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Fort McHenry 9/7/89 [OA 6268]
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Speech Backup Chronological Files
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administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
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Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
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Speechwriting, White House Office of
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Speech File Backup Files
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Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
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Folder Title:
Fort McHenry 9/7/89 [OA 6268]
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26
19
3
2
Noll
otco
designat
Shrine
Wall.Porks
Noll.
(Smith/Blessey)
September 6, 1989
Draft One
in
MCHENRY
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: FORT MCHENRY
BALTIMORE, MARYLAND
THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1989
Congressmen Bentley, Mr. Clancy, Ladies and Gentlemen,
X
Friends and Fellow Orioles fans.
I am truly delighted to be with you. And to visit America's
Panament High
one and only National Shrine. And I want to thank you for the
warmth of your reception.
Key Vd. be they. 1989 Americana
One hundred and seventy-five years ago, two events -- the
Battle of Baltimore, and the "Star-Spangled Banner" -- wrote one
of the greatest chapters in the American Experience. Even now,
they teach us. Inspire us. Remind us of what Francis Scott Key
saw "by the dawn's early light."
He saw this flag -- this American flag. A flag that honored
sacrifice, and heroism. And embodied all that matters to the
human spirit. A flag that Americans have cherished from Bunker
Hill to the U.S.S. Iowa. Fighting -- on the front lines, and on
the home front -- so that freedom could prevail.
Think of it -- that night's historic Battle of Baltimore.
Remember the birth of the National Anthem. Marvel at how 1,000
citízen soldiers -- that era's 1,000 points of light -- defended
tort 962 Wellerry -4210
Fort McHenry against Britain's best and brightest. Composing,
against the odds, a true profile in courage.
2
Today, on this special "Defenders' Day," we remember those
volunteers. For because of them, Baltimore was the only city in
during 1812
Thatac
the colonial period not occupied by a foreign power. And today,
also, we praise their successors -- volunteers like you
tort 96
I think of the Fort McHenry Guard, or visitors who donate to
help preserve this site. Or the the Patriots of Fort McHenry,
and members of the 17th Anniversary Commission. Volunteers
helping to restore the Fort McHenry National Monument and
Historic Shrine. Volunteers who show how community service is
stopped
timeless -- like American ideals.
As an Old Navy man, I salute your mission. For you're
ensuring, as Francis Key said, that our "flag will yet "wave."
185
And as an American, I ask you: Help salute that flag by
supporting a Constitutional Amendment making it illegal to
desecreate this symbol of our liberty.
Seven years after Key wrote his ode to independence, Thomas
Jefferson wrote a letter to John Adams. In his letter, Jefferson
wrote of the destiny of America's then- States. "I will not
believe our labors are lost," he said. "I shall not die without
a hope that light and liberty are on steady advance."
Fellow Americans, we too believe in liberty. For the
evidence of its power lights the world. The volunteers of 1814
showed that. The volunteers of 1989 prove it anew. I want to
thank them, and you, for this wonderful occasion. God bless you.
God bless America. Together, let us ensure our destiny: that
3
"what SQ proudly we hail will [always] bless the twilight's last
gleaming."
# # # #
Nottle Shrine in the Pork Service
John Tyler
HELEN DELICH BENTLEY
COMMITTEE ON
30 DISTRICT, MARYLAND
THE BUDGET
COMMITTEE ON
WASHINGTON OFFICE:
PUBLIC WORKS AND
1610 LONGWORTH BUILDING
WASHINGTON, DC 20515
Congress of the United States
TRANSPORTATION
202-225-3061
(ON LEAVE)
DISTRICT OFFICES:
house of Representatives
COMMITTEE ON
200 EAST JOPPA ROAD
MERCHANT MARINE
TOWSON, MD 21204
AND FISHERIES
301-337-7222
Washington, DC 20515
SUBCOMMITTEES:
7458 GERMAN HILL ROAD
MERCHANT MARINE
August 4, 1989
DUNDALK, MD 21222
PANAMA CANAL/OUTER
CONTINENTAL SHELF
301-285-2747
COAST GUARD & NAVIGATION
6 NORTH MAIN STREET
SELECT COMMITTEE ON AGING
BEL AIR, MD 21014
301-879-2517
SUBCOMMITTEE ON HEALTH
AND LONG TERM CARE
The Honorable George Bush
TASK FORCE ON WOMEN
AND SOCIAL SECURITY
President of the United States
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear Mr. President:
Ours is a nation that truly loves to remember its past. Over the
past few years we observed the bicentennial of the Constitution,
the Congress, and the Presidency. In 1986 we saluted the Statue
of Liberty on the 100th anniversary of the start of her ever
vigilant watch over New York Harbor.
Now I have the pleasure of renewing an invitation to yet another
great anniversary celebration--one which has even greater
significance since I first alerted you about it back in April.
This year marks the 175th anniversary of the historic Battle of
Baltimore--also called "Defenders Day"--and the writing of the
National Anthem. This was the historic night of the "rockets red
glare" and the "twilight's last gleaming". Most importantly,
it was the night when Francis Scott Key looked out into the
approaching dawn and saw that the "Star-Spangled Banner"--perhaps
the most famous of all American flags--had defiantly withstood
the British assault.
Mr. President, at no other time in American history has our flag
been the subject of such an intense national controversy. Indeed
there would be no better place for you to demonstrate your
love of our flag than in Baltimore--home of the Flag House and
historic Fort McHenry--during the week of September 9 - 16, 1989.
The gala celebration that has been planned to honor this historic
milestone is one of the most spectacular that the people of
Baltimore will ever see. On September 9 the Battle of North Point
will be remembered through a series of reenactments to be held
from 10 AM to 5 PM at historic Fort Howard Park. The event is
expected to attract some five to eight thousand visitors--
Marylanders proud of their patriotic traditions.
MORE
President George Bush
Page Two
In addition, the Patriots of Fort McHenry have scheduled an
additional week of events. Former Presidents Ford and Carter are
serving as honorary co-chairmen of the event, and author Tom
Clancy is chairman. Different events have been arranged for each
day of the celebration, and the Patriots have expressed their
willingness to accomodate your busy schedule. They have, however,
suggested the following days for your consideration:
September 9 - Opening Day ceremonies will begin at 5 PM. A
fleet of Class "B" tall ships will sail by at 5:30 PM, and
the U.S. Naval Academy will play until 7 PM.
September 10 - A Veterans Memorial Service will be held from
3 to 5 PM. A parade of state flags will follow along with
a mock bombardment of the Fort at dusk (around 7:30 PM).
September 12 - 175 new citizens will be sworn in at the
Fort in a ceremony lasting from 6 to 7 PM.
September 16 - Closing ceremonies begin at 5:30 PM. Events
such as a display by the Maryland National Guard, a visit
by a fleet of decorated yachts, and a writing awards
ceremony hosted by author Tom Clancy have been scheduled.
Because this year marks the 175th anniversary of Francis Scott
Key writing the Star-Spangled Banner of the shoreline of Fort
McHenry, the Patriots not only want you to attend but are also
allowing flexibility regarding which event and time you wish to
attend. They will build up additional activities around your
attendance.
Mr. President, I have attended Defenders Day in past years and
always found it to be both stirring and inspiring. In addition,
the importance of this event always attracts a large number of
spectators as well as extensive media coverage. Yet this year--
because of the 175th anniversary as well as the recent
controversy over our flag--I expect it to be bigger than ever
before.
MORE
President George Bush
Page Three
So I urge you to consider seriously attending this wonderful
event. Once you have experienced the patriotic fervor that always
accompanies this celebration, I guarantee that you will be glad
you did.
With warmest regards,
Sincerely,
Selen
Helen Delich Bentley
Member of Congress
HDB:rc
Enclosure
DEFENDERS DAY, 1989
The 175th Anniversary of the Battle of North Point
The 1814 Battle of North Point Defenders Day program on Patapsco Neck
is celebrated with reenactments of the various historical events that
occurred in defense of Baltimore during the British invasion, authentic
period displays of everyday life, crafts, soldiering, first person
historical interpretations, appropriate patriotic ceremonies,
presentation and music. This year the celebration will take place on
Saturday, September 9, 1989 from 10 AM to 5 PM. 5,000 to 8,000
visitors are expected.
The program is designed:
1.) To commemorate the 1814 Battle of North Point;
2.) To educate the public about the battle and the defense of
Baltimore against the British;
3.) To promote economic revitalization, and;
4.) To foster community development, unity and pride.
This year marks the 175th Anniversary of the Battle of North Point.
Major General James Fretterd, Adjutant General of Maryland, is this
year's Honorary Chairman. Michael Galiazzo of Dundalk Community
College is the Director of the Defenders Day Committee.
The setting for the anniversary celebration is the majestic Fort Howard
Park, located at the tip of the North Point Peninsula, where the
Chesapeake Bay meets the Patapsco River.
Fort Howard was built in 1896 to defend Baltimore from possible naval
attack. It was named for revolutionary war hero, John Eager Howard.
Five coastal artillery batteries bore the names of local War of 1812
figures: Lt. Levi Claggett, Col. Davis Harris, Francis Scott Key,
Judge Joseph H. Nicholson, and Bridadier General John Stricker. A
sixth battery honored Dr. Jesse W. Lazear of Baltimore who gave his
life in 1900 to further yellow fever research. The Fort remained under
army command until 1940 but its guns were never fired in anger.
Today, Fort Howard is a park under the control of Baltimore County
Recreation and Parks.
The 1814 Battle of North Point Defenders Day program offers the public
an opportunity to "walk back in time". Our first person players
portray noted citizens who lived during the 1814 period, such as
General John J. Stricker, Francis Scott Key, Joshua and Sarah Gorsuch
and many others.
Area community and civic organizations offer a wide range of food and
drink items found during the 1814 period. Mulled cider, stewed chicken
and dumplings, homemade baked bread and apple rolly-polly would have
made a hearty supper in 1814.
Entertainment includes a storyteller, stiltwalkers, an 18th century
troubadour and period dancers. Period crafts include chair caning,
furniture making, pottery, basketweaving, leather working, spinning and
weaving and many others.
The Defenders Day Program is proud to have the Military Re-enactment
Society of Upper Canada, a nonprofit organization established to foster
an interest in the military heritage of Canada through re-enactment
units. These Canadians will play the part of the British during the
re-enactment of the Battle of North Point. Serving as American Militia
are representatives of the following Maryland re-enactment units:
the 77th/71st Regiment of Foot
32
the 64th Regiment of Foot
the Patuxant Martial Musik
the 1st Maryland Rifle Battalion, Aisquith's Sharpshooters
the 21st Regiment of Foot
The public is invited to visit the encampments of both the British and
American militia to learn about military life during the period of 1814.
A video of the 1986 Defenders Day program, produced by Comcast
Cablevision of Maryland is available upon request. For further
information, please contact Mrs. Mary Emerick at the Office of
Baltimore County Councilman Dale T. Volz at 887-7174.
Leibmore, Maryland 2125.
January 27, 1989
The Honorable George Bush
President of the
United States of America
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
32
Dear Mr. President:
We were only a very young nation when The War of 1812 threatened
to end our freedom and independence. But in our most dangerous period
following the Revolutionary War the second, and last, time we faced a
foreign power on our own shores we defeated a vengeful British army
and navy, telling the world we would surrender our liberty to no one.
Yet that victory, like our nation, did not just happen.
By late August 1814, British forces were ready to deal the American
militia a fatal blow. Entering the Patuxent River with 20 warships and
3,400 troops, the highly disciplined British army defied American defenses,
capturing our nation's Capitol, sacking the city and burning it.
With Washington in flames, they turned to Baltimore, the home port
of the privateers who in the absence of an effective professional Navy,
had stung British commerce with their clipper schooners.
As the British moved relentlessly up the Chesapeake Bay, Fort
McHenry and the citizens of Baltimore prepared.
The British army would be engaged at North Point. Fort McHenry
would block the naval forces at the entrance to the harbor. The
forthcoming Battle of Baltimore was to test a stubborn, determined people,
patriots ready to risk their fortunes and their lives.
Under cover of heavy rains on September 13, the British began their
attack. Fear and panic, they expected, would evacuate the city, leaving it
an easy, defenseless target.
In an early skirmish, General Robert Ross, commander of the British
forces, was mortally wounded, but the advancing enemy troops still drove
back the Baltimore defenders. At North Point the British again forced
retreat towards Baltimore, while off the entrance to the harbor the royal
navy prepared to unleash its fearsome ammunition on Fort McHenry.
301/625-2202-3
President Bush
Page 2
Still, above the Star Fort flew our young flag, its 15 bright stars and
broad stripes waving proud defiance until the approaching darkness blocked
it from view.
Aboard one of the enemy frigates a 34-year-old American lawyer on a
rescue mission was being detained by Admiral Sir George Cockburn. His
name was Francis Scott Key.
He could only watch as the bombardment began.
Over that long, mid-September night, British ships -- anchored two
miles down river and safely beyond the range of American gun batteries
-- hurled more than 1,500 rockets, exploding bombs and shells at Fort
McHenry's defenders, many of whom were civilian volunteers.
Powerless to give warning, Francis Scott Key stared in horror
through the night as the British rockets and bombs exploded over Fort
McHenry. In their terrible glare he could glimpse the flag, but he could
not know if the Fort still held. Not until dawn finally broke and Key saw
again our huge American banner blowing silently in the new morning, did
he know that the British had failed.
America was still free.
The courage Francis Scott Key had witnessed inspired him to write
the words we sing today as our national anthem. Fort McHenry, home of
the Star-Spangled Banner, still flies the 15-star flag proudly every hour of
every day above its ramparts.
The lessons of the Battle of Baltimore live today in the armed forces
that serve our country. We've always had the right people, and they will
always need the right tools to keep our country free. We must remember
that this battle happened because America had neglected the fact that
freedom is a prize that needs protecting.
Special events each year at Fort McHenry National Monument and
Historic Shrine allow Americans and visitors from around the world to
share our national treasure. This year we celebrate the 175th anniversary
of the Battle of Baltimore and the writing of our National Anthem.
The Patriots of Fort McHenry, Incorporated, a nonprofit and tax-
exempt organization, is working on these important programs and special
events. Early last year, the Patriots formed the 175th Anniversary
Commission to arrange and coordinate the 175th Anniversary and to
conduct a national fund-raising campaign.
President Bush
Page 3
I am honored to serve as National Chairman for these events.
But, to meet the challenge and assist the Patriots, I need your help.
A week-long series of special activities, including a re-enactment of
the bombardment, is scheduled for September 9-16, 1989. All our living
Presidents have been invited and live programming will allow the entire
nation to join the celebration.
Your attendance during the celebrations will focus national attention
to our Fort, the Flag, and the cause of Liberty. It will insure that the
festivities equal the importance of the events they will commemorate.
Like the Statue of Liberty, the historic buildings and battle sites at
Fort McHenry need restoration and preservation so that the lessons of the
Star Fort and our Flag can be preserved for future generations. The
National Park Service recommends restoration, repair and new construction
now. This work is a tremendous task that will take several years and $10
million to complete.
With your help, we can do it.
As I am sure you can appreciate, we are now in the process of
preparing announcements, brochures, and other public relations material.
In order for our work to proceed on schedule, we would like, as soon as
possible, to obtain a letter from you commemorating the 175th Anniversary
of the Battle of Baltimore and the inspiration of Francis Scott Key;
recognizing The 175th Anniversary Commission as a private sector
endeavor to restore and preserve Fort McHenry National Monument and
Historic Shrine; and urging the public to celebrate the Fort's history and
to contribute to its preservation.
I would also like to arrange a public service announcement in which
you speak of the Fort's place in our history and announce the upcoming
Anniversary celebration and private sector efforts to protect the Fort as a
national treasure. A Presidential Proclamation is requested to coincide
with our celebration announcements.
John Quincy Adams said, "Posterity - you will never know how much
it has cost my generation to preserve your freedom. I hope you will make
good use of it."
No, America did not just happen. Our freedom did not just happen.
We Americans live the legacy of ideas and dreams born in the
oppression of distant centuries. Yet that oppression is alive and well
today, ever jealous that some people dare to live free.
President Bush
Page 4
What happened at Fort McHenry 175 years ago matters. It matters
because what we did then, what we preserved then, remains an
astonishment to the world.
Before I wrote Patriot Games I traveled several times to England
doing my research. One of the things that made a lasting impression on
me is the high regard for ceremony -- the understanding that the time-
honored rituals are far more than dusty relies from a meaningless past.
We, too, must know what we have inherited, and at what cost: the
dense tapestry of dreams and determination that still allows us to say,
"We, the People."
Like soldiers in battle who rely not only on their own training, but
on that of their fellows, we cannot afford to leave any of our citizens
unskilled in the arts of freedom. The cost of our democracy has always
been high. The cost of our ignorance is far higher.
Join me now as we prepare to focus national attention on the events
of 1814, our flag, and Fort McHenry. I am sure you remember the intense
pride we felt for America during the Statue of Liberty centennial
celebration. We owe it to ourselves to take advantage of this new
opportunity to teach again what it means to be an American.
Back in 1814, Fort McHenry was all that stood between us and what
was then the most powerful nation on earth. I think Key would rejoice in
the knowledge that, 175 years later, his beloved banner still does wave
"o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave."
Let's celebrate.
Sincerely,
Tom Clancy
9/4/89 Fort Mc Henry
Fort McHenny
[ Ray Brusk 6266 I
Congresswomon Benthey
Tom Clancy - honorary notl. chairman
S.S.B. Fort McHenry Comm.
3 main.
9:30 p.m.
POTUS remarks
Tom Cloney reads poem
Then rpise new 15 star flog
He en Bentley presents POTDS
Fort in 1814
stor flag flown over
edia
CANA
4D
TAKE
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THE
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to
STATE
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JOHN
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Encyclopedia AMERIC
U.S. CONSTITUTION BICENTENNE
COMMEMORATIVE EDITION
DELUXE LIBRARY EDITION
28
WAR OF 1812
339
lactiveness of the program is reflected in the
employed in the foreign trade grew from a ton-
fact that, during the whole period of the war,
nage of 363,100 in 1791 to 848,300 in 1807.
exoduction time lost because of strikes and
American ships could trade with both belliger-
shouts declined by nearly two thirds of the
ents. With French and Spanish ships driven
pracetime level (from 27/100 of 1 percent
from the seas by the British Navy, American
total working hours in 1935-1939 to 11/100
shippers found it especially profitable to carry
1 percent in World War II). Correspond-
merchandise between France and Spain on the
incly. the average duration of strikes was re-
one hand and French and Spanish Caribbean
duced from 23 days in 1939 to 5 days in 1944.
colonies on the other. To permit such trade was
Compliance by labor and management was vol-
contrary to British policy (under the so-called
entary in most instances, although the board
"Rule of the War of 1756"), but for some
invoked its powers of compulsion when neces-
years British authorities winked at it when the
ary. The NWLB, terminated by executive
voyage between mother country and colony was
under on Dec. 31, 1945, was succeeded (with
"broken" at an American port. United States
respect to its wage stabilization program) by
ports were thronged with ships which brought
the
National Wage Stabilization Board.
tropical cargoes from the Caribbean, went
through the motions of importing them, and
WAR OF 1812, a conflict between the United
then, with new papers, carried the same car-
States and Great Britain, beginning with a decla-
goes to Europe as exports from the United
The Bettmann Archive
founcis Scott Key composed The Star-Spangled Banner after witnessing the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in
1814.
nation of war by the American Congress, June 18,
the 1812, and closing officially with the signing of
States. This lucrative practice was halted by
a British court decision in the case of the
Treaty of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814. The war
was begun by the United States in retaliation for
Essex (1805), holding that such a voyage was
British interference with American trade and
not legalized by the device of breaking it at an
for shipping on the high seas and, to a lesser degree,
American port.
To American protests at the Essex decision
tilities on the frontier.
alleged British complicity in Indian hos-
and threats of retaliation through an act exclud-
ing certain British products from the United
,
Background and Causes.-On the high seas
States, the British responded by substituting for
United States suffered violation of its rights
enforcement of the Essex policy a blockade of
Great Britain and France, antagonists in the
a neutral (as it conceived them) by both
part, and only part, of the English Channel
and North Sea coast of France and her Euro-
These wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon.
pean dependencies (Charles James Fox's block-
at war from 1793 to 1801
ade, declared May 16, 1806). Elsewhere Ameri-
by the Peace of Amiens,
can ships might enter, even though carrying
defeat and first surrender in 1814. The war,
again from 1803 to Napoleon's
1 This was a rule, enforced by British prize courts,
upholding the notification of Great Britain to Holland
hipowners years, was profitable to American
that she would not permit neutrals to engage in trade
with nations with whom Great Britain was at war if the
and merchants. American shipping
trade had not existed in peacetime.
340
WAR OF 1812
colonial produce. Intended as a concession to
The British principle of
the search, looked and talked like Englishmen
the United States, Fox's blockade really opened
the fierce Anglo-French competition in block-
ades and other restrictions on neutral commerce,
which eventually involved the United States in
tions. of the United States, created further complica
colliding with the liberal policy
war. Napoleon, whose hopes of invading Eng-
The United States, for its part, denied
land had perished when Horatio Nelson des-
troyed the French and Spanish fleets at Trafal-
from American ships on the high seas
the British had any right to remove personnel the
gar (Oct. 21, 1805), seized upon this British
pointed out truly that many of those and
measure as an excuse for launching a new at-
tack upon England through her commerce.
protests
were bona 1 fide
Destruction of British trade, he believed, would
defeat proud Britannia as effectually as armed
of a naval officer who was
such removals, carried out under thestedirective
invasion. By his Berlin Decree (Nov. 21, 1806),
with the treatment of alleged contraband party, prop.
therefore, he declared the British Isles under
erty, which could be taken only upon decision
blockade and ordered that any vessel coming
by a prize court.
from England or her colonies should be seized
as if it were British property. It was now
climax in the Chesapeake-Leopard affair track
The impressment controversy reached a
Britain's turn to retaliate. In two orders in
June 22, 1807. Ordinarily United States navy
council (Jan. 7 and Nov. 11, 1807) the British
vessels were spared the humiliation of the prac.
government announced a blockade of the ports
tice, but on this occasion the frigate Chesapeaks
of France, her possessions, and her allies, and
suspected of harboring British deserters, was fired
ordered the seizure of neutral ships attempting
upon when she failed to stop at the order of
to trade with such ports unless-an important
the Leopard's commander, and four sailors were
proviso-they had first put in at a British port
removed, of whom only one proved to be
and paid duty on their cargoes. It is evident
British subject. American tempers flared at this
that the British aim was not to shut off trade
flagrant insult to the American flag. Presides
with the Continent, but rather to levy tribute
Thomas Jefferson tried in vain to extract from
upon neutral trade with His Majesty's enemies.
Britain's acknowledgment of error in this
To those orders in council Napoleon responded
stance a settlement of the entire impressme:
with his Milan Decree (Dec. 17, 1807). Any
controversy. Though the British made tands
neutral ship, he warned, that had visited a
reparation for the attack on the Chesapeaks
British port, paid British taxes, or submitted
they continued to remove sailors from America
to search by a British naval vessel, would be
merchant ships.
regarded as in effect British and hence as
Unwilling to submit tamely to violation
d
liable to seizure and confiscation if it should
American rights, and yet reluctant to resort
fall into French hands. Subsequent decrees
war in their defense, President Jefferson has
(Bayonne, April 17, 1808; Rambouillet, March
recourse to measures of "peaceable coercios
23, 1810) ordered the confiscation of American
aimed at both belligerents. After the Chese
ships in French ports which were held to have
peake-Leopard incident, he excluded Britts
violated the previous French decrees or the
naval vessels from American ports. At his in
restrictions placed on them by their own gov-
quest, Congress passed the Embargo Act (Dez
emment.
22, 1807), closing the ports of the United
Napoleon, without a navy, obviously could
States to all commerce other than the COLL
not enforce a blockade of the British Isles; nor
wise trade, on the theory that denial of the
could Britain, with the greatest navy in the
American trade and the services of the Americ
world, effectively police all the sea lanes lead-
merchant marine would wring concessions from
ing to French-controlled ports. The United
both belligerents. The results were disappoint
States contended that as a principle of inter-
ing. Though the embargo and subsequent in
national law, "blockades to be binding must be
strictive measures injured British merchants at
effective." In American eyes, therefore, both
manufacturers, and finally led-too late-to the
British and French blockades were mere paper
repeal of the orders in council, the opening d
blockades" and hence illegal.
Spanish and Spanish colonial markets partly made
Also illegal and injurious from the American
up the loss. Napoleon complimented the America
standpoint was the British practice of impress-
cans on standing up for their rights and "assisted"
ment when carried out against neutral ships.
them by confiscating American ships that entered
The impressment of sailors was a crude form
French ports in violation of the American Lie
of "selective service" by which the British Navy
The embargo was more injurious to the people of
had, for generations, recruited its personnel in
the United States than to the foreign national
times of stress. Trouble arose when British
which they sought to punish. Seaport towns star
naval vessels stopped American ships on the
nated, and southern agriculture, largely dependent
high seas and removed sailors who were al-
on export markets, languished; only smuggles
leged to be (and often were) British subjects.
profited. Domestic opposition to Jefferson's policy
In justification- the British pointed to the un-
became intense, particularly among the as
questioned facts that numerous sailors deserted
mercial classes of the Northeast, for whose per
the British Navy and entered the easier and
tection the embargo was in theory designed. To
more agreeable service of the American mer-
them the remedy appeared worse than the di
chant marine, and that such deserters often
ease. After 14 months Congress repealed de
equipped themselves with fraudulent papers
embargo, substituting a milder Non-Intercous
purporting to prove their American citizenship.
Act (March 1, 1809), which reopened trade
British authorities, therefore, claimed that they
cept with France and England and empowered
were within their rights in stopping American
the president to reopen it with either or book
ships on the high seas and removing seamen
of them upon their agreeing to rescind they
who, in the opinion of the officer conducting
illegal blockades. A friendly but inept Brith
WAR OF 1812
341
envoy, David M. Erskine, promised revocation
from Canada. Canada in British possession, said
of the Orders in Council of 1807 in return for
one Kentucky paper, would be "a never failing
triffing concessions from the United States.
source of Indian hostility."
James Madison (inaugurated president March 4,
Western opinion, calling for the conquest of
1809) thereupon suspended nonintercourse with
Canada in self-defense, was not unmindful of the
Creat Britain, only to be informed that Erskine
positive advantages of such an acquisition-
had acted without authority. Nonintercourse was
among them the full control of the waterways
reapplied. Erskine's successor, Francis James
and the fur trade. War with England also prom-
Jackson, adopted such an overbearing attitude
ised benefits to the South, which eyed greedily
that Madison refused to deal with him.
Spain's possessions in East and West Florida. A
Meanwhile, nonintercourse was proving as in-
portion of the latter, to which the United States
effectual a weapon as the embargo. Congress re-
laid dubious claim as included in Louisiana, had
placed it with "Macon"s Bill Number Two" (May
already been occupied without Spain's consent.
1, 1810), -which reopened trade with all the
In the spring of 1812 an agent of the United
world, but with the proviso that if one of the
States stirred up a revolt against Spanish author-
belligerents should cease its interference with
ity in East Florida and led United States troops
American trade, and the other failed to do like-
into the province at the invitation of the insur-
wise, nonintercourse would be reimposed against
gents. His too transparent operations were dis-
the delinquent. This last proviso enabled Na-
avowed in Washington, but Southerners ex-
poleon to trick Madison. By pretending that the
pected that a declaration of war against Great
French decrees had been withdrawn insofar as
Britain, with which Spain was now allied, would
they affected American ships, the French foreign
minister induced Madison to reimpose against
Creat Britain the nonimportation features of the
former nonintercourse law. Negotiations in the
summer and fall of 1811 (between James Mon-
foe, the new secretary of state, and Augustus
John Foster, the new British minister) were fruit-
less. The British still refused to revoke their or-
ders in council. An impasse had been reached
over commercial restrictions. An impasse had
long existed over impressments. Madison called
Congress to meet a month early, in November
1811, and recounted the history of disputes with
both France and Great Britain. British prac-
tices, he complained, had "the character as well
23 the effect of war on our lawful commerce."
To resist Britain's "hostile inflexibility," the pres-
dent asked Congress to put the United States
Into an armor and an attitude demanded by
the crisis."
by the War Hawks, a group of youngish men,
The 12th congress, elected in 1810, was led
several of them from frontier states, who de-
manded more drastic measures than embargo and
tonintercourse to avenge the nation's wrongs.
They elected Henry Clay, one of their number,
The Bettmann Archive
C. ***** of the House of Representatives.. John
Calhoun of South Carolina, John A. Harper
The burning of Washington by British military and naval
of New Hampshire, and Peter B. Porter of
forces (August 1814), in a fanciful early engraving.
sestem New York became leaders of the war
party. These men were animated in part by a
Since sew set of grievances against Great Britain.
be the signal for the seizure of the remainder of
and 1807 a Shawnee Indian named Tecumseh
# been constructing an Indian confederation
the Floridas. Thus to the Northwest and the
of the West for the purpose of checking cessions
South war offered the lure of territorial ex-
terprise he had the sympathy of British agents
Indian land to the United States. In this en-
pansion.
It is significant that, while the seaboard com-
Canada, who wished the American Northwest
munities showed strong opposition to the war,
the most ardent War Hawks came from the fron-
Ners, inimals. Sporadic Indian attacks on frontier set-
as a preserve for Indians and fur-bearing
tier states-from the crescent of lands facing Brit-
ish and Spanish territory and the Indian frontier
symptoms of rising Indian hostility, grew
between. To their sections successful war would
and Westerners blamed the British
mean not only the punishing of injuries and per-
them. In the fall of 1811, Gen. Wil-
haps the liberation of closed European markets
Harrison led an army of regulars and
for their goods but also the acquisition of valu-
the Indian country in an effort to
able territory.
red men. Shortly before dawn on
On June 1, 1812, Madison sent to Congress
his encampment on the banks of
a special message advising a declaration of
in Indiana was surprised by an
war against Great Britain. He listed as griev-
The assailants were beaten off,
ances: first, impressments; second, interference
Hamson's command. inflicted heavy losses on
with legitimate trade; third, intrigues with the
fallen and, since British arms were found on the
the The West cried for venge-
western Indians. Congress responded, June 18,
foe, demanded that the British be driven
with a declaration of war, passed with disturb-
ingly large negative votes-62 out of 160 mem-
342
WAR OF 1812
bers of both houses. Two days before, the British
concentrating on one point, such instead
eralship. The initial American plan,
foreign minister had announced that the orders
in council would be revoked; and the revocation
where communications to
order was issued June 23-the slowly ripened
been cut, called for three
fruit of peaceable coercion. Moves to halt hostili-
one across the Niagara River at or near
-one directed at Montreal from Lake Champ& invest
ties in recognition of this major concession were
blocked; the war went on over the issues of im-
and a third across the Detroit River
pressments and Western grievances and ambi-
The third of these campaigns
tions.
under way and the first to
Campaigns.-The United States was ill pre-
William Hull, with a force of some 2,000
pared for conflict. Congress, while it had moved
reached Detroit soon after the declaration of
steadily toward war during the winter and spring
of 1811-1812, had made no adequate provision
the British post at Malden.
for carrying it on. It had provided, on paper, for
found that the British control
Thence he advanced into and
a regular army of 36,700 men, but fewer than
him off from his base in Ohio, rear
10,000 had been raised, and these were ill
menaced by British and Indians who had
trained and scattered about the country in small
Michilimackinac and came pouring south, 41
garrisons. The state militias were poorly disci-
retreated to Detroit, where on Aug. 16, 1812.
plined and unreliable. Many were ready to take
surrendered the post and its garrison to
advantage of their supposed exemption from duty
energetic British commander, Maj. Gen.
on foreign soil; some state governors, in fact, re-
Brock. On the preceding day Fort Dearts
fused to permit their militiamen to leave their
(Chicago) had been surrendered and its
states. Though preparing to fight Great Britain
treacherously massacred by Indians in the garring
of evacuation. The entire Northwest was in process Bez
ish hands.
In October Maj. Gen. Stephen Van Renter
laer, commanding the New York militia and
small number of regulars on the Niagara, sent
part of his force across the river to atts
Queenston, only to see it cut to pieces and the
survivors captured by the enemy, while the
mainder of the militia refused to go to the reserve 1b
General Brock, victor over Hull, also commanded
in this action, but paid for the victory with to
life. In the following month, Maj. Gen. Heary
Dearborn, senior officer in the United States
Army, led a force of regulars and militia from
Plattsburgh on Lake Champlain to the Canadus
border. Farther than that the militia refused to
advance, and the Army returned to winter quar
ters at Plattsburgh.
In 1813 Brig. Gen. William Henry Harrive
avenged Hull's failure and recovered control of
the Detroit area. This success was made possible
by the naval victory of Master Commandaz
The Bettmann Archive
Oliver Hazard Perry, who had superintended the
Andrew Jackson directs the American defense of New
building of a small fleet at Erie, Pa., over the
Orieans.
British squadron on Lake Erie (Sept. 10, 1813).
giving the United States command of the lake
Harrison's army, ferried across the lake, overtoo's
in defense of maritime rights, Congress had re-
the retreating British on the Thames River (Oct.
jected all proposals for building up the navy.
5, 1813) and inflicted a severe defeat, in which
That the prowar West was most emphatic in this
the chief casualty was the famous Indian leades.
rejection supports the theory that Western eyes
Tecumseh. Elsewhere the second year of the was
were fixed elsewhere than on the sea. When war
brought no important successes. A two-pronged
began, the United States possessed 16 frigates
campaign against Montreal, down the St. Law-
and sloops of war (the heavy and light cruisers
rence and down the Richelieu, was brought to
of that day) against over 600 vessels of the
an inglorious end by minor defeats and the com-
British Navy. Even on the lakes, command of
ing of winter. During a temporary naval su-
which was essential for a successful invasion of
premacy on Lake Ontario American forces had
Canada, and where both sides must "start from
taken York (Toronto) and inexcusably set fire
scratch, nothing had been done to ensure naval
to the Parliament building of Upper Canada
control. Fearing the odium of war taxes, Con-
For this and for other needless acts of devasta-
gress had proposed to finance the war by loans;
tion by the Americans, the British took revenge
but since most of the country's ready capital was
in December. Crossing the Niagara River, they
in New England and New England sentiment
surprised and captured Fort Niagara, which they
was largely antiwar and pro-British, the loans
held until the end of the war, burned the villages
were never fully raised.
of Black Rock and Buffalo, and laid waste the
Plans for territorial conquest, North and
Niagara frontier from Lake Ontario to Lake
South, quickly went awry. The desire of the
Erie.
South and the administration to seize the Flori-
The year 1814 brought a new situation. Na-
das was frustrated by Northern opposition in
poleon's defeat in Europe released thousands of
Congress. Early attempts to invade Canada
veteran British troops for service in America.
failed because of poor planning and poor gen-
The problem for the United States became not
WAR OF 1812
343
the conquest of Canada but the defense of its
foiled in their attempt to seize the mouth of the
own territory. Fortunately, capable officers had
Mississippi, their agents in the Northwest had
replaced the incompetents who had commanded
taken possession of the upper course of the river
the American armies of 1812 and 1813. In July a
and were in full control of present-day Wiscon-
small army commanded by Maj. Gen. Jacob
sin and the northern part of Illinois.
Brown and Brig. Gen. Winfield Scott crossed
While the war on land had, until its closing
the Niagara River, defeated a British force at
months, gone generally against the United States,
Chippawa or Chippewa (July 5, 1814), and
American privateers had scoured the seas, taking
fought a reinforced British Army to a standstill
hundreds of British prizes, and the American
at Lundy's Lane (July 25, 1814), but got no
Navy had won honors in a series of notable
farther. Early in September, 11,000 British
single-ship actions on the Atlantic. The most
troops commanded by Gen. Sir George Prevost
famous of these were the victories of the Consti-
invaded New York at the foot of Lake Cham-
tution over the Guerrière (Aug. 19, 1812), the
plain and advanced to Plattsburgh. Here on
Constitution over the Java (Dec. 29, 1812), and
Sept. 11, 1814, the naval squadron covering Pre-
the United States over the Macedonian (Oct. 25,
vost's flank was annihilated by an American fleet
1812). These were frigate actions. In the en-
skillfully commanded by Master-Commandant
counters of the smaller sloops of war, also, the
Thomas Macdonough. With his communications
advantage lay with the Americans. But there
The Bettmann Archive
Constitution (right) defeats the Guerrière, one of many events which make the War of 1812 famous in American
naval annals.
thus exposed, Prevost found it expedient to re-
treat to Canada.
were victories on the British side, too (for ex-
ample, the defeat and capture of the frigate
the shores Bay, scattered the
Meanwhile, a British fleet and army ravaged
Chesapeake by the Shannon, June 1, 1813), and
in reality the American successes, while glorious
Washington, D.C. (Battle of
in themselves and a tonic to a depressed morale,
1814), and burned the
public buildings in the capital in retaliation for
were but pinpricks to the dominant British
the American behavior at York. A subsequent
Navy. British sea power, in fact, closed in upon
attack on Baltimore was repulsed. The British
the American ports and coasts with a progres-
Beet then convoyed an army to the mouth of the
sively tighter blockade. Before the end of the
war, nearly all the ships of the American Navy
Mississippi 1815 (two weeks after the signing of
for an attack on New Orleans. There,
were either captured or bottled up in port, and
Jackson, with an army of regulars, volunteers,
a peace treaty at Ghent), Maj. Gen. Andrew
American seaborne trade had disappeared from
the oceans.
End of the War.-A Russian offer of media-
and Western militia, inflicted on the British un-
lost der Maj. Gen. Sir Edward M. Pakenham, who
tion, though rejected by Great Britain, led in-
directly to the meeting of British and American
defeat of the war. While the British were thus
his life in the battle, the severest military
commissioners in Ghent, Belgium, in August
1814. The British, who had thus far had the ad-
WAR OF
of the European war and the long peace
followed. The ending of these troubles, for
ever cause, and the American victories in the whi
six months of the war, overshadowed in popula
tions. A feeling that the young nation had
consciousness the earlier defeats and humily
cessfully defended its rights produced a
spirit of national unity, self-satisfaction,
patriotism.
See also separate articles on principal batth
of the War of 1812, and biographies of leadir
military and naval commanders.
Bibliography
Brannan, John, ed., Official Letters of the Military
Naval Officers of the United States, During the War
Great 1971). Britain in the Years 1812-1815 (1823; reprint,
Carr, Albert H. A., The Coming of War: An Account
Remarkable Events Leading to the War of 1812 (Viking (Vik of
1960).
Dudley, William S., and Crawford, Michael J., eds.,
Brown Brothers
Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, Vol The
(USGPO 1985).
With the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December 1814,
Everest, Allan S., The War of 1812 in the Champlain Valley
the War of 1812 was officially ended.
(Syracuse Univ. Press 1981).
Garitee, J. R., The Republic's Private
Privateering Business as Practiced during
the War of 1812 (Mystic Seaport Mus. Pub. 1977).
vantage in the war, asked adjustments of the
Pratt, Julius W., Expansionists of 1812 (P. Smith 1925).
Pratt, Julius W., "Fur Trade Strategy and the America
boundary line in their favor and the setting aside
Left Flank in the War of 1812" (American Historics
of a large area in the American Northwest for
Review (January 1935).
Smith, Dwight L., The War of 1812 (Garland 1984).
the permanent and exclusive use of the Indians.
The Americans (John Quincy Adams, James A.
Sugden, 1985). John, Tecumseh's Last Stand (Univ. of Okla. Press
Bayard, Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin, and Jona-
Taylor, George R., ed., The War of 1812: Past Justifica
than Russell), while rejecting British demands,
tions and Present Interpretations (1963; reprint, Greez
wood Press 1980).
asked neither territory nor concessions with re-
JULIUS W. PRATI.
gard to maritime rights; they asked merely a re-
Professor of American History, Emeritus, Uni
turn to the status quo ante bellum. American
versity of Buffalo.
victories during the fall, the reluctance of the
British public to bear further war burdens, and
WAR OF 1870. See FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR.
the advice of the duke of Wellington persuaded
the British government to drop its demands and
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE, American. Ser
accept the American proposal. A treaty on this
AMERICAN REVOLUTION, THE.
basis, restoring territory occupied by either side,
was signed Dec. 24, 1814, and unanimously ap-
WAR OF THE PACIFIC (also known as the
proved by the United States Senate, Feb. 16,
CHILE-PERUVIAN WAR), a conflict waged by Chik
1815.
against an alliance of Bolivia and Peru, and
Federalist New England, strongly pro-British
ending in complete victory for the Chileans
in sentiment, had opposed the war as well as the
Hostilities began in 1879 and ended in 1881, al.
commercial restrictions that preceded it. In the
though guerrilla activity continued for two mom
final months of the war this opposition came to
years and peace was not finally concluded until
a head in the Hartford Convention (q.v.),
1884. The war grew out of a dispute between
which brought together delegates from three New
Chile and Bolivia over nitrate deposits in the lat.
England states and from towns or counties in two
ter's Atacama Province, where an export tax was
others. The convention held potentialities of
imposed on Chilean exploiters in 1878. When a
nullification or even disunion, but more con-
Chilean company operating at Antofagasta re-
servative counsels prevailed, and the body went
fused to pay the tariff, the Bolivian government
no further than to propose certain amendments to
ordered confiscation of the property in February
the federal Constitution designed to safeguard
1879. Chile responded by dispatching a war-
sectional interests. These proposals were forgot-
ship with troops to seize the port of Antofagasta,
ten in the general satisfaction that attended the
which it accomplished on February 14. Bolivia
termination of the war.
declared -war on March 1. Peru, which had 1
If judged by the Treaty of Ghent, the War
secret alliance (of 1873) with Bolivia, now
of 1812 attained none of the objectives for which
threatened, and on April 5 Chile declared war
the United States had fought-neither territorial
upon the allies.
acquisitions nor acceptance of its theory of mari-
The Bolivian and Peruvian presidents, com-
time rights. But not all the results appeared in
manding their respective troops, enjoyed some
the treaty. The war did break the power of the
initial successes, but by the end of 1879 the
Indians in the Northwest and also (through An-
Chilean fleet had overcome the Peruvian, thereby
drew Jackson's campaign of 1813-1814 against
gaining control of the sea. On land the Chilean
the Creeks) of those in the South. Thus it re-
forces were increasingly successful, and their
moved the grievance that had led to the demand
decisive victory over allied troops at Tacna, Peru
for the acquisition of Canada, and paved the
(May 26, 1880), knocked Bolivia out of the con-
way for the purchase of the Floridas from Spain
flict. Finally, on Jan. 17, 1881, a Chilean army
(1819). That there were no further disputes
under Gen. Manuel Baquedano captured Lima
over blockades. and impressments was the con-
and forced Peru to sue for peace.
sequence, not of American valor, but of the end
As the fruits of her victory Chile took from
344
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
September 5, 1989
MEMORANDUM FOR THE CHIEF OF STAFF
BOBBIE KILBERG
DAVID BATES
SICHAN SIV
RICHARD BREEDEN
PATTY PRESOCK
ANDREW CARD
LINDA CASEY
JAMES CICCONI
WILLIAM KRISTOL
DAVID DEMAREST
TIMOTHY MCBRIDE
MARLIN FITZWATER
ROSE ZAMARIA
BOYDEN GRAY
PAUL BATEMAN
FRED MCCLURE
DAVID VALDEZ
BONNIE NEWMAN
BILLY DALE
ROGER PORTER
JAY ALLISON
BRENT SCOWCROFT
BRUCE ZANCA
STEVE STUDDERT
LAURIE FIRESTONE
CHASE UNTERMEYER
CASEY HEALEY
SUSAN PORTER ROSE
JEAN LAMB
ED ROGERS
DEB ANDERSON
JOE HAGIN
USSS/PPD OPS
JIM WRAY
WHCA AUDIO/VISUAL
CHRISS WINSTON
WHCA OPERATIONS
MEDICAL UNIT
PRESIDENTIAL
DOCUMENTS
THROUGH:
STEPHEN M. STUDDERT
ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR
SPECIAL ACTIVITIES AND INITIATIVES
FROM:
JOHN G. KELLER, JR. JEK
DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND
DIRECTOR OF PRESIDENTIAL ADVANCE
SUBJECT:
TRIP OF THE PRESIDENT TO BALTIMORE, MARYLAND
THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1989
For your use and planning purposes, the attached is a preliminary
outline schedule for the Trip of the President to Baltimore,
Maryland.
Please keep in mind that the following information has not been
finally approved and is subject to change.
Attachments
Revised 9/5/89 2:00 pm
PRELIMINARY OUTLINE SCHEDULE
THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1989
GUEST AND STAFF INSTRUCTIONS:
8:30 am
Guests and Staff not manifested
on Marine One will depart West
Basement en route Pentagon.
Please board Helicopters
immediately upon arrival.
8:45 am
Guests with own transportation
should arrive Pentagon and
proceed to board Helicopters.
9:05 am
Staff manifested on Marine One
proceed to South Lawn for
Boarding.
9:10 am
Helicopters depart from Pentagon
en route Baltimore, Maryland.
9:10 am
MARINE ONE departs White House en route Baltimore,
Maryland.
(Flying Time: 20 Minutes)
9:30 am
MARINE ONE arrives Ft. McHenry LZ, Baltimore,
Maryland.
9:35 am
MOTORCADE departs Ft. McHenry LZ en route
Baltimore Convention Center.
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
9:45 am
MOTORCADE arrives Baltimore Convention Center.
*
ADDRESS THE 71ST AMERICAN LEGION
CONVENTION
- Open Press
10:30 am
MOTORCADE departs Convention Center en route
Ft. McHenry LZ.
:
(Drive Time: 10 Minutes)
10:40 am
MOTORCADE arrives Ft. McHenry LZ.
*
CEREMONY COMMEMORATING 175TH ANNIVERSARY
OF THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER
- Expanded Press Pool
11:15 am
MARINE ONE departs Baltimore, Maryland en
route White House.
(Flying Time: 20 Minutes)
11:35 am
MARINE ONE arrives White House.
PRESIDENTIAL VISIT TO BALTIMORE
SEPTEMBER 7, 1989
FORT MCHENRY NATIONAL MONUMENT & HISTORIC SHRINE
175TH ANNIVERSARY OF WRITING OF THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER
BACKGROUND:
September is the 175th Anniversary of the
Battle of Baltimore and the writing of the
Star-Spangled Banner. A thousand citizen
soldiers defended Fort McHenry against the
most seasoned army and best navy of the day.
Baltimore is the only city in the colonial
period that was never occupied by a foreign
power. This is where volunteers held then
and this is where volunteers must hold now.
In 1814 Fort McHenry was under siege of
battle and in 1989 it is under siege of rain
and wind and tide and time. The battle being
fought now is every bit as important as the
battle fought then. Fort McHenry is a
National Shrine, and it was here that the
American character was forged in fire and
iron. Today the American character of
volunteerism is strongly evident as the
community of Baltimore comes forward again to
protect and preserve this special place.
TIME:
Upon landing of Marine I, or upon motorcade's
return to site after President's downtown
event.
AGENDA:
U.S Navy Academy Band plays inside fort.
Congresswoman Bentley and John Tyler,
Superintendent of Fort McHenry National
Monument greet President and escort him to
review Fort McHenry Guard.
Band plays Ruffles and Flourishes as
President enters Fort.
Welcome and introduction (Tyler and Bentley)
PRESIDENT makes remarks
Band plays Star Spangled Banner and the
original 15 star flag is raised.
Presentation of original 15 star flag (Tom
Clancy, author of Red Storm Rising and
National Chairman, Star-Spangled Banner/Fort
McHenry Preservation Commission and Joseph
Ayd, President, Patriots of Fort McHenry)
Closing remarks (Richard Byrd, General
Chairman, Grand Celebration Committee,
Patriots of Fort McHenry)
AUG 31 '89 15:56
FROM CONGRESSWOMAN BENTLEY
PAGE. . 001
Congresswoman
Helen Delich Bentley
2nd District of Maryland
District Office:
200 E. Joppa Road
1610 Longworth Building
Towson, MD 21204
Washington, D.C. 20515
(301) 337-7222
(202) 225-3061
202-456-2461
Q
FACSIMILE COVER PAGE
PITNEY BOWES 8000 TELECOPIER
DIRECT LINE - 301 962-3898
FACSIMILE TELEPHONE NUMBER 301-962-3898
TO: Ray Briscuso
DATE: aug. 31,1989
This is a tentative program outline
and Some talking paints more to
Come tomorrow,
FROM: Helen Delich Bentlen, The Hon,
TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES INCLUDING COVER PAGE 4-Sour
TIME RECEIVED:
TIME SENT:
OPERATORS INITIALS:
IF ANY QUESTIONS OR ILLEGIBLE, PLEASE CALL: 301-337-7222
THANK YOU.
AUG 31 '89 15:56
FROM CONGRESSWOMAN BENTLEY
PAGE. 002
PRESIDENTIAL VISIT
Fort McHenry National Monument & Historic shrine
175th Anniversary of the Writing of the Star-Spangled Banner
Draft Agence
Thursday, September 7, 1989
U.S. Naval Academy Band inside Fort, playing patriotic
musical selections.
Greeting Upon Landins,or Bm Motorcade Rep. Bentley/Supt. Tyler
Meet President Bush and escort to Fort
McHenry Guard or escort to Fort.
Review of Fort McHenry Honor Guard
Guard assembled outside entrance to Fort,
Band plays Ruffles and Flourishes followed
by Hail to the Chief upon entering Fort,
Welcome
Suparintendent Tyler
Introduction of the President
Representative Helen Delich Bentley
Remarks
President Bush
Raisine of the Battle Flag
Alan Walden
Mr. Walden will introduce the flas raising.
Band plays Star-Spangled Banner during flag raising,
Presentation of Flat
Joseph M. Ayd/Tom Clancy
Mr. Ayd and Mr. Clancy will present the
President with @ U. S. Flag that was flown
at Fort McHenry in his honor earlier in the day.
closing Remarks
Richard Byrd
Participants:
Representative Helen Delich Bentley, 2nd District
John W. Tyler, Superintendent, Fort MoMenry National Monument
Alan Welden, Maryland State Chairman, Star-Spangled Benner/
Port McHenry Preservation Commission
Joseph M. Ayd, President, Patriots of Fort McHenry
Tom Clancy, National Chairman, Star-Spengled Banner/Fort McHenry
Preservation Commission
Richard Byrd, General Chairman, Grand Celebration Committee,
Patriots of Fort McHenry
AUG
31
'89
15:57
FROM CONGRESSWOMAN BENTLEY
PAGE. 003
Talking Points
175th Anniversary Celebration
Star-Spangled Banner and the Battle of Baltimore
A thousand points of light - A thousand citizen soldiers defended Fort McHenry
and if their defense hadn't burned as brightly as it did the light of freedom
could have been smuffed out forever.
Only city in colonial period that was never occupied by a foreign power - this
is where the volunteers held then, this is where they must hold now. At the only
National Shrine in the United States.
Lou Miller - little boy playing with cannon - telling the story of cannons to
visitors as a volunteer and flag bearer in the Fort McHenry Guard.
A young lawyer from Georgetown, Francis Scott Key, was inspired by the sight of
the flag and the victory of the Battle of Baltimore to write the poem which
became our National Anthem. And now, a young lawyer from Towson, Joseph M. Ayd
is inspiring others through the Patriots of Fort McHenry to volunteer in the
defending the Fort from its current attack.
Places like this could not possibly exist without the interest of Americans who
appreciate their heritage That with all of its warts and flaws, it has always
tried to be the last great hope of humankind.
It was an Irish immigrant, James McHenry, the first Secretary of War, for whom
the Port was named. We are a nation of immigrants and they are still coming,
here more than any other place in the world.
free blacks and slaves volunteered in 1814 to save the city.
In September of 1814, this place was under siege by the most seasoned army and
best navy in the world and it stood fast. In 1989 it is again under siege by
rain and wind and tide and time. The battle being fought now is every bit as
important as the battle fought then, and we must win this battle as well.
Had it not been for what happened here, there might not have been a Statue of
Liberty, an Ellis Island, a Mount Rushmore, a United States of America.
It was here that the American character was forged in fire and iron. And the
legacy of that character is the volunteer effort to restore and preserve this
special place.
AUG 31 '89 15:57 FROM CONGRESSWOMAN BENTLEY
PAGE. 004
Volunteerism at Fort McHenry:
Fort McHenry Guard, volunteers who are living symbols of our heroic past,
Patriots of Fort McHenry; businesspeople, professionals, and educators, who
in a partnership with the National Park Service insure the continuation of
this symbol of the American character.
The visitors who drop dollar bills in the donation box at the Education
Center, not because they have to, but because they want to.
Volunteers in Parks who give of themselves just to help.
What needs to be done:
Repairs to the outer walls of the Fort.
A new and larger Education Center.
More support for volunteers and educational programs.
What's already been done by Volunteers:
Securing funds for the new sea wall.
Replacing the 90 foot flagpole from which the Star-Spangled Banner flies.
Commissioning a musical drama telling the story of the Battle of Baltimore
and the Star-Spangled Banner.
Creating the grand Celebration of the 175th Anniversary Celebration of the
Star-Spangled Banner that begins right here on Saturday afternoon.
Exact rundown on finances to come tomorrow D
** TOTAL PAGE. 004 **
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WH
The
Official
Museum
Directory
1988
agn
The American Association of Museums
OF
Macmillan Directory Division
LIDRAN
MARYLAND (Baltimore)
Contributing Senior $135; Contributing-$150; Associates $1,000.
of Carrollton, Maryland Patriot, during the years of 1820-1832.
BALTIMORE MUSEUM OF INDUSTRY, (M), 1415 Key Hwy.,
Collections: furniture. 18th & 19th century paintings; decorative arts; period
Baltimore MD. 21230. Tel.: 301-727-4808. Founded: 1981.
Research Fields: pertaining to collections.
Congressional District: 3.
Personnel: Exec. Dir., Dr. Dennis Zembala; Asst. Dir., Cur., Ann Steele;
Facilities: walled garden. Books related to Baltimore history and Charles
Carroll of Carollton and other items for sale.
Pres., Harriet G. Bank; Treas., Celestine F. Spoden; Registrar,
Activities: guided tours; Holiday event in Dec.; special events.
Education Coord., Molly Bolster; Exhibits Coord., Greg Wright;
Publications: pamphlets.
Devel. Officer Maryellen Snidero; Public Affair Coord., Marie-Denise
Harper.
Hours & Admission Prices: Tues-Sat. 10-4; Sun. 12-4; open until 5 during
Governing Authority: non-profit organization. Tax exempt: 501(c)(3).
summer; adults $1.75; senior citizens, students & military $1.25;
Industry Museum: housed in, 1865, Oyster Cannery.
children 6-18 .75; children under 6 no charge; discounts to aam &
AAM/ICOM members. Closed National Holidays.
Collections: machinery; photos; history of Maryland industry,
technology, labor, & work; antique trucks; steam tugboat; steam
engines.
CYLBURN NATURE MUSEUM, Cylburn Mansion, 4915 Greenspring
Ave., Baltimore MD. 21209. Mailing Address: 6108
Research Fields: industrial & business history; technology; labor &
Baltimore, MD. 21209. Tel.: 301-396-0180. Founded: 1954.
economic history; historical geography.
Facilities: 550-vol. library of technical journals & textbooks. Books,
Personnel: Pres., Virginia Brown Melvin; Dir. Exhibits, Patsy Periman;
Naturalist, Michael Baker.
prints, photos and other related items for sale.
Governing Authority: municipal. Affiliated with Cylburn Wildflower
Activities: guided tours; lectures; films; rental Gallery; organized
Preserve and Garden Center, Inc.; Cylburn Arboretum, Inc. Tax
education programs for children; docent program; organized education
exempt: 501(c)(3).
programs for undergraduate or graduate college students; training
Natural History Museum: housed in a Victorian mansion of Renaissance
programs for professional museum workers; participatory exhibits;
revival style.
loan exhibitions; temporary exhibitions of your own collections.
Collections: birds; mammals; insects; plants; local material; rocks;
Publications: annual exhibit catalogues.
minerals.
Hours & Admission Prices: Thurs.-Fri. 11-5; Sat. 10-5; Sun. 12-5; adults
Facilities: junior museum; nature center; 85 seat auditorium; classrooms.
$2; students & senior citizens $1.50; children no charge. Closed New
Activities: guided tours; lectures; formally organized education programs
Year's; Christmas.
for children; loan, permanent and temporary exhibitions; school loan
Membership: Senior Citizen $5; Individual $15; Family $20; Corporate
service.
$250 -10,000.
Hours & Admission Prices: Mon.-Fri. 8-4; Sat. and Sun. as announced.
No charge.
BALTIMORE STREETCAR MUSEUM, INC., (M), 1901 Falls Rd.,
Baltimore MD. 21211. Mailing Address: P.O. Box 4881, Baltimore,
Membership: Junior-17 $2; Student $3.50; Individual $9; Husband &
Wife $12; Sustaining $19; Life $250.
MD. 21211. Tel.: 301-547-0264. Founded: 1966
Congressional District: 7
EDGAR ALLAN POE HOUSE AND MUSEUM, 203 N. Amity St.,
Personnel: Pres., John J. O'Neill; Exec. Vice Pres., Jean O. Citro;
Baltimore MD. 21223. Mailing Address: Rm. 606 118 N. Howard St.,
Operations Vice Pres., John D. La Costa; Engineering Vice Pres., Peter
Baltimore, MD. 21201. Tel.: 301-396-4866. Founded: 1923.
J. Schmidt; Cur., James L. Larduskey.
Personnel: Cur., Jeff Jerome.
Governing Authority: Non-profit organization. Tax exempt: 501(c)(3).
Governing Authority: municipal. Affiliated with the Baltimore City
Transporation Museum: located on site of the Maryland and
Preservation Commission.
Pennsylvania RR Terminal in Baltimore.
Historic House: 1830, home of Edgar Allan Poe.
Collections: 11 historic Baltimore streetcars, 1880-1944; 2 horse cars,
Collections: antiques of the period; candlesticks; lamps; lighting devices.
1860 & 1880.
Activities: guided tours; lectures; slide and audio-visual presentations.
Research Fields: street railway history; Baltimore history.
Hours & Admission Prices: Wed.-Sat. 12-4; adults $1; children under 12
Facilities: library of records & plans relating to Baltimore street railway
50¢; night tours of the Poe grave and catacombs by special
history. Books, publications on railroads and street railways, postcards
arrangement: $3 per person in groups of 25 and over. Closed National
and other museum related items for sale.
Holidays.
Activities: guided tours; lectures; permanent exhibitions; audiovisual
presentation; streetcar rides.
EVERGREEN HOUSE FOUNDATION INC., 4545 N. Charles St.,
Publications: Newsletter, Live Wire.
Baltimore MD. 21210. Tel.: 301-338-7641. Founded: 1956.
Hours & Admission Prices: Sun. 12-5.; June-Oct. Sat. 12-5. No charge.
Congressional District: 3
Fares for rides: adults $1; children 50. Closed Christmas.
Personnel: Dir., Meredith P. Millspaugh. Chm. V., Aurelia G. Bolton.
Membership: Senior Citizen $7.50; Student $10; Sr. Family $12.50;
Governing Authority: board of trustees; non-profit organization.
Indivudual $20; Family $25.
Evergreen House. Foundation Inc. Affiliated with Johns Hopkins
University.
BALTIMORE zoo, Druid Hill Park, Baltimore MD. 21217. Tel.:
Historic House: 1850-1860, Evergreen House built by William
301-396-7102. Founded: 1876.
Broadbent, purchased in 1878 by the Garrett family.
Congressional District: 2
Collections: French Impressionist and post-Impressionist paintings:
Personnel: Chief Exec. Officer & Dir., Brian A. Rutledge; III; Cur.
furnishings, rare book library of The Johns Hopkins University;
Mammals, Sandra Kempske; Cur. Birds, Fred Beall; Cur. Reptiles,
European & Oriental porcelain; Japanese Netsuke & Inro Collection.
Frank Groves; Cur. Education, Craig Sholley; Veterinarian, Dr.
Research Fields: rare books; Tiffany glass; coins; oriental rugs; oriental
Michael Cranfield.
artifacts; American & English furniture.
Governing Authority: Baltimore Zoological Society. Tax exempt:
Facilities: Research library; theatre; carriage house; formal gardens.
170(b)(1)(A).
Activities: concerts; meetings; outdoor theatre production; seminars;
Zoo: housed in 1800, Mansion House on site of Druid Hill Park.
lectures; guided tours.
Collections: zoological collection of over 1,000 animals.
Publications: annual report.
Research Fields: animal research, health, reproduction & behaivor.
Hours & Admission Prices: Temporarily closed.
Facilities: 500-vol. library of zoo oriented books available for research to
Membership: Fellows Program $25.00.
qualified researchers; 120 seat auditorium; classrooms. Gift items for
sale.
FORT McHENRY NATIONAL MONUMENT AND HISTORIC
Activities: guided tours; lectures; films; TV & radio programs; formally
SHRINE, End of E. Fort Ave., Baltimore MD. 21230. Tel.:
organized education programs for children, adults & undergraduate
301-962-4290. Founded: 1933
college students; docent program or council.
Congressional District: 3
Publications: bi-monthly, Zoogram
Personnel: Supt., Karen Wade; Pub. Info. Officer, Paul E. Plamann;
Hours & Admission Prices: Daily 10-4:30; adults $2.50; children $1.
Chief, Visitor Services, Terry DiMattio; Admin. Technician, Leigh
Closed Christmas Day.
Hinrichsen.
Membership: Family $20.
Governing Authority: federal. Administered by the National Park
Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington, DC. 20240. Tax
* CARROLL MANSION, (M), 800 E. Lombard, Baltimore MD. 21202.
exempt; 501(c)(3).
Tel.: 301-396-3523. Founded: 1967.
Historic Site: 1814, site of bombardment which inspired Francis Scott
Congressional District: 3
Key to write, The Star-Spangled Banner; 1861-65, site of Union Prison
Personnel: Dir., Nancy Brennan; Asst. Dir., John Durel; Pres. V., H.
Camp for Confederate Soldiers and sympathizers; 1917-22, site of U.S.
Chase Davis, Jr.; Cur., Decorative Arts, Barry Kessler.
Army General Hospital No. 2.
Governing Authority: non-profit organization. Operated by The
Collections: archives; military artifacts; E. Bowie-Berkley Gun
Baltimore City Life Museums. Tax exempt: 501(c)(3).
Collection; Ridgely Mansion furnishings; U.S. Flags; Rodman Guns;
Historic House Museum: 1812, Mansion, occupied by Charles Carroll
Mrs. Reuben Ross Holloway manuscript collection relating to The
324
Encyclopedia Americana.
TAR-SPANGLED BANNER, a patriotic song writ-
ten by Francis Scott Key on Sept. 14, 1814. and
officially adopted on March 3, 1931, as the na-
tional anthem of the United States. For many
years before congressional action made its choice
of Beanes was agreed upon. But because the
official, the song had been popularly considered
proposed attack on Baltimore had been discussed
a national anthem, and Army and Navy regula-
in the presence of the Americans, and troops had
tions in the 1890's specified that it be played by
been landed to march on the city, Key, Skinner,
military and naval bands on ceremonial oc-
and Beanes were detained on a ship behind the
casions. Key, a lawyer in Washington, D. C.,
British lines to prevent them from taking news
wrote the words of the anthem in a burst of
to Baltimore of the impending attack.
inspiration during the War of 1812, at a time
During the night of September 13-14, Key
of acute national distress.
remained on deck anxiously watching the bom-
The Melody. The origin of the melody to
bardment, although mist and drizzle obscured the
which the anthem is sung was long a subject of
fort. At daybreak he could see the U.S. flag still
controversy. The tune is now generally attributed
flying above the fort, and, intensely moved, he
to the British composer John Stafford Smith, who
began to write the poem, scribbling the first draft
wrote it as a musical setting for the words of a
on the back of an envelope. The British fleet
poem called To Anacreon in Heaven, written
withdrew, the American detainees were allowed
about 1780 by Ralph Tomlinson, a London law-
to go ashore, and Key went to a hotel in Balti-
yer, as the official song of a social and musical
more, where he made a fair copy of his poem.
organization known as the Anacreontic Society.
The next day he called at the home of Judge
This song had become well known in America
and Mrs. J. H. Nicholson, relatives of his wife,
by the 1790's. The words of Adams and Liberty,
and showed them this copy.
a patriotic song written in 1798 by the younger
A fairly well established account is that Mrs.
Robert Treat Paine, had been sung to the
Nicholson at once took the poem to a printer
Anacreontic tune. Key himself had used it in
and had handbills made, under the title The De-
1805 as a setting for a poem he wrote honoring
fense of Fort McHenry, to be distributed through-
Commodore Stephen Decatur. It may have been
out the city. Later in. September the poem was
in his thoughts as he wrote the words that have
printed in Baltimore newspapers. It met with
been immortalized in The Star-Spangled Banner.
instant popularity and was soon renamed The
The Anthem. There has been a common mis-
Star-Spangled Banner. The actor Ferdinand
conception that Key wrote the anthem while
Durang is credited with having first sung it at a
held by the British fleet that attacked Fort Mc-
public performance, in Baltimore.
Henry in Baltimore, Md., but he was not a
Mrs. Nicholson kept Key's fair copy of the
prisoner of war. Early in September 1814 the
poem until her death in 1847, and it subsequently
British fleet was in Chesapeake Bay off Baltimore
became the property of the Walters Art Gallery,
after the sortie on Washington, D.C., in which
Baltimore. In 1953 ownership was transferred to
British naval and land forces had taken the
the Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore. The
city, burned public buildings and stores, and
words, as they appear on this copy, follow:
taken William Beanes, a physician of Upper Marl-
boro, Md., as prisoner. Key, an attorney, was
persuaded by friends of Beanes to negotiate his
release. With Col. J.S. Skinner, a government
agent for the exchange of prisoners, Key went
down the bay by sloop to meet the fleet.
They were courteously received. and the release
THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER
o say can you see by the dawn's early light
What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last
gleaming,
Whose broad stripes & bright stars through the perilous
fight
O'er the ramparts we watch'd, were so gallantly
streaming?
And the rocket's red glare, the bomb bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still
there.
O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O'er the land of the free & the home of the brave?
On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam
In full glory reflected now shines in the stream
"Tis the star-spangled banner-O long may it wave
O'er the land of the free & the home of the brave!
And where is that band who so vauntingly swore,
That the havoc of war & the battle's confusion
A home & a Country should leave us no more?
Their blood has wash'd out their foul footstep's pollu-
tion.
No refuge could save the hireling & slave
From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave,
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave
O'er the land of the free & the home of the brave.
o thus be it ever when freemen shall stand
Between their lov'd home & the war's desolation!
Blest with vict'ry & peace may the heav'n rescued land
Praise the power that hath made & preserv'd us a
nation!
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto-"In God is our Trust,"
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O'er the land of the free & the home of the brave.
Encyclopedia AMERICAN
U.S. CONSTITUTION BICENTENNIAL
COMMEMORATIVE EDITION
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raves with flowers.
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of barriers to trade on the Mississippi,
The struggle against nature has always been a
acular view of the city's
ging Americans introduced the concept of the self-
part of New Orleans' history. Throughout the
9-km) causeway across
made man. The Creoles had settled in the east-
18th and 19th centuries especially, the city had
SO interesting, but in
em or downtown section of the city, and the
to fight for survival. Fires and hurricanes de-
in sight from the middle
newly arriving Americans settled in the western
stroyed much property, and yellow fever epi-
section. The line of demarcation became Canal
demics took many lives. But the city managed to
Fiesta. Mardi Gras,
Street, the main street of New Orleans. Each
overcome these difficulties, and from 1900 on
raditional day of merry.
group was in competition with the other, repre-
experienced continuous growth.
solemn Christian pen-
senting a different culture. Around them in a
In the second half of the 20th century the
eans, Mardi Gras is only
horseshoe lived the blacks who served them.
city's rate of growth accelerated, including the
ng season of festivities
During the War of 1812, Andrew Jackson de-
establishment of a NASA space-flight facility in
resound with music and
leated the British in a great battle (see NEW
the eastern part of the city and the further expan-
any of them masked and
ORLEANS, BATTLE OF). Peace followed, com-
sion of port facilities. In 1984 the Louisiana
merce expanded, and New Orleans became the
World Exposition was held on the New Orleans
nore before Mardi Gras
"Queen City of the South." Wealth poured in
waterfront of the Mississippi River.
known as krewer
from all over the world. Adventurers on river
WILLIAM W. SHAW, Tulane University
Each krewe has a king
steamers and in the city made life colorful.
Bibliography
of the krewes hold pa
Duels continued to be fought, and gambling and
Bruce, Kurt, The Great Houses of New Orleans (Knopf
which start about two
horse racing thrived. By 1850 the population
1977).
Gras, feature elaborate
was 116,375.
Carter, Hodding, ed., Past as Prelude: New Orleans 1718-
by maskers and accom
This booming life was to feel the impact of
1968 (Pelican 1968).
Carter, Samuel, III, Blaze of Glory: The Fight for New
night, by flambeau car-
the Civil War. On April 29, 1862, Federal naval
Orleans, 1814-1815 (St. Martin's 1971).
at midnight on Mardi
forces under Adm. David G. Farragut took pos-
Chase, John, Frenchmen, Desire, Good Children and Other
of Lent.
session of the city. The administration of Maj.
Streets of New Orleans (Pelican 1982).
Cowan, Walter G., and others, New Orleans, Yesterday and
nnual event is the Spring
Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, the Union commander
Today (La. State Univ. Press 1983).
stival many of the city's
of occupation forces who arrived two days later,
Kolb, Carolyn, New Orleans-A City Care Forgot (Double-
and there are can
made him anathema to the inhabitants of the city.
day 1972).
Laborde, Errol, Mardi Gras! A Celebration (Picayune Press
Carré patios.
Prosperity departed. It was not until 1880 that
1981).
was founded in 1718 by
port tonnages were comparable with those of the
sieur de Bienville, on $
late 1850's.
NEW ORLEANS, BATTLE OF, ôr'lē-anz, the final
of the need for an inland
Access to the Port of New Orleans was greatly
engagement of the War of 1812 and the climax of
the Gulf Coast. It was
improved in 1879, when the federal government
a British campaign against the Gulf Coast. The
Orléans in honor of Phis
constructed the Eads jetties at the mouth of the
battle was fought on Jan. 8, 1815, and was a deci-
Most of the early settlers
Mississippi. At the turn of the century the state
sive victory for the United States. However,
The city remained
established the Board of Commissioners of the
though the news had not yet reached New Or-
then, although this was
Port of New Orleans, and modernization of the
leans, the war had ended two weeks earlier with
bitants until 1764, it be
port began. Although the city's population by
the signing of the Treaty of Ghent on Dec. 24,
1803. In that year the
1900 reached 187,104, lack of drainage hindered
1814. Consequently, the U.S. victory had no
under the Treaty of
growth. Only the ridges above the swamps were
effect on the peace agreement. It was a psycho-
soon thereafter the city
habitable. New Orleans had to reclaim great
logically important one, however, as it heartened
as part of the Louist
areas from the swamps by draining off surface
a discouraged and wrangling nation and avenged
water. In 1917 a screw-type electric pump sub-
the burning of Washington by the British.
emphasized hereditary
stantially increased the volume of drainage, and
Preparations. The British expedition was in
and social position. As
by the 1930's all of the former swamp areas were
three stages. The first division attacked Washing-
mmercially with the drop
drained as effectively as the higher sites.
ton and Baltimore, while the second division was
219
Encyclopedia
THE
AMERICAN/
9
WILL
STATES
STATE
BULL
JEFFERSON to
LATION
STATES
STATE
STATE
16
Encyclopedia AMERICANA
1989
C.S. CONSTITUTION BICENTENNIAL
COMMEMORATIVE EDITION
Ref.
AE5
E4
1989
DELUXE LIBRARY EDITION
v.16
WH
KETTERING-KEYBOARD INSTRUMENTS
8/1/779
411
The American kestrel (F.
ket'a-ring, Charles Franklin (1876-
KEY, Francis Scott (1779-1843), American lawyer
maller and more colorful than the
engineer and prolific inventor.
and author of the national anthem The Star-
pecies but its habits-including
merican born Loudonville, Ohio, on Aug. 29,
Spangled Banner. He was born in Frederick
dentical. It was formerly known as
graduating from Ohio State Univer-
county (now Carroll county), Md., on Aug. 1,
awk, because its chief prey is the
actrical engineering in 1904, Kettering
1779. On graduating from St. John's College in
research group at the National Cash
1796, he studied law and began practice in Fred-
ow.
Company in Dayton, where he invented
erick, Md. He moved to Georgetown, D.C., in
(ETCHIKAN, kech'a-kan, a city in AI
electric motor. In 1909,
1802.
age:35
illagigedo Island in the Alexander
and E. A. Deeds, an NCR executive,
In September 1814, during the War of 1812,
it the extreme southeast end of the
Dayton Engineering Laboratories
friends of a doctor held by the British asked Key
nandle. It is an important air-transpo
(Delco) to develop their recently in-
to help free him. The release was agreed to, but
ter and is the first port of call for
motive Delco engineers perfected
battery ignition system. In
Key was detained on a ship behind British lines
from the south. Ketchikan also is
on the night of September 13-14. He observed
and has canning and freezing plants
ignition, and lighting
the British bombardment of Baltimore and, on
the catch of salmon, halibut, herring
When United Motors
seeing the American flag still flying over Fort
Timber from the Tongass National
Delco in 1916,
McHenry at daybreak, became so inspired that
cessed locally into lumber and wood
General remained with the firm. In 1919 he
he wrote the poem that became the words of the
chikan Community College,
director of the newly formed General
national anthem. A relative of his wife had it
University of Alaska, is here.
desearch Corporation. Later he became
printed. It was adapted to a song of a London
Ketchikan-whose name derives
of GM and a member of its board
society. See STAR-SPANGLED BANNER.
dian expression for "the spread
Key was U.S. attorney for the District of Co-
gle" -grew up as a supply center
retirement in 1947, Kettering di-
lumbia (1833-1841). In 1833 he settled a dis-
the 1898 gold rush. Incorporated
Research Laboratories. He was
pute between Alabama and the U.S. government
a council-manager government.
patents and played an important
over Indian lands. He died in Baltimore on Jan.
7,198.
development of quick-drying lacquer
11, 1843. Some of his poetry was issued in 1857.
glass, crankcase ventilation sys-
KETONE, kētõn, a group of organic
brakes, the antiknock gasoline
KEY, in mechanics. See under LOCK.
widely used as solvents. Organic
assethyl lead, the two-cycle diesel lo-
are those that contain a carbon
nontoxic refrigerant Freon-12, and
KEY, in music. See under MUSIC, NOTATION OF.
plest ketone is acetone, which is
extracting bromine from seawater.
important industrial ketone, with
Cuttering founded the Charles P. Ketter-
KEY WEST, a city in Florida, the seat of Monroe
million tons produced annually
for medical and photosynthesis
county, situated 60 miles (97km) off the tip of
States alone. Camphor, another
in 1945 he cofounded the Sloan-
Florida on Key West Island at the southwest end
in the manufacture of celluloid.
Institute for Cancer Research. He
of the Florida Keys. It is the southernmost city
An important characteristic of
Ohio, on Nov. 25, 1958.
in the continental United States, about 90 miles
their sweet-smelling odors. Many
RONALD KLINE
(145 km) from Havana, Cuba, and 154 miles (248
used for their fragrance in the perform
University of Wisconsin
km) south of Miami, Fla. Tourism is the major
Biacetyl is used as a flavoring
industry of the resort island city and fishing and
rines. The sweet breath of diabetics
let'e-ring, a suburban residential
shrimping are important.
acetone in their blood.
withwestern Ohio, in Montgomery
Its Old-World charm and Caribbean atmo-
Ketones that have fewer than II
considiately southeast of Dayton. The
sphere are exemplified in its weathered houses
are liquid; those with more than II
industries include the manufacture
and Bahamian architecture. Among Key West's
are solid. Nearly all ketones
and generators, precision tools,
attractions are the Audubon House and Gardens,
water, and most are soluble in
and aircraft parts, and building
where John James Audubon lived while painting
The general formula for a
federal supply center provides
wildlife in the keys in 1832; the Ernest Heming-
carbonyl group. This is a carbon
components for the U.S. military.
way Home and Museum, where he wrote such
The carbon atom by itself has four
in the area in 1796 and began
works as For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Snows
of these are taken up by an
stone quarries. The settlement
of Kilimanjaro; the Lighthouse Military Mu-
the carbonyl group:
as Van Buren Township in
seum; the Peggy Mills Garden, which contains
o
was renamed in honor of long-
tropical plants; and the Municipal Aquarium.
Charles Franklin Kettering, a re-
The Spanish name for Key West is Cayo
engineer and inventor. It
Hueso ("Bone Island"), so named because of the
as a village in 1952 and as a city
piles of human bones that were said to have been
A ketone is formed if the
a council-manager form of gov-
found in the mangrove clumps on the island.
attached to other carbon groups.
Regulation: 61,186.
After Juan Pablo Salas, a Spanish army officer,
ketone, acetone, two CH₃ groups
sold the island in 1822 to John Simonton of
H
o
H
depression left by a melted
Mobile, Ala., Key West was settled by English,
placial times. Deposits from the
Bahamians, Cubans, New Englanders, and
and covered the block of ice
C
C
Southerners. Their descendants and those born
When the glacier retreated and the
in Key West are called "conchs" (konks).
H
a circular depression formed,
H
Incorporated in 1828, the city has a council-
water. Some kettle holes are as
manager government. Population: 24,382.
1
Simple ketones are those in If the
(33 meters) deep and 1 mile (1.5
bon groups are the same.
and may hold small lakes. The
KEYBOARD INSTRUMENTS, musical instruments
d
are different, the ketones are
the level of the groundwater
in which the sound mechanism is activated in
Enormous used
Ketones find their greatest
glacial sediments.
whole or in part by levers (keys) struck by the
ir
States, kettle holes are common
is
tics, and a
fingers. The most familiar keyboard instruments
Minnesota, New York, and New
are the piano and the organ. The organ has a
ts
largest lake on Long Island, Lake
used in
second set of levers, called the pedal board, sim-
al
kettle hole.
stain removers,
ilar to the finger keyboard, for the feet. In addi-
C - C
o,
preservatives, and
Ketones are prepared organic
See under DRUM.
tion to the piano and the organ, other instru-
ments, such as the accordion, use a keyboard.
p-
ing oxidation of certain alcohols.
the calcium salts of
P
See under BOTANICAL GARDEN.
For separate articles on various instruments, see
the Index entry Keyboard Instruments.
Constitution of the U.S.
Constitution of the U.S.
445
ontinuance in office.
may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of
n. 7-House to originate all revenue bills.
Congress, become the seat of the Government of the United
lature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the
sent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of
1 may be passed by two-thirds of each House,
whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the
States, and to exercise like authority over all places pur-
the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by
tanding, etc. Bill, not returned in ten days, to
State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or
chased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in
and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint
law. Provisions as to orders, concurrent reso-
which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines,
Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit
ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of
tc.
under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.
arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings;-And
the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United
(The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote
Is for raising revenue shall originate in the House
18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper
States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise pro-
by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an
statives; but the Senate may propose or concur
for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all
vided for, and which shall be established by law: but the
ments as on other bills.
other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government
inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall
Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior
make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of
bill which shall have passed the House of Repre-
of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.
officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the
votes for each: which list they shall sign and certify, and trans-
nd the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be
courts of law, or in the heads of departments.
Section 9-Provision as to migration or importation
mit sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States.
, the President of the United States; if he ap-
of certain persons. Habeas corpus, bills of attainder,
3. The President shall have-power to fill up all vacancies
directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the
all sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his
etc. Taxes, how apportioned. No export duty. No com-
Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep-
that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting
o that House in which it shall have originated,
mercial preference. Money, how drawn from Treasury,
commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next ses-
resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then
sion.
ater the objections at large on their journal, and
etc. No titular nobility. Officers not to receive pres-
be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes
reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-
ents, etc.
shall be the President. if such number be a majority of the
Section 3-President shall communicate to Con-
at House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be
I. The migration or importation of such persons as any of
whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than
gress. He may convene and adjourn Congress, in case
er with the objections, to the other House, by
the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not
one who have such majority, and have an equal number of
of disagreement, etc. Shall receive ambassadors, exe-
ill likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by
be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thou-
votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately
cute laws, and commission officers.
if that House, it shall become a law. But in all
sand eight Hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be im-
choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person
he votes of both Houses shall be determined by
He shall from time to time give to the Congress informa-
posed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for
have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said
tion of the state of the Union, and recommend to their con-
ys, and the names of the persons voting for and
each person.
House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choos-
ill shall be entered on the journal of each House
sideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and ex-
2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be
ing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the repre-
If any bill shall not be returned by the Presi-
pedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both
suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the
sentation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this
ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have
Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement be-
ed to him, the same shall be a law, in like man-
public safety may require it.
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds
tween them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he
had signed it, unless the Congress by their ad-
3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be
of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be neces-
may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he
passed.
sary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the Presi-
revent its return, in which case it shall not be a
shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he
4. No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless
dent, the person having the greatest number of votes of the
shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall
in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before
electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain
commission all the officers of the United States.
order, resolution, or vote to which the concur-
directed to be taken. (Modified by Amendment XVI.)
two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose
Senate and House of Representatives may be
from them by ballot the Vice President.)
Section 4-All civil offices forfeited for certain
xcept on a question of adjournment) shall be
5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from
the President of the United States; and before
any State.
(This clause was superseded by Amendment XII.)
crimes.
ill take effect, shall be approved by him, or be-
6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of com-
3. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the
The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the
merce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of an-
electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes;
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment
ved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of
nd House of Representatives, according to the
other: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State, be
which day shall be the same throughout the United States.
for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes
itations prescribed in the case of a bill.
obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.
4. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of
and misdemeanors.
7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in
the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Consti-
8-Powers of Congress.
ress-shall have power
consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular
tution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither
ARTICLE III.
statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all
shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have
and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to
attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen
Section 1-Judicial powers, Tenure. Compensation.
public money shall be published from time to time.
$ and provide for the common defense and gen-
of the United States; but all duties, imposts and
8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United
years a resident within the United States.
The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in
States: and no person holding any office of profit or trust
(For qualification of the Vice President, see Amendment
one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Con-
be uniform throughout the United States;
under them. shall, without the consent of the Congress. ac-
XII.)
gress may from time to time ordain and establish. The
DW money on the credit of the United States;
cept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind
5. In case of the removal of the President from office, or
judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold
late commerce with foreign nations, and among
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.
of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers
their offices during good behavior, and shall at stated times,
ates, and with the Indian tribes;
Section 10-States prohibited from the exercise of
and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the
receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be
blish a uniform rule of naturalization. and uni-
certain powers.
Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the
diminished during their continuance in office.
n the subject of bankruptcies throughout the
case of removal. death, resignation or inability, both of the
1. No State shall enter into any treaty. alliance, or confed-
Section 2-Judicial power; to what cases it extends.
President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall
cration; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money;
Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court; appellate juris-
money, regulate the value thereof, and of for-
then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly,
emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a
diction. Trial by jury, etc. Trial, where.
I fix the standard of weights and measures;
until the disability be removed, or a President shall be
ide for the punishment of counterfeiting the se-
tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex
elected.
1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and
urrent coin of the United States;
post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts,
(This clause has been modified by Amendments XX and
equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the
lish post-offices and post-roads;
or grant any title of nobility.
XXV.)
United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made,
lote the progress of science and useful arts, by
2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay
6. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his ser-
under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors,
imited times to authors and inventors the ex-
any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what
vices, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor
other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty
o their respective writings and discoveries;
may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection
diminished during the period for which he shall have been
and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the
itute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
laws: and the net/produce of all duties and imposts, laid by
elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other
United States shall be a party; to controversies between two
any State on imports or exports. shall be for the use of the
ne and punish piracies and felonies committed
emolument from the United States, or any of them.
or more States; between a State and citizens of another
Treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be
7. Before he enter on the execution of his office. he shall
State; between citizens of different States, between citizens of
as, and offenses against the law of nations;
subject to the revision and control of the Congress.
take the following oath or affirmation:
the same State claiming lands under grants of different
are war, grant letters of marque and reprisal,
3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay
$ concerning captures on land and water;
"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully exe-
States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and for-
any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of
cute the office of President of the United States, and will to
eign states, citizens or subjects.
: and support armies, but no appropriation of
peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another
use shall be for a longer term than two years;
the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Con-
(This section is modified by Amendment XI.)
State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actu-
ide and maintain a navy;
stitution of the United States."
2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public minis-
ally invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit
of delay.
Section 2-President to be Commander-in-Chief. He
ters and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party,
e rules for the government and regulation of
the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the
aval forces;
may require opinions of cabinet officers, etc., may par-
ARTICLE II.
other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have
ide for calling forth the militia to execute the
don. Treaty-making power. Nomination of certain offi-
Section 1-President: his term of office. Electors of
appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such ex-
Inion, suppress insurrections and repel inva-
cers. When President may fill vacancies.
President; number and how appointed. Electors to vote
ceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall
on same day. Qualification of President. On whom his
1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the
make.
vide for organizing, arming, and disciplining
d for governing such part of them as may be
duties devolve in case of his removal, death, etc. Presi-
Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of
3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment,
dent's compensation. His oath of office.
the several States, when called into the actual service of the
shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State
1e service of the United States, reserving to the
United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the
where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when
vely, the appointment of the officers, and the
1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of
principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon
not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such
raining the militia according to the discipline
the United States of America. He shall hold his office during
any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices,
place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.
Congress;
the term of four years, and together with the Vice President,
and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for
Section 3-Treason Defined, Proof of, Punishment
cise exclusive legislation in all cases whatso-
chosen for the same term, be elected as follows
offenses against the United States, except in cases of im-
of.
1 district (not exceeding ten miles square) as
2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legis-
peachment.
1. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in
2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and con-
levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies,
(Smith/Blessey)
September 6, 1989
Draft One
MCHENRY
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
FORT MCHENRY
BALTIMORE, MARYLAND
THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1989
Congressmen Bentley, Mr. Clancy, Ladies and Gentlemen,
Friends and Fellow Orioles fans.
I am truly delighted to be with you. And to visit America's
one and only National Shrine. And I want to thank you for the
warmth of your reception.
One hundred and seventy-five years ago, two events -- the
Battle of Baltimore, and the "Star-Spangled Banner" -- wrote one
of the greatest chapters in the American Experience. Even now,
that go ISS THE
they teach us. Inspire us. Remind us of what Francis Scott Key
saw "by the dawn's early light."
He saw this flag -- this American flag. A flag that honored
sacrifice, and heroism. And embodied all that matters to the
human spirit. A flag that Americans have cherished from Bunker
Hill to the U.S.S. Iowa. Fighting -- on the front lines, and on
the home front -- so that freedom could prevail.
Think of it -- that night's historic Battle of Baltimore.
Remember the birth of the National Anthem. Marvel at how 1,000
citizen soldiers -- that era's 1,000 points of light -- defended
me Hurry
962-4310
the
Fort McHenry against Britain's best and brightest. Composing,
against the odds, a true profile in courage.
during
of
2
Today, on this special "Defenders Day, " we remember those
volunteers. For because of them, Baltimore was the only city in
the colonial period not occupied by a foreign power. And today,
also, we praise their successors -- volunteers like you.
I think of the Fort McHenry Guard, or visitors who donate to
help preserve this site. Or the the Patriots of Fort McHenry,
and members of the 17th Anniversary Commission. Volunteers
helping to restore the Fort McHenry National Monument and
Historic Shrine. Volunteers who show how community service is
timeless -- like American ideals.
As an Old Navy man, I salute your mission. For you're
ensuring, as Francis Key said, that our "flag will yet "wave."
55B
And as an American, I ask you: Help salute that flag by
supporting a Constitutional Amendment making it illegal to
desecreate this symbol of our liberty.
Seven years after Key wrote his ode to independence, Thomas
Jefferson wrote a letter to John Adams. In his letter Jefferson
wrote of the destiny of America's then- States. "I will not
believe our labors are lost," he said. "I shall not die without
a hope that light and liberty are on steady advance."
Fellow Americans, we too believe in liberty. For the
evidence of its power lights the world. The volunteers of 1814
showed that. The volunteers of 1989 prove it anew. I want to
thank them, and you, for this wonderful occasion. God bless you.
God bless America. Together, let us ensure our destiny: that
3
/
-
/
/
"what SO, proudly we hail will [always] bless the twilight's last
gleaming."
# # # #