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323152891
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American Society of Newspaper Editors 4/6/90 [OA 6895] [2]
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323152891
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American Society of Newspaper Editors 4/6/90 [OA 6895] [2]
citationUrl
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13712-007
collections
Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13712
Folder ID Number:
13712-007
Folder Title:
American Society of Newspaper Editors 4/6/90 [OA 6895] [2]
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Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
20
4
7
U ·d) шпэкти newer
about Inuit life at.
A young visitor
Photocopy-Preservation
March 1990
Smiths onian
March 1990
Smithsonian
Volume 20, Number 12
Table of Contents
Cover: In the museum's Exploration Place, a Canadian girl
100 Civic pride, Old West-style
dons a traditional Inuit fur-ruffed parka, holds
When it came to picking the county seat, six-shooters
a toy kayak-and enters a different culture (p. 114)
and chicanery were part of a town's election campaign
Photograph by Enrico Ferorelli
By James R. Chiles
Illustrations by Brenda Losey-Sumpter
8 Smithsonian horizons by Secretary Adams
10 Letters to the Editor
114 Ottawa's innovative 'global village'
20 Around the Mall and beyond by Edwards Park
The Canadian Museum of Civilization, a controversial
24 Phenomena, comment and notes by John P. Wiley jr.
and costly complex, mixes artifacts, artifice-and fun
30 Picture credits
By David Lancashire, photographs by Enrico Ferorelli
32 Do solar fireworks bring stormy weather?
129 'It will keep the professors busy for centuries'
As the sunspot cycle reaches its peak, astronomers
Scholars are still fighting over every jot and tittle
are looking at how the Sun's activity affects Earth
(though not the title) of James Joyce's Ulysses
By Stephen P. Maran
By Robin Bates
42 George Caleb Bingham's portraits of a people
146 Book reviews
From society swells to Missouri fur traders, his art
154 Additional reading
captured the complexity of mid-19th-century America
156 March events at the Smithsonian
By Verlyn Klinkenborg
162 Smithsonian tours, seminars and expeditions
58 The joy of The Hunt, the thrill of The Find
164 Vespucci could have been wrong, right?
And the true confessions of a collection of passionate
By Barbara Holland
collectors possessed with a need to have their It
By Jim Lehrer, photographs by Steve Gottlieb
Smithsonian (ISSN 0037-7333) is published monthly by the
70 St. Bernards, the dogs divine
Smithsonian Associates, 900 Jefferson Drive, Washington, DC 20560.
© Smithsonian Institution 1990. All rights reserved.
Out of a rugged Alpine pass come the uncanny canines
Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited.
with snowplow paws and a heroic soft spot for humans
Subscription price $20 a year in U.S. and possessions. $33 elsewhere.
80 percent of dues is designated for magazine subscription. Single
By Michael Olmert
copy price. $2.50. Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC
and additional mailing offices.
Editorial offices at 900 Jefferson Drive, Washington. DC 20560.
Advertising and circulation offices at 420 Lexington Ave.,
84 Jacques d'Amboise teaches dance with a dividend
New York, NY 10170.
An energetic motivator, he can change the attitudes
Members: Please address all subscription correspondence and
change of address information to Smithsonian, P.O. Box 55593,
-and lives-of his National Dance Institute students
Boulder, CO 80322-5593.
Postmaster: Send address changes to Smithsonian, P.O. Box 55593,
By Steven Barboza, photographs by Lynn Johnson
Boulder. CO 80302-5593.
Photocopy-Preservation
2
Around
offering. So it has gathered a fine collec-
ets. "They include news clippings." said
tion of Stradivarii, and a self-replenish-
Sara. "Apparently he'd saved some of
ing punch-bowl ladle presumably used
them because they said nice things
by Houdini, and the stuff that was in
about him." It's good to know that Lin-
the Mall
President Lincoln's pockets when he
coln. like the rest of us, felt the need of a
was assassinated, along with thousands
little stroking now and then.
of other objects not usually associated
I also found an old friend and
and beyond
with libraries, and millions of things
Smithsonian alumnus, Ben Lawless.
that are-pamphlets, prints. posters,
He's a freelance exhibits designer work-
photographs and, of course. letters. The
ing with another old friend, Jan Adkins.
Library's total inventory comes to about
formerly of National Geographic. And
84 million items-almost in the same
they've been very busy with this display.
ballpark with us.
Ben trotted out for my perusal Ernie
Photocopy-Preservation
Many of these items relate to journal-
Pyle's typewriter, which will be exhib-
ism. and you'll see them at "The Ameri-
ited in the War Correspondents section.
can Journalist: Paradox of the Press" on
It was packed up and shipped home
two floors of the Madison Building-the
from Ie Shima after the great frontline
newest of the Library's three edifices-
reporter was killed there in 1945. The
starting April 5. Long before the space
typed original of one of Pyle's last dis-
This is fair warning of a future event
was even cleared for this new show, I
patches will also be on view. Among
that is a Must if ever there was one. It's
was taken in tow by Helen Dalrymple
other bits of journalistic hardware are a
the journalism exhibit at the Library of
of the Library's public affairs staff and
few things loaned by the Smithsonian:
Congress. scheduled to open early next
introduced to some of the objects and to
a 19th-century Washington Hoe hand
month. Don't miss it.
some of the people who were making
press and type stand, a portable tele-
The Library of Congress would seem
them presentable for opening day.
graph machine, Rube Goldberg's draw-
rightfully to be involved with books-
David Halaas, exhibition curator,
ing table, and that vital adjunct to any
and so it is. But it is also, rightfully. a
and his associate curator. Sara Day, as-
editor's office in more volatile times-a
repository. Like its neighbor the Smith-
sured me that, among other things, you
set of dueling pistols.
sonian. it is seldom able to say no to any
will see the contents of Lincoln's pock-
But most of the material on display is
very first newspaper published in North
for display at my local supermarket's
America, a sheet entitled Publick Occur-
checkout stands. The hottest tidbit
rences, Both Forreign and Domestick.
seemed to be a report of smallpox rag-
It appeared exactly 300 years ago; one of
ing in Boston. But I suppose even that
the purposes of the show is to mark its
alarmed Colonial authorities, for it re-
tricentennial. As it happened, Publick
vealed information to common folks.
Occurrences occurred only once. Pub-
The governor and the council found
tlished by Benjamin Harris, who had
the paper contained "sundry doubtful
done time in England for publishing
and uncertain Reports." They expressed
"seditious" pamphlets, it hit the streets
"high Resentment and Disallowance of
of Boston on Thursday, September 25,
said Pamphlet," and forbade "any per-
1690. Four days later, the royal governor
son or persons for the future to Set forth
ordered it confiscated. No more journals
anything in Print without Licence." So
would be allowed without his permis-
Benjamin Harris became the first writer
sion. So American journalism, born free
to get banned in Boston-an accom-
in 1690, was quickly enslaved.
plishment which even now assures heavy
Wondering why, I had a careful look
sales-and the first to get shot down by
at a facsimile of our first newspaper.
the government. The real public occur-
The original won't arrive until two days
rence was that act of suppression.
before the exhibit opens. It's being
With an old journalist's suitable gen-
Newsboy folk sculpture, 1888, will draw
flown over from England because the
uflection to this seminal newspaper, I
visitors into "American Journalist" show.
only copy of the paper to escape de-
continued through the storehouse of
struction was the one sent by Harris to
wonders at the Library of Congress,
the Public Record Office in London. It
which, even as you read this, are being
what I suppose would now be called
is a small tabloid of ancient fibrous pa-
assembled in place. In the stairwell of
software-items more related to the
per, far sturdier than today's newsprint,
the exhibition area at the Madison
thought processes of journalism than
which is why it is still around.
Building you'll find a splendid red-white-
to the mechanics of producing and de-
Reading the news items of 1690, I felt
and-blue balloon with Nellie Bly's name
fending it. Pride of place goes to the
that the reporting was too well-behaved
on it. Just a hundred years ago, this feisty
LILA HAUGHN/MANAGER'S
Photocopy-Preservation.)
"It has so n
"You won't find another plad
a storybook town, bellhops in ki
A lot of our guests call it th
they've been coming here with their families for years.
There's forever plenty to do. Tennis swimming our golf
course is beautiful. Or you can just go for a stroll around
St. Andrews-by-the-Sea. This summer I went whale watching and
saw two whales. Oh, it was so exciting. I just love it here."
Sumptuous seafood, cosy ocean-view inns and an abundance
of entertaining activities. For more on the delights of
New Brunswick call 1-800-561-0123.
Canada
THE ALGONQUIN HOTEL,
ANDREWS Y-THE-SEA, NEW.BRUNSWICK
The World Next Door
Plains Indian art, artifacts and jewelry.
Colorful. educational catalog shows
over 100 beautiful examples of mounted
burfalo skulls. bow and arrow sets,
reporter (no sob sister, she) finished a
they are. Where do their responsibilities
knives, painted buffalo and elk robes.
shields. axes, lances, dance sticks,
Joseph Pulitzer assignment for the New
lie? Do they follow events, or lead them?
dolls. ceremonial pipes, rattles, shirts,
York World. Her mission: go around the
I, for one, only know I like the job.
covore fang necklace, other bone
jewelry, silver jewelry and more
world in less than 80 days to best Jules
Civil War days produced war corre-
unique gifts, stunning decorations
and collector's items from exclusive
Verne's fictional hero Phileas Fogg. Little
spondents, battlefield artists and the use
source. All are hand made with
Nellie-her real name was Elizabeth
authentic materials.
of the telegraph to send stories back to
Catalog tells the fascinating story of
each mem's place in Cheyenne. Sioux.
Cochrane-beat Phileas by eight days.
the paper. And then the papers boomed
and Blackfoot heritage. For your copy.
Although a balloon wasn't used for the
along with the country. James Gordon
send 53.00.
DEALER
PRAIRIE EDGE
INQUIRIES
journey, it serves in the show as a symbol
Bennett found that his readers devoured
INVITED
PHONE SALES CATALOG REQUEST OFFICE
of the crossover between fact and fiction.
scandal, and fed it to them. You'll see
PO Sex Dept. SM2
Rapid City. SD 57709-8323 (505) 341-4525
Nellie Bly was also an investigative
the source of the name for this kind of
VISIT OUR STORES N SANTA FE. N.M. AND DEADWOOD
reporter, one of the people discussed on
journalism on posters depicting R. F.
the second level of the show. She shook
Outcault's Yellow Dugan Kid in full
up New Yorkers by getting herself com-
color-glaring yellow. This comic char-
mitted to the city's insane asylum on
acter started in Joseph Pulitzer's New
The J. Peterman
Blackwell's Island and spilling its hor-
York World, then went to William
rors onto the front page of the World.
Randolph Hearst's New York Journal.
Catalogue. (No. 5)
You'll meet others here, including Ida
A circulation war erupted between the
Spring '90.
Tarbell, who cut loose at big business
two. "An Actress Dissected" screams one
monopolies, and Jacob Riis, who wrote
Gay Nineties headline. "Society Women
about New York's slums for the Tribune.
Who Drink" fumes another.
P. 58
If you can tear yourself away from
The rooms around the foot of the stair-
these salad days of reporting, you'll dis-
well deal with journalism itself. You'll
cover coverage of radio and TV news,
pass displays of papers and pamphlets
of country papers-a Norman Rockwell
that mark our progress toward estab-
painting titled The Country Editor,
lishing our own government. Here, for
a"letter from Theodore Roosevelt to
P. 20
P. 17
example, you'll see Paul Revere's flier
William Allen White, the epitome of
reporting on the Boston Massacre of
country editors. You will wind up stairs
1770. It wasn't a pleasant event, but it
lined with paparazzi begging you to
was mild compared with what Revere
"Hold it a minute!" and pleading for
P. 18
made of it. I'd seen a print, but this
"Just one more!" while strobe lights
hand-painted original showed stricken
flicker like the flashes of cameras. And
citizens spouting gouts of blood exactly
you will walk through concentric circles,
P. 8
the same color as the coats of the "vi-
passing memorabilia of real reporters
cious" soldiery. The Customs House at
and then fictional ones. Among the gen-
right carries the sign "Butcher's Hall."
erally unknown faces in the Street Re-
P. 4
P. 26
"They didn't miss a trick," said Sara
porters section is, surprisingly but logi-
Day, who is stoutheartedly British.
cally, Walt Whitman, whose work as a
"They were masters of propaganda,
reporter provided material for his Leaves
those forefathers of yours.
of Grass. Among the fictions are Clark
You move on to the Revolution, the
Kent, Brenda Starr and a host of others.
Constitution. "Congress shall make no
law
abridging the freedom of speech
The show is as big and broad and bois-
or of the press
says the Bill of
terous as journalism itself. It includes
Rights. And then the American press
everything from William Lloyd Garri-
P. 34
discovered the delights of American
son, who thumped the tub for abolition,
politics. Savage word battles raged be-
to a collection of movie clips that starts
P. 55
tween Federalists and Republicans.
off with reporter Ronald Reagan calling
What copy! Confident of their constitu-
in to his city editor from the scene of a
P. 39
tional rights, publishers tried out the
murder: "Hello, J. B.," he spouts. "Boy,
power of the pen, and journalists
have I got a story!" It also includes pages
P. 50
roasted President John Adams and Vice
from Bob Woodward's reporter's note-
President Thomas Jefferson.
book recording the Watergate break-in.
And suddenly, along came the Alien
"The American Journalist," which will
and Sedition Acts of 1798. The press
run through August 12, was funded by
1990 The J. Peterman Company
saw the Sedition Act as a massive back-
the Gannett Foundation and produced
sliding toward the control of Colonial
in cooperation with the American
Catalogue to
name
days. It certainly ended the fun for a
Society of Newspaper Editors. It was
while, but today it's not exactly unheard
the brainchild of guest curator Loren
address
of for the press to criticize a President.
Ghiglione, editor of the Southbridge,
city
state
zip
It's safe to say that since those ambiguous
Massachusetts, News and author of the
The J. Peterman Company
beginnings, American journalists have
fine book that will accompany the show.
2444 Palumbo Drive
been a bit uncertain about who and what
Edwards Park
Lexington, Kentucky 40509
S3
(800) 231-7341
Photocopy-Preservation
22
O
F
Y
R
A
1 B R
C R O Z G
S
S
H
I
SERVICES TO THE NATION
THE
LIBRARY
OF
CONGRESS
Main Reading Room in the Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library
of Congress (now undergoing renovation)
Library's Printing and Processing Section,
Central Services Division.
Photography Photographs for personal use
may be taken in exhibit areas. The use of flash
attachments is not permitted in any reading
room. Permission to use a tripod must be
obtained from the Information Office, James
Madison Memorial Building, Room
LM-105.
Snack Bar/Cafeteria The Library cafeteria,
located on the sixth floor of the Madison
Building, is open to the public from 8:30 a.m.
to 11:30 a.m., and from 12:30 p.m. to 3:30
p.m. on Monday through Friday. In addition,
there are snack bars, some offering counter
service, with food and beverage vending
machines, in all Library buildings.
Restrooms Restrooms are located near the
entrances of each Library building.
Telephones Public telephones are located
near the entrances of each Library building.
The Library of Congress
Washington, D.C. 20540
(202) 707-5000
1989
Jefferson Building, across from the Capitol, built in 1897.
Hours All exhibit areas are open to the pub-
T
he Library of Congress is the
lic between 9 a.m. and 5:30 p.m., except the
Nation's library. Its services extend
Madison Gallery, and the Great Hall and
not only to Members and committees
lower gallery of the Thomas Jefferson Build-
of the Congress, but to the executive and
ing, which are open from 8:30 a.m. to
judicial branches of government, to libraries
9:30 p.m. on Monday through Friday,
throughout the Nation and the world, and to
8:30 a.m. to 6 p.m. on Saturday, and 1 p.m.
the scholars and researchers and artists and
to 5 p.m. on Sunday. Exhibit hours in the Per-
scientists who use its resources. This was not
forming Arts Library in the Kennedy Cen-
always the case. When President John Adams
ter are 11 a.m. to 8:30 p.m. on Tuesday
signed the bill that provided for the removal of
through Friday; 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on Satur-
the seat of government to the new capital city
day; it is closed on Sunday, Monday, and
of Washington in 1800, he created a reference
holidays.
library for Congress only. The bill provided,
Information Counters The Library sales
among other items, $5,000 "for the purchase
counter is located in the Thomas Jefferson
of such books as may be necessary for the use
Building (open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Mon-
of Congress-and for putting up a suitable
day through Saturday (closed Sundays). A
apartment for containing them therein.
new sales shop is scheduled to open in the
The first books were ordered from England
James Madison Memorial Building, on the
and shipped across the Atlantic in 11 hair
first floor, in early summer. Library of Con-
trunks and a map case. The Library was
gress publications, postcards, recordings,
housed in the new Capitol, until August 1814,
slides, facsimiles, posters, folklife items, and
at which time British troops invaded Washing-
other articles may be purchased.
ton, and when they put the torch to the
Tours Free, 45-minute guided tours begin
Capitol Building, the small Library was lost.
at the ground-floor entrance lobby of the
Within a month former President Thomas
Thomas Jefferson Building every hour, on the
Jefferson, living in retirement at Monticello,
hour, from 10 a.m. through 3 p.m. on Mon-
offered as a replacement his personal library,
day through Friday. Group tours should be
accumulated over a span of 50 years. As Min-
arranged in advance. For further information
ister to France, Jefferson had spent many
call (202) 707-5458. An 18-minute slide pre-
afternoons at bookstalls in Paris, "turning
sentation, "America's Library," provides
over every book with my own hands, putting
visitors with an excellent introduction to the
by everything which related to America, and
Library of Congress. "America's Library"
indeed whatever was rare and valuable in
is shown hourly every day, from 8:45 a.m.
every science." His library was considered
to 8:45 p.m., in the Orientation Theater,
one of the finest in the United States.
ground-floor lobby area, Thomas Jefferson
In offering the library to the Congress Jef-
Building.
ferson wrote, "I do not know that it contains
Calendar of Events A monthly listing of
any branch of science which Congress would
exhibits, poetry readings, concerts, and other
wish to exclude from their collection; there is,
special events at the Library-the Calendar of
in fact, no subject to which a Member of Con-
Events-is free upon request at the informa-
gress may not have occasion to refer. After
tion and sales counters, or by mail from the
considerable debate Congress in January 1815
accepted Jefferson's offer, appropriating
CULTURAL PROGRAMS
$23,950 for the collection of 6,487 books.
Chamber music concerts, poetry readings,
Thus the foundation was laid for a great
films, lectures, and symposia are presented
national library.
throughout the year in the Library's 500-seat
Coolidge Auditorium, the adjacent Whittall
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Pavilion, the Mary Pickford Theater, and the
Mumford Room. Live broadcasts of many of
the concerts are carried by radio stations
The Library of Congress complex on
throughout the country. Many lectures given
Capitol Hill includes three buildings. The
at the Library are published. Of special note
Thomas Jefferson Building, executed in
here: The Coolidge Auditorium will be closed
Italian Renaissance style, is the oldest of these.
for renovation for about three years, begin-
Heralded as the largest and costliest library
ning November 1989.
structure in the world when it was completed
Through its exhibits program, the Library
in 1897, it is elaborately decorated with splen-
displays examples of the treasures in its
did sculpture, murals, and mosaics created by
collections, including prints and photographs,
50 American artists. The building's Great
maps, musical scores, rare books, and manu-
Hall includes towering marble columns,
scripts. Many of the exhibits travel to libraries
murals and mosaics, statuary, and stained
and museums across the nation.
glass, portraying themes relating to learning,
Especially popular is the lunchtime concert
knowledge, and the many pursuits of civili-
series sponsored by the Library's American
zation. The Main Reading Room, reopening
Folklife Center. Once a month, from May
in late 1990 following extensive renovation,
through October, musical groups represent-
soars 160 feet from floor to dome. The room
ing a variety of folk traditions perform on the
will house a collection of 45,000 reference
Neptune Plaza in front of the Library's Jeffer-
books and desks for 250 readers. The adjacent
son Building.
Computer Catalog Center provides public ac-
The Center for the Book in the Library of
cess to the Library's automated catalog files
Congress is a national catalyst for stimulat-
through computer terminals.
ing public interest in books, reading, and the
The simply designed, dignified John Adams
printed word. Its symposia, exhibits, and pub-
Building, faced with white Georgia marble,
lications are supported by tax-deductible con-
was opened in 1939. Bàs relief sculptures on
tributions from individuals and corporations.
its large bronze doors represent 12 historic
"A Nation of Readers," 'Read More About
figures credited with giving the art of writing
It," "Books Make a Difference," and "Year
to their people. They include Ts'ang Chieh,
of the Young Reader," are reading promo-
Chinese patron saint of pictographic letters;
tion themes used nationally and by affiliated
Cadmus, honored in Greek legend as the
Centers for the Book in a number of states.
inventor of the alphabet; and Sequoyah, the
VISITOR INFORMATION
renowned American Indian who invented an
alphabet for the Cherokee language and
The Library of Congress is open to the pub-
taught his people to read. Ezra Winter's
lic every day except Christmas and New
murals of the Canterbury Tales decorate the
Year's Day.
19th century and adopted by most academic
and special libraries.
Since 1900 many libraries have depended
on cataloging information produced by the
Library of Congress in forms that have
changed from books and printed cards to
machine-readable tapes. Such information
saves libraries time and money.
The Library of Congress offers assistance
in locating source materials in libraries in the
United States and throughout the world, pub-
lishing bibliographies, guides, and selected
lists of materials on many subjects, from
African folklore to UFOs. It also compiles
the invaluable National Union Catalog of
books published since 1454 identifying the
holdings of more than 1,200 North Ameri-
can libraries, as well as other union cata-
logs which record the locations of books
in Slavic, Hebraic, Japanese, and Chinese
The James Madison Memorial Building.
languages.
Through its National Library Service for
building's fifth-floor reading room.
the Blind and Physically Handicapped and a
The white marble James Madison Memo-
nationwide network of 160 cooperating
rial Building, dedicated on April 24, 1980,
libraries, the Library of Congress has a
more than doubled the Library's available
readership of more than 705,400 blind and
Capitol Hill space. The building houses the
physically handicapped individuals of all ages.
official memorial to the Nation's fourth
At no cost to readers, it supplies them with
President, James Madison Memorial Hall, as
books and magazines in braille or recorded
well as eight reading rooms, offices, and
on disks or cassettes together with playback
storage areas for the Library's special-format
equipment. Each year about 2,500 fiction and
collections, which number over 70 million
nonfiction titles that appeal to a variety of
items.
tastes are selected for recording and brailling,
produced in quantity, and circulated through
FROM PAPYRUS TO LASERS
the network of libraries. In addition, music
books and periodicals, scores, and instruc-
Collections of the Library include more
tional cassettes for piano, organ, guitar,
than 86 million items covering virtually every
and other instruments are made available
subject in formats that vary from papyrus to
in braille and recorded formats. The Service
optical disk. These materials stretch along 535
also trains volunteers for braille transcrip-
miles of shelves and are being acquired at a
tion and proofreading and for tape narra-
rate of 10 items a minute. The Library has
tion.
26 million books and pamphlets in 60
languages and more than 36 million
law materials. To gather background material
manuscripts, among them such treasures
for a spy story set in Eastern Europe, a
of American history and culture as the pa-
novelist may refer to the extensive reference
pers of Presidents, notable families, writers,
collections of the Main Reading Room, the
artists, and scientists. The Library has the
European Division, and the Government
world's largest and most comprehensive car-
Publications, Newspaper, and Current Peri-
tographic collection-almost 4 million maps
odical Reading Room.
and atlases, dating back to the middle of the
For those who are not able to visit the Li-
14th century-and a 7-million-piece music
brary a number of special services are avail-
able. Through its interlibrary loan program
the Library extends the use of its books and
other research materials to scholars working
at academic, public, or other libraries across
the country. The service is intended to aid
scholarly research by making available
unusual materials not readily accessible else-
where. Through the Library's Photoduplica-
tion Service the public may purchase
photographs, photostats, facsimile prints, and
microfilms of research materials by mail (sub-
ject to copyright or other restrictions).
Written inquiries on specific subjects are
handled by the General Reading Rooms Divi-
sion and other reference divisions within the
Library.
In 1980 the Library established the Coun-
cil of Scholars, a group of 22 distinguished
individuals representing a wide spectrum of
The John Adams Building Reading Room
academic fields and disciplines. These men
and women are charged with examining the
collection that includes autograph scores, cor-
state of knowledge in their subject fields and
respondence of composers and musicians,
exploring the extent to which the Library's
flutes from throughout the world, and rare
collections effectively support active research
Stradivarius instruments, with Tourte bows.
in these areas.
The Library's 10 million prints and pho-
tographs provide a visual record of people,
SERVICES TO LIBRARIES
places, and events in the United States and
in many foreign countries. Master photos, fine
Besides maintaining the Dewey Decimal
prints, works of popular and applied graphic
Classification system, used by many public
arts, and documentary photographs are in-
and school libraries, the Library continually
cluded. Approximately 75,000 serial titles are
expands and develops the Library of Congress
received annually; 1,200 newspapers are held
Classification system, devised at the end of the
transfer and reassignments, and distributes co-
pies and certificates of official documents relat-
ing to Copyright Office records and deposits.
Works deposited for copyright are a rich
THIRD STREET S.E.
source of material for building the Library's
JOHN ADAMS
collections. The Copyright Office transfers
more than half of its current books, periodi-
EAST CAPITOL STREET
BUILDING
SECOND STREET S.E.
cals, music, and maps to the Library.
Also administered by the Copyright Office,
THOMAS
through the Licensing Division, are several
EFFERSON
INDEPENDENCE AVENUE
JAMES MADISON
MEMORIAL BUILDING
licenses, including statutory royalty provisions
for cable television retransmissions and for
jukebox performances. Through its Mask
Work Unit the Copyright Office administers
the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of
1984.
SCHOLARLY RESOURCES
U.S. CAPITOL
The three buildings which
BUILDING
make up the multi-media
As its most important service to the schol-
encyclopedia-The Library
of Congress on Capitol Hill
arly community the Library of Congress
makes its vast resources available to the pub-
lic. Scholars, writers, teachers, artists, jour-
in the Library's permanent collections, with
nalists, students-anyone over the age of 18
some dating back to the 17th century. There
pursuing serious research-may use the
are also 80,000 motion picture titles, 50,000
Library's reading rooms, each of which has
television broadcasts, 350,000 radio transcrip-
a catalog, reference collection, and reference
tions, and over one million other sound
librarians to guide the way. Readers may use
recordings, as well as about seven million
computer terminals to search the Library's
microforms.
data bases for new titles, for sources of infor-
Throughout the Library buildings manu-
mation on a variety of subjects, and for legis-
scripts, rare books, prints, and maps from col-
lative histories.
lections are exhibited. On permanent display
The uses of the Library's resources are as
are such priceless treasures as the Library's
varied as its collections. For example, a gradu-
copy of the Gutenberg Bible, one of three sur-
ate student doing a comparative study of
viving examples printed on vellum and perfect
American writers may go to the Manuscript
in all respects, and the Giant Bible of Mainz,
Reading Room to examine the papers of Walt
an illuminated manuscript executed by hand
Whitman and Archibald MacLeish. A violin-
at about the time the Gutenberg Bible was
ist may use the Music Reading Room to study
printed. Also on permanent display is a copy-
the notations on an original score of a Mozart
right exhibit with such familiar items as Ken
string quartet. An attorney may use the Law
and Barbie dolls, a speech by Martin Luther
Library's comprehensive collection of foreign
King, and a copy of the movie "Gone With
the Wind," which trace the history of copy-
The CRS staff of 860 ranges from civil engi-
right through landmark cases.
neers and oceanographers to labor arbitrators
In 1982, the Library began a pilot program
and experts on Soviet rocketry. Their most
in image preservation and retrieval using
important function is to provide objective,
state-of-the-art optical disk technology. The
unbiased information to the Congress, pre-
pilot program evaluated the use of optical disk
senting the pros and cons of each issue SO that
technology for information preservation, im-
Members can make their own decisions on the
proved access, compact storage, and determi-
basis of complete knowledge of the problems
nation of the costs and benefits of the
involved.
technology in a library setting. Two types of
The staff of the Law Library, a department
disk storage are now being used. High-
created by an Act of Congress more than 150
resolution images of print materials are being
years ago, is the research arm of the Congress
stored on digital optical disks, while lower-
for questions regarding foreign law. The Law
resolution images of non-print materials are
Library answers congressional requests for
stored on analog videodisks. Several user sta-
analyses of foreign legislation and legal devel-
tions are in place in selected reading rooms
opments. Translations of foreign laws are
SO readers may gain access to certain articles,
handled by the Law Library's legal specialists,
journals, maps, music, manuscripts, motion
who are proficient in 50 different languages.
picture stills, drawings, and photographs.
Some of the earliest motion pictures produced,
COPYRIGHT PROTECTION
as well as samples of color film segments and
television broadcasts, are a part of the one
The Copyright Office in the Library of
program.
Congress administers the operation of the
United States copyright law, a major force for
SERVICES TO CONGRESS
the encouragement of literary and artistic
endeavors. The protection afforded by
The Library of Congress provides numer-
copyright extends to works of the Nation's
ous services which directly or indirectly benefit
creative community, including authors, com-
all Americans. A primary role is to serve as
posers, artists, and filmmakers. The copyright
the research and reference arm of the Con-
registration record maintained by the office
gress. Through the Congressional Research
provides a valuable record of American cul-
Service (CRS), a department established over
tural and technological growth and inno-
60 years ago, the Library provides legislators
vation.
with the information they need to govern
The Copyright Card Catalog and post-1977
wisely and effectively. The staff of CRS
automated files provide an index to copyright
answers about 450,000 inquiries a year, rang-
registrations and copyright transfers in the
ing from simple requests for data to highly
United States from 1870 to present. More
complex in-depth studies. In addition, CRS
than half a million registrations are added to
prepares bill digests, summaries of major
the record every year. The Copyright Office
legislation, and other reference tools to help
also provides information about copyright
Members and their committees stay abreast
protection, the copyright law, and copyright
of the daily flow of legislation.
registrations, renewals, and documents of
How does the Library acquire its holdings?
Where is the Copyright Office?
13
17
Can I see films from the Library's col-
exchange with libraries in this country and
22
lections?
They are acquired by copyright deposit,
The Copyright Office is located on the fourth
floor of the Madison Building. It has handled
Public screenings are scheduled in the Mary
abroad, gifts, transfer from other government agencies,
more than 20 million copyright registrations and transfers
Pickford Theater. A quarterly schedule of the free film screen-
official donations from local, state and foreign governments,
since 1790, and currently deals with nearly half a million
ings is available from the Motion Picture, Broadcasting and
requisition, and purchase. Materials are added to the collec-
new registrations each year. Its card catalog, with more than
Recorded Sound Division (Madison Building, Room LM 336)
tions of the Library at a rate of 7,000 items per working day.
45 million cards, is the largest in the world. A colorful exhibit
or the Information Office (Madison Building, Room LM 105).
Selection officers review materials and decide which should
documenting landmark cases in the history of copyright in
be retained and added to the permanent collections.
the United States is on view during business hours in the
25
fourth floor corridor.
How can I find out about free public events
What is the Library doing to preserve its
14
23
at the Library?
collections?
Where can I see the most treasured docu-
A monthly Calendar of Events listing exhibits,
The Library estimates the loss of valuable
18
ments of the Library of Congress?
concerts, films, literary programs, and other special events
is free at the Information and Sales counters in the Jefferson
materials printed on acidic papers at 77,000 volumes per year.
Although the Library places many historically
and Madison Buildings, or by mail from Library of Con-
Questions
To combat this problem and preserve its collections, a num-
important documents and treasured items on display from
gress, Central Services Division, Printing and Processing
ber of programs have been initiated to supplement more tradi-
time to time, they are usually stored under special conditions
Section, Washington, DC 20540.
tional methods like microfilming. A deacidification process,
for preservation reasons and are not available for viewing
which restores an alkaline content to the paper and retards
without advance arrangements. The Gutenberg Bible is,
Most Frequently
embrittlement, has been developed by the Library's preser-
however, on permanent display in a specially designed case
vation research staff and should be in operation by 1991.
24
Where can I get something to eat?
in the Great Hall of the Jefferson Building. Changing exhibits
Digital optical disks are being processed to store printed
are mounted in reading rooms and public areas in all build-
The Library cafeteria, located on the sixth
materials, including periodicals, maps, manuscripts, and sheet
ings. They are listed in the monthly Calendar of Events.
floor of the Madison Building, is open to the
Asked
music. A one-sided disk can store up to 15,000 pages of text.
public from 9 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. and 12:30 p.m. to 3 p.m.,
Monday through Friday (closed between 10:30 a.m. and
Where is the Card Catalog?
11 a.m.). Groups should make reservations by calling
Who can use the Library and check books
19
707-8300. There are snack bars and food and beverage
15
out?
The extensive main catalog of more than 25
machines located in all the Library buildings.
by Visitors
million cards is located on the first floor of the
The Library of Congress is a reference library
Jefferson Building, beginning in the Main Reading Room and
and does not operate like a public library. Its vast resources
continuing into adjacent rooms. Also housed there is the
Computer Catalog Center with computer terminals that pro-
25
Where is the nearest Metro stop?
of 81 million items are available for research in the Library
by the public regardless of nationality, and to anyone 18 years
vide public access to approximately 10 million records in
Capitol South Metro Station, served by the
of age or older. Students and scholars are encouraged to use
computer databases. While the Main Reading Room is closed
Orange and Blue lines, is located near the
university or public libraries before seeking materials in the
for renovation, the public may access the catalog from the
corner of 1st and C Streets, S.E. Metro Bus stops are located
Library of Congress collections. Hard-to-find materials, not
Social Science Reading Room on the 5th floor of the John
near the Library grounds and a schedule can be obtained at
available locally or regionally, may be borrowed from the
Adams Building.
the Capitol South subway station.
Library of Congress through interlibrary loan.
Where can I see the Library's collections of
20
Telephone Numbers:
Hours (Exhibit Halls)
Where is the Reading Room?
priceless violins, flutes, and other musical
16
instruments?
General Information
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
There are 22 general and special reading rooms
Monday through Friday,
within the buildings of the Library of Con-
These instruments are part of the Music Division's collec-
(202) 707-6400
8:30 a.m.-9:30 p.m.
gress. The Main Reading Room, with its beautifully decorated
tion of 7 million pieces, which includes autograph scores,
correspondence of composers and musicians, flutes from
Concert Information
dome, is located on the first floor of the Thomas Jefferson
Saturday, 8:30 a.m.-6:00 p.m.
Building and can be viewed from the Visitor's Gallery. The
around the world, and rare Stradivarius instruments with
(202) 707-5502
room is temporarily closed for renovation.
Tourte bows. Advance arrangements should be made with
Sunday, 1:00 p.m.-5:00 p.m.
the Music Division to view any of these items.
Lecture Information
(202) 707-5394
Holidays, Closed
Where can I go to look up my family
Specific Information
21
history?
(202) 707-5000
The Local History and Genealogy Section sug-
Public Reference Information
gests that to make your search easier, you first consult your
(202) 707-5522
local public library for guides to genealogical research. Upon
request, a brochure about the Library's local history and
THE
LIBRARY
genealogy collection can be obtained from the General Read-
OF CONGRESS
ing Rooms Division, in Room LJ 244 of the Jefferson
Building.
STREET
Folger
Library of
Congress
What is the Library of Congress?
Library
Adams Bldg.
Who were the artists for the Jefferson Building?
1
STREET
The Library serves as the research and reference arm
7
More than 50 American sculptors and painters were
of the Congress and is recognized as the national
Library of
Library of
commissioned to create the building's sculptures,
library of the United States. Its collections comprise the most
Congress
Congress
murals, and mosaics. The structure was intended to be a
comprehensive record of the history, cultures, and knowledge
James
Madison
showplace for the art and culture of the young nation and
of the nation and the world. Open for use by all adults, without
Memorial
remains one of the most admired buildings of the period.
charge or restriction, it is the world's largest library and a
U.S. Supreme Court
Bldg.
Jefferson Bldg.
great resource to scholars and researchers.
Capitol South
Station
Has the Jefferson Building ever been renovated?
Blue
Line)
CANNON
H.O.B.
How does the Congress use the Library?
House
Annex
Office Bldg.
8
In 1964-65 the Main Reading Room was given a
2
new floor, new lighting, heating and ventilation, and
Nearly five hundred thousand inquiries are received
book carrier system. Other areas have received periodic
annually and answered by the Congressional
25
cleaning. The first comprehensive renovation and restora-
Research Service (CRS), the main division of the Library
tion program for the Jefferson and Adams Buildings was
that serves the Congress. Staffed by specialists on such topics
LONGWORTH
initiated in the spring of 1985 after an appropriation by Con-
House Office Bidg
as economics, foreign affairs, the environment, and natural
gress of $81.5 million. The project is anticipated to take place
U.S. Capitol Bldg
SOUTH
CAPITOL
resources policy, CRS supplies Congress with unbiased
over a number of years.
information and data to support policy decisions. Another
division of the Library that works very closely with Con-
gress is the Law Library. With the world's largest and most
Are there tours of the Library?
comprehensive collections in foreign, international, and com-
9
"America's Library," a slide/sound presentation, is
parative law, it serves as the foreign law research arm of
shown in the orientation theater on the ground floor
Congress.
of the Jefferson Building daily at 15 minutes before the hour
from 8:45 a.m. to 8:45 p.m. and from 8:45 a.m. to 5:45 p.m.
Who is in charge of the Library of Congress?
weekends and holidays. On Monday through Friday, from
3
10 a.m. to 3 p.m., the slide show is followed by a free guided
The Library is directed by The Librarian of Con-
CODEX
tour. Arrangements for group tours should be made by calling
gress, who is appointed by the President of the United
the Tour Office, (202) 707-5458.
States and confirmed by a vote of the Senate. Since the found-
ing of the Library there have been 12 Librarians of Congress.
Although a presidential appointee, the Librarian reports to
May I take photographs in the Library?
a joint committee of Congress concerning the programs of
10
Snapshots for personal use may be taken in pub-
the Library of Congress.
lic areas. The use of flash attachments is not
permitted in the Visitor's Gallery or in any reading room.
Permission to use a tripod must be obtained from the Infor-
How many visitors does the Library serve?
4
mation Office, James Madison Memorial Building, Room
The Library, with a staff of more than 5,000, serves
LM 105. Any videotaping or filming, either indoors or out-
some two and a half million people annually.
doors on Library grounds, must also be cleared with the
Children as well as adults are welcome on Library tours.
Information Office.
When was the Library built?
Does the Library have a copy of every book
5
After its founding in 1800, the library was housed
11
published in the United States?
in a boarding house and later in the Capitol. Its first
No, but it does have more than 26 million
permanent building now the Thomas Jefferson Building-
books and pamphlets, including publications and other
was, opened in 1897. The John Adams Building was com-
materials in some 470 languages.
pleted in 1939 and the James Madison Memorial Building
in 1980.
Where are the books?
Who designed the Jefferson Building and how
12
Books and other materials are shelved on some
6
much did it cost?
535 miles of shelves in the stacks of the Jeffer-
son and Adams Buildings with the non-book materials stored
Its construction was based on a design, submitted in
primarily in the Madison Building.
competition, by architects Smithmeyer and Pelz. The build-
ing cost almost $6.5 million, less than anticipated, so that
about $150,000 was returned to the Congress.
"The connecting point between our heritage
and our future possibilities."
JAMES H. BILLINGTON, LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS
JAMES H. BILLINGTON
was appointed thirteenth Librarian of
Congress by the President of the United
States and was sworn in on September 14,
1987. An author and historian, as well as
educator and administrator, Dr. Billington
came to the Library from the Woodrow
Wilson International Center for Scholars,
which he directed for fourteen years. The
quotes on the following pages were taken
from his public remarks since coming to
the Library.
View of the Library's Thomas Jefferson Building
"Libraries are today's living link between the record of
yesterday and the possibilities of tomorrow
Millions
everywhere benefit from these collections. The Library of
Congress staff keeps them healthy for the variety of users
who come here to blend memory with desire into hope:
the researcher seeking truth, the artists creating beauty,
and the legislator devising good policy."
"There are two general directions in which the Library of
Congress should move simultaneously: out more broadly
and in more deeply. Moving out means making the
riches of this institution even more broadly available to
ever wider circles of our multiethnic society ...
moving
in more deeply means generating knowledge and distill-
ing wisdom. These will be our objectives as we prepare
to celebrate in the year 2000, the 200th birthday of the
library Thomas Jefferson founded."
James H. Billingth
F
HI
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS is a storehouse for knowledge and
an active center for research and creativity of all kinds-the world's
largest and most open library. It includes reading materials in 460
languages; the basic manuscript collections of 23 Presidents of the
United States, and the papers of thousands of other figures who
have shaped history; maps and atlases that have aided explorers and
navigators in charting both the world and outer space; the earliest
motion pictures and examples of recorded sound, as well as the
latest data bases and software packages.
The Library serves as the basic research arm of the Congress
through its Congressional Research Service, which is the largest
public policy "think tank" in America and annually answers nearly a
half-million inquiries from and produces some 1,000 reports for the
Congress. The Library also serves the Congress and the nation
through its administration of the Copyright Office, the National
Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, the Law
Library, and its extensive, multi-lingual program of research
services.
In serving the nation, the Library of Congress also:
-aids other libraries throughout the nation and the world by cata-
loging new publications in all languages
-works with research libraries worldwide in the exchange of
information and scholarship
-applies new technology to preserve, restore, and transmit library
resources
-documents ethnic heritage in its folklife archives
-advances scholarship through a Council of Scholars
-encourages reading through the Center for the Book
-documents family and regional history in its genealogy collections
-produces exhibitions, publications and public programs
The Social Sciences Reading Room
in the John Adams Building is
one of 21 Library of Congress reading rooms.
"This library must be a center of hospitality for those who create
new ideas for the future as well as for those who conserve old
writings from the past
a place to celebrate the life of the
mind and its rejuvenating power for a free people."
Morris Abrams, Ralph Nader, and Librarian of Congress
Emeritus Daniel J. Boorstin exchange ideas at a Council of
Scholars luncheon.
Novelist John Updike with Fritz Raddatz, German
journalist, novelist and biographer; Inge Feltri-
nelli, Italian publisher; and Heinrich Ledig-
Rowohlt, German publisher and translator at the
first annual Wheatland Conference on Literature
at the Library of Congress.
Secretary of State George Shultz
addressing a Library of Congress
James Billington talks with Representa-
symposium on "Knowledge and
tive Lindy Boggs at a Library of
Power."
Congress forum in New Orleans.
Alexander Proshkin, director of acclaimed Russian film "The Cold Summer of 1953,"
speaks to congressional guests in the Library's Pickford Theater. The film was one of
two Russian films shown to Members of Congress in a historic film exchange.
"More than just a set of splendid facilities here in the heart of our
Capital, this library is part of the American dream: a living witness
to our abiding hope that each new generation will surpass the
preceding one by increasing knowledge, ripening it into wisdom, and
creatively applying it for human betterment."
the carty illustrated book
resays in henor of
Ressing
3.
The Library houses more than 86
million objects including formats as
ancient as a Sumerian cuneiform tablet
from 2040 B.C. and as modern as optical
disc reproductions of color photographs
- mintra Reduction
from the Great Depression.
Civil
Livil
Livil
1901
1901
1901
FRANCE
FRANCE
FRANCE
CODE
CODE
GODE
ALLOZ
CIVIL
CIVIL
CIVIL
DE CIV
CODE CIVIL
DES FRANÇA
SIREY
BIREY
SIREY
1
2
8
ART. 892
ART.893-1386
ART. 1387-2281
OME II
AHT. 711-1167
LAW
LAW
AW
Last year the Library had more than two-and-a-half
million visitors and conducted some 6,000 special
tours in 26 languages.
"Uniquely among all great national libraries,
this one is open to all people and collects in
almost all disciplines, languages, and media of
expression. Its very title bespeaks a distinctively
American linkage of a library with a legislature
and reflects a unique and historic determination
among those who make laws for our people to
be close to a place that seeks truth for all people. "
The James Madison Memorial Building is the
central administrative building of the Library and
houses many of the Library's special multi-media
collections.
GUARD COAST TEE
/
T
Koichiro Noda, Japanese television
producer, talks with Mitsumasa Anno, inter-
nationally known illustrator of children's
books, at a Library of Congress symposium
on "Windows on Japan: Children, Books
and Television."
Senator Claiborne Pell, Chairman of the
Joint Committee on the Library, receives a
Library of Congress report.
"The Library serves our legislators through the Congressional
Research Service, not only by preparing analyses and reports, but by
making specialists available who can relate to the legislators' needs
for consultation and suggestions for information sources."
"The close relationship that exists between the Library of
Congress and the libraries of the world can be strengthened
and also enriched. Both the quality of our civilization and
the competitiveness of our economy have been strengthened
by the immigration of ideas from other parts of the world;
and there is no better place in the world than the Library
of Congress to learn what others are thinking and doing."
H
H
XI
E
1
!1
LII
III
m,
The Library maintains offices in six foreign countries
and exchange programs throughout the world. Foreign
acquisitions and U.S. materials add some 7,000 items a
HA
day to the collections.
SHIFT
The Library loses some 70,000 books a year
from embrittlement. Library specialists have
developed a gas deacidification process to
extend the life of books. The Library also uses
other techniques for preservation and conser-
vation, as well as page by page treatment of
specially valued works. Microfilm, microfiche,
microforms, and micro-opaques continue
to be used as well.
Optical disc machines make information
readily available.
A rare book specialist re-binds a
"The application of new technologies at the
treasured volume in our Conservation
Library of Congress enables us to become less
Office.
preoccupied with the means and freer to
pursue the ends of enhancing the direct
interaction between people and ideas within
and beyond the Library."
"As far as organizing and illuminating the human mind is concerned,
books have played an absolutely extraordinary role. The creation of
modern democracy is inconceivable without the book.
I see a great
future for the book in the Library's plans."
Research chemist at work in the Preservation
Research and Testing Office.
In addition to the National Union Catalog, the Library
provides catalog cards and other bibliographic services,
such as compact discs (CD-Rom), microfiches, and
machine-readable catalog (MARC) tapes.
"The Library, through the diversity of rich collections and talented staff, is well-
qualified to be of assistance to the nation and the world. Through their own
scholarship, staff members have exemplified creativity and leadership in a variety
of fields.
"
The more than 200 public events at the Library of Congress
during any given year include concerts of chamber music
performed by the Julliard String Quartet on Stradivari instru-
ments from the Library's Music Division. The Library, with its
literary and poetry programs, traveling exhibits, film series,
folk concerts, symposia and lectures, has been called "the
unquiet library."
Prize-winning photo-
graph from a contest
sponsored by the Center
for the Book. There are
twenty affiliated state
Centers for the Book to
promote reading and
Marc Parfait, American Library Association
books throughout the
nation.
"The Library of Congress is an important point
of intersection between the world's most power-
ful democratic legislature and the world's most
ambitious national educational system. We have
the obligation to inform our government with
the best data and scholarship, and we have the
opportunity to guide our educational system to
better understand our government and our
world."
Intense research in the Library's Hebraic
Section which is one of three sections in
the African and Middle Eastern Division.
"The Library of Congress has a
destiny to be a living encyclopedia of
democracy: not just a mausoleum
of culture, but a catalyst for
civilization."
The Great Hall of the
Thomas Jefferson Building.
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, founded
in 1800, is housed in a three-building
complex across from the nation's Capitol
in Washington, D.C. The Thomas Jeffer-
son Building, shown on the cover, was
completed in 1897. Designed in Italian
Renaissance style, it is elaborately deco-
rated with sculpture, murals and mosaics.
It houses the Main Reading Room used by
thousands of scholars and visitors
annually. The adjacent John Adams Build-
ing (1939) and the James Madison
Memorial Building (1981) complete the
complex.
All photos by LC Photo Services unless otherwise noted.
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20540
202 707 5000
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20540
PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICE
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS YEAR AT A GLANCE
FISCAL YEAR 1989
-Welcomed 2,357,229 users and visitors.
Held 90,538,234 items, including:
14,829,080 books in the classified collections.
75,709,154 items in the nonclassified collections. These included:
-12,426,138 books in large type and raised characters, incunabula,
monographs and serials, music, bound newspapers, pamphlets, technical
reports, and other printed material.
--1,350,165 audio materials, such as disks, tapes, and other recorded
formats.
--36,992,230 total manuscripts, plus 43,037 music manuscripts.
-3,945,770 maps.
--7,686,396 microforms.
-13,093,916 visual materials, including 125,000 motion pictures,
11,475,442 photographs, 64,078 posters, 278,469 prints and drawings,
65,408 videotapes and videodisks, and 1,085,519 other visual
materials.
Completed full-level cataloging of 183,991 titles. The Copyright
Office cataloged 619,543 registrations.
Answered 477,096 inquiries through the Copyright Office.
Completed 501,546 research assignments for the Congress through the
Congressional Research Service.
-Conducted public tours for 33,328 visitors and special tours,
available in 25 languages, for 9,235 special visitors; coordinated
190 special events. 778,809 visitors were helped throughout the
year.
-Circulated more than 20,200,000 disk, cassette, and braille items to
more than 712,300 blind and physically handicapped patrons.
Had more than 11,393,431 million records in computer databases.
Employed a staff of 4,731 employees.
Operated with a total fiscal 1989 appropriation of $264,202,000.
2/90
Library of Congress
INFORMATION
BULLETIN
Vol. 49, No. 6
Published Biweekly
March 12, 1990
HOTEL
Post-Offee
Major Library of Congress Exhibition on the American Journalist Opens April 5
See page 103
Sharing Resources with the Nation
Also in This Issue
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
The making of
Services to the Nation
an exhibit
105
Cataloging Services for Public & Academic Libraries
WASHINGTON
Excerpts from
116
MONTANA
NORTH DAKOTA
MAINE
The American
78
OREGON
39
MINNESOTA
157
Journalist
107
IDAHO
154
127
SOUTHDAKOTA
184
WISCONSIN
WT
85
WYOMING
200
286
MASS
67
386
406
MICHIGAN
First Mansfield
CALIFORNIA
NEVADA
32
NEW YORK
59
IOWA
NEBRASKA
394
PENNSYLVANIA
CT198
378
31
516
341NJ
Lecture
112
183
ILLINOIS
COLORADO
INDIANA
OHIO
DEL
33
47
MISSOURI
624
262
357
425
KANSAS
W.VA
MD 83
UTAH
147
99
160
259
188
155
VIRGINIA
Additional
ARIZONA
KENTUCKY
NEW MEXICO
CAROLINA
OKLAHOMA
TENNESSEE
IFLA reports
112
TEXAS
ARKANSAS
208
164
91
107
CAROLINA
68
62
ALABAMA
91
Staff News
114
78
146
118
GEORGIA
503
97
MISSISSIPPI
FLORIDA
NOTE: There are more than 13,000 public and
LOUISIANA
academic libraries in the U.S., including over
198
10,000 depicted here which reported acquisitions
expenditures in 1987-88.
Cover
16
32
ALASKA
PUERTO
HAWAII
RICO
36
VIRGIN 3
ISLAND
Mexican News. Lithograph by
Alfred Jones, engraver, after a
painting by Richard Caton Wood-
ville. Prints and Photographs
Map A
Division, Library of Congress.
The Library of Congress makes a
Sharing Resources:
major contribution to the American
The Library of Congress Today
people by helping the nation's li-
The Library of Congress Information
braries catalog books and acquire
Cataloging Services
Bulletin is issued biweekly by the Pub-
materials. It also provides direct ser-
To the Nation's Libraries
lic Affairs Office of the Library of Con-
vices-many of them unpublicized-
gress and distributed free of charge to
to library users around the nation by
As the Library of Congress cata-
publicly supported libraries and
sharing books and information with
logs the materials it acquires-books,
research institutions, academic libraries,
learned societies, and allied organiza-
local libraries that would be other-
serials, and special formats such as
tions in the United States.
wise inaccessible in local com-
maps, music, and films-it makes
Comparable institutions and organi-
munities.
the cataloging records available to
zations in other countries may arrange
In his recent testimony before the
other libraries through its Catalog-
to receive the Bulletin on an exchange
House Subcommittee on Legislative
ing Distribution Service (CDS).
basis by applying in writing to the
Branch Appropriations, Librarian of
These bibliographic data come in
Library's Exchange and Gift Division.
All other correspondence should be
Congress James H. Billington sup-
several formats, including micro-
addressed to the LC Information Bulletin,
ported the Library's 1991 budget re-
fiche, cards, book catalogs, magnetic
tape, and CD-ROM. CDS distrib-
Public Affairs Office, Library of Con-
quest in part by describing the great
utes machine-readable records to
gress, Washington, DC 20540.
value of these services.
individual libraries as well as to the
The seven maps presented here
bibliographic utilities (central data-
Alice Taylor, Acting Editor
demonstrate how the Library of
bases of bibliographic records that
Congress shares its resources with
are shared by members). It is
people and libraries in all parts of the
through the bibliographic utilities
United States. In many cases these
that the widest use is made of the
services can be provided at very little
Library's cataloging data.
extra cost to the Library of Congress,
It is estimated that the Library of
but they may mean great savings to
Congress (with a total 1990 budget
the individual libraries.
(Cont. on p. 108)
102
LC INFORMATION BULLETIN
The American Journalist:
A Library of Congress Exhibition
Explores the Paradoxical Role of the Press
As recently as this morning's
headlines-"New Zealand and the
Media Madness: Backlash Against
the Pack Following Young Hilary"
and "U.S. Denies Report of High-
Level Talks with Iranians on Freeing
the Hostages"-the American press
generates mixed reactions among
the reading public. Are they in-
vaders of privacy or seekers of the
truth?
The Library of Congress will ex-
plore these and related issues in a
major exhibition titled "The Ameri-
can Journalist: Paradox of the Press,"
which opens in the Madison Gallery
at the Library on April 5 and runs
through August 12.
As exhibition curator David
Halaas notes, the American public
has long held mixed views about the
appropriate role of the media: "On
the one hand members of the press
are seen as truthseekers and watch-
dogs of government; on the other
hand they're seen as gossipmongers
and purveyors of slander. That's the
basic paradox."
In this exhibition American jour-
nalism is explored simultaneously
from two angles: historically, from
its colonial roots through the sensa-
tionalist yellow press of the turn of
the century; and individually,
through the unique personalities of
American journalists who have left
Ernie Pyle's typewriter and one of his typed dispatches. (Typewriter loaned by the
their mark on the way journalism is
Indiana School of Journalism; dispatch loaned by Scripps Howard News Bureau,
practiced today.
Washington, D.C.)
Prepared by the Library of Con-
gress in cooperation with the Ameri-
American society. All told, there will
Benjamin Harris on September 25,
can Society of Newspaper Editors
be some 400 items on display.
1690. It is immediately followed by
(ASNE), the exhibition is made pos-
the broadside issued four days later
sible by a $325,000 grant from the
Exhibition Highlights
"By the Governour and Council" (of
Gannett Foundation.
Massachusetts) suppressing the
Drawing on the Library's vast and
The exhibition opens with the only
newspaper.
varied holdings, from newspapers
surviving copy of the first news-
These two items establish one of
and private diaries to motion pic-
paper published in North America,
the exhibition's main themes: the
tures and cartoons, the exhibition
Publick Occurrences, Both Forreign and
public's ambivalent attitude toward
offers a critical look at the 300-year
Domestick (on loan from the Public
the press in America and the limits
history of journalism in America and
Record Office of London), published
placed upon it from its earliest be-
at journalists and their place in
by Boston printer and bookseller
ginnings.
(Cont. on p. 104)
MARCH 12, 1990
103
Ernie Pyle's typewriter and two of
his dispatches from the front;
the pages from Bob Woodward's
reporter's notebook recording the
Watergate break-in.
Plan of the Exhibition
Continuing with the chronological
history of journalism in America on
the first level of the Madison Gal-
lery, the exhibition examines colo-
nial and revolutionary beginnings,
and then progresses through the era
of the partisan political press to the
emergence of the mass press, the
thirst for graphic representations of
battle scenes during the Civil War,
and "boom town" journalism.
It culminates in the colorful
posters, cartoons, and shrieking
headlines of the Hearst and Pulitzer
yellow press of the late 19th century.
The second floor of the exhibition
will be devoted to the story of the
American journalist-the men and
women who have devoted their
lives to "getting the story."
Separate sections will deal with
different kinds of journalists-for
example: Arthur "Weegee" Fellig as
street reporter; Ida Tarbell as inves-
tigator; Thomas Nast as crusader;
Will Rogers as entertainer; Wilbur
Storey as exploiter; Horace Greeley
as persuader; and Ernie Pyle as war
correspondent.
Fictional characters such as Clark
Kent/Superman, Brenda Starr, and
"reporter" Kermit the Frog, will be
Above: Alfred R. Waud, Civil War news illustrator. Below: Waud's pencil drawing,
woven into the second level of the
"The Last of General Ewell's Corps," April 6, 1865. (Prints and Photographs Division,
show, emphasizing the American
Library of Congress.)
public's fascination with the press
and the people who make it work.
Journalist (Cont. from p. 103)
the copyright application, with
In addition to Publick Occurrences
cartoon, of the "Yellow Dugan Kid,"
Design Elements
and the order banning it, the exhibi-
who eventually came to symbolize
tion will include such unique items as:
"yellow journalism";
A number of eye-catching design
pencil drawings by Alfred R.
the desk that belonged to William
elements have been planned by
Waud and Edwin Forbes of events
Allen White, the epitome of the
small-town editor (whose papers are
exhibition designers Benjamin Law-
of the Civil War;
in the Library of Congress);
less and Jan Adkins to draw visitors
the contents of Lincoln's pockets
the Norman Rockwell painting,
into "The American Journalist," and
the night he was assassinated
"The Country Editor," on loan from
to make their visit a memorable one.
(which included five newspaper
the National Press Club in Washing-
An 1888 folk art sculpture of a
clippings);
ton, D.C.;
newsboy will be placed at the
104
LC INFORMATION BULLETIN
entrance to the exhibition, and the
Companion Volume
The Making of an Exhibit
image of a newsboy will be used
throughout the exhibition to delin-
A generously illustrated, 236-page
They gather around the big table
eate the different sections.
companion volume, written by
in the Interpretive Programs Office
The existing statue of James
guest curator Loren Ghiglione, will
in the Adams Building every day
Madison in the Madison Hall will
go on sale at the exhibition when it
now-the team that is working furi-
be surrounded by a gigantic "front
opens. A hardbound trade edition
ously to wind up the final details of
page" describing the exhibition,
will be published in the fall. (See ex-
the "American Journalist" exhibition.
with the statue becoming, in effect,
cerpts, page 107.)
Less than a month remains before
the central "illustration" for the
Mr. Ghiglione, editor of The News,
the exhibition opens to the public.
page.
Southbridge, Mass., and president
How does an exhibition come to
A one-third size balloon carry-
of the American Society of News-
life at the Library of Congress?
ing Nellie Bly will be constructed to
paper Editors, said: "I'm especially
It starts with the curatorial team.
represent the commission she re-
pleased at the unique items that the
Loren Ghiglione, guest curator, is
ceived from Joseph Pulitzer's New
exhibition will bring together for the
editor of The News, Southbridge,
York World to beat Phileas Fogg's
first time."
Mass., and current president of the
record of "Around the World in
American Society of Newspaper
Eighty Days." (She made it in 72
Exhibition Support
Editors (ASNE). He has a Ph.D. in
days.)
American Studies from George
Cutouts of paparazzi figures
Financial support for the exhibi-
Washington University and a law
will line the staircases leading to the
tion was provided by the Gannett
degree and master's degree in urban
second level of the exhibition area.
Foundation of Arlington, Va. Gan-
studies from Yale.
Popping strobe lights, representing
nett is among the nation's largest
The author of the book which is a
camera flash bulbs, and voices
private foundations, with assets of
companion volume to the exhibi-
saying, "Just one more
and
nearly $650 million. It funds commu-
tion, The American Journalist: Paradox
"Do you have a comment?
will
nity projects, national programs to
of the Press, he is the only member
help to convey the sense of how
improve the teaching and practice of
of the team who is not on site on a
it feels to run the gauntlet of
journalism, programs promoting
daily basis. Via FAX and Federal Ex-
these persistent reporter/photog-
adult literacy and encouraging
press, however, he is very much a
raphers.
philanthropy and volunteerism, and
part of the process and is regularly
Caricatures of individuals who
scholarships.
on the phone with the other mem-
have commented on the freedom of
The foundation also operates
bers of the team.
the press will be specially commis-
the Gannett Center for Media
David Halaas is the curator of the
sioned for the concluding section of
Studies at Columbia University,
exhibition. He has taught history
the exhibition, which illustrates how
N.Y., and the Paul Miller Washing-
and has written a book on frontier
"the paradox of the press" has been
ton Reporting Fellowships in Wash-
journalism, Boom Town Newspapers:
a recurring theme throughout Amer-
ington, D.C.
Journalism on the Rocky Mountain Min-
ican history.
The exhibition was created in
ing Frontier, 1859-1881. He has a
cooperation with the American
Ph.D. in history from the University
Audio-Visual Elements
Society of Newspaper Editors, an
of Colorado.
organization of more than 1,000 edi-
Associate curator of the exhibition
Audio-visual elements on the sec-
tors of daily newspapers in the
is Sara Day. An art historian, photo
United States and Canada. Founded
ond level of the exhibition will tell
researcher, and writer, Ms. Day has
the story of the journalist through
in 1922, the principal purpose of
a masters degree in art history from
ASNE is to serve as a medium for
non-print media. A 10-12 minute
American University. She began
exchange of ideas and the profes-
work on the exhibition in April 1989
videotape of film clips from the
sional growth and development of
as coordinator for the project. Her
1930s to the 1980s, titled "Have I Got
its members.
duties soon expanded to include
A Story!," depicts journalism from
"The American Journalist: Paradox
photo research for the book, and she
Hollywood's point of view; audio
of the Press" will be open to the
set up a new structural organization
excerpts of radio news programs
public from 8:30 a.m. to 9:30 p.m.,
for the project. In August she moved
from the 1930s and 1940s, and TV
Monday through Friday, and from
to the curatorial side of the team.
news clips from the 1950s to the
8:30 a.m. to 6 p.m., Saturday and
Joanne Freeman, a curator and
1980s, demonstrate broadcast jour-
Sunday.
writer, took over as coordinator in
nalists at work.
-Helen Dalrymple
(Cont. on p. 106)
MARCH 12, 1990
105
Curators (Cont. from p. 105)
October, after finishing her work on
another major Library exhibition. As
administrative coordinator, she keeps
the project on schedule, acting as liai-
son between the designers, curators,
and various divisions in the Library.
Corinne Szabo, a graphic design-
er and picture researcher, also began
work on the exhibition last spring
doing photo research for the book.
She has a masters degree in fine arts
from American University. When
the photo research for the book was
finished, Ms. Szabo turned her
talents to the selection, editing, and
production of the film, TV, and
radio segments for the exhibition.
Bucky Wall, technical consultant,
has been working with Corinne
Szabo to prepare the video disc and
tape that will control the four audio-
visual elements in the exhibition: the
film and television clips, the audio
excerpts from radio broadcasts, and
The curatorial staff: Bucky Wall (left), Ben Lawless, Jan Adkins, Corinne Szabo, David
the flashing lights and comments
Halaas, Joanne Freeman, and Sara Day. Loren Ghiglione is not pictured.
from the "paparazzi" figures that
will line the stairway.
write the book which is the compan-
And the designers need to be
The designers of the exhibition are
ion volume to the exhibition.
reminded continually of the content
Benjamin Lawless and Jan Adkins.
Given the Library's thrust as an
of the show, so that the design ele-
Mr. Lawless was at the National Mu-
institution and the breadth of its col-
ments are in tune with the kinds of
seum of American History for many
lections, it was clear that the exhibi-
things being displayed.
years as director of exhibitions and
tion would have a strong historical
"It's quite an imaginative group,"
now runs his own design firm. Jan
focus in addition to telling the story
commented Mr. Ghiglione. "There
Adkins, formerly associate art director
of the American journalist in myth
is a certain amount of fun in the
for the National Geographic, is working
and reality.
show-and a good mix of ideas that
as associate designer on this project.
"We wanted to do something that
we all brought to it."
no one else had ever done-an
The team also works closely with
Why "The American Journalist"?
exhibit on journalism that featured
other exhibits-related personnel and
people," said Dr. Halaas.
with conservation, curatorial, and ref-
The idea for the exhibition was
erence staff throughout the Library.
Loren Ghiglione's. "I've always had
The Making of the Exhibition
"From the beginning, we have all
done what had to be done," added Dr.
an interest in the fictional journalist
as well as the real journalist, and I
An important part of the process of
Halaas. "Ben and Jan came up with
thought it would be fun to mount
creating this exhibition is the way
some major design elements to entice
people into the exhibition and to make
such an exhibition at a museum in
everyone has worked together. Each
it lively and interesting and fun.
Washington in time for the 1990
of the members of the team has a spe-
We've all interacted with each other
ASNE convention. I proposed the
cific responsibility, but they all come
and had a good time in the process.
idea to the ASNE board, and they
together to share ideas and decide
This is a good working group."
were enthusiastic."
what will work and what won't.
The last word on the look of "The
Mr. Ghiglione took the idea to offi-
"It's a symbiotic relationship," said
American Journalist" was from
cials at the Library of Congress, who
Dr. Halaas. "An idea can be tremen-
designer Ben Lawless: "If we can get
were equally enthusiastic. He found
dous, but you need the input of the
everything we want, it's going to be
a funding source in the Gannett
design person at the same time to
one hell of a good-looking show."
Foundation, and then proceeded to
find out if it's possible."
-Helen Dalrymple
106
LC INFORMATION BULLETIN
Excerpts from The American Journalist: Paradox of the Press
Following are excerpts from the intro-
their manual presses at the rate of
The portrayal of the journalist as an
duction to The American Journalist:
only one hundred to two hundred
increasingly professional, increasingly
Paradox of the Press by Loren
sheets an hour. Much faster power
objective, increasingly important
Ghiglione. The book, published by the
presses of the early nineteenth cen-
chronicler who has benefited from
Library of Congress, is a companion
tury resulted in penny papers for
greater press freedom and accelerat-
volume to the exhibition.
almost everyone. They spurred the
ing technological change, masks cer-
growth of armies of reporters who
tain realities. It hides the paradoxical
Three hundred years ago Boston's
could fill the papers with fresh
nature of the American journalist.
Benjamin Harris published Publick
news. The telegraph, trans-Atlantic
Any generalization about jour-
Occurrences Both Forreign and Domes-
cable, wireless, telephone, com-
nalists of this generation meets with
tick, a newspaper that would cure,
puter, and communications satellite
a counter-generalization. Media
he promised, "that Spirit of Lying,
accelerated the pace of reporting.
mottos-the New York Times' slogan
which prevails amongst us." Harris's
Developments in picture-making-
of "All the News That's Fit to Print,"
paper for September 25, 1690, was
from wood engraving to halftone to
and the sign-off of "And that's the
scrawny-three printed pages and a
today's four-color electronic still
way it is" by CBS's Walter Cronkite,
blank one-but jammed with news.
video photography-enhanced the
dean emeritus of newscasters-
The paper reported a suicide by
accuracy, availability, and freshness
declare, in effect, that the American
hanging, the spread of a smallpox
of images. And the ubiquity of radio
journalist's work is comprehensive,
epidemic, and developments in the
and television led to July 21, 1969-
accurate, and authoritative.
French and Indian wars.
the day pictures from the moon
But social scientists and even some
The paper also reported a rumor
were first broadcast live.
newspeople do not see the journalist
about improprieties by the King of
The second kind of change has ex-
telling it as it is
David Broder,
France. The Massachusetts govern-
panded journalists' freedom. In the
the Washington Post's national poli-
ment, opposed to Harris's unautho-
era of Benjamin Harris, free speech
tical correspondent, describes the
rized printing of "Reflections of a
had no legal standing. The trial, in
newspaper that journalists create
very high nature," suppressed the
1735, of John Peter Zenger, editor
daily as "a partial, hasty, incom-
paper. The man who wanted to cure
and publisher of the New York Weekly
plete, inevitably somewhat flawed
the lying spirit ended his career in-
Journal, focused attention on the
and inaccurate rendering of some of
England hawking "Angelical Pills"
principles of freedom of the press
the things we've heard about in the
and other patent medicines.
and the journalist's right to criticize
past 24 hours.
Harris's Publick Occurrences, North
government. Guarantees of press
Some contend that the journalist
America's first newspaper, is often
freedom were written into nine of
has an obligation to serve as society's
described by historians as the opening
the first thirteen state constitutions
watchdog.
and into the First Amendment to the
But other journalists contend that
chapter in the evolution of the Ameri-
the press really acts less as critic-
can journalist-an evolution marked
U.S. Constitution.
as agent of change-than as passive
by at least three kinds of change.
Attacks on press freedom have
puppet.
First, technological improvements
been a constant of American his-
The aggressiveness of the re-
have made the dictionary definition
tory-from the suppression of Publick
porter, some claim, helps keep
of news-"report of a recent event"-
Occurrences
to the latest police
government honest.
mean something quite different today
searches of newsrooms for photos,
But others insist the press is an in-
than it meant three hundred years
videotapes and reporters' notes. But
vestigative pussycat-a timid lackey
ago. During the late seventeenth
usually such attacks have been
of the "state propaganda system"-
century, news from Europe reached
rebuffed by the Supreme Court.
regurgitating the viewpoints of gov-
American audiences months after
The third kind of change has
ernment officials.
the event. Today television and
affected the journalist's position in
Three centuries after the birth of
radio reporters often broadcast news
society. The American journalist, it
the first American newspaper, the
from Europe-or almost anyplace
could be said, began as a part-time
public is still deciding what kind of
else-as the event unfolds.
amateur who put partisanship
journalist it wants and what kind of
Technological change has also
ahead of professionalism.
By
freedom it will grant that journalist.
transformed the journalist's work.
the middle of the nineteenth cen-
A tug-of-war continues between the
Isaiah Thomas and other colonial
tury, however, the journalist saw
advocates of greater press freedom
printers set type by hand, one letter
himself less as opinion maker and
and those who prefer a less pugna-
at a time, and pulled newspapers off
more as news reporter.
cious, more "responsible" press.
MARCH 12, 1990
107
Resources (Cont. from p. 102)
the cataloging records created by the
public and academic libraries in
authority of $253 million) saves the
Library of Congress rather than pre-
every state which reported acquisi-
nation's public and academic
pare original records for all of the
tions statistics for books and other
libraries some $350 million every
materials they acquire.
materials that they would have had
year because these libraries can use
Map A shows the number of
to catalog themselves if the Library
of Congress did not do the job.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
Outreach to the Nation
Traveling Exhibitions
State Center for the Book &
Sites for traveling exhibits
WASHINGTON
The Library of Congress shares the
MONTANA
richness of its collections with the
NORTH DAKOTA
MAINE
MINNESOTA
OREGON
whole nation through its traveling
IDAHO
NH
SOUTH DAKOTA
WISCONSIN
VT
WYOMING
MASS
exhibits program.
*
MICHIGAN
CALIFORNIA
NEVADA
V
NEW YORK
A major exhibition celebrating the
IOWA
NEBRASKA
PENNSYLVANIA
CT
*
*
200th anniversary of the Congress,
OHIO
COLORADO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
MISSOURI
*
DEL
"To Make All Laws: The Congress
KANSAS
*V
W.VA
UTAH
of the United States, 1789-1989,"
VIRGINIA
ARIZONA
KENTUCKY
NEW MEXICO
OKLAHOMA
N.
CAROLINA
opened at the Library of Congress in
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
ARKANSAS
*
CAROLINA
September 1989. A traveling version
ALABAMA
of that exhibition, using photo
GEORGIA
reproductions mounted on special
MISSISSIPPI
FLORIDA
freestanding panels, is now visiting
LOUISIANA
31 states around the country.
This traveling exhibition is cospon-
sored by the American Library Asso-
ALASKA
PUERTO
HAWAB
RICO
VIRGIN
ciation and the Library of Congress,
ISLAND
and it is made possible by a grant
from the National Endowment for
the Humanities.
Map B
Other Library of Congress travel-
ing exhibits, ranging from original
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
engravings by contemporary Bulgar-
Services to the Nation
ian printmakers to custom-printed
On-line Computer Access Sites
photographs, are circulating in 13
WASHINGTON
other cities in the U.S.
MONTANA
NORTH DAKOTA
MAINE
Photo exhibits include White
MINNESOTA
House newsphotographers' prize
OREGON
SOUTH DAKOTA
WISCONSIN
NH
WYOMING
winners, pre-World War II scenes of
IDAHO
MAS3
MICHIGAN
NEVADA
NEW YORK
RI
the U.S., and pioneering color pho-
CALIFORNIA
IOWA
NEBRASKA
PENNSYLVANIA
CT
tographs of pre-revolutionary Russia.
2
COLORADO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
CHIO
DEL
Map B shows the sites for the cur-
KANSAS
UTAH
W.VA
rent traveling exhibits.
MISSOURI
KENTUCKY
VIRGINIA
NEW MEXICO
OKLAHOMA
TENNESSEE
ARKANSAS
CAROLINA
TEXAS
ARIZONA
CAROLINA
State Centers for the Book
ALABAMA
GEORGIA
The Center for the Book in the Li-
MISSISSIPPI
FLORIDA
brary of Congress was established by
LOUISIANA
law in 1977 to stimulate public inte-
rest in books, reading, and libraries.
It serves as a catalyst, working with
PALASKA
PUERTO
HAWAS
RICO
VIRGIN
other organizations to explore issues
ISLAND
related to the crucial role of the
printed word in our culture, to en-
courage reading, and to encourage
Map c
research about books and reading.
108
LC INFORMATION BULLETIN
Since 1984, 20 states have estab-
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
lished statewide book centers that
Services to the Nation
are affiliated with the Library's Cen-
Research Libraries - Exchange of Cataloging Information, &
x
Interlibrary Loans
ter for the Book. These state centers
WASHINGTON
use themes established by the Li-
x
MONTANA
NORTH DAKOTA
MAINE
brary of Congress and develop
OREGON
MINNESOTA
x
activities appropriate to their own
DAHO
x
WYOMING
SOUTH DAKOTA
WISCONSIN
x
state's book culture and literary
X
x
x
MICHIGAN
heritage. Funding, staffing, and
CALIFORNIA
NEVADA
x
YORK
IOWA
NEBRASKA
x
PENNSYLVANIA
CT
programming are the responsibilities
X
X
x
OHIO
COLORADO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
x
x+
DEL
of each state center.
KANSAS
4X
x
UTAH
X
X
x
W.VA
Map B shows the location of the
ARIZONA
MISSOURI
NEW MEXICO
KENTUCKY
VIRGINIA
OKLAHOMA
20 state centers.
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
x
ARKANSAS
CAROLINA
CAROLINA
ALABAMA
x
GEORGIA
x
x
Online Computer Access
x
MISSISSIPPI
FLORIDA
LOUISIANA
In September 1989 the Library of
x
Congress went "online" with 14 li-
braries around the country.
X
PALASKA
HAWAB
PUERTO X
In a pilot project to test dial-up
RICO
VIRGIN
ISLAND
access to the Library's computer
databases, patrons in these 14 li-
braries can now get direct access to
automated bibliographic, Congres-
Map D
sional bill-status, copyright, and
referral information from the Library
some 50 participants now establish
are not easily available elsewhere.
of Congress.
and contribute name authority
Last year the Library of Congress
The sites for "Project Rollup"
records to the national files so that
processed almost 35,000 interlibrary
include two Federal libraries and 12
they can be used by libraries around
loan requests.
public and university libraries. All
the country in creating permanent
Map D provides visual evidence
of these institutions have long
bibliographic records.
that library users from every state
experience with online database
In addition, eight of the NACO
were able to borrow materials from
access, and the necessary equipment
members also create full biblio-
the Library of Congress that they
to connect with the Library of Con-
graphic records for books, and some
were not able to get in any other
gress system; they have made a
15-20 members create bibliographic
way.
commitment to pay for the telecom-
records for serial publications.
munications costs involved.
These records become part of the
State Reference and
Map C shows the sites of the 12
Library of Congress automated bib-
Referral Program
non-Federal libraries that are par-
liographic database. All of these
ticipating in Project Rollup.
institutions are playing a major role
The Library of Congress supports
in assisting the Library of Congress
the State Reference and Referral Pro-
in its cataloging operations.
gram, in which 49 of the 50 states
Exchange of Cataloging Information
Map D shows the location of the
participate. The purpose of the
NACO libraries and specialized
program is to provide more effi-
For more than ten years a number
institutions that participate in this
cient service to individuals who
of research libraries and institutions
cooperative cataloging project with
write to the Library of Congress or to
around the nation have participated
the Library of Congress.
their own library with reference
in a cooperative cataloging project
questions.
with the Library of Congress to
Interlibrary Loans
When a letter is received in the
assist in the creation of bibliographic
Library of Congress that can be more
records for books, serials, and more
Libraries in every state of the
efficiently answered by a state li-
recently, special format materials
nation are eligible to borrow books
brary agency somewhere else in the
such as sheet music.
from the Library of Congress for
country, it is routed to that library
Through the National Coordinated
their users. The materials they re-
for reply and the sender of the letter
Cataloging Operations (NACO),
quest from the Library are those that
(Cont. on p. 110)
MARCH 12, 1990
109
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
Foreign Acquisition Program
Services to the Nation
State Reference and Referral Program, &
Surplus Books Donations
For its own collections, the Library
WASHINGTON
of Congress buys materials from
MONTANA
other countries all over the world.
NORTH DAKOTA
MAINE
MINNESOTA
A
OREGON
Through its foreign acquisition pro-
IDAHO
SOUTH DAKOTA
WISCONSIN
gram, the Library assists 62 major
WYOMING
M
MASS
American research libraries across
MICHIGAN
NEVADA
NEW YORK
CALIFORNIA
IOWA
NEBRASKA
PENNSYLVANIA
the United States by acquiring for-
A
COLORADO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
eign materials for their collections.
OHIO
KANSAS
UTAH
W,VA
The Library of Congress also sup-
MISSOURI
KENTUCKY
VIRGINIA
ARIZONA
N.
CAROLINA
NEW MEXICO
plies catalog cards with the books
OKLAHOMA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
ARKANSAS
CAROLINA
they purchase for these other
ALABAMA
A
GEORGIA
libraries. Participating libraries pay
the cost of the publications for their
MISSISSIPPI
FLORIDA
organizations, plus administrative
LOUISIANA
costs incurred by the Library of Con-
gress in providing the service.
Because the Library has its own
ALASKA
PUERTO
RICO
VIRGIN
field offices in six countries and
HAWAR
ISLAND
works with local book dealers, it can
purchase materials at much better
prices than the individual research
Map E
libraries would be able to manage on
their own. The Library of Congress
Resources (Cont. from p. 109)
These surplus materials come
estimates that the savings realized
is informed of where the letter has
from three principal sources: from
by the 62 participating libraries in
been referred. Conversely, state
weeding the Library's collections
1989 amounted to $2 to $4 million.
libraries may refer letters that they
(superseded reference works, for
Map F shows the location of the 62
receive to the Library of Congress
example); from other Federal agen-
libraries that participate in the Li-
reference unit if they can be
cies (that are required by law to send
brary's foreign acquisition program.
more appropriately answered by the
their surplus materials to the Library
Library.
of Congress); and from the copy-
Reader Services to Blind and Physically
Under the terms of the reference
right deposit and Cataloging in Pub-
Handicapped Individuals
correspondence agreements, all
lication programs (copies received
participating libraries agree to
The National Library Service for
from publishers for cataloging
give priority to referred reference
the Blind and Physically Handi-
purposes).
letters.
capped (NLS/BPH) in the Library of
Map E shows that all of the states
The Library's surplus books and
Congress has been managing a free
except for Hawaii participate in the
magazines are first used for
national reading service since 1931
State Reference and Referral Pro-
exchange purposes-to get other
for Americans who cannot read a
gram with the Library of Congress.
materials that the Library needs for
standard printed book.
its own collections. The second pri-
Today the selection of titles, the
Surplus Book Donations
ority is other Federal libraries- to fill
setting of production standards, and
in gaps in their collections. Once
the manufacture of braille and audio
The Library of Congress donates
selections have been made for these
books together with the necessary
materials it does not need for its own
purposes, eligible nonprofit educa-
sound reproduction machines, are
collections to nonprofit, educational,
tional organizations may select from
all the responsibility of NLS/BPH.
tax-exempt organizations.
the Library's surplus materials for
The service also publishes informa-
Representatives of such organiza-
their own use.
tional materials and catalogs.
tions must come to the Library of
Map E shows that educational
The actual distribution of reading
Congress to select the items they
organizations in every state but
materials to blind and physically
want, and they are responsible for
Kansas and Oregon took advantage
handicapped individuals (except for
the cost of shipping the books to
of this surplus book program last
U.S. citizens living abroad and in the
their organizations.
year.
case of music materials) is done
110
LC INFORMATION BULLETIN
through a network of some 160
D.C., in order to take advantage of
of information-will make it possi-
libraries around the country.
the riches of the Library of Congress.
ble for the Library of Congress to be-
There are three NLS/BPH multi-
This is changing. As Dr. Billington
come a library without walls. This
state centers-North, West, and
noted, "technology-the electronic
library will increasingly serve the
Midlands/South-which serve as
storage, selection, and transmission
(Cont. on p. 113)
warehouses and distribution points
for the regional libraries in their
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
areas. A total of 56 regional libraries,
Services to the Nation
which generally act as the state
Foreign Acquisition Program Participants
library agencies for the program,
WASHINGTON
are responsible for book circula-
MONTANA
NORTH DAKOTA
MAINE
tion, outreach, publicity, equipment
MINNESOTA
assignment, publications distribu-
OREGON
VT,
SOUTH DAKOTA
WISCONSIN
NH
IDAHO
WYOMING
o
MASS
tion, reader advisory service, refer-
MICHIGAN
NEW
YORK
ence, and production of local
CALIFORNIA
NEVADA
IOWA
RI
NEBRASKA
PENNSYLVANIA
CT
interest materials.
OHIO
COLORADO
INDIANA
Direct service to the user is pro-
00
KANSAS
ILLINOIS
UTAH
W.VA
vided by the subregional libraries-
ARIZONA
MISSOURI
NEW MEXICO
KENTUCKY
VIRGINIA
usually local public libraries. Their
oo
OKLAHOMA
TEXAS
ARKANSAS
N.CAROLINA
TENNESSEE
CAROLINA
collections generally include only
ALABAMA
GEORGIA
current recorded books; braille
readers request their titles directly
MISSISSIPPI
FLORIDA
LOUISIANA
from the regional library closest to
them. The subregional libraries pro-
vide book services, publicity, and
e
reader assistance; they also enlist
PALASKA
PUERTO
HAWAR
RICO
VIRGIN
ISLAND
public and volunteer support for
their programs.
In 1989 NLS/BPH had a reader-
ship of 712,000 that took advantage
Map F
of the free reading service and
received some 20 million books and
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
magazines on flexible disks, cas-
Services to the Nation
settes, or in braille.
Sites for the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped
Map G shows the location of the
160 regional and subregional
MONTANA
NORTH DAKOTA
libraries in the NLS/BPH network.
MAINE
MINNESOTA
OREGON
IDAHO
SOUTH DAKOTA
WISCONSIN
VT
WYOMING
Sharing Resources in the Future
MASS
MICHIGAN
CALIFORNIA
NEVADA
NEW YORK
IOWA
R
NEBRASKA
PENNSYLVANIA
CT
In outlining his vision for the
COLORADO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
OHIO
MISSOURI
DEL
future of the Library during his
KANSAS
W.VA
UTAH
February testimony, Dr. Billington
VIRGINIA
ARIZONA
NEW MEXICO
KENTUCKY
said, "Up to now, our government
OKLAHOMA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
ARKANSAS
N.CAROLINA
CAROLINA
through its national library has been
ALABAMA
able to sustain in one place a univer-
Legend:
GEORGIA
sal collection-in almost every for-
Regional Libraries
MISSISSIPPI
FLORIDA
mat, every language, and every
Subregional Libraries
LOUISIANA
subject. This central knowledge base
is unique in the world-and utterly
ALASKA
irreplaceable. It constitutes the liv-
PUERTO
HAWAII
RICO
VIRGIN
ISLAND
ing intellectual core of America's
future in this age of information."
In the past, scholars and users
have had to come to Washington,
Map G
MARCH 12, 1990
111
Hiroshi Inose Presents Inaugural Mansfield Lecture
Montana in Congress for 34 years
(16 of them as majority leader)
before becoming U.S. Ambassador
to Japan, where he served for 11
years before retiring in 1988.
Cosponsors of the Mansfield
American-Pacific Lectures include
the International House of Japan,
the Science Council of Japan, the
Engineering Academy of Japan, and
the MIT-Japan Program in Science,
Technology, and Management.
Additional Reports
From IFLA
National Libraries
Standing Committee
The National Libraries Standing
Committee held meetings on
August 19 and 24, 1989, during the
55th Council and General Confer-
Hiroshi Inose
ence of the International Federation
of Library Associations and Institu-
The inaugural Mansfield Ameri-
was "Creativity and Technological In-
tions (IFLA) in Paris, France.
can-Pacific Lecture at the Library of
novation: A Japanese Perspective."
The standing committee selected
Congress was delivered on Janu-
Dr. Inose is one of Japan's leaders
its officers for the period 1989 to
ary 23 by Hiroshi Inose, director
in the field of science and tech-
1991. Benedik Rugaas of Finland
general of the Japanese Ministry of
nology. He has received many
was elected chair, and Maria Luisa
Education's National Center for Sci-
awards-including the Second
Cabral of Portugal was elected to her
ence Information System in Tokyo.
Marconi International Fellowship
second term as secretary.
The Mansfield American-Pacific
and the Japan Academy Prize-for
The principal topic of discussion
Lecture series has been established
his work on digital communication
was the planning for the program
by the Mansfield Center for Pacific
technology and road traffic control.
meetings for IFLA 1990 (in Stock-
Affairs to provide a platform for
He is professor emeritus at the Uni-
holm) and IFLA 1991 (in Moscow).
prominent American and Asian
versity of Tokyo and a foreign asso-
It was decided that the Stockholm
leaders to address subjects of impor-
ciate of the National Academy of
program would concentrate on
tance to the two countries.
Sciences.
cooperation among national libraries
Each year the center will select an
Dr. Inose has been director gen-
and continue with the theme,
Asian to deliver the Mansfield
eral of the National Center for Sci-
"Management for Change," with
American-Pacific Lecture in Wash-
ence Information System since 1987.
speakers from the Nordic countries.
ington, D.C., and an American
From 1984 to 1987 he was chairman
The exploitation and preservation
counterpart to deliver a lecture in the
of the Committee for Scientific and
of national collections was selected
capital of the country of the Asian
Technological Policy of the Organi-
as the topic for the Moscow program.
speaker.
zation of Economic Cooperation and
It was hoped that by 1991 guidelines
Stephen Jay Gould, the eminent
Development.
for the topic could be prepared.
Harvard scientist and writer, deliv-
The Mansfield Center for Pacific
ered the inaugural lecture at the
Affairs is the public policy and
Section of National Libraries
Science Council of Japan in Tokyo in
international program arm of
November 1989. The title of his
the Maureen and Mike Mansfield
The Division of General Research
lecture was "Creativity in Evolution
Foundation, a private institution
Libraries, Section of National Li-
and Human Innovation." The topic
established in 1983 to honor the
braries, sponsored Session 127 at
of Dr. Inose's speech at the Library
Mansfields. Mike Mansfield served
IFLA on August 23. The speakers
112
LC INFORMATION BULLETIN
discussed institutional change at the
1988, the president of the Republic
respond to those changes or face iso-
national library level.
announced the construction of a
lation from the scholarly and profes-
The first talk, "National Library
new national library, the Biblio-
sional life of the country.
and Information Needs: Alternative
thèque de France, presented as a
A major goal of the National
Ways of Meeting Them, with Spe-
continuation of the Bibliothèque
Széchényi Library has been to incor-
cial Reference to the Role of National
nationale.
porate research activities into the
Libraries," was given by the section
This ambitious project coincided
services provided by the national
chairman, Maurice B. Line of the
with a major reconsideration of the
library. A first step was the estab-
British Library Document Supply
role of libraries brought about by
lishment of the Institute for Hungar-
Centre.
new technologies. As a result, it
ian Studies.
He suggested that it is desirable to
has stimulated the Bibliothèque na-
The theme of institutional change
identify library needs that should be
tionale to reexamine its missions and
at the national library level gener-
met at the national level and then
the means by which they may be
ated many good questions from the
analyze alternatives for meeting
accomplished.
floor. Session 127 promoted a
those needs. Only after this analy-
Mr. Le Roy Ladurie suggested that
greater understanding of how na-
sis, said Mr. Line, can it be assumed
the Bibliothèque nationale needed to
tional libraries, each with its unique
that the national library should meet
formulate a strategic plan designed
national identity, are responding to
every library and information need;
to foster a better organization of
the changing demands of their infor-
some needs involve the national li-
functions. The objectives of the plan
mational role within society.
-Henriette D. Avram
brary, while other needs can be met
would be to promote a rich acqui-
by other libraries or organizations.
sition of documents, rapid produc-
Librarian of Congress James
tion and diffusion of information,
Resources (Cont. from p. 111)
H. Billington gave the second talk,
ease of access to materials, and
American people nationwide
titled, "Managing Change in Na-
sound administrative and financial
through a sophisticated network of
tional Libraries: The Library of
management.
local libraries which will be the com-
Congress."
The fourth speaker, Kenneth
munity outlets funneling knowledge
He provided a summary of the
Cooper, Director of the British
from the Library of Congress to local
Library's review effort, begun in
Library, spoke on the topic "Manag-
users."
December 1987, toward an organiza-
ing Change in National Libraries:
The Librarian continued, "In the
tional concept that focuses on the
The British Library."
21st Century this Library and
future of the organization. Strategic
Mr. Cooper stated that because
smaller research libraries will
planning is integral to the shaping
yesterday's answers will not meet
become the engines of increased,
of new service units. The values and
tomorrow's needs, the British Li-
knowledge-based productivity in
the mission of the institution call
brary has taken the opportunity to
every sector. The Library of Con-
for a flexible, participatory, and
explore institutional change in the
gress will make available electronic
team-oriented approach to service
face of social and political realities.
surrogates of important selected col-
rather than a rigid and hierarchical
At the British Library, managing
lections for local use at other re-
approach to service.
change is about encouraging,
search libraries and at educational
Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Ad-
enabling, and equipping the staff to
institutions. This will promote
ministrateur général of the Biblio-
provide better results in terms of the
resource sharing
and there will
thèque nationale, made a speech
quality of its public service.
be substantial savings for the entire
titled "La Maîtrise du changement:
The last speaker of the session was
country."
tentatives et réflexions à la Biblio-
Gyula Juhász, Librarian of the Na-
Many of these savings are already
being realized. From cooperative
thèque nationale de Paris" ["Manag-
tional Széchényi Library and direc-
cataloging to services to blind and
ing Change: Approaches and
tor of the Institute for Hungarian
physically handicapped persons,
Considerations at the Bibliothèque
Studies, Budapest.
from helping local literacy programs
nationale of Paris"].
In "The National Széchényi Li-
to acquisition of books overseas, the
The Bibliothèque nationale was
brary as a Research Centre," Dr.
Library of Congress is already sav-
faced with the need to adapt to
Juhász spoke of the inevitability of
ing institutions and individuals mil-
changing administrative frameworks
change, especially in times of tech-
lions of dollars every year and
and management methods while
nological development as well as
helping communities across the
preparing to augment services to an
social and economic transforma-
nation to build their own knowledge
ever-expanding public. On July 13,
tions. National libraries must
base.
MARCH 12, 1990
113
STAFF NEWS
Charlotte Givens Marks 25 Years of Service
the purpose of educating Nigerian
attorneys, librarians, publishers,
which at that
and government officials about how
time counted as
to enforce that country's new
Federal service.
copyright laws.
Ms. Givens
Music remains an important part
said she began
of Ms. Givens' life, and she is a
to explore other
leader in several music programs at
career possibil-
Plymouth Congregational Church in
ities "after di-
northeast Washington, D.C. She
recting Once
also gives a great deal of time to
Upon a Mattress
other church activities and is active
one too many
in the Federal Bar Association.
times." She de-
cided to study
law, thinking
The Overseas Career
that it might
Of Eunice Gupta
complement
her background
The LC Information Bulletin
in art and music.
recently received this report on the career
She continued
of Eunice Stutzman Gupta, who retired
teaching at
in September 1988 after 26 years of ser-
Register of Copyrights Ralph Oman presents a 25-year Federal
Western High
vice with the Library's overseas program.
Service Award pin to Ms. Givens.
School (now
the Duke El-
Eunice Stutzman joined the Li-
Charlotte Givens, a senior attor-
lington School for the Arts) while
brary of Congress in 1962, when the
ney in the Copyright General Coun-
attending law school at night at
Library's overseas program was in
sel's Office, was recently recognized
George Washington University
its infancy. Fresh from her native
for 25 years of Federal service. She
(1971-74). It was during a course
Wisconsin, Ms. Stutzman was
has spent nearly half of those years
taught by a former Register of Copy-
posted to the Library's field office in
as a copyright lawyer, but she began
rights, the late George Cary, that she
New Delhi, India, as a cataloging
as a music teacher.
became particularly interested in
specialist. She was to be instrumen-
That initial career choice was influ-
copyright law.
tal in a long journey toward machine-
enced strongly by Ms. Givens' early
Ms. Givens joined the Library in
readable cataloging and other
education: her mother was a
1975 as a copyright examiner in the
advances for that field office.
teacher, and her father the principal,
Music Section of the Copyright
Indeed, Ms. Stutzman's arrival in
at the school she attended in Sher-
Office. She went on to hold posi-
New Delhi was the beginning of a
man, Tex.
tions as performing arts attorney
career that would span 26 years and
She graduated first in her class,
and as supervisory copyright
significantly affect development in
and went on to earn an undergradu-
examiner in the Visual Arts Section
several field offices. It was also the
ate degree in music at Howard
before becoming an attorney with
beginning of a new life for Ms.
University. She began teaching in
the Copyright General Counsel's
Stutzman: a year after arriving in
1963, two days after receiving her
Office in 1985.
New Delhi she married her Hindi
graduate degree in music literature
Ms. Givens was promoted to her
teacher, Deen Gupta.
from the University of Michigan.
current position as a senior attorney
In addition to training and super-
At the end of that year she moved
in 1988. Her recent projects have
vising catalogers, Mrs. Gupta did
from Michigan to Washington,
included writing the Copyright
pioneering work in designing and
D.C., and worked briefly for the
Office publications on the Berne
producing an accessions list for
Democratic National Committee. In
Convention. She also made eight
South Asia. This was a model for
September 1964, she began teaching
presentations at a major conference
accessions lists produced by other
music in the D.C. public schools,
in Lagos, Nigeria, that was held for
field offices. These lists have proved
114
LC INFORMATION BULLETIN
STAFF NEWS
to be valuable acquisitions tools for
delegation of the second session of
ianship. This year she is a candidate
thousands of libraries throughout the
the Committee of Governmental Ex-
for vice president/president-elect of
world needing information about
perts on Model Legislation in the
the American Library Association.
publishing in countries without ade-
Field of Copyright, November 3-10,
quate national bibliographies.
1989. The World Intellectual Property
Mrs. Gupta was appointed field
Organization sponsored the meeting.
Parking Applications
director of the New Delhi office in
Mr. Oman was also keynote
Due by March 23
1973. The following year she was
speaker at the Prentice Hall seminar
transferred to Jakarta, Indonesia, to
titled "Contemporary Copyright
Integrated Support Services (ISS)
direct the field office there.
Issues-Focus on Work-for-Hire
is conducting its semiannual review
By 1978 Mrs. Gupta had been
Doctrine after CCNV v. Reid." The
of parking space assignments for
overseas for 16 years and she
seminar was held in Los Angeles,
employees' passenger vehicles and
returned to the United States for a
Calif., on December 1, 1989.
motorcycles. The deadline for
two-year tour in Washington, D.C.
She went back to Asia in 1980 to
Marcia Smith, specialist in aero-
receipt of applications is 4:30 p.m.,
head the Karachi, Pakistan, field
space policy, Science Policy Research
Friday, March 23.
office, which she directed until her
Division, Congressional Research
Library staff members who wish to
Service (CRS), has been selected to
be considered for parking privileges
retirement in 1988.
While in Karachi, Mrs. Gupta ren-
receive a 1990 Stellar Award from the
should submit Form 27/55 (rev. 8/86),
dered the Library a valuable service by
Rotary National Award for Space
"Request for Reserved Parking
bringing organization to the account-
Achievement Foundation.
Space," to ISS, Room LM G03. Forms
should be available in division offices.
ing system whereby the Library reim-
The award goes to "individuals
who, throughout their professional
Applications received after the
burses the Department of State for
deadline date will be considered
various kinds of administrative sup-
careers, have made significant con-
port. Her attentiveness in this area re-
tributions to the nation's space pro-
only after the initial assignments
have been made and the waiting list
sulted in the implementation of many
gram and the aerospace community
has been accommodated. The wait-
efficient procedures which served as a
at large."
model for other field directors.
Ms. Smith, who joined CRS in
ing list is comprised of applications
She also began a cooperative
1974, is one of the nation's leading
that were received by the deadline
experts on U.S. and foreign space
but did not meet enough of the
acquisitions program for Iran and
oversaw the transition from P.L. 480
programs and policy. She took a
criteria to receive a parking space
financing to appropriated funding.
leave of absence in 1985 to serve as
during the initial assignments.
Mrs. Gupta's contributions to the
executive director of the National
Questions regarding the eligibility
Commission on Space.
of a carpool for a parking space
overseas program were enormous.
should be directed to Delores
Her energetic and conscientious
Clipper, ISS, ext. 77512.
work produced lasting changes in
Social Responsibility Is
cataloging, acquisitions, and par-
Lecture Topic March 29
Correction
ticipant programs.
In retirement Mrs. Gupta and her
A lecture titled "Social Responsi-
husband are dividing their time
bility: An Agenda for the Future"
In a recent "Personnel Changes"
among Florida, Wisconsin, and New
will be presented by Patricia Glass
column (LC Information Bulletin,
Delhi. They have two children, Ajay
Schuman on Thursday, March 29,
February 12, p. 79) the resignation
and Suzy.
noon to 1 p.m., in the Mumford
listing for Marie E. Whited should
Room. The program is sponsored by
have read GS-12, not GS-9.
the Library of Congress Professional
Staff Activities
Association (LCPA) and is open to
Staff Carpool Locator
all staff members.
Ralph Oman, Register of Copy-
Ms. Schuman, president of Neal-
Established carpool from Falls
rights, and Lewis Flacks, a policy
Schuman Publishers, Inc., has writ-
Church/Arlington area seeks rider/
planning advisor in the Copyright
ten and lectured extensively about
driver. Flexitime, 7:30 a.m.-4 p.m.
Office, served in Geneva on the U.S.
social responsibility issues and librar-
Call John Martin, ext. 78130.
MARCH 12, 1990
115
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THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
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LC
PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICE 202 707 2905
Press Inquiries: Helen Dalrymple
(202) 707-1940
MAJOR EXHIBITION ON "THE AMERICAN JOURNALIST"
OPENS AT LIBRARY OF CONGRESS APRIL 5
The story of American journalism as seen through the lives
of some of its most colorful practitioners can be experienced in
an exhibition at the Library of Congress beginning April 5.
Called "The American Journalist: Paradox of the Press," the
exhibition will be open to visitors in the Madison Gallery of the
Library of Congress James Madison Memorial Building, 101
Independence Avenue, S.E., through August 12, 1990.
Prepared by the Library of Congress in cooperation with the
American Society of Newspaper Editors, the exhibition is made
possible by a $325,000 grant from the Gannett Foundation.
Drawing on the Library's vast and varied holdings, from
newspapers and private diaries to motion pictures and cartoons,
the exhibition offers a critical look at the 300-year history of
journalism in America and at journalists and their place in
American society.
COMPANION VOLUME
A generously illustrated, 236-page companion volume, written
by guest curator Loren Ghiglione, will go on sale at the
exhibition when it opens. A hard-bound trade edition will be
published in the fall.
- over -
Ghiglione, editor of The News, Southbridge, Massachusetts,
and president of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, said:
"I'm especially pleased at the unique items that the exhibition
will bring together for the first time." All told, there are
some 400 items on display.
EXHIBITION HIGHLIGHTS
The exhibition opens with the only surviving copy of the
first newspaper published in North America, Publick Occurrences,
Both Forreign and Domestick, (on loan from the Public Record
Office of London) published by Boston printer and bookseller
Benjamin Harris in 1690. It is immediately followed by the
broadside issued four days later on September 29 "By the
Governour and Council" of Massachusetts suppressing the
newspaper.
These two items establish one of the exhibition's main
themes: the public's ambivalent attitude toward the press in
America and the limits placed upon it from its earliest
beginnings.
In addition to Publick Occurrences and the order banning it,
the exhibition will include such unique items as:
*
pencil drawings by Alfred R. Waud and Edwin Forbes of
events of the Civil War;
*
the contents of Lincoln's pockets the night he was
assassinated (which included five newspaper clippings) ;
*
the copyright application, with cartoon, of the "Yellow
Dugan Kid," who eventually came to symbolize "yellow journalism;"
*
the desk that belonged to William Allen White, the epitome
of the small-town editor (whose papers are in the Library of
Congress) ;
*
the Norman Rockwell painting, "The Country Editor, = on
loan from the National Press Club in Washington, D.C.;
*
Ernie Pyle's typewriter and two of his dispatches from the
front;
* the pages from Bob Woodward's reporter's notebook
recording the Watergate break-in.
- more -
EYE-CATCHING DESIGN ELEMENTS
A number of eye-catching design elements have been planned
by exhibition designers Benjamin Lawless and Jan Adkins to draw
visitors into "The American Journalist, " and to make their visit
a memorable one.
* An 1888 folk art sculpture of a newsboy will be placed at
the entrance to the exhibition, and the image of a newsboy will
be used throughout the exhibition to delineate the different
sections.
*
The existing statue of James Madison in the Madison Hall
will be surrounded by a gigantic "front page" describing the
exhibition, with the statue becoming, in effect, the central
"illustration" for the page.
*
A one-third size balloon carrying Nellie Bly will be
constructed to represent the commission she received from Joseph
Pulitzer's New York World to beat Phileas Fogg's record of
"Around the World in Eighty Days. " She made it in 72 days!
*
Cutouts of paparazzi figures will line the staircases
leading to the second level of the exhibition area. Popping
strobe lights, representing camera flash bulbs, and voices
saying, "Just one more
" and "Do you have a comment?
"
will
help to convey the sense of what it feels like to run the
gauntlet of these persistent reporter/photographers.
* Caricatures of individuals who have commented on the
freedom of the press will be specially commissioned for the
concluding section of the exhibition, which illustrates how "the
paradox of the press" has been a recurring theme throughout
American history.
As exhibition curator David Halaas notes, the American
public has long held mixed views about the appropriate role of
the media: "On the one hand members of the press are seen as
truthseekers and watchdogs of government; on the other hand
they' seen as gossipmongers and purveyors of slander. That's
the basic paradox. "
- over -
PLAN OF THE EXHIBITION
Continuing with the chronological history of journalism in
America on the first level of the Madison Gallery, the exhibition
examines colonial and revolutionary beginnings, and then
progresses through the era of the partisan political press to the
emergence of the mass press, the thirst for graphic
representations of battle scenes during the Civil War, and "boom
town" journalism. It culminates in the colorful posters,
cartoons, and shrieking headlines of the Hearst and Pulitzer
yellow press of the late 19th century.
The second floor of the exhibition will be devoted to the
story of the American journalist -- the people who have devoted
their lives to "getting the story." Separate sections will deal
with different kinds of journalists -- street reporters,
investigators, entertainers, exploiters, crusaders,
persuaders, and war correspondents. Examples are: Arthur
"Weegee" Fellig as street reporter; Ida Tarbell as investigator;
Thomas Nast as crusader; Will Rogers as entertainer; Wilbur
Storey as exploiter; Horace Greeley as persuader; and Ernie Pyle
as war correspondent.
Fictional characters such as Clark Kent/Superman, Brenda
Starr, and "reporter" Kermit the Frog, will be woven into the
various sections of the second level of the show, emphasizing the
American public's fascination with the press and the people who
make it work.
AUDIO-VISUAL ELEMENTS
Audio-visual elements on the second level of the exhibition
will tell the story of the journalist through other media. A 10-
12 minute videotape of film clips from the 1930s to the 1980s
depicts journalism from Hollywood's point of view; and audio
excerpts of radio news programs from the 1930s and 1940s, and TV
news clips from the 1950s to the 1980s, demonstrate broadcast
journalists at work.
- more -
EXHIBITION SUPPORT
The Gannett Foundation, of Arlington, Va., with assets of
nearly $650 million, is among the nation's largest private
foundations. It funds community projects, national programs to
improve the teaching and practice of journalism, programs
promoting adult literacy and encouraging philanthropy and
volunteerism, and scholarships. It also operates the Gannett
Center for Media Studies at Columbia University, New York, and
the Paul Miller Washington Reporting Fellowships in Washington,
D.C.
The American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) is an
organization of more than 1,000 editors of daily newspapers in
the United States and Canada. Founded in 1922, the principal
purpose of ASNE is to serve as a medium for exchange of ideas and
the professional growth and development of its members.
"The American Journalist: Paradox of the Press" will be open
to the public from 8:30 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. Monday through Friday,
and from 8:30 a.m. to 6 p.m. Saturday and Sunday.
# # #
PR 90-22
02-08-90
Note to Editors:
Photographs (black and white glossies, color slides) of
selected items from the exhibition are available by contacting
Helen Dalrymple, Library of Congress Public Affairs Office, (202)
707-1940.
WASHINGTON DC 20540
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
NEWS
LC
INFORMATION OFFICE 202 707 2905
Press Inquiries: Helen Dalrymple
(202) 707-1940
MAJOR EXHIBITION EXPLORES THE AMERICAN JOURNALIST
FACT SHEET
TITLE:
"The American Journalist: Paradox of the Press"
DATES:
April 5, 1990 through August 12, 1990
8:30 a.m. - 9:30 p.m. weekdays
8:30 a.m. - 6 p.m. weekends and holidays
LOCATION:
Madison Gallery, James Madison Memorial Building, 101
Independence Avenue, S.E.
EXHIBITION
Purpose:
Drawing on the vast and varied holdings of the Library of
Congress, the exhibition offers a provocative look at the
300-year history of journalism in North America as well as a
view of the journalists -- both real and mythical -- who
have been the reporters of the news. The exhibition traces
the history of journalism from its colonial beginnings
through the period of the partisan political press and the
"boom town" journalism of the American frontier, to the
controversial yellow press of the late 19th century. The
different kinds of journalists are examined -- crusaders,
exploiters, war correspondents, street reporters,
investigators, entertainers, persuaders -- in the second
half of the exhibition.
Scope:
"The American Journalist" looks at the history of journalism
in the United States in two ways: chronologically, showing
how the business of reporting the news changed as American
society grew and expanded; and personally, using individuals
to typify different kinds of reporters, from crusaders to
persuaders and from entertainers to exploiters. A major
theme of the exhibition is the paradoxical, ambiguous role
that the journalist plays: neutral reporter or partisan
propagandist; watch-dog of government or invader of privacy;
truth-seeker or gossip-monger?
- over -
Content:
The 400 items in the exhibition include drawings, paintings,
manuscripts, newspapers, photographs, posters, prints,
books, film, television, and radio clips, and artifacts.
The linchpin for the historical section is the only
surviving copy of the first newspaper published in North
America, Publick Occurrences, Both Forreign and Domestick,
on loan from the Public Record Office in London. Artifacts
include the contents of Lincoln's pocket the night he was
assassinated, which included a number of newspaper
clippings; the desk that belonged to William Allen White,
the epitome of the small-town editor; the Norman Rockwell
painting "The Country Editor," on loan from the National
Press Club; a UPI teletype machine; a Washington Hoe hand
press; Rube Goldberg's drawing table; and the pages of Bob
Woodward's notebook recording the Watergate break-in.
Audio-Visual
Elements:
An 11-minute program of film clips called "Have I Got A
Story!" featuring movies about journalists will be shown
continuously in an area marked by a movie marquee. The
kaleidoscope of clips about the fictional journalist shows
how the movies have revealed stereotypes, perpetuated myths,
and raised important ethical questions. A 14-minute
compilation of radio broadcasts recreates for the exhibition
visitor the great era of broadcast news before the advent of
television. Finally, a 14-minute selection of clips from
television news broadcasts shows the broadcast journalist
"getting the story" and "witnessing the story live" where
the news is happening for the reporter and the viewer at the
very same time.
Sponsor:
The exhibition has been prepared in cooperation with the
American Society of Newspaper Editors. It is made possible
by a $325,000 grant from the Gannett Foundation.
Curators:
Loren Ghiglione, Guest Curator
David Halaas, Curator
Sara Day, Associate Curator
Corinne Szabo, Audio-Visual Editor
Joanne Freeman, Administrative Coordinator
Bucky Wall, Audio-Visual Specialist
Designers:
Benjamin Lawless and Jan Adkins
PUBLICATIONS:
The American Journalist: Paradox of the Press, by Loren
Ghiglione, is a generously illustrated, 236-page softcover,
companion volume to the exhibition. A hard-bound trade
edition will be published in 1991.
A free exhibition brochure, designed to look like a
newspaper, will describe the exhibition and highlight some
of the items that visitors can expect to see.
- more -
EXHIBITION
POSTER:
A full-color horizontal poster measuring 27 by 34 inches,
which is based on an 1896 newspaper poster for The Journal,
is for sale for $10 from the Library's Gift Shops in the
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison Buildings.
RELATED
SALES ITEMS:
Authentic reporters' notebooks
Custom imprinted pencils
Printing press kits
Young Reporter's education kit
Facsimile of Publick Occurrences
"Newspaper" note cards and gift enclosures
Custom woven bookmark
Mini newspaper carrier bag with exhibition logo
"Yellow kid" T-shirts
Selection of books related to journalism
FILM SERIES:
Films about reporters, journalism, and "getting the story"
will be featured in the Mary Pickford film series beginning
April 23 and continuing through May and June. Reservations
may be made by phone, beginning one week before any given
show. Call (202) 707-5677 during business hours (Monday-
Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.). Reserved seats must be
claimed at least 10 minutes before showtime, after which
standbys will be admitted to unclaimed seats. All programs
are free, but seating is limited to 64.
TOURS:
Visitors interested in special free guided tours of the
exhibition may make arrangements by calling the Library's
Visitor Services Office at (202) 707-5458.
PHOTOS
AVAILABLE:
Black and white prints, as well as color slides, of selected
items in the exhibition are available for press purposes.
- over -
LENDERS TO THE EXHIBITION
ABC News
American Antiquarian Society
Associated Press
The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley
Barker History Center, University of Texas at Austin
Mae Berger
Bettmann/UPI
Black Star
Boston Herald
C & P Telephone
CBS, Inc.
CNN, Inc.
Hodding Carter III
Mrs. Hodding Carter, Jr.
Chicago Historical Society
Chicago Press Veterans Association
Colorado Historical Society
Columbia Pictures
Culver Pictures
Dentsu, Inc.
Denver Public Library, Western History Department
Detroit History Museum
The Detroit News, Inc.
The Disney Channel
Bernard A. Drew
Ray Driver
Horst Faas
Ken Feil, The Washington Post
Fred W. Friendly
George Arents Research Library for Special Collections at Syracuse University
George W. George
Loren Ghiglione
Celia Gilbert
Irma Goldberg
David Halberstam
Michael and Julie Hall
R. C. Hickman
Historical Pictures Service
Indiana University School of Journalism
John F. Kennedy Library, Hemingway Archives
Joe Koester
Debra and Marty Krim
Irv Letofsky
Los Angeles Times
Bill Mauldin
Milwaukee Art Museum
- more -
LENDERS TO THE EXHIBITION - CONTINUED
Mitchell Memorial Library, Special Collections, Mississippi State University
NBC, Inc.
National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution
National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution
National Press Club
Paul Neely
The New York Historical Society
The New York Public Library
The New York Times
Orion Pictures Corporation
Laurence T. Paddock, Boulder Daily Camera
Paramount Pictures Corporation
John Phillips
Public Record Office, London, England
Joseph Pulitzer, Jr.
Random House
Richard Donner Productions
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Screen Actors Guild
Scripps Howard News Bureau, Washington, D.C.
The Sporting News
Frank Stanton
The State Museum of Oklahoma
Esther M. Stone
Turner Entertainment Company
20th Century Fox Corporation
United Press International
University of Chicago Library, Special Collections
University of Southern California, Cinema-Television Library
Vernon R. Alden Library, E. W. Scripps Papers, Ohio University Libraries
Barbara White Walker and The Emporia Gazette
Warner Brothers
Delmar Watson
Stanley and Mary Wertheim
The Wharton Esherick Museum
Wide World
Wilma Wilcox
Bob Woodward
- over -
CURATORS OF THE EXHIBITION
Loren Ghiglione, guest curator of the exhibition, is editor of The News,
Southbridge, Massachusetts, and president of Worcester County Newspapers. He
is currently serving as president of the American Society of Newspaper
Editors. He has written or edited five books on journalism. To research the
book, The American Journalist: Paradox of the Press, which is a companion
volume to the exhibition, Mr. Ghiglione had fellowships to the Joan
Shorenstein Barone Center at Harvard University and to Columbia University's
Gannett Center for Media Studies. He received a bachelor's degree from
Haverford College, law and urban studies graduate degrees from Yale
University, and a Ph.D. in American Studies from George Washington University.
David Fridt jof Halaas, exhibition curator, holds a Ph.D. in history from
the University of Colorado, Boulder, and he is the author of several books,
including Boom Town Newspapers: Journalism on the Rocky Mountain Mining
Frontier, 1859-1881. Before coming to the Library of Congress, Dr. Halaas was
curator of books and ephemera and senior historian at the Colorado Historical
Society in Denver, where he was also curator of the permanent exhibits program
for the Colorado History Museum. As a historian of the American West, Halaas
has a particular interest in the influence of frontier newspapers on the
settlement of the West.
Sara Day, associate curator of the exhibition, is a writer, curator, photo
researcher, and art historian (M.A., American University). She has written a
booklet on American folk art and numerous articles on historical subjects and
the visual arts. She has illustrated books on subjects as diverse as
histories of Philadelphia, antibiotics, and World War II. Ms. Day was
principal researcher on the major bicentennial exhibition, "A Rising People,"
at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, and she has headed
research departments for a publishing house and a private mint.
# # #
PR 90-43-A
3-26-90
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Contents
Voice
POLAND
OF
SOLIDARITY
INDEPENDENT MEDIA IN POLAND
The Independent Publishing Movement - An Overview
3
Independent Publishing Insurance
6
No 133 - 134
A list of Publications in the Krakow Region
7
September - October 1987
A Short History of "The Free Voice of Ursus"
9
THE POLISH JOURNALISTS' ASSOCIATION - A history by M.G.
10
1SSN 0268 - 0041
We Are Strong We Can Wait - Stefan Bratkowski interviewed
11
HOME CINEMA
13
Correction: In the last issue
RADIO SOLIDARNOSC
15
different dates appeared on the
SOLIDARNOSC NEWS
cover and on page 2. The correct
Documents
16
date should be July - August. We
Environment in Danger
18
apologise for this mistake.
Ecological Initiatives
18
"W 1 p" DOCUMENTS
19
COMMUNIST CRIMES
Trzebusks - A Second Katyn?
22
All Trace of Them Has Vanished
23
Editorial Committee:
Suwalki Citizens' Committee Statement
26
Marek Garztecki (Editor)
PSC
26
Gyorgy Krasso, Taras Kuzio,
Wojciech Tomaszewski.
CSSO DOCUMENTS
27
Cover: Agnes Hay
SOVIET UNION
Illustrations:
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28
pages 3 - 5, 9, 17 - 19, 22 - 25
"GLASNOST" BULLETIN
underground Polish stamps
Editors' Declaration
30
pages 11 and 13
Discussion Clubs, Lectures
30
by Jacek Fedorowicz
"Peace and Social Research" Seminar
31
page 22
"Democracy and Humanism" Seminar
32
courtesy of Jerzy Wojeik
pages 36 - 43
by Inconnu
BYELORUSSIA
Photos copyright:
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33
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34
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Independent Polish Agency
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VOICE OF SOLIDARITY is a monthly digest of uncensored information
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age the transmission
of
P O 2
DIV.
EUROPEAN
VOA*
Was
8
POLAND
THE
INDEPENDENT
PUBLISHING
aspects of a publisher's work
publishing movement in Poland.
MOVEMENT IN POLAND
(the contents, design, print-run
This is a phenomenon without
and the price of a book) and give
precedent and unparalleled in any
The Social Council for Indepen-
advice where needed. None of the
of the Soviet bloc countries. We
dent Publications emerged on the
Council's views are directives.
regard this movement as one of
initiative of the Independent
The Council is most interested
the most important manifestations
Publishers' Foundation, the
in the work of publishers BSSO-
of the Polish nation's ever-
Temporary Coordinating Commission
ciated in the Publishing Consor-
growing aspirations to regain
(TKK) of "Solidarnosc" and the
tium and financed by the Inde-
spiritual, cultural and inte-
publishers themselves, who felt
pendent Publishers' Foundation,
llectual independence, despite
responsible for their work and
and of those publishers who are,
the attempte to deny it these
the allocation of collected
or will be, subsidized by the
freedoms, and of its desire to
funds. The need was felt for an
Council. However, the Council
maintain traditional links with
objective appraisal of the
will carefully observe the work
European and world thought,
problems of publishing. Members
of other publishers who play an
despite the efforts made to
of the Social Council include
important role in independent
destroy these links. This move-
people from all walks of life,
cultural life, and will express
ment, by its variety, its capa-
and all are people of recognized
its views about them. This study
city to spread unceneored
moral and social standing, who
is the first document produced by
thought, to uncover the truth, to
are not directly connected to any
the Council. Since the Council
successfully counteract the
of the existing publishing
had only been in existence for a
blockade on information main-
houses. The Council's tasks are:
short time, it should be consid-
tained by the authorities, plays
1. The appraisal of published
ered as a preliminary report.
an invaluable part in the nat-
material, its standard and its
ion's struggle to retain and
significance to the development
reinforce its identity. Its
of culture in the widest meaning
The importance of independent
influence on the younger gane-
of the word.
publishing
ration 1s of particular impor-
2. The coordination, as far as
tance. The movement has a great
is possible, of individual
A few words need to be said about
part to play above all in the
publishers' publishing plans, so
the importance attached by the
following fields, wherein also
that, on the one hand, resources
Council to the independent
lie its greatest achievements SO
and effort are not wasted on
having & title published by more
than one publisher (for instance,
by having the same work trans-
lated more than once) and, on the
DZIESIATY ROK
other hand, so that the opportun-
ity of publishing a worthwhile
NIEZALEZNEGO
title is not missed.
3. The evaluation of the way
the money allocated to publishers
RUCHU WYDAWNICZEGO
(from the Independent Publishers'
Foundation), is being used.
POCZTA
10
POCZTA
15**
POCZTA
20"
4. To ensure that professional
SOLIDARNOSE
SOLIDARNOSO
304DARN05C
ethics are maintained in the
relationship between publisher
and author and between individual
publishers, and that the correct
procedures concerning foreign and
reprint rights are being observ-
ed.
With regard to points 1 and 2,
it should be pointed out that the
Social Council for Independent
Publishers will not give direct-
ives or act as a censor. It will
not impose upon publishers any
plans, or try to influence their
choice of titles; in particular,
it will not recommend that they
delete any titles from their
PRZEDSWIT
lists. The Council recognizes
that all independent publishers
POCZTA
40 2
POCZTA
55
are entitled to make their own
POCZTA
6021
SQUDARNOSC
SOLIDARNOSG
editorial decisions. When app-
SOLIDARNOSC
raising the titles already
published and the situation in
any given publishing house, the
Council has a duty of expressing
its opinion and of making sugges-
Ten years of independent publishing.
PO3
AIC
EUROPEAN
far:
grow and a proof of this is that
1. In the spreading of un-
this even extends to official
distorted knowledge of Polish
circles. They can no longer be
history, the history of its
ignored.
struggles for independence, the
40 years of communist rule in
POLSKA
An attempt at a critical
Poland and about the forms* that
#
appraisal
100.00
national resistance has taken.
2. In spreading knowledge about
"
The
independent publishing
the essence, the methods and real
movement is extremely difficult
aims of the communist system and
a
to assess, since the full statis-
A
other totalitarian regimes, and
tical data cannot be made avail-
,
6
unmasking the ideological myths
A
,
able. We know that there are
they create and their propaganda
4
0
currently about a hundred dif-
falsehoods. A very important
*
"
ferent publishers (compared with
R
function of the independent
r
A
35 before August 1980, about 200
publishing movement is to draw
at the time of "Solidarnosc" and
attention to the necessity of
about 80 under martial law).
unmasking "newspeak", and to
Their levels of stability,
point out the frequent mani-
efficiency and output vary. For
pulations of the language by the
obvious reasons, we cannot assess
communist authorities.
how they are organized. We can
3. In bringing to a wider
only judge the end result,
readership the most important
although this depends on many
developments in political,
variable factors unknown to us.
social, economic and humanist
(...)
thought, and in introducing the
of today's Poland, and which does
At first glance, the criteria
Polish reader to the most impor-
not officially exist. This
for choosing a title for public-
tant analyses and studies con-
phenomenon only exists because of
ation seem very diverse. Some
cerning the world we live in, a
the appearance of so many un-
publishers are more interested in
world the image of which is
official publications, represent-
immediate results and = book's
systematically distorted in the
ing different schools of thought.
appeal to the public. Others, for
official media and in schools. It
Many of these publications boest
instance, Nowa and Oficyna
was the independent publishing
a considerable output today.
Literacka take into account the
movement that introduced the
In all these spheres there are
long-term social benefits.
reading public in Poland to such
tens and even hundreds of public-
However, the independent publish-
authors as Orwell, Koestler,
ations which have enormously
ing movement is as a whole
Jaspers, Popper, Hayek, Friedman,
enriched intellectual life in
capable of catering for a large
Kolakowski, Besancon, and that
Poland. There are, in fact, SQ
range of readers' requirements.
disseminated the works of Kun-
many publications, that it would
It produces, on the one hand,
dera, Seifert, Solzhenitsyn,
be impossible to list aven the
various encyclopedias or dictio-
Bukowsky and Mandelstam. II 1s
most important ones here. Some of
naries, and, on the other,
the independent publishing
these have achieved a print-run
elegant comics by Fedorowicz; it
movement that is instrumental in
of a few thousand plus reprints
also publishes poems, essaye,
publishing the National Education
and new impressions, others have
works of philosophy (Simone Weil,
books and other literature
had smaller print-runs of around
Bierdiaiev, Shestov, Kolakowski),
indispensible in independent
500 copies, but all are in
the histories of Poland and other
educational work. (...)
circulation and finding readers.
countries, the history of ideas,
4. In making available to the
Their influence and significance
political science, source and
Polish reader important works of
documentary publications, news-
Polish culture created both in
paper reports, interviews, stc.
Poland and abroad but banned by
There are new editions of old
the cansor. It is this work that
titlas, but also completely new
makes the existence of inde-
books; there are reprinte of
pendent and non-conformist
books published by Polish pub-
culture possible. It is of
13.XII-1981
lishers abroad, and translations
particular significance in the
from many foreign languages.
case of young artists and writers
Among the latter, attention 1s
whom the censor attempts to ban
drawn particularly to trans-
and relegate to the background.
lations from the German, Ukrai-
5. In its work concerning
nian, Russian, Lithuanian, and
contacts between Poles here and
Czech; these play an important
abroad, as well as between Poles
role in lessening Polish people's
and other nations, particularly
prejudices against their neigh-
our neighbours. This work 18
bours. If it were not for the
aimed at the goal of mutual
independent publishing movement,
understanding and opposing the
this would not be 80. The pre-
ideology of hatred on which
SOLIDARN
sence of leading Polish authors
official propaganda is based.
in the independent publishing
6. In making possible the
NAUCZYCIELSKA
movement is promising. They now
existence of, and the making
have an alternative when faced
public of a whole gamut of
5LAT 50NUMERÓW
with the lawless censorship of
thoughts, attitudes, opinions,
their books. Thus Konwicki,
appraisals and suggestions, which
WROCLAW, LUTY 1987r.,702l
Newerly and many others, who
all go into the making of the
AIC
EUROPEAN
dent publishing movement, 1f they
and proof-read. Proof reading in
have years of publishing exper-
cannot. And this is a desirable
particular is often a weak point
ience. Last year they published
state of affairs. A wide, almost
(see, for example, the horrendous
65 books and brochures, and co-
unlimited range of attitudes and
editorial sloppiness exhibited in
published or supported the
ideas (barring those of the
Nabokov's "The Other Shores",
publication of nine periodicals.
extreme right and left) is
published by the otherwise
Among the titles published by
represented in the independent
respectable OL),
them, a number are of great
publishing movement. Basically,.
- that the number of copies
significance to Polish culture.
any original writing presenting
printed and their distribution
The Consertium allocates money
an interesting vision of the
(as far as 1s possible, of
from the Independent Publishing
world has a chance of finding a
course) are planned SQ that books
Foundation to publishers. In
publisher. This is a sort of
or periodicals really find their
1986, the Foundation's grants
model situation for # future,
readers, instead of just covering
were distributed among 46 inde-
truly democratic Poland.
their publishers with glory and
pendent publishers (including
The independent publishing
then getting snatched up by
signatories of the Consortium),
movement's work is strikingly
connoisseurs and book-collectors.
among them 30 based outside
comprehensive. It is almost like
The problem of availability of
Warsaw. In the Council's view,
ordinary publishing (...) and if
titles is a real matter for
the way the grants were allocated
its output were supplemented by
concern, and far from being
was purposeful and well justi-
some chosen titles from the
solved,
fied. It is particularly impor-
catholic publishers' and the
- that the author's basic moral
tant that 50 many publishers
official publisher's list, there
and financial rights and inte-
outside Warsaw were subsidized,
would be no gaps of any signific-
rests are respected. Here to,
including publishers from small
ance left. (...) Mention should.
be made of those publishers who
produce periodicals as well as
books. This is not an easy or
30z
poezta Southwaid
PUBLIKACJE
particularly lucrative business,
PODZIEMNE
but it is of paramount importance
1939-1945
to culture and intellectual life.
The continued flourishing of
those periodicals (and there are
at least a dozen excellent
titles, with a few quite out-
standing ones) is probably the
150 LAT
most spectacular success of the
DRUKOW
independent publishing movement
PODZIEMNYCH
and all free thinking Poles in
W POLSCE
40.f
the last decade.
What could attract some crit-
1986
icism is the choice of titles by
KONSORCJUM
40zl
some publishers. It happens
WYDAWNICTW
NIEZALEZNYCH
occasionally that trash of the
kind produced by the notorious
Dalez or the crudely snti-com-
munist "Lenin" by Ossendowski, 1s
published. There 1s a danger that
such initiatives will be followed
1977
by others with the intention "of
PIERWSZE
being beastly to the reds". These
WYDAWNICTWO
3021
NIEZALEZNE
initiatives must be countered,
poezta STATEM
since seeking instant success or
easy gains and pandering to bad
taste may one day have lamentable
150 years of underground print in Poland.
results.
Obviously, 10 would be desira-
ble - even if difficult - to
the situation creates certain
but important towns such as
improve editorial standards.
pressures and makes unconven-
Kielce and Siedlce. Excluding
Legibility, in particular, is the
tional behaviour on the part of
Consortium's citles, approximat-
subject of frequent complaints by
publishars inevitable at times,
ely 25 publications (books and
readers. We note that some
However, it should not happen, as
larger brochures) were subsidized
publishers (for instance, in
has occasionally been the case,
by the Independent Publishing
books by Szestow and Malia)
that publishers go back on their
Foundation. Membership of the
achieve excellent results, but
decisions to publish, or that
consortium and use of the Inde-
bearing in mind all the diffi-
financial irregularities occur.
pendent Foundation or other
culties faced by independent
grants, is entirely up to the
publishers, it is unfair to hold
publishere themselves. Some
this publisher up as an example
The Publishers' Consortium and
firms, for instance, that of
to others. The following, can,
the
independent
publishing
Glos, believe that independent
however, be suggested: - that
movement
publishers should be totally
manuscripts are more carefully
self-financing and that they
edited (during some periods, for
The Publishers Consortium emerged
should make profits, like pub-
example, in the early stages of
as 4 result of an agreement
lishers do in the West, and that
martial law, one received the
between six large independent
chose profits should in turn be
impression that some publishers
publishers (KOS, Nowa, CDN, Krag,
used for the firm's further
did without editors altogether)
Przedswit and OL). These firms
development
for
higher
author's
P 0 5
AIC
EUROPEAN
royalties, etc. An independent
publication of a worthy periodi-
The Social Council for Indepen-
publisher - particularly of the
cal, it can, at the Council's
dent Publishers believes that the
standing of Glos - is fully
request be excluded from the
independent publishing movement
entitled to take such a stand.
Consortium.
1a our greatest asset, the most
The Council, however, is
- Publishers applying for an
effective form of bond with
concerned about the constant rise
Independent Publishing Foundation
society and of the means influ-
in the price of books, many of
grant or loan must already have
encing it, and also society's
which have for a long time been
produced works of cultural or
greatest achievement, bringing us
out of reach of the average
social value. The Consortium,
international recognition. As
reader, and particularly of the
when considering applications for
long as there can be no question
younger reader. The Council
grants, will take into account
of demonstrations, strikes, pro-
believes that many publishers
the conditions in which each
tests, etc., the independent
must be subsidized. Despite the
publisher operates, the type of
publishing movement constitutes
principle that independent
readership it caters for and how
our main battlefield. The inde-
publishers should be self-suf-
its titles are produced. Pub-
pendent publishers ere society's
ficient (which publishers should
lishers assisting in the pro-
main weapon in its fight for the
strive to achieve, and which they
duction of periodicala will have
fulfillment of its legitimate
could, for instance, by increas-
priority. Grants will be distri-
aspirations.
ing the print-run), there are
buted by the Consortium; in
some publishing ventures which
doubtful cases, the Consortium
Social Council for Independent
must nevertheless still be sided,
will refer to che Council for an
Publications.
and the price of some titles
opinion.
Warsaw, December 1986.
should be low, even below pro-
duction costs. These are mainly
educational citles for students,
titles of educational value to
workers, encyclopedic works and
important books, for instance
those by Kersten. The Council
believes it is essential to
INDEPENDENT PUBLISHING INSURANCE
months, and the premium for one
assist such initiatives.
person is 6,000 ziotys. In cases
The Council views with concern
Q: What do you insure?
of procuratorial sanction (prom
the fact that many publishers are
A: Our aim is to compensate
longed temporary detention) we
reluctant to undertake the
losses due, in the first place,
pay the family 30,000 zlotys per
printing of periodicals. Diffi-
to reprisals, There are three
month, the same applies to convic-
culties were, for example,
kinds of losses: publishing
tad prisoners, but the total is
encountered in finding a publish-
projects, equipment and person-
limited to 240,000 21otys.
er for "Kultura Niezalezna" and
ne1. Our first idea was to
Payments are effected in several
"Oboz". Some periodicals contain-
protect books and periodicals
installments, for We cannot be
ing current social and political
already in the pipelina; invest-
bound to regular dates. We also
material appear 80 late that they
ment lost as a result of a police
pay the cost of fines and the
lose all topicality and rele-
raid can be of crippling propor-
cost of defence. Personal pro-
vance, and by the same token lose
tions. Equipment was at first our
perty confiscated in house
readers. This is a great moral
secondary consideration. Finally,
searches is covered up to 250,000
and financial loss. The Council
when making our statute, we added
zlotys, There is also insurance
considers that book publishers
the third group, personnel. So
against accidents at work. The
should work with the editors of
far since last June, we have
premium for equipment is equal to
periodicals, assist them and make
insured two duplicators, &
1 percent of the cost of the
sure that titles appear on time.
typewriter, a cutter, an offset,
item. Thus, the premium for a
Publishers who produce periodic-
a car, amounts of paper and 22
duplicator, the market value
als important to social culture
people. It turned out that people
being about one million zlorys,
and ensure that they appear on
were the most sensitive item. To
is 10,000 zlotys. This covers 100
time and regularly, should be the
our surprise, no one has yet
percent of the cost, but the
first to receive grants from the
applied for insurance of of
object can be insured to only 25,
Independent Publishing Founda-
current project.
50 or 75 percent or the cost.
tion.
Q: Surely, cars will prove a
The premium for & project is 5
Crireria have been established
precious item.
percent of its value. Publishing
for a) membership of the Consor-
A: I think $0. We would like to
firms may become members of the
tium, b) the distribution of
be able to compensats the full
Fund. They pay a single contri-
Independent Publishing Foundation
market price, but according to
bution of 300,000 zlotys, and are
grants to publishers.
our statute we cannot go beyond
entitled to & 50 percent dis-
- Large publishers with a diverse
one million alotys per case.
count.
literary output, comprising
Otherwise we would go bankrupt.
Q: Have you paid any compen-
Polish and foreign authors and
One million is enough for a small
sations yet?
periodicale of great social and
Polish Fiat, but for any other
A: One publishing firm suffered &
cultural significance, may join
car it 1s very little. We plan du
very damaging police raid. We
the Consortium. The titles
spacial high premium insurance
have paid them half of million.
published by them must be of &
which would allow us to go beyond
Q: And you didn't go bankrupt?
high literary standard and be
one million, perhaps even to
A: No. True, the premiums are
well edited and produced. If a
dispense with an upper limit
racher small, more symbolic than
publisher belonging to the
(Petty Offences Tribunals now
actual, abut we had the sum of
Consortium does not produce any
often confiscate cars found to be
900,000 zlotys contributed
new titles for two years or, for
transporting underground litera-
jointly by the three firms which
no apparent reason (except
cure).
established the Fund. A large
situations outside its control)
Q: What are the premiums now?
part
of
85
refuses to co-operate in the
The
titles
last
published
in
1986:
the Polish Academy of Sciences,
10. Wolny Glos, publ. by the
since 1983, circ. 500.
Public Self-defense Movement,
since 1987.
7. Solidarnosc Zwyciezy, until 8,
1986 the official bulletin of the
Paragraf, publ by. the
Committee for Defense of the Rule
TKRH.
Independent newspapers which have
of Law (informs sbout the offic-
ial infringements of human
no new issues since the end of
8. Puls, publ. by MKS Nowa Huta.
1986:
rights), since 1985, circ. 1000.
9. Home Homini, publ. by the
9. Przeglad Akademicki, publ. by
11. Jajoglowiec, publ. by a group
Committee for Defense of Politi-
of employees at the Jagiellonian
NZS on Jagiellonian University,
cal Prisoners and Persecuted
University.
since 1985.
People.
10. Solidarnose Nauczycielska,
12. Mysli Nisinternowane, the
REGIONAL BULLETINS
publ. by Teachers' Solidarity,
only underground journal with
since 1982.
colour illustrations, but also
1. Janosik, from Nowy Targ, since
the most expensive.
1982, circ. 500.
11. Zomorzadnosc, publ. by Krakow
13. PAP - Polowe Archiwum Praso-
KOS group, since 1982, circ.
2. Kurierek B, publ, by MKS
1000,
we, publishing the most important
Wschod (Interfactory Committee
historical documents nor avail-
Bochnia-Tarnow area), since 1982,
able officially.
Bullatins of local Solidarnosc
circ. 200.
organizations last published in
1986
14. Sygnal, publ. by Mysli Niein-
3, Solidarnose Podkarpacka, from
ternowane, stopped appearing in
Krosno, since 1984.
1986.
12. Biulatyn Niezaleznej Sluzby
Zdrowia (Health Service).
4. Solidarnosc, publ. by Coord-
instion Committee in Jaelo, since
Monthly and quartarly journals
1985.
13. Biuleryn Informacyjny Akade-
mii Medycznej 1 PSK (Medical Aca-
demy).
1. Arka, literary quarterly,
5. Swiat Pracy, publ. by MKS
highly regarded, circ. 2000.
Tarnow, since 1985.
14.
Budostalowier
(Budostal
2. Bez Dekreru, until 1985 a
Constructing Company).
6. Wiadomosci Nowosadeckie, publ.
political now a literary maga-
by MKS Nowy Sacz, since 1982.
zine, circ. 2000-3000.
15. Solidarnose AWF (College of
Physical Eduacation).
7. Biuletyn Podhalanski, publ. by
3. Miesiecznik Malopolski, lite-
Podhale Region, since 1985, circ.
rary - political quarterly.
150.
Independent unofficial publica-
4.
tions
Nispodleglosc, monthly
Publications of organizations
political publication of the
affiliated to Regional Commission
Krakow branch of the Liberal-
1. Goniec Lwowski, publ. by the
and groups of Solidarnosc members
Malopolaka Division of the
Democratic Party "Independence".
Workers' Movement for Independ-
5.
ence, since 1987,
Opinia Krakowska, pub1.
1. ABC Mlodych, publ. by Federa-
annually by the KPN (Confedera-
tion of Militant Youth (high
2. Nasz Glos, bulletin of Mili-
tion for an Independent Poland),
school students), since 1985.
since 1977 (the only unoficial
tant Youth of Krakow high-scho-
ols, since 1986.
journal pre-dating Solidarnosc)
2. Barykada, pub1. by Resistance
circ. 500.
Group of the Independent Student
3.
Niepodleglosc, publ. by the
Organization, since 1982.
KPN (Confederation for an Inde-
6. Stanczyk, all-Polish journal
of liberal groups, adited in
pendent Poland) Southern Command.
3.
Krakow.
Dzien, publ. by Academic
Coordinating Committee, since
4.
1982, circ. 1000.
Mala Polska, publ. weekly
7. Tedy, literary magazine.
since 1983, circ. 2000.
8.
4. Hutnik, publ. by Solidarnosc
5.
Zaszyty Zwiazkowe, reports
members from Lenin Steelworks and
Orzel Bialy, publ. by the
prepared by experts for the
Workers' Movement for Independ-
the Mining and Steelmaking
Regional Commission of Solid-
ence, since 1985.
College, the most popular Krakow
arnose Malopolska region.
bulletin, since 1982, circ. 5000.
6,
Promienisci, regularly
In addition, publications and
5. Jednodniowka, publ. by the
published for high-school youth,
journals published abroad by
since 1982, circ. 1000.
Coordinating Committee of NZS
Polish emigrae groups are reprin-
(Independent Students' Union), no
ted in Krakow. Among these:
7. Punkt, since 1987.
data available.
Zeszyty Literackie, Zeszyty
Historyczne, Pule (abbrevisted).
8. Staszek, publ. by high-school
6. Kablowiec, publ. by the
students, since 1986.
Factory Committe in "Kabel"
plant, circ. 100.
9. 13, formarly 13 Grudnia (13th
Publishing houses operating in
Krakow
7.
December), publ. by Liberal-
Nowy Glos PANu, publ. by
Christian
group,
since
"Solidarnosc" in Krakow branch of
1982,
cicr. 2000.
1. Baz Ciec (published poems and
songs of Kaczmarski and re-
8
P O 7
DIV.
EUROPEAN
THE POLISH JOURNALISTS'
dynamic
national
executive,
tries to freelance.
ASSOCIATION
headed by a respected writer and
The wholesale purge of the
journalist, Stefan Bratkowski.
official media had the quite
For a few brief months the
beneficial side effect of provid-
Throughout the course of Polish
Polish Journalists' Association
ing an abundant supply of contri-
history the press and writing
became one of the principal
butors to the booming underground
profession has always been
players in national politics.
press. Thanks to them Poland
closely linked to the struggle
Bratkowski tried strenuously to
today has the biggest number of
for freedom and democracy. The
maintain good links both with
titles and copies printed in
first modern journalists' union
"Solidarnosc" and the Party,
samizdat form, of any country AC
was formed after the re-birth of
serving 88 to go-between and
any time in the history of the
Poland following the end of the
mediator. Despite frequent
printed word.
First World War. It soon gained
accueations of "serving the anti-
To add insult to injury, the
a reputation of being militant
socialist forcee", the Associat-
authorities have aped their
not only in the defence of its
ion tried to remain neutral. As a
stalinist predecessors in forming
members' rights but also in its
matter of fact, most people
a "new" Journalists' Association
upholding of the professional
belonging to its national and
of the Polish People's Republic.
standards of journalism.
regional executive bodies remai-
The authorities provided this
When Poland was occupied by
ned Party members. The true
"Association" with all the
the Nazi and Soviet armies after
reason for the wrath that the
assets of the disbanded body,
the outbreak of the Second World
journalist profession was subjec-
even though no more than a third
War all Polish trade and profess-
ted to by the Party hardliners
of the old Association's members
ional organisations ware banned,
could be found in its newly
joined the new organisation. More
including journalists' union. All
acquired independence of the
significantly, it could not
Polish papers, book publishers,
official diktat. It was to pay
entice a single well-known or
independent Polish-language radio
dearly for this.
respected journalist.
stations were banned. The mere
When Martial Law was introdu-
Out of necessity, the Polish
posession of a wireless set often
ced in Poland on December 13
Journalists' Association was re-
resulted in summary execution if
1981, the Polish Journalists'
activated as a banned, clandes-
found by the SS or Gestapo. The
Association was immediately
tine organization. Its first
Nazis actually decreed a complete
suspended, as were all papers and
immediate aims were to:
aradication of the whole writing
ordinary TV and radio broadcasts.
1. assist arrested members and
and journalistic profession. Many
Of 11 thousand internees, journa-
their families
well known journalists were
lists, especially all those
2. find means of financial
executed for no other reason than
connected with the trade union
support for those who were
that of their writing skills,
press, formed a substantial
sacked.
more were sent to Auschwitz and
group. In early spring 1982, the
3. defend the Association's
other concentration camps.
Association was disbanded, its
right to oparate and to use its
Despite the repressions the
substantial property (including
assets.
Union maintained its activities
union buildings and several
4. fight for the legalisation
in the underground. Hundreds of
holiday houses), its assets
of the Association.
its members were producing and
(including all funds and pension
Thanks to the help received
contributing to clandestine
schemes) were taken over by the
from its Western colleagues a.
publications that mushroomed all
state.
special fund for imprisoned and
over the country.
The authorities started a mass
neady journalists was establish-
Following the end of the war
purge of the profession. All
ad. A special voluntary service
and the creation of the Polish
journalists were forced to sign
distributing food and clothing
People's Republic, the new
an oath of loyalty to the regime
was set up in one church. Later
authorities moulded all trade and
renouncing "Solidarnosc" and the
on it also branched out into
professional organizations to the
former Association. Those who
providing legal advice and acting
stalinist fashion. The pre-war
refused were summarily sacked and
as & job centre. By mid-1982,
union that managed to survive the
blacklisted. It is estimated that
almost all of the affected
Nazis was promptly disbanded for
about 1,200 Polish journalists
journalists ware taken care of.
"promoting plurality of views in
were arbitrarily dismissed - a
At the end of that year, those
the media". A new, docile Polish
professional catastrophe for most
wishing to contribute to the
Journalists' Association was
of them - and 20 percent were
underground press found their way
formed with the Party-nominated
demoted to lower-paid positions.
to it. There were even attempts
leadership firmly at the helm.
Former aditors and heads of
to regularly produce a clandest-
However, the journalists' spirit
departments had to accept jobs
ine union journal. A few issues.
was not to be so easily subdued.
such as subbing, or proof-reading
of the paper (called "Spectator")
Even in its darkest times Polish
1f they wanted to stay in the
ware produced, but it ceased its
press and radio was generally
profession.
publication due to the lack of an
acknowledged to be the most
Some of them later found work
available printing press.
independent in the whole of the
in the fringe prass: editing
On the other hand the Associa-
Soviet bloc.
church magazines or papers like
tion's President, Stafan Bratkow-
The social upheaval in Poland,
"The Blind Co-op Worker", the
ski, produces, more or less
following the birth of "Solidar-
latter finding fame as the refuge
regularly, a "talking gazette" in
nosc", deeply affected people
of Dariusz Fikus, the General
the form of a cassette, which is
working in the media. Interest-
Secretary and some other members
later copied and distributed all
ingly enough, there was no
of the national executive. About
over Poland. The "Bratkowski Gaz-
special "Solidarnosc" branch for
15% decided to emigrate; some-
ette" aven carries a mock copy-
journalists. Unlike almost every
probably a third - switched to
right warning, in fact designed
other trade or profession, they
other jobs like salling flowers,
to ward off a possible government
were able to "cleanse" their old
driving taxis or working 1n
prosecution for "disseminating
Association and form a new,
second-hand bookshops. The rest
false information". True to form,
10
DIV.
EUROPEAN
269M
when the irritated authorities
lists the official Association
che re-legalisation of the Polish
tried to silance Bratkowski, they
was granted the place previously
Journalists' Association looks at
could only muster an accusation
held by the "old" Association.
least a distinct possibility,
of illegally possessing about
The latter received considerable
international support and press-
100 German Marks!
moral (and some material) support
ure on the Polish authorities
In between 1983 and '84 the
from the International Faderation
will carry more weight than ever.
Association did little more than
of Journalists and some of its
/M.G./
distribute urgent help to the
member organisations. Now, when
needy. Only once or twice were
public debates organised, most of
them semi-official in character,
usually in church or parish
halls. The situation has changed
from 1985 on, when young journa-
lists, most of whom had never
been members of the Association
(nor of the official one) asked
about the possibility of joining
the "non-existent" organisation.
For security reasons it was
decided that no records of the
new members should be kept, and
the procedure of joining was
simplified to giving an oath to
uphold the Association's constit-
ution and the code of conduct, in
presence of one of the officials.
Over the next few months new,
alternative forms of the Union's
activity were developed. A
"Spoken Newspaper" was establish-
ed. It has the form of a fortnig-
htly meeting in the Holy Virgin
Church in Wareaw, during which a
group of journalists read aloud
local and international news,
followed by a series of articles,
essays and even short stories.
This event 1s recorded, edited,
copied and regularly distributed
in a pattern already established
by Stefan Bratkowski. The Associ-
ation executive has also become
much more forthright, issuing
statements, although signed only
with individuals' names.
Recent rumours circulating in
STEFAN BRATKOLISKI
Warsaw suggest that the autho-
rities are considering some form
7.F.
of re-lagalisation of the Asso-
ciation. Some of this talk 1s
certainly prompted by the ineffi-
ciency and blatant corruption of
the "new" pro-government one.
behalf of the Association. Thus
It's first administrative Direc-
WE ARE STRONG, WE CAN WAIT
we became life members of the
tor-General was arrested for
Association's leadership.
embezzlement and the General
An interview with
To revive the SDP - well its
Secretary was quietly eased out
Stefan Bratkowski
just a slogan. But how should it
of his job to avoid public
be put into practice? It is not
scandal.
Tygodnik Mazowsza: As President
inconceivable, of course, that
Whatever happens in the future
of the dissolved Polish Journal-
the two associations, the SD-PRL
the Polish Journaliste' Associa-
ists Association (Stowarzyszenie
(Journalists Association of the
tion has clearly proved to be
Dziennikarzy Polskich - SDP) do
Polish People's Republic, formed
more durable than martial law and
you intend to call for the
by the authorites after martial
anti-union legislation. Even
Association to be revived?
law) and the SDP could co-exist
after purges and the campaign of
Bratkowski: In fact, last year
and one would be a member of the
signing enforced loyalty oaths,
150 journalists (including many
International Journalists Associ-
less than fifty per-cent of the
from the official press - and nor
ation in Prague and the other of
journalists employed in the state
Just from the catholic press
the International Federation of
and party press joined the new
either) sent me an open letter. I
Journalists in Brussels. We in
"official" body, to say nothing
must say the situation is truly
the SDP anyway consider ourselves
about those involved in the
Pickwickian: the dissolution of
members of the IFJ which after 13
independent press.
the Association had not been
December 1981 spoke many times in
At the Frague-based Interna-
accepted by the journalists who
our defence OR the international
tional Organisation of Journa-
still expect us to speak on
forum. Another possibility is
P10
DIV.
NVdoan3
that the revived SDP would in
have enough to do and we can
principles which we agreed at the
time merge with the SD-PRL, if
wait.
beginning of martial law: they
this proves acceptable on purely
TM: You keep saying "we". In your
sign thamselves by their own
social grounds. Finally, a
opinion, does the SDP milieu
names, they do not publish false
completely new journalists'
etill exist?
information and do not take part
organization could be formed with
Bratkowski: Apart from the
in smear campaigns. I would say
the participation of the SD-PRL.
Solidarnose activists we were the
that this 1a most difficult, even
There are probably more possibil-
only group so drastically and
if 1r does not involve dramatic
ities, I would not want to put
ruthlessly repressed. Over a
gestures. An enormous percentage
any limits in advance on the
thousand journaliste have lost
of people have kept their decen-
authorities' generosity.
chair jobs, another thousand have
cy.
TM: Do you really expect some
been demoted. Nearly five hundred
Obviously, it is the remaining
sort of political gesture. on the
do not work as journalists, over
ten percent who are responsible
part of the authorities?
thirty have left the country.
for television's, radio's or the
Bratkowski: My forecast 1s, alas,
TM: However, "Zycie Warszawy" (a
prass's image. The chief aditor,
rather pessimistic. I cannot see
Warsaw daily) reported recently
his deputy, the associate editor,
in Poland a team of people of
that over eight thousand journal-
one or two heads of departments
Gorbachov's stature - these are
ists balong to the SD-PRL.
plus the choice of agencies'
people with the mentality of army
Bratkowski: Only half of the 8122
reports, are enough to turn a
officers. To their minds any
SDP members (about a dozen of the
paper into a rag.
concession 1s not a political
70 SDP Council members) have
There are people really dis-
manoever, but backing down, which
joined the SD-PRL. In Wareaw, not
credited who tarnished their
means personal failure.
aven fifty percent of those
names by unattractive or some-
The September amnesty was $
working in the official press
times even ugly behaviour. Those
great step towards removing the
belong to the new association.
are "on view", even though there
greatest stumbling block in
Many of our colleagues started
aren't so many of them Lately,
communication between the author-
writing for the underground press
for example, Mr Rudnik(...)
ities and the people, but it had
and contributed to the blossoming
behaved deviously towards three
not changed anything in our (the
of the catholic press. Such
leading artists - Hanuszkiewicz,
journalists) situation. On the
papers as, for instance, "Goac
Hubner and Zapasiewicz - he
other hand, rumours abound 1 and
Niedzialny" (Sunday Guest), which
edited their statements without
these rumours are spread deliber-
was a modest parochial publicati-
their consent and used them in
ately - that it had been offered
on, almost became B national
his own television programme
to us, for instance that we
paper overnight, well edited and
"Czas" (Time) prepared for the
should open a new periodical. The
influential.
fifth anniversary of the intro-
aim here is to create the impres-
After 13 December, quite a few
duction of martial law. This 1s a
sion that the authorities are
people approached us, asking if
classic breach of professional
coming up with some sort of
from now on they could consider
ethics for which he would be
initiatives, that there is
chemselves members of our Associ-
reprimanded by any true journal-
openness on their part.
ation. Those people were not just
istic tribunal. Janusz Roszkow-
I believe that the authorities
journalists from the underground
ski, the new President of the
would sooner grant rights, for
press, but also from the official
State Radio Committee, has
instance, to the writers, that
one. Thus for instance, Jacek
ordered - for the first time
they might allow for the revival
Fedorowicz and Adam Michnik
ever = that & correction should
of the Polish Actors Association
consider themselves from now on
be broadcast.
in its original form, but that
members of the SDP. At the moment
There are people on the other
they will continue to disfavour
signatures are being collected
side, like Stanislaw Glabinski,
journalists. It 1a largely a
under a statement by activists of
whom we considered as colleagues
matter of personal grudges.
the dissolved association. The
in our profession, in spite of
One thing is a fact: we shall
authors say that they expect
our views being totally dif-
not be taken for granted anymore.
among other things, that the
ferent.
In the past five years we have
problem of journaliste having the
TM: You maintain that the PAP
learned to work as journalists,
freedom to join the professional
(government press agency) corres-
taking no notice whatsoever of
organization of their choice will
pondent in the USA is not someone
the authorities, we discovered
be solved. They also demand the
who just follows instructions?
that this was possible. The
restoration of public opinion,
Bratkowski: Oh, yes, those people
catholic press, not to mention
the setting up of credible
do follow instructions, but they
the underground one, does not
aditorial boards and that the
also follow the rules of their
belong to the rulers. And this
censorship laws should not be
profession, they do not take part
cannot be changed. The best the
abused. They appeal for the
in persecutions or victimi-
authorities can do is to make
reinstatement of journalists,
sations. Another example: the
peace with the journalists not
particularly those from the
same Roszkowski, a genuinely good
belonging to the SD-PRL and to
regional press, and from radio
journalist, known for his decent
agree to what extent a compromise
and television, including colles-
behaviour towards his colleagues.
can be achieved.
gues working on the production
Recently, he addressed himself to
It 18 not just about the
side. If anybody should not want
Polish Radio and TV employees,
journalists having their profes-
DO return to work then this is
asking for their advice about
sional organization, it is about
his choice. The assential thing
what to do with radio and televi-
higher stakes: the integrity of
is that he should have such a
sion. His question was also
the journalistic profession, the
choice.
addressed to those who had lost
possibility of exercising it
TM: Aren't you over-dramatizing
their jobs in the verification
honestly and truthfully. This is
the situation? Most journalists
process.
why we have no other choice than
still work in the official press.
TM: Returning for a moment to
to stick to our principles. We
Bratkowski: Yas, but ninety
independent journalism, your
are strong, we are patient, we
percent of them abide by the
"spoken newspaper" has become
T
DIV.
EUROPEAN
05 : 26 PM
quite popular.
TM: And what is happening to
Bratkowski: You are referring to
your "Gazeta Dzwiekowa" ("Taped
the "Dzwonek Niedzielny" (Sunday
Newspaper")
Bell) published under the care or
Bratkowski: I still produce it
patronage of the Holly Virgin
in one copy. But I know that
HOME CINEMA
Mary church which looks after
copies are made and sold, unfor-
arrists and writers. Ten meetings
tunately at very high prices. I
A large underground video market
took place, where journalists
do not ask for fees and I would
has arisen in Poland. The showing
read publicly specially prepared
not want it to be thought that I
of video cassettes has become &
articles, commentaries on the
share in chose profits. I would
popular form of entertainment,
current situation and columns.
like to make as plea that either
education, and social gathering.
Unfortunately, the Church decided
the price of the cassette be
Below is an article based on an
recently to end for the moment
reduced or that it should be
interview with the manager of one
this initiative and we don't know
stated who benefits from the
of Warsaw's "Home Cinemas", con-
if we shall be able to revive it.
profits.
ducted by Jan Klinez of Tygodnik
A difference of opinion played a
Mazowsze.
part here: our hosts thought that
Tygodnik Mazowsze No. 198
Translation courtesy of the
the paper should be more Church
11 February 1987
Committee in Support of Solida-
minded. To us, the Church had
rity in New York.
simply become a refuge for the
Translation courtesy of Uncensc-
It began a year ago, on a small
truth
red Poland News. Bulletin
scale - with one VCR and two
movies. Today I have four VCRs
and 56 films to rent. The equip-
ment was paid for by the (under-
ground) Committee for Independent
Expresporanny 15g
18 maja
Culture - after that the enter-
prise has financed itself. To
words
view a film we change 100 zlotys.
This covers the cost of transpor-
GAZETA CODZIENNA
tation and the purchase and copy-
ing of video cassettes.
-To nie my zaciagnelismy ten dkug!"
At first, I expected home ci-
Przewodniczący
nema to be stationary, but the
reality is different. It is im-
PREZYDENT RP ODRIUCA
L.Wałesa
possible to have one film running
several times even if the opera-
tor leaves the room, and people
DEFINITYWNIE PROSBY BANKOW
WZNAWIA
usually want to see three or four
ROZMOWY
films at one sitting. So the home
ZACHODNICH SPEATE 40 mld delarów
W SPRAWIE WOL-
cinema started a tour of several
NYCH PIATKOW.
houses, to several districts, and
we even began to travel from town
Niech to bedzie pierwsza rata
VETO
to town. We had to buy a new
odszkodowania La zdrade jak
INTERNATIONA!
colour TV set, although I know
PROCES
Frasyniuka!
people who are satisfied with
tanska - mówią postowle
black-and-white relevisions.
Bardo-
Z.BUJAK
In the beginning, I was showing
films only to people from our
nowej
VIITAMY
circle, 1.e., among Wareaw inte-
KOWNIE
DZIERAN WYDZ, HISTORII uw.
llectuals. But as time went by
the viewership widened. Our ci-
prof. Adam Michnik -
-Nie FORM-
minim swyth
J.Knron krylyknie
nemas have visited villages; high
school and college students at-
DORTUBEM HONORIS CAUSA
minidia policii
tend regularly; and we also ser-
UNIWERSYTETU MOSKIEWSKIEGO
Jacek Taylor
vice workers. I figured out that
in one year there were at least
5,000 viewers, because we cashed
in about half a million #lotys
THERE
KONFERENCJA PRASOWA
ENDUM
revenue, not taking into account
SERAWE
that not everyone pays, and we
UNIT TOLSKO-
also organize free viewing for
WINDERSKO-
SLOWACED-
young students.
JUZ OUTRO!
VICTORIA
WEZ VOZIAL
Cresking
W KINIE
(DAWNIST SALA KONGRESOWA)
W.BIEGU
WIELKI
KONCERT
ZEOTE
DOBROCIYNNY
NA kzeczuca0d200w
TRAMPKI
ZRE SZWEDZRIEJ REPUBLIKI sod-
RULEW-
A mock "futuristic" issue of a
JALISTYCZNEJ
BILETY, SPATIF, ZASP,
ANNESTY INTERNATIONAL"
SKIEGO!
daily in post-communist Poland.
Among other titles: "prof.
Michnik receives honorary degree
in Moscow" and "Bujak in Rowno".
Pla
DIV.
EUROPEAN
Underground printers at work
We operate on the basis of
mutual trust. I do not collect
receipts or check people's iden-
tities and they are sometimes
recommended very indirectly, So
far not only has everyone been
honest, but they have also re-
turned the equipment on time. The
videos are played around the
clock. There may be only a couple
of days' break. If I happen to
have two VCRs at home some night,
I take advantage of it to copy
films for us or for other firms.
Until now, the so-called "es-
sential viewing-set of films" has
proved extremely popular, We
started this package with Ryszard
Bugajski's "Przesluchanie" (The
Interrogation), Video Kontakt's
"Kalendarz Wojny" (The War Calen-
dar), "Kwadratura kola" (Squaring
the Circle) - a film about Soli-
darnosc by Tom Stoppard, and
"Blaszany Bebenek" (The Tin Drum)
adopted from the novel by Gunther
Grass, I managed, although it was
not easy, to get hold of all the
films made by Video Kontakt (in
Paris), and people like them,
especially the filmed interview
with the editors of the Paris-
based "Kultura", (a literary and
political monthly begun in 1947).
I also buy films made by Video
Nowa, for example, Agnieszka
Holland's "Kobiety Samotne" (The
Single Woman), and recently Doma-
radeki's "Wielki Bieg" (The Big
Run), which was rejected by the
Censor's Office.
I have a number of excellent
short Polish films, such as
films that represent pure enter-
grade films with scandalous tran-
Titkow's "Przechodzien" (The
tainment and some of my more
slations. My dream 18 to buy the
Passer-by), which is about op-
high-brow clients object to their
neweat films in the West and then
position author Tadeusz Konwicki,
inclusion. Once I was even criti-
command good translations. This,
Lozinski's "Cwiczenia Warszta-
cized for "doing the enemy's
however, lies in the future be-
towe" (Workshop Exercises) and
bidding" because I showed "Silk-
cause you need a lot of money: a
Magowski's "Na etapie" (Reaching
wood", which deals with problems
bestseller cassette may cost up
the Stage). I have copied "Man of
of trade unions in America. But
to $100 and a good translator
Marbla" and "Man of Iron" by
usually the order is as follows:
does not come cheaply. So far, I
Andrzej Wajda, since the new
-"ona essential, patriotic film,
have been forced to rely on the
generation of young people has
and of James Bond to top it off".
black market.
not yet had a chance to see them.
KGB-versus-CIA films are very
Films are now made in Poland
Among foreign films, not only
popular, such as "Gorki Park" and
especially for the underground
do I have films with political
"The Third World War"; so too
cinema. I have two collections
themes - such as "Doctor Zhiva-
even is a gangster saga like "It
produced by Independent Talevi-
80", "The Deerhunter", "Sophie's
Happened in America". I recorded
sion in Mistrzejowice and of
Choice", "1984", and "Animal
some children's films of Walt
short-feature film "Lekcja" (The
Farm" - but I also offer other
Disney and "The Never Ending
Lesson), based on children's
non political [Ilms that have,
STOTY" to meet our clients' de-
drawings about marital law; it is
for some reason or other, not
mand.
subtitled "The First Polish Un-
been officially distributed.
The contents of such 2 film
derground Film". Recently, I have
These include: "Amadeus", "Fid-
library naturally reflect my own
also received two cassettes by
dler on the Roof", "The Magician
preferences, because I am often
Jacek Fedorowicz, one called "60
of Lublin" adopted from a novel
forced to choose - aspecially
minut na godzine" (60 minures an
by I.B. Singer, and Milos For-
among the lass ambitious films.
hour) which 1a well-known to all
man's "Ragtime" based on a best-
The market is huge and I am tying
Folish listeners, and the second,
saller by Doctorow that was
to gat hold of films that would
based on a marveleous idea of
published in Poland.
be popular. Unfortunately, for
dubbing the images of the off-
I also have in my repertoire
the most part, these are poor-
icial television news broadcast
afa
AIC A O A * Nd92:90 EO
AMERICAN
ASNE
LOREN GHIGLIONE
SOCIETY OF
THE NEWS, SOUTHBRIDGE, MASS.
President
NEWSPAPER EDITORS
BURL OSBORNE
DALLAS MORNING NEWS
Vice President
DAVID LAWRENCE JR.
Headquarters:
MIAMI HERALD
Secretary
Mailing Address: P.O. Box 17004, Washington, DC 20041
Street Address: 11600 Sunrise Valley Dr., Reston, VA 22091
SEYMOUR TOPPING
Tel. (703) 648-1144
Fax (703) 620-4557
NEW YORK TIMES CO.
Treasurer
March 14, 1990
Ms. Kristin Clark Taylor
Director of Media Relations
Room 117, Old Executive Office Building
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear Kristin:
It was great to talk with you yesterday. I promised I'd follow up with some
ideas Loren Ghiglione has suggested as possible topics that President Bush
might address. Of course, the President will have his own ideas on what he
wants to talk about, but I'll pass these along as an indication of what's on
the minds of newspaper editors today.
Topic A: Is the federal government's commitment to freedom of
expression diminishing? Several recent news events have led many of the
nation's newspaper editors to believe that free. speech enjoys something
less than top priority:
The administration's position on the Chinese students in the
U.S. seems to put pleasing the Chinese leadership higher than
supporting the free speech of those who dissented.
-- The Attorney General's moves to eliminate leaks appear to have
a chilling effect on the media.
The Supreme Court's Hazelwood decision seems to have resulted
in increased control over student publications, not to mention
self-censorship.
-- The President raised a number of government/press issues in the
recent exchange aboard Air Force One. Is there something he
wishes to say to newspaper editors along these lines?
Topic B: The editors would also be interested in hearing the
President's view on the federal commitment to affirmative action. The
newspaper industry's efforts to recruit minorities haven't been helped
by an atmosphere at the national level that seems to undercut the
commitment to racial diversification. Editors are worried about the
legal precedent for reverse discrimination suits, following recent
Supreme Court decisions. Added to this the problem in education, where
enrollments of blacks and Hispanics are dropping.
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS CONSISTS OF THE OFFICERS AND THE FOLLOWING:
LARRY ALLISON
JAY AMBROSE
JANET CHUSMIR
LINDA GRIST CUNNINGHAM
Long Beach Press-Telegram
Rocky Mountain News
GREGORY FAVRE
Miami Herald
ALBERT E. FITZPATRICK
Parsippany Daily Record
WILLIAM A. HILLIARD
Sacramento Bee
WILLIAM B. KETTER
Knight-Ridder Inc.
Portland Oregonian
Quincy Patriot Ledger
DRAKE MABRY
SUSAN MILLER
TED NATT
ROLFE NEILL
JEAN OTTO
Ames Daily Tribune
Scripps Howard
Longview Daily News
ARNOLD ROSENFELD
Charlotte Observer
JOHN SEIGENTHALER
Rocky Mountain News
JAMES D. SQUIRES
Cox Newspapers
Nashville Tennessean
Chicago Tribune
-2-
Topic C: ASNE has put a focus this year on newspapers and the
disabled, and we are delighted that the White House is enthusiastic
about our having a signer to interpret the President's remarks for the
hearing impaired. We hope a representative from Gallaudet University
will have the honor of doing the signing. (I can be more specific on
that a little later.) It would be appropriate for the President to make
some remarks about federal concerns in this area.
It would be helpful to have the President's perspective on all of these
questions, plus, of course, other topics that he chooses.
Here's the revised scenario that we propose for April 6:
We'll have the greeting party (see attached list) available in the
Speaker's Assembly Room (Ballroom Level at the Marriott) by 2:15 in
anticipation of the President's 2:30 arrival.
After greeting the officers, committee chair Susan Miller, Mr.
Ghiglione's family and myself, ASNE president Loren Ghiglione will
escort the President into the (Grand Ballroom) and introduce him.
We hope the President will speak for about 30 minutes and then take
questions from the floor for about 30 minutes AS you know, only ASNE
members will ask questions, and Mr. Ghiglione will recognize ASNE
members to ask questions, from the floor microphones.
Let me know if you wish to change any of this, and if you need more
information, I shall be happy to provide it. Enclosed is the still-tentative
convention schedule. We are delighted to have ME. Cheney and Mr. Kemp as
speakers, and we tried very hard to get the Secretary of State and Mr. Reilly
of the Environmental Protection Agency, with no luck. I'm afraid that the EPA
director's absence will get some bad press. Of course, we would welcome the
White House's involvement if there was something that could be done to
encourage him to join the panel that immediately follows President Bush.
I'll give you a call in a few days to get your reaction, and thanks, Kristin,
for all of your wonderful help!
Best hee regards,
Lee Stinnett
Executive Director
Direct phone (703) 648-1145
Enclosures
cc: Loren Ghiglione, Susan Miller
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
(George Bush Library)
Document No.
Subject/Title of Document
Date
Restriction
Class.
and Type
01. List
Re: American Society of Newspaper Editors; personal
n.d.
P-6, (b)(6)
information. (1 pp.)
Collection:
Record Group:
Bush Presidential Records
Office:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File, Backup
Subseries:
WHORM Cat.:
File Location:
American Society of Newspaper Editors 4/6/90 [2]
Date Closed:
10/15/2004
OA/ID Number:
06895
FOIA/SYS Case #:
Re-review Case #:
2004-2265-S
P-2/P-5 Review Case #:
MR Case #:
Appeal Case #:
MR Disposition:
Appeal Disposition:
Disposition Date:
Disposition Date:
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P-1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
(b)(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P-2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
(b)(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of an
P-3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P-4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
(b)(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
(b)(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P-5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
(b)(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P-6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
(b)(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed of
(b)(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
(b)(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
[Updated as of March 13, 1990]
[ unconfirmed]
[TBA = to be announced]
Tentative 1990 ASNE Convention Schedule
CONVENTION HEADQUARTERS: J. W. Marriott Hotel, 1331 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20004.
(202-393-2000).
ASNE REGISTRATION DESK: (Ballroom level - Registration B) Ext. 6622.
ASNE STAFF HEADQUARTERS: Near registration desk (B) on Ballroom level.
SPEAKER ASSEMBLY POINTS: Speakers for general sessions will meet in the Speakers Assembly Room, on the
Ballroom level near the ASNE registration desk. Luncheon speakers will come to the Russell Room on the Meeting Rooms
(M) level for the pre-luncheon receptions and headtable assemblies.
NEWS LAB: Reginald Stuart, Philadelphia Daily News (202) 383-6043, coordinator. A crew of college students,
predominantly minority, will produce The ASNE Reporter, a daily newspaper covering the convention. Operations for the
Newspaper Lab will be housed in Knight-Ridder offices in the National Press Building, Suite 700 phone XXX-XXXX.
NEWSPAPER PROTOTYPE DISPLAY ROOM: High-tech equipment, part of the ASNE prototypes study, will be
available for hands-on experimentation during the convention. The display room is located near the Grand Ballroom. Jerome
Ceppos, managing editor of the San Jose (Calif.) Mercury-News (408-920-5456), assembled the display.
FLOOR MANAGERS: Convention floor managers are identified by yellow badges. Head floor manager is Robert
Longstaff, Bay City (Mich.) Times.
PRESS CENTER: Press members covering the ASNE convention will find the Press Center in the Commerce Room on the
Meeting Rooms (M) level. Hours of operation are Noon - 5:30 p.m. Tuesday, and at 8 a.m. 5:30 p.m. Wednesday through
Friday. The press room can be reached at Ext. XXXX and XXXX. John Wilson of the Washington Times (202-636-3250) is
press chair.
SMALL NEWSPAPERS DISPLAY: Materials from the "Excellence in Small Newspapers" project will be on display in the
Treasury Room beginning 9 a.m. Wednesday through 5 p.m. Friday. Contact James Herman, Traverse City (Mich.) Record-
Eagle 616-946-2000.
WRITING AWARDS WINNERS DISPLAY: Probably in the registration area.
C-SPAN: The convention will be covered by C-SPAN, located in the State Room, Meeting Rooms (M) level. Barry Katz is
the C-SPAN contact (703-737-3220).
Monday, April 2
All day
Breakout Rooms
Dirksen, Cannon & Longworth Rooms
10 a.m.
ASNE staff tie down meeting with hotel
Hart Room
7:00 - 9:00 p.m.
Directors cocktails & buffet - Home of Dick and Ann Schmidt, 115 5th St. S.E.
Tuesday, April 3
All day
Breakout rooms
Dirksen, Cannon & Longworth Rooms
9:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. Registration
Ballroom level
8:30 a.m.- 4:00 p.m. Board of Directors meeting
Capitol Ballroom H&J
Noon
Board of Directors luncheon
Capitol Ballroom K
4:00 - 5:00 p.m.
Convention workers meeting
Russell Room
5:45
Buses begin shuttle service from Pennsylvania Ave entrance of the Marriott
6 - 8 p.m.
Opening reception - Matisse in Morocco Exhibit National Gallery of Art East Building
Receiving line: ASNE officers. Others?
Constitution Ave. and 4th St., N.W.
3
Prison Journalism - Acel Moore, associate editor, Philadelphia Inquirer
Wilbert Rideau, editor, Angolite, Louisiana State Prison
[Segment organizers: Loren Ghiglione and Tal Campbell, Aurora (III.) Beacon-News]
Unfinished Business: Issues of the Sixties [10:00 - noon]
Moderator:
spoke @ E.3enhower
Walter Cronkite, special correspondent, CBS News
Speakers:
John Ehrlichman, writer
Joint Session
Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, president emeritus, University of Notre Dame
Robert Moses
Gloria Steinem, writer, editor, and feminist organizer
Gen. William Westmoreland, U.S. Army retired
Panelists:
David Gergen, editor at large, U.S. News & World Report
Dick Gregory
Charlayne Hunter-Gault, national correspondent, The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour
Jessica Mitford, author
Jack Nelson, washington bureau chief, Los Angeles Times
[Segment organizers: Neil Morgan, San Diego Tribune, and Susan Miller]
AV REQUIREMENTS: Five wireless microphones, six lavalier microphones, move standing lectern to the rear of stage.
Cash bar, Noon - 12:30
Ballroom Foyer
Assembly of luncheon headtable
Russell/Hart Rooms
Luncheon, 12:30 p.m.
Grand Ballroom
Speaker:
Richard Cheney, Secretary of Defense
Introduced by: TBA
Head Table: Board and board candidates
[Segment organizer: Josette Shiner]
General Session
2:30 - 5:00 p.m.
Capitol Ballroom
Introduction to American Journalist Exhibit [2:30-2:35]
By Loren F. Ghiglione
[sill you ee]
A Voice from Our Past: Ernie Pyle [2:35 - 3:05]
Dramatization by William Windom
Introduced by: Jay Ambrose, editor, Rocky Mountain News, Denver
[Segment organizer: David Stolberg, Scripps Howard]
AV/STAGE REQUIREMENTS: Spotlight and microphone
What's Wrong with the American Journalist [3:05 - 3:30]
Speaker:
David Halberstam, journalist and author
Introduced by: James D. Squires, former editor, Chicago Tribune
Present Day Heroes: The Foreign Press [3:30 - 4:15]
Introduced by: Alexander H. Rossiter Jr., executive editor, United Press International
Speakers:
Ana Maria Busquet, widow of Guillermo Cano, editor of El Espectador, Bogota, Colombia
Hanna Siniora, editor of Al-Fajr, East Jerusalem
carcelled
Sonia Goldenberg, executive director, the Committee to Protect Journalists
[Segment organizer: Al Rossiter]
Unfinished Business: Changes in the Communist World [4:15 - 5:00]
Cihno
Introduced by: Burl Osborne, editor and president, Dallas Morning News
Speaker:
Henry Kissinger, former Secretary of State
[Segment organizer: Burl Osborne, Dallas Morning News]
5:45 p.m.
Shuttle buses begin service from Marriott's Pennsylvania Avenue entrance
to Library of Congress
6:00 - 8:00 p.m.
Reception - "The American Journalist" Exhibit Library of Congress Madison Building
101 Independence Ave. S.E.
5
Luncheon, 12:30 p.m.
Grand Ballroom
Speaker:
Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu, Capetown, South Africa
Introducer:
David Lawrence Jr., publisher, Miami Herald
Head table:
Past presidents and minority association presidents
Introduction of 1989 and 1990 Small Newspaper Honorees
[Segment organizer: Susan Miller]
ASNE Committee Meetings, 2:30 - 5:00 p.m.
Bulletin
Dirksen Room
Convention Program
Longworth Room
Education for Journalism
Cannon Room
Ethics
Capitol Ballroom H
First Amendment
Capitol Ballroom K
FOI
Capitol Ballroom F (front)
Future of Newspapers
Capitol Ballroom B
History & Newspapers
Treasury Room
Human Resources
Capitol Ballroom J
International Communication
Capitol Ballroom C
Literacy
Justice Room
Membership
Speakers Assembly Room
Minorities
Capitol Ballroom E
Nominations
Hart Room
Press/Bar
Capitol Ballroom F (rear)
Readership
Capitol Ballroom A
Writing Awards
Russell Room
4:00 p.m.
Polls close for Board of Directors election
Elections Committee Meeting
Room 755
5:00 - 6:00 p.m.
ASNE women members reception
Russell/Hart Rooms
Friday, April 6
All day
Breakout rooms
Dirksen, Cannon & Longworth Rooms
7:30-9:00 a.m.
CONEE breakfast meeting
Dirksen Room
7:30-9:00 a.m.
ASNE Foundation board meeting
Cannon Room
Workshops
7:45 - 8:45
Getting Better Writing in Your Newspaper
Grand Ballroom I
Introduced by: John Driscoll, editor, Boston Globe, and chairman, ASNE Distinguished
Writing Awards Board
Moderator:
Dr. Don Fry, director of writing programs, The Poynter Institute
Speakers:
Dr. Karen Brown, associate, The Poynter Institute
ASNE Writing Awards Winners:
Terrie Claflin, staff writer, Medford (Ore.) Mail Tribune
Diana Griego Erwin, columnist, Santa Ana (Calif.) Orange County Register
Samuel Francis, deputy editorial page editor, Washington Times
Linnet Myers, reporter, Chicago Tribune
David Von Drehl, reporter, Miami Herald
[Segment organizer: Don Fry]
Editing in an Economic Downturn
Grand Ballroom IV
Moderator:
George Blake, editor, Cincinnati Enquirer
Speakers:
Lou Brancaccio, executive editor, Binghamton (N.Y.) Press & Sun-Bulletin
Beverly Kees, editor, Fresno (Calif.) Bee
7
7:30 p.m.
Banquet
Grand Ballroom
Speaker: Judith Martin, "Miss Manners"
Introduced by: Susan Miller, director of editorial development, Scripps Howard, Cincinnati
Presentation of ASNE Distinguished Writing Awards
John S. Driscoll, editor, Boston Globe,and chairman, ASNE Writing Awards Board
9:30 p.m.
Gavel presentation
10:00-12 midnight
Dancing
Saturday April 7
8 a.m. - noon
Board of directors meeting
Capitol Ballroom H&J
(Smith/Blessey)
March 30, 1990
8 A.M.
PAPER
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: NEWSPAPER EDITORS
MARRIOTT HOTEL
FRIDAY, APRIL 6, 1990
Members of the American Society of Newspaper Editors.
Fellow communicators. // This marks my second appearance as
President before the creme of the Fourth Estate. And since we
love that numbers thing 11 let me say what a privilege it is to
address you on the 300th anniversary of the American newspaper.
( (Last year I spoke for nearly half-an-hour. I thought I'd
do something a little different this year and make my speech the
same length as the average story of USA Today. // So thank you
and good-day. )) 11
offensivers
( (Seriously, it is a pleasure to be here with the most
mothful
exclusive of the major journalistic professional societies.
// And to once again mingle with the editors of America's finest
newspapers. 11 And also those who carry Doonesbury. )) //
( (For you legal reporters, let me start with a confession.
I'm a newspaper junkie. // Take The Washington Post. Every
morning I start out with the funnies. Devour every word. Then,
leaving the editorial page. ///
Each day, the routine's
identical. Coffee in bed. Take Millie out. Then, read papers
Ucak
the way Barbara eats broccoli // avidly, and ravenously //
whether it's good for you or not.)) "17
2
And the thing is // I've always been that way. When I
was a little kid, my mother made me read newspapers // unlike
broccoli, I grew to like them. // And now that I'm President of
POTUS
the United States, I intend to keep reading them. // Why? That
want
print darling, Casey Stengel, put it best when he said, "you can
look it up": Never have newspapers been more crucial than in
what I call the Revolution of '89. //
Today, that revolution is sweeping the globe -- demanding
rights like assembly, religion, press, free speech. // Rights
that were at the heart of what we term America's Revolution of
1776. 11 Even then, the printed word was its catalyst -- as it
is now for those abroad who demand the freedoms we long ago
sought, and won. // Think of the writings of Tom Paine. Or the
brilliance of The Federalist Papers. // Recall how America's
first paper -- Publick Occurences -- began in 1690 -- its only
copy now on display at the Library of Congress. // Or how a man
who was imprisoned but never conquered -- Peter Zenger --
demanded the liberty that would not be stilled. //
Jefferson said, "If I had to choose between a government
without newspapers and newspapers without a government, I would
choose the latter." And most Americans have agreed. // Not
merely because papers helped link the colonies, push back the
wilderness, and preserve the Republic so that, united, we stood.
11 Nor even that in every age, your medium has symbolized its
Information Age: As when Lincoln died, and eight newspaper clips
were found in his pocket. 11 Instead, Americans love papers
3
even more for what they mean than what they do. Upholding what
free men have always sought: Free markets // free elections
// and free will unhampered by the State. //
Such freedom, of course, has often meant turmoil --
especially for Presidents. Roosevelt was reviled by much of the
print media. Kennedy captured it. Prudence precludes me from
repeating what Truman said. ( (As for me, I resent some of your
reporters saying I have no vision. Sorry, I just don't see it
that way. // And while we're at it, let me state the obvious:
We'll never see eye to eye. Here I am traveling around planting
trees, and you're cutting them down to make newspapers. )) //
Indeed, all Presidents -- like most Americans -- have
considered newspapers, at one time or another, good and evil --
but always, a necessary evil. // Or as the the first
Presidential candidate I voted for observed: "For thousands of
years, despots have tortured their opponents; and their
governments have always fallen into the dust." Liberty would
triumph, Tom Dewey concluded, for the simplest of reasons: "You
can't shoot an idea with a gun. " //
Over the last year, that idea has spread from Poland to
Hungary to Panama to Nicaragua. Showing that freedom of
expression is mankind's greatest weapon, and shield. // This
concept is as old as the tablets of Mt. Sinai. And it's been
championed by those -- like Johannes ( (Yo-HAN-nes) Gutenberg
( (GOOT-en-berg) five centuries ago -- who believed with all their
heart that "In the beginning was the word." // Since then the
4
word has become ever-stronger -- and our world thus ever-smaller.
Until today, our global village has become a global family --
your medium a link between one member and another. //
Look at the brave peoples of Asia and Central America,
Africa and Eastern Europe -- the true heroes of the Revolution of
'89. They prove what Lincoln said: "Let the people know the
Under
facts, and the Republic will be saved."
//
Except that as they
came to know the facts -- and then, to act on them -- not only a
Republic but democracy itself was saved. 11 For the world's
emerging democracies -- like 1776 America -- freedom of the press
has been the heartbeat that pumped life into the democratic
dream. / /
Let me suggest three reasons for the importance of
newspapers to this Revolution of '89. First, the state of modern
technology. // Ben Franklin wrote on parchment; Louis L'Amour
Lnclienn-
on wax paper. By contrast, even typewriters now seem arcane.
Yes, in China, dazibao -- handbills printed on mimeograph
machines -- were handed out detailing that horrible day in
Tiananmen Square. // And who can forget how in Czechoslovakia,
copies of Vaclav Haval's manuscript were passed from one reader
to another -- lighting truth like fireflies in the night. //
But mostly, it is fax machines, computer terminals, and other
high-tech equipment which have linked Nations, and peoples,
during the last tumultuous year. // If freedom is the essence
of journalism, technology has also made it the message of
5
journalism -- carrying its demand for human dignity to every
corner of the globe. //
Consider, next, the second reason for the print media's
impact: We are seeing, and sharing, history in the making. //
Look at the Soviet Union, where totalitarianism is ebbing. Or
Poland, where Solidarity's struggle has borne fruit in free
elections. // Look at Panama -- where Operation "Just Cause"
has advanced democracy -- a noble cause. Or Hungary -- where
last year thousands greeted me in a downpour. Tears running down
their faces -- cheering human liberty. // You've heard of those
Lamps
strange
who cancel a newspaper subscription. Ask anyone that rainy night
in Budapest. None of them would ever cancel freedom of the press.
In Leipzig last October -- 70,000 workers marched peacefully
for liberty through the streets and squares. And in Prague two
months later -- still another victory for the idea of free
expression. For years, police chased carolers from its King's
Road. Last Christmas, carols warmed the heart of the city.
There was wonder in the air. // Newspapers have been called the
first draft of history. In more countries than we dared dream
possible, they are also becoming the first breath of democracy.
Finally, there is a third reason why the print media has
never mattered more -- and why journalists, frankly, have never
been respected more. I refer to those who over the years, their
printing presses unloosed, have gone from instruments of the
state to servants of the people: Editors, reporters, and
commentators. ( (I was only kidding recently when one of my
6
grandkids asked me the difference between my job and yours'. //
I said it was my job to solve America's problems // and it's
your job to make sure no one finds out about it if I do) ) //
The fact is that it's your job to tell the truth -- informing
the public as fairly and responsibly as possible, and letting the
chips fall where they may. You do it day in, night out -- and
you're always willing to lend a hand. // ( (For instance, it's
been good to know that if my remarks today needed editing, help
wasn't far away)). // Raymond K. Price is the former editorial
page editor of that great paper, the New York Herald Tribune.
And once he wrote: "The role of the media is neither to promote
the government nor to promote the government's adversaries." //
That role you fill brilliantly, and courageously. Best of all,
you have been joined in the Revolution of '89 by journalists
abroad now free as well as able --to write the truth without
censorship of fear. 11
Who can think of 1989 and '901 without marveling at the men
and women who have upheld -- and honored -- a free and fearless
press? In Czechoslovakia, a playwright becomes President. His
poetry will always be of the pen. His foreign minister and chief
spokesman are journalists who had been jailed for years. // In
Columbia, the respected editor of El Espectador is gunned down by
'sicarios' -- trained assassins who do their work from a speeding
motorcycle. But the murdered editor's brother becomes publisher,
and VOWS to fight -- and does. "It is a decisive moment in our
history," he says. "We cannot back down." 11
7
In that country, a bomb last year injures more than 70
employees of the same newspaper. Its building is virtually
destroyed. But the next day, an edition hits the streets -- with
help from a competing paper's print facilities. The front-page
headline says, "We Will Continue." They do. And let me
commend those U.S. papers which bought ads in El Espectador to
show support. // And in Nicaragua -- perhaps ultimate proof that
you "can't shoot an idea with a gun." Violeta de Chamorro, the
wife of a murdered editor, becomes the president of the land he
loved. Freedom of the press begets freedom of the people. //
As more countries of the world are following in the
footsteps of democracy, print journalists are leading the way.
As the country editor, William Allen White, did. // As two
reporters, Sean Flynn and Dana Stone, did exactly twenty years
ago on this date -- becoming the first American journalists captured by
the Viet Cong. 11 And as editors have for hundreds of years --
and do more than ever, today. //
For that, I thank you -- as your Nation does. And salute you
-- as Franklin would, and Ralph McGill, and that good man, Howard
Simon. // Newspapers propeled the American Revolution. And
spurred today's Revolution of '89. // Together, let's keep
both alive and well -- for journalism's sake, and for everything
we believe in. Thank you for this occasion. Hats off on this
wonderful anniversary. And God bless the United States of
America.
#
#
#
Davis/Martin
Title: NAB
March 21, 1990
Draft: Three
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: NAB, GEORGIA WORLD CONGRESS CENTER
10 a.m. Monday, April 2, 1990
( (Acknowledgements -- President Eddie Fritz, Walt Warthel,
Hank Roeder, Rory Benson, thirty Members of Congress with us
today, etc.) )
( (Someone just told me that this very convention center will
be transformed tonight for a Grateful Dead concert. \\ Imagine
that, The Grateful Dead\\
I guess I can do that to an
audience if I speak too long.) )
It's a privilege to be back before the National Association
of Broadcasters. I can't help but marvel at the huge screens
around us -- ( (you know, if I were as large as my image on these
screens, imagine how easy it would be for me to get my way with
Congress) ) \\ And this convention is also displayed on monitors
around this arena; and from here, beamed around the world.
But there was a time when most Americans knew their
presidents distantly, from woodcut prints in their weekly
newspaper. The circle of democracy in ancient Athens and Rome
was even more limited, just to those within hearing range of the
debates inside the Parthenon or the Forum. But today, through
free, over-the-air broadcasts, you have brought millions of
living rooms within hearing range; you have made every home a
part of the American forum.
2
In fact, on this very day, you are providing -- for the
6,000 foreign broadcasters in attendance, through your
international seminars and through USIA's Worldnet -- a seminar
for the world. Television, which began as the American forum,
has become the world forum.
And so when a lone brave man stood up to a column of tanks
in Tienanmen Square, the world stood with him.
When the people of Prague sang the first Christmas carols in
almost half a century, the world sang with them.
And when the first German took the first hammer to that wall
of shame in Berlin, the world shared in an historic act of
courage.
These images of democracy belong to the world. But it was
here in America that a free people first explored how to put the
airwaves into the service of democracy.
We did this by accepting regulation, but firmly rejecting
government programming or censorship, and government-ownership of
stations. Now the freedom your association enjoys is the model
the world is following today -- not just in the East, but also
among heavily-regulated nations in the West.
This is all part and parcel of a greater trend -- the ever-
increasing free flow of information around the globe. We live in
a time when commodity prices, travel reservations and news flash
from Hong Kong to Tokyo, Tokyo to Bonn, Bonn to Boston, all in
the blink of an eye. Roam among the acres of exhibits in this
convention center and you will find 22 football fields chocked
3
full of the latest gadgets in telecommunications: personal
computers and modems, fax machines, lasers, optical fibers,
satellites -- all strands in a growing web of world
communications, a growing world community, "a global village."
The information industry is not an adornment to modern life.
It is the essence of who and what we are. It is truly an
information age.
Last May, I discussed the future of Europe with the citizens
of Mainz, a German city nestled in the green hills along the
Rhine. And it was while I was there that I appreciated anew the
Biblical expression: "In the beginning was the Word." For it was
in that German town that the inventor of the printing press,
Johannes ( (Yo-HAN-nes) ) Gutenberg ((GOOT-ten-berg) ) first put
the scholarship of the ages into the hands of millions of
knowledge-hungry readers.
His one invention made possible all the pamphlets and
journals of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution -- from
the call to arms of Thomas Paine to the cool logic of The
Federalist Papers. You might argue that out of that one
invention sprang the very idea called America.
Today, along with the word, we have the image -- images
formed by the pixels of color television, and evoked by the
sounds of radio. But while Western democracy broadened as our
knowledge broadened, the circle of democracy and knowledge
narrowed under the communist regimes of Central and Eastern
Europe, and Southeast Asia.
4
For these nations, truth was something to be twisted and
stretched by the brutal hands of authority, manipulated beyond
recognition. The Czech author, Milan Kundera, calls this time
the "Kingdom of Forgetting" -- when whole nations almost forgot
their heroic histories and finest traditions. From Prague to
Phenom Penh, the peoples of these lands never fully gave in to
amnesia, because even in the worst hours of repression, they
could always count on a friendly voice to remind them of the
truth -- the Voice of America, Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty.
To fully appreciate what these broadcasts do, you need only
to ask a listener. Perhaps someone like Huang Ngor ( (Whang-
Nohr) ) whom you probably remember as the Cambodian actor in The
Killing Fields. But Doctor Ngor lived this horror before be
portrayed it on the screen. And when he lived in Cambodia under
the Khmer Rouge, the ownership of a radio was a crime punishable
by death.
Yet, as soon as it was safe to do so, the Cambodian people
dug up their radios, took out the dead batteries, laid them in
the sun and poured water over them. And in this way, they could
get another 15 or 20 minutes of life out of the old batteries,
precious minutes for which many people risked their lives.
Remember that: the free news broadcasts which we so easily take
for granted in America, some people must risk death to hear.
( (Insert to come))
5
Change is coming more easily to the Soviet Union. The
Soviet government once spent half a billion dollars a year to jam
foreign broadcasts so that its people would not learn what their
sons and brothers were doing in Afghanistan. But within the
Soviet media today are many honorable men and women who strive to
report the news, who take glasnost more seriously than the party
line. And that is why more and more Soviet journalists are
earning the respect and admiration of their colleagues abroad.
Even more dramatic signs of change abound. The editor of
Tass speaks to Washington's National Press Club. The subject?
Freedom of information. China made its first conciliatory act by
accrediting a VOA correspondent. And throughout the world, the
jamming of American broadcasts has ceased.
But most remarkable of all, Soviet publications that once
vilified the Voice of America now praise it. Words of praise and
support come from Isvestia. A commentator in Moscow News thanks
VOA, and says that it uses ( (and I quote) ) : "our own broadening
sources of information better than we do and without delay return
to us what they have gathered."
Now Radio Free Europe has bureaus in Warsaw and Budapest,
and VOA even has one in Moscow -- an unthinkable development just
a few years ago. The very fact that it is no longer considered
remarkable to link live programs from Washington to Kiev, or from
Chicago and New York to Gdansk and Warsaw is, in itself,
remarkable.
6
How did this happen? It happened in part because of the
power of truth. Czechoslovakia's playwright-president, Vaclav
Havel, paid a very personal tribute to this power on his recent
visit to Washington, when he visited the Voice of America, and
met the employees of its Czech division. It was a very poignant
encounter -- for though Havel didn't recognize any of them by
face, he knew them all by name the instant he heard them speak.
And it is moments like that, that convince me of one sure
thing: I am determined that America will continue to bear witness
to the truth. America must never lose its voice.
Still, we can envision a time when the purpose of Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty will be utterly fulfilled. But for now,
these networks, along with VOA and USIA, have two new missions.
First, we can fill a void in reporting between the nations
of Eastern Europe. After all, Eastern Europeans need more than
Robert's Rules of Order. They need to know how the process of
reform is working with their neighbors. So if one nation adopts
a novel path to reform, a pollution control, or currency law, the
others need to be able to benefit from that experiment.
Second, as we help the newly free news services to replace
the old distorted information sources, we can help them avoid the
worst forms of a free press -- bias, sensationalism and yellow
journalism. But we need to do even more. So I am instructing
USIA and Radio Free Europe to provide teaching and training for
apprentice journalists in Central and Eastern Europe.
7
The best example of a free press must come from you. The
Peace Corps is teaching English in Eastern Europe as the lingua
franca of business and journalism. But it is not tasked to offer
a model of journalistic excellence. Only the American press
corps can pick up where the Peace Corps leaves off -- and provide
a model of accuracy, fairness and objectivity.
As broadcasters, you can and you are -- transferring
American know-how to the East. You are working with VOA to train
and orient foreign broadcasters visiting the United States. Just
in February, the director of Polish radio and television visited
your headquarters, in part to seek the counsel and assistance of
American broadcasters. And you have sent your representatives to
meet with their counterparts in the Soviet Union.
And on top of this, you are helping Americans to invest in
joint ventures to establish new radio and television networks in
the East. So most of all, I am here today to recognize your
energetic international leadership.
We are making the most of an opportunity anticipated forty-
five years ago by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a few months before
he made his last trip to his beloved second home so near here, at
Warms Springs. In one of his last messages to Congress,
President Roosevelt said that of all the changes taking place in
the world, it is communication that will do the most to advance
the cause of peace.
8
That was our vision then. That is our vision today. And by
working together, the vision of America is fast becoming a
reality for the world.
Thank you, may God bless you and may God bless the United
States of America.
#
#
#
Davis/Martin
Title: NAB
March 21, 1990
Draft: Two
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: NAB, GEORGIA WORLD CONGRESS CENTER
10 a.m. Monday, April 2, 1990
( (Acknowledgements -- President Eddie Fritz, Walt Warthel,
Hank Roeder, Rory Benson, thirty Members of Congress with us
today, etc. ) )
( (Someone just told me that this very convention center will
be transformed tonight for a Grateful Dead concert. 11 Imagine
that, The Grateful Dead\
I guess I can do that to an
audience if I speak too long.))\\\
It's a privilege to be back before the National Association
of Broadcasters. I can't help but marvel at the huge screens
around us -- ( (you know, if I were as large as my image on these
screens, imagine how easy it would be for me to get my way with
Congress) ) 11 And this convention is also displayed on monitors
around this arena; and from here, beamed around the world.
But there was a time when most Americans knew their
presidents distantly, from woodcut prints in their weekly
newspaper. The circle of democracy in ancient Athens and Rome
was even more limited, just to those within hearing range of the
debates inside the Parthenon or the Forum. But today, through
free, over-the-air broadcasts, you have brought millions of
living rooms within hearing range; you have made every home a
part of the American forum.
2
In fact, on this very day, you are providing -- for the
6,000 foreign broadcasters in attendance, through your
international seminars and through USIA's Worldnet -- a seminar
for the world. Television, which began as the American forum,
has become the world forum.
And so when a lone brave man stood up to a column of tanks
in Tienanmen Square, the world stood with him. \\
When the people of Prague sang the first Christmas carols in
almost half a century, the world sang with them.
And when the first German took the first hammer to that wall
of shame in Berlin, the world shared in an historic act of
courage.
These images of democracy belong to the world. But it was
here in America that a free people first explored how to put the
airwaves into the service of democracy.
We did this by accepting regulation, but firmly rejecting
government programming or censorship, and government-ownership of
stations. Now the freedom of your association is the model the
world is following today -- not just in the East, but also among
heavily-regulated nations in the West.
This is all part and parcel of a greater trend -- the ever-
increasing free flow of information around the globe. We live in
a time when commodity prices, travel reservations and news flash
from Hong Kong to Tokyo, Tokyo to Bonn, Bonn to Boston, all in
the blink of an eye. Roam among the acres of exhibits in this
convention center and you will find 22 football fields chocked
3
full of the latest gadgets in telecommunications: personal
computers and modems, fax machines, lasers, optical fibers,
satellites -- all strands in a growing web of world
communications, a growing world community, "a global village."
The information industry is not an adornment to modern life.
It is the essence of who and what we are. It is truly an
information age.
Last May, I discussed the future of Europe with the citizens
of Mainz, a German city nestled in the green hills along the
Rhine. And it was while I was there that I appreciated anew the
Biblical expression: "In the beginning was the Word." For it was
in that German town that the inventor of the printing press,
Johannes ( (Yo-HAN-nes) ) Gutenberg ( (GOOT-ten-berg) ) first put
the scholarship of the ages into the hands of millions of
knowledge-hungry readers.
His one invention made possible all the pamphlets and
journals of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution -- from
the call to arms of Thomas Paine to the cool logic of The
Federalist Papers. You might argue that out of that one
invention sprang the very idea called America.
Today, along with the word, we have the image -- images.
formed by the pixels of color television, and evoked by the
sounds of radio. But while Western democracy broadened as our
knowledge broadened, the circle of democracy and knowledge
narrowed in Central and Eastern Europe.
4
For these nations, truth was something to be twisted and
stretched by the brutal hands of authority, manipulated beyond
recognition. The Czech author, Milan Kundera, calls this time
the "Kingdom of Forgetting" -- when whole nations almost forgot
their heroic histories and finest traditions. But the peoples of
Central and Eastern Europe never fully gave in to amnesia,
because even in the worst hours of repression, they could always
count on a friendly voice to remind them of the truth -- the
Voice of America, Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty.
To fully appreciate what these broadcasts do, you need only
to ask a listener. Perhaps someone like Huang Ngor ( (Whang-
Nohr) ) , whom you probably remember as the Cambodian actor in The
Killing Fields. But Doctor Ngor lived this horror before be
portrayed it on the screen. And when he lived in Cambodia under
the Khmer Rouge, the ownership of a radio was a crime punishable
by death.
Yet, as soon as it was safe to do so, the Cambodian people
dug up their radios, took out the dead batteries, laid them in
the sun and poured water over them. And in this way, they could
get another 15 or 20 minutes of life out of the old batteries,
precious minutes for which many people risked their lives.
Remember that: the free news broadcasts which we so easily take
for granted in America, some people must risk death to hear.
( (Insert to come) )
Change is coming more easily to the Soviet Union. The
Soviet government once spent half a billion dollars a year to jam
5
foreign broadcasts so that its people would not learn what their
sons and brothers were doing in Afghanistan. But within the
Soviet media today are many honorable men and women who strive to
report the news, who take glasnost more seriously than the party
line. And that is why more and more Soviet journalists are
earning the respect and admiration of their colleagues abroad.
Even more dramatic signs of change abound. The editor of
Tass speaks to Washington's National Press Club. The subject?
Freedom of information. China made its first conciliatory act by
accrediting a VOA correspondent. And throughout the world, the
jamming of American broadcasts has ceased.
But most remarkable of all, Soviet publications that once
vilified the Voice of America now praise it. Words of praise and
support come from Isvestia. A commentator in Moscow News thanks
VOA, and says that it uses ( (and I quote) ) : "our own broadening
sources of information better than we do and without delay return
to us what they have gathered."
Now Radio Free Europe has bureaus in Warsaw and Budapest,
and VOA even has one in Moscow -- an unthinkable development just
a few years ago. The very fact that it is no longer considered
remarkable to link live programs from Washington to Kiev, or from
Chicago and New York to Gdansk and Warsaw is, in itself,
remarkable.
How did this happen? It happened in part because of the
power of truth. Czechoslovakia's playwright-president, Vaclav
Havel, paid a very personal tribute to this power on his recent
6
visit to Washington, when he visited the Voice of America, and
met the employees of its Czech division. It was a very poignant
encounter -- for though Havel didn't recognize any of them by
face, he knew them all by name the instant he heard them speak.
And it is moments like that, that convince me of one sure
thing: I am determined that America will continue to bear witness
to the truth. America must never lose its voice.
Still, we can envision a time when the purpose of Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty will be utterly fulfilled. But for now,
these networks, along with VOA and USIA, have two new missions.
First, we can fill a void in reporting between the nations
of Eastern Europe. After all, Eastern Europeans need more than
Robert's Rules of Order. They need to know how the process of
reform is working with their neighbors. So if one nation adopts
a novel path to reform, a pollution control, or currency law, the
others need to be able to benefit from that experiment.
Second, as we help the newly free news services to replace
the old distorted information sources, we can help them avoid the
worst forms of a free press -- bias, sensationalism and yellow
journalism. USIA and VOA should first point to their past
directors as exemplary models -- Edwin R. Murrow, John Houseman
and John Chancellor. But we need to do even more. So I am
instructing USIA and Radio Free Europe to provide teaching and
training for apprentice journalists in Central and Eastern
Europe.
7
The best example of a free press must come from you. The
Peace Corps is teaching English in Eastern Europe as the linqua
franca of business and journalism. But it is not tasked to offer
a model of journalistic excellence. Only the American press
corps can pick up where the Peace Corps leaves off -- and provide
a model of accuracy, fairness and objectivity.
As broadcasters, you can -- and you are -- transferring
American know-how to the East. You are working with VOA to train
and orient foreign broadcasters visiting the United States. Just
in February, the director of Polish radio and television visited
your headquarters, in part to seek the counsel and assistance of
American broadcasters. And you have sent your representatives to
meet with their counterparts in the Soviet Union.
And on top of this, you are helping Americans to invest in
joint ventures to establish new radio and television networks in
the East. So most of all, I am here today to recognize your
energetic international leadership.
We are making the most of an opportunity anticipated forty-
five years ago by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a few months before
he made his last trip to his beloved second home so near here, at
Warms Springs. In one of his last messages to Congress,
President Roosevelt said that of all the changes taking place in
the world, it is communication that will do the most to advance
the cause of peace.
8
That was our vision then. That is our vision today. And by
working together, the vision of America is fast becoming a
reality for the world.
Thank you, may God bless you and may God bless the United
States of America.
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25TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 The Christian Science Publishing Society;
The Christian Science Monitor
June 20, 1989, Tuesday
SECTION: OPINION; Pq. 19
LENGTH: 856 words
HEADLINE: 'Winds of Change' and the Freedom to Write
BYLINE: Gara LaMarche. Gara LaMarche is program director for the
Freedom-to-Write Committee of PEN American Center.
BODY:
IN his inauqural address, President Bush declared that the ' 'winds of
change' were blowing across the globe, and that ''the day of the dictator is
over. There is much hyperbole in that statement, and the man who once toasted
Ferdinand Marcos for his human rights record and who recently had little to say
about the state terrorism directed at Salman Rushdie is hardly a credible
source. But he has a point.
For those of us who monitor the state of the freedom to write around the
world, there is certainly the feeling that we are living in a time of ferment -
a clamor for democracy that is fast dissolving many taboos in a country like the
Soviet Union with a long record of repression. The extraordinary threat
aqainst Mr. Rushdie - which remains in force after 100 days, despite the end of
the media feeding frenzy - for a brief time focused unusual attention on the
plight of endangered writers, of whom there are far too many.
But there may also be a trend away from the grosser forms of human rights
abuse. Six honorary members of PEN American Center - selected by its
Freedom-to-Write Committee for particular attention - have been released since
October. By another measure, PEN's London-based International Writers-in-Prisor
Committee reported in January that there were no writers in prisons, labor
camps, psychiatric hospitals, or internal exile anywhere in the USSR - where
only a year aqo there were over 70.
Despite these amazing developments, the USSR still has a long way to go
toward meeting internationally accepted standards of freedom of expression. And
there are few signs of qlasnost in neighboring Czechoslovakia, where hundreds of
demonstrators commemorating the 20th anniversary of the self-immolation of Jan
Palach were arrested in January in Wenceslas Square. Among them was the
country's leading playwright, Vaclav Havel, who served yet another prison
sentence, this time on charges of ''disturbing the peace'' and ''hooliganism.''
The poet and journalist Ivan Jirous has been detained since October for
'damaqing the interests of the state abroad'' - in other words, protesting
human rights violations by the regime.
Yet even in Czechoslovakia, the ' 'winds of change'' are blowing. À new
generation of activists - like the young editors of Revolver Revue, a samizdat
journal - refuses to accept the deception and stultifying control of the
authorities. The same phenomenon is driving the movement for change in China. On
the other hand, the younger generation in traditionally democratic nations like
England and Israel seems much too disposed to accept the erosion of individual
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(c) 1989 The Christian Science Publishing Society, June 20, 1989
liberties by governments that invoke the devalued talisman of 'national
security'' to silence critics or restrain protesters.
Perhaps the single greatest change in the human rights picture in recent
years is the recognition by most governments that they must at least pay lip
service to the concept, and that the way they treat their citizens is not simply
an internal affair.
For instance, the February coup in Paraquay that displaced the repressive
reqime of President Alfredo Stroessner was led by officials who were part of the
old quard, and there is reason to be skeptical that they will make good on their
promises of democracy and greater respect for human rights. But among the first
acts of the new government was to call home from exile the country's leading
novelist, Auqusto Roa Bastos, and permit the reopening of an independent
newspaper and radio station.
This sensitivity to world opinion could be a strong lever in the case of
Turkey, whose brutal treatment of writers and other political prisoners is in
flagrant violation of international human rights conventions it has ratified,
and may be a serious obstacle to its government's application for acceptance
into the European Economic Community.
The greatest challenge for writers who care about human rights is to keep
events moving in the right direction without settling for symbolic
public-relations qestures, like South Africa's ''release'' of New Nation founder
Zwelakhe Sisulu and other detained writers under conditions that confine them to
home in the evenings, require them to report twice daily to authorities, and bar
them from most writing and interviews and from taking part in any meeting of
more than 10 people. South Africa's government appears to be gambling that
emptying its prisons of writers and human rights activists under these qaqqed
conditions of near-total surveillance will be sufficient to divert the attention
of the international human rights community.
Let us hope it is mistaken. Liberty of thought and expression, like all
fundamental rights, can never be entrusted to government, but survives only, in
Thomas Jefferson's words, through ''eternal vigilance.' Writers must work with
the ' 'winds of change' to steer a clear course, focused on the plight of
writers like Salman Rushdie, Zwelakhe Sisulu, Vaclav Havel, and Ivan Jirous, and
to keep the pressure on Paraquay, Turkey, and the dozens of other countries that
censor, harass, imprison, and kill men and women for what they think, say, and
write.
GRAPHIC: ART: BRIAN LIES
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32ND STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 Chicago Tribune Company;
Chicago Tribune
May 1, 1989, Monday, NORTH SPORTS FINAL EDITION
SECTION: NEWS; Pq. 8; ZONE: C
LENGTH: 95 words
HEADLINE: Soviet police detain dissident publishers
BYLINE: From Chicago Tribune wires
DATELINE: MOSCOW
BODY:
Police grabbed leaders of underground political groups who defied a
government warning Sunday and gathered to sell copies of their illegal maqazines
on a crowded pedestrian mall. Leaders of the Democratic Union,
Express-Chronicle, Free Migration, Debate and Trust groups were hauled away and
detained after ignoring police calls to disperse. "Down with the fascists!" one
man yelled at police as they grabbed the activists. The qroups had declared
Sunday a samizdat holiday. Samizdat (literally, self-published) refers to
underground newspapers and magazines.
TERMS: SOVIET UNION; ARREST; MEDIA; GROUP
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61ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1987 The Washington Post
October 28, 1987, Wednesday, Final Edition
SECTION: FIRST SECTION; PAGE A23
LENGTH: 349 words
HEADLINE: New Unofficial Soviet Journals Unite to Seek Legal Status
BYLINE: Celestine Bohlen, Washington Post Foreign Service
DATELINE: MOSCOW, Oct. 27, 1987
BODY:
Representatives of the Soviet Union's growing unofficial press have
joined forces to press for legal recognition and access to print shops and
copying machines.
Editors from 17 different publications, ranging from monthly literary
maqazines to weekly bulletins reporting on protests and political prisoners, met
last weekend in Leningrad and issued a communique calling for the coordinated
effort.
The two-day meeting at the literary Club 81 also was attended by
correspondents of the official Soviet press, including the major newspapers
Izvestia and Literaturnaya Gazeta, although no reports of the meeting have
appeared in the media.
The gathering marked a new stage in the development of the independent press,
which has gathered strength in recent months under the new standard of glasnost,
or openness. Unofficial publications have surfaced in a half dozen Soviet
cities, from Odessa to Novosibirsk, as well as Moscow and Leningrad.
One of the goals outlined in Leningrad was to allow the unofficial journals
to form cooperatives, or some other type of enterprise, that would be recognized
by state authorities.
Although widely divergent in their philosophical views, the editors were
agreed on the difficulties faced by the samizdat -- self-publishing -- press.
Denied access to copiers, mimeoqraph machines and computer printers, which are
tightly controlled by the state, these editors use carbon copies of typed
manuscripts, limiting circulation to less than 100.
Since all printing presses are government-owned, unofficial groups have no
legal access to printshops. Editors of the Moscow journal Glasnost were accused
in the official press recently of illegally using government presses.
Particpants included representatives of SMOT, a recently revived publication
of an independent trade union, the editor of the newly formed Moscow Bulletin of
the Christian Community, and the Leningrad editor of a new Jewish almanac called
Lea. After 12 hours of discussion, the group agreed to found a "journal of
journals" that would publish fragments from the different publications.
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(Smith/Blessey)
April 4, 1990
11 A.M.
PAPER
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: NEWSPAPER EDITORS
MARRIOTT HOTEL
FRIDAY, APRIL 6, 1990
Ladies and gentlemen, honored guests. This marks my second
appearance as President before the American Society of Newspaper
Editors. And since I love that numbers thing // I am grateful
for the chance to address you on the 300th anniversary of the
American newspaper.
( (Last year I spoke for nearly half-an-hour. This year I
thought I'd do something a little different and make my speech
the same length as the average story in USA Today. // So thank
you and good-day.) ) //
( (Seriously, I do have a confession. I'm a newspaper
junkie. // I say that even though we don't always see eye to
eye. // Here I am traveling around planting trees, and you're
cutting them down for pulp wood. )) //
Don't worry: I still love newspapers. After all, when I
was a little kid, my mother made me read them. // And now that
I'm President of the United States, I intend to keep reading
them. // The reason is simple -- as Casey Stengel said, "you can
look it up": Never have newspapers been more crucial than over
this past year -- what I call the Revolution of '89. //
Today, that revolution is sweeping the globe -- demanding
rights that were central to America's Spirit of '76: Rights like
2
freedom of assembly, religion, press, free speech. // For while
much has changed since America's first. paper -- Publick
only printed once
Occurrences -- began in 1690. // What has not changed -- even in
today's age of visual images -- is the power of the printed word
to secure freedoms we Americans long ago sought, and won. //
Jefferson said, "If I had to choose between a government
without newspapers and newspapers without a government, I would
choose the latter." And most Americans would agree. // Not
merely because newspapers helped. write America's first draft of
history. But because -- in more countries than we dared dream
possible -- they are also becoming the first breath of
democracy //
Over the last year, the printed word has helped liberty
spread from Nicaragua to the Ukraine. Defending free markets 11
endorsing ballots over bullets // upholding free will unhampered
by the State.
In Poland, for instance, Solidarity's strength has borne
fruit in free elections. // And in Germany, a wall collapses --
uniting brothers and lifting hearts. // To the south, Hungary
stages its first multi-party parliamentary elections since 1945
-- here, too, the printed word prevails. And in the Soviet Union
-- its first multi-candidate elections at the local or Republic
level. // Events undreamt of a mere twelve months ago, and
which confirm -- as Thomas Dewey said -- "You can't shoot an idea
with a gun." // Events showing how the printed word has been the
heartbeat pumping life into the democratic dream. //
3
Such a heartbeat, of course, demands advocates. And let me
first note the dissidents and educators -- private citizens --
concerned individuals -- all who have acted as couriers of
rog ppper William Byers
freedom. // Ben Franklin once wrote on parchment; Horace Greeley
brown wrapping paper
on paper bags. Like them, today's advocates have defied the
odds, and often the law, to print the truth that sets men free.
Recall how in China, dazibao -- handbills printed on
mimeograph machines -- were published detailing that horrible day
in Tiananmen Square. // Or how in Czechoslovakia, faded copies
of Vaclav Havel's manuscripts were passed from one reader to
another -- lighting faces like fireflies in the night. // In the
USSR, officials were once so afraid of information that
photocopiers were regulated. So brave citizens went underground
-- printing dissident writings -- "samizdat" -- a hundred carbons
at a time. 11
Today, "samizdat" is ebbing -- for protest has gone above the
ground. Spurred by the fax machines, computer terminals, and
other equipment which have linked Nations, and peoples, during
the Revolution of '89. // If freedom is the essence of the
printed word, these heroes have also made it the message of the
printed word -- carrying its demand for human dignity to every
corner of the globe. // As have the reporters, commentators,
and editors abroad who have gone from instruments of the State to
servants of the people. / /
For decades America's newspapers have seen as their job to
tell the truth -- informing the public as fairly and responsibly
4
as possible, and letting the chips fall where they may. And for
decades you have done that job brilliantly, and courageously. //
What makes the Revolution of '89 so unprecedented is that at last
increasing number of foreign journalists are also free -- as well
as able -- to write the truth without censorship or fear. //
Who can think of 1989 and '90 without marveling at the men
and women who have upheld -- and honored -- the tradition of a
courageous free press? In Czechoslovakia, a playwright becomes
President. Both his foreign minister and chief spokesmen are
former journalists who had been jailed by opponents for years. //
In Columbia, the respected editor of El Espectador is slain by
assassins who shoot from a speediung motorcycle. But the
murdered editor's brother becomes publisher, and VOWS to fight -
- and does. "It is a decisive moment in our history," he says.
"We cannot back down."
In that country, a bomb last year injures over 70 employees
of the same newspaper. Its building is virtually destroyed. But
the next day, an edition hits the streets -- printed by a
competing paper's facilities. The front-page headline says, "We
will continue." They do. And let me commend those U.S. papers
which bought ads in El Spectador to show support. // In Poland,
the former editor of Solidarity Weekly is named Prime Minister.
// And in Nicaragua -- perhaps ultimate proof that you
can't shoot an idea with a gun." Violeta de Chamorro, former
editor and wife of a murdered publisher, becomes president of the
5
land he loved. Freedom of the press begets freedom of the
people. //
As more countries of the world are following in the
footsteps of democracy, print journalists are leading the way.
Aided by countless private citizens intent on making our global
village a global family -- and the printed word a link between
one member and another. 11
For that, I thank them, and you -- as free men do around the
globe. // The printed word propelled the Spirit of '76. And now
spurs the Revolution of '89. // It must remain vigilant and
unafraid. And thus keep newspapers writing history -- and
breathing life into democracy. // Thank you for what you're
doing, and for this occasion. Hats off on this wonderful
anniversary. And God bless the United States of America.
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SELECTED, ARRANGED, AND EDITED BY
CLIFTON FADIMAN
ASSISTED BY CHARLES VAN DOREN
Y
Harper & Brothers, Publishers
nary
:-
<rzo
New York
THE BUDGET
1 2 1960
*
of the President
278
WE LOOK AT OURSELVES
HOW WE LIV
You can do business with anyone, but you can only sail a boat with
a
Blessed are th
gentleman.
and, through
J. P. MORGAN, at Bar Harbor
To possibly the world's worst yacht builder, but absolutely the world's
If words wer
most cheerful loser.
provement or
WILL ROGERS, suggested inscription for a cup to be bought
by American citizens and presented to Sir Thomas Lipton
as compensation for his five unsuccessful attempts to take
When the W
the America's cup
telligent thai
and interests
ion, and edi
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
THE PRESS
The pressur
can't see it-
The basis of our governments being the opinion of the people, the very
first object should be to keep that right; and were it left to me to decide
Remember,
whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers
without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the lat-
ter. But I should mean that every man should receive those papers, and
A conventi
be capable of reading them.
in their pa
THOMAS JEFFERSON, letter to Colonel Edward Carrington,
field. Thin
Paris, January 16, 1787
out of the
country.
Blame is safer than praise. I hate to be defended in a newspaper.
RALPH WALDO EMERSON, Essays: First Series, "Compensa-
tion"
Writing g
We live under a government of men and morning newspapers.
what you
WENDELL PHILLIPS
It is a newspaper's duty to print the news, and raise hell.
Now as t
WILBUR F. STOREY, Statement of Aims of the Chicago
take opiu
Times, which Storey edited, 1861
takes a pl
Read not the Times. Read the Eternities.
What the
HENRY DAVID THOREAU, "Life Without Principle," Atlantic
Monthly, 1863
Richard Norton Smith
THOMAS E. DEWEY
AND HIS TIMES
SIMON and SCHUSTER
New York
A SECOND CHANCE
493
D HIS TIMES
nself forced to return to Ore-
there was a bill pending before Congress, co-authored by Senator
as on the defensive over his
Karl Mundt and Representative Richard Nixon, that would outlaw
tary training, and reciprocal
the party definitively. Why did Dewey-not to mention Henry
mbition was overshadowing
Wallace-oppose such a ban? Stassen wanted to know. "We must
he brought to the race. The
not coddle Communism with legality," he warned.
ters' fickleness.
When Dewey's turn came, he fumbled for dates, misplaced a con-
assen centered his attacks on
gressional report that belied Stassen's contention that the Mundt-
Truman and Wallace and
Nixon bill would outlaw the party, and discarded a formal text in
: Oregonians that New York
favor of short, powerful jabs reminiscent of his earlier courtroom
tivities in the U.S. Dewey
performances. The effect was all the more persuasive for its artless-
S invitation to debate. Both
ness. Dewey praised the "fine, solid, good American job," being
e to be broadcast nationally
done by the House Un-American Activities Committee, but quoted
Portland's KEX on Friday
Mundt himself to portray Stassen as being in "grievous error" in his
on every rule set forth by
sweeping claims for Mundt-Nixon. He cited the unhappy experience
) audience to erupt in noisy
of Canada, another nation frightened into outlawing Communism,
be held in a quiet studio,
only to find itself unwitting host to an international espionage ring
cians and campaign aides.
operating out of the Russian embassy in Ottawa
ng statement, and topic. He
"This outlawing idea is nothing new," Dewey asserted. "It is as
; explosive issue: "Shall the
old as government. For thousands of years, despots have tortured,
nited States?"
imprisoned, killed, and exiled their opponents; and their govern-
el with his second, Joe
ments have always fallen into the dust." He pointed for proof to
approach he would take. In
Czarist Russia, Mussolini's Italy, and Vichy France. Dewey was
d been greeted with warm
"grateful," he said, for Stassen's bringing up "the beautiful exam-
tion of the Communists in
ple" of Czechoslovakia, and asked if the American people really
st disloyal, most dishonor-
wished to adopt totalitarian methods to defeat totalitarianism
group of worms. But they
abroad. "There's no such thing as a constitutional right to destroy
ult died, "and they thrive
all constitutional rights," he insisted. Then, in words long remem-
eground, where we can see
bered by listeners who forgot other debating points, Dewey growled
'ork."
out his position.
"I am unalterably, wholeheartedly, and unswervingly against any
I over America, one of the
scheme to write laws outlawing people because of their religion, po-
ry experts imprecisely esti-
litical, social, or economic ideas. I am against it because it is a viola-
ion-forsook the Carnation
tion of the Constitution of the United States and of the Bill of
Dewey and Stassen. Before
Rights, and clearly so. I am against it because it is immoral and
) a startling role reversal.
nothing but totalitarianism itself. I am against it because I know
I amateur, reading slowly,
from a great many years experience in the enforcement of the law
ibing to his own wartime
that the proposal wouldn't work, and instead it would rapidly ad-
onviction that an interna-
vance the cause of Communism in the United States and all over the
a Moscow and aided by
world.
Stripped to its naked essentials, this is nothing but the
ded immediate, punitive
method of Hitler and Stalin. It is thought control, borrowed from
permitting effective con-
the Japanese war leadership. It is an attempt to beat down ideas
S. Fortunately, however,
with a club. It is a surrender of everything we believe in."33
Covering R
Three Persi
Tiananmen
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TIANANMEN SQUARE
A Correspondent's Story
Euphoria And
Wu'er Kaixi
And Then The
Killing
By John Schidlovsky
f it hadn't been for Hu Yaobang's death, China's spring of
I
pro-democracy demonstrations and the resultant armed as-
sault by government troops on Tiananmen Square would
never have happened. But when the former Chinese Commu-
nist Party leader died on April 15, few people would have
predicted China was on the brink of a cataclysmic event that
would become the foreign story of the year, perhaps of many
years.
Among the least prescient were members of Beijing's foreign press
corps. In the two years since I had arrived in the Chinese capital, the
correspondents of Beijing had grown accustomed to repeating the
conventional wisdom that the China story had slid way off the front
page. It had been a full decade since Deng Xiaoping opened up the
Middle Kingdom to the outside world, and the world's curiosity about
China-it seemed to us-had been satisfied firsthand by the hordes of
travelers that came to see the Great Wall, buy jeans from the private
vendors and eat noodles at the free-market stalls. We reporters were
writing features and backgrounders on the slowdown of China's
10-year-old economic reform program-an important development for
the future of communism but hardly the stuff to push perestroika off
Page One.
Certainly none of us expected much from China's university
students. Ever since Hu was ousted as general secretary of the
Communist Party for being overly sympathetic to student demonstra-
tions in 1986 and 1987, the campuses around Beijing had been quiet.
In January and February of this year, a small group of Chinese
intellectuals led by astrophysicist Fang Lizhi had mounted a signature
campaign to release jailed dissidents. But students had stayed aloof
from the effort, which seemed to fizzle in March. Most of us thought a
MARK DEVILLE/GAMMA LIAISON
resurgence of Chinese student activism was years away.
When Hu died on that Saturday in mid-April, I was in Hong Kong
winding up a shopping trip to stock up on supplies for the Beijing
office. I called my editor in Baltimore and asked whether he wanted me
to cut my trip short. Personally I saw no urgent reason to rush back to
John Schidlousky is the Baltimore Sun's Beijing bureau chief.
Beijing. We had an obit of Hu on file, and
was arrested or detained because of our
unspecified time when it will be safer.
I saw the ousted party leader's death as a
conversation. Like hundreds of others I
In the early days of the movement, the
one- or two-day story. My editor agreed and
interviewed, he must at least have occa-
students were circumspect about talking to
told me to finish the trip as planned. But
sional pangs of fear or regret about talking
us. I remember the night of April 19, when
two days later, on April 17, my office
so openly with a member of the foreign
Knight-Ridder's Lewis Simons and I were
assistant in Beijing called me in Hong Kong
press corps, which Beijing hard-liners now
among a handful of correspondents who
to tell me something remarka-
managed to stay in front of
ble. More than 1,000 Chinese
Zhongnanhai in the middle of
students had marched that day
the night to cover a sit-in.
to Tiananmen Square in an
Police had cleared the area,
impromptu demonstration to
pushing away most of the other
mourn Hu. Some had chanted
foreign reporters and sealing
slogans asking for democracy
off the compound.
and freedom. My office assist-
Lew and I interviewed sev-
ant, a Chinese-American gradu-
eral of the student leaders at
ate student, had marched the
length. Throughout the night
nine miles with the students,
the usual Chinese circles of
talking to them and translating
eavesdroppers formed at our
their slogans and banners.
conversations, during which stu-
With her help I filed a story
dents told us Deng and Li were
from Hong Kong. By the time
'dictators.' At the end of one
I returned to Beijing on Tues-
chat we handed two of the
day, it was clear that something
more articulate students our
extraordinary had begun. The
business cards, in hopes they
students were marching again
would telephone us someday
and that night tried to storm
to arrange further talks. They
the gate of Zhongnanhai, the
ter Li and other Chinese lead-
ers live and work. For the first
ERICA LANSNER/PHOTOREPORTERS
accepted the cards gladly and,
compound where Prime Minis-
in exchange, began to tell us
their names and how to reach
them. Suddenly one of the
of dozens of times to come, my
students looked around. A Chi-
Beijing colleagues and I stayed
nese "student" was taking a
up all night to cover the un-
photograph of the moment. "I
precedented protest and to file
think we'd better leave," said
our stories. There was no
our contact nervously. He and
A star rises: Wu'er exhorts his fellow students.
doubt that we were witnessing
his friend slipped away, and I
a turning point in China's
noticed that they were being
history.
denounce for "distorting" the truth of the
followed.
In the repressive atmosphere of post-
"counterrevolutionary rebellion," as they
A few hours later uniformed police
Tiananmen Beijing, it is easy to forget and
call the democracy movement. Many of my
arrived to drag off the students who had
tempting to dismiss the euphoria of the
staged the sit-in. Before the police began, a
seven-week student democracy movement
group of plainclothes officers came up to
as overly idealistic. Now we realize that
Lew and me and asked us to leave. When I
many students were surprisingly naive about
refused, about half a dozen of them
the underlying repressiveness of China's
grabbed me and pulled me from the area.
leadership. They never guessed that tanks
Among them was a denim-clad, long-haired
would replace platitudes in the govern-
"student" who had been avidly listening to
ment's arsenal of responses to their de-
all our conversations earlier that night.
mands. Neither, of course, did most report-
It was on the same night that Wu'er
ers. For us, the democracy movement was a
Kaixi, a 21-year-old student from Beijing
rare time when Chinese citizens spoke
Normal University, became a movement
freely and publicly about their party and
celebrity. Today, having escaped from
government leaders.
China, he has emerged as one of the
The exhilaration in Beijing, normally a
leaders of the anti-government resistance.
drab and dour city of reserved bureaucrats,
But he was unknown until that balmy April
was profound and eventually seemed to
night when he spontaneously grabbed a
override any cautiousness our interview
microphone and spoke to a mass of demon-
subjects might have felt when we reminded
strators. I remember David Holley of the
them of the government's secret cameras
Los Angeles Times saying to me, referring to
and listening devices. "Aren't you afraid of
an imprisoned leader of the decade-old
being seen talking with me?" I asked a
Democracy Wall movement, "If anyone
middle-aged man who had joined thou-
sands of other Beijing residents in blocking
ERIC LIAISON
becomes the next Wei Jinsheng, it is that
student who spoke tonight."
troops from entering the city one day in
A few days later, with the help of student
late May. Dozens of people were gathered
friends, I tracked down Wu'er at his dorm
around, listening to our conversation in
room and interviewed him. I was joined by
which the Chinese man was calling for the
John Pomfret, an Associated Press reporter
"arrest" of Premier Li Peng. "No," said
colleagues share my sadness about possibly
who was later expelled from China because
the man. "Everyone here agrees with me.
endangering sources. These days we still
of his reporting and close contact with
Today we know more about the govern-
don't talk to our closest Chinese friends
students. Ours was the first interview Wu'er
ment's capacity for brutality, and it is
and sources, most of whom have sent us
gave to American correspondents, and it
possible that my middle-aged interlocutor
discreet messages to wait for "later," some
was clear the young student already had
22
tolk
WASHINGTON JOURNALISM REVIEW
people
know how then feel
ambitious plans to broaden the embryonic
But the official Chinese version has also
known for years, if at all. For a journalist,
democracy movement.
cast some doubt on the validity of some
the unanswered questions-and the diffi-
"People tell me I'm working for one
initial reports that as many as 3,000 were
culty of obtaining information when the
billion people," said Wu'er. "We want to
killed. I have talked to many people who
hard-line regime is intent on concealing
expand the movement. Then we'll be in a
claim to have been in Tiananmen all
the facts-are enormously frustrating.
better position to bargain
Accurate information has
with the government."
always been a scant com-
Later, in his encounters
modity in China. This is the
with the foreign press, he
original home of reporting as
developed a swaggering self-
tea-leaf reading. Much of the
assurance that became one
excitement of covering the
of his trademarks. But on
democracy movement came
this day Wu'er was soft-
from the story being so glori-
spoken, shy. At one point he
ously out in the open. Even
glanced down at the T-shirt
so, reliable information was
of my office assistant, who
hard to get. At the height of
had come along on the
the students' hunger strike in
interview. An attractive
mid-May, access to its leaders
young woman who had con-
was severely limited. The stu-
fessed to having a slight
dents formed concentric
crush on the handsome
rings of marshals who seemed
Wu'er, she had playfully
to delight in keeping
stamped her shirt with the
everyone, including foreign
red-ink seal of Wu'er's
reporters, from penetrating
name from the students'
the inner sanctums.
headquarters. When she
The rumor mills reached
saw him staring at the front
their peak of production in
of her shirt, she blushed.
the days immediately after the
Her embarrassment caused
Tiananmen Square assault,
Wu'er to blush. It was a very
when a civil war between rival
human moment, and one
armies seemed imminent. It
that came to mind after the
now appears that the possibil-
Chinese army's tanks had
ERIC
ity of such an event was
thundered their way into
exaggerated.
Tiananmen Square.
On the steps of Zhongnanhal: The unrest allowed some
Some of the reporting dur-
The June 3-4 assault on
Individuals a brief respite from a conformist soclety.
ing those days was based on
the square was an event that
poor intelligence reports
the foreign press corps covered as well as it
morning. Some say they saw soldiers fire on
from foreign embassies, wishful thinking
could under such hazardous reporting
students. Eyewitnesses have told me of
on the part of Chinese student sources and
conditions. Most of us were in the square
seeing army tanks and personnel carriers
journalists' own conjectures about the mys-
that night and stayed as long as we safely
terious movements of Chinese troops. But
could. I left the northern end around 2
many reporters are convinced that there
a.m., just as the army was arriving. I saw
was a basis in fact to believe that substantial
dozens of people who had been hit by the
elements within the military were opposed
soldiers' gunfire. I saw their bloodied
to the brutal suppression of the democracy
bodies rushed from the scene on bicycles
movement.
and pedicabs. I stayed until the bullets were
There still has been no satisfactory expla-
flying past my ears. Then I went back to my
nation-other than clashes between army
office and filed my story.
units-for the steady sound of heavy artil-
As the days passed and the questions
lery heard outside Beijing for several days.
about the army's conduct in the square
There is no doubt that an intense political
remained unanswered, I began to regret
power struggle, one that surely would have
ever leaving the square. Of course I had no
touched elements within the army, was
choice since I had to get back to the bureau
occurring between hard-liners and moder-
and write my story. But what had I missed?
ates for days after the attack. It was only
How many people had been killed? Did the
with Deng's reappearance on June 9 that
army's tanks crush students? Were students
the outcome of this internal struggle be-
who left the monument in the middle of
came clear.
the square fired on by the soldiers, or were
Now, as Deng and the hard-liners pursue
they allowed to go peacefully? Did the army
Chinese authorities have devised an elab-
orate account of the night's events that
claims no one was killed in the square itself
FORREST ANDERSON/GAMMA LIAISON
their crackdown, the foreign press corps is
burn the bodies of demonstrators in a giant
forced to resort to more traditional ways of
bonfire?
covering China. We are back to reading
between the lines of the editorials in the
People's Daily, watching the order of appear-
ance of party officials shown on the nightly
and that only 36 students died in the army's
government newscast and relying on diplo-
advance on the square. Much of the
mats and China-watchers to tell us what
government's report appears to be con-
roll over demonstrators on their way to the
may or may not be going on. Reliable
cocted out of surmises, half-truths and
square. A friend of mine says he will soon
Chinese dissident sources are still under-
wishful thinking in order to buttress the
introduce me to someone who lost a limb
ground, if not in jail. Someday we may
hard-liners' allegation of a "plot to over-
under an advancing tank. Many of the
re-establish our links with them. But that
throw the socialist system."
details of that night's attack will not be
day will not be soon.
24
WASHINGTON JOURNALISM REVIEW
TIANANMEN SQUARE
A Producer's Story
The Camera's
Red Glare
By John H. Reiss
n the evening of June 3, I met ABC News cameraman Ron
O
Dean at the west entrance of China's Great Hall of the
People, the side facing away from Tiananmen Square. This
was where the latest act in the two-week confrontation
between the People's Liberation Army and the people was
playing out. In the warm light of dusk, a few thousand
troops found themselves in the position so many of their
brethren had before them: seated cross-legged on the ground, surrounded by
thousands of jubilant pro-democracy protesters. Dean, sound man Roberto
Palacios and I inched our way toward the soldiers as the cheerful crowd cleared
a path for us, eager for the world to witness its latest victory.
When we reached the troops, Dean climbed atop his three-step ladder and
aimed his camera at them. Instantly one of the soldiers leaped to his feet,
pointed and screamed at him in Chinese. The message was clear: Stop shooting
now. Dean held his position. As the soldier's anger swelled, Dean waited until
his camera was steady, focused tightly on his subject and got the shot that was
sure to make the next evening newscast. Embraced and protected by thousands
of well-wishers, we knew no harm would come to us from this or any other
soldier. The People's Army had been routed again.
It was 8 in the evening.
The next five hours brought an epochal change. By 1 a.m. Beijing was the
scene of a bloody massacre. Standing by the Monument to the People's Heroes
at the center of Tiananmen Square, we learned from our two-way radios that to
the west along Changan Avenue the People's Liberation Army was slaughtering
the people as it moved toward the square. As tens of thousands of students,
undaunted or unaware, sang the "Socialiste Internationale," the three of us
made our way to the south end of the square, where protesters surrounded
more soldiers, perhaps the same ones we had seen earlier in the evening. Again
we made our way through the cooperative crowd, again Dean climbed on his
ladder and again he aimed his camera at the troops. But this time when a
soldier rose menacingly to his feet and ordered him to stop, Dean jumped off
the ladder and held up his hand as if to say, "OK. OK. See? I've stopped." The
soldier glowered at Dean before slowly settling down. Never again would we be
able to point our cameras at troops with impunity, never again could we march
through the streets of the capital city emboldened by the vitality of a mass
movement. We had entered a new phase of television coverage.
John H. Reiss is a producer with ABC News in Washington, D.C.
ERIC BOUVET/GAMMA LIAISON
SEPTEMBER 1989
27
anmen Square or to a
There are indelible im-
ages of the Beijing Spring of
back alley, would attract
1989. countless images
a small throng of boister-
ous demonstrators, all of
played out in American liv-
whom, it seemed, had
ing rooms on TV: the joy-
ous protesters in Tian-
something to say. Chi-
anmen Square, the unflag-
nese people, who histori-
ging parade of demonstra-
cally have shunned at-
tors moving up and down
tention from foreign-
Changan Avenue, the God-
ers-partly out of fear of
dess of Democracy statue
retribution by authori-
aimed at the U.S. audi-
ties and partly out of a
ence. They suggest, accu-
psychology that encour-
rately, an eagerness to play
ages conformity-now
to the international media,
embraced it.
Television crews were
particularly television, par-
ticularly American televi-
not only welcomed, but
sion.
Beijing, on April 29, the
ERIC LANSNER/PHOTOREPORTERS
by unanimous consent
By the time I arrived in
they were anointed as
heroes. Each day during
movement's future seemed
Gorbachev's visit we
uncertain. Most of the visi-
walked the half mile
ble action at Beijing Univer-
from the Beijing Hotel
sity, birthplace of the pro-
to the square to sus-
democracy movement, cen-
tained applause. It is dif-
tered around the crowds
From suspicious to savvy: Students show their newfound attl-
ficult to explain the kin-
gathering to read the wall
tude toward the media by holding a press conference.
ship one feels with a
posters that enumerated
crowd that embraces
the students' demands. These were good
following morning for "World News To-
one so unconditionally.
shots: people reading, copying, debating.
night."
"In the beginning, the first week, it was
But television demands sound, specifically
If the students treated the foreign media
very rough," says ABC Beijing Bureau
sound bites, and getting the activists to talk
with benign indifference during the early
Chief Todd Carrel. "People would threaten
was another matter. While groups would
weeks of the movement, one man unwit-
to smash the camera. They wanted the
gather around the camera all the time, few
tingly changed all that: Mikhail Gorbachev.
movement to be covered, but they didn't
students were willing to venture in front of
On May 13 the students began the hunger
want to be personally identified." Begin-
it.
strike that would become an international
ning with Gorbachev's visit, that fear evapo-
I spent one exasperating morning trying
cause célèbre, and two days later the Soviet
rated.
to find English-speaking students willing to
leader ensured that the world would take
For example, on a dismal rainy day in
go on camera. After making a fool of myself
notice when his plane set down at Beijing's
Shanghai, we went to the People's Square.
shouting, "Does anybody here speak Eng-
Not only did the sea of people there part to
lish?" for what seemed like hours, one
let us through, but the crowd, realizing that
student took pity on me and explained that
Dean was seeking a high perch from which
no one would respond to such a crude
to shoot, lifted him onto a narrow cement
request. I would have to ask individually,
post and held him steady as a man led the
and then, maybe, students would talk.
crowd in singing the "Socialiste Inter-
Ultimately they did; in fact, foreshadowing
nationale," the movement's unofficial an-
what would prove to be the students' media
them.
savvy, one young man made a tortured
On a typically exhausting day during the
effort to recite the Declaration of Indepen-
demonstrations, Carrel and I would go to
dence. A Chinese student memorizing
the square, get a sense of what was happen-
Thomas Jefferson was irresistible television.
ing, shoot his stand-ups for "World News
He made air more than once.
This Morning" and "Good Morning Amer-
Trying to learn the students' next move
ica" and perhaps a secondary spot for
was often akin to a treasure hunt. We would
On May 2 a group of student leaders
CHRIS MENDENTHAL/TIME MAGAZINE
"World News Tonight." Then we would
chase students on the strength of rumors.
find an ABC driver, race back to our base at
the Sheraton Great Wall Hotel, cut the
decided to ride their bicycles to various
morning news spot with Tape Editor Andy
government offices and present a list of
Scott, inhale a coffee shop dinner, get our
demands. Once we had located the stu-
marching orders from "World News To-
dents, we weren't told when they would
night," write and edit the requested spot,
leave, what route they would take or what
watch it air at 7:30 a.m. Beijing time (6:30
stops they would make. The mad chase
p.m. EDT), go to sleep and get up a few
after the bicycle caravan was followed by
airport for the first Sino-Soviet summit in
hours later to do it all again.
what became our routine that week: speed
30 years. There was no welcoming cere-
It's worth noting some things that made
back to the bureau, cut the spot and, with a
mony at Tiananmen Square for Gorbachev
covering the demonstrations with a camera
driver who was half Mario Andretti, half
as planned because the square had become
distinct from print reporting. We discov-
bumper-car enthusiast, careen down Chan-
the base of a giddy pro-democracy move-
ered that the best way to get a coherent
gan Avenue to Central China Television,
ment that was growing geometrically.
sound bite about the movement's goals was
where we would feed our piece for the
Suddenly the students were eager partici-
to ask, "What do you want?" People
morning news shows via satellite to New
pants in an international media event. In
inevitably replied: democracy and freedom
York. The same drive was made again, with
fact, the camera became a beacon. Bring-
of the press. Yet of the 30 or so people
somewhat less angst, around dawn the
ing a camera anywhere, whether to Tian-
whom I asked, "What do you mean when
28
WASHINGTON JOURNALISM REVIEW
you say 'democracy?'
blood on my shirt. Then I
only one replied that he
said, 'I'm going to put my
wanted the right to vote.
hand to my eye and there
Correspondents' descrip-
will be blood on it,' and I
tions of this were in vain,
did and there was." Roth
overwhelmed by the end-
received some first aid and
less sound bites and pic-
was held in the Forbidden
tures of people calling
City nearby, along with Wil-
for democracy.
liams and others (mostly
Much of what made
tourists), for 19 hours; then
the movement seem so
he was released.
special was not tel-
By Sunday morning, with
egenic: one person flash-
the government clearly in
ing a victory sign; the
control, caution had re-
hotel employee who
placed our earlier bravado.
stood transfixed as he
Beijing's martial law decree,
watched tapes of demon-
which included a prohibi-
strations unseen on Chi-
tion on reporting, empow-
nese TV; the relentless
ered authorities to enforce
parade of trucks filled
its provisions "with force,
with elated demonstra-
on the spot." There was
tors miles from the
now reason to believe the
square; 30 workers,
authorities would do just
tightly crunched on a
SHUNSUKE
that.
small truck on the back
For the next few days we
streets of Beijing, sing-
They knew how to captivate the English-speaking audience.
played an elaborate game
ing, waving, chanting for
of hide-and-seek with the
Premier Li Peng to step
police. Crews would rush
down, performing for no particular audi-
Beirut, South Africa-always with the su-
out in search of charred remnants of the
ence-illustrating just how thoroughly the
preme confidence of invulnerability. Now I
massacre, get the picture, then disappear
movement had gripped the city. But the
had to remind myself that there was no
quickly to avoid detection by martial law
picture of a lone truck couldn't compete
glass wall separating me from the chaos
forces. Enraged crowds gawked at the
with the frenzy of Tiananmen and rarely
unraveling in Tiananmen.
vehicular carnage and directed us to the
made air.
Richard Roth of CBS News needed no
most dramatic scenes. They also acted as
In the movement's heady days anything
reminders. He was on a cellular phone to
lookouts, alerting us if police were spotted
seemed possible, even the toppling of the
CBS's New York offices when troops moved
nearby. We did stories on the visceral fury
Communist hierarchy. It is undeniable that
on him and cameraman Derek Williams.
that inflamed the streets. We covered the
foreign journalists admired the protesters'
Roth's chilling description of the event was
evacuation of foreigners. We investigated
exuberance, bravery and lust for freedom.
played over and over on U.S. television.
elusive rumors that Chinese armies were
Yet there was an important distinction: We
preparing to face off against each other in
would go home someday. The demonstra-
a civil war. But the pictures that had
tors were home and would live, or die, with
provided one of the most dramatic stories
the consequences of their actions. Intellec-
in television news history were melting
tually, we understood that the young pro-
away. The story had moved inside, behind
testers faced ludicrous odds in challenging
impenetrable walls, where a power struggle
the Communist gerontocracy. But the sheer
over the nation's leadership was taking
enormity of the peaceful movement had a
place.
poetic beauty and an infectious emotional
Our big cameras, earlier our passport to
power. For a few historic days China truly
the public, now betrayed our attempted
had its claimed government of the people,
anonymity. So we received small, hand-held
as the leaders' desultory efforts to restore
cameras that required no sound person
order reflected paralysis and disarray. It was
and could be easily hidden. We used cars
nearly impossible not to return the V-for-
with tinted windows and, very slowly, drove
victory sign to the thousands who flashed it
by troops unobserved. Once, while Chinese
at us. At the least, our emotional alliance
troops surrounded and terrorized Jian-
with the protesters made the end that
guomenwai, the foreign diplomatic com-
much more shocking.
pound, ABC Coordinating Producer Mark
China's Great Leap Backward began on
Nelson hid the camera in his shirt sleeve
the night of June 3 with a forward thrust
Cameraman Dean (left) with Relss
and shot the action while sitting in his car.
down Changan Avenue, where many, if not
In Tlananmen Square
In addition, our Chinese drivers were
most, of the casualties occurred. By the
increasingly reluctant to venture out.
time our crew left Tiananmen, two ar-
As of May 20, when martial law was
mored patrol carriers had been set ablaze.
The troops first separated Williams from
declared, our satellite transmitting capabil-
Troops to the south, which we were pre-
his camera and then went for him as Roth
ities were cut off. This meant that once the
vented from photographing, were shooting
yelled, "I'll go," again and again. Roth was
tapes arrived from the field we would put
ominous orange tracer bullets into the
knocked down and kicked, then held by
the best footage on what are called clip
night, and the sound of heavy gunfire
two soldiers while a third floored him with
reels and send them to Hong Kong or
shook the air as soldiers bullied their way
a left hook, breaking his glasses. "There
Tokyo, where we could transmit the pic-
down Changan toward the north end of the
was a brief period of psychological slow
tures home. To get the tapes there, we
square, under Mao Tse-tung's portrait. As a
motion where I said, 'OK. I'm going to look
relied on "pigeons," Westerners at the
member of the TV generation, I had
down and see blood on my shirt,' Roth
airport who would agree to carry the tapes
witnessed violence before-Vietnam,
recalls, "and I looked down and there was
aboard and hand them off to an ABC
SEPTEMBER 1989
29
YALE LAW SCHOOL
employee after landing. Once the pictures
convicted of "propagating counterrevolu-
FELLOWSHIPS IN LAW
reached New York, a producer and a
tionary lies" and sentenced to 10 years in
FOR JOURNALISTS
correspondent in Beijing would work by
prison.)
phone with a New York producer to cut the
ABC News immediately moved to scram-
spot. When necessary, especially for the
ble its satellite signal and obscured the
"Coming to Yale Law School is like
reading the book after watching the
morning news shows, which couldn't get
faces of Chinese citizens who would talk to
much fresh video in time, we used a new
us. But, understandably, fewer and fewer
movie: the subtle details and mean-
ings become clear. As a journalist, I
machine that sent still shots taken from our
would, and we feared putting anyone in
found the experience invaluable."
videotape.
jeopardy. Those who were willing to talk
-Amy Singer, MSL '89
American Lawyer
Each year, Yale Law School offers
tuition plus a $20,000 stipend to five
experienced journalists seeking to
improve their reporting on legal
issues. The 1989-90 fellows come
from the American Lawyer, Charles-
ton (WV) Gazette, Christian Science
Monitor, Los Angeles Times, and
Newsweek. Journalism fellows follow
the first-year law curriculum, taking
basic required courses-including
constitutional law the fall term
and electives in the spring. Upon suc-
cessful completion of the program, fel-
lows receive the degree of Master of
Studies in Law.
Application deadline:
January I5, 1990
Fellowships in Law for Journalists
Yale Law School
40IA Yale Station
New Haven, Connecticut 06520
FORREST ANDERSON/GAMMA LIAISON
203 432-1696
What was left behind: vehicles burned by protesters.
Against this backdrop came China's Big
were cautious. One man agreed to talk to
Lie: No one died in Tiananmen Square.
ABC's Jackie Judd about his wife, who had
Congratulations!
These had not been peaceful demonstra-
been killed on the night of the massacre.
tions for democracy and free speech.
But once on camera, even with his face
Rather, a small band of conspirators had
concealed, he said his wife was partly to
to
whipped up students' passions and created
blame for her death because she had been
a counterrevolutionary riot aimed at "over-
walking the streets in violation of martial
turning the leadership of the Communist
law.
Mary Beth Pfeiffer
Party" by seizing power in a "Bastille-style
The Big Lie could be perniciously effec-
attack." The army's heavy losses in the face
tive. After watching the latest of the govern-
Poughkeepsie Journal
of "savage provocations" were "eloquent
ment's countless claims that there was no
testimony to their restraint and tolerance."
massacre, I remarked to an ABC engineer,
Nearly 100 soldiers died, official reports
"Do they really expect people to believe
for her series of editorials
stated, as did some 100 civilians.
this?" He smiled and answered, "Haven't
"Ashes to Ashes:
But not even the government's plague of
you once, even for the briefest of moments,
lies prepared us for its willingness to use
doubted it yourself? If he could have even
The Garbage Crisis"
American television as an instrument of
a moment of doubt, imagine the dilemma
repression. During the week after the
faced by people in China's remote prov-
Winner
massacre, Chinese television showed tape
inces.
of
of a man, accusing him of being a ru-
Eventually the government story line
mormonger and urging that citizens turn
became: "Beijing is returning to normal."
him in. It was ABC's tape. Correspondent
With the Chinese media compressed back
Jim Laurie had conducted the interview,
into conformity, activists under arrest or on
US
but only a few seconds had appeared on
the run and vast Tiananmen Square again
ABC. About 90 seconds appeared on Chi-
silent, this account had a visible element of
nese TV, suggesting that the Chinese had
accuracy. But beneath the forced tranquil-
pirated the image as it was being transmit-
ity the public was seething. A measure of
1989
ted via satellite. The man, Xiao Bin, had
that anger was revealed in graffiti scrawled
4th Estate Award
told ABC that he saw Chinese troops shoot
on a wall near a government-sanctioned
down civilians and run over them with
memorial for a soldier who had died
for Distinguished
tanks. The next day Chinese TV said Xiao
during the slaughter. The words were
Public Service in
had been turned in by two women and
written in English so we could understand
arrested within an hour of the broadcast in
and the martial law forces could not: "All
the field of Journalism
the northeast city of Dalian. (In July he was
These Things Are to be Answered For."
30
WASHINGTON JOURNALISM REVIEW
TIANANMEN SQUARE
A Teacher's Story
Chinese Journalists
Cover (And Join)
The Revolution
By Michael J. Berlin
or a fleeting and heady moment this spring, China experi-
F
enced a free press for the first time in its long history. Then,
with the June 4 massacre on the streets of Beijing, the
outpouring of what the student posters called "the true facts"
was cut off once again.
Yet the brief phenomenon has left an indelible mark in the
minds of the Chinese people, who live in a country where the
impact of the media, representing an omnipotent state and party, is far
more pervasive than in the West. For 40 years the Chinese people
anticipated news that defined what was officially sanctioned, not necessar-
ily what was true. The students mounted their original protests last spring
without initial media support. So for many Chinese, perhaps most, what
legitimized the demonstrators' slogans was that for a few weeks the
state-owned newspapers, radio and television reported student actions and
views in neutral and even positive terms.
When I arrived in China in August 1988 to teach journalism at the
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the China School of Journalism-
schools that train reporters and editors for the Xinhua News Agency and
the English-language China Daily-I found the media far more feisty than
I had expected. Almost daily there were Op-Ed articles on the rampant
inflation, the failure to fund education, the need for freedom in the arts.
Investigative pieces exposed official corruption, though rarely at higher
than the provincial level. I remember being amazed to see a Chinese-
television reporter, mike in hand, standing outside the private home that
a provincial official had allegedly built with government funds and trying
to question a family member about the allegation as he emerged, stunned
and enraged by the live report. Most Chinese reporters I met took pride in
the fact that they were actively, if gingerly, pushing at the frontiers of press
freedom.
The stories the media could not report still far exceeded in number
those they could. In particular, stories on controversial subjects such as
Cambodia, rioting in Tibet or protests against African students in Nanjing,
and even the casualty toll from an earthquake in Yunnan province, were
subject to rigid censorship by party ideologists.
Chinese journalists' participation as actors, as well as reporters,
heightened the Chinese media's impact on the events triggered by the
death of former party leader Hu Yaobang on April 15. Eleven days later an
editor, Qin Benli, became the first prominent martyr in the quest for
ERIC BOUVET/GAMMA LIAISON
democracy when he was removed from the helm of Shanghai's maverick
Michael J. Berlin, who spent 20 years covering the United Nations for the New York
Post and the Washington Post, went to China in August 1988 as a Fulbright
lecturer to teach journalism at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the China
School of Journalism.
weekly, the World Economic Herald. Qin had
students, who chanted "Down With Deng
senior leaders who lived simply-on an
published articles defending Hu's liberal
Xiaoping!" and "Down With the Commu-
ordinary street rather than in a Zhongnan-
record and criticizing those who purged
nist Party!" and were bloodied by security
hai villa-and whose children had not
him in 1987. His newspaper was sponsored
guards armed with clubs. One of my
acquired special status or wealth through
by the Shanghai Academy of Social Sci-
students came back with a lump on his
nepotism and corruption.
ences rather than the Communist Party,
head. The news organizations were silent
Throughout the demonstrations I biked
and it was supported by advertising and
about the anti-government dazibao that I
or walked alongside or around the march-
sales revenues, with a minimal subsidy.
saw on at least three campuses, embla-
ers, not with them. Apart from not wishing
Thus the Herald was virtually
to give the impression that the
alone among Chinese publica-
protests were generated by for-
tions in its freedom to publish
eigners, I felt that China's gov-
dissenting views on a wide range
ernment and problems were for
of issues.
the Chinese to solve. In conversa-
On May 4 several hundred
tion I avoided advocating a
Beijing reporters were the first
course of action, but I unavoida-
workers to openly join the stu-
bly evinced my pride in my
dents in marching. They were
students' courage, patriotism
protesting the party's ouster of
and dedication to press freedom.
Qin and its initial ban on any
I was also unable to hold back
media references to the critical
such parental advice as "Drink
nature of the campus demon-
fluids
Take a sweater
strations.
Be careful." And what I write
Two days later the head of the
now is more vague and less often
government's propaganda de-
attributed than I'd like it to be
partment called in editors and
because I want to protect both
told them they had Communist
students and friends from possi-
Party approval to report on
ble reprisals.
demonstrations in a factual, bal-
I was filled with emotion when
anced fashion.
I saw them march around Tian-
For the next two weeks, an
anmen Square that Friday, win-
entire profession trained only
ning cheers from about 10,000
to promote the party line dem-
onlookers with their banners that
onstrated that it had the will
PETER HERSH/TIME MAGAZINE
said, in English, "We Need
and the skill to produce accu-
Facts" and, in Chinese, "Impor-
rate and compelling reportage.
tant Matters Should be Made
Some of the stories went to
Public," which paraphrased a
the opposite extreme of giving
pronouncement of the 13th
short shrift to the official line
Party Congress.
and distorting actions and state-
Students publish protests from an ad hoc print shop.
On the campus of Beijing
ments to make the students
University I saw a cartoon-poster
look better. This was not simply
that was far more vitriolic and
because the reporters shared
grimly prescient. It depicted
the students' objectives. Chinese culture
zoned with such slogans as: "A Man Who
Fidel Castro telling Napoleon Bonaparte,
places less value on the concept of press
Should Not Die, Dies; Those Who Should
"If you had the PLA [People's Liberation
objectivity than does Western society. "Press
Die, Live."
Army], you wouldn't have lost Waterloo,"
freedom," said one of my students, "means
These stories, however, struck me as no
and Bonaparte replying, "If I'd had Xin-
I can write my ideas instead of the govern-
more distorted than other politically sensi-
hua and CCTV [Central China Television],
ment's ideas."
tive copy. So I was surprised by the degree
no one would have known I lost."
The party sought to lower the window of
of outrage and general disdain for Chinese
But a few news organizations began to
freedom on May 20 when it imposed
news organizations expressed both by my
challenge a party edict banning any arti-
martial law. Even then, some leaks occur-
students and by reporters whose stories had
cles, recordings or images of student pro-
red. The window was only sealed after the
been spiked or politically bowdlerized. The
tests. The Science and Technology Daily, which
bloody repression of June 4, leaving con-
media's failure to tell the truth backfired. It
is small but nationally circulated, printed a
straints on the press far harsher than those
transformed the protest movement and
factual account, with pictures, of the stu-
before the first march.
turned press freedom into one of its prime
dent rally on Tiananmen Square. In the
When Hu Yaobang died it seemed to me
goals.
following days, balanced articles appeared
quite normal for the official media to limit
On April 21, a day after the battle at
in Workers' Daily, Peasants' Daily and Beijing
the extent of their coverage, to omit the
Zhongnanhai, I made my first trip to
Youth News.
anti-government aspect of the initial stu-
Tiananmen Square as my students pre-
In the evenings, when my wife and I
dent demonstrations. Stories quoted only
sented a memorial wreath (I had chipped
visited the dazibao walls of Beijing Univer-
the blandest of the students' big-character
in 10 yuan-about $1.50) for Hu Yaobang
sity and People's University, tear sheets
posters (dazibao) and implied that their
at the adjacent Great Hall of the People. I
from these newspapers had been pasted up
marches were sanctioned, pious mourning.
had been puzzled at the uproar over Hu's
alongside the slogans and were read avidly,
Other stories reported that a mob had tried
death since I hadn't heard his name
despite the failing light, by large numbers
to break into Zhongnanhai, the compound
mentioned during the eight months I'd
of workers who wandered onto the cam-
where China's party leaders live and work,
been in China. Over lunch in our mess hall
puses after dinner. Dazibao had originated
"disturbing the peace" and injuring four
earlier that week, some students and faculty
as the Chinese equivalent of alternative
guards. What was not printed was the story
members explained that Hu was ousted as
media, and readers passed them on by
that two of my students from the China
party chief in 1987 for failing to crack down
noting them down verbatim, reading them
School of Journalism, who had spent the
on student demonstrations the previous
into tape recorders or photographing
night on the fringe of the crowd, reported
year. Even more important, however, was
them.
back to me: The protesters were largely
his reputation as the only one among the
The party's use of the media to reshape
34
WASHINGTON JOURNALISM REVIEW
reality for public consumption was break-
tions on coverage of the demonstrations
Poland and quoting a Hungarian official's
and a guarantee of press freedom.
denunciation of Stalin for killing his own
ing down for the first time. Eyewitness
accounts of the protests spread from cam-
The high point of press freedom in
people. It reported on May 21 that "social
China was reached the following week,
order is the same as before" and that
pus to campus and city to city, via the
grapevine, the dazibao, handbills that the
when the student hunger strike on Tian-
"hundreds of thousands of college stu-
students had mimeographed and short-
anmen Square disrupted the Sino-Soviet
dents were still conducting a peaceful
wave radios, which enabled many in the
summit. The official media gave equal
at the square while "residents of the
provinces to listen to the Voice of America
coverage to the protests and the summit.
municipality" surrounded them. When the
The hunger strikers received great sympa-
crackdown finally came, it hit People's Daily
and the BBC.
On April 25 and 26 the government
thy. Science and Technology Daily called them
the hardest. A propaganda official and an
made one last at-
army officer replaced
tempt to use the
the two top editors and
media as a mecha-
several reporters were ar-
rested.
nism for control.
The staff of Xinhua
Radio, television, Xin-
hua and People's Daily,
staged a slowdown, put-
ting only five stories on
the party newspaper,
the wire on May 21. Two
joined forces to spot-
light the party's
days later 2,000 Xinhua
harsh warning that
staffers, including stu-
an "extremely small
dents and faculty from
number of people"
my schools, joined a mas-
were out to "plunge
sive and joyous citywide
the whole country
march by millions of Bei-
into chaos and sabo-
jingers. I rode beside
tage the political situ-
them as they marched
ation of stability and
along the city's inner
unity. This commen-
ring road. They were fed
001
tary angered students
iced tea by old women
and set off demands
and cheered by 2-year-
olds from a nursery
that the party recog-
nize them as patriots,
school who were sitting
on a curb in the shade
rather than trouble-
makers. In the days
and waving little paper
that followed, I
flags that read, "Democ-
learned from an in-
porters at People's
FORREST ANDERSON/GAMMA LIAISON
racy." It was, I realized
later, the first time I had
sider that young re-
seen crowds of Chinese
citizens on the streets
Daily were protesting
with smiles on their faces
the party editorial
dazibao
and individuals offering
through
posted in the newspa-
help to total strangers.
This incident shattered
per's corridors and
had joined with activ-
The government's solution: Tanks advance on Tiananmen Square.
another Western miscon-
ists from other news
ception about the Chi-
nese: that they don't
organizations to pro-
test the firing of Qin
show emotion. They do.
Benli.
"good children of the people."
That the myth of a stone-faced people has
A Xinhua lead on May 17 read, "As many
lasted this long is due, in part, to a simple
n May 4 (the 70th anniversary of
as a million people of all walks of life in
fact: For generations they have had little to
O
a pro-democracy movement of
Beijing have joined the demonstration at
smile about. In China, even the act of
an earlier era) I biked down to
Tiananmen Square today to support those
standing and looking is a political state-
Tiananmen, bringing rolls and
students from Beijing's institutes of higher
ment. I was watching an entire city stand up
containers of fruit drinks for my sweltering
learning who have been staging a hunger
to be counted. That night Xinhua's lead
students. I watched as journalists joined the
strike." The report went on to list the
story reported that the "overwhelming
marchers, chanting "Press Freedom Makes
slogans, among them, "Students' Move-
majority of the crowd called for the resigna-
the State Stable" and "We Would Like to
ment Doesn't Mean Unrest"; it also spelled
tion of the chief leader of the State
Tell the Truth!" The press in general gave
out the students' demands for dialogue
Council," mentioning Premier Li Peng by
the student rally unprecedented coverage,
with government officials. National radio
name only in a later paragraph.
running pictures and quoting banners and
praised the students' "very cool and sensi-
In the final days before the massacre,
slogans. CCTV broadcast footage of the
ble attitude toward large-scale activities
troops occupied the major news organiza-
marching reporters. By including slogans
They urged the people who showed sup-
tions and the party tightened its control. A
critical of the government, noting that the
port to safeguard the normal social order
media chorus praised the troops, reported
march was peaceful and reporting demon-
and avoid chaos."
on pro-martial law rallies and criticized the
strations in other cities, Xinhua signaled to
When martial law was declared on May
"turmoil" as well as the final student
the rest of the media that they should use
20, the return to a controlled press was
gesture, the "Goddess of Democracy"
an evenhanded tone.
gradual. People's Daily, in particular, flaunted
statue erected in Tiananmen.
Five days later 1,013 Beijing journalists
its indirect criticism of the government and
My family and I learned of the massacre
signed a petition that called for a dialogue
sympathy with the students in its layout: a
from the Voice of America and the heart-
with party propaganda officials and de-
Page One picture of Zhao Ziyang crying as
wrenching accounts of friends who sur-
manded three things: the reinstatement of
he met the hunger strikers. It also carried
vived it. We also learned on the morning of
Qin Benli, an apology for earlier restric-
front-page stories criticizing martial law in
June 4 that a 28-year-old senior at the China
36
WASHINGTON JOURNALISM REVIEW
School of Journalism, Zhao Hai-shun, had
were expected.
been killed just before midnight on Chan-
The journalistic product that emerged
Other avenues for spreading the word
gan Avenue. He was shot in the face while
after the massacre, however forced, was
were being closed off. Imports of foreign
taking pictures from the sidewalk. The
relentless. Day after day it pounded the
newspapers and magazines were restricted.
school director, Zhou Li-fang, told me that
public with the myth that there had been
Guards were posted at fax machines to curb
at the hospital emergency room Zhao told
no massacre, that foreign media accounts
the flow of electronic dazibao from Chinese
an orderly, "I got some very good shots,"
were intended to undermine the socialist
who were overseas. A popular CCTV an-
and then he died. Xinhua decided that
system and force capitalism on the Chinese
nouncer disappeared after she wore black
Zhao had been an innocent victim, hit by a
people. The stories were quite well-written
the day after the massacre. There was no
"stray bullet." The agency provided his
and argued with some sophistication. The
longer an English-language nightly news
family with a funeral ceremony and con-
TV footage of citizens attacking soldiers
show. People's Daily and the English-
language China Daily, which had each been
tributed several thousand yuan toward an
was compelling-unless, of course, viewers
education fund that his classmates
knew that these scenes had taken place, for
cut to four pages and were running only
Xinhua wire copy and official statements,
launched for his 9-month-old son.
the most part, after military attacks on
returned to their normal eight pages in
unarmed crowds of civilians.
early July, but there was no spark left.
S I prepared to leave China in
Was the government's story believed?
A
Other newspapers were moving even
mid-July, some of my students
Certainly the people of Beijing were aware
further backward in tone, beyond official
were still "studying" the June 9
of the truth. Despite the danger of talking
party statements to the Cold War rhetoric
speech of Deng Xiaoping, which
with an American in public, several initi-
of "running dogs," "class struggle" and
lays out the rationale of repression. In
ated conversations with me, asking whether
"paper tigers." On the plane out of China,
order to graduate to jobs as junior editors
people abroad knew the truth, warning that
CNN Bureau Chief Mike Chinoy, who was
at Xinhua, they each had to write an essay
the official version was a lie. Almost cer-
taking a vacation stateside, said he sus-
explaining how the speech had reformed
tainly the sophisticated students and elites
pected that some newspapers were under
their ideas as well as a diary of what they
of other large cities, who listen to the VOA
the control of the extreme hard-liners who
had done each day from May 20 through
and the BBC in Chinese, were uneasy. (I
wanted to roll back economic reform as
mid-June. It seemed intellectually humiliat-
was told by a student that in one small town
well as clamp down politically. The media
ing to me, and the diary was ominous. But
in Hunan province seven out of 10 people
were once again tools in the unending
they all said it was "no problem."
listen to the VOA on transistor radios that
factional struggle within the leadership.
I left my journalist friends publicly com-
cost about $30-an item that the economic
Will a free press rise again in China? I
pliant, privately defiant. They were at study
reform has brought within the reach of
don't pretend to be an expert analyst of
sessions too, realizing that they might face
most Chinese families.)
Chinese political processes. I know there
years of tight party control over what they
This student, not one of mine, who had
are thousands of reporters and editors, now
wrote. One young editor spoke of breaking
gone home and returned to the capital,
hunkering down, who remain determined
out in a sweat as he translated a dispatch in
told me she could not spread the word as
to push for every inch they can get, and a
which a communist country supported the
she had hoped because the campaign to
few who will take some chances. I suspect
actions of the Beijing government. He
turn in "rumormongers" limited her frank-
that the breadth of the public's dissatisfac-
feared that one slip in rhetoric might
ness to family and a few close friends. It was
tion with the government will sooner or
expose him to accusations of sabotage.
hard for the victims themselves to believe
later encourage some insiders to tap into
"During the cultural revolution, people
that the army had fired at them. A woman
that liberalizing vein as a path toward
were executed for less," he said.
who had been at the site of the bloodiest
power. And those Chinese journalists, stu-
After I left there were reports in the
massacre, at Muxidi bridge, said one day
dents and professionals who seized their
Western press that a number of journalists
afterward, "We could not believe the sol-
brief opportunity for press freedom last
had been arrested without public announce-
diers were firing live bullets at us until we
spring will be ready to encourage any
ments. The word was that many were under
looked down and saw the blood. It is still
future movement toward the liberating
investigation and more arrests or dismissals
hard for me to believe it today."
world of "true facts."
"Remember 3 June, 1989"
After the massacre some of us in the
armed soldiers when they forced their way
violation of human rights and the most
foreign experts' compound, the Friendship
into the city. Among the killed are our
barbarous suppression of the people.
Hotel, had biked down to the main street
colleagues at Radio Beijing.
"Because of the abnormal situation here
after dawn and had seen the line of
"The soldiers were riding on armored
in Beijing, there is no other news we could
burned-out armored personnel carriers
vehicles and used machine guns against
bring you. We sincerely ask for your under-
and trucks, the bloody sidewalks, the empty
thousands of local residents and students
standing and thank you for joining us at
cartridge casings. We had heard the BBC
who tried to block their way. When the
this most tragic moment."
bulletins. At noon we turned on Radio
army convoys made a breakthrough, sol-
A Hong Kong newspaper identified the
Beijing's English service, curious to hear
diers continued to spray their bullets indis-
broadcaster as Li Dan and called him the
what propaganda was being dished out.
criminately at crowds in the street. Eyewit-
"bravest reporter in contemporary China."
What we got, however, was this heart-
nesses say some armored vehicles even
The last I heard was that Li, the writer
rending elegy for a nation's shattered
crushed foot soldiers who hesitated in the
and the producer of that program were still
dreams :
front of the resisting civilians.
at the station but were-like a number of
"Remember 3 June, 1989. A most tragic
"Radio Beijing English Department
other journalists-"under investigation"
event happened in the Chinese capital,
deeply mourns those [who] died in the
and fearful of eventual arrest, or at least
Beijing. Thousands of people, most of
tragic incident and appeals to all its listen-
loss of their jobs.
them innocent civilians, were killed by fully
ers to join our protest for the gross
M.J.B.
SEPTEMBER 1989
37
The Attorney General
Stonewalls The Press
Minnesota News Council
Reporting
Can Be
Hazardous
To Your
Health
NOVEMDER 1989
Three Glitzy Editors:
Brits of Conde Nast
CENTER ashon
WASHINGTON JUURNALISM REVIEW
WJR
3-DIGIT 205
330020 072 51622099
099R
LIBRARY-INFO SVCS DIV J/F BALA 90
0 73361 64740
EOPW RM 6220 NEOB-FAX
725 17TH ST NW
WASHINGTON
DC 20503
11
CLIPPINGS
Colombian Journalists Under Siege
tomers, an unidentified couple
believed to be cartel-hired ter-
rorists, got up to leave the
A faint rumble, a jingle of
destroyed the plant, causing
violence, two men roared by on
restaurant and began running
broken glass, the whine of si-
major structural damage, shat-
a motorcycle and tossed a bomb
after they got out the door.
rens-the sounds of another
tering windows and ripping
into the flower garden by the
Moments later a bomb ex-
bomb greeting the dawn in
through files. The paper's com-
swimming pool: No one killed,
ploded. In a phone interview
Medellin and a kind of wake-up
puter and phone systems, as
no injuries, no major destruc-
from her home, Pardo, whose
call for Nestor Castano. Within
well as some 1,200 tons of
tion-just a message. Two days
family lives in Colombia and
15 minutes of the 5 a.m. blast,
stored newsprint, were left un-
later, the message was not as
whose father is a former con-
Castano, a cameraman for
usable.
subtle. Two reporters for the
gressman from Cali, described
Colombian Television, was hoist-
But the day after the blast,
Miami-based Spanish language
her injuries: two broken verte-
ing a scratched and dented
a scaled-down edition of the
network Univision were seri-
brae, a fractured shoulder,
video camera on his shoulder
paper, put out with the help of
ously injured when a bomb
more than 50 stitches and sev-
and documenting the cocaine
a competing newspaper's print-
exploded at a restaurant in
ered tendons in her right arm.
cartel's fresh path of dis-
ing facilities, proclaimed in a
Medellin.
"We got caught in the
truction. As he walked through
bold, front-page headline, "We
Reporter Bernadette
middle. It was clearly a message
the rubble of a bombed-out
Will Continue."
Pardo and cameraman Carlos
against the American press,"
bank in the burnt-orange haze
Three years ago, El Espec-
Ignacio Corrales had been sent
she said. "But the truth is, most
of sunrise, Castano had a .38
tador's editor, Guillermo Cano,
to Medellin to do a series on the
American reporters go to Co-
caliber revolver tucked into his
and the paper's lawyer, were
escalating violence and to file
lombia to cover what's happen-
battery-pack belt.
gunned down on the street by
daily updates of the wave of
ing and then we just pack up
"I keep it with me," he
"sicarios,"-the cartel's assas-
bombings in the city. At about 9
and leave. I have a lot of respect
said, shifting gears on his old,
sins famous for doing their
p.m. on September 5, Pardo
for Colombian journalists who
blue jeep and whipping
work from the back of a speed-
said, they were eating dinner
are there protecting the dignity
through the narrow streets of
ing motorcycle. The murdered
with a Colombian freelance pro-
of the country, protecting
Medellin to the next bomb site.
editor's brother and now the
ducer who was working for
truth-and dying for it."
"I guess a pistol wouldn't be
paper's publisher, Luis Gabriel
them. The only other cus-
Charles Sennott
much help if they plant a
Cano Isaza, VOWS to continue
bomb," he said, "but it makes
the fight. "It is a decisive mo-
me feel better.'
ment in our history. It is a time
Gabriel Cano: We Will Continue
Journalists in Colombia are
to be united," he said. "We
on the front line of the war
cannot back down."
between the powerful cocaine
But as the war escalates,
The Medellin, Colombia newspaper, El Espectador, has
cartels and the U.S.-backed
the courage of Colombian jour-
conducted a long-running crusade against the country's drug
Colombian government. News-
nalists is put to the test. Nearly
lords. In October two employees were killed by motorcycle
paper plants and radio and
all the stories-from hard-
gunmen. In September the paper's offices were bombed, causing
television stations look like
hitting investigations of the car-
$2.5 million in damages. Advertisers have been threatened. Luis
armed camps: razor-wire lines
tel to simple news items on the
Gabriel Cano Isaza, the 66 year-old president of the newspaper,
the 15-foot concrete walls that
death toll-are written without
was in the United States in October hoping to find U.S. support
protect the El Colombiano news-
bylines. Television reporters,
for his paper's operations. A number of U.S. newspapers,
paper in Medellin and military
who cannot hide behind ano-
including the Washington Post, Miami Herald, and New York Times,
guards train Mac 10 machine
nymity, have armed guards and
have placed ads in El Espectador to demonstrate their moral and
guns on visitors at the front gate
bullet-proofed cars. Last
economic support. This is a portion of what Cano told WJR in a
of Caricol, the national radio
month, El Colombiano, Medel-
telephone interview:
station in the capitol of
lin's local paper, and Caricol
Have the threats had an affect on the press?
Bogota.
both had sticks of dynamite
Not in our case. There are some other media that have
According to the estimates
without detonators planted in a
decided to tell less.
of editors, reporters and police
box of cookies on a desk in the
officials, at least 33 Colombian
newsroom. A hand-written note
Will it be possible to hold out?
journalists have been killed and
in the box at El Colombiano read:
We will continue with our same policies. The only thing they
dozens of others forced into
"This time it wasn't real, be
have stopped is the economical part. I have come here to visit
exile by death threats in the last
careful," remembered Luis, a
with our suppliers of newsprint and our suppliers of equipment
five years because of their work
reporter on the paper who
and our colleagues, to ask for economic support. They have been
in exposing the cartels. On
asked that his last name not be
very receptive. I am sure they will help us to continue. We have no
October 10, two employees of
used.
insurance since the bombing. The amount of money necessary to
Colombia's leading newspaper,
"I write about one-tenth of
continue is a little more than $2.5 million. We have not the assets
El Espectador, were killed by
what I know," said Luis. "If you
to do that. Our assets are in the newspaper.
gunmen on motorcycles. A few
write the complete truth, you
What about you, personally. Have you received threats? Are you
hours later, the director of the
wake up dead."
in danger?
Cronista Democratica magazine
The foreign press corp has
We receive threats. I have to have guards on my way to work
was killed. Earlier, on Septem-
not been immune to the terror-
and coming home. I always have five guards behind me. Always
ber 2, a 220-pound bomb
ist tactics of the cartel. On
the army and the police are trying to put some security to our
planted in a parked pickup
September 3, at the Hotel
truck ripped through the main
Intercontinental in Medellin,
press and our people.
offices and printing facility of El
temporary home to most of the
How can people here help you?
Espectador, injuring more than
foreign reporters sent to cover
We have presented our problem. They are studying how to
70 people. The blast nearly
the epicenter of the cartel's
help. We are looking for long term credits (from suppliers).
12
WASHINGTON JOURNALISM REVIEW
ter the raids, a group or twelve
dinistas in an effort to get to know them better and perhaps develop
lawyers, priests, and educators
a common strategy with UDEL. Others tried to use the vitality in-
Washington, D.C.: "There can
jected in the anti-Somoza movement to begin a dialogue with So-
calating armed conflict, which
moza on the question of a peaceful transition. A committee was es-
agua, without the participation
tablished, composed of Archbishop Obando and Monsignor Pablo
Front."25 The group, which be-
Vega from the Church, Alfonso Robelo and Felix Esteban Guardicki
ve, seemed authentic and inde-
from the private sector, and Francisco Fiallos, a lawyer. With U.S. en-
tatement, the Sandinistas were
couragement, Somoza agreed to meet with them in December 1977,
pposition as a few Communist
but they found Somoza "completely stubborn" in his insistence that
trated they were a viable threat,
he finish out his term ending in 1981. They tried to persuade Somoza
ent offered them the legitimacy
to begin a national dialogue on a transition before 1981, but he was
S moderate opposition.
unmoved.³⁰
he Group of Twelve was created
aniel and Humberto Ortega had
novelist who had recently re-
The Death of Chamorro
in Europe, to organize "an alli-
he national bourgeoisie" to urge
On January 9, 1978, in the Iranian city of Qom, the Shah's police
opened fire on a demonstration, and the Iranian "revolution had be-
yo, who had been fighting with
gun."31 The very next day, on the other side of the globe, the undis-
d his father, one of Nicaragua's
puted leader of the Nicaraguan opposition, Pedro Joaquín Chamorro,
ers. Another person who joined
was assassinated, and another revolution had really begun. More
araguan who was working at the
than any other individual in Nicaragua, Chamorro, the descendant of
Cruz was brought to San José be-
three Nicaraguan Presidents, represented the moderate opposition.
lamírez told him "we would an-
His death energized the nation and had a profound effect on Nicara-
onal government on Nicaraguan
gua's neighbors.
!''27 When the Sandinistas failed
His son, Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Barrios, is convinced that So-
ued its statement in San José.
moza was not responsible for the assassination,³² but practically no
San Carlos, the Nicaraguan Air
one in Nicaragua believed that at the time. Thousands marched in
border at three boats on the San
the funeral procession, and the businessmen decided that the time
was the Costa Rican Minister of
had come to split decisively with Somoza. Alfonso Robelo, the pres-
er, who was nearly killed. The
ident of the major business association in Nicaragua (COSEP), di-
and the sentiment in Costa Rica,
rected and organized a general strike from January 23 until the sec-
me hostile and, for the first time,
ond week in February. It was 90 percent successful. For the first time,
ior to the raid at San Carlos, the
businessmen, as an organized and cohesive political group, issued a
nall supply of arms on the black
public demand for Somoza's resignation. If the earthquake was a wa-
pport from Costa Rica. According
tershed in the private sector's view of the venality of the Somoza dy-
ne main source of arms and sup-
nasty, the killing of Chamorro was the catalyst that moved the pri-
M-1 rifles, rockets, bazookas, 50
vate sector toward political action.
Figueres said that he opened his
Chamorro's death also had a profound effect on his close friend,
less Struggle), to the Sandinistas:
Carlos Andrés Pérez, the President of Venezuela. After Pérez took of-
le to do to help the Sandinistas."29
fice in 1975, Chamorro, who had been in exile in Costa Rica with
in different ways to the events of
Pérez in the 1950s, visited and told him excitedly: "Carlos Andrés,
met secretly with a group of San-
look, now you can do something for my country." Pérez responded
$24.95 U.S.
Succession Crisis
60
Human Rights and Nicaraguan Wrongs
much as the United States would have done: "Pedro Joaquín, you are
receiving a quick response from C
the one who has to do it, and if you do it, I will support it." Pérez did
priorities, Carter was just then sen
give him moral and political support, but the death of Chamorro
Africa.
"made me compromise my previous position." He began to play a
more direct and active role.³³
Pérez's Presidency (1974-79) coincided with the sudden rise in the
The First Policy Review
price of oil, which provided a windfall for Venezuela and gave Pérez
the resources to assert leadership internationally. In December 1974,
By January 1978, virtually all of
he launched a program to provide aid and oil at subsidized prices for
gun a year before were beginnin
most of the countries of Central America and the Caribbean. With
Administration and political fric
aid came influence, and Pérez, the quintessential activist, used it. A
deeply worried that his first majo
strong advocate of human rights and arms control in Latin America,
could fail, and he devoted much 0
Pérez was delighted by the election of Carter, whom he viewed as
Senators. The centerpiece of his d
dedicated to the same goals. For the first time since his mentor Ró-
lation-was stuck. Delicate nego1
mulo Betancourt had established a relationship with John F. Ken-
beginning to strain the relationship
nedy, Venezuela's President seemed positioned to establish a new co-
Vance and National Security Advi
operative relationship with a U.S. President. And just as Betancourt
Although many political analys
was obsessed with eliminating Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo,
zinski and Vance from the beginni
Pérez had a similar preoccupation with Somoza.
the Administration in agreement
Venezuela, unlike Nicaragua, was relatively high on the Carter
of the Administration's approach
Administration's list of priorities, and Pérez was the first South
tween Two Ages, written at the
American President invited for a state visit. In late June 1977, Carter
recommended that the United Sta
met with Pérez for two days of meetings that covered almost every
and the "special relationship" wi
important international issue-human rights, arms control, North-
with the region "on the same level
South relations, energy and OPEC, the Middle East (Venezuela's
world," and approach revolutio
OPEC membership offered it a window for following the Arab-Israeli
countries with a great deal of
conflict), Cuba, Zimbabwe, and the Caribbean. No other Latin Amer-
thought about Central America
ican President discussed as extensive an agenda with Carter. By the
would be harmed by continuing i:
time the two met again in September 1977 after the signing of the
in Central America for greater SO
Panama Canal treaties, Carter would refer to Pérez as "one of my best
our indifference will only make it
personal friends and a great counselor and adviser to me on matters
that desire. Much of Latin Ameri
that concern the nations of the Caribbean and Central and South
sulting conflicts. Vance's view:
America. Pérez and Carter covered a wide agenda again and agreed
similar.³⁸
to coordinate strategies on a number of issues, but in neither June nor
On the other hand, there was r
September did they talk about Nicaragua.
ments and perspectives, and their
Their first exchange on the subject occurred when Pérez sent
Security Council reinforced the
Carter a letter on January 31, 1978. Pérez had just consulted with
lawyer and skillful negotiator, ha
Omar Torrijos and Daniel Oduber on a joint strategy to overthrow
made him well suited to be Secre
Somoza, though he did not mention that in the letter. Instead, he
Adviser and as a Polish-born prof
described the situation in Nicaragua in dire terms and proposed joint
was more conservative and apt to
action. Pérez gave the letter personally to the U.S. Ambassador,
its implications for the U.S.-Sov
Viron Peter Vaky, in order to convey the importance he attached to
Vance. Although some believed t
TIMES 03-04-90
The Chamorro Saga Began Long Ago,
When Life Was Peaceful and Prosperous
172
Then came the Liberal Revolution
By ARTURO CRUZ Jr.
in the early 1900's, and a challenge to
the landed aristocracy by the new
N his moment of defeat after the
families like the Somozas and the
I
election last week, President
Ortegas. The upstarts' victory meant
Daniel Ortega Saavedra of
an end to republican institutions. The
Nicaragua gave a concession
times turned against Don Fruto's
speech. Then he went to the house of
relatives; they suffered exile, impris-
Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, almost
onment and economic ruin. (Two
like a neighbor in distress coming to
Chamorros led the country for a
seek solace. "Come in, my little fa-
time: a pompous Intellectual and a
ther, because I love you," the hand-
caudillo whose courage in facing bul-
some woman was quoted as telling
lets was legendary.)
the man she had just defeated in the
In the 20th century the Chamorros
race for president.
would be out of power more often
A curious scene, given the decade's
rages. To understand it you have to
understand who the Chamorros are
and who the Ortegas are and that
An aristocratic
Nicaragua's history is largely a his-
tory of families.
Doña Violeta, as the new Presi-
family that slept
dent-elect is known, is rightly de-
scribed as an aristocrat. But aristoc-
in hammocks.
racy does not mean the same thing in
Nicaragua as in other Latin coun-
tries. Dona Violeta is closer to the
people than her skeptics would like to
than in - whether the triumphant ad-
believe. She is a devout Catholic. She
versary was named Zelaya, Somoza
keeps alive the memory of her mur-
or Ortega. There was a certain repe-
dered husband. In fact, she talks to
tition. Every new family that seized
her late husband every night.
power set about reorganizing the
The voters related to her campaign
state, establishing its own bureaucra-
style more readily than to the Madi-
cy, widening the circle of new rich,
son Avenue techniques of Daniel
refounding the army, putting war-
Ortega, whose international notoriety
Sygma/Jason
ships on both coasts. Each new clan
made him less appealing to many
Young couple: Violeta Barrios de Chamorro with
sought to draw legitimacy and self-
Nicaraguans than to the Hollywood
her husband, Pedro Joaquin Chamorro Cardenal.
esteem from its recognition by for-
crowd. (The man he helped to over-
eigners and, in the case of the Somo-
throw in 1979, Anastasio Somoza De-
zas, from the accumulation of wealth.
bayle, liked to be recognized among for-
ture of dispossessed Indian and white land-
The most notable Chamorro of this cen-
eigners, too, but his orientation was East
owner, founded a dynasty and became the
tury was Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Carde-
Coast - West Point, to be precise.)
first Chamorro to become president. For
nal: proud of his heritage, a man of charac-
When the Nicaraguans chose Mrs. Cha-
Don Fruto, the country was like a family: it
ter, heir to the newspaper La Prensa, which
morro, they were choosing a symbol of
needed a firm but affectionate father. Per-
their country. But it is necessary to start at
haps he lacked brilliance, but no one
was founded by his father. His quarrel with
the beginning.
doubted his character. Nicaraguans say
the Somozas led Don Pedro Joaquín to ad-
In the days of Spanish colonization in the
that if he had been alive when William
mire Sandino, and to pay for his opinions
early 1800's, Nicaragua was a forgotten
Walker arrived in the 1850's, the American
with jail, exile and eventually his life. It led
province, rich in land and with relatively
adventurer would never have seized tempo-
him to travel to Cuba to ask Fidel Castro for
few people. From time to time a boat would
rary control of Nicaragua.
the means to set up his own guerrilla army.
put in at the mouth of the San Juan River on
The country enjoyed 30 years of peace in
Later, in the early 70's, he went to Chile dur-
the Atlantic coast. This river linked the port
the second half of the 19th century. Many
ing the rule of Salvador Allende Gossens,
to the Great Lake, on the shores of which
who governed were relatives of Don Fruto,
whence he returned unimpressed with the
sat (and still sits) Granada, home of the
and Nicaragua saw the advent of railroads,
"Leninist delirium" sweeping that country.
Chamorro family.
telegraphs and good roads. Schools were
But he also returned convinced that his own
The boat came bearing liquor from Peru,
built and coffee was introduced. All this
Conservative Party had to be made into a
guitar strings, and news of the world. Gra-
without a buildup of foreign debt and with-
vehicle for introducing social democracy.
nada had two or three "commercial" fami-
out a political life disfigured by violence
Pedro Joaquín Chamorro eventually
lies who dealt in contraband. The other
and corrúption. The country lived in splen-
married Violeta Barrios, who was from a
great clans raised cattle. The Chamorros
did isolation from the revolutions that
land-owning family in Rivas. Like most
were among them, hard-working folk of
swept other Central American lands.
Nicaraguan women, Violeta lived for her
rustic habits, possessing land but little
husband and her children, despising politics
cash. At great sacrifice they sent one of
Time of the Upstarts
and hoping for the fall of the Somozas. Her
their own, Pedro José Chamorro, to study in
husband was killed in 1979.
far-off Guatemala. There, he had a son with
The aristocracy was never wealthy
Today, she is about to govern Nicaragua.
an Indian woman.
enough to indulge in a life of luxury. The
Those who say that Doña Violeta has no so-
With independence in 1821 came the first
landowners seemed almost small trades-
cial conscience are ignorant of the legacy of
civil war. Don Pedro sought refuge in
men compared with their counterparts in
her husband. They forget that more than 40
Managua, where he died. His widow had to
El Salvador and Guatemala, who grèw
percent of the best land in the country is in
take the charity of her late husband's ille-
wealthy on coffee, and indolent and arro-
the hands of the Sandinista state, and that
gitimate son, who was summoned from
gant by exploiting the abundant and docile
there is reason to think that Doña Violeta
Guatemala to run the family business.
labor force. With time the Chamorros be-
will really divide these lands among the
In one of those mythic twists of Nicara-
came an aristocratic family, but from the
rural population - the equivalent of turn-
guan history, José Fruto Chamorro, a mix-
beginning they could not deny their partly
ing Manhattan Island over to the homeless.
Indian origins, and they slept in hammocks
One problem she faces is more uniquely
and ate the same diet of tortillas, rice and
Nicaraguan, namely whether in running the
beans as their workers. It was only later
country she will choose only members of
Arturo Cruz Jr., who is writing a history
that such people learned more refined
her family. (In this regard the Ortegas
of Nicaragua, is a former Sandinista and a
habits, after the arrival of French and Ital-
were entirely traditional, with one brother
former contra.
ian immigrants.
running the Government, the other, the
army.) Doña Violeta depends heavily on
her older son, her older daughter, on her
son-in-law, on the sister of her son-in-law,
on the husband of the sister of her son-in-
law, and the brother of the husband of the
sister of her son-in-law. Her challenge will
be to go beyond matters of family, and gov.
ern for the benefit of all.
:02-26-90
Nicaragua
NICARAGUA:
TORTURED PATH
and U.S.
TOWARD DEMOCRACY
January 1978: Newspaper editor Pedro Joaquin
changing
Chamorro, a leading critic of dictator Anastasio Somoza,
is assassinated in Managua. His death unifies opposition
Somoza
to the regime.
positions
July 1979: Somoza is overthrown by a broad
opposition front headed by the Marxist Sandinistas.
1980: Moderates begin resigning from the new
government as it becomes increasingly dominated by
By Lauren Weiner
Marxist ideology. Outgoing President Jimmy Carter cuts
THE WASHINGTON TIMES
off aid to the Sandinistas because of their continued
support of the Marxist Salvadoran guerrillas.
Yesterday's presidential election
1981: The United States begins funding fewer than
in Nicaragua may not end the con-
1,000 Nicaraguan resistance fighters in Honduras and
Pedro Juaquin
flict in U.S.-Nicaraguan relations,
northern Nicaragua.
Chamorro
but it does mark the exhaustion of
December 1982: Congress prohibits military support
both sides' strategies over a decade
for the Contras.
of bilateral tensions.
The United States has given up
1984: CIA involvement in mining of Nicaraguan harbors
is disclosed. Daniel Ortega wins a presidential election
arming the Nicaraguan Resistance
after opposition candidates withdraw from the race,
1978
and the Marxist Sandinista govern-
protesting unfair campaign conditions.
ment has admitted the need to be
1985: Talks between the United States and Nicaragua
legitimized by competitive elec-
collapse. President Ronald Reagan imposes new trade
tions, leaving both countries groping
sanctions and Congress approves $27 million in
Ortega
82
for a new, and possibly less hostile,
non-military aid to the resistance.
posture.
June 1986: A month after Mr. Ortega visits Moscow,
Experts credited the threat of re-
Congress reverses itself and approves military and
newed U.S. aid to the resistance, the
humanitarian aid to the resistance.
U.S. diplomatic isolation of Nicara-
November 1986: The Iran-Contra affair erupts with
gua and the country's failed econ-
disclosures that Reagan administration officials sold
omy with gradually forcing Presi-
arms to Iran and diverted profits to the resistance, in
dent Daniel Ortega toward
violation of the 1982 congressional prohibition.
Nation
News.week
yesterday's referendum on a decade
August 1987: Then-House Speaker Jim Wright and
Arias
of Sandinista rule.
Mr. Reagan agree to delay new aid to the resistance if
After leading the revolution that
Sandinistas agree to a cease-fire and democratic
ousted dictator Anastasio Somoza in
reforms. Days later, the Central American presidents, led
1979, the Sandinistas promised po-
by Costa Rican President Oscar Arias, sign a peace plan
that includes amnesty for political prisoners, cease-fires,
litical pluralism, non-alignment and
internal dialogue and an end to outside aid for rebel
a mixed economy but proceeded to
forces.
take control of most aspects of Nica-
1988: Mr. Ortega negotiates a temporary cease-fire with
raguan life.
the resistance, and Congress ends military aid to the
It was their broken promises and
12,000-man rebel force.
Nicaragua's support for Marxist
February 1989: Central American presidents sign
Carter
rebels in El Salvador that had led
new peace plan committing Nicaragua to democratic
President Jimmy Carter, whose ad-
elections in February 1990 in exchange for a plan to
ministration was initially support-
disband the resistance within 90 days.
ive, to cut off aid to the Sandinistas
April 1989: Congress approves $50 million in
in 1980.
humanitarian aid to sustain the resistance until the
A distrustful Reagan administra-
election.
tion, with the fitful support of Con-
August 1989: The Sandinistas and the civic
gress, funded a resistance that grew
opposition in Nicaragua sign an accord calling for
to 12,000 men and applied sanctions
disbanding the resistance and setting rules for a fair
Reagan
that worsened the ill effects of the
election. The Central American presidents agree to
dismantle the resistance under international supervision
Sandinistas' statist economic poli-
by early December.
cies.
November 1989: Mr. Ortega suspends the truce with
By the second Reagan adminis-
the resistance in the middle of the election campaign.
tration, the Sandinistas had lost the
The government's cease-fire talks with the rebels in
reflexive support of Latin American
Washington break down, but the election campaign goes
governments against the U.S. "colos-
ahead as scheduled.
sus of the North," according to An-
Yesterday: Voters elect a president, choosing between
tonio Ybarra, a sociologist at the
Mr. Ortega and Violeta Chamorro, a former Sandinista
Violeta
University of Dubuque who has
ally and the widow of the slain newspaper editor.
Chamorro
written extensively on the Nicara-
guan revolution.
The Washington Times
"After 1984, the Sandinistas' mis-
takes came to be recognized as their
later by the five Central American
their country sink below Haiti as the
own mistakes," said Mr. Ybarra. Ar-
presidents' acceptance of Costa
most impoverished in the region.
gentina, Ecuador and Colombia
Rican President Oscar Arias' peace
Mrs. Chamorro has legitimized
"verified the hand of the Sandinistas
plan in Esquipulas, Guatemala.
the election by staying on the ballot,
in their guerrilla movements," he
The combination of the Wright-
according to Thomas Cox, Latin
said.
Reagan accord and the Esquipulas
American affairs analyst at the Heri-
But by 1986, future military sup-
agreement appeared to set the stage
tage Foundation. The results this
port to the resistance was doomed
for trading in an anti-Sandinista in-
time cannot be dismissed as were
after the Reagan administration was
surgency for a measure of democ-
those in a 1984 presidential vote that
discovered selling arms to Iran and
racy in Nicaragua.
saw opposition candidates withdraw
diverting profits to help the rebels
Cease-fire negotiations between
from a manifestly unfair contest.
buy weapons at a time when Con-
the Sandinistas and the resistance
But Mr. Cox warned that if Mr.
gress had prohibited such aid.
followed in 1988, accompanied by a
Ortega emerges as the winner, his
In August 1987, President Rea-
political opening to opposition
government may use its electoral
gan, facing a hostile Congress, com-
groups, 14 of which formed the U.S.-
validation to "continue its history of
promised with then-House Speaker
backed National Opposition Union
unfulfilled promises," regaining in-
Jim Wright and agreed to delay seek-
that pitted Violeta Chamorro against
ternational and U.S. monetary sup-
ing military aid for the resistance in
Mr. Ortega in yesterday's vote.
port and allowing opposition politi-
exchange for democratic reforms
A Chamorro victory would prove
cal figures into the government in
inside Nicaragua.
the importance of the economic is-
unimportant posts, while retaining
The agreement was followed days
sue for Nicaraguans, who have seen
their lock on power.
Aristocratic Democrat
N.Y. TIMES 02-27-90
Violeta Barrios de Chamorro
By MARK A. UHLIG
Special to The New York Times
MANAGUA, Nicaragua, Feb. 26 -
Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, who
spent three years at women's col-
Tensions In the Family
was elected President on Sunday,
leges in Texas and Virginia to learn
lives by herself in a house by a park.
English at her father's behest. When
But another son, Carlos Fernando,
But like her political career, the
the English never materialized - she
and Mrs. Chamorro's eldest daugh-
house is filled with the images and re-
still does not speak it well - she re-
ter, Claudia, are among the most
minders of the absent
turned to Rivas, where her brother in-
militant and high-ranking Sandinista
Woman
figure who still domi-
troduced her to a college friend,
partisans and do not shy from attack-
in the
nates her life, public and
Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal,
ing their mother's political allies.
private.
whose parents owned a newspaper in
"The UNO brings together all of the
News
In the dark, cool study
Managua.
political enemies of my father,"
there is the desk where
When, a year later, she yielded to
Claudia wrote in an open letter pub-
her husband, Pedro Joaquín Cha-
Pedro Joaquín's repeated proposals
lished here.
morro Cardenal, wrote editorials for
of marriage, the couple began a close,
During the campaign, tensions
the family newspaper, La Prensa,
if one-sided life of politics, centered
were particularly high between Mrs.
becoming world famous as a crusad-
on resistance to the Somoza dictator-
Chamorro and Carlos Fernando, who
ing opponent of the military ruler
ship, which Mr. Chamorro loathed.
edits the official Sandinista newspa-
Anastasio Somoza Debayle.
A member of one of Nicaragua's
per, Barricada, which has published
At the back of the house, carefully
most famous families, Pedro Joaquín
daily broadsides against the candi-
covered with canvas, is the tan Saab
Chamorro devoted most of his time to
date and her campaign.
that Mr. Chamorro was driving to
La Prensa, establishing it as a pillar
But many people say the image of a
work in 1978 when he was killed by
of opposition to the Somaza regime.
divided family only helped Mrs. Cha-
unidentified assassins, setting off the
Mrs. Chamorro devoted herself to
morro in her campaign against a
anti-Somoza uprising that became
being his wife, taking him food during
revolution that has polarized large
the Sandinista revolution. And in the
his frequent prison stays and follow-
sectors of the Nicaraguan population
middle of the house's modest garden
ing him into exile in Costa Rica for
and divided many families in a simi-
is a large bust of Mr. Chamorro that
two difficult years.
lar way.
was sculptured after his death made
When Mr. Chamorro was assassi-
Many diplomats and foreign ex-
him one of the greatest political
nated on a Managua street on Jan. 10,
perts doubt whether Mrs. Chamorro
heroes in Nicaragua's popular memo-
1978, Mrs. Chamorro was 1,000 miles
can overcome growing friction be-
ry.
away in Miami, shopping for her
tween the political hierarchy of her
Doña Violeta's Public Role
daughter's wedding dress. But the
14-party coalition and her closest ad-
political repercussions quickly
visers, many of whom are related di-
The connection of Nicaragua's
reached her.
rectly or indirectly to the Chamorro
President-elect to the struggles and
Although Mrs. Chamorro says she
family.
sacrifices of her assassinated hus-
still does not know who killed her hus-
But for a woman whose family has
band is never far from her mind. And
band - "I do not believe in the justice
always stood at the center of her in-
in a country that relishes myth and
of Somoza or the justice of the San-
terest in a public life, those problems
dinistas," she says - the crowds that
are hardly something new.
filled Managua's streets turned their
"If Pedro hadn't been assassinated,
full rage on the Somoza regime,
the Sandinistas would still be up in
sparking the outpouring of unrest
"The people look at
the mountains, fighting as guerril-
that became the Sandinista revolu-
las," she said.
tion.
her problems and
Served on Sandinista Junta
they see
When Sandinista guerrillas, led by
future President Daniel Ortega
Recovering
themselves.
Saavedra, rode into Managua in tri-
umph in July 1979, Mrs. Chamorro
From Injury
wsa with them as a part of the five-
member revolutionary junta, lending
Special to The New York Times
her husband's name and her own to
MANAGUA, Nicaragua, Feb.
history, it is also never far from the
this anti-Somoza cause.
26 - In many photographs of
minds of the hundreds of thousands of
But in less than a year she resigned
Violeta Barrios de Chamorro,
supporters who have now promoted
from the junta out of opposition to the
the Nicaraguan President-elect
Mrs. Chamorro, who is 60 years old,
Sandinista's growing push for control
appears on crutches or a wheel-
to the highest office in the land.
and orthodoxy. She went back to La
chair, because of a fractured
Through the memory of her hus-
Prensa, turning it into a potent voice
right kneecap that she suffered
band, Doña Violeta, as she is univer-
of opposition thinking, and winning in-
in a fall in her home at midday
sally known, is perhaps as close as
ternational praise and admiration as
on Jan. 2.
one can come to being a national
an advocate of free speech.
The injury was treated in
property. And her aristocratic bear-
The prominence of her role made
Houston, and Mrs. Chamorro's
ing, silver hair and motherly warmth
her an ideal candidate when opposi-
cast was removed on Feb. 8 by
has given her the kind of personal
tion leaders, badly divided and suffer-
doctors in Managua.
charm that is perfect for inspiring af-
ing from years of political harass-
She still wears a knee brace
fection - or winning a campaign.
ment and imprisonment, formed the
but is expected to regain full use
"The UNO is Violeta - nothing
14-party UNO coalition last summer.
of the knee after she returns to
more, nothing less," said one diplo-
But Mrs. Chamorro has faced se-
the United States for physical
mat based here, using the acronym
vere criticism as being unprepared
therapy sometime this spring.
for Mrs. Chamorro's 14-party coali-
for the job she will soon occupy. And
tion, the National Opposition Union.
many attacks against her have been
"She has made all the difference."
particularly hurtful, because they
"She is like a mother figure," said
have come from her own divided
an international official who is here to
family.
observe the election. "The people look
Of Mrs. Chamorro's four children,
at her problems and they see them-
one son, Pedro Joaquín Chamorro
selves."
Barrios, and one daughter, Cristiana,
The question now is whether that
joined her in opposition to the Sandin-
will be enough to move beyond the
ista regime, becoming a director of
symbolism of campaigning to the dif-
the contra rebels and an editor of La
ficult realities of governing a country
Prensa, respectively.
with a shattered economy and the
thorny problems of managing or dis-
mantling a still powerful Sandinista
army and security apparatus.
Born in 1929 in the town of Rivas,
near Nicaragua's Costa Rican bor-
der, Violeta Barrios was a product of
rural, albeit upper class, Nicaraguan
culture, with no thought of the politics
that have now come to dominate her
life.
The daughter of a wealthy cattle-
man who had attended the Massachu-
setts Institute of Techonology, she
TIMES 02-27-90
DONA VIOLETA': A PROFILE
Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, 60, surprise winner of Nicaraguan
election, emerged into politics from the shadow of her assassinated
husband, a Nicaraguan hero
she was born Oct. 18, 1929, to
wealthy landowners in Rivas, a
small town near border with Costa
Rica
married Pedro Joaquin
Chamorro in 1950 and loyally sup-
ported him during years of jailing
and exile under dictatorship of So-
moza family
was thrust into
limelight in 1978 after her husband,
publisher of La Prensa newspaper,
was assassinated on orders of sup-
porters of dictator Anastasio Somo-
za
served with Daniel Ortega
on five-member junta that ruled
Nicaragua just after the 1979 revo-
lution
became disillusioned
with Sandinistas and left govern-
ment in April, 1980
devoted
herself to La Prensa and turned it
into vehement opponent of Sandin-
istas
although widely viewed as
figurehead, was chosen in Septem-
ber, 1989, to lead National Opposi-
tion Union (UNO), with platform
calling for market economy, end to compulsory military service and
return of land illegally confiscated by Sandinistas
unaligned
with any single party, she stresses values of Roman Catholicism,
democracy and private enterprise
has been treated for bone
disease osteoporosis
was sidelined from campaign for several
weeks by broken knee
is referred to even by some opponents as
The observers also discussed
"Dona Violeta"
heads family badly split by revolution, with two
with Ortega "a number of ideas
children backing Sandinistas and two others supporting opposition.
they thought would be wise to put
Source: Reuters
in [his] speech," Pastor said.
When Ortega appeared in public
a few hours later, he wore a dark
A
Los Angeles Times survey of
After three hours of futile efforts
paisley shirt and blue jeans, attire
returns from a nationwide
to find Ortega, the three men were
typical of his campaign appear-
sample of polling places showed
invited by the Sandinista leader at
ances, rather than the military
the Sandinistas winning only in
midnight to his campaign head-
uniform he used to wear.
one of Nicaragua's nine regions:
quarters, which was throbbing
The Sandinista program, he told
Esteli. They were rejected by a
with music and dancing as sup-
his supporters, was a giant stride
larger margin in rural areas than in
porters anticipated victory.
for Nicaragua's people, despite the
the cities but ran virtually even in
"He was not yet prepared to
election defeat. Many of them
rural zones hit hardest by the civil
admit defeat," said Pastor, who
wept.
war.
attended the meeting. "I think the
'We leave victorious," he said.
The survey gave no evidence
presence of Carter, Baena and
"Because we Sandinistas have sac-
that the Sandinistas did better
Richardson all saying that the vote
rificed, have spilled blood and
among voters 16 to 24 years, who
is over and you've lost
all this
sweat, not to cling to government
made up a third of the electorate
eased his acceptance [of the result]
posts, but to bring to Nicaragua
and were supposedly one of their
and allowed Ortega to think of
something denied it since 1821,
strongest constituencies.
ways to prepare the population for
when it became an independent
Three hours after the polls
what had occurred."
nation.
closed, a similar but unpublished
"Nicaragua was denied democ-
survey of 300 polling places by
racy, social and economic develop-
U.N. election monitors showed
O
rtega agreed to speed up the
ment, the right to speak out and
Chamorro winning by 56% to 40%.
official vote count if Chamorro
organize, the right of campesinos to
At that point, Carter and the
promised not to claim victory be-
own land, the right of the poor to
heads of the OAS and U.N. observ-
fore official returns were an-
aspire to a better life.
er teams, Joao Baena Soares and
nounced. The challenger delayed
"All this that was denied was
former U.S. Atty. Gen. Elliot L.
her speech until after 2 a.m., when
achieved on July 19, 1979, with the
Richardson, suspected the elector-
the electoral council first an-
triumph of the Sandinista National
al council of deliberately slowing
nounced she was leading. And, at
Liberation Front, which estab-
the official count, according to
the monitors' suggestion, the first
lished the bases to develop an
Robert Pastor, a top aide to Carter.
page of her text was rewritten and
independent, dignified and sover-
Pastor gave this account:
toned down, so that it asserted only
eign Nicaragua with economic and
that she was leading, not that she
social justice and with complete
had won.
democracy."
WASH.POST:03-25-90
On Eve of Charting Its Future, Hungary Remembers Tragedies of the Past
183
Forum, one of two leading parties in the
An orchestra then played a 19th-century
The world must understand," Antall
that the party insists is the only way to pull
By Blaine Harden
landmark election, rose one after another
composition from Transylvania, a region
said, "that Hungary lost two-thirds of its
Hungary back from economic disaster.
Washington Post Foreign Service
Friday night to invoke bad times. They al-
Hungary lost to Romania 70 years ago. And
territory and half of its people."
For decades, "goulash communism" here
BUDAPEST, March 24-The last cam-
luded to the failed overthrow of the Haps-
all the candidates deplored the suffering of
When Hungarians go to the polls Sunday,
provided 11 million citizens with perhaps
paign rally before Sunday's voting-the
their Hungarian brothers in bloody ethnic
they will have an opportunity to decide how
the most comfortable life in what was the
first free multi-party parliamentary election
violence there this week.
much their past should color their non com-
East Bloc, That comfort, which the Com-
in this country since 1945-played to the
ELECTIONS IN THE EAST
In the final speech of this final rally, Joz
munist future. For the other leading party
munists bought with huge Western loans, is
tortured yearnings of the Hungarian soul. It
AFTER THE REVOLUTIONS
set Antalf, leader of the Democratic Forum
in the elections, the Alliance of Free Dem
now gone. Foreign debt is the highest per
began with a tuxedo-clad Budapest actor,
and perhaps the next prime minister, in-
ocrats, has all but ignored the country's
capita in Europe. Inflation is surging, and
his eyes glistening with tears, reciting the
burg monarchy in 1848, to the failed upris-
sisted that "we are not nationalists. We are
countless historical setbacks
taxes and heart attacks are on the rise,
Hungarian national anthem, a line of which
ing against Soviet domination in 1956 and,
not chauvinists."
Instead, the Free Democrats, a party of
while real incomes are on the wane.
says, "This nation has suffered enough."
of course to the indignities visited on Hun-
Yet his speech catalogued Hungary's
former dissidents and intellectuals, have
While the West is bursting with enthu-
Candidates of the Hungarian Democratic
gary by four decades of communism.
myriad losses.
advocated a radical free -market program
siasm for the democratic gains of
But on the eve of the election,
low the Socialists to join a ruling
Opposition politicians describe
WASH.POST:03-25-90
Eastern Europe, pollsters, politi-
analysts from both parties say the
coalition. The crowds that turn out
this as the country's reward for for-
cians and psychiatrists say Hun-
Transylvanian violence-at least
for party rallies are small, elderly
mer Communist reformers who
garians are deeply pessimistic about
six people were killed and several
and gloomy. Pozsgay is running for
supported peaceful change.
their economic future.
hundred were injured-is likely to
parliament in the western city of
There is a fourth major player in
The Free Democrats propose to
inflame nationalist feelings among
Sopron against a 28-year-old law
the elections, the Independent
save Hungary by opening it to for-
Hungarian voters and probably will
professor. Analysts say the famous
Smallholders. It is a revived version
eign capital and by drastically lim-
benefit the Democratic Forum.
reformer may lose.
of a farm-based party that ruled the
iting the power of the central gov-
In this confused political stew,
As one of his party's least-dis-
country between 1945 and 1947.
ernment. They propose a "shock
where are the communists?
liked leaders, Pozsgay has cam-
Polls suggest the party is much
therapy" reform program of the
In Hungary, after all, it was re-
paigned across the country, trying
more popular than the Socialist Par-
kind that has throttled inflation in
formers inside the ruling Commu-
to cut his party's expected losses.
ty and that it could win about 17
Poland while causing unprecedent-
nist Party-not demonstrators in
Yet his presence often is unwel-
percent of the vote.
ed unemployment.
the streets-who made the revo-
come.
Like the Democratic Forum, the
"We think that the state is the
lution. They engineered the pas-
"So many people lied to us, we
Smallholders party ceaselessly
most untalented enterprise in Hun-
sage of laws setting up free elec-
are fed up with their lies," said
urges voters to look to the past. Its
gary," said Peter Tolgyessy, 32, a
tions. They abolished the Commu-
Vajda Lajos, 68, a dairy worker who
constitutional lawyer and strategist
nist Party and created the Hun-
showed up at a campaign appear-
slogans are "God, House and Fam-
most complicated voting system in
who is one of the Free Democrats'
garian Socialist Party.
ance near Lake Balaton this week
ily" and "Wine, Wheat and Tranquil-
Europe. Fewer than half of the 386
likely choices for prime minister.
The best-known reformer is Imre
to scold Pozsgay face to face. "I
ity." Leaders of the party have
seats in the parliament are expect-
"We place no limit on foreign pur-
Pozsgay, 56, a jowly, gray-haired
think he is not valid. I saw what
promised to return farms seized by
ed to be decided Sunday. Before a
chase of industry. Of course, it is a
happened in the past 40 years."
the Communists in 1947.
fireplug of a politician who last year
final round of voting April 8, the
danger, but a bigger danger is that
described Communists who be-
Pozsgay acknowledged in an in-
Hungarian economists say the
parties will seek to form alliances
there is no capital and no owner."
lieved in the "dictatorship of the
terview that "obviously it is a bad
land promise is unworkable and
that could lead to a ruling coalition.
The Democratic Forum, although
proletariat" as "flat-earthers." He
feeling" when voters show no grat-
would cripple any government that
The Free Democrats approached
it has a free-market economic pro-
was the first party member with the
itude. He particularly resents, he
tried to implement it.
gram, is more cautious about for-
courage to reinterpret publicly the
said, being called a "Communist."
Nevertheless, the Smallholders
the Smallholders this week, trying
to strike a bargain that would help
eigners and their money.
"counter-revolution" of 1956 as a
"It's like calling Martin Luther a
party may emerge as a power bro-
them isolate the Democratic Fo-
The party insists that the pur-
popular uprising. Last fall he was
former Catholic, and not the founder
ker in the negotiations expected to
rum. The power of the past in Hun-
chase of state industry "must take
the most popular political figure in
of the Lutheran church," he said.
follow Sunday's vote. Like the
gary is such that the party that
place within the context of a rea-
the country and was widely re-
Notwithstanding lingering anti-
Democratic Forum, the Smallhol-
wants to drastically reduce the role
sonable and socially controlled pro-
garded as the likely next president
Communist resentment in Hungary,
ders appear to have been strength-
of government may have no choice
cess." It has rejected a proposal by
of Hungary.
it appears that Pozsgay and other
ened by violence in Transylvania.
but to preside over government
the Free Democrats to swap unpaid
Now Pozsgay, like the post-com-
leading reformers will win seats in
Hungary has devised perhaps the
redistribution of land.
foreign debt for equity in Hungarian
munist Socialist Party that he
parliament. Under the byzantine
enterprises.
helped create, is scrambling to
rules of the election, "national list"
Until ethnic violence erupted in
avoid political extinction.
candidates such as Pozsgay will be
Transylvania this week, the Free
Polls give the former Commu-
able to sit in parliament even if they
Democrats appeared to be gaining
nists less than 10 percent of the
lose in their local districts.
steadily. The last Gallup poll gave
vote. All of the major opposition
the Free Democrats 23.1 percent
parties insist that they will not al-
to 21.5 percent for the Democratic
Forum.
Hungary's 12 Major Partles
Parties qualified to be seated as national parties in the Hungarian Parliament roughly in order of their
popularity in recent polls. The first round of the election is today.
Hungarian Democratic Forum
Social Democratic Party of Hungery
Leaders: Jozsef Antall, Geza Jeszenszky.
Leaders: Anna Petrasovits, Gyorgy Fischer.
Center-right, with Christian image and nationalist
A left-center party, which has revived its
overtones. Favors a transition to a free-market
membership in the Socialist International. Has
economy, but as an early umbrella opposition group,
received support from foreign social democrats, but
includes a wide spectrum of opinion.
was badly hurt by an early split and has failed to
carve out its own place.
Alliance of Free Democrate
Leaders: Janos Kis, Marton Tardos, Miklos Gaspar
Christian Democratic People's Party
Tamas, Miklos Haraszti.
Leaders: Sandor Keresztes, Gyorgy Giczi.
Created from the base of the old dissident
Right of center and Christian. Likely to get a boost
movement. Refused to compromise with the ruling
from local Catholic priests in village churches.
Communists.
Hungarian People's Party
Independent Smallholders' Party
Leaders: Csaba Varga, Janos Marton.
Leaders: Vince Voros, Istvan Prepeliczay, Pal
Considers itself to be the successor of the prewar
Dragon.
National Peasant Party. Populist centrist.
A major party in the pre Communist era. Agrarian
Hungarian Socialist Workers Party
and Christian. By promising to return the land to its
Leaders: Gyula Thurmer, Karoly Grosz,
1947 owners, it has built a base in the villages,
A Marxist party that split from the main reformist
particularly among the elderly.
wing of the old Communist Party last October.
Advocates a renewed socialism, and warns workers
The Hungarian Socialist Party
of the dangers of uncontrolled capitalism.
Leaders: Rezso Nyers, Imre Pozsgay.
Legal successor to the Hungarian Socialist Workers
Entrepreneurs Party
(Communist) Party. Advocates social democratic
Leaders: Gyorgy Szucs, Imre Fejes.
policles, and argues for a strong "left" opposition.
Promises economic rights and fair taxes to
Membership has dwindled dramatically, but still
Hungary's emerging class of entrepreneurs.
strong among officials and workers.
Patriotic Election Coalition
Federation of Young Democrate
Leader: Istvan Asztalos.
Leaders: Viktor Orban, Tamas Dutsch, Gabor
An ad hoc alliance created for the elections, formed
Fodor.
from the Patriotic People's Front, a grouping of
A party with a membership limited to those under
mostly non-Communists that existed during the
35. Radical, iconoclastic, it is credited with running a
Communist monopoly.
sophisticated campaign, competing with the Free
Agrarian Federation
Democrats, its natural allies, for support of the
younger Intelligentsia.
A leftist coalition made of mainly of cooperative farm
presidents, who are in opposition to the
Smallholders' Party in the debate over land
ownership.
WASH. POST 03-26-90
L12
then, as is considered likely, he will
THE ELECTIONS AT A GLANCE
be allowed to enter parliament be-
cause he appears on his party's na-
AT STAKE
tional list. Under election rules, lead-
386 seats in the nation's unicameral parliament. Runoffs will be held for seats
ers of major parties will automatic-
not won by a majority of votes in the first round.
ally be elected to parliament.
In an effort to outflank pent-up
ELIGIBILITY
resentment at former Communists,
All Hungarian citizens 18 and older were eligible to vote. All ballots were
Prime Minister Miklos Nemeth,
secret. In a somewhat controversial move, election authorities decided not to
one of the Communist reformers
permit write-in ballots. Citizens outside the country could not vote.
who led last year's democratic
MAJOR PARTIES
changes, ran in his hometown as an
Alliance of Free Democrats
"independent" candidate. The tac-
(SDS)
Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF)
tic, which enabled Nemeth to cap-
Staunchly anti-Communist forum appeals to
Party of intellectuals and former
italize on local popularity, worked
Hungarian nationalism and favors a gradual
dissidents that seeks rapid
well. In one of the few races in
creation of a West
turning toward the West. Its power base
which definitive results were re-
rests largely in provincial towns. The forum
European-style society. The party
ported, Nemeth won with nearly 60
registered 21% support in a Gallup poll
has been uncompromising
percent of the vote.
earlier this month.
in advocating free-
Except for the computerized re-
market reform and
foreign investment.
porting problems, no significant ir-
Budapest
Won 23% support
regularities were reported in the
in the poll. An allied
voting. Former vice president Wal-
HUNGARY
party is the Federation of
ter F. Mondale, leading a 50-mem-
Young Democrats.
ber international group here to
monitor voting procedures, said
Independent
there were no major problems.
Smallholders
Turnout on Sunday was estimated
0
50
Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP)
Party has presented itself as
at more than 70 percent.
MILES
Main remnant of the Communist
the main rural party, with
"This is the first happy voting of
Party that ruled Hungary for more
center-right leanings.
my life," Elizabeth Hajda, 52, a re-
than four decades but was
Supported by 17% of the
tired accountant, said in an interview
dissolved last year. The party won
poll's respondents.
Sunday in the conservative rural
the support of only 9% of the
poll's respondents. Hungarians
Hortobagy region in the east. "Our
apparently find it difficult to trust
hands are not tied. It is a good feel-
SOURCES: The Washington Post, Associated Press,
a party with Communist roots.
ing that we have a chance to choose."
Reuter, KRTN Graphics
Echoing what appeared to be a
nationwide feeling, several voters
BY TOBEY-THE WASHINGTON POST
said they voted for the Free Dem-
Szajer's party, which was running
new party, insisting that Hun-
ocrats because the country desper-
fourth in nationwide polling, is close-
garians wanted "the values of so-
ately needs change. "I want to stop
ly allied with the Free Democrats
cialism" to be retained by any dem-
the former system. The Communists
and is considered likely to join that
ocratically elected government.
are kaput all over the world, at last,"
party in a governing coalition.
"These results mean that the role
said Istvan Egri, 37, an electrician in
Pozsgay was the first Communist
Pozsgay played in Hungary was an
Hortobagy, who voted for the Free
to reinterpret Hungary's 1956
interim one in the transition to de-
Democrats. "I want to stop the
"counterrevolution" as a popular
mocracy," his victorious opponent
crimes of the former system."
uprising. He also was instrumental
said Sunday night. "It is a symbol
Last week, the Free Democrats
that reform communism in Eastern
last year in creating the post-Com-
announced a strongly anti-Commu-
Europe has its limits."
munist Hungarian Socialist Party,
nist program, saying those respon-
Under the electoral system here,
sible for injustices "by the former
which promised to pursue free-mar-
however, Pozsgay has not lost. As
regime" must be brought to justice.
ket policies while integrating Hun-
the second-leading vote getter in his
The party proposed scrapping high
gary into Western Europe. He
district, he will be able to run in the
pensions for former elite Commu-
closely identified himself with the
second round of voting. If he loses
nists.
TIMES 03-25-90
Hungary to Hold First Free
Election in 40 Years Today
By CAROL WILLIAMS
They propose returning the land
TIMES STAFF WRITER
183
to its former owners or their legiti-
BALASSAGYARMAT, Hunga-
mate heirs within two years and
ry-For Marta Osztroluczki and
following up with a second stage of
the Independent Smallholders Par-
the private property reform that
ty she hopes to represent in Parlia-
would restore ownership of shops,
ment, the surest road to recovery
homes and other assets to the
from the ravages of socialism is to
titleholders of 1947.
turn back the clock on more than
The two leading parties, each of
40 years.
which has been drawing about
"Not much of the past 40 years is
20% of voter support in public
worth saving," insists Osztroluczki,
opinion polls, dismiss the Share-
a 26-year-old geography teacher,
holders' redistribution plan as un-
wife and mother of two from this
workable.
northern farming town on the
Miklos Haraszti, a Budapest can-
border with Czechoslovakia. "Ev-
didate for the Alliance of Free
erything we learned was designed
Democrats, protests that 40% of
to keep the Communist Party in
those eligible to lay claim to their
FREE ELECTIONS
power. That is no longer what
families' former farmland now live
in cities and work at industrial jobs.
0
MILES
anyone wants."
200
Hungarians must be brave
To hand over those property rights
enough to admit the failure of their
would send food prices skyrocket-
POLAND
recent history, the ardent advocate
ing, Haraszti argues, as collective
of agrarian reform contended at a
farmers would have to rent land at
market prices from the new own-
SOVIET
district rally winding up her cam-
paign for today's national election,
ers or face eviction and unemploy-
UNION
Hungary's first free ballot in more
ment.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
than four decades. To move for-
ward, she argued, the nation must
Y
et the prospect for a swift
first move back.
transition to private ownership
Budapest
or cashing in on sale of the acreage
Balassagyarmat
The Smallholders propose to re-
distribute land and assets accord-
are making the Smallholders' poli-
HUNGARY
ing to 1947 ownership records, a
cy attractive to enough Hungari-
ROMANIA
ans to be worrisome for the more
move viewed by liberals and city
dwellers as naive, illogical and as
mainstream parties.
The Smallholders trail the Fo-
YUGOSLAVIA
potentially disruptive as the forced
collectivizations it aims to reverse.
rum and the Alliance by only a few
But in rural farming regions like
percentage points in polls that
Los Angeles Times
some fear have failed to canvass
Balassagyarmat, a longing to re-
turn to Hungary's simple agrarian
voters in the provinces, where
heritage has combined with a na-
Smallholders support is based.
tively set for April 8 for those
tionwide fever of anti-socialism to
Pollsters attempting to chart the
districts where no candidate clears
mood of the electorate have been
50% in the first vote. Another 152
make the Smallholders plan an
thwarted by the inadequate com-
seats will be determined by each
appealing alternative to the eco-
nomic doomsaying of the two other
munications network in Hungary,
party's standing in the popularity
leading political parties.
where only one in 10 households
vote, and the remaining 58 seats in
The center-right Hungarian
has a telephone and the media have
the 386-member Parliament will
yet to shed the prejudice of more
be distributed proportionally
Democratic Forum and the liberal
than 40 years of one-party control.
among the parties winning at least
Alliance of Free Democrats have
The Smallholders' potential to
4% of the aggregate vote.
warned voters of hard times ahead
emerge as the dark horse has kept
Geza Jeszenszky, a foreign poli-
as the nation wrestles with a
the door open for partnership in
cy expert with the Hungarian
$20-billion foreign debt and a pain-
the likely event that no party wins
Democratic Forum, predicted at
ful conversion to capitalism that
a majority in the complicated bal-
least a 70% turnout, despite what
may cause inflation and unemploy-
loting.
Westerners see as a relatively
ment to soar.
Hungarians will have the oppor-
apathetic attitude among the na-
"Some of the population doesn't
tunity to vote for both a specific
tion's 7.5 million eligible voters.
want to go back to farming, but we
candidate to represent their home
The three leading parties are
must do it for the good of the
district and for the party that most
united in their prediction that
nation," contends Gyorgy Balogh,
appeals to them.
whichever force comes out ahead
vice president of the Smallholders
The winner in each of the 176
will have to form a coalition with at
in Budapest. "It is impossible to
individual constituencies will be
solve the problem in any other
least one of the other two to push
the first candidate to get an abso-
its reform policies through Parlia-
way. We must begin at the last
lute majority, with runoffs tenta-
ment.
turning point, in 1947."
A
bout half of Hungary's territo-
ry was parceled out to farmers
under the 1947 agrarian reform,
which the Smallholders contend is
the only equitable basis for redis-
tributing assets.