depart Downtown Dock en route Gdansk Airport.
(Drive Time: 15 Minutes)
4:35 pm (B) Arrive Gdansk Airport.
*
DEPARTURE CEREMONY
Pool Coverage
-Statement X
Lange
Wallace
Very Buy
4:45 pm (B)
Depart Gdansk, Poland en route Budapest, Hungary.
(Flight Time: 2 Hours)
(Time Change: None)
(Interchange: Yes)
DRAFT
6/14 11:00 am
Washington, DC
SCHEDULE OF THE PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH
TO
HUNGARY
JULY 11 - - 13, 1989
6:45 pm (B) Arrive Budapest, Hungary.
6:55 pm (B) Depart Budapest Airport en route Kossuth Square.
(Drive Time: 20 Minutes)
7:15 pm (B) Arrive Kossuth Square.
*
REMARKS AT KOSSUTH MEMORIAL SQUARE
Smith
-Open Press 7.10mm. 1
*
Blessey
*
FORMAL ARRIVAL CEREMONY
-Open Press
7:50 pm (B) Depart Kossuth Square en route Parliament via
foot.
7:55 pm (B) Arrive Parliament.
mcGorday
*
STATE DINNER
Pool Coverage
- 5mm
-Brief Remarks/Toast
Dooley
-Business Suit
-Official Party
10:00 pm (B) Depart Parliament en route Guest House.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
10:10 pm (B)
Arrive Guest House for RON.
Wednesday, July 12, 1989
8:45 am
Depart Guest House en route Parliament.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
8:55 am
Arrive Parliament.
*
COURTESY CALL ON PRESIDENT STRAUB
(9:00 am - 9:10 am)
-One on One
-Photo Opportunity
*
BILATERAL MEETING WITH GENERAL
SECRETARY GROSZ (9:15 am - 10:05 am)
-Eight on Eight
-Photo Opportunity
*
BILATERAL MEETING WITH PRIME MINISTER
NEMETH (10:10 am - 11:00 am)
-Eight on Eight
-Photo Opportunity
11:05 am
Depart Parliament en route Guest House.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
11:15 am
Arrive Guest House.
Admin
(PRIVATE TIME: 1 HOUR)
12:15 pm
Depart Guest House en route Var, Old Prison on
Castle Hill.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
12:25 pm
Arrive Old Prison on Castle Hill.
*
INFORMAL DISCUSSION WITH STUDENTS
MKG
-Photo Opportunity
*
1:05 pm
Depart Old Prison en route Karl Marx University
of Economics.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
1:15 pm
Arrive Karl Marx University of Economics.
*
Davis
ADDRESS TO STUDENTS (TELEPROMPTER)
*
-Open Press
Martin
-Simultaneous Translation
20-25min.
2:00 pm
Depart Karl Marx University en route Ambassador's
Residence.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
2:10 pm
Arrive Ambassador's Residence.
*
MEETING WITH STATE MINISTERS POZSGAY
AND NYERS (2:15 pm - 3:00 pm)
-Photo Opportunity
*
MEETING WITH LEADERS OF NEW POLITICAL
PARTIES (3:15 pm - 4:00 pm)
-Photo Opportunity
4:10 pm
Depart Ambassador's Residence en route Guest
House.
(Drive Time: 5 Minutes)
4:15 pm
Arrive Guest House.
(PRIVATE TIME: 2 HOURS 30 MINUTES)
Freyn
OPTION: Tennis with Prime Minister and Secretary
?
Baker.
6:45 pm
Depart Guest House en route Ambassador's
Residence.
6:50 pm
Arrive Ambassador's Residence.
*
RECEPTION HOSTED BY PRESIDENT BUSH (non-gavemmental
(7:00 pm - 7:45 pm)
-Pool Coverage
8:00 pm
Depart Ambassador's Residence en route Guest
House.
(Drive Time: 5 Minutes)
8:05 pm
Arrive Guest House for RON.
Thursday, July 13, 1989
8:50 am
Depart Guest House en route Ambassador's
Residence.
(Drive Time: 5 Minutes)
8:55 am
Arrive Ambassador's Residence.
* T.P.
Smith Blessey
*
American community greeting
-Pool Coverage
9:30 am
Depart Ambassador's Residence en route Budapest
Airport.
(Drive Time: 15 Minutes)
5-7
9:45 am
Arrive Budapest Airport.
brief
Davis
*
BRIEF DEPARTURE CEREMONY
statement
*
-Open Press
10:00 martin am
Depart Budapest, Hungary en route Paris France.
(Flight Time: 2 Hours 20 Minutes)
(Time Change: None)
(Interchange: Yes)
DRAFT
Revised 6/14/89 11:00 am
Washington, DC
SCHEDULE OF THE PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH
FOR
PARIS, FRANCE
JULY 13 r 17, 1989
Thursday, July 13, 1989
12:00
Rights of mon Ceremony
12:35 pm
Arrive Orly Airport, Paris, France.
12:45 pm
Depart Orly Airport en route Palais
de L'Elysee
(Drive Time: 25 Minutes)
1:10 pm
Arrive Palais de L'Elysee.
*
BICENTENNIAL LUNCHEON HOSTED BY
PRESIDENT MITTERRAND
-Photo Opportunity
2:45 pm
Depart Palais de L'Elysee en route Paris American
Hospital.
(Drive Time: 15 Minutes)
3:00 pm (B) Arrive Paris American Hospital.
*
DEDICATION OF NEW HOSPITAL WING
-Pool Coverage
-Brief Remarks
3:45 pm
Depart Paris American Hospital en route Palais
de L'Elysee.
(Drive Time: 15 Minutes)
4:00 pm
Arrive Palais de L'Elysee.
*
BILATERAL MEETING WITH PRESIDENT
MITTERRAND
-Photo Opportunity
-Brief Arrival Ceremony
-One on One
4:30 pm
Depart Palais de L'Elysee en route Ambassador's
Residence.
(Drive Time: 5 Minutes)
4:35 pm
Arrive Ambassador's Residence.
(PRIVATE TIME: 2 HOURS 10 MINUTES)
6:45 pm (B)
Depart Ambassador's Residence en route Opera House
at La Bastille.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
6:55 pm (B) Arrive Opera House at La Bastille.
*
OPENING OF THE BASTILLE OPERA
-Photo Opportunity
KEY TO BASTILLE EXCHANGE CEREMONY
-Photo Opportunity
8:45 pm (B)
Depart Opera House at La Bastille en route Musee
d'Orsay.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
8:55 pm (B)
Arrive Musee d'Orsay
*
DINNER HOSTED BY PRESIDENT MITTERRAND
-Photo Opportunity
11:00 pm
Depart Musee d'Orsay en route Ambassador's
Residence.
11:30 pm
Arrive Ambassador's Residence for RON.
Friday, July 14, 1989
9:45 am
Depart Ambassador's Residence en route Place de la
Concorde.
9:50 am
Arrive Place de la Concorde.
*
VIEW BASTILLE DAY PARADE
-Open Press
11:45 am
Depart Place de la Concorde en route Ambassador's
Residence.
11:50 am
Arrive Ambassador's Residence for Private Time.
(PRIVATE TIME TIME: 1 HOUR)
12:50 pm (B) Depart Ambassador's Residence en route Ministry of
Foreign Affairs.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
1:00 pm (B) Arrive Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
*
GARDEN PARTY HOSTED BY PRESIDENT
MITTERRAND
-Press TBD
1:30 pm (B)
Depart Ministry of Foreign Affairs via Foot en
route Hotel de Lassay.
1:40 pm (B)
Arrive Hotel de Lassay.
*
BICENTENNIAL LUNCH HOSTED BY PRESIDENT
MITTERRAND
-Photo Opportunity
3:15 pm (B)
Depart Hotel de Lassay en route Ambassador's
Residence.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
3:25 pm (B)
Arrive Ambassador's Residence.
(PRIVATE TIME: 1 HOUR 15 MINUTES)
4:40 pm
Depart Ambassador's Residence en route Pyramide du
Louvre.
(Drive Time: 15 Minutes)
4:55 pm
Arrive Pyramide du Louvre.
*
OPENING SESSION OF THE 25TH SUMMIT
OF INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS
6:45 pm
Depart Pyramide du Louvre en route Ambassador's
Residence.
(Drive Time: 15 Minutes)
7:00 pm
Arrive Ambassador's Residence for Private Time.
(PRIVATE TIME: 1 HOUR 25 MINUTES)
8:25 pm
Depart Ambassador's Residence en route Hotel de la
Marine, Place de la Concorde,
(Drive Time: 5 Minutes)
8:30 pm
Arrive Hotel de la Marine.
*
WORKING DINNER HOSTED BY PRESIDENT
MITTERRAND
-Photo Opportunity
10:30 pm
Depart Hotel de la Marine, Place de la Concorde en
route Ambassador's Residence.
(Drive Time: 5 Minutes)
10:35 pm
Arrive Ambassador's Residence for RON.
Saturday, July 15, 1989
9:35 am
Depart Ambassador's Residence en route Arche de la
Defense.
(Drive Time: 15 Minutes)
9:50 am
Arrive Arche de la Defense.
*
RESTRICTED SESSION
(10:00 am - 10:15 am)
-Heads Only
-Photo Opportunity
*
PLENERY SESSION
(10:15 am - 12:30 pm)
-Heads/Ministers/Shirpas
-Photo Opportunity
*
WORKING LUNCHEON
(1:00 pm - 2:30 pm)
-Heads Only
-Photo Opportunity
*
PLENERY SESSION
(3:00 pm - 5:00 pm)
-Heads/Ministers/Shirpas
-Photo Opportunity
5:05 pm
Depart Arche de la Defense en route Ambassador's
Residence.
(Drive Time: 15 Minutes)
5:25 pm
Arrive Ambassador's Residence for Private Time.
(PRIVATE TIME: 45 MINUTES)
6:10 pm
Depart Ambassador's Residence en route Pyramide du
Louvre.
(Drive Time: 15 Minutes)
6:25 pm
Arrive Pyramide du Louvre.
*
INFORMAL WORKING SESSION
(6:30 pm - 7:30 pm)
-Heads Only
-Press TBD
*
DINNER HOSTED BY PRESIDENT
MITTERRAND
(8:00 pm - 9:45 pm)
-Heads Only
-Photo Opportunity
9:45 pm
Depart Pyramide du Louvre en route Ambassador's
Residence.
(Drive Time: : 15 Minutes)
10:00 pm
Arrive Ambassador's Residence for RON.
Sunday, July 16, 1989
8:30 am (B)
Depart Ambassador's Residence en route American
Cathedral of Paris.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
8:45 am (B)
Arrive American Cathedral of Paris.
*
CHURCH SERVICE
-Press TBD
9:30 am
Depart American Cathedral of Paris en route
Arche de la Defense.
9:45 am
Arrive Arche de la Defense.
*
PLENERY SESSION
(10:00 am - 12:30 pm)
-Photo Opportunity
-Heads/Ministers/Shirpas
*
WORKING LUNCHEON
(1:00 pm - 2:30 pm)
-Heads/Ministers of Foreign Affairs
*
PLENERY SESSION
(3:00 pm - 5:00 pm)
-Photo Opportunity
-Heads/Ministers/Shirpas
*
READING OF JOINT COMMUNIQUE
(5:20 pm - 5:45 pm)
-Pool Coverage
5:55 pm
Depart Arche de la Defense en route Meridian
Hotel.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
6:05 pm
Arrive Meridian Hotel.
*
PRESS CONFERENCE
6:50 pm
Depart Meridian Hotel en route Ambassador's
Residence.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
7:00 pm
Arrive Ambassador's Residence for Private Time.
(PRIVATE TIME: 50 MINUTES)
7:50 pm (B)
Depart Ambassador's Residence en route Palais
d'Elysee.
7:55 pm (B)
Arrive Palais d'Elysee.
*
DINNER HOSTED BY PRESIDENT MITTERRAND
-Photo Opportunity
-Black Tie
10:00 pm (B)
Depart Palais d'Elysee en route Ambassador's
Residence.
10:05 pm
Arrive Ambassador's Residence for RON.
Monday, July 17, 1989
McNally
*
AMERICAN COMMUNITY GREETING
*
Simon
(8:00 am 8:15 am)
-Pool Coverage
8:15 am (B)
Depart Ambassador's Residence en route
Orly Airport.
8:40 am (B)
Arrive Orly Airport and board Air Force One.
8:50 am (B)
Depart Paris, France en route Valkenberg NAS,
The Netherlands.
(Flying Time: 1 Hour 25 Minutes)
(Interchange: Yes)
(Time Change: None)
DRAFT
6/14/89 11:00 am
Washington, DC
SCHEDULE OF THE PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH
TO
THE NETHERLANDS
JULY 17 - - 18, 1989
10:15 am (B) Arrive Schipol Airport, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
*
ARRIVAL CEREMONY
-Open Press
stateme
10:30 am (B) Depart Schipol Airport en route Nordeinde
Palace, The Hague.
(Drive Time: 40 Minutes)
11:10 am (B) Arrive Nordeinde Palace.
*
OFFICIAL GREETING WITH QUEEN BEATRIX
-Photo Opportunity
11:40 am
Depart Nordeinde Palace en route Parliament.
(Drive Time: 5 Minutes)
11:45 am
Arrive Parliament.
*
EXPANDED BILATERAL MEETING WITH
PRIME MINISTER LUBBER'S
-Photo Opportunity
-Ten on Ten
12:45 pm
Depart Parliament en route Catshuis.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
12:55 pm
Arrive Catshuis.
*
WORKING LUNCHEON WITH PRIME MINISTER
LUBBER'S
-Photo Opportunity
-Ten on Ten
2:35 pm
Depart Catshuis en route The Pieterskerk, Leiden.
(Drive Time: 25 Minutes)
3:00 pm (B)
Arrive The Pieterskerk, Leiden.
*
ADDRESS TO RESIDENTS
Gueen
mcGroarty Dooley
-Open Press
-Teleprompter
(15-20)
*
*
TOUR PILGRIMFATHERS EXHIBITION
-Pool Coverage
WRAP REVIEW
VIP RECEPTION
-Closed Press
4:30 pm (B)
Depart The Pieterskerk, Leiden en route Nordeinde
Palace.
(Drive Time: 25 Minutes)
4:55 pm (B) Arrive Nordeinde Palace.
(PRIVATE TIME: 3 HOURS)
7:55 pm (B)
Participate in State Dinner.
McGroarty
*
RECEIVING LINE
-Pool Coverage
*
*
STATE DINNER
Dooley
Closed Press
must
-Informal Toasts
10:30 pm
Dinner Concludes.
RON
Tuesday, July 18, 1989
7:40 am
Depart Nordeinde Palace en route Ambassador's.
Residence.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
7:50 am
Arrive Ambassador's Residence.
*
MEETING WITH OPPOSITION LEADER KOK
(8:00 am - 8:30 am)
*
BREAKFAST WITH PARTY LEADERS AND FOREIGN
AFFAIRS COMMITTEE MEMBERS
(8:35 am - 9:35 am)
-Photo Opportunity
9:45 am
Depart Ambassador's Residence en route American
Embassy.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
9:55 am (B)
Arrive American Embassy.
*
AMERICAN COMMUNITY GREETING
Smith
Pool Coverage
Blessey
-Brief Remarks
TP
10:30 am (B)
Depart American Embassy en route Nordiende Palace.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
10:40 am (B) Arrive Nordeinde Palace.
*
DEPARTURE GREETING WITH QUEEN
BEATRIX
11:00 am (B) Depart Nordeinde Palace en route Schipol Airport.
(Drive Time: 40 Minutes)
11:40 am (B)
Arrive Schipol Airport.
*
DEPARTURE CEREMONY
-Pool Coverage
11:55 am (B)
Depart Amsterdam, Netherlands en route Andrews
Air Force Base.
(Flight Time: 8 Hours 10 Minutes)
(Time Change: Back 6 Hours)
(Interchange: Yes)
1:40 pm
Arrive Andrews Air Force Base.
*
ARRIVAL STATEMENT
-Open Press
McGroarty
Major Address
Doday
HISTDRY
Economics +
Integration of W.Europe
Comfort USSR related to Warsaw Pact
Condi- - Hungary contact
SummiT
World Debt
Environment
MEMO
Teleprompter
of
length
OFF THE RECORD
1
FOR YOUR INFORMATION ONLY
TRIP OF THE PRESIDENT
TO POLAND, HUNGARY, FRANCE AND THE NETHERLANDS
Report from the White House Pre-Advance
June 2 - June 11
Overview
President and Mrs. Bush will leave Andrews around 7 a.m. EDT on
Sunday, July 9, arriving Warsaw around 9:50 p.m. Local, or 3:50
p.m. EDT. (All European times on this trip are EDT + 6 hours.)
They will spend two nights in Warsaw, two nights in Budapest,
four nights in Paris and one night in the Netherlands, returning
to the United States on July 18. A last-minute revision of the
schedule during the pre-advance trip eliminated the need for a
refueling stop en route back from the Netherlands. Contrary to
earlier talk, Bush will return to Andrews from Europe and spend a
night or two back in Washington. then fly to Houston. In Poland
and hungary, where the obvious emphasis will be on further
political and economic liberalization in Eastern Europe, Bush
will follow an official schedule of meetings with government
o+ficials and formal dinners, as well as an unofficial schedule
put together by the U.S. side that will include meetings with
opposition and new political forces in both countries. In Paris,
events connected to the bicentehnial of the French Revolution
have been added to his schedule. as have bilaterais with
Mitterrand and possibly other leaders attending the Economic
Summit. what now looks like a 25-hour stop in the Netnerlands
will include appearances with Queen Beatrix, meetings with
political figures jockeying for oosition in advance of elections
in September, a state dinner and remarks to the American
community. NOTE: All times listed below are tentative and
quite subject to change. In many cases, specific coverage
arrangements (pool sizes, etc.) have yet to be negotiated with
host countries. COVERAGE NOTE: White House is promising to try to
integrate travel pools into as many coverage pools as possible to
avoid duplication. This looks like it will be more possible in
Poland, Hungary and The Netherlands than in Paris, due to the
Bicentennial/Summit. media crush, FILING NOTE: With the exception
of Warsaw, phones with international dialing capability should be
installed at all filing centers, event sites and pool nolding
rooms.
POLAND
In Poland, most of the official schedule will play out in Warsaw,
while the unofficial schedule is keyed to a lunch with Lech
Walesa and speech at the famous Solidarity monument located just
OFF THE RECORD
2
FOR YOUR INFORMATION ONLY
outside the gate to the Lenin Shipyard where Walesa worked as an
electrician and founded Solidarity in 1970. The official schedule
is complicated a bit by the lop-sided outcome of the recent
elections. which left Solidarity in a far stronger position than
expected and the communist party leadership largely repudiated,
even though the rules negotiated by the government and opposition
guaranteed the party and its supporters a certain level of
representation in the newly constituted Seim, or parliament.
Officials on both sides insist the events planned for the visit
will go on as planned, even though no one could be certain the
two chambers of the reconstituted parliament -- a new, 100-member
Senate and the 460-member Sejm, or lower chamber -- would.l be
legally filled by the time Bush speaks to a joint session on July
10. Prime Minister Mieczyslav Rakowski, who is scheduled to meet
with Bush, was among those party leaders rejected by the voters
on June 4 and it was not certain at the time of our visit whether
the necessary electoral gears will have turned in time for
Wojciech Jaruzelski, who has been head of state since November
1985. to hold the new title of president. In the June 4
elections, Solidarity won 160 of 161 allotted seats in the Seim
and 92 seats in the Senate. Runoff elections are set for June 18.
ACCOMMODATIONS:
The White House Filing Center will De in the main ballroom (Sala
Balowa) on the ground floor of the Victoria Intercontinental
Hotel, al. Krolewska 11, telephone 255-051. AT&T will install a
satellite system connecting with its operators in the U.S. for
clean data and voice transmission. Unfortunately, these onones
will be your only hope for getting calls back to the states. The
telephone svstem in Poland 15 dreadfully Inadequate and operator-
placed calis to the U.S. can take several hours. The traveling
white House press corps will be staying at A notel other than the
Victoria, which has been taken over for members OT the official
delegation and other staff. During our visit. a Holiday Inn was
to have opened slightly more than a haif-mile from the Victoria.
One other possibility for the press could De the Europejski.
which is located near the Victoria out lacks the modern
facilities of that hotel or the Holidav Inn. In any case. plan on
calling home only from the filing center. In Gdansk. the filing
center will be located in the main-floor ballroom of the Hevelius
Hotel. ul. Heweliusza 22. telephone 315-631. where AT&T will have
another satellite set-up (on a slightly more limited scale than
Warsaw) for communication back to the U.S. The Polish Zloty
exchanges at a rate of 4,000 to the U.S. dollar, making shopping
and eating real bargains if you find the right places.
Recommended among the restaurants in Warsaw (both in the Old Town
section) are Bazyliszek and Swietoszek. Electrical power is
220/240 V, requiring an adapter with twin round plugs.
OFF THE RECORD
W
FOR YOUR INFORMATION ONLY
THE SITES:
In 1987. Bush became the highest-ranking American official to
visit Poland since Jimmy Carter in 1977. This time, as in 1987.
his first major event will be a wreath-laying at the Tomb of the
Unknown Soldier in the Saxxon Gardens. just across the street
from the Victoria Hotel. Two soldiers wearing the four-cornered
military cap known as the "rogatyvka" guard the triple-colonade
memorial, an eternal flame honoring Polish military men who died
in World War II and a marble slab inscribed with the words "Here
lies the Polish soldier who gave his life for the Fatherland. A
second wreath-laying is planned at Umschlagplatz, an almost
unmarked memorial of marble walls at about the precise point
where Jews were loaded onto trains for transport to the Nazi
death camps. The memorial is relatively new, dedicated in April
1988 to coincide with the 45th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto
uprising. In Polish. on the wall: "Along this path of suffering
and death over 300,000 Jews were driven in 1942-1943 from the
Warsaw Ghetto to the gas chambers of the Nazi extermination
camps. The wall also is inscribed with the family names of some
of those taken off to the camps. On his Last visit. Bush laid a
wreath at the granite Monument to the Heroes of the Ghetto.
Official events in Warsaw will De held at: Belwedere Palace, the
home Of the last Polish king. where Jaruzelski receives official
guests; the residence of U.S. Ambassador John Davis, where Bush
met Walesa in 1987 and where this time he will have lunch with
selected members of the Seim either in a dining room or under a
tent in garden, with an appearance by Jaruzelski possiole.
depending on his official status ac the time: The Seim. where
Bush will speak to a joint session from a wood oodium in the
vostairs main chamber (now underooing a modest amount Of
renovation) press to be seated in the marble-columned gallerv:
the Council of Ministers, where Bush will meet with the orime
minister; the American Embassy, where Bush will have remarks to
members of the American community and embassy workers in a small
and most likely cramped basement assembly room: and Radziwill
Palace, these davs a somewhat plain and mustv remnant of Polish
royalty where Frederick Chopin is said to have played his first
concert. Bush will be staying at the Parkowa Guest House, No
official events are to held there.
Events in Gdansk will be held at: the twin-spired Basilica Minor
Olivienes, the "Cathedral Church in Oliva" known for its huge
7,896-pipe organ dating back to 1755. where Bush, to ensure he
touches base with all three major political forces in Poland.
will meet with Bishop Goclowski, in lieu of earlier plans to meet
in Warsaw with Cardinal Glemp, who will de out of the country at
the time of this visit (Culinary note: Polish sausage sandwiches
with pickles. consumed with surorising digestive impunity DV
OFF THE RECORD
4
FOR YOUR INFORMATION ONLY
several members of the ore-advance delegation, were available
from the vendor in the trailer across the road from the basilica
for about 5 cents); the Walesa residence, a large nouse on the
outskirts of Gdansk that Walesa recently purchased to accommodate
his office and family needs, complete with "Digital" satellite
dish and orchard in the back yard: the Solidarity Workers
Monument, one of the most famous sites in recent Polish history,
a tall metal sculpture rising to three crosses topped with
anchors in memory of the 76 shipyard workers killed in the
December 1980 riots. located in what is now known as Solidarity
Square, right outside the Lenin Shipyards. a huge facility that
Polish-born American heiress Barbara Johnson (of the Johnson &
Johnson fortune) has offered to rescue from a planned phase-out
by the Polish government: the Westerglatte Memorial, a tall
monument overlooking the Gdansk shipvards on one side and the
Baltic on the other, on land where the first shots of World War
II were fired. Unlike the other events in Gdansk, this will be
part of the official schedule for Poland and will see Jaruzelski
rejoin Bush for a ceremony honoring the defenders of Polish soil
who +ell during the month-long Nazi offensive of September-
October, 1939. The 100-foot-tall stone monument carries the names
of places where Polish soldiers tought in World War II.
THE SCHEDULE:
Sunday, July 9:
7:00 a.m.:
Bush departs Andrews AFB.
9:50 p.m.:
Arrival ceremony, remarks TBD. EXPANDED POOL.
10:10 0.0.1
Depart for Parkowa Guest House.
10:30 0.0.1
Arrive guest house. RON.
Monday, July 10:
8:35 a.m.:
Depart guest house for Tome OT unknown Soldier.
3:45 a.m.:
Wreath-laying at Tomb of Unknown Boldier, POOL.
9:10 a.m.:
Wreath-laying at Umschlagplatz. POOL.
9:30 a.m.:
Arrive Belwedere Palace. Inside POOL coverage of
welcoming handshake, POOL coverage at the start of a one-on-one
meeting in the Pompeian Room with two principals seated on a
couch. POOL moves to the Room of the works of the Council of
State for photo of expanded meeting around a long oval table.
11:30 a.m.:
Depart for Ambassador's Residence.
11:45 a.m.:
Luncheon with Senate leaders. POOL.
2:00 p.m.:
Depart for the Sejm.
2:15 p.m.:
Sceech to joint session of the Seim. Essentially
OPEN coverage,
with as many as 100 press seated in gallerv.
3:15 p.m.:
Depart for Council of Ministers.
5:20 p.m.:
Meeting with prime minister. POOL.
4:00 p.m.:
Depart for U.S. Embassy.
4:05 p.m.:
Greeting to American
community
and
embassy
workers. POOL.
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4:45 p.m.:
Depart for quest nouse,
4:50 p.m.:
Arrive guest house.
7:45 p.m.:
Depart for Radziwill Palace.
7:55 p.m.:
State dinner hosted by Jaruzelski. Guests seated
at horseshoe-shaped table. POOL coverage of toasts at top of
dinner, delivered with consecutive translation.
10:00 D.M.:
Depart for guest house.
10:10 p.m.:
Arrive guest house.
Tuesdav. July 11:
10:00 a.m.:
Airport departure ceremony.
10:10 a.m.:
Depart for Gdansk.
11:25 3.m.:
Arrive Gdansk.
11:45 a.m.: Arrive cathedral by motorcade for meeting with
bishop in upstairs residence adjacent to basilica (POOL), to be
followed by walk into cathedral for brief organ concert. POOL.
12:35 D.M.:
Depart for Walesa residence.
12:45 D.m.:
Arrive Walesa residence for lunch. POOL will be
brought in for photo of Bushes and Walesas sitting at wooden
dining table (bench seating) in small dining room. Could be
Followed by walk through garden.
1:55 D.M.:
Depart for Solidarity Workers Monument.
2:10 D.M.:
Wreath-laying and remarks (with Walesa) against
backdrop of monument base, Solidarity banner and shipyard gate.
OPEN.
2:45 0.m.:
Depart for Westerplatte.
3:10 D.M.: Arrive Westerplatte. greeted DV Jaruzeiski (POOL)
for walk up hill (possible pre-set FOCL) for wreath-laying
(separate pre-set POOL) with remarks TBD.
3:40 0.m.: Depart Westerplatte by boat. down canal past
shidyards into the center "Old Town section of the city. POOL to
follow. NOTE: The drive to Westerolatte, the ceremony there and
the best trip back are intended to free JP about one_hour after
the speech at the Solidarity Workers Monument. This could be
tight for some pecole. who should bear 10 mind the next
opportunity come only once at the hotel in Budapest.
4:10 D.M.:
Arrive downtown dock.
4:20 0.0.1
Depart by motorcade for airport.
4:45 p.m.:
Depart Gdansk for Budapest.
HUNGARY
Bush was the highest-ranking American official ever to visit
Hungary in 1983 and will reclaim that title as the first
president to travel there. As in Poland, the schedule will
include government-to-government as well as other meetings. with
political reform further along in Hungary. the visit may lack
some of the drama of the moment that Poland holds. At the same
time, the contrast to Poland may come as a start --- the streets.
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shops and sidewalk cates bustling, the parliament a marvel of
ornate architecture and the hotels equipped with the latest in
modern conveniences. For the record, most of the events and the
hotels for press and staff will be on the Pest side of the
Danube. The guest house, Ambassador's Residence and Old Prison on
are on the Buda side.
ACCOMMODATIONS:
The White House Filing Center will be in the first-floor lone up
from ground) ballroom of the Duna Intercontinental Hotel, Apaczai
Csere Janos utca 4, telephone 175-122, overlooking the Danube.
The hotel, where the traveling press coros also will be housed.
has color television with English channels in the rooms, indoor
pool, several bars or restaurants and direct-dial telephone. Room
rates were not known. though the nearby Atrium Hyatt, where the
pre-advance party stayed, went for about $100 a night. Although
USA Direct is available in Hungary (dial local number 171-499 to
connect, the quality of the service during our visit was awful.
As a result, AT&T satellite service will be available from the
filing center. If the bugs in USA Direct have not been
straightened out, direct-dial overseas service from the rooms
should be good (at least for voice) but extremely expensive. AC
power, again, is 220/240V requiring a two-prong adapter. The Duna
has hard-currency shops in the notel and an active shopping
district nearby. The local currency, the forint, goes for about
60 to the U.S. dollar. For the record. staff hotel is the Atrium-
Hyatt, minutes away from the Duna.
THE SITES:
The schedule begins with a formal arrival peremony in KOBSUTN
Square. named for freedom fighter Latos Kossuth. Leader of a
national government born of an explosion of unrest in the mid-
19th century. The square is remembered for the tanks positioned
and shots fired there during the uprising of 1956. There will be
remarks under the statue of Kossuth, then a walk to the other end
of the olaza (near the entrance to parliament) for troop review
and anthems. Bush will then proceed inside parliament. up a red-
carpeted stairway, to a state dinner in the Hunt Room with heavy
wood panel and stained glass windows on one side. Guests will be
seated at a long table down the center, with Bush and President
Bruno Ferenc Straub seated across from one another near the mid-
point. The next jay, Bush will return for three meetings at the
parliament: 15 minutes with Straub in the Munkacsy Room, named
for the artist whose huge painting spans almost the full length
of one wall; an 8-on-8 meeting with Straub. party leader Karoly
Grosz (replaced as head of government last fall) and other
government officials in the Nandorfehervar Room, with a view of
the Danube; and a 6-on-8 meeting with Prime Minister Miklos
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Nemeth and other officials in the Delegation Room. Bush will De
staying in a large. modern quest house facility on the Buda side
of the river. One of the main attractions Of Budapest is Castle
Hill, site of the former royal palace. The palace, an impressive
structure that overlooks the Danube from a mill on the Buda side.
was all but destroved during the seven-week siege of 1944-45 and
since has been rebuilt. Not far away is the Old Frison on Castle
Hill. The stone prison where Kossuth was held for three years 15
still there, but the grounds belong to the U.S. government as the
result of a swap for debt after World War II and the compound now
serves as home for the 10 Marines attached to the U.S. Embassy.
The grounds have a panoramic view of the Danube and the Budapest
cityscape. Against that background, Bush will meet with about 15
students, some vigorous opponents of the government. Afterward.
he will motorcade back across the river to Karl Marx University
of Economic Sciences, described by U.S. Ambassador Mark Palmer as
"the most radical university in the city, despite the name." The
university has exchanges with some 23 American schools and the
coposition movement in Hungary has drawn from its Law School
faculty. Bush will speak in the main hall on street level, with
nis remarks piped CO overflow crowds. Mark will not. however, be
looking over Bush's shoulcer as Lenin did with Reagan at Moscow
State. Instead. Bush will speak at the opposite end of the hall
from the statue of Marx. At the Ambassador's Residence. Bush will
meet first in the Piano Room with state ministers and a short
time later in the adjacent living room with members of new
colitical parties. That evening, he will return to host an
outside reception for a cross-section of the Hungarian community,
then will remain for a orivate ginner, The ampassador ≡
residence, by the way, was snatched up in the same post-war real
estate ceal 35 the Old Prison. For those in the 0001. the
Bulldog $ name LE Fredrica.
THE POSSIBLE SCHEDULE:
desday, July 11:
5:45 p.m.:
Arrive Budapest: depart for Kossuth Square.
7:05 p.m.:
Arrival ceremony in Kossuth Square. OFEN.
7:35 p.m.:
Proceed into parliament. PRE-SET POOL FOR WALK.
8:00 p.m.:
State dinner. POOL coverage of toasts at start.
10:00 p.m.:
Depart parliament for guest house.
10:10 p.m.:
Arrive guest house.
Wednesday, July 12:
8:50 a.m.:
Depart guest house for parliament.
9:00 a.m.:
Arrive parliament for three meetings (Straub.
Nemeth 6-on-8 and final expanded 8-on-8.) POOL.
11:00 a.m.:
Depart for quest house.
11:10 a.m.:
Arrive quest house for private time.
12:15 p.m.:
Depart quest house for Old Prison on Castle Hill
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12:25 p.m.:
Informal discussion with students at Old Prison.
POOL coverage of view of Budapest and start of discussion. No
coverage of actual discussion.
1:15 p.m.:
Arrive Karl Marx University for speech. OPEN.
2:00 p.m.:
Depart for Ambassador $ Residence.
2:15 p.m.:
45-minute with state ministers. POOL photo COD.
3:15 p.m.:
45-minute meeting with leaders of new political
parties. POOL photo opp.
4:10 p.m.:
Depart for guest house.
4:15 p.m.:
Arrive for 2 hours, 30 minutes private time. NOTE:
One option considered for this period was to have Bush and Baker
play tennis with the prime minister and foreign minister.
6:45 p.m.:
Depart for Ambassador's Residence.
6:50 p.m.:
Arrive for 45-minute reception (POOL) and private
dinner (CLOSED PRESS).
9:35 p.m.:
Depart for guest house.
9:40 p.m.:
Arrive guest house.
Thursday, July 13:
8:50 a.m.:
Depart guest house for Angassador 5 Residence.
8:55 a.m.:
Arrive for greeting to American community (POOL).
9:30 a.m.:
Depart for airport
9:45 a.m.:
Arrive for brief departure ceremony (OPEN).
10:00 a.m.:
Depart for Paris.
FRANCE
What mignt have been a simple trio to the annual Economic Summit
19 complicated in Paris by the fact chat Mitterrand descided to
schedule this small gathering of Western leaders at the same time
as celebrations of: (a) the bicentennial of the French Revolution
and (b) the centennial of the Statue of Liberty. Although Bush
was not to have formally attended the Bicentennial, lines OT
iistinction have become blurred. In addition to the summit. he is
now slated to attend several Bicentennial+related events. He also
will hold a bilateral with Mitterrand and could schedule similar
meetings with one or more other summit leaders. It might be Of
interest to some that the only substantive OPEN event now on the
schedule is a post-summit news conference on Bunday, July 16.
ACCOMMODATIONS:
The white House Filing Center will be in the downstairs (one
floor below lobby level) Renoir Room at the Meridien Hotel. 81 bd
Gouvion St-Cyr, telephone 4758-1230. This also will be the press
hotel, with overflow at the Concorde just across the street. Both
are modern hotels with shops, 24-hour room service, etc.. located
past the Arche de Triomphe as one moves from the center city out
to La Defense, the site of the summit talks. Needless to say, no
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one with time on his or her hands should go hungry in this
neighborhood. Rooms at the Meridien have been going for 1.550
francs (about $235 at recent exchange rates) a night. though that
certainly could go higher around Bastille Dav. Telephone service
in the filing center will be through USA Direct. Although the
pre-advance party stayed at a different hotel. Ellis Kitchen of
AT&T advises that data
transmission should be possible from sleeping rooms (with the
suitable coupling device) through USA Direct. which is accessed
locally by calling 19, waiting for a second dial tone, then
dialing 0011. Power is 220V requiring dual-prong adapter. In
addition to the filing center at the hotel. work space for the
U.S. press has been reserved at Arche de La Defense, where the
formal summit sessions will be held and where the international
filing center will be located. However. we have been assured that
facility will be considered only as a back-up and that any
official briefings by the U.S. delegation will take place at the
hotel, eliminating the need to be in two places at once.
THE SITES:
Appropriately enough, Bush begins at the historic Palais de
L'Elysee with a Bicentennial luncheon hosted by Mitterrand. From
the ceremonial surroundings of the balace. he goes to the
American Hospital of Paris, founded in 1910. for the dedication
of a new wing that, like most everything else on the schedule in
Paris, was still very much under constrcution at the time of our
visit. Bush will stress cooperation in medical treatment in
remarks to almost 200 people (construction schedules permitting)
in the new amphitheater of the wing, which will contain a
library, equipment to communicate with hospitals in the U.S. and
elsewhere and parking. That night (Thursday) Busn will attend a
90-minute performance at the new Bastille Opera House. a piece of
architectural avant-garde located on Bastille Square near the
site where the Bastille prison was pulled down on July 14. 1739.
Before the performance, the heads of delegation (the seven neads
of government and the president of the EC) will gather for
dedication of a plaque. Immediately afterward, Bush will present
Mitterrand the key to the Bastille. which has been in U.S. hands
since Lafayette gave it to George Washington. In reality. the
hand-off will be only a loan. The Mount Vernon Ladies Association
of the Union loaned the key to the government for the occasion.
From the opera, the summit leaders will head to the Musee Orsay
(Drsay Museum) for a black-tie dinner. Located on the left bank
of the Seine, the museum was once an imposing railway station and
hotel, abandoned in 1939 and declared a national monument in 1973
by President Georges Pompidou. who ordered it turned into a
display of the art from Naooleon III's Second Empire to the
beginnings of Cubism, in effect a link between the older art of
the Louvre and the moderism of the Centre Georges Pompidou. More
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than 4,000 works are disolayed there. There will be a reception
in the main hall, then dinner upstairs for about 80 (including
heads of delegations and spouses) in La Salle des Fetes.
The bicentennial events continue Friday, July 14. with the
Bastille Day Parade, which Bush and other foreign leaders will
watch from a viewing stand on the Place de la Concorde, which was
designed before the revolution and dedicated to Louis XV, a
statue of whom graced the center of the area. The statue was torn
down during the revolution and in its place a guillotine erected,
which took care of Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette and others. The
viewing stand will be erected under the Egyptian Obelisk from the
temple of Luxor, given to France in 1931. A press stand was being
built across the street. After the parade, Bush will attend a
garden party and lunch hosted by Mitterrand at the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and adjacent Hotel de Lassay, the residence of
the chairman of the National Assembly. So ends the Bicentennial
portion of the schedule.
The 25th Summit of Inoustrialized Nations gets under way late
that afternoon (Fridav) with ceremonial arrivais and an opening
session at the Pyramide du Louvre, the I.M. Pei-designed (and
controversial) glass pyramid its base a 125-foot X 125-foot
square -- now used as the main entrance to the displays and
walkways that provided new and badly needed space for the 196-
vear-old museum in the only place available: under the Cour
Napoleon. or Napoleon Countyard. The summit leaders will pose for
a group ohoto outside the large main pyramid. which along with
two smaller pyramids covers a large undercround area where the
leaders will then proceed down a soiral stairtase to the Napoleon
Locov and on to a room known as the rotunda to sit down to
business at a circular table. That night, the summit leaders
dather for dinner at Hotel de la Marine. the Ministry of the
Navy. for dinner. They will dine in a second-ilcor room that with
a balcony that looks out onto Place de la Concorde. And at some
point, the leaders are expected to walk out onto the balcony and
view the final Bicentennial gala from behind culletproof glass.
On Saturday, the formal summit talks open in a 35th-floor
conference room in Arche de La Defense, an arch-shaped office
building at the center of a huge new development about 4
kilometers from the Place de la Concorde. The leaders will meet
on the top floor, between the two sides of the arch, in a room
that was nothing but concrete. steel and ductwork when last
visited but was supposed to be decorated with artwork and made to
lead out to steps that would take the leaders to a spot offering
an expansive view of Paris. That night, back to the Louvre for
dinner in a foyer known as Pyramdon, located under one of the two
smaller pyramids on the mezzanine level of the Pyramide du
Louvre. The dinner is expected to be followed by a tour of the
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ancient walls of Paris, the 12th-century stone walls uncovered
during excavation for construction of the pyramid complex.
On Sunday, the Bushes will attend services at the American
Cathedral of Paris, headquarters of the Convocation of American
Episcopal (Anglican) Churches in Europe, at 23 Av. George V. The
Rev. James R. Leo is dean of the church. The Bushes are expected
to arrive through a side entrance and will sit in a front pew for
the 30- to 45-minute service. After that: more summit talks at
Arche de La Defense, reading of the joint communique at the arch
by Mitterrand, Bush news conference at the Meridien and a final
black-tie dinner of summit leaders at Elysee Palace.
THE SCHEDULE:
Thursday, July 13:
12:35 p.m.:
Arrive Orly Airport.
12:45 p.m.:
Depart for Elvsee Palace.
1:10 p.m.:
Bicentennial luncheon. POOL.
3:00 p.m.:
Arrive American Hospital of Paris for remarks at
dedication of new wing (OPEN) and possible visit with patient(s)
(POOL).
4:00 p.m.: Arrive Elvsee Palace for meeting with Mitterrand.
Arrival and POOL photo opp.
4:30 D.M.:
Depart for Ambassador's Residence for 2 hours. 10
minutes private time.
6:45 p.m.:
Depart for Bastilie Opera House.
6:55 p.m.:
Arrive to be met by minister of culture; escorted
upstairs to dedication/plaque ceremony (POOL) and key to Bastille
exchange ceremony (POOL) before proceeding to performance.
8:45 p.m.:
Depart for Musee "Oreav.
3:55 D.M.: Arrive for black-tie dinner. PRE-SET POOL or
platform for outdoor arrival. Inside POOL photo opo. Remarks only
by Mitterrand.
11:00 p.m.:
Depart for Ambassador's $ Residence.
11:30 p.m.:
Arrive Ambassador S Residence.
Friday, July 14:
9:45 a.m.:
Depart residence for Place de la Concorde.
9:50 a.m.:
Arrive for Bastille Day Parade. Possible POOL near
reviewing stand.
11:45 a.m.: Depart for Ambassador 5 Residence for 60 minutes
private time.
1:00 p.m.: Arrive Ministry of Foreign Affairs for garden
party/reception. Coverage TBD.
1:30 p.m.:
Walk with Mitterrand to Hotel de Lassay.
1:40 p.m.:
Arrive Hotel de Lassay (through tented walkway)
for luncheon. POOL of arrival walk-up.
3:15 p.m.:
Depart for Ambassador's Residence for 75 minutes
private time.
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4:40 p.m.:
Depart for Pyramide du Louvre.
4:55 p.m.:
Arrive to honors, group photo. PRE-SET POOL from
camera platform lining arrival path after Bush arrives last.
Inside PRE-SET POOL for walk down into main hallway. POOL in
three waves at top of meeting in the rotunda for opening session.
6:45 p.m.:
Depart for Ambassador's Residence for 85 minutes
private time.
8:25 p.m.:
Depart for Hotel de la Marine.
8:30 p.m.:
Arrive for reception in Diplomatique room and
dinner in Des Amiraux. POOL photo opp at top of dinner.
10:35 p.m.:
Arrive back Ambassador's Residence.
Saturday, July 15:
9:35 a.m.:
Depart residence for Arche de la Defense.
9:50 a.m.:
Arrive for restricted session, plenary session,
working luncheon and olenary session. No coverage.
5:05 p.m.:
Depart for Ambassador's Residence for 45 minutes
private time.
6:10 D.M.:
Depart for Pvramide du Louvre.
6:25 p.m.:
Arrive (PRE-SET POOL) for dinner. POOL coverage of
walk upstairs from informal working session. POOL coverage of top
of dinner.
9:45 p.m.:
Depart Louvre for Ambassador's Residence.
10:00 p.m.:
Arrive residence.
Sundav, July 16:
8:30 a.m.:
Depart residence for American Catnedral.
8:45 a.m.:
Arrive for Sundav services. Possible no coverage.
9:30 a.m.:
Depart for Arche de Le Defense.
10:00 a.m.:
Meeting with heads/ministers/sherpas. POOL.
1:00 D.M.:
Working luncheon. NO coverage.
3:00 p.m.:
Plenary session. POOL.
5:20 p.m.:
Reading of communique by Mitterrand. POOL.
5:55 p.m.:
Depart for Meridien Hotel.
6:05 p.m.:
Arrive for news conference. OPEN.
6:50 p.m.:
Depart for Ambassador's Residence for 50 minutes
orivate time.
7:50 p.m.:
Depart residence for Elysee Falace,
7:55 0.m.:
Arrive for black-tie dinner. POOL.
10:00 p.m.:
Depart for Ambassador's Residence.
10:05 p.m.:
Arrive residence.
Monday, July 17:
8:35 a.m.:
Depart residence for Orly Airport,
9:05 a.m.:
Depart for
The Netherlands.
THE NETHERLANDS
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As now configured, this will be a mere 25-hour stop, taking place
slightly more than two months after the collapse of the center-
right coalition government headed by Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers.
who will be under challenge in September elections. The schedule
has been compressed some from its original form and could be
revised even further as the trip approaches.
ACCOMMODATIONS:
The White House Filing Center will be in the Europa Hotel at
Zwolsestraat 2. 2587 VJ in The Hague/Scheveningen, telephone 070-
512651, telex 33138, fax 070-506473. Scheveningen is a resort
town on the North Sea coast that blends into The Hague at the
edges. The hotel 15 100 meters from a snop- and cafe-lined
boardwalk and beach and across the street from a large indoor
shopping complex. Overflow press not accommodated in the 174-
room Europa will be housed nearby at the Carlton Beach. The
Europa went for about $75 a night during the pre-advance, though
at a special embassy rate. The Kurhuis, a comolex that includes a
hotel. restaurants and a casino. is next door and is where the
official delegation and staff will stav. There is an excellent
Indonesian restaurant, the Ramed Mas, in this area, as well as a
number of grill rooms along the boardwalk. For those who crave
something closer to home (in spirit if not actual taste). there
is a Tex-Mex place next door to the Indonesian place. for which
not a single member of the pre-advance team could vouch. The
Europa also boasts "real American" dishes at its own New Orleans
Ribhouse, though a Louisiana-born foreign servuce officer who has
dined there seemed to believe New Orleans had had its name taken
in vain. AT&T service at the filing center will De through USA
Direct. Standard USA Direct service in available over hotel
ohones (dial 06. wait for second dial tone and then key in 122-
9111) and offered clear and quick voice communication during our
stay, but balked at data transmission. Ellis Nitchen of AT&T 8310
this technical matter would be pursued and hopefully corrected.
Again, that should affect only filing from the room and not from
the filing center. AC is 220/240 V requiring standard сно-рлола
adapter. The currency is the guilder, convertable at just more
than 2-to-1 for U.S. dollars.
THE SITES:
Bush will arrive at Schiphol Airport, the main airport
serving
Amsterdam, where he will be met by Queen
Beatrix and Prince Claus. Beatrix is the titular head Of state
and succeeded to the throne in April 1980 on abdication of her
mother. Queen Juliana. She delivers an annual statement of
government policy from a raised throne in Ridderzaal, a high-
ceilinged room in the parliament building where the counts of
Holland once met. The motto on the throne: "Je Mainiendri'
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will maintain. After a 20-minute drive through the Duton
countryside, along the main highway between The Haque and
Amsterdam, Bush will go into a round of official meetings with
Lubbers and other government leaders. On arrival at parliament.
which comprises the First and Second chambers. Bush will proceed
to the second-floor Treveszaal, or Truce Room, the site OT talks
that led to a temporary halt to hostilities in the 80-year war
(1568-1648) for independence from Spain and the room the Cabinet
now meets every Fridav, for a 10-on-10 meeting. His next stop is
Catshuis, the official residence of the prime minister, a large
white country house with dark green trim, fronted by a pond with
ducks and swans, for a working lunch at a long table in the
Garden Room, which is used for Cabinet meetings in the summer and
opens out to a patio and large garden/backyard. The house, by the
way. is named for Jacob Cats, a Dutch lawyer, Doet and writer who
built the original house on that site in the 17th century.
Weather permitting, Bush and Lubbers will step out to the garden
before the lunch for a photo. After lunch, Bush will motorcade
25-30 minutes to the town of Leiden for the only OPEN event of
his stay in The Netherlands: a speech on shared values and
American-European ties at The Pieterskerk. the Church of St.
Peter, a huge cathedral built around 1500 that rises some 95 feet
in the main vault. Leiden was chosen for its historical value:
the Pilgrims, driven +rom England DY religious dissent, resided
there for 11 years before their voyage to America in 1620. A
Pilgrim Fathers Documents Center remains 10 Leiden and Bush 15
expected to be taken on a private tour of Pilgrim records and
other artitacts after delivering his speech from a podium at the
west wall. under the nuge pipe organ first butlt shound 1550 and
reconstructed 90 years later. Alternate site: the opposite side.
with his back to the choirscreen and east window. Beatrix.
Lubbers, members of the American community and Council of
Ministers and other official quests are excected to be on hand in
an audience that could number as many as 1,500. That night, Bush
will attend a state dinner at Nordeinde Palace. the Daie vellow.
recently renovated "working palace" used for government offices
and official functions. Up a white marble staircase (CNN's IS Wendy
Walker, immortalized in the last pre-advance report and still
pleasant after all these years, notes the ceiling is done in the
same artistic fashion as the one in her bedroom). the Bushes will
pose with Beatrix and Claus in the Balcony Room for a photo, then
will move into the ballroom for dinner at one long main table and
five connecting tables. The queen is expected to have a toast at
the top, though there was some question as to whether coverage
would be permitted. The final events in The Hague will occur at
the ambassador's residence, along diplomatic row, where the
artwork on the walls includes a collection of four Andy Warhol
prints of none other than Queen Beatrix. Portraits of John Adams
and John Qunicy Adams hand there as well. noting the fact that
both served as ambassadors to The Netherlands (John Adams
OFF THE RECORD
15
FOR YOUR INFORMATION ONLY
assignment there in 1782 was the first of a U.S. ambassador
anywhere in the world) and presidents. There will be back-to-back
meetings, first in the Blue Room and then in the Green Room, with
members of Lubbers' opposition and other members of the First and
Second chambers. If the logistics can be worked out, Bush will
address members of the American community and embassy staff in
the backyard. If not, that event (the last one before heading to
the airport) will be held in a small courtyard at the embassy.
THE SCHEDULE:
Monday, July 17:
10:30 a.m.:
Arrive Schiphol
-
POOL of arrival ceremony.
10:45 a.m.:
Depart for The Haque
11:55 a.m.:
Arrive parliament for Treaty Room meeting. POOL.
12:50 p.m.:
Depart for Catshuis
12:55 p.m.:
Arrive for working lunch. EXPANDED POOL.
2:35 p.m.:
Depart for The Pieterskerk, Leiden.
3:00 p.m.:
Arrive for speech. OPEN.
4:00 p.m.:
Depart for Nordeinde Palace.
4:25 p.m.:
Arrive for B hours, 30 minutes private time.
7:55 p.m.:
State dinner. POOL photo.
Tuesday. July 18:
7:35 a.m.:
Depart palace for Ambassador's Residence.
7:45 a.m.:
Arrive for one-on-one (POOL) and breakfast with
political leaders and parliament members POOL).
7:77 a.m.: American community greeting. POOL.
Bush should arrive at Schiphol Airport (outside Amstergam) in
time for a brief departure ceremony (with Beatrix present) and an
11:30 a.m. departure, which would place him DRCK at Andrews
around 2 p.m. EDT.
Norm Sandler/UPI
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10TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 The New York Times Company;
The New York Times
April 16, 1989, Sunday, Late City Final Edition
SECTION: Section 4; Page 3, Column 1; Week in Review Desk
LENGTH: 981 words
HEADLINE: THE WORLD;
There's a Demand for Instruction in Democracy
BYLINE: By JAMES M. MARKHAM
DATELINE: PARIS
BODY:
CAN Hungary in the 1990's pull off what Spain did in the 1970's:
peacefully transform a one-party dictatorship into a parliamentary democracy?
During a visit to Madrid last November, the Hungarian Communist leader, Karoly
Grosz, intensely quizzed Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez about the secrets of the
Spanish democratic success story. Since then, curious Hungarian officials have
been shuttling to the Spanish capital to learn more, and last week a Spanish
delegation was in Budapest, discreetly proffering advice.
At a time when bankrupt dictatorships are seeking exits from impasses of
their own creation, would-be reformers are pondering historical models that
might ease the transitions to more open societies. In Warsaw, Adam Michnik, an
architect of the newly legalized Solidarity movement, says that Poland has three
choices: descend into anarchy; resort to a more demagogic dictatorship with
empty populist slogans, which he calls the Iranian style, or become like
Spain, 'with both sides realizing that the only solution consists in a
process leading to democracy.'
The search for democracy blueprints is not limited to Europe. In Tunisia, the
Government of President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali has made tentative plans for a
conference of specialists from countries as varied as Spain, Hungary, Mexico
and the Philippines to compare experiences and draw practical lessons.
In China, Communist theoreticians are studying Malaysia, Thailand and Japan
for clues to building what they sometimes call ''a democracy with Asian
characteristics. But Cyril Lin, an authority on East Asia who teaches at
Oxford, suggests that the leaders of China, which lacks democratic traditions,
merely want ''a transition from a totalitarian to an authoritarian system.
Outside Asia, the Spanish model remains the most compelling one, and not only
for Latin American nations like Argentina or Mexico that were once Spanish
colonies. After the violent failure of heroic rebellions and upheavals in East
Germany in 1953, Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, Eastern European
innovators see Spain's gradualist transition to full democracy as an
alternative to bold but doomed leaps to freedom.
Comparisons across Europe's ideological divide are hazardous, since it is not
clear that reform-minded Communists like Mr. Grosz want to run the high risks of
introducing a free-wheeling parliamentary system. And when Spain began its
PAGE
3
(c) 1989 The New York Times, April 16, 1989
march to democracy, it had the backing of democratic neighbors, who promised it
and Portugal membership in the European Community. Poland and Hungary, by
contrast, are in the Warsaw Pact and have Communist neighbors like East Germany
and Czechoslovakia whose rulers are profoundly hostile to the direction they are
taking.
Troubled Economies
In addition, Spain in 1975 was relatively prosperous, with a capitalist
economy and a broad middle class. Poland is an economic basket case, and
Hungary, while better off, is also saddled with debt and a Communist command
economy not yet transformed by new market mechanisms.
In Poland and Hungary, moreover, innovators feel that democratic
institutions must be put in place rapidly in case Mikhail S. Gorbachev's reforms
in the Soviet Union are defeated, or fail.
Spain moved briskly to democracy: Only 19 months after Franco died in
1975 the country had its first free parliamentary elections. In 1982, the
Socialists, whom Franco defeated in the Spanish Civil War, swept to power in a
landslide.
Mr. Walesa's chances look less promising than those of Mr. Gonzalez in 1977.
Elections to a two-chamber parliament will be held in June in Poland, but
Communist candidates will be guaranteed 38 percent of the seats in the lower
house. A powerful new office of president, chosen by Parliament, has been
created as a counterbalance to the new influence offered to the non-Communist
opposition. In Hungary, where the opposition is much weaker, the Communists
will retain a built-in majority in elections to be held next year.
Franco's single party, the Falange, collapsed once Spaniards were given the
vote. This must give Communist leaders like Mr. Grosz pause when they
contemplate truly free elections. On the other hand, Spain's first
democratically elected Prime Minister, Adolfo Suarez, emerged from the Falange,
and today he heads a centrist party that will probably form a coalition with the
Socialists after next year's elections.
Paul Preston, a British expert on the Spanish transition, said one of its
lessons was that ''the longer a dictatorship has lasted and the nastier it is
the more likely it is that the opposition will relinquish its demands for
revenge. He added, ' ' Any improvement is worth going for, and you get the kind
of broad consensus that was the key in Spain.
Raul Morodo, a Spanish politician and author, was more blunt. ''The key
factor in the transition was fear, and fear produced the consensus,'' he said.
Spaniards feared a return to the anarchic bloodletting of the civil war; they
were determined not to let it happen again. King Juan Carlos feared the
anti-monarchist sentiments among the newly legalized Socialists. The military
feared a purge, and the left feared the military. By turning its back on old
scores, and on its own blood-stained history, Spain achieved the transition.
Similar fears are alive in Eastern Europe now. ' ' When you in the West think
of the 1956 Hungarian revolution, you think of brave Hungarians battling Russian
tanks, said an East German Communist in a moment of candor. 'We think of
Communists being strung up from the lamp posts.
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(c) 1989 The New York Times, April 16, 1989
Yet Eastern Europe is creating transition models of its own. ''The Polish
model?'' laughed Eugeniusz Smolar, head of the British Broadcasting
Corporation's Polish section. ''It's that you can strangle the Government and
prove to the Communists that they are not able to govern without you.''
GRAPHIC: Inaugurating democracy: King Juan Carlos of Spain congratulating
Felipe Gonzalez after he was sworn in as Prime Minister in 1982 (United Press
International)
SUBJECT: HUNGARY -INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS- SPAIN
NAME: MARKHAM, JAMES M
GEOGRAPHIC: HUNGARY; SPAIN
diplomats But in Paris, although lauu-
U.S.
and
WP
ing the elections and the increase in
and
Who
tices in many countries.
A28 WEDNESDAY, JUNE 14, 1989
free speech in the Soviet Union,
Romania Sealing Border
R
Poland and Hungary, have urged
It will also gauge the success of
to
ma
BUDAPEST-Romania is stringing barbed
in a
wire and digging antivehicular ditches along its
Hungarians to Honor Havel
U.
border with Hungary in what observers inter-
Sharp Opposition Rhetoric
Unio
pret as a move to stem the flow of defections.
rights
serving four months for supporting
The official Hungarian news agency MTI
The Associated Press
opposition rallies. At the time he
comp
quoted border guards as saying that a seven-
Opens Talks on Hungary Vote
BUDAPEST - A cultural cen-
was sentenced, thousands of Hun-
many
foot fence has been erected along 90 percent
ter will stage a literary evening on
Tuesday featuring excerpts from
garian students staged a protest in
ping
have &
of the border.
By Imre Karacs
men, now officially described as
works by Vaclav Havel, the
Voeroesmarty Square, in down-
exit ai
Several thousand Romanians of Hungarian
Special to The Washington Post
"martyrs" and "victims of a political
Czechoslovak playwright who is
town Budapest.
The press agency said the literary
many
descent have fled across the border in recent
banned in his native country, the
months claiming that they were being perse-
BUDAPEST, June 13-Ignoring
show trial," will be attended by gov-
evening was being jointly spon-
"If
ernment officials.
state press agency MTI reported
sored by the Association of Hun-
cuted by Romanian authorities.
pleas for a gentle start in talks with
wher
The result of the defeat of the
Monday. Earlier this year, Hungarian
garian Writers, Hungarian radio
their
the ruling Communist Party and an
uprising was an "uncompetitive
and the Kossuth Club. It will fea-
Abr:
newspapers sharply criticized the
ture works by Mr. Havel that have
GI Pleads Guilty to Spy Charge
assortment of Communist-led or-
economy, an impotent society, mass
jailing of Mr. Havel, who was re-
N
not yet appeared in Hungarian.
FULDA, West Germany-A U.S. service-
ganizations, Hungary's opposition
poverty and demoralization", Konya
cently released from prison after
cize
coalition used its first live appear-
man who was once described as a model sol-
said. "The crisis is the crisis of the
ma'
ance on prime-time television to
system. It cannot be resolved with-
ob
launch a scathing attack on the "dic-
in the present structure of power."
cel
tatorship" of the past 40 years.
fr
Seizing communist terminology,
The opening round of talks,
Konya said "people's power" would
aimed at establishing ground rules
have to be recovered by free elec-
for the first multiparty elections
tions. "Power is based on people's
since the Communists consolidated
sovereignty," Konya said. "The peo-
power in 1948, ended today in Bu-
ple's will must be expressed at
dapest's parliament building. The
open-ended, free elections."
parliamentary elections are due no
Mindful of recent events in Chi-
later than mid-1990.
na, the opposition is eager to force
"The tasks of three unfulfilled
the party to relinquish its grip over
Photo Copy Preservation
Hungarian revolutions will now
the security apparatus. "The armed
have to be carried out by peaceful
forces must not be said to solve po-
means," said Imre Konya, the
litical conflicts under any pretext,"
spokesman of the Opposition Round
Konya said. He called for the dis-
Table, as the coalition calls itself.
bandment or strict control of the
"On June 16, our nation remembers
country's various security forces.
the most recent heroic event. The
"Only this way can the fear living in
revolution of 1956 was crushed by
people be loosened. Only this way
the Soviet army,"
can the silenced-not silent-ma-
On Friday, June 16, Hungary will
jority become a community of po-
re-inter Imre Nagy, the prime min-
litically active citizens."
ister executed after the anti-Soviet
uprising, and four of his closest col-
leagues. The funeral of the five
I
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5
16TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 The New York Times Company;
The New York Times
January 23, 1989, Monday, Late City Final Edition
SECTION: Section A; Page 1, Column 4; Foreign Desk
LENGTH: 1646 words
HEADLINE: VOICES OF THE PARTY FAITHFUL: SEARCHING FOR A PATH IN A NEW ERA;
Across a Divided Europe, An Ideology Under Siege
SERIES: COMMUNISM NOW: WHAT IS IT? - In the Words of the Faithful - Second of
three reports
BYLINE: By JAMES M. MARKHAM, Special to the New York Times
DATELINE: PARIS, Jan. 22
BODY:
For a diminishing band of Communist believers in Europe, Mikhail S. Gorbachev
- a riveting prophet, a Russian Jeremiah - holds out the promise of revitalizing
a decaying system of belief. But the scattered Communist faithful no longer
share a single set of beliefs.
On both sides of Europe's ideological divide, Communists still share a dogged
faith in the future. When confronted with the desolate catalogue of repression
and penury that has flowed from the Bolshevik Revolution over the last seven
decades, the convinced Communist in Prague or Paris counters that it will all be
redeemed by a happier tomorrow.
European Communists cultivate the comforting long view, the ability to see
the bewildering twists and turns of history not as capricious riddles but as
elements of a larger and ultimately benevolent design.
They will recall that 19th-century capitalism was a brutal affair, enriching
and enfranchising a few, exploiting many others, and that if capitalism turned
more benign this century it was out of the need to compete with Communism's
aspirations. The capitalist West is often seen as rich and dynamic, but unjust
and decadent, too.
But Mr. Gorbachev would seem to mark the end of the conviction that Communism
will triumph through cataclysmic upheaval. Rather, the historical race between
capitalism and Communism has been given an open-ended extension; for many, the
goal is nowhere as important as the route taken.
Many Roads, Many Views
The routes have become confoundingly numerous. Correspondents of The New York
Times interviewed 20 Communists throughout Europe, East and West. From the
voices in the interviews, it is hard to tell what an Italian Communist, hardly
distinguishable in ideology and impulses from a Scandinavian Social Democrat,
has in common with an East German who warns direly that parliamentary democracy
could lead to civil war. [Eleven voices, pages A10-A11.] Innovators in countries
like Hungary are trying to disentangle themselves from the dead weight of
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(c) 1989 The New York Times, January 23, 1989
Stalinism and are flirting with political pluralism, while in Rumania,
ideologists sing the praises of a capricious monarch-dictator. In Yugoslavia, a
disillusioned Slovenian Communist suggests that Sweden might as well be
considered a Communist state, since ''Communism''' has virtu-ally no meaning any
more.
The idea of distinctly national roads to Communism has been accentuated since
Mr. Gorbachev took over in 1985. There is no universally accepted ideological
canon anymore. - although the young Karl Marx and the Italian Antonio Gramsci are
studied by Communists seeking democratic roots in their own movements.
So as Mr. Gorbachey borrows some of the central elements of ''bourgeois
democracy'' - market mechanisms and, at least in limited form, parliamentary
representation -he would seem to be flirting with heresy. Yet many of the
Communists interviewed said they thought he had taken a bold and long overdue
turn on the dialectical highway.
Disruptive but Invigorating
This verdict is far from unanimous. Hard-line Communists in East Germany or
Rumania see their positions threatened by the Gorbachev experiment. Western
European Communists like Georges Marchais, the French party chief, don't want
too much glasnost shining on their tightly run bureaucracies.
East and West, Mr. Gorbachev is a disruptive, if invigorating, influence.
Izvestia, the official Government newspaper, has criticized the French
Communists for being too stodgy, and in Portugal and West Germany, party
dissidents have challenged leaders, hoisting the banner of Gorbachevism.
Jiri Hajek, who was in Alexander Dubcek's Prague Spring Cabinet in 1968, said
he still believed in socialism's dreams of security and rights for all, despite
Stalin and Stalin's successors. Asked if he was still a Marxist, he answered:
''For me, Marxism is what Newton's physics is for a mathematician. Maybe
Gorbachev with his changes is a kind of Einstein.'
But in the fast-moving societies of the capitalist West, Marxism has lost the
intellectual prestige it attained after the war through thinkers like Sartre. It
is quaintly archaic today to be a Marxist in Paris.
Non-Communists may regard the Soviet Union as a political and economic
catastrophe, morally disqualified by Stalinism. But with history as a yardstick,
the Communist is quick to recall that Russia was a primitive, predominantly
agricultural country before the Bolsheviks seized power, and that Stalin
frog-marched it into the industrial ranks.
' ' I know what it's like to try to build socialism on 14 ounces of bread,'
said Enrique Lister, a Spaniard who helped dig the Moscow subway. ''Even today
my opinion about Stalin is that he'll go down in history as a great
revolutionary.'
Forgiving and Explaining Much
Ambivalence toward the Stalinist legacy -yes, there was terror, but it served
the larger goal of laying the groundwork of socialism -appears to be an
inevitable component of the Communist belief system. So too is the habit of
PAGE
7
(c) 1989 The New York Times, January 23, 1989
confession, which discounts ''errors'' like the Soviet-led invasion of Hungary
in 1956 as part of the revolutionary learning process.
Asked if they had ever been ashamed to be Communists, party members on both
sides of the Yalta divide said yes. Older ones recalled the shock of Nikita
Khrushchev's speech in 1956 denouncing Stalin's tyranny; younger Communists,
notably in the West, tended to cite the 1968 invasion that stamped out
Czechoslovakia's quest for ''Communism with a human face.''
But elsewhere the explaining-away habit is deeply ingrained. The nepotism of
North Korea is brushed off and the country's economic gains are extolled;
likewise, the attempt by Mao Zedong's wife, Jiang Qing, to take power in China
is lightly dismissed with the statement that the party found and fixed its own
mistakes. East German Communists portray the Berlin wall as a defense against
subversive depredations from the West. Czechoslovak party members can in the
same breath endorse the imperative for democratic change and denounce Dubcek for
opening the door to 'reaction'' in 1968.
In many ways, it would seem easier to be a Communist in Western Europe, a
selfless toiler for the millennium, than in Eastern Europe, where Communists are
a privileged caste presiding over a ramshackle system that has failed to deliver
prosperity, not to mention political freedom.
In the West, the Apostolic View
In the West, Communists face political hostility but draw comfort from a
circle of comrades locked in the same uphill struggle. They see themselves as
apostles of a higher moral order, fighting for the underdog against an
exploitative system. By contrast, party members in Eastern Europe are often
despised by the people they govern.
In Communist Europe, the 'workers'' -for whom the state nominally exists -
frequently feel alienated and embittered, and in Poland they have fueled a
revolt. But in capitalist societies, Communist convictions can give blue-collar
workers a sense of dignity, purpose and incorruptibility.
In a Paris suburb, Jean-Pierre Quilgars, a 33-year-old machine-tool worker,
said the party had 'brought me friends, a way to reflect on both political and
personal life.'
''It has permitted me to have confidence in myself and believe in myself,
he said. ''I couldn't think of not being a Communist. It's my life.
Bickering Among the Believers
Despite such dedicated followers, Western Communist parties continue to lose
electoral support as blue-collar jobs are eliminated, shrinking the proletariat
that Marx predicted would rise up to overthrow capitalism. In Spain, a party
that spearheaded the underground struggle against Franco collapsed into a
squabbling sect in the decade after the dictator's death; other parties operate
at the outer margins of obscurity.
In the late 1970's, the patchwork doctrine of 'Eurocommunism'' seemed to be
covering the ancient rift between Communism and Social Democracy, but it fell
apart, largely because of resistance from the French Communist Party. Today,
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(c) 1989 The New York Times, January 23, 1989
French Communists say they do not trust Socialists, that Socialists want to
manage capitalist society and Communists want to transform it.
Martin Jacques, editor of the British Communist Party's lively journal of
theory, Marxism Today, speculates that his own party may not have a future as an
independent organization. But he savors the paradox that Marxism Today is at the
same time exercising an enormous influence on the autonomous British Labor
Party, which, he says, ''is not very good at thinking.'
In decline, Communists draw hope, and solace, from Communist-inspired
struggles in the third world; the training of cadres from the third world is
still a major task in an ill-defined global subdivision of labor. One of the
proudest legacies of the European Communists is the justified conviction that
they played a vital role in accelerating the decolonization of Africa and Asia.
Nostalgia for the Days of Zeal
Even so, many Communists seem to have lost their missionary zeal, and the
humiliation of Afghanistan has contributed to a reluctance to export revolution
to the third world. Mr. Gorbachev conveys the disquieting impression that the
Communist parties of Western Europe and the third world do not figure very
highly on his list of priorities.
There is a gnawing sense that the great deeds and struggles lie in the past,
not in the future. A poignant note of nostalgia was struck by former Communists
like Daniele Billitteri, a 36-year-old editor in Sicily.
''I have suffered so many disappointments, said Mr. Billitteri. ''But I
think that having been a committed Communist has given me something that no one
will ever be able to take away from me, something that I believe is important
for any man: a capacity for indignation and rebellion.
NEXT: Third world and the United States.
TYPE: Series; Interview
SUBJECT: COMMUNISM (THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY); SURVEYS AND SERIES
NAME: MARCHAIS, GEORGES; MARKHAM, JAMES M; GORBACHEV, MIKHAIL S
GEOGRAPHIC: EUROPE; EUROPE, EAST; EUROPE, WEST; UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST
REPUBLICS (USSR)
LEXIS®
NEHI